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Gaganyaan

2019-07-22T15:59:25Z

Subwayguy: as of tag

{{short description|Indian crewed orbital spacecraft}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox spacecraft class
| name = ''Gaganyaan''
| image = [[File:Actual crew module used during the Pad Abort Test (PAT) of Crew Escape System (CES).jpg|300px]]
| image_size =
| image_caption = Gaganyaan test vehicle used for re-entry and pad abort flights.

| manufacturer = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] and [[ISRO]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| applications = Crewed orbital vehicle


| spacecraft_type = Crewed
| design_life = 7 days
| launch_mass = 7,800 kg (includes service module)<ref name='Astronautix'/>
| dry_mass = 3,735 kg<ref name='Astronautix'>[http://www.astronautix.com/i/indianmannedspacecraft.html Indian Manned Spacecraft]. ''Astronautix''. 2014.</ref>
| payload_capacity =
| crew_capacity = 3
| dimensions = Diameter: 3.5 m Height: 3.58 m <ref name="STSC-2019">{{cite web |last1=Kunhikrishnan |first1=P |title=India's Human Spaceflight Programme: GAGANYAAN |url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/stsc/2019/tech-47E.pdf |website=UNOOSA |accessdate=20 February 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220170416/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/stsc/2019/tech-47E.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2019}}</ref>
| volume = 11.5 m3<ref name='Astronautix'/>
| power = Photovoltaic array
| batteries =
| equipment =
| orbits = [[Low Earth orbit]]


| status = In development
| built =
| launched = 1
| operational =
| retired =
| failed =
| lost =
| first = 13 February 2014 (uncrewed, suborbital) December 2020 (uncrewed) December 2021 (crewed)<ref name='launch 2021'>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/union-cabinet-clears-rs-10000cr-for-indias-gaganyaan-project/articleshow/67288124.cms Rs 10,000 crore plan to send 3 Indians to space by 2022]. ''The Times of India''. 29 December 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = First Unmanned Mission Under Gaganyaan By December 2020, Says ISRO Chief | url = https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/first-unmanned-mission-under-gaganyaan-by-december-2020-says-isro-chief-1947483}}</ref>

| insignia =
| insignia_size =
| insignia_alt =
| insignia_caption =

| previous =
| next =
}}
'''Gaganyaan''' ("Sky Craft") is an Indian [[List of crewed spacecraft|crewed orbital spacecraft]] intended to be the basis of the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]. The [[spacecraft]] is being designed to carry three people, and a planned upgraded version will be equipped with rendezvous and docking capability. In its maiden crewed mission, [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]'s largely autonomous 3.7-tonne capsule will orbit the Earth at {{convert|400|km|abbr=on}} altitude for up to seven days with a three-person crew on board. The crewed vehicle is planned to be launched on ISRO's [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III|GSLV Mk III]] in December 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/union-cabinet-clears-rs-10000cr-for-indias-gaganyaan-project/articleshow/67288124.cms|title=Rs 10,000 crore plan to send 3 Indians to space by 2022 - Times of India |website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-29}}</ref><ref name='launch 2022'>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gaganyaan-mission-to-take-indian-astronaut-to-space-by-2022-pm-modi/article24695817.ece Gaganyaan mission to take Indian astronaut to space by 2022: PM Modi]. ''The Hindu''. 15 August 2018.</ref> This [[Hindustan Aeronautics|HAL]]-manufactured crew module had its first un-crewed experimental flight on 18 December 2014.<ref name="hal-india.com">http://hal-india.com/Crew%20Module.asp</ref> {{As of|May 2019}}, design of the crew module has been completed.<ref>{{Cite news|title = India's first solar mission in 2020: ISRO chairman|url = https://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/69169011.cms|date = May 4, 2019|accessdate = May 5, 2019|newspaper = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== History ==
Preliminary studies and technological development of ''Gaganyaan'' started in 2006 under the generic name "Orbital Vehicle". The plan was to design a simple capsule similar to the [[Project Mercury|Mercury-class spacecraft]] with an endurance of about a week in space. It was designed to carry two astronauts and to [[splashdown]] after re-entry. The design was finalized by March 2008 and was submitted to the Government of India for funding. The funding for the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme was sanctioned in February 2009,<ref name=ISRO>{{cite news|last =Priyadarshi |first =Siddhanta |title =Planning Commission Okays ISRO Manned Space Flight Program | pages =2 | work =[[Indian Express]]| date =23 February 2009 | url =https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/plan-panel-okays-isro-manned-space-flight/}}</ref> but it fell short of full political support and it obtained limited developmental funding.<ref name=ISRO/> Initially, the first uncrewed flight of the orbital vehicle was proposed to be in 2013,<ref>[http://www.indiaedunews.net/Science/ISRO_gets_green_signal_for_manned_space_mission_7530/ ISRO gets green signal for manned space mission, Science News - By Indiaedunews.net]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-how-to-send-an-indian-into-space-isro-maned-mission-5308964/|title=Gaganyan: How to send an Indian into space}}</ref> then it was revised to 2016.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8483787.stm | publisher=[[BBC News]] | title=India announces first manned space mission | date=27 January 2010 | accessdate=5 May 2010 | first=Habib | last=Beary | location=Bangalore}}</ref> However, in April 2012 it was reported that funding problems placed the future of the project in serious doubt;<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Spaceflight-stuck-due-to-budget-CAG/articleshow/12860797.cms |title=Spaceflight stuck due to budget: CAG| date=25 April 2012 | author=Press Trust of India | work=[[Times of India]]| accessdate=11 June 2013 | location=New Delhi}}</ref> and in August 2013 it was announced that all crewed spaceflight efforts by India had been designated as being 'off ISRO's priority list'.<ref>{{cite web|last=Press Trust of India|title=Human space flight mission off ISRO priority list|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/human-space-flight-mission-off-isro-priority-list-406551|accessdate=18 August 2013}}</ref> By early 2014 the project was reconsidered and was one of the main beneficiaries of a substantial budget increase announced in February 2014.<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Rs-171-crore-boost-to-manned-space-project/articleshow/30591353.cms</ref> ISRO is developing the ''Gaganyaan'' orbital vehicle on the tests performed with their scaled 550 kg [[Space Capsule Recovery Experiment]] (SRE), which was launched and recovered in January 2007.

The latest push for the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]] took place in 2017,<ref>[http://eprints.nias.res.in/1359/1/2017-MK-Rao-IAC-17-B3-1-9-IndianHumanSpaceFlightFullPaper.pdf THE DECISION FOR INDIAN HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT PROGRAMME. POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES, NATIONAL RELEVANCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES]. (PDF) Mukund Kadursrinivas Raoa, Sridhara Murthi K. Rb, and Prasad M. 68th International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Adelaide, Australia, 25-29 September 2017.</ref> and it was accepted and formally announced by the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 15 August 2018.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-will-take-national-flag-to-space-on-board-gaganyaan-by-2022-says-pm-narendra-modi-in-independence-day-speech/story-ctNAmDef79gbpj7OHrU8dP.html Indian will take national flag to space on board Gaganyaan by 2022, says PM Narendra Modi in Independence Day speech]. ''Hindustan Times''. 15 August 2018.</ref> The latest design calls for a crew of three.

=== Funding and infrastructure ===
A crewed spacecraft would require about {{Indian Rupee}} 124 billion ([[US$]]1.77 billion) over a period of seven years, including the {{Indian Rupee}} 50 billion ([[US$]]0.7 billion) for the initial work of the crewed spacecraft during the [[Eleventh Five-Year Plan (India)|Eleventh Five-Year Plan]] (2007–12) out of which govt released {{Indian Rupee}} 500 million ([[US$]]7 million) in 2007-08.<ref name=pl>[http://planningcommission.nic.in:80/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/wg11_subspace.pdf Eleventh Five year Plan (2007-12) proposals for Indian space program]</ref><ref name=bs2>{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/isro-plans-manned-mission-to-moon-in-2014-108100801012_1.html | title = ISRO plans manned mission to moon in 2014 | work = Business Standard| last=Mishra | first=Bibhu Ranjan | date=8 October 2008 | accessdate=14 June 2013 | location=Sriharikota Range (SHAR)}}</ref> In December 2018, the government approved further {{Indian Rupee}} 100 billion ([[US$]]1.5 billion) for a 7-days crewed flight of 3 astronauts to take place by 2021.<ref name=":0" />

[[Madhavan Chandradathan]], director of [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SDSC), stated that ISRO would need to set up an [[astronaut training]] facility in [[Bangalore]]. Newly established Human Space Flight Centre (HSPC) will coordinate the IHSF campagn.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-announces-human-space-flight-centre/article25967944.ece|title=ISRO starts Human Space Flight centre|last=Ds|first=Madhumathi|date=2019-01-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-11|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Existing launch facilities will be upgraded for launches under Indian Human Spaceflight campaign<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/nov/15/indias-human-space-programme-gets-a-fillip-1898396.html|title=India’s human space programme gets a fillip|accessdate=11 January 2019|quote=Initially, the plan was the construct a new launch pad for the human space flight, but Sivan told the Express that due to paucity of time one of the two existing launch pads is being modified to meet the requirement.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://164.100.158.235/question/annex/247/Au1733.pdf|title=Question number 1733 in Rajya Sabha|accessdate=11 January 2019|quote=It is proposed to utilise the existing launch pad with augmentation for carrying out the initial flights under the Gaganyaan manned space flight programme.}}</ref> with extra facilities needed for [[launch escape system]]s.<ref name=bs2 /> Russia is likely to provide astronaut training, and assist with some aspects in the development of the launcher.<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/russia-to-help-india-in-2022-space-mission-russian-envoy-nikolay-kudashev-1957344 Russia to Help India In 2022 Space Mission: Russian Envoy]. ''NDTV''. December 3, 2018.</ref> In spring 2009 the full-scale mock-up of crew capsule of ''Gaganyaan'' was built and delivered to Satish Dhawan Space Centre for training of astronauts.<ref>{{ citation | url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/02/stories/2009050255231100.htm | title=Model of space crew module ready | author=T.S. Subramanian | work=The Hindu| date=2 May 2009 | accessdate=14 June 2013 | location=Chennai}}</ref>

India has already successfully developed and tested several building blocks, including [[Reentry capsule|re-entry space capsule]], [[ISRO Pad Abort Test|pad abort test]], [[Launch escape system|safe crew ejection mechanisam]] in case of rocket failure, flight suit developed by [[Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory|DEBEL]] and the powerful [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III|GSLV-MkIII]] launch vehicle.<ref name=rentry1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/cabinet-approves-3-member-manned-space-mission/articleshow/67286574.cms India's manned space mission is on, Cabinet okays Rs 10,000 crore plan], Economic Times, 28 Dec 2018.</ref> Having met all required technological keystones, the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]] was accepted and formally announced by the Prime Minister on 15 August 2018. ''Gaganyaan'' will be the first crewed spacecraft under this programme.

== Description ==

{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+
Flight schedule<ref name=":0" /><ref name='April launch'>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-set-for-april-launch-of-chandrayaan-2-after-missed-deadline/story-BjMmDmHQ5lqU5yijS8qfJN.html ISRO set for April launch of Chandrayaan-2 after missed deadline]. Vikram Gopal, ''Hindustan Times''. 11 January 2019.</ref>
!Flight type
!Date
!Regime
!Crew
|- {{yes}}
|Re-entry Test
|18 December 2014
|[[Sub-orbital spaceflight|Sub-orbital]]
|None
|-{{yes}}
|Pad Abort Test
|5 July 2018
|Atmospheric
|None
|-
|Test Flight 1
|December 2020
|[[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
|None
|-
|Test Flight 2
|July 2021
|LEO
|None
|-
|Crewed Flight 1
|December 2021
|LEO
|2-3
|}
[[File:Gaganyaan mission poster.jpg|alt=|thumb|Artist's concept of ''Gaganyaan'' spacecraft in Earth orbit. Its service module (white & grey module) and solar panels will be disposed of before reentry.]]
''Gaganyaan'' is a fully autonomous 3.7-tonne spacecraft designed to carry a 3-member crew to orbit and safely return to the Earth after a mission duration of few orbits and up to seven days. Its service module is powered by two liquid propellant engines. The crew module is mated to the service module, and together they are called the orbital module. Based on the payload capability of the GSLV-III booster, the service module would have a mass of about 3 tonnes.<ref name='Astronautix'/>

The space capsule will have life support and environmental control systems. It will be equipped with emergency mission abort and emergency escape that can be done at the first stage or second stage of the rocket burn.<ref>{{cite news | title=ISRO gears up for manned space mission | url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jan42009/national20090104110557.asp | date=4 January 2009 | accessdate=14 June 2013 | work=[[Deccan Herald]] | last=Ray | first=Kalyan |location=Shillong | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203010314/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jan42009/national20090104110557.asp | archivedate=3 February 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The nose of the original version of the orbital vehicle was free for a [[Docking and berthing of spacecraft|docking]] mechanism, but primary entry was evidently through a side hatch secured by explosive bolts.<ref>[http://www.astronautix.com/craft/orbhicle.htm Orbital Vehicle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201012911/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/orbhicle.htm |date=1 December 2008 }}</ref>

Following two uncrewed orbital flight demonstrations of the spacecraft, a crewed ''Gaganyaan'' is slated to be launched on the [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III|GSLV Mk III]] launcher in late 2021.<ref name=":0" /><ref name='launch 2022'/>

About 16 minutes after liftoff from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SDSC), [[Sriharikota]], the rocket will inject the spacecraft into an orbit 300–400 km above Earth. When ready to land, its service module and solar panels will be disposed of before reentry. The capsule would return for a parachute splashdown in the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name="Times of India10012014">{{cite news |title=ISRO inches closer to manned mission |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-10/india/46065854_1_crew-module-space-capsule-recovery-experiment-gslv-mark |accessdate=13 January 2014 |newspaper=Times of India|date=10 January 2014 |quote="We will be checking the crew capsule for all parameters."}}</ref> Crew module is equipped with two parachutes for redundancy, while one parachute is good enough for safe splashdown. The parachutes would reduce the speed of the crew module from over 220 m/s to under 10 m/s at splashdown.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/isro-drdo-agra-labs-make-711368.html|title=Agra lab parachutes to bring back India astronauts|date=2019-01-04|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref>

==Re-entry test==
{{main|Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment}}
[[File:ISRO Crew Module descent.jpg|thumb|The Crew capsule descends under parachutes on 5 July 2018 after the abort motor lifted it to an altitude of 8,200 feet (2.5 km)]]

On 13 February 2014, [[Hindustan Aeronautics|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] handed over the first Crew Module structural assembly to ISRO.<ref name="hal-india.com"/><ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/human-space-flight-prog-hal-hands-over-crew-module-assembly-to-isro/article5685195.ece Human space flight prog: HAL hands over crew module assembly to ISRO | Business Line]</ref> ISRO's [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] would equip the Crew Module with systems necessary for life support, navigation, guidance and control systems. ISRO undertook an uncrewed test launch of the vehicle aboard the [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III|GSLV Mk3]] X1, for an experimental sub-orbital flight on 18 December 2014. The GSLV Mk3 launcher with a dummy upper cryogenic stage (filled with liquid nitrogen to simulate weight of fuel) was launched at 9:30am from the second launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-successfully-test-fires-gslv-markiii-its-heaviest-rocket/article6703691.ece]</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-to-launch-unmanned-crew-module-in-december/articleshow/44987199.cms| title=India to launch unmanned crew module in December| publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=30 October 2014| accessdate=30 October 2014}}</ref> The crew module separated from the rocket at an altitude of 126 km. On board motors controlled and reduced the speed of the module until an altitude of 80 km. Thrusters were shutoff at 80 km and atmospheric drag further reduced speed of the capsule. The module heat shield was expected to experience temperature in excess of 1600 °C. Parachutes were deployed at an altitude of 15 km to slow down the module which performed a soft landing in the Bay of Bengal near Andaman and Nicobar islands.

This flight was used to test orbital injection, separation and re-entry procedures and systems of the Crew Capsule. Also tested were the capsule separation, heat shields and [[aerobraking]] systems, deployment of parachute, retro-firing, splashdown, flotation systems and procedures to recover the Crew Capsule from the Bay of Bengal.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-successfully-test-fires-gslv-markiii-its-heaviest-rocket/article6703691.ece GSLV Mark III takes to the skies in test flight] The Hindu 19 December 2014</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30527602 India launches largest rocket and unmanned capsule] BBC News 18 December 2014</ref>

== Pad abort test ==
The [[ISRO Pad Abort Test|Indian Space Research Organisation's Pad Abort Test]] was due for March 2017, but it was delayed to 5 July 2018. It was a success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/07/isro-pad-abort-test-indian-human-program/|title=ISRO conducts pad abort test for Indian human space flight program – NASASpaceFlight.com|website=www.nasaspaceflight.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal| Spaceflight }}
*[[Human spaceflight]]
*[[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]
*[[Space exploration]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gaganyaan.in/ Gaganyaan - Official Website]

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Crewed spacecraft}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaganyaan}}
[[Category:Indian Space Research Organisation]]
[[Category:Crewed spacecraft]]
[[Category:Proposed spacecraft]]
[[Category:Future human spaceflights]]

Pibb Xtra

2009-02-13T22:12:59Z

Subwayguy: remove link to non-existant page

{{unreferenced|date=September 2008}}
{{Infobox Beverage
|name=Pibb Xtra
|image= A digital recreation of the Pibb Xtra logo
|type=[[Cola]]
|manufacturer=[[The Coca-Cola Company]]
|origin=[[United States]]
|introduced=1972
|discontinued=
|color = Caramel
|related= [[Dr Pepper]] [[Dr. Thunder]]
|variants=Pibb Zero}}

'''Pibb Xtra''' (previously sold as '''Mr. Pibb''') is a carbonated soft drink marketed by [[The Coca-Cola Company]]. As of 2008, it is sold in the [[Mariana Islands]] and the [[United States]].

==History==
Mr. Pibb was introduced in June 1972 to compete against [[Dr Pepper]]<ref name=Janos1973>{{citation
| last = Janos | first = Leo
| year = 1973
| title = Understanding Dr Pepper
| journal = Texas Monthly
| volume = 1
| issue = 1
[http://www.texasmonthly.com/1973-02-01/business.php]
}}</ref>, had a less widespread blend of flavors, but appealed to many due to its sweeter taste.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} The original test markets for Mr. Pibb in 1972 were located in Waco, Texas<ref name=Dougherty1973>{{citation
| last = Dougherty | first = Philip H.
| year = 1973
| title = Advertising: Howdy to Mr. Pibb; Furs, Feathers, Fins Direct Mail Doings People
| journal = The New York Times
| issue = June 27
| pages = 109
}}</ref> and Mississippi.{{Fact|date=October 2008}}

In 2001, a new flavor called Pibb Xtra has 23 flavors and was introduced with added cinnamon flavor,<ref>[http://www.virtualvender.coca-cola.com/ft/detail.jsp?brand_id=221 Coca-Cola Brand Fact Sheet - Pibb Xtra]</ref> replacing the original flavor in many parts of the US.

The soda has a small but loyal following in many parts of the United States, especially the South.{{Fact|date=October 2008}} A diet version was also available into the 1990s in some markets, notably [[Texas]].{{Fact|date=October 2008}} Some cans, instead of being a traditional cylinder, had [[facet]]ed sides.{{Fact|date=October 2008}}

Mr PiBB's slogan in the late 1990s was "Put it in me", and the can featured an odd cartoon head drawn in a squiggly scribble style.

In 2005, the Coca-Cola Company introduced '''Pibb Zero''', a sugar-free version of Pibb Xtra, in Texas, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Kansas]] (except for areas around [[Wichita, Kansas|Wichita]] and [[Hutchinson, Kansas|Hutchinson]], and the northwestern portion of the state), [[Oklahoma]], [[Missouri]], [[Chicago]] and parts of the [[Midwest United States|Midwest]]. The Coca-Cola Company reports that there are no plans to introduce Pibb Zero to the rest of the US.{{Fact|date=April 2008}}

==Availability==
[[Image:12 pack pibbxtra2008.jpg|thumb|left|150px|12 pack of Pibb Xtra.]]
Pibb Xtra is widely available in [[Texas]] and the southern United States, parts of the Pacific Northwest, the Midwest, and other areas of the country, depending on the local Coca-Cola bottler. It is rare to nonexistent in other parts of the US, such as the Northeast, where most bottlers are distributors of Dr Pepper. Pibb Xtra is common and very popular in Maryland, especially the Baltimore area. In Baltimore, you can find Pibb Xtra in many stores and also in 16 oz bottles at convenience stores. In Wisconsin Pibb Xtra can mainly only be found in restaurants and scarcely in stores. In California it used to be available in Bakersfield and Fresno in cans and plastic bottles as recently as 2005 but distribution has apparently been stopped. Despite its somewhat isolated location, Pibb Xtra is widely available throughout the San Francisco Bay Area, [[Sonora, CA]], and the rest of [[Tuolumne County]]. In [[Southern California]], Pibb Xtra can be found in McDonald's restaurants, despite not being sold in convenience stories and supermarkets there. However, Pibb Xtra is still fairly easy to find in western [[Nevada]], since the bottling plant in [[Reno, Nevada|Reno]] still produces it.

It can be found in fountain form in restaurants such as [[Jimmy John's]], [[Del Taco]], [[Wendy's]], [[Chuck E. Cheese's]], [[McDonald's]], [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]], [[Dairy Queen]], [[Quiznos]], [[Baja Fresh]], [[Rocky Rococo]], [[Chipotle Mexican Grill]], [[Buffalo Wild Wings]], [[Waffle House]], [[Qdoba Mexican Grill]], [[Fazoli's]], [[Moe's Southwest Grill]], [[Potbelly Sandwich Works]], and at select [[Piccadilly Cafeterias]]; it is available in the northeast at [[Dennys]], [[TGI Fridays]], [[Ruby Tuesday's]], [[5 Guys]], and Quik Check convenience stores. It's also available on board of [[Continental Airlines]] flights. Some fountains and [[vending machine]]s still have Mr. PiBB labels, even though it has been replaced by Pibb Xtra.
Pibb Xtra is also available in other areas such as Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia, Colorado, Pennsylvania, and is limited in New York. Though it is widely available as a fountain drink, it is not available in bottles or cans in New Jersey.

Mr. Pibb is still available through Coca Cola, the local bottler has the option to carry Mr. Pibb or Pibb Xtra or both, many people are currently trying to get their bottler to go back to Mr. Pibb.

==Nutrition facts==
In an 8 [[ounce]] serving of Pibb Xtra, there are 97 [[calories]], all of which are from sugar. There are 28 mg of [[sodium]], and 26 g of [[carbohydrates]].<ref>http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/mail/goodanswer/soft_drink_nutrition.pdf</ref>

==Video game==
In the 1990s, the marketers of Mr. Pibb distributed a video game. It featured a cartoon man similar to the cartoon used on the original Mr. Pibb can, whose mission was to escape from a school inhabited by zombies. He defeated the zombies by burping at them and he could increase his burp capacity by drinking Mr. Pibb. This video game was played through [[MS-DOS]] on a [[Personal computer|PC]], and was distributed in [[floppy disk]] format (3.5" diskette) and (less common) [[PC CD-ROM]].

It was given away free with a large Mr. Pibb at some [[McDonald's]] in the fall of 1998.{{cite needed}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Carbonated drinks]]
[[Category:Coca-Cola brands]]

[[ja:ミスター・ピブ]]

Get Outta My Dreams, Get into My Car

2008-12-14T18:51:03Z

Subwayguy: cite?

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Get Outta My Dreams, Get into My Car
| Cover =
| Artist = [[Billy Ocean]]
| Album = [[Tear Down These Walls]]
| Released = 1988
| Format =
| Recorded =
| Genre =
| Length = 08:59 (Extended Version)05:29 (Instrumental Version)04:43 (Single Version)
| Label = [[Jive Records|Jive]]
| Writer = [[Billy Ocean]] [[Robert John "Mutt" Lange]]
| Producer = [[Robert John "Mutt" Lange]]
| Certification =
| Last single = "Love Is Forever" (1986)
| This single = "Get Outta My Dreams, Get into My Car" (1988)
| Next single = "Calypso Crazy" (1988)
}}

'''"Get Outta My Dreams, Get into My Car"''' is a [[chart-topper|number one]] [[single (music)|single]] by singer [[Billy Ocean]]. Part of its popularity lay in its cutting-edge (for the time) video, which featured cartoon mixed with live-action sequences. The song went to #1 on the [[United States|U.S.]] [[Billboard Hot 100]] and #3 on the [[UK Singles Chart]]. The title was inspired by a line in the song "[[You're Sixteen]]", "you stepped out of my dreams, and into my car".{{cite needed}}

==Chart performance==
{|class="wikitable"
!Country
!Peak position
|-
|Australia
|align="center"|1
|-
|[[Dutch Top 40|The Netherlands]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radio538.nl/web/show/id=44685/chartid=5821 |title=De Nederlandse Top 40, week 12, 1988 |accessdate=2008-03-16}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|Norway
|align="center"|1
|-
|[[UK Singles Chart|United Kingdom]]
|align="center"|3
|-
|[[Billboard Hot 100|United States]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Man in the Mirror]]" by [[Michael Jackson]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (United States)|number one single]]
| years = [[April 9]] [[1988]] – [[April 16]] [[1988]]
| after = "[[Where Do Broken Hearts Go]]" by [[Whitney Houston]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:ARC Weekly Top 40 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Sweden]]
[[Category:Billy Ocean songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Robert John "Mutt" Lange]]
[[Category:Songs produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange]]

{{1980s-single-stub}}

Tom Cable

2008-10-04T17:09:59Z

Subwayguy: linkify

'''Thomas Lee Cable, Jr,''' (born 1964) is an [[American football]] [[Coach (sport)|coach]], and currently the interim head coach for the [[National Football League]]'s [[Oakland Raiders]] after [[Lane Kiffin]] was fired September 30th, 2008 by owner [[Al Davis]].
Cable was the offensive line coach in [[2006 NFL season|2006]] for the NFL's [[Atlanta Falcons]] under head coach [[Jim L. Mora|Jim Mora]], who was dismissed at the end of the season. Cable was the [[offensive coordinator]] for the [[UCLA Bruins football|UCLA Bruins]] for two seasons (2004-2005) under head coach [[Karl Dorrell]].

Tom Cable was the head coach at the [[University of Idaho]], his [[alma mater]] from 2000-2003. At Idaho, Cable compiled a record of 11-35 (.239) in four straight losing seasons. Idaho did not renew Cable's contract at the conclusion of the 2003 season, and he was quickly replaced by [[Nick Holt]]. Five of Cable's losses at Idaho were to lower Division I-AA schools, while one of his wins was against a I-AA school.

Cable played on the offensive line for the [[Idaho Vandals football|Idaho Vandals]] for head coaches [[Dennis Erickson]] and [[Keith Gilbertson]], blocking for [[quarterback]] [[Scott Linehan]]. He was a [[Starting lineup|starting]] [[Guard (American football)|guard]] for three seasons (1984-1986), and had a brief stay with the [[Indianapolis Colts]] in 1987 before his coaching career began.

Cable played [[high school football]] in [[Snohomish, Washington]], northeast of [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]].

==Coaching history==
*[[Idaho Vandals|Idaho]] - (1987-88) - graduate assistant
*[[San Diego State Aztecs|San Diego State]] - (1989) - graduate assistant
*[[California State University, Fullerton#Athletics|Cal State-Fullerton]] - (1990) - defensive line
*[[UNLV Rebels football|UNLV]] - (1991) - offensive line
*[[California Golden Bears football|California]] - (1992-1997) - offensive line
*[[Colorado Buffaloes football|Colorado]] - (1998-1999) - offensive line, offensive coordinator
*Idaho - (2000-2003) - [[head coach]]
*[[UCLA Bruins football|UCLA]] - (2004-05) - offensive coordinator
*[[Atlanta Falcons]] - (NFL) - (2006) - offensive line
*[[Oakland Raiders]] - (NFL) - (2007-present) - offensive line; interim head coach (since [[September 30]], [[2008 NFL season|2008]])

==External links==
*[http://www.raiders.com/Common/Article.aspx?id=16582 Oakland Raiders.com] - Cable to Coach Offensive Line - 06-Feb-2007
*[http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_year_by_year.php?coachid=299 College Football Data Warehouse.com] - Tom Cable - head coaching record
*[http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/huskies/139579_husk15.html Seattle Post Intelligencer] - 15-Sep-2003
Tom Cable Head Coach for Oakland Raiders
*[http://www.nfl.com/news/story?id=09000d5d80b41921&template=with-video&confirm=true] NFL.com Kiffin fired - 30-Sep-2008
{{start box}}
{{succession box | title=[[University of Idaho|University of Idaho Head Football Coach]] | before=[[Chris Tormey]] | years=2000–2003| after=[[Nick Holt]]
}}
{{end box}}
{{start box}}
{{succession box | title=[[Oakland Raiders|Oakland Raiders Offensive Line Coach]] | before=[[Jackie Slater]] and [[Irv Eatman]] | years=2007–Present| after=(current)
}}
{{end box}}
{{start box}}
{{succession box | title=[[Oakland Raiders|Oakland Raiders Head Coaches]] | before=[[Lane Kiffin]] | years=2008-Present| after=Incumbent}}
{{end box}}

{{NFLHeadCoaches}}

{{Idaho Vandals football coach navbox}}
{{RaidersCoach}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cable, Tom}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Snohomish County, Washington]]
[[Category:American football offensive guards]]
[[Category:American football head coaches]]
[[Category:Idaho Vandals football players]]
[[Category:University of Idaho alumni]]
[[Category:Idaho Vandals football coaches]]
[[Category:San Diego State Aztecs football coaches]]
[[Category:UNLV Rebels football coaches]]
[[Category:California Golden Bears football coaches]]
[[Category:Colorado Buffaloes football coaches]]
[[Category:UCLA Bruins football coaches]]
[[Category:Atlanta Falcons coaches]]
[[Category:Oakland Raiders coaches]]

{{amfoot-coach-stub}}

[[it:Tom Cable]]

Kill Buljo

2007-11-06T01:14:53Z

Subwayguy: /* Trivia */ tag

{{Infobox Film
| name = Kill Buljo - The Movie
| image = Killl_Buljo_poster.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Kill Buljo theatrical poster
| director = [[Tommy Wirkola]]
| producer = [[Terje Strømstad]]
| writer = [[Stig Frode Henriksen]] [[Tommy Wirkola]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Stig Frode Henriksen]] [[Natasha Angel Dahle]] [[Tommy Wirkola]] [[Linda Øverli Nilsen]] [[Martin Hykkerud]] [[Frank Arne Olsen]]
| music = [[Kjell Rune Myrland]] [[Petter Carlsen]]
| cinematography = [[Odd Helge Haugsnes]] [[Matt Weston]]
| editing = [[Tommy Wirkola]]
| distributor = [[Oro Film]]
| released = [[March 23]] [[2007]]
| runtime = 93 min.
| country = [[Norway]]
| language = [[Norwegian language | Norwegian]] [[Sami language | Sami]] [[English]] [[(dubbing in progres)]]
| budget = [[Norwegian Krone | NOK]] 890.000

(USD 150.000)
| gross =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| website = http://www.killbuljo.no/
| amg_id =
| imdb_id = 0913401
}}

'''Kill Buljo''' (2007) is a Norwegian parody of the [[Quentin Tarantino]] movie [[Kill Bill]]. It is set in [[Finnmark]], [[Norway]] and portrays the protagonist Jompa Tormann's hunt for Tampa and Papa Buljo. The film depends heavily on satirizing stereotypes about Norway's [[Sami people | Sami]] population.

According to the Norwegian newspaper [[Dagbladet]], Quentin Tarantino has watched the movie's trailer and was quite happy about it, looking forward to seeing the movie itself [http://www.dagbladet.no/tekstarkiv/artikkel.php?id=5001070049252].

== Synopsis ==

The Hero, Jompa Torman, is reluctantly on his way into marriage. The bride's family are gathered to the traditional engagement coffee at [[Kautokeino]] community centre when hell breaks loose. The Deadly [[Sapmi]] Assassination Squad, consisting of Tampa Buljo, Crazy Beibifeit, Dr. Kjell Driver and Bud Light assault the premises, draw guns, and fires on anything that moves. Nobody is supposed to leave the centre alive...

But one does exactly that – luckily, or the movie would never have come into being. Jompa miraculously survives and falls into a deep coma. The Sami- and woman-hating police inspector Sid Wisløff is assigned to the case together with his assistant Unni Formen. Wisløff is confident that Jompa Tormann killed all his guests, finishing the act by shooting his own head four times to look innocent.

A few weeks later, Jompa awakens and has one thing on his mind: To empty his urine bladder. Then: Revenge. He's prepared to track down the members of The Deadly Sapmi Assassination Squad and settle his business with them - one by one. Sid Wisløff and Unni Formen, aided by the Sami [[Pathfinder (1987 film) | pathfinder]] Peggy Mathilassi are on his heels to put him behind bars.

== Trivia ==
{{trivia}}
* When Jompa Tormann steps on the synthesizer outside the cabin, music from the movie [[Fight Club]] is played.
* There are three posters in the Police Station that shows [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Osama Bin Laden]] and [[Jar Jar Binks]] as wanted criminals.

== External links ==
*[http://www.killbuljo.no/ Official website with trailer] (English subtitles available)
*[http://arran2.blogspot.com/2007/01/kill-buljo.html A post from the blog Árran] with details on how the film came into being
*[http://go.dagbladet.no/ego.cgi/videoT/http://www.dagbladet.no/tv/?clipid=23681 Kill Buljo dubbed to english] - Trailer

{{Indie-film-stub}}

[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Norwegian films]]

[[no:Kill Buljo]]

Fell in Love with a Girl

2007-09-19T23:18:16Z

Subwayguy: /* Music video */ cite?

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Fell in Love with a Girl
| Cover = Fellinlovewithagirl.jpg
| Artist = [[The White Stripes]]
| from Album = [[White Blood Cells (album)|White Blood Cells]]
| Released = [[April 23]] [[2002]] ([[United Kingdom|UK]])
| Format = [[CD single]], [[gramophone record|7" single]]
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[alternative rock|Alternative]]
| Length = 1:50
| Label = [[XL Recordings|XL]]
| Writer = The White Stripes
| Producer = [[Jack White (musician)|Jack White]]
| Chart position = * #21 ([[United Kingdom]], [[United States|U.S.]] [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles|bubbling under]])
| Last single = "[[Hotel Yorba]]" (2002)
| This single = "'''Fell in Love with a Girl'''" (2002)
| Next single = "[[Dead Leaves and the Dirty Ground]]" (2002)
}}
{{Infobox Single
| Name = Fell in Love with a Boy
| Cover = Joss Stone - Fell In Love With A Boy single cover.jpg
| Artist = [[Joss Stone]]
| from Album = [[The Soul Sessions]]
| Released = [[26 January]] [[2004]] ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) [[27 January]] [[2004]] ([[United States|U.S.]])
| Format = CD single, 7" single
| Recorded = The Studio ([[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]])
| Genre = [[soul music|Soul]], [[blues]]
| Length = 3:38
| Label = [[EMI|Relentless]]
| Writer = Jack White
| Producer = [[?uestlove|Ahmir "?uestlove" Thompson]], [[Betty Wright]], [[Steve Greenberg (record producer)|Steve Greenberg]], [[Mike Mangini]]
| Certification =
| Chart position = * #1 ([[Argentina]])
* #14 ([[Latin America]])
* #18 ([[United Kingdom]])
* #23 ([[New Zealand]])
* #31 ([[Italy]])
* #46 ([[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]])
| Last single =
| This single = "'''Fell in Love with a Boy'''" (2004)
| Next single = "[[Super Duper Love]]" (2004)
}}

"'''Fell in Love with a Girl'''" is the second [[single (music)|single]] released from [[The White Stripes]]' third studio album, ''[[White Blood Cells (album)|White Blood Cells]]'' (2001). Released in 2002, it reached number twenty-one on the [[United States|U.S.]] [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles]] (which roughly corresponds to number one hundred and twenty-one on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]) and the [[United Kingdom]]. The song was [[cover version|covered]] in 2003 as "Fell in Love with a Boy" by [[Joss Stone]] and as a [[lounge music|lounge]] song by [[Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine]] for their second album, ''[[Tuxicity]]'' (2002). It was also included in a [[polka]] medley by [["Weird Al" Yankovic]], "Angry White Boy Polka", from his 2003 album ''[[Poodle Hat]]''.

The April issue of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine listed the song as one of the forty songs that changed [[rock music|rock]] history.

==Music video==
The [[music video]] is a [[brickfilm|Lego animation]] directed by [[Michel Gondry]]. It has won several [[MTV Video Music Awards]]. The video is shot frame by frame with each frame having the Lego bricks rebuilt, sometimes in a complex manner to seem as if it were an actual shot, and then formed together to give the illusion of motion. The video is considered to be one of the most complex videos using Lego bricks ever made, and as in tune with the White Stripes image, the video mostly consists of red, white, and black color.

In an interview for the ''The Work of Director Michel Gondry'' DVD, Jack stated that the White Stripes' long-time collaboration with Michel Gondry started by accident; for "Fell In Love with a Girl", Jack stated that he wanted to work with the director who did [[Beck]]'s video for "[[Devils Haircut (song)|Devils Haircut]]", referring to [[Mark Romanek]]. Their record company mistakenly hired Gondry, thinking he was the director of "Devils Haircut". Jack didn't mind, as he also did the video for "[[Deadweight (song)|Deadweight]]", which Jack also liked.

After the release of the video, the White Stripes called the Lego company, asking if they could release a set where a person could build the band out of Lego bricks. The company refused, stating that they do not market to those over twelve years old. But when the video became a huge success, the company called back the band to say that they had changed their minds, but the ship had sailed. The band stated that the company had had their chance.{{cite needed}}

==Track listings and formats==
;CD single
#"Fell in Love with a Girl"
#"[[Let's Shake Hands]]"
#"[[Lafayette Blues]]"

;7" single
#"Fell in Love with a Girl"
#"[[I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself]]"

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable"
!align="center"|Chart (2004)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles]]
|align="center"|21
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Modern Rock Tracks]]
|align="center"|12
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|21
|}

==Joss Stone version==
In 2003, [[England|English]] [[soul music|soul]] singer [[Joss Stone]] covered the song, retitled as "'''Fell in Love with a Boy'''", for her debut album ''[[The Soul Sessions]]'' (2003). It was released in early 2004 as the album's first single.

===Chart performance===
"Fell in Love with a Boy" topped the Argentinian Singles Chart, which helped the song to peak at number fourteen on the [[Top Latino]].<ref>[http://toplatino.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=5 Top Latino]</ref> It also peaked at number eighteen on the [[UK Singles Chart]].

===Track listings and formats===
;UK CD single
#"Fell in Love with a Boy" (Radio Version) – 2:25
#"Victim of a Foolish Heart" (Live at [[Ronnie Scott#Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club|Ronnie Scott's]], [[London]], [[November 25]] [[2003]]) – 6:25

;European CD single
#"Fell in Love with a Boy" (Radio Version) – 2:25
#"Victim of a Foolish Heart" (Live at Ronnie Scott's, London, November 25, 2003) – 6:25
#"Fell in Love with a Boy" (Acoustic Version) – 3:30

;UK 7" single
Side A:
#"Fell in Love with a Boy" (Radio Version) – 2:25
Side B:
#"[[Super Duper Love|Super Duper Love (Are You Diggin' on Me?) Pt. 1]]" – 4:20

;UK and U.S. promo single
#"Fell in Love with a Boy" (Radio Version) – 2:25

===Credits and personnel===
*Joss Stone – lead vocals
*[[Angie Stone]] – [[backing vocalist|background vocals]]
*[[Betty Wright]] – background vocals
*[[?uestlove|Ahmir "?uestlove" Thompson]] – [[drum]]s
*Kirk Douglas – [[guitar]]
*Adam Blackstone – [[bass guitar|bass]]
*James Poyser – [[keyboard instrument|keyboard]]
*Kamal – keyboard

===Production===
*[[record producer|Producers]]: Ahmir "?uestlove" Thompson, Betty Wright, [[Steve Greenberg (record producer)|Steve Greenberg]], and [[Mike Mangini]]
*Engineer: Steve Greenwell
*[[audio mixing|Mixer]]: Steve Greenwell

===Charts===
{| class="wikitable"
!align="center"|Chart (2004)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|18
|-
|align="left"|Argentinian Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Eurochart Hot 100 Singles]]
|align="center"|62
|-
|align="left"|German Airplay Chart
|align="center"|66
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|46
|-
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart
|align="center"|31
|-
|align="left"|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|23
|-
|align="left"|[[Top Latino]]
|align="center"|14
|-
|align="left"|World R&B Top 30 Singles
|align="center"|21
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://parents.lego.com/Features/Director%20brings%20White%20Stripes%20Video%20to%20life%20with%20LEGO%20bricks%20-%20story.aspx "Director brings White Stripes video to life with LEGO bricks"], on the video by Michel Gondry from LEGO.com

{{The White Stripes}}
{{Joss Stone}}

[[Category:2001 songs]]
[[Category:2002 music videos]]
[[Category:2002 singles]]
[[Category:2002 songs]]
[[Category:2003 songs|Fell in Love with a Boy]]
[[Category:2004 music videos|Fell in Love with a Boy]]
[[Category:2004 singles|Fell in Love with a Boy]]
[[Category:Debut singles|Fell in Love with a Boy]]
[[Category:Joss Stone songs|Fell in Love with a Boy]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Michel Gondry]]
[[Category:Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine songs]]
[[Category:The White Stripes songs]]

George Washington Memorial Parkway

2007-08-19T05:13:57Z

Subwayguy: cleanup needed -- overlapping image below

{{cleanup}}
{{Infobox_protected_area | name = George Washington Memorial Parkway
| iucn_category = V
| image = US_Locator_Blank.svg
| caption =
| locator_x = 240
| locator_y = 79
| location = [[Virginia]] & [[Maryland]], [[United States|USA]]
| nearest_city = [[Washington, D.C.]]
| lat_degrees = 38
| lat_minutes = 54
| lat_seconds = 40
| lat_direction = N
| long_degrees = 77
| long_minutes = 06
| long_seconds = 08
| long_direction = W
| area = 7,247 acres (29 km²)
| established = [[May 29]], [[1930]]
| visitation_num = 7,284,165
| visitation_year = 2005
| governing_body = [[National Park Service]]
}}
[[Image:George Washington Memorial Parkway - Reference Map.jpg|thumb|right|292px|Map of the George Washington Memorial Parkway]]
[[Image:Gw_pkwy_at_gravelly_point.jpg|thumb|right|292px|Vehicles round a bend in the George Washington Parkway near [[Ronald_Reagan_Washington_National_Airport|Washington National Airport]] and [[Gravelly Point]] in Arlington, Va.]]

The '''George Washington Memorial Parkway,''' known to local motorists simply as the '''G. W. Parkway,''' is a [[parkway]] maintained by the U.S. [[National Park Service]]. It is located mostly in [[Northern Virginia]], although a short section near the [[Arlington Memorial Bridge]] passes over [[Columbia Island (District of Columbia)|Columbia Island]], which is within the city limits of [[Washington, D.C.]] It is in two sections, joined by Washington Street ([[State Route 400 (Virginia)|State Route 400]]) in [[Alexandria, Virginia]]. A third section, the '''Clara Barton Parkway,''' runs on the opposite side of the [[Potomac River]] in the District of Columbia and [[Montgomery County, Maryland]]. A fourth section was proposed for [[Fort Washington, Maryland]], but was never built. The parkway is designated an [[All-American Road]].

==Northern section==
[[Image:USMC War Memorial Night.jpg|thumb|left|[[USMC War Memorial]], along the G.W. Parkway]]
The northern section extends from North Washington Street at First Street, at the northern end of Old Town Alexandria, to its terminus at [[Interstate 495 (Virginia)|Interstate 495]], the [[Capital Beltway]], in [[Fairfax County, Virginia|Fairfax County]], just south of the Potomac river. It follows the Potomac River, passing through [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington County]], and serves as the primary access point to [[Reagan National Airport|National Airport]]. The parkway also provides automobile access to [[Theodore Roosevelt Island]], the LBJ National Grove, Gravelly Point Park, Fort Marcy, and Turkey Run Park. There are scenic view rest areas for those wishing to view the [[Georgetown, Washington, D.C.|Georgetown]] skyline and Potomac Palisades. The [[cloverleaf interchange]] with the [[14th Street Bridge]], dating to [[1932]], is one of the oldest cloverleaf interchanges in the United States. [[Spout Run Parkway]] connects the George Washington Memorial Parkway to [[U.S. Route 29 (Virginia)|U.S. Route 29]] and thus provides an indirect connection to [[Interstate 66 (Virginia)|Interstate 66]]. The part of the G.W. Parkway north of National Airport and [[State Route 233 (Virginia)|State Route 233]] is part of the [[National Highway System]].

===Potomac Heritage Trail===
The Potomac Heritage Trail is a 10 mile trail that follows the [[Potomac River]] and the parkway. It starts at [[Theodore Roosevelt Island|Roosevelt Island]] and goes to [[Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway)|I-495]] at the [[American Legion Memorial Bridge (Maryland)|American Legion Bridge]]. It is a segment of the [[Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail]].

==Southern section==
The southern section extends from South Washington Street at the southern end of Old Town Alexandria past [[Fort Hunt, Virginia|Fort Hunt]] to [[Mount Vernon (plantation)|Mount Vernon]]. The southern section is a [[limited-access highway]], but with [[at-grade intersection]]s. At Mount Vernon, the parkway ends at a [[traffic circle]], where it joins [[State Route 235 (Virginia)|State Route 235]]. Most of this route was taken from the [[Washington, Alexandria and Mount Vernon Railway]]'s right of way. The very popular but narrow Mount Vernon bicycle trail parallels the entire southern section and middle sections of the parkway (from Theodore Roosevelt Island to Mount Vernon) and is often filled with recreational and commuter cyclists and runners.

==Clara Barton Parkway==
{{split|Clara Barton Parkway}}

[[Image:IMG 2237 - Clara Barton Pkwy at NSWC (looking west).JPG|thumb|250px|[[Clara Barton Parkway]] in [[Maryland]]]]

The Clara Barton Parkway is administratively part of the George Washington Memorial Parkway. In fact, it was signed as such until [[1989]], when it was renamed to overcome motorist confusion. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/24/AR2006062400980.html]

The Clara Barton Parkway has its eastern terminus in the District of Columbia, where the parkway connects with [[Canal Road (Washington, D.C.)|Canal Road]] and [[Chain Bridge (Washington, D.C.)|Chain Bridge]]. It has its western terminus in Montgomery County, just outside the [[Capital Beltway]]. The parkway provides access to [[Glen Echo Park (Maryland)|Glen Echo Park]] and the [[Clara Barton National Historic Site]] in [[Glen Echo, Maryland]]. The Clara Barton Parkway connects to the Capital Beltway via a partial interchange and also via the [[Cabin John Parkway]].

===Previously proposed connection===
The parkways on the two sides of the river were originally supposed to be joined by a bridge at the [[Great Falls of the Potomac River]]. However, opposition from preservationists led to the cancellation of that bridge. Instead, traffic between the two parkways uses the [[American Legion Memorial Bridge (Maryland)|American Legion Bridge]]. The Virginia side of the Potomac river at Great Falls is managed by the Superintendent of the parkway as a national park site, known as [[Great Falls Park]].

At Great Falls Park, one can find the remains of the [[Patowmack Canal]], the first [[canal]] with lifting locks in the United States. The canal project, which George Washington partially funded and which commenced in 1786, was one of the world's first engineering works in which blasting powder was utilized to remove rocks and overburden. A total of 5 locks were constructed, and restoration and preservation of these locks is ongoing.

==Administrative history==
Authorized [[May 29]], [[1930]]; transferred from Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital [[August 10]], [[1933]]. On [[November 28]], [[1989]], the road in Maryland was renamed the Clara Barton Parkway. The Parkway also administers other National Park Service features and areas:
* [[Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial]]
* [[Arlington Memorial Bridge]]
* [[Clara Barton National Historic Site]]
* [[Claude Moore Colonial Farm]]
* [[Dyke Marsh]]
* [[Fort Marcy Park|Fort Marcy]]
* [[Glen Echo Park (Maryland)|Glen Echo Park]]
* [[Great Falls Park]]
* [[Lady Bird Johnson Park]]
* [[Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac]]
* [[Navy-Marine Memorial]]
* [[Netherlands Carillon]]
* [[Theodore Roosevelt Island]]
* [[Turkey Run Park (Virginia)|Turkey Run Park]]
* [[USMC War Memorial]]
* [[Women in Military Service for America Memorial]]

==Major intersections==
Only [[traffic signal|signalized]] intersections and [[interchange (road)|interchange]]s are listed.<ref>[[Google Maps]] aerial photos; the [[stop line]] at traffic signals is clearly visible</ref>
{|class=wikitable
!Location
!Mile
!Road(s)
!Notes
|-
|
|
|{{jct|state=VA|SR|235|name1=Mount Vernon Memorial Highway}}
|[[Traffic circle]]
|-
|
|
|Fort Hunt Road - [[Fort Hunt Park]]
|Interchange
|-
|
|
|[[Hunting Creek]]
|Bridge; south end of gap
|-
!colspan=4|Gap; see [[State Route 400 (Virginia)|State Route 400]]
|-
|
|
|1st Street
|North end of gap
|-
|
|
|Bashford Lane
|-
|
|
|Slaters Lane
|-
|
|
|[[Reagan National Airport]]
|Interchange
|-
|
|
|{{jct|state=VA|I|395}} - [[Washington, DC|Washington]], [[Richmond, VA|Richmond]]
|Interchange
|-
|
|
|{{jct|state=VA|SR|27|dir1=west|to2=to|I|395|city1=Lyndon B. Johnson Memorial Grove|city2=Pentagon}}
|Interchange; no northbound exit
|-
|
|
|[[Arlington Memorial Bridge]] - [[Arlington Cemetery]], [[Washington, DC|Washington]]
|Interchange
|-
|
|
|{{jct|state=VA|US|50|dir1=west}}
|Interchange; northbound exit and southbound entrance
|-
|
|
|{{jct|state=VA|I|66|dir1=east|US|50|dir2=west}}
|Interchange; southbound exit and northbound entrance
|-
|
|
|{{jct|state=VA|US|29|dir1=north}} - [[Key Bridge (Potomac River)|Key Bridge]]
|Interchange; southbound exit and northbound entrance
|-
|
|
|{{jct|state=VA|to1=to|I|66|dir1=west|to2=to|US|29|road=[[Spout Run Parkway]]|city1=Arlington}}, [[Washington, DC|Washington]]
|Interchange; northbound exit and southbound entrance
|-
|
|
|{{jct|state=VA|SR|123|city1=Chain Bridge}}, [[Washington, DC|Washington]], [[McLean, VA|McLean]]
|Interchange
|-
|
|
|[[CIA]], [[FHWA]]
|Interchange
|-
|
|
|[[Turkey Run Park (Virginia)|Turkey Run Park]], [[Washington, DC|Washington]], to [[I-495 (VA)|I-495]] (U-turn)
|Interchange
|-
|
|
|{{jct|state=VA|I|495}} - [[Maryland]]
|Interchange
|}

==Reference==
* ''The National Parks: Index 2001-2003''. Washington: [[United States Department of the Interior|U.S. Department of the Interior]].

==External links==
*[http://www.nps.gov/gwmp/ National Park Service: George Washington Memorial Parkway]
*[http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/hih/george_washington/index.htm History of the George Washington Memorial Parkway]

[[Category:1930 establishments]]
[[Category:All-American Roads]]
[[Category:George Washington]]
[[Category:Montgomery County, Maryland]]
[[Category:Roads in Maryland]]
[[Category:Transportation in Virginia]]
[[Category:United States federal parkways]]
[[Category:Fairfax County, Virginia]]
[[Category:Alexandria, Virginia]]
[[Category:Transportation in Arlington County, Virginia]]
[[Category:Transportation in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Arlington County Historic Districts|George Washington Memorial Parkway]]
[[Category:Registered Historic Places in the District of Columbia]]
[[Category:Registered Historic Places in Virginia]]

PC Magazine

2007-08-14T18:56:02Z

Subwayguy: /* Trivia */ tag

{{Infobox Magazine|
title = PC Magazine |
image = [[Image:Pcmag-logo.gif|''PC Magazine'' Logo]] |
editor = Lance Ulanoff |
frequency = Bi-weekly, Bi-monthly (Philippines)|
circulation = |
category = [[Computer magazine]]|
company = [[Ziff-Davis]] |
firstdate = January 1982 |
country = [[United States]],[[Serbia]],[[Mexico]] [[Brazil]], [[Thailand]],[[Singapore]] [[China]],[[Turkey]],[[Netherlands]] [[Belgium]],[[Middle East]], [[Greece]] [[Russia]], [[Israel]], [[Philippines]] |
language =[[English language|English]],[[Spanish language|Spanish]] [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]] [[Protuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]] |
website = [http://www.pcmag.com www.pcmag.com] |
issn = 0888-8507 |
}}
'''''PC Magazine''''' (or '''PC Mag''') is a [[computer magazine]] published [[Wiktionary:biweekly|biweekly]] (except in January and July) both in [[Printing|print]] and [[online]]. The magazine is [[publisher|published]] by Ziff-Davis Publishing Holdings Inc. The first edition was released in January 1982 as a monthly called PC (the "Magazine" was not added to the logo until the first major redesign in January 1986). The magazine moved to biweekly publication in 1983 after a single monthly issue swelled to more than 800 pages.

The magazine's editor-in-chief, Lance Ulanoff, ascended to his current post in July 2007. Jim Louderback had held this position since 2005, but accepted the position of CEO of Revision3, an online media company.
== Overview ==
PC Magazine provides [[review]]s and [[preview]]s of the latest [[hardware]] and [[software]] for the [[information technology]] professional. Articles are written by leading experts such as [[John C. Dvorak]], whose regular column and Inside Track feature are among the magazine's most popular attractions. Other regular departments include columns by Michael J. Miller (Forward Thinking), Bill Machrone, and Jim Louderback, as well as:
* '''First Looks''' (a collection of reviews of newly-released products),
* '''Pipeline''' (a collection of short articles and snippets on computer-industry developments),
* '''Solutions''' (which includes various how-to articles),
* '''User-to-User''' (a section in which the magazine's experts answer user-submitted questions),
* '''After Hours''' (a section about various computer entertainment products; the designation "After Hours" is a legacy of the magazine's traditional orientation towards business computing), and
* '''Abort, Retry, Fail?''' (a beginning-of-the-magazine humor page which for a few years was known as '''Backspace'''--and was subsequently the last page).

== Development and evolution ==
The magazine has evolved significantly over the years. The most drastic change has been the shrinkage of the publication due to contractions in the computer-industry ad market and the easy availability of the [[Internet]], which has tended to make computer magazines less "necessary" than they once were. Where once mail-order vendors had huge listing of products in ads covering several pages, there is now a single page with a reference to a website. At one time (the 1980s through the mid-1990s), the magazine averaged about 400 pages an issue, with some issues breaking the 500- and even 600-page marks. In the late 1990s, as the computer-magazine field underwent a drastic pruning, the magazine shrank to 300-something and then 200-something pages.

Today, the magazine runs about 150 pages an issue. It has adapted to the new realities of the 21st century by reducing its once-standard emphasis on massive comparative reviews of computer systems, hardware peripherals, and software packages to focus more on the broader consumer-electronics market (including cell phones, [[Personal digital assistant|PDAs]], [[MP3]] players, digital cameras, and so on). Since the late 1990s, the magazine has taken to reviewing [[Macintosh|Mac]] software and hardware, which at one time would have been unthinkable.

PC Magazine has consistently positioned itself as the leading source of information about [[personal computer|PCs]] and PC-related products, and its development and evolution have mirrored those of computer journalism in general. The magazine practically invented the idea of comparative hardware and software reviews in 1984 with a groundbreaking "Project Printers" issue. For many years thereafter, the blockbuster annual printer issue, featuring more than 100 reviews, was a PC Magazine tradition.

The publication also took on a series of editorial causes over the years, including [[copy protection]] (the magazine refused to grant its coveted Editors' Choice award to any product that used copy protection) and the "brain-dead" [[80286|286]] (then-editor-in-chief Bill Machrone said the magazine would still review 286s but would not recommend them).

PC Magazine was a booster of early versions of the [[OS/2]] operating system in the late 1980s, but then switched to a strong endorsement of the [[Microsoft Windows]] operating environment after the release of Windows 3.0 in May 1990. Some OS/2 users accused of the magazine of ignoring OS/2 2.x versions and later.

During the dot-com boom, the magazine began focusing heavily on many of the new Internet businesses, prompting complaints from some readers that the magazine was abandoning its original emphasis on computer technology. After the collapse of the technology bubble in the early 2000s, the magazine returned to a more traditional approach.

== Alternative methods of publication ==
The online edition began in late 1994 and started producing a digital edition of the magazine through [[Zinio]] in 2004. For some years in the late 1990s, a [[CD-ROM]] version containing interactive reviews and the full text of back issues was available.

There was also a special "Network Edition" of the print magazine from 1993 to 1997. This evolved into "Net Tools," which was part of the general press run, and the current "Internet User" and "Internet Business" sections.

Numerous books have been published under the "PC Magazine" designation, as well. John C. Dvorak's name has also appeared on many books.

== Trivia ==
{{trivia}}
* PC Magazine's most famous gaffe occurred in January 1989 when the annual Technical Excellence Award was rendered on the cover as "Technichal Excellence."
* PC Magazine's creator, David Bunnell, is also the creator of PC Magazine's biggest rival [[PC World (Magazine)|PC World]]
* PC Magazine was responsible for the development of PC Labs, which was the first comprehensive laboratory for benchmarking software and hardware. The "lab" workers even wore white coats in the beginning.
* The magazine has undergone four major redesigns in its history, in January 1986, June 1989, July 1992, and February 2000. The original "PC" logo, which was replaced by a variation similar to the current one in 1986, resembled an old-fashioned dot-matrix printout.
* The Editors' Choice award was known as the Editor's Choice award until many people complained that the latter was grammatically incorrect.
* The PC Magazine utilities began as printed lines of code in the back pages of the magazine. Users were expected to type this code into editors and compile it themselves. When PC Magazine launched its Web site, and for some years thereafter, the utilities were available for free download, but now they are distributed on a paid-for basis.
* PC Magazine was once known for its colorful three-dimensional bar graphs, which were considered visually attractive but allegedly also confusing. The graphs were abandoned in the 1992 redesign.
* From its inception in mid-1987 to the June 1989 redesign, the After Hours section was printed "backwards" in that the first page of the section was actually the last page of the magazine. This had the advantage of allowing a person to flip the book over, open the back cover, and begin reading the reviews in their logical order.
* For a time in the late 1980s and early 1990s, PC Magazine ran a proprietary online service on [[CompuServe]] called PC MagNet. This was an offshoot of an earlier effort called the PC Magazine Interactive Reader Service.
* For many years, the magazine's Pipeline and now-defunct Trends section listed the top-10 and then top-15 best-selling software packages. From 1988 to 1992, this list was conveyed through a colorful but bizarre bar-graph display that included lines tracking the five-week selling history of each package. In the March 1997 15th-anniversary issue, an editor admitted that "we didn't understand it either."
* The magazine was once so thick that it included an index of advertisements and a separate index of advertisers in addition to an index of editorial reviews. These indices were in addition to the standard table-of-contents at the front of the magazine.
* To commemorate the launch of [[IBM]]'s [[PS/2]] machines in the summer of 1987, PC Magazine ran a playful cover with the name "PS" Magazine.
* During the 1980s, the magazine's writers and editors used the XyWrite III word processor, even though the official Editors' Choice award went to [[WordPerfect]]. (For several years in the mid-1980s, the magazine divided its blockbuster word processor reviews into different sections for "professional," "corporate," and "personal" word processors.)
* John C. Dvorak's column is probably the most popular feature of the magazine, and messages from his fans and detractors have been a constant presence in the Letters section since the mid-1980s.
* For a while PC Magazine was known to misspell consistently Apple's 'i' products; "iMac" would be spelled 'Imac', 'iPod' as 'Ipod' and so on. Whether this was a deliberate action isn't known.

==See also==
* [[PC World (magazine)]]
* [[Macworld]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.pcmag.com/ PC Magazine online]
* [http://www.pcmagazin.co.yu/ PC Magazine Serbia and Montenegro]
* [http://www.pcmag.com.cn/ PC Magazine China]
* [http://pcmag.uol.com.br/ PC Magazine Brazil]
* [http://www.e-pcmag.gr/ PC Magazine Greece]
* [http://www.esmas.com/pcmagazine/ PC Magazine Mexico]
* [http://pcmag.dit.net/ PC Magazine Middle East]
* [http://www.pcmag.ru/ PC Magazine Russia]
* [http://www.pcmagazine.ro/ PC Magazine Romania]
* [http://www.pcmag.ph/ PC Magazine Philippines]

{{Ziff Davis}}

[[Category:Home computer magazines]]
[[Category:British computer magazines]]
[[Category:Video game magazines]]
[[Category:Computer magazines]]
[[Category:American magazines]]
[[Category:Biweekly magazines]]

[[es:PC Magazine]]

I’m Gonna Be (500 Miles)

2007-06-25T01:22:49Z

Subwayguy: /* Trivia */ trivia tag

{{Infobox Single | 
| Name = I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)
| Cover = The Proclaimers.jpg
| Artist = [[The Proclaimers]]
| from Album = [[Sunshine on Leith]]
| Released = [[August 1988]] (UK), [[March 2007]] (UK Re-release), [[1993]] (US)
| Format = 7", Cassette, CD
| Recorded = 1988, 2007 (may have been recorded in 2006)
| Genre = [[Rock (music)|Rock]]
| Length = 3:37 3:42 (2007 release)
| Label = [[Chrysalis Records|Chrysalis]]
| Producer = [[The Proclaimers]]
| Chart position = <ul><li>#1 ([[ARIA Charts|Australia]])</li></ul>
<ul><li>#3 ([[United States]])</li></ul>
:<ul><li>#3 ([[US]] [[Modern Rock Tracks chart|Modern Rock]])</li></ul>
<ul><li>#1([[United Kingdom|UK]])</li></ul>
| Reviews = <ul><li>''[[All Music Guide]]'' ''(4.5/5)'' [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:9jqvad6kv8w1~T0 link]
</li></ul>
| Last single = "Make My Heart Fly" (1987)
| This single = "'''I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)'''" (1988)
| Next single = "Sunshine on Leith" (1990)
| Misc = {{Extra chronology
| Artist = [[Comic Relief]]
| Type = single
| Last single = "[[Walk This Way#Sugababes Vs. Girls Aloud|Walk This Way]] [[Girls Aloud]] vs. [[Sugababes]] (2007)
| This single = "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)" ft. [[Andy Pipkin]] and [[Brian Potter]] (2007)
}}
| Misc = {{Extra album cover 2
| Upper caption = Re-recorded cover
| Type = Single
| Cover = Im_gonna_be.jpg
| Lower caption = 2007 Cover for Comic Relief
}}
}}

"'''I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)'''" is a song written and performed by [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[pop music|pop]] band [[The Proclaimers]]. It was released on their [[1988]] ''[[Sunshine on Leith]]'' album, and subsequently as a single. It has become one of their most popular songs, reaching the [[UK singles chart|UK top 20]] and No. 1 on the Australian ARIA Charts in 1989, plus, five years later, #3 in the [[Billboard Hot 100]]. The song has become a live staple at their concerts. The Proclaimers played it at [[Edinburgh 50,000 - The Final Push]], the final concert of [[Live 8]] at [[Murrayfield Stadium]] on [[6 July]] [[2005]], to symbolise the conclusion of The Long Walk To Justice.

The song is popular in Ireland and Scotland, where, at [[Hampden Park]], every time the [[Scotland national football team|national football team]] scores, the song is played and sung along to by Scotland fans. It is the unofficial anthem of Edinburgh's [[Hibernian F.C.]], the Proclaimers being fans of the team. Their song "Sunshine On Leith" is also played frequently at [[Easter Road]], Hibernian's home ground.

"I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)" was featured on the soundtrack to the 1993 film ''[[Benny & Joon]]''. As a result the music video features a young [[Johnny Depp]], who starred in the film.

==Tracklisting==
===Original 1988 version===
# I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)
# Better Days
# Teardrops

===Comic Relief 2007 version===
# I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) - New audio with special guests
# I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) - Original 1988 version
# I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) - CD-ROM video [new version with special guests]
# Photo Gallery

==Covers==

* [[Down By Law (band)|Down By Law]], on their album ''[[Punkrockacademyfightsong]]''.
* [[Spunge]] on their covers album ''[[That Should Cover It!]]''.
* Koopa, as a [[B-side]] on their single "No Trend".
* [[Toy Dolls]], on their album ''[[One More Megabyte]]''.
* [[Steven Curtis Chapman]], on his album ''[[All About Love]]''.
* [[Phish]], on 12/30/97 at [[Madison Square Garden]] with Tom Marshall.
* [[The MacDonald Brothers]], on ''[[The X Factor (TV series)|The X Factor]]''.
* [[Maxïmo Park]], live on [[Jo Whiley]]'s ''[[Live Lounge]]'' for [[BBC Radio 1]].

===Comic Relief===
The Proclaimers re-recorded the song, with [[Peter Kay]] and [[Matt Lucas]], the latter two in the guise of their characters [[Brian Potter]] and [[Andy Pipkin]] (from ''[[Phoenix Nights]]'' and ''[[Little Britain]]'' respectively). There is a slight change in the lyrics with the words "roll 500 miles" replacing "walk 500 miles". This is because the characters Brian Potter and Andy Pipkin are both in wheelchairs. This version was released as a [[charity single]] for [[Comic Relief]] on [[19 March]] [[2007]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mutual Relief: Lucas and Kay join for charity single|url=http://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2006/11/17/4713/mutual_relief|work=Chortle| date=17/11/2006|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref> It reached #3 on the official [[UK Singles Chart]] on download sales alone, and one week later topped the chart at Number 1. It sold 126,000 copies in its first week making it the biggest selling number one of the year so far. It is also the 2nd biggest selling single of the year so far, behind "Grace Kelly" by [[Mika (singer)|Mika]] Its sales were double that of the "official" Comic Relief single by [[Girls Aloud]] vs. [[Sugababes]], and their cover of [[Aerosmith]]'s ''[[Walk This Way]]''. On the 8th of April 2007 the song celebrated 3 weeks at no 1.

The Proclaimers' original version has also re-entered the Top 40.

==Trivia==
{{trivia}}
*[[Vinnie Fiorello]], drummer and lyricist for punk band [[Less Than Jake]], has joked that it is the band's 'most downloaded song',{{Fact|date=March 2007}} despite the fact that they have never recorded their own version of it.

*The song was featured in a Spanish TV commercial for a mobile telephone company. After that, the song has been a [[leitmotif]] for that company.

*In the 2005 TV series ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'', Marshall references this song to be the best song in the world. In a later episode it was shown that due to the tape being stuck in the car's radio, this song was the only one that Marshall had been able to listen to in his car for the past 20 years.

*The song was featured on a commercial for [[Molson Canadian]] where a man walks a ridiculously long way with a 2-4 of Molson Canadian, drops it, and walks back to get another.

*In 2007 Australian retailer Retravision used the tune in their advertising campaign.

*The song is the the theme tune of the Swedish TV series ''[[High Chaparall]]'', with the presenters [[Filip Hammar]] and [[Fredrik Wikingsson]] singing along during the opening credits.

*A [[cutaway]] in ''[[Family Guy]]'' episode "[[You may now kiss the... uh... guy who receives]]" shows Peter's brief gig with the Proclaimers.

==References==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Walk This Way]]" by [[Sugababes]] vs. [[Girls Aloud]]
| title = [[United Kingdom]] [[List of number-one singles from the 2000s (UK)|number-one single]] (Comic Relief version)
| years = [[25 March]] [[2007]] - [[15 April]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Give It To Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] featuring [[Nelly Furtado]] & [[Justin Timberlake]] }}
{{end box}}

[[Category:1988 singles]]
[[Category:1993 singles]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in the United Kingdom]]

{{1980s-rock-song-stub}}

Masaki Sumitani

2007-05-12T03:16:52Z

Subwayguy: /* Trivia */ fix

[[Image:Hardgay.jpg|thumb|250px|A picture of Hard Gay in action, taken from the [[Japanese media|Japanese television]] show [[:ja:爆笑問題のバク天!|Bakuten]]. The purple text reads, “Welcome to the ‘Hard Gay’ stand” (“stand” being short for ガソリンスタンド (''gasorin sutando''), meaning “gasoline stand” or gasoline station)]]

{{nihongo|'''Razor Ramon Hard Gay'''|レイザーラモン HG|Reizā Ramon HG|occasionally HG, Razor Ramon Sumitani or just Hard Gay}} is the performing name of {{nihongo|'''Masaki Sumitani'''|住谷正樹|Sumitani Masaki}}, a [[list of Japanese comedians|Japanese comedian]], [[wrestler]] and ''[[tarento]]'' (“talent”). His act gained national attention and popularity when featured on the ''[[Bakusho Mondai|Bakushō Mondai]] no Bakuten!'' (Daibakuten) Saturday [[variety show]] on [[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS Television]] in [[Japan]], in [[2005]]. He should not be confused with American professional wrestler [[Scott Hall]], whose use of the “Razor Ramon” stage name predates Sumitani’s. Although [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] has trademarked the name “Razor Ramon” they have not responded against HG using the name Razor Ramon HG.

==Early career==

Masaki Sumitani was born [[December 18|18 December]] [[1975]] in [[Kakogawa, Hyogo|Harima]], [[Hyogo Prefecture]], [[Japan]]. After graduating from Higashi Kakogawa High School, he entered [[Doshisha University]] and majored in [[Commerce]]. While at college he picked up wrestling as a hobby, and soon joined the Doshisha Professional Wrestling Alliance (DWA). Under his performing name “GiveUp Sumitani,” he won the heavy class Kyoto pro-wrestling championship co-hosted by DWA and the Ritsumeikan Wrestling Alliance (RWA) of nearby [[Ritsumeikan University]] in [[Kyoto]].

It was through wrestling in their college years, that Sumitani met [[Makoto Izubuchi]], with whom he would later form the comedy duo Razor Ramon in [[1997]]. During their college years, Razor Ramon won the Fukuwarai award in the Imamiya Kids’ Ebisu Manzai Contest, and gained experience on the stage through the audition live performance SABUKI at [[2chome-gekijo]], an [[Osaka]] comedy club opened by the [[Yoshimoto Kogyo]] comedy troupe at which many comedians from the [[Kansai]] area start their career.

After completing his university education, Sumitani got a job at CO-OP KOBE, as a grocery delivery man. His desire to pursue a career as a professional comedian led him to quit his job after four months, when he joined [[Yoshimoto Kogyo]] with his partner Makoto Izubuchi. Razor Ramon made their TV debut in 1999, and won the Judges Special Award in the ABC Owarai (Comedy) Grand-Prix in 2000. Both Sumitani and Izubuchi joined the Yoshimoto Kogyo-produced program [[Yoshimoto Shin-kigeki]], one of the most popular comedy stage acts in Japan, in 2001, often playing [[yakuza]], [[salaryman]], [[udon]] restaurant owners, construction workers, and others.

Sumitani continued his wrestling aspirations in late 2005, working in the comedically off-beat [[HUSTLE]] promotion and defeating [[Yinling|Yinling the Erotic Terrorist]] in his debut match; he has since gone to team with [[Naoya Ogawa]] and [[Yoshihiro Tajiri]] in leading the HUSTLE Army against [[Nobuhiko Takada|Generalissimo Takada]]’s Monster Army.

The most well-known character developed and portrayed by Sumitani is {{nihongo|'''Hard Gay'''|ハードゲイ|Hādo Gei}}, introduced in 2002, as whom he finally rose to national prominence in 2005. While the official name is “Razor Ramon HG,” he is most frequently known as “Hard Gay,” or simply “HG.” Dressing in a tight black [[leather]] gay fetish outfit, he goes around performing acts of charity (''yonaoshi'', “social improvement”) for unsuspecting bystanders while performing trademark [[pelvic thrust]]s and vocalisations, often accompanied by “[[Livin' La Vida Loca|Livin’ la Vida Loca]]” by [[Ricky Martin]].

According to some accounts the name “Hard Gay” was the suggestion of Sumitani’s senior comedian in the Yoshimoto Kogyo group, [[Kendo Kobayashi]], in reference to his hard dancing. The name has also been described as a pun on 芸, ''gei'', which means “skill” or “art.” However, to develop his character, Sumitani visited gay bars in Doyama-cho, [[Osaka]]’s biggest gay area, and his costume, which consists of hot pants, a small vest, and cap, all in black leather, along with aviator sunglasses, was purchased at a shop called VFTQ in Minami-Horie, Osaka, which specializes in gay fashion.

Hard Gay makes regular use of a number of [[catch phrase]]s in his act; he usually makes his entrance in front of the camera shouting “''Dōmō Hādogei dēsu''” (“Hello, this is Hard Gay”), with arms thrust out and a spin afterwards. His self-introduction is then followed by his famous dance moves. He often shouts “''Fuuuuuu''” (フゥ～!) or “''Foohhhh!''” (フォー！), a [[running joke]] in his performances. He often stops people saying unfavourable things to him by shouting “''Sei sei sei sei sei''” with his palm in front of the person’s face. Whether this means anything is debatable, although Sumitani has commented that “''sei sei''” is something that comes out from his mouth when he is not happy, and that he does not mean “[[Wiktionary:say|say]]” as in to [[Speech|speak something]], although one might compare this action to the popular “talk to the hand” gesture. A possible interpretation might be that the origin lies in the word ''urusai'' (lit. “noisy,” meaning “Be quiet!”), which is often pronounced ''urusē'' うるせー in [[Kansai dialect]], shortened to ''sei''. Another theory is the word ''sei'' written by [[kanji]] 静, meaning “quiet.”Also, ''sei'' 性, means “sex” or “gender” in Japanese.

In early [[2006]], he started working with Razor Ramon [[manzai]] partner Makoto Izubuchi again, with Izubuchi taking the name [[Makoto Izubuchi|Razor Ramon RG]] (“RG” meaning “Real Gay”). He was brought in on the gimmick after it gained immense popularity. Izubuchi’s character wasn’t nearly as well received as Sumitani’s, and has since faded into obscurity.

It is now common knowledge that Hard Gay is not in fact homosexual nor particularly outrageous, but a rather ordinary male comedian portraying a character. Television programs in which he has appeared have increasingly made reference to this, and he himself has significantly reduced his comic gay mannerisms in live appearances on variety and other types of programs.

==Criticisms==

Sumitani’s supposed [[homosexuality]] was exposed as a gimmick when he was caught in the midst of a date, with Japanese actress and swimsuit model [[Anna Suzuki]], whom he has since married. He has been criticised for his stereotypical depiction of gay men and for building a career on parodying a social minority with bizarre and extreme antics.

A spokesperson for the Hokkaido Sexual Minority Association Sapporo Meeting, a support group for gay, lesbian and transgender people, has said: “Hard Gay’s acceptance by the Japanese public shows me that there is a strong tendency here to see homosexuality as something to be laughed at. That is sad.”

Openly lesbian Osaka Prefectural Assembly woman [[Kanako Otsuji]] has been quoted as saying:

<blockquote>[The way the media treats sexual minorities] makes me angry. This morning I saw [comedian] Razor Ramon for the first time. I never watch TV. I’d only heard about him. He’s not homosexual. He just uses gayness for his act, to make people laugh. I’m afraid that people will get the idea that gay people are all like that, yelling and pumping their hips.[http://humanrightsjapan.blogspot.com/2005_10_01_humanrightsjapan_archive.html]</blockquote>



==Retirement==

Daily Sports in Japan reported that Razor Ramon HG is retiring from pro wrestling after [[Hustle Mania]], which took place 11/23/2006 at [[Yokohama Arena]]. His retirement match was a defeat against [[Nobuhiko Takada|The Esperanza]]. However, as with most retirements in wrestling, Sumitani returned to action, wrestling at Hustle 21 on March 18 and Hustle 22 on April 21 <ref>http://http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/japan/misc/hustle.html</ref>.

==Trivia==

* On 27 November 2006, he finally tied the knot and married actress [[Anna Suzuki]].
* The famous Japanese soccer player [[Hidetoshi Nakata]] was famously genuinely mistaken for Razor Ramon HG as he got off a plane in Japan. Nakata was wearing dark sunglasses at the time.
* Mixed martial artist [[Kazushi Sakuraba]] dressed up as Hard Gay as part of his ring entrance at the [[PRIDE Shockwave 2005]] event.
* Sumitani released his first single entitled “Young Man” on 8 February 2006, which is a Japanese rendition of the [[Village People]]’s song “[[YMCA (song)|YMCA]].”
* HG (as himself) portrayed a gym teacher in the high school episode of the ''batsu'' game series from the Japanese variety show ''[[Downtown no Gaki no Tsukai ya Arahende!!|Gaki no Tsukai]]''.
* HG claims that he has gay friends.
* He is a regular performer with the [[HUSTLE]] Pro Wrestling group. His finishing move is a tombstone piledriver.
* The registration of his marriage to Anna Suzuki was announced on Thursday [[August 10|10 August]] [[2006]]. Suzuki has stated she will end her modelling career after her commitments are finished and concentrate on starting a family.
* Razor Ramon HG has been named Japanese wrestling’s Rookie of the Year by the Tokyo Sports Awards.
* He was featured on "[[The Soup]]"'s "Super Fantastic Ultra Wish Time".

==In Popular Culture==
* Razor Ramon HG made a small cameo in the May 2006 chapter of ''[[Gantz]]'' (chapter 233), shown on a television in Kurono Kei’s apartment.
* He also made a small cameo in episode 12 of ''[[Suzumiya Haruhi no Yuutsu]]'', at 2:29, with [[Akihiro Miwa]].
* Some of the characters in the Japanese drama series ''[[1 Litre of Tears]]'' imitate Hard Gay's signature pose and exclamations in episode 6.
* In the anime ''[[Bokusatsu Tenshi Dokuro-chan]]'', the main character tells his love interest Dokuro in the final episode, "I'll become gay for you, Dokuro! Hard Gay!"
* The finalists of the second season of ''[[Singapore Idol]]'' have been known to follow the exploits of Hard Gay in their off time—fourth-placed finalist [[Paul Twohill]] even mimicked Hard Gay’s signature pose and catch phrase on the show; host [[Gurmit Singh]] explained it to be an in-joke.

==Name variants==

Due to the lack of an L [[phoneme]] in Japanese (R and L are equivalent in [[transliteration]] from English) and similarity between ''er'' and ''or'' in English, '''Hard Gay''' has a number of commonly used variants on official and fan sites. Even official '''Hard Gay''' merchandise has been known to use less common variants. The following have wide usage on the internet or appear on official merchandise and are listed in approximate order by popularity. Since '''Hard Gay''' also is commonly used for homosexual pornography, it is difficult to assess popularity of this name.

* Laser Ramon
* Harudo Gay

==References==

* [http://www.fandango.co.jp/talent_prf/action/TalentProfileDetailSearchAction?unitId=20226&talentId=0 Fandango Bio]

==External links==

* {{en icon}} [http://mdn.mainichi-msn.co.jp/waiwai/face/archive/news/2005/20050720p2g00m0dm024000c.html MSN-Mainichi Daily News:Razor Ramon slices along Japan’s cutting edge]
* {{en icon}} [http://www.afronautrecords.com/jonniewilks/?page_id=6 Japanzine Does Hard Gay]
* {{en icon}} [http://www.videouncovered.com/adds/play_page.php?id_char=bakuten Videos of Razor Ramon HG]
* {{en icon}} [http://www.thejapanesearecrazy.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=4&id=14&Itemid=27 Razer Ramon Videos (Categorized)]
* {{en icon}} [http://www.razoramon.com Bakafish Translations]—Website for subtitled HG clips.
* {{en icon}} [http://bluedot.us/users/X?st=tag%3a%22hard+gay%22 Best of Hard Gay] Website of popular Hard Gay videos and articles.
* {{es icon}} [http://www.kuraku-fansub.net Kuraku no Fansub] Website for subtitled HG clips in Spanish.
* [http://www.hard-gay.org Hard-Gay.org] Hard Gay website with various high and low quality clips.
*[[ThePPN:Razor Ramon HG]]

[[Category:Japanese comedians|Sumitani, Masaki]]
[[Category:Japanese professional wrestlers|Sumitani, Masaki]]
[[Category:1975 births|Sumitani, Masaki]]
[[Category:Living people|Sumitani, Masaki]]
[[Category:People from Hyōgo Prefecture|Sumitani, Masaki]]

[[es:Masaki Sumitani]]
[[fr:Masaki Sumitani]]
[[ja:住谷正樹]]

Another One Bites the Dust

2007-04-14T04:48:17Z

Subwayguy: /* Trivia */ cite needed

{{Infobox Single| Cover = Another one bites the dust.jpg
| Released = [[22 August]], [[1980]]
| Format = [[vinyl record]] (7")
| Recorded = 1980
| Genre = [[Funk rock]]
| Length = 3:32
| Label = [[EMI]], [[Elektra Records|Elektra]] (US)
| Writer = [[John Deacon]]
| Producer = [[Queen (band)|Queen]] and [[Reinhold Mack|Mack]]
| Chart position =
<ul><li>#1 ([[Argentina]], [[Canada]], [[Guatemala]], [[Spain]], [[United States|US]])</li></ul>
<ul><li>#4 ([[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]])</li></ul>
<ul><li>#5 ([[Australia]])</li></ul>
<ul><li>#6 ([[Austria]], [[Germany]])</li></ul>
<ul><li>#7 ([[United Kingdom|UK]])</li></ul>
<ul><li>#8 ([[Switzerland]])</li></ul>
<ul><li>#11 ([[Italy]])</li></ul>
<ul><li>#12 ([[Sweden]])</li></ul>
<ul><li>#14 ([[Netherlands]])</li></ul>

| Reviews =
| Artist = Queen
| from Album = [[The Game (album)|The Game]]
| Last single = "[[Play the Game]]" (1980)
| Name = Another One Bites the Dust
| This single = "Another One Bites the Dust" (1980)
| Next single = "[[Need Your Loving Tonight]]" (1980)
}}

"'''Another One Bites the Dust'''" is a [[1980]] funk/rock song from the [[England|English]] [[Rock and roll|rock]] [[musical band|band]] Queen written by [[bass guitar|bassist]] [[John Deacon]] and was a worldwide [[crossover (music)|crossover]] hit (hitting number one on the U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100]], hitting #2 on the [[R&B]] charts, and the Disco Top 100). It was successful on the [[R&B]] charts because some fans thought Queen was an R&B group. The song is Queen's best selling single and their biggest hit to date, with sales of over 7 million copies. The track is on the album ''[[The Game (album)|The Game]]'' (1980).

==History==
According to ''Queen: The Magic Years Volume 2'', John Deacon originally wrote it as a cowboy theme but eventually changed the lyrics to fit a funkier arrangement after hearing "[[Good Times (CHIC song)|Good Times]]" by the [[funk]] group [[Chic]]. Recording sessions were produced by [[Reinhold Mack]] at Musicland Studios in [[Munich]] and consisted of Deacon playing almost all the instruments: bass, piano, rhythm and lead guitars and handclap percussion. [[Roger Meddows-Taylor|Roger Taylor]] added a drum loop under protest{{Fact|date=February 2007}} and [[Brian May]] did some noises with his guitar and an Eventide Harmoniser. There are no synthesizers used in the song: all effects are obtained through the recording of pianos, guitars, and drums, with subsequent tape playback performed in reverse at various speeds. Finally, some sound effects were run through the Harmoniser for further processing. The effect of the Harmoniser can be heard clearly in the "swirling" nature of the sound immediately before the first lyric. Taylor hated the song but [[Freddie Mercury]] strongly believed in it and added some ideas{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. During the mix the road crew suggested it as a single but the band didn't like the idea until [[Michael Jackson]] recommended it after a concert (this was confirmed by Roger Taylor and Brian May on the U.S. radio show ''In the Studio with Redbeard'' which spotlighted the album ''The Game'' on one episode).

The song garnered Queen its only [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] nomination for [[Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal|Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] and lost to [[Bob Seger]]'s "[[Against the Wind (Bob Seger song)|Against the Wind]]".

The immense success and popularity of "Another One Bites the Dust" may be responsible for causing Queen to abandon (albeit temporarily) their hard rock roots for their next album ''[[Hot Space]]''.

The [[bassline]] is one of the most recognisable bass lines in pop music history.[http://digitaldreamdoor.com/pages/best_basslines.html]

The music video was filmed at the Reunion in Dallas, Texas.

==Alleged backmasking==
A common [[urban legend]] surrounding the chorus is that, when played in reverse, it contains the messages "it's fun to smoke [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]]" and "start to smoke marijuana". In actual fact, the song does not contain any deliberate [[backmasking|backmasked]] message; it is purely coincidental that the title of the song sounds vaguely like the aforementioned phrase. The song can be heard in reverse [http://www.albinoblacksheep.com/flash/queen.php here].

==Uses in popular culture==
*In the game [[Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith]], [[Yoda]] in duel mode will say sometimes "Bites the dust, another one does".
*During the Gulf War, the American Military FM stations would often play this, each time a Scud missile was brought down, either by Patriot or flying Coalition aircraft patrols.
*At Los Angeles Dodgers games, it can be heard after opponents strike out.
*It can be heard playing in the background of the film ''[[Biggles: Adventures in Time]]'' which John Deacon also wrote the theme for in his only solo/non-Queen collaboration with a band called "The Immortals"
*The opening bassline was inspired by [[CHIC (band)|Chic's]] ([[Bernard Edwards]] and [[Nile Rodgers]]) "Good Times", {{Fact|date=February 2007}} and in turn inspired the [["Weird Al" Yankovic]] [["Weird Al" Yankovic (album)|self titled debut album]] [[parody]] "[[Another One Rides The Bus]]".
*In the [[1980s]], it was used as a [[Detroit Lions]] football team [[fight song]], which generated considerable attention from the sports media. After a series of losses, fans began singing the lyrics as "Another one beats our butts"
*In an episode of ''[[Family Guy]]'', the opening lyrics to the song were sung by [[Stewie Griffin]] as he swept a pile of leaves over a pit he dug in a sandbox.
*"Another One Bites the Dust" was on the [[list of songs deemed inappropriate by Clear Channel following the September 11, 2001 attacks]].
*Commonly in Australian Domestic Cricket, the chorus of the song comes on when a batsman gets out and is a real crowd pleaser ("Another One Bites the Dust" topped the Australian Charts for six weeks in 1980).
*The chorus of this song was often sung in the sporting TV show [[Gladiators]], when a Gladiator beats a challenger at a game. The gladiator would sing this song as a way to [[taunt]], and the crowd would sing along too.
*Throughout most of the [[1990s]], a brief portion of the song was played at [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]] home games whenever [[catcher]] [[Ivan Rodriguez]] threw out a would-be base stealer.
*[[Gwen Stefani]]'s hit song "[[Hollaback Girl]]" name-checked and featured a brief snippet of the song's bassline.
*Theme song for [[1980s]] WWF wrestler [[Junk Yard Dog]] from late [[1984]] to early [[1986]].
*[[Kira Yoshikage]] from the [[Japanese art|Japanese]] [[manga]] [[JoJo's Bizarre Adventure]] has a [[Stand (JoJo's Bizarre Adventure)|Stand]] named ''Killer Queen''. ''Killer Queen'' has a tertiary bomb called ''Another One Bites the Dust''.
*Almost seven years after the death of Freddie Mercury, [[Wyclef Jean]] remixed the song using a new instrumental track and samples from the actual song for the 1998 movie ''[[Small Soldiers]]''. This version also appeared on Queen's compilation ''[[Greatest Hits III (Queen)|Greatest Hits III]]'' released in 1999 and it's remixed again in 2006 by The [[Miami Project]].

==Trivia==
*[[Sylvester Stallone]] wanted to use the song for his movie ''[[Rocky III#Trivia|Rocky III]]'', but could not secure the rights. [[Survivor (band)|Survivor]] then created the song "[[Eye of the Tiger]]" for Stallone instead. Interestingly, according to Peter Jones, he also wanted to meet Freddie Mercury at one point, but Mercury refused... they were dining at the same restaurant.{{cite needed}}

*According to stories floating around [[Atlanta, GA]] for the last 20+ years this song was intentionally played by Ross Brittan and Brian Wilson, 2 DJ's from radio station [[WZGC]], after the announcement that another victim of the [[Atlanta Child Murders]] had been found. This story became a urban legend and was debunked by Ross Brittan several years later.

*It is believed by many people that if you play the chorus reversed, it seems to be saying "It's fun to smoke marajuana".

==Charts==
{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Upside Down]]" by [[Diana Ross]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (United States)|number one single]]
| years = [[October 4]] [[1980]]
| after = "[[Woman in Love]]" by [[Barbra Streisand]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{Queen}}

[[Category:1980 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Queen (band) songs]]

[[it:Another One Bites the Dust]]
[[he:Another One Bites the Dust]]
[[hu:Another One Bites the Dust]]
[[nl:Another One Bites The Dust]]
[[no:Another One Bites the Dust]]
[[fi:Another One Bites the Dust]]

Crazy Little Thing Called Love

2007-04-09T18:34:39Z

Subwayguy: /* Trivia */ cite?

{{Infobox Single
| B-side = "We Will Rock You" (live)
| Name = Crazy Little Thing Called Love
| Cover = Crazy little thing called love.jpg
| Artist = [[Queen (band)|Queen]]
| Album = [[The Game (album)|The Game]]
| Released = [[5 October]], [[1979]]
| Format = [[vinyl record]] (7")
| Recorded = 1979
| Genre = [[Rockabilly]]
| Length = 2:42
| Label = [[EMI]], [[Elektra Records|Elektra]] (US)
| Writer = [[Freddie Mercury]]
| Producer = [[Queen (band)|Queen]] and [[Mack (record producer)|Mack]]
| Chart position =
<ul>
<li>#1 ([[Australia]]; [[Canada]]; [[Mexico]]; [[Netherlands]]; [[New Zealand]]; [[United States|US]])</li>
<li>#2 ([[Ireland]]; [[United Kingdom|UK]])</li>
<li>#5 ([[Switzerland]])</li>
<li>#9 ([[Austria]])</li>
<li>#13 ([[Germany]])</li>
<li>#64 ([[Japan]])</li>
</ul>
| Last single = "[[Love of My Life]]" (live) (1979)
| This single = "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" (1979)
| Next single = "[[Save Me (Queen song)|Save Me]]" (1980)
}}

"'''Crazy Little Thing Called Love'''" is a song performed by the [[England|English]] [[rock music|rock]] band [[Queen (band)|Queen]], written by singer [[Freddie Mercury]]. While it peaked at number two in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], it hit number one on the [[United States|U.S.]] charts on [[February 23]] [[1980]], remaining there for four consecutive weeks. It topped the charts in [[Australia]] for six weeks. It was also their first number 1 single in the U.S.

==Composition==
The song is written in a [[rockabilly]] style, with Freddie Mercury singing in an [[Elvis Presley]]-esque fashion. It can be found on the [[1980]] album ''[[The Game (album)|The Game]]''.

As reported by Mercury in ''[[Melody Maker]]'', [[May 2]], [[1981]], he composed "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" on the guitar in just five to ten minutes. Other accounts say that he wrote it while lounging in a bubble bath in the Bayerischer Hof Hotel in Munich during one of Queen's extensive Munich recording sessions. He took it to the studio shortly after writing it and presented it to bandmates [[Roger Meddows-Taylor|Roger Taylor]] and [[John Deacon]]. The three of them, with their new producer Mack, recorded it at Musicland Studios in [[Munich]]. The entire song was reportedly recorded in less than half an hour, which may have helped create its fresh and catchy sound. The speed it took to record was due to the fact that Mercury had composed the arrangements for the other bandmates before presenting the song to the band, so all the other bandmates had to do was play. The instruments used were a [[Ludwig-Musser|Ludwig]] drum kit (Taylor), [[Fender Precision Bass]] (Deacon) and Martin D-18 Acoustic Guitar (Mercury).

Lead guitarist [[Brian May]] almost missed the chance to be a part of the song: by the time he arrived at the studios, they had almost finished editing it for the single release. Fortunately there was enough time for him to play the guitar solo (on a [[Fender Telecaster]]) and sing backing vocals.

While the song is rockabilly in feel, the harmonic structure demonstrates awareness of the intervening twenty-odd years — the subdominant of the subdominant (ie the bVII) is freely used, and the bVI-bVII-I progression (see "[[Lady Madonna]]") provides the main hook of the song.

==Live history==
In November 1979, Queen began what they called the 'Crazy Tour', playing nineteen gigs in the UK and one in [[Ireland]]. One of its central numbers consisted of Mercury walking in with an [[Ovation Guitar|Ovation]] [[12-string guitar]] to perform this piece; often the audience thought it was a joke as Freddie Mercury was not typically known to be a guitar player. However he could indeed play, and even if he was very modest about his guitar technique (he often introduced "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" by saying "I can only play three chords"), he played well.

On stage, "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" was an important part of the show. Brian May often used three different guitars during the song: the first verse was played by Freddie Mercury alone with his guitar, then May joined with another Ovation Acoustic; before the third verse he had already switched to a Telecaster on which he performed the solo. During the sing-along part (famous for its "ready Freddie" line) Brian May again changed instruments to his home-made [[Red Special]]. From [[1984]] onwards Mercury replaced the acoustic with another Telecaster as seen at Live Aid.

After the last Queen tour in 1986, the former Queen band members have performed it many times: at the [[The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert|Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert]] in 1992 they played it with [[Led Zeppelin|Led Zeppelin's]] [[Robert Plant]] on vocals. Brian May played a Godin Thinline A-12 for the first part and then the Red Special. May also performed it with [[Bryan Adams]] in 2002. Most recently May and Taylor have performed with [[Paul Rodgers]] (labelled as "[[Queen + Paul Rodgers]]"), with Rodgers singing and playing Freddie Mercury's parts with a Yamaha; May also played a Yamaha for the first part. The tune was also performed at Queen's induction to the [[Songwriters Hall of Fame]] in 2003, featuring [[Wynonna Judd]] on vocals.

==Single release==
The "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" single was very successful for the band, hitting number two in the UK and becoming the first U.S. number-one hit for the band in spite of [[Elektra Records]]' reluctance to release it as a single as The Game album was not finished yet. There's an unconfirmed legend (commented on by Roger Taylor in the radio show ''In the Studio'' which devoted an episode to the making of The Game, and by Brian May on his website) that declares [[John Lennon]] was inspired by "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" to go back to the music business. Whether this is true or not is still unknown, but it is a fact that Lennon had listened to the band and he did try new influences on his ''[[Double Fantasy]]'' album.

==Charts==
{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Do That to Me One More Time]]" by [[Captain & Tennille]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (United States)|number one single]]
| years = [[February 23]] [[1980]]
| after = "[[Another Brick in the Wall|Another Brick in the Wall (Part II)]]" by [[Pink Floyd]]
}}
{{end box}}

==Cover versions==
The song was covered in 2003 by [[Michael Bublé]] in his debut album and in 2004 as a [[B-Side]] from [[McFly (band)|McFly]], in 1980 by [[The Chipmunks]] on their comeback album, ''[[Chipmunk Punk]]'', and can occasionally be heard covered at the live gigs of [[Suffolk]] rockers [[The Darkness]]. Country singer [[Dwight Yoakam]] also covered the song in 1999; this version featured on a Gap advert. [[Orion (singer)|Orion]] covered the song, in a style very similar to [[Elvis Presley]], on his 1980 album ''Rockabilly''. [[Josh Kelley]] recorded a cover for the [[Killer Queen (album)|Killer Queen]] tribute album in 2005. [[Brian Setzer]] also did a version of this song, which had a combination of sounding rockabilly and a little like doo wop at the same time. [[Raymond Quinn]] performed a swing version as part of the [[The X Factor UK and Ireland series 3|2006 series]] of [[The X Factor (TV series)|The X Factor]]. [[Diana Ross]] covered the song for her 2006 EMI album, ''[[I Love You]]''. Taylor Hicks also sang it for American Idol. [[Radiohead]] covered the song for MTV.

==Trivia==
*Freddie wrote the song whilst taking a bath.{{cite needed}}

*Because of its rockabilly sound, and Queen's general distance from that sound, the song is sometimes mistaken for being the work of rockabilly-specialist groups, such as the [[Stray Cats]].

*At their Live Aid performance, Mercury deliberately warbled some of the words to acknowledge the song's resemblence with the Presley sound.

*Originally Brian May was opposed to the idea of playing a [[Fender Telecaster]] for this song as he said in his 1984 [[Star Licks]] video. Saying "For Crazy Little Thing Called Love they made me play this Telecaster, which I don't want to do."

==External links==
*[http://queen.musichall.cz/index_en.php?s=sa&d=cltcl Song analysis (Queen - The Royal Legend)]

{{Queen}}

[[Category:Queen (band) songs|Crazy Little Thing Called Love]]
[[Category:1979 singles|Crazy Little Thing Called Love]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia|Crazy Little Thing Called Love]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles|Crazy Little Thing Called Love]]
[[Category:Alvin and the Chipmunks songs|Crazy Little Thing Called Love]]

[[it:Crazy Little Thing Called Love]]
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[[ja:愛という名の欲望]]
[[nl:Crazy Little Thing Called Love]]
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Screening (Film)

2007-03-13T00:23:05Z

Subwayguy: p2

{{dated prod|concern = {{{concern|This article repeats the title in the form of a sentence, then goes on to discuss film previews, which is an entirely different topic. I don't see anything keepable here}}}|month = March|day = 12|year = 2007|time = 14:04|timestamp = 20070312140424}}

{{prod2}}
{{TWCleanup}}
A '''film screening''' is a displaying of a [[film]].

== Release preview ==
Prior to the full-distribution release of the film, the producer may give a preview to a small audience. Previews are given to get early audience feedback.

===Sneak preview===
A sneak preview is a surprise screening of a film, before national screening of a film and without people not knowing previously where it was being screened. The films usually start some weeks later after being shown in a sneak preview.

DAR Constitution Hall

2007-02-09T22:42:48Z

Subwayguy: add HS grads

[[Image:DAR constitution hall.jpg|thumb|right|DAR Constitution Hall]]
'''DAR Constitution Hall''' is a [[concert hall]] designed by architect [[John Russell Pope]] located at 1776 D St. NW, [[Washington, D.C.]] just east of the [[United_States_Department_of_the_Interior|Department of the Interior]], between the [[American Red Cross]] and the [[Organization of American States]], across from the [[President's Park|Ellipse]] in front of the [[White House]]. It was built in [[1929]] by the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]], which still owns the theater and holds their annual members convention inside. It seats 3,974 – 2,494 on risers and 1,480 on the floor. Additional seating is located in 52 boxes separating the floor from the risers.

It is used for concerts (including military bands), touring [[Broadway theatre|Broadway shows]], family shows, high school graduations, and the Washington edition of the ''[[Radio City Music Hall|Radio City]] Christmas Spectacular''. It was the location where ''[[Eddie Murphy Delirious]]'' was filmed in [[1983]]. For several decades prior to the opening of the [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]] about 1970, Constitution Hall was home base of the [[National Symphony Orchestra]] and the city's principal venue for touring classical musicians. Sold-out film lectures of the [[National Geographic Society]] were also held for many decades, three times a week until about 1990 when they were moved instead to the National Geographic theater. In an often-told historical incident, the Hall's management once told distinguished [[African-American]] singer [[Marian Anderson]] her requested performance date for the Hall was already booked, causing first lady [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] instead to offer her a spot to sing at the [[Lincoln Memorial]].

Every [[President of the United States|U.S. president]] since [[Calvin Coolidge]] has attended at least one event at the theater.

==See also==
*[[Daughters of the American Revolution]]
*[[List of concert halls]]

==External links==
*[http://www.dar.org/conthall DAR Constitution Hall]

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Concert halls]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Washington, D.C.]]

{{WashingtonDC-struct-stub}}

Streisand-Effekt

2007-01-23T20:23:59Z

Subwayguy: wikify tag

{{wikify}}
:''noun - The increase in popularity of an item due to interest driven by the publicized outrage over its existence.<ref>[http://neologasm.org/neologasm/2006/08/streisand_effect.html The Joy of new words neologasm.org]</ref>''

'''Streisand Effect''' is a category of [[Internet phenomena]] in which a reckless attempt to [[censor]] or remove (in particular, by the means of [[cease and desist|cease-and-desist letters]]) a certain piece of information (such as [[photograph]], [[file]] or [[website]]) instead backfires, causing the information in question to be widely [[Mirror (computing)|mirrored]] or distributed on [[Filesharing |file-sharing networks]] in a very short time. The fact that the piece of information is being sought after attaches a previously nonexistent value to it in the eyes of public, encouraging everybody to get "one's own share". Mike Masnick claims to have "jokingly" coined the term years ago, "to describe [this] increasingly common phenomenon."<ref>[http://techdirt.com/articles/20060713/0332234.shtml ''Is Leveraging The Streisand Effect Illegal?''] Accessed on Nov, 22, 2006</ref>

The name ''Streisand Effect'' comes from an incident in which [[Barbra Streisand]] sued photographer, Kenneth Adelman, for $10 million in an attempt to have the aerial photo of her house removed from the publicly available collection of 12.000 [[California]] coastline photographs, citing [[privacy]] concerns. Adelman was photographing beach front property as a way to document coastal erosion.<ref name="smoking">[http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/barbrahouse1.html The Smoking Gun]</ref>. The picture of Streisand's house that previously carried almost no interest to anyone suddenly spread all over the internet.

Streisand effect can serve as an illustration to the [[Unintended consequence|law of unintended consequences]].

===Notable cases of Streisand effect===

{{dynamic list}}

*[http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewCulture.asp?Page=%5CCulture%5Carchive%5C200305%5CCUL20030530e.html Streisand Sues Environmentalist Photographer for Website Photo By Steve Brown May 30, 2003]
*[[Napster]] - Napster exploded in popularity when it received extensive media attention for its users "sharing" music
*[[AllOfMP3.com]] - "An Allofmp3 spokesman [told] local media: "[[Susan Schwab]] markets us so effectively - she could already be our press secretary.""<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/10/06/allofmp3_wto/
|title=Allofmp3.com speaks out against US
|year=[[October 6]] [[2006]]
|accessdate=2007-01-12
|publisher=The Register
}}</ref>
*[[Windows_2000#Windows_2000_source_leak|Windows 2000 source leak]] — "incomplete portions of Windows 2000 and Windows NT were illegally posted to the Internet. [...] "It was on the peer-to-peer networks and IRC (Internet relay chat) today," Ruiu said. "Everybody has got it -- it's widespread now.""<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://news.com.com/2100-7349_3-5158496.html
|title=Microsoft probes Windows code leak
|year=[[February 12]] [[2004]]
|accessdate=2007-01-12
|publisher=cNet News.com
}}</ref>

*"[[Anshe Chung]] [[Anshe Chung#Target of griefing|attacked by flying penises]]" video


* [[iPhone]] [[Skin (computing)|skins]] for [[smartphone|smartphones]] — "Ironically, Apple's attempts to have the files removed from the web have only given the skins greater publicity, and they have already begun spreading to other websites."<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/mobiles--handhelds/apple-crunches-websites-over-iphone-skins/2007/01/15/1168709656280.html
|title=iPhone skins irk Apple
|year=[[January 15]] [[2007]]
|accessdate=2007-01-16
|author=Asher Moses
}}</ref>

==Sources==

<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Streisand+Effect Definition on Urban Dictionary]
*[http://www.californiacoastline.org/ See the website that Barbra sued]
*[http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/barbrahouse1.html See the picture of Barbra's home]

[[Category:Internet memes]]

Aluhut

2007-01-16T21:09:23Z

Subwayguy: /* Tin-foil hats in pop culture */ italics

[[Image:Tin foil hat 4.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A tin-foil hat in use.]]
A '''tin-foil hat''' (abbreviated '''TFH'''), also '''tinfoil hat''', is a general term for a piece of [[headgear]] made from one or more sheets of [[tin foil]], [[aluminium foil]], or other similar material. Some people wear the hats in the belief that they act to shield the [[brain]] from such influences as [[electromagnetic field]]s, or against [[mind control]] and/or [[mind reading]]. Such hats are very uncommon in mainstream society, as the injuries they might guard against are highly speculative, and their effectiveness in preventing such harm would be dubious even if the danger were plausible. Instead, the concept has become a popular [[stereotype]] and term of derision; the phrase serves as a byword for [[paranoia]] and is associated with [[conspiracy theorists]].

==Tin-foil hats and paranoia==
There have been some people who believe in the efficacy of tin-foil hats and similar devices. Reasons for use include preventing perceived harassment from paranormal beings or stopping the experience of hearing voices in one's head. These draw on the stereotypical images of mind control operating by [[Extra-sensory perception|ESP]] or technological means, like [[microwave auditory effect|microwave radiation]]. Belief in the effectiveness of tin-foil hats is popularly linked to mental illnesses such as paranoid [[schizophrenia]].<ref>http://www.bostonist.com/archives/2005/11/15/hey_crazyget_a_new_hat.php</ref>

The delusion of "mind control rays" or other invasive mental activity may seem very real to those afflicted with severe paranoid delusions, and such persons have been known to make and wear improvised defences against the imagined invasion. While [[aluminium foil]] and [[tin-foil]] are traditional, less fragile materials such as metal window-screen mesh are now more commonly used.{{fact}} Electrical conductivity is seen as a key quality, due to the [[Faraday cage]] effect.

===Thought screen helmets===
Individuals who believe they have been [[abduction phenomenon|abducted by aliens]] have been known to use variants of the tin-foil hat. Since 1998, American [[UFO]] researcher [[Michael Menkin]] has widely promoted his homemade "thought screen helmets" as a means of blocking mental communication between humans and extraterrestrials. The helmets are made of [[3M]] [[Velostat]] (a kind of metallised plastic), and Menkin provides assembly instructions and user testimonials at his website, stopabductions.com.<ref>[http://www.stopabductions.com/ http://www.stopabductions.com/]. Retrieved 19 September 2006</ref>

Because of his unusual invention, Menkin has become the subject of [[tongue-in-cheek]] newspaper and magazine articles throughout the world.<ref>Galland, Xavier. "Protect your mind from alien attack!". ''The Nation (Thailand)''. 3 Feburary 2003.</ref><ref>"Mind Your Head – aliens about". ''Sunday Herald Sun''. 6 August 2000. p. 61.</ref> Thane Burnett of the ''[[Toronto Sun]]'' joked, "His thought screen helmet isn't the only thing which confounds aliens. They apparently haven't learned to use a phone directory, which is how I tracked Menkin. But when they do come for him, they won't get Michael Menkin's mind".<ref>Burnett, Thane. "Take Me to Your Readers Now". ''Toronto Sun''. 27 June 2004. p. 18.</ref> Among his supporters, however, is the paranormal-themed radio talk show ''[[Coast to Coast AM]]'', who featured Menkin as a serious guest on June 25, 2005.<ref>[http://www.coasttocoastam.com/shows/2005/06/20.html http://www.coasttocoastam.com/shows/2005/06/20.html]. Retrieved 19 September 2006.</ref>

==Scientific basis==

There is a small amount of truth or reason to be found in the rationale for a tin-foil hat. A well constructed tin-foil enclosure would approximate a [[Faraday cage]], reducing the amount of (notionally harmless) [[Radio waves|radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation]] inside. A common high school physics demonstration involves placing an AM radio on tinfoil, and then covering the radio with a metal bucket. This leads to a noticeable reduction in signal strength. The efficiency of such an enclosure in blocking such radiation depends on the thickness of the tin-foil, as dictated by the [[skin effect|skin depth]], the distance the radiation can propagate in a particular non-ideal [[electrical conductor|conductor]]. For half-millimeter-thick tin-foil, radiation above about 20 kHz (i.e., including both [[AM band|AM]] and [[FM band]]s) would be partially blocked.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Classical Electrodynamics | first = John David | last = Jackson | publisher = Wiley Press | year = 1998 }}</ref>

The effectiveness of the tin-foil hat as an [[electromagnetic shielding|electromagnetic shield]] for stopping radio waves is greatly reduced by the fact that it is not a complete enclosure. Placing an AM radio under a metal bucket without a conductive layer underneath demonstrates the relative ineffectiveness of such a setup. Indeed, because the effect of an ungrounded Faraday cage is to partially reflect the incident radiation, a radio wave that is incident on the inner surface of the hat (i.e., coming from underneath the hat-wearer) would be reflected and partially 'focused' towards the user's brain. While tin-foil hats may have originated in some understanding of the Faraday cage effect, the use of such a hat to attenuate radio waves belongs properly to the realm of [[pseudoscience]].

A study by [[graduate students]] at [[MIT]] determined that a tin-foil hat could either amplify or attenuate incoming radiation depending on frequency;<ref>http://people.csail.mit.edu/rahimi/helmet/</ref> the effect was observed to be roughly independent of the relative placement of the wearer and radiation source. Note that at GHz wavelengths, the [[skin depth]] is less than the thickness of even the thinnest foil.

Tin foil hats are seen by some as a protective measure against the effects of [[electromagnetic radiation]] (EMR). At this time, no link has been verifiably proven between EMR exposure and subsequent ill health, however EMR exposure has many alleged effects.<ref>http://news.independent.co.uk/environment/article362557.ece</ref>

==Tin-foil hats in pop culture==
{{OR}}
*The protagonist Jerry Fletcher in the 1997 film ''[[Conspiracy_Theory_(film)|Conspiracy Theory]]'' covers his apartment walls with foil to protect himself from ''them''.
*The paranoid [[centaur]] Foaly, in [[Eoin Colfer]]'s ''[[Artemis Fowl]]'' series of books, wears a tin-foil hat to protect from mind-readers.
*In the ''[[The Simpsons|Simpsons]]'' episode "[[Brother's Little Helper]]", [[Bart Simpson|Bart]] wears a trash can lid on his head and covers his body in tin-foil, as well as lining the ceiling with wire coat hangers to protect himself from the influence of Major League Baseball's market research satellite after he begins taking an anti-[[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADD]] drug "Focusyn".
*In the TV series ''[[King of the Hill]]'' episode "Dale Be Not Proud", paranoid conspiracy theorist [[Dale Gribble]] awakens on a hospital bed, and, upon finding out that he is donating his kidney, instantly goes into a craze and asks why "isn't there a tin foil hat on my head?!"
*In the film ''[[Lovesick]]'', [[Dudley Moore]] plays a psychiatrist who gives a homeless patient some aluminium foil to "protect" the patient from the "mind control rays" his patient claims are bombarding him.
*In the film ''[[Knight Moves]]'' (1993), there is a Grand Master chess player who wears a tin-foil hat to prevent his opponents from reading his mind. It's a short way to show the [[stereotype]] about the [[Eccentricity (behavior)|eccentricity]] of some chess players.
*For a change, a very successful implementation of a tin-foil-hat-like device can be seen on [[X2_(film)|X2, the second X-men movie]]. It's depicted as a stylish metal helmet worn by [[Magneto]], acting like a mind shield against both the destructive power of the machine [[Cerebro]] and the reality warping powers of the crippled Illusionist. However in the original X-men comics Magneto shields himself from Cerebro using sheer telepathic power as opposed to any external device. It could be argued that the screenwriters chose the tin-foil hat approach aiming for a plot turn that is both quick to grasp and very strong graphically. The alternative would be to explain verbally how Magneto telepathically managed to protect himself from such mental influence attempts, but that would certainly be slower and could steal momentum from the movie climax. Unfortunately the matter is so minor and the amount of people involved in a blockbuster movie conception and execution is so big that it may prove hard to ascertain the exact reasons for the option.
*In ''[[Signs (movie)|Signs]]'', the children and younger brother of the lead character wear tin-foil hats to prevent their minds from being read. This is parodied in ''[[Scary Movie 3]]'', in which the tin-foil hats are actually giant [[Hershey's Kisses]].
*In his autobiography, [[Frank Zappa]] refers to [[Echo Park, Los Angeles, California|Echo Park]] residents "Crazy Jerry," an electricity addict and speed user who had been institutionalized a number of times, and his roommate known only as "Wild Bill the Mannequin Fucker," a chemist and [[methamphetamine]] cook who modified department store [[mannequins]] for sexual uses. Both are reputed to have employed metallic hats (vegetable steamers, aluminium pots, tin-foil etc.,) to "keep people from reading their minds." Zappa once recorded Crazy Jerry's life story, excerpts of which can be heard on some of his early recordings.
*The character [[Joe Wicks]] who was featured in [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Soap opera|soap]] ''[[EastEnders]]'' suffered mental illness and constructed a tin-foil hat for "protection".
*The novel ''[[Idiots in the Machine]]'' by [[Edward Savio]] portrays a character who believes that tin foil keeps harmful gamma rays away and becomes a media sensation, marketing a successful line of foil hats to Chicago.
*In the third episode of the first ''[[Friends]]'' season , Lizzie is a homeless woman who offers [[Phoebe Buffay|Phoebe]] her tin-foil hat.
*In the video game ''[[Age Of Mythology]]'', typing the message "TINFOILHAT" randomly reassigns ownership for all of the units on the map.
*While testing myths and urban legends about microwaves on the television show ''[[MythBusters]]'', Adam is shown in several shots wearing tin-foil hats. In one scene, it is molded over his head, and in another, it is wrapped around like a chef's hat.
*In the video game [[Psychonauts]], the character Dogen wears a tin-foil hat to prevent psychic "accidents" in which he makes people's heads explode.
*In the video game ''[[Destroy All Humans!]]'', there are several "paranoid" people wearing tinfoil hats and talking about the men in black.
*A San Francisco based acoustic chamber-music group call themselves [[Tin Hat Trio]].
*In an episode of ''[[Stroker and Hoop]]'', the main character wears a tin-foil hat to protect from Ron Howards' mind control rays.
*Former MTV vee-jay turned podcaster, [[Adam Curry]], has a segment on his daily [[podcast]] [[Daily Source Code]] entitled "Tin-foil Hat Moment." This segment usually involves a story told by Adam or by one of the listeners who have called in where the subject is geeky in nature.
*In the television program, ''[[The Venture Bros.]]'', Hank and Dean wear tin-foil hats to protect them from the virtual reality system, the "joy can."
*In the [[The Dukes of Hazzard (film)|Dukes of Hazard movie]], a paranoid hermit wears a tinfoil hat, but upgrades to an armadillo helmet by the end.

== References ==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>

==See also==
* [[List of hats and headgear]]
* [[Microwave auditory effect]]
* [[Tinfoil Hat Linux]]
* [[Homokaasu]]
* [[James Tilly Matthews]]
* [[Francis E. Dec]]
* [[William Tager]]
* [[TEMPEST]]

==External links==

* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/TinFoilHat/messages Yahoo group about wearing tinfoil hats to benefit life ]
* [http://www.straightdope.com/columns/000609.html Do tinfoil helmets provide adequate protection against mind control rays?] – from [[The Straight Dope]]
* [http://www.stopabductions.com/ Stop Alien Abductions] – instructions for making a "thought screen helmet" from 3M Velostat
* [http://zapatopi.net/afdb.html Aluminium Foil Deflector Beanie] – parody
* [http://people.csail.mit.edu/rahimi/helmet On the Effectiveness of Aluminium Foil Helmets: An empirical study]. Ali Rahimi, Ben Recht, Jason Taylor, Noah Vawter. MIT, [[17 February]] [[2005]].
* [http://www.lessemf.com/personal.html "EMF Safety Garments" including "Shielded Cap"]
* [http://eclectech.co.uk/mindcontrol.php Tinfoil Hat Mind Control Musical Animation] – parody
* [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/11/11/tinfoil_hats_as_government_plot/ Tinfoil hats attract mind-control signals, boffins learn]

[[Category:Paranoia]]
[[Category:Hats]]
[[Category:Mind control]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]

[[fi:Foliohattu]]

Arnold Palmer (Getränk)

2007-01-05T05:59:46Z

Subwayguy: rev vandal

An '''Arnold Palmer''' consists of half [[iced tea]] (either sweetened or unsweetened) and half [[lemonade]]. It is particularly popular in northern [[West Virginia]] and western [[Pennsylvania]] as well as the south, but is known throughout the [[United States]]. In some parts of the south and [[Baltimore]], it is known as ''half and half''. It is said to be the favorite [[beverage]] of legendary [[golf]]er [[Arnold Palmer]]
<ref>{{cite web | title="Arnold Palmer Tee FAQ" | url=http://www.arnoldpalmertee.com/faqs.asp}}</ref>. The Arizona Beverage company has released this in two forms, a regular iced tea/lemonade combo, and one in their signature "tall" cans which is sweetened by Splenda Brand Sweetener.

There are three [[alcohol]]ic variations on the Arnold Palmer drink. This first is known as the [[Tom Arnold (drink)|Tom Arnold]], consisting of the original half iced-tea/half lemonade mixture, with [[vodka]] added to taste. Another variation is the [[John Daly (golfer)|John Daly]], contains 1 1/4 oz citrus vodka, 1/4 oz of [[triple sec]] that is then filled with 1/2 lemonade and 1/2 iced tea. Finally, the "Hard Arnold" or "Stiff Palmer" is a mixture of 1/2 [[Mike's Hard Lemonade]] and 1/2 [[Twisted Tea]] (most common in the midwest).
<ref>Lew Bryson, {{cite web | title="Malternatives Make Their Move" | url=http://www.beveragenet.net/cheers/2001/0501/0501mal.asp}}, Cheers Magazine (May 2001) </ref>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Beverages]]

Screening (Film)

2006-12-16T03:59:58Z

Subwayguy: copy to dictionary?

{{Copy to Wiktionary}}
A '''film screening''' is a displaying of a [[film]].

== Release preview ==
Prior to the full-distribution release of the film, the producer may give a preview to a small audience.

===Sneak preview===
A sneak preview is a surprise screening of a film, before national screening of a film and without people not knowing previously where it was being screened. The films usually start some weeks later after being shown in a sneak preview.

Screening (Film)

2006-12-16T01:41:26Z

Subwayguy:

{{db-nonsense}}
One ''' Sneak Preview ''' (of [[English Sprache|engl.]] '' tons sneak '' [{{IPA|sniːk}}] „creep “, '' preview '' [{{IPA|ˈpɹiːvjuː}}] „preview “) or briefly ''' Sneak ''', too German ''' surprise premiere ''', is a kind [[Vorpremiere]], with which a film in [[cinema]] before national kind of filming one shows, without the visitors know with the map purchase however, which it will be. The films start every now and then only some weeks shown in a Sneak Preview later officially. Often also works are shown off [[Hollywood]] - [[Mainstream]] the s. This is a further circumstance, which a Sneak Preview for [[Cineast]] EN becomes interesting leaves. == expiration == anmoderiert contrary to usual cinema conceptions the film sometimes, partly also in connection with profit plays. For example cinema maps, concert maps, [[Sponsoring]] articles or film graduation articles are drawn by lots. Furthermore there are questionnaires to the films or other forms in some cinemas to evaluation of the seen film. At these information are particularly interested [[Filmverleih|Filmverleiher]], since they can obtain an impression of it, how in the future starting the films with [[public]] arrive. To increase occasionally - depending upon commitment of the Vorführer - a special cineastischer Gag before the Sneak switched by the tension and/or to carry speculations out by the film shown propulsion. There are many [[Cineast|cineasti]] groups, which regard the Sneak Previews weekly, there one by these a broad overview of all [[film category]] s received can. == development and problems == since beginning [[21. Century]] s gives it, connected with the increase of [[Raubkopie|illegalen film copies]], less and less to cinemas, which show Sneak Previews. This is not to be attributed to a large extent to it that large [[Filmstudio|Filmstudios]] their films any more before the official cinema start does not release. Thus the more unknown films take a larger area with the Sneak Previews, which partly leads to sinking interest of visitor. At gloss times there were approximately 80 cinemas, which showed regularly Sneak Previews, in Germany today is it approx. 65. == Pay After== in [[Freiburg in the Breisgau|Freiburger]] the cinema '' Friedrichsbau '' is accomplished a special paying procedure named “Pay after”. The Sneak Preview is shown free of charge thereby, and those visitors are asked to evaluate and pay depending upon favours after the conception the film. == Web on the left of == * http://www.sneak.de - overview of German Sneak cinemas and their past program * http://www.bobbykimball.de/werner/sneak/AlleKinos-2005.html - overview of Austrian Sneak cinemas and their past program * http://www.score11.de/sneakpreview.php - Sneak overview and Sneak prognoses * {{dmoz|World/Deutsch/Kultur/Film/Gruppen_und_Kulturkreise/Österreich/Sneak_Previews/|Sneak Previews (Austria)}} [[category: Cinema]]

Daisy (Werbung)

2006-10-16T23:16:10Z

Subwayguy: fix category

'''''Daisy''''', sometimes known as '''''Daisy Girl''''' or '''''Peace Little Girl''''', is a famous [[political campaign|campaign]] [[television advertisement]]. Though aired only once during the Movie of the Week on [[September 7]], [[1964]], it was a factor in [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s defeat of [[Barry Goldwater]] in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1964|1964 presidential election]] and an important turning point in [[Politics of the United States|political]] and [[advertising]] [[history]]. Its creator was [[Tony Schwartz]] of [[DDB Worldwide|Doyle Dane Bernbach]].

The advertisement begins with a little girl standing in a meadow with chirping birds, picking the petals of a daisy while counting each petal slowly. Her sweet innocence and several mistakes in her counting endear her to the viewer. When she reaches "9", an ominous-sounding male voice is then heard counting down a missile launch, and as the girl's eyes turn toward something she sees in the sky, the camera zooms in until her pupil fills the screen, blacking it out. When the countdown reaches zero, the blackness is replaced by the flash and [[mushroom cloud]] from a [[nuclear explosion]]. The contrast between her sweet innocence and the harsh reality of nuclear war is very disturbing for many viewers.

As the firestorm rages, a voiceover from Johnson states, "These are the stakes! To make a world in which all of God's children can live, or to go into the dark. We must either love each other, or we must die." Another voiceover then says, "Vote for President Johnson on November 3. The stakes are too high for you to stay home."

As soon as the ad aired, Johnson's campaign was widely criticized for using the prospect of [[nuclear war]], as well as the implication that Goldwater would start one, to frighten voters. The ad was immediately pulled, but the point was made, appearing on the nightly news and on conversation programs in its entirety.

Johnson's line "We must either love each other, or we must die" echoes [[W. H. Auden]]'s poem "[[September 1, 1939]]" in which line 88 reads "We must love one another or die".

==Popular culture==
* The advertisement was spoofed in ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[Sideshow Bob's Last Gleaming]]." During the episode, Sideshow Bob attempts to detonate a nuclear bomb; the montage of scenes leading up to Bob's ultimately failed attempt to blow up Springfield ends with a scene of [[Maggie Simpson]] picking at a daisy, much like the little girl did in the advertisement.

* In 2000, it was used in a [[music video]] for [[Fatboy Slim]]'s "Sunset (Bird Of Prey)".

* In 2003, the [[anti-war]] group [[MoveOn|MoveOn.org]] attempted to revive the 'Daisy' ad campaign. The updated version was intended to denounce the imminent [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]]. Since the original ad has become such a political icon, creators of the new advertisement wished to tap into the same vehement emotions behind the original.

* In 2003, the miniseries "[[Battlestar Galactica]]" used a similar scene when the [[Cylons]] attacked the fleet accompanying President [[Laura Roslin]]. Before the attack, the President and her aide visited some of the ships in the fleet to determine who required what supplies. While on one of the ships she meets and talks briefly with a little girl named Cami in some type of ship board, glass-enclosed botanical garden. After Roslin returns to her ship the Cylons attack and Roslin orders all ships that are capable to perform an [[FTL]] (faster than light) jump. Billy, the president's aide informs her that Cami's ship is incapable of an FTL jump. As the FTL ships depart, the Cylons launch missiles at the remaining ships. Cami is seen in the botanical garden picking the petals off of a flower while overhead the missiles are seen streaking towards their targets.

==External links==
* [http://www.pbs.org/30secondcandidate/timeline/years/1964b.html Video of the ad, from the PBS website]
* [http://www.udel.edu/poscir/road/course/commercials/ A Historical Look at Campaign Commercials]

[[Category:Television commercials]]
[[Category:United States presidential campaigns]]
[[Category:1964 in the United States]]

[[he:תשדיר החרציות]]