Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Nadya Ortiz

2025-01-23T02:25:46Z

Staticshakedown: bullet

{{Infobox Schachspieler
|Bild = [[Datei:Ortiz nadya karolina 20081120 olympiade dresden.jpg|220px]]
|Bildbeschreibung = Nadya Ortiz bei der [[Schacholympiade 2008]]
|Voller Name = Nadya Karolina Ortiz Aguirre
|Land = {{COL}}
|Geburtsdatum = 
|Geburtsort = [[Ibagué]]
|Sterbedatum = 
|Sterbeort =
|FIDE-Titel = Internationaler Meister der Frauen (2003) [[Liste der Schachgroßmeister der Frauen|Großmeister der Frauen]] (2011)
|Weltmeister =
|Weltmeisterin =
|Elo-Zahl = 2153 (Januar 2022)
|Beste Elo-Zahl = 2305 (April 2007)
|FideID = 4401778
}}
'''Nadya Karolina Ortiz Aguirre''' (* [[20. Oktober]] [[1986]] in [[Ibagué]]) ist eine [[Kolumbien|kolumbianische]] [[Schach]]spielerin.

== Leben ==

Nadya Ortiz erlernte das Schachspielen von ihrem Vater, als sie sechs Jahre alt war. Sie begann ein Studium der [[Elektrotechnik]] an der Universidad de Ibagué, wechselte dann aber mit einem Schachstipendium an die [[University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College]], um dort [[Informatik]] zu studieren.<ref>[http://www.utb.edu/sa/chess/Pages/News/news-NadyaOrtizFeature.aspx Porträt auf der Website der UTB/TSC] (englisch)</ref> Sie graduierte dort im Dezember 2011 und studierte im Anschluss [[Informationssicherheit]] an der [[Purdue University]] in [[West Lafayette (Indiana)|West Lafayette]], [[Indiana]].

== Erfolge ==

1999 gewann sie in [[Pereira (Kolumbien)|Pereira]] die kolumbianische Schulmeisterschaft U12 (weiblich). Die kolumbianische Einzelmeisterschaft der Frauen konnte sie ein Mal gewinnen, und zwar 2001 in [[Medellín]]. 2003 gewann sie die panamerikanische U18-Meisterschaft der weiblichen Jugend in [[Bogotá]].<ref>[http://www.brasilbase.pro.br/p18g2003.htm 12. panamerikanische U18-Meisterschaft der weiblichen Jugend] (portugiesisch)</ref> Für diesen Sieg erhielt sie den Titel [[Internationaler Meister]] der Frauen (WIM). Die mittelamerikanische U20-Meisterschaft der weiblichen Jugend, die in der Dalkeith Methodist Church Hall in [[Bridgetown]], [[Barbados]] stattfand, konnte sie 2005 gewinnen.

Für die kolumbianische Frauennationalmannschaft spielte sie bei den [[Schacholympiade]]n [[Schacholympiade 2000|2000]] am dritten Brett, [[Schacholympiade 2002|2002]] am zweiten Brett und [[Schacholympiade 2004|2004]], [[Schacholympiade 2006|2006]], [[Schacholympiade 2008|2008]] und [[Schacholympiade 2010|2010]] am Spitzenbrett.<ref>[http://www.olimpbase.org/playersw/5zt3757t.html Nadya Karolina Ortiz’ Ergebnisse bei Schacholympiaden der Frauen] auf olimpbase.org (englisch)</ref> Bei Schacholympiaden hat sie ein positives Gesamtergebnis von 39 Punkten aus 70 Partien.

Seit Juni 2011 trägt sie den Titel ''[[Liste der Schachgroßmeister der Frauen|Großmeister der Frauen]]'' (WGM). Die Normen hierfür erzielte sie bei ihrem Gewinn der mittelamerikanischen Einzelmeisterschaft U20 weiblich 2003 in [[San Cristóbal (Venezuela)]] sowie ihrem Zwischenergebnis von 6,5 Punkten aus 9 Partien bei der Schacholympiade 2010.<ref>[http://ratings.fide.com/crt/main648.pdf WGM-Antrag] bei der [[FIDE]] (englisch; [[Portable Document Format|PDF]], 901 kB)</ref> Im Januar 2022 läge sie auf dem fünften Platz der kolumbianischen [[Elo-Zahl|Elo]]-Rangliste der Frauen, sie wird jedoch als inaktiv geführt, da sie seit der kolumbianischen Frauenmeisterschaft 2015 in [[Quibdó]] keine Elo-gewertete Partie mehr gespielt hat. Ihre höchste Elo-Zahl war 2305 im April 2007.

== Weblinks ==
* {{365chess|Nadya_Karolina_Ortiz|Nadya Ortiz}}

== Einzelnachweise ==

<references />

{{SORTIERUNG:Ortiz, Nadya}}
[[Kategorie:Schachspieler]]
[[Kategorie:Schachspieler (Kolumbien)]]
[[Kategorie:Nationaler Einzelmeister (Schach)]]
[[Kategorie:Kolumbianer]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1986]]
[[Kategorie:Frau]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Ortiz, Nadya
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=Ortiz Aguirre, Nadya Karolina; Ortiz, Nadya Karolina (FIDE)
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=kolumbianische Schachspielerin
|GEBURTSDATUM=20. Oktober 1986
|GEBURTSORT=[[Ibagué]]
|STERBEDATUM=
|STERBEORT=
}}

Judith Heumann

2020-07-26T13:30:02Z

Staticshakedown: Importing Wikidata short description: "American disability rights activist" (Shortdesc helper)

{{short description|American disability rights activist}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Judy Heumann
|image = Heumann.gif
|office = Special Advisor for [[Disability rights movement|International Disability Rights]]
|president = [[Barack Obama]]
|term_start = June 7, 2010
|term_end = January 20, 2017
|predecessor = Position established
|successor = ''Vacant''
|office1 = [[Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services|Assistant Secretary of Education for Special Education and Rehabilitative Services]]
|president1 = [[Bill Clinton]]
|term_start1 = June 1993
|term_end1 = January 20, 2001
|predecessor1 = [[Robert R. Davila|Robert Davila]]
|successor1 = [[Robert H. Pasternack|Robert Pasternack]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|12|18}}
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|education = [[Long Island University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) [[University of California, Berkeley]] ([[Master of Public Health|MPH]])
}}
'''Judith Ellen Heumann "Judy"''' (born December 18, 1947) is an American [[disability rights]] activist. She is recognized internationally as a leader in the disability community. Heumann is a lifelong civil rights advocate for people with disabilities. Her work with governments and [[non governmental organizations]] (NGOs), non-profits, and various other disability interest groups, has produced significant contributions since the 1970's to the development of human rights legislation and policies benefiting children and adults with disabilities. Through her work in the [[World Bank]] and the [[State Department]], Heumann led the mainstreaming of disability rights into international development. Her contributions extended the international reach of the [[independent living]] movement.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.disabilityworld.org/04-05_02/news/heumann.shtml|title=World Bank Appoints Judy Heumann to New Disability Adviser Post|publisher=|accessdate=21 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020042852/http://disabilityworld.org/04-05_02/news/heumann.shtml|archive-date=20 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Heumann's commitment to disability rights stems from her personal experiences. She had [[polio]] at the age of 18 months, and has used a [[wheelchair]] most of her life. Heumann had to fight repeatedly to be included in the educational system. The local public school refused to allow her to attend, calling her a fire hazard. Instead, for three years she was given home instruction twice a week for about an hour each visit. Heumann's mother, Ilsa Heumann, a community activist in her own right, challenged the decision. Heumann was then allowed to go to a special school in the fourth grade for disabled children. Per city policy, Heumann was to return to home instruction for high school. Heumann's mother rallied against this policy with other parents who put enough pressure on the school to reverse the policy. Heumann entered high school in 1961.

She attended [[Camp Jened]], a camp for children with disabilities, in [[Hunter, New York]] every summer from ages 9 to 18. Heumann's experience of camp brought her a greater awareness of the connected of disabled experience, later saying, "We had the same joy together, the same anger over the way we were treated and the same frustrations at opportunities we didn't have."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=No Pity: People with Disabilities Forging New Civil Rights Movement|last=Shapiro|first=Joseph|publisher=Three Rivers Press|year=1994|isbn=|location=|page=20}}</ref> At Camp Jened, Heumann met Bobbi Linn and Freida Tankus, who she would later work with as disability rights activists.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Patterson|first1=Linda|title=Points of Access: Rehabilitation Centers, Summer Camps, and Student Life in the Making of Disability Activism, 1960-1973|journal=Journal of Social History|date=December 1, 2012|volume=2|issue=46|pages=473–499}}</ref><ref>{{cite document|last1=Patterson|first1=Linda|title=Accessing the Academy: The Disabled Student Movement, 1950-1973|hdl=1811/48349}}</ref> The 2020 documentary [[Crip Camp]] features Camp Jened campers, including Heumann.

=== College ===
Heumann began making major moves toward rights for people with disabilities while attending [[Long Island University]]. She organized rallies and protests with other students with and without disabilities, demanding access to her classrooms by ramps and the right to live in a dorm. Heumann studied [[Speech Therapy|speech therapy]].<ref name=":0" />

== ''Heumann v. Board of Education of the City of New York''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leagle.com/decision/1970943320fsupp6231818|title=HEUMANN v. BOARD OF EDUCA | 320 F.Supp. 623 (1970) | supp6231818 | Leagle.com|website=Leagle}}</ref> ==
Heumann was denied her New York teaching license because the Board did not believe she could get herself or her students out of the building in case of a fire. She sued the Board of Education on the basis of discrimination. A local newspaper toted a headline of 'You Can Be President, Not Teacher, with Polio'. After the judge recommended that [[New York City’s Board of Education]] rethink its decision, and it became very likely the Board of Education would lose, they settled out of court. Heumann became the first wheelchair user to teach in New York City<ref>http://www.adawatch.org/JudyHeumannPA.htm</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disabilityhistory.org/people.html#heumann|title=Disability Social History Project|website=www.disabilityhistory.org|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref> and taught elementary school there for three years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/drilm/collection/items/heumann.html|title=Judith Heumann - DRILM - University of California, Berkeley|website=bancroft.berkeley.edu|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref>

== Policy work and advocacy ==
===Disabled in Action===

Heumann received much mail from disabled people around the country due to her press coverage while suing the Board of Education. Many wrote in about their experiences with discrimination because of their disabilities. Based on the outpouring of support and letters, in 1970, Heumann and several friends founded [[Disabled in Action]] (DIA), an organization that focused on securing the protection of people with disabilities under civil rights laws through political protest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilusa.com/articles/0223021judith_heumann.htm|title=Judith Heumann|website=www.ilusa.com|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disabledinaction.org/photos_heumann.html|title=Disabled In Action: Photos (Judy Heumann)|website=www.disabledinaction.org|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref> It was originally called Handicapped in Action, but Heumann disliked that name and lobbied to change it. Early versions of the [[Rehabilitation Act of 1973]] were vetoed by President [[Richard Nixon]] in October 1972 and March 1973.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acl.gov/news-and-events/acl-blog/rehabilitation-act-1973-independence-bound|title=The Rehabilitation Act of 1973: Independence Bound | ACL Administration for Community Living|website=acl.gov}}</ref> In 1972, DIA demonstrated in New York City with a sit-in protesting one of the vetoes. Led by Heumann, eighty activists staged this sit-in on Madison Avenue, stopping traffic.<ref name="SitinTimeline">{{cite web|url=http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm |title=Disability History Timeline |year=2002 |work=Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management |publisher=[[Temple University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220065328/http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm |archive-date=20 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Center for Independent Living===

[[Ed Roberts (activist)|Ed Roberts]] asked Judy to move to California to work for the [https://www.independentliving.org/docs3/zukas.html Center for Independent Living] where she served as the deputy director from 1975 to 1982. She was an early adopter of the [[Independent living|Independent Living Movement]].

Heumann was responsible for the implementation of legislation at the national level for programs in special education, disability research, vocational rehabilitation and independent living, serving more than 8 million youth and adults with disabilities.

===Individuals with Disabilities Education Act===

While serving as a legislative assistant to the chairperson of the [[U.S. Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare]] in 1974, Heumann helped develop legislation that became the [[Individuals with Disabilities Education Act]].

===504 Sit-in===
{{Main|504 Sit-in}}

Initially, [[Joseph A. Califano, Jr.|Joseph Califano]], U.S. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, refused to sign meaningful regulations for [[Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973]], which was the first U.S. federal civil rights protection for people with disabilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dredf.org/504-sit-in-20th-anniversary/short-history-of-the-504-sit-in/|title=Short History of the 504 Sit in|work=dredf.org}}</ref> After an ultimatum and deadline, demonstrations took place in ten U.S. cities on April 5, 1977, including the beginning of the [[504 Sit-in]] at the San Francisco Office of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. This sit-in, led by Heumann and organized by [[Kitty Cone]], lasted until May 4, 1977, a total of 28 days, with more than 150 people refusing to leave. It is the longest sit-in at a federal building to date. [[Joseph A. Califano, Jr.|Joseph Califano]] signed both Education of All Handicapped Children and Section 504 on April 28, 1977.<ref>{{Cite book|title=No Pity: People with Diabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement|last=Shapiro|first=Joseph|publisher=Three Rivers Press|year=1994|isbn=|location=New York|pages=69–70}}</ref><ref name="Timeline">{{cite web|url=http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm|title=Disability History Timeline|year=2002|work=Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management|publisher=[[Temple University]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220065328/http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm|archivedate=2013-12-20|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Berkeley">{{cite web|url=http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/drilm/resources/timeline.html|title=The Regents of the University of California. 2008. "The Disability Rights and Independent Living Movement." Berkeley, CA: The University of California Berkeley|publisher=|accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="disabilityhistory.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.disabilityhistory.org/people.html#heumann|title=Disability Social History Project, article title Famous (and not-so-famous) People with Disabilities|publisher=|accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disabilityhistory.org/dwa/edge/curriculum/gov_contenta7.htm|title=EDGE - Curriculum - Biology|work=disabilityhistory.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt1w1001mt&brand=oac4&doc.view=entire_text|title=Political Organizer for Disability Rights, 1970s-1990s, and Strategist for Section 504 Demonstrations, 1977|work=cdlib.org}}</ref><ref name="fof">{{cite web|url=http://www.fofweb.com/History/MainPrintPage.asp?iPin=EADH0161&DataType=AmericanHistory&WinType=Free|title=Kitty Cone, Facts On File, Inc., 2009. American History Online; Facts on File information obtained from ''Encyclopedia of American Disability History''|work=Encyclopedia of American Disability History}}</ref>

===World Institute on Disability===

Heumann co-founded the World Institute on Disability with [[Ed Roberts (activist)|Ed Roberts]] and [[Joan Leon]] in 1983, serving as co-director until 1993.

===Department on Disability Services===

Mayor Fenty, District of Columbia, appointed Heumann as the first Director for the Department on Disability Services, where she was responsible for the Developmental Disability Administration and the [[Rehabilitation Services Administration]].

===Clinton Administration===

Heumann served in the [[Clinton Administration]] as Assistant Secretary of the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitation Services at the [[US Department of Education]] from 1993 to 2001.

===World Bank===

From 2002 to 2006, Heumann served as the [[World Bank Group]]'s first Advisor on Disability and Development, leading the World Bank's work on disability and worked to expand the Bank’s knowledge and capability to work with governments and civil society on including disability in the Bank discussions with client countries, its country-based analytical work, and support for improving policies, programs, and projects that allow disabled people around the world to live and work in the economic and social mainstream of their communities.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> She was Lead Consultant to the Global Partnership for Disability and Development.
[[File:Judith Heumann face detail, from- Ambassadors Kennedy Greets Sp. Advisor for Disability Rights Heumann in Tokyo - Flickr - East Asia and Pacific Media Hub (1) (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Judith Heumann, Special Advisor for Disability Rights Heumann in [[Tokyo]] on 4 December 2014|alt=]]

===Special Advisor===
[[File:Judy Heumann and Barbara Ransom OLDL 2019.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Judy Heumann and Barbara Ransom at [[TASH (organization)|TASH's]] ''Outstanding Leadership in Disability Law Symposium and Awards Dinner'', George Washington University, July 25, 2019|alt=A photograph of Judy Heumann in her power chair next to Barbara Ransom. They are holding hands and smiling, standing in front of a sponsor banner.]]

In 2010, Heumann became the Special Advisor on International Disability Rights for the U.S. [[United States Department of State|State Department]] appointed by President [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dds.dc.gov/dds/cwp/view,a,3,q,496289.asp|title=Judith E. Heumann-Director, DC Department on Disability Services Biography|publisher=|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref> Heumann was the first to hold this role, and served from 2010-2017. On January 20, 2017, Heumann left her post at the State Department with the change of a new administration. The Special Advisor role has not yet been filled under the Trump Administration. Paralympian [[Ann Cody]] is currently the most senior official working on international disability rights at State.

===Ford Foundation===

From September 2017 to April 2019, Heumann was a [https://www.fordfoundation.org/the-latest/news/ford-foundation-names-judy-heumann-senior-fellow/ Senior Fellow] at the [[Ford Foundation]]. At Ford, she worked to help advance the inclusion of disability in the Foundation’s work. She also promoted the intentional inclusion of disability in philanthropy work. Heumann produced a paper co-written by Katherine Salinas and Michellie Hess titled [https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/4276/judyheumann_report_2019_final.pdf Roadmap for Inclusion: Changing the Face of Disability in Media]. This paper explores the lack of representation of disabled people in front of and behind the camera, as well as prominent stereotypes of disabled characters when represented in the media, and concludes with a call to action to increase disabled representation in media.

=== Author ===
Heumann's book, “[https://www.amazon.com/Being-Heumann-Unrepentant-Disability-Activist/dp/0807019291 Being Heumann: An Unrepentant Memoir of a Disability Rights Activist,]” was published in February 2020. It tells her personal story of fighting for the right to receive an education, have a job, and "just be human."

== Media ==
* {{C-SPAN|Judith Heumann}}.
* The 2008 documentary ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SyWcCuVta7M The Power of 504]'' prominently features Heumann.
* Heumann appears in the 2011 documentary ''[[Lives Worth Living]]''.
* Heumann delivered a [https://www.ted.com/talks/judith_heumann_our_fight_for_disability_rights_and_why_we_re_not_done_yet?language=en TED] talk in 2017.<ref> https://commonslibrary.org/ted-talk-our-fight-for-disability-rights/</ref>
* Comedy Central made a 2018 episode of [http://www.cc.com/video-clips/2p86bg/drunk-history-judy-heumann-fights-for-people-with-disabilities Drunk History] on the 504 Sit-in, with Heumann played by [[Ali Stroker]].
* Heumann appeared on [https://www.msn.com/en-gb/video/other/improving-disability-representation-both-on-screen-and-off/vp-AACxKoo Bloomberg on 7/6/2019] to discuss representation of disability in the media.
* Heumann is featured in the 2020 documentary ''[[Crip Camp]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Kohn |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/01/crip-camp-review-netflix-sundance-1202205370/amp/ |title=‘Crip Camp’ Review: A Stirring Look at the Roots of the Disability Rights Movement in a Hippy Summer Camp – IndieWire |publisher=Indiewire.com |date=2020-01-23 |accessdate=2020-02-16}}</ref>

== Education ==
Heumann graduated from [[Long Island University]] in 1969. She also earned a Master of Science degree in public health at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] in 1975.

Heumann has been awarded six honorary doctorates:

# [[Long Island University]], Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, 1994
# [[University of Toledo]], Ohio, an Honorary Doctorate of Public Service, 2004
# The [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]], Honorary Doctorate of Public Administration, 2001
# [[Brooklyn College]], Honorary Degree of Doctor of Humane Letters,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2018/03/27/brooklyn-college-to-award-judy-heumann-honorary-doctorate-at-its-2018-commencement-ceremony/|title=Brooklyn College to Award Judy Heumann Honorary Doctorate at Its 2018 Commencement Ceremony|website=CUNY Newswire|language=en|access-date=2019-06-26}}</ref> 2018
# [[Middlebury College]], Honorary Doctorate of Education, 2019
# [[Rowan University]], Honorary Doctorate of Humanities, 2019

== Awards and recognition ==

* 2019: The [https://lurie.brandeis.edu/ Lurie Institute for Disability Policy] gave an award "The journey to Achieving Equality: Past, Present, and Future of Disability Activism with gratitude for your leadership and activism in civil rights."
*2018: Women's Caucus Award given by the [[National Council on Independent Living]]
* 2018: [http://disstudies.org/ Society for Disability Studies] President's Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://disstudies.org/index.php/awards/presidents-award/|title=President's Award|date=2016-08-29|website=Society for Disability Studies|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-26}}</ref> SDS says of their decision to award Heumann:<blockquote>"SDS confers the President’s Award for artists and activists who embody the goals of the Society, reiterating our commitment to all kinds of work in disability studies. SDS recognizes Judy Heumann for her five-decade career as a disabled activist who has changed the lives of every single disabled person in the United States and across the globe. Her work has shown the vibrancy and strength of the [[social model of disability]] and the power and importance of the disability rights movement’s central mantra: 'nothing about us without us.'"</blockquote>
* 2017: U.S. International Council on Disabilities, Dole-Harkin Award
*2017: [https://www.interaction.org/ InterAction] [https://www.miusa.org/news/2017/inclusionaward Disability Inclusion Award], in recognition of Judy's major impact on disability inclusion in international development.
*2014: The Berkeley Rotary Club gave its annual Rotary Peace Grove Award to Heumann and the late [[Ed Roberts (activist)|Ed Roberts]], another disability rights activist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contracostatimes.com/west-county-times/ci_26190156/berkeley-disability-activists-receive-peace-award-emotional-ceremony|title=Berkeley disability activists receive peace award in emotional ceremony|date=21 July 2014|publisher=|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref>
*Max Starkloff Lifetime Achievement Award from [https://www.ncil.org/ National Council on Independent Living] In recognition of a lifetime of dedicated hard work and leadership to advance the [http://www.vcil.org/resources/pas-toolkit/the-independent-living-movement-and-disability-rights Independent Living and Disability Rights Movements] and her commitment to the protection and expansion of the civil and human rights of people with disabilities.
* Champion of Disability Rights Award from the [https://spanadvocacy.org/ SPAN Parent Advocacy Network]. "For lifelong commitment and activism for the human and civil rights of children and adults with disabilities in the United States throughout the world."
* Advocacy Award from ALPHA Disability Section: "This award is presented to a person or a consumer-driven organization who has demonstrated excellence in the area of advocacy to improve the health and quality of life for people with disabilities."
* Distinguished Service Award from NARRTC (formerly known as the National Association of Rehabilitation Research and Training Centers): "In recognition of important contributions and achievements that have strategically advanced the field of disability through her research, teaching, service, and advocacy on behalf of person with disabilities."
* Heumann was the first recipient of the Henry B. Betts Award from the [[Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago]] (later awarded jointly with the [[American Association of People with Disabilities]]).

==Personal life==
Heumann is married to Jorge Pineda, and lives in Washington, D.C. Heumann was born in Brooklyn to German-Jewish Immigrants and is the oldest of three children.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=No Pity: People with Disabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement|last=Shapiro|first=Joseph|publisher=Three Rivers Press|year=1993|isbn=0812924126|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780812924121/page/56 56]|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780812924121/page/56}}</ref> She is the sister of Joe Heumann, a noted film professor and published author. Judy does not view her disability as a tragedy, saying, “Disability only becomes a tragedy for me when society fails to provide the things we need to lead our lives- job opportunities or barrier-free buildings, for example. It is not a tragedy to me that I’m living in a wheelchair<ref name=":1" />”.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* Judith E. Heumann, ''Including the Voices of Disabled People in the International Development Agenda'', Thornburgh Family Lecture Series, [[University of Pittsburgh School of Law]] accessed at [http://www.law.pitt.edu/news/thornburghlecture06.php] July 24, 2006
* Judith E. Heumann, ''Disability Rights and Independent Living Movement: Pioneering Disability Rights Advocate and Leader, 1960s-2000'', oral history, [[Online Archive of California]], 2004, retrieved from [http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb9v19p0k9] July 24, 2006
* Ilene Zeitzer interview with Judy Heumann. Originally published in, "Change from Within: International Overview of the Impact of Disabled Politicians and Disability Policy Bodies on Governance". retrieved from [http://www.rollingrains.com/archives/000513.html] April 29, 2009

==External links==
*[http://www.disabilityhistory.org/people.html#heumann Disability Social History Project] Bio details
*[https://wid.org/resources/wids-founders/ Bio details on World Institute on Disability website]
*{{C-SPAN|Judith Heumann}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Robert R. Davila|Robert Davila]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services|Assistant Secretary of Education for Special Education and Rehabilitative Services]]|years=1993–2001}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Robert Pasternack]]}}
|-
{{s-dip}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=Special Advisor for [[Disability rights movement|International Disability Rights]]|years=2010–2017}}
{{s-vac}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heumann, Judith}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:American people with disabilities]]
[[Category:Disability rights activists from the United States]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Long Island University alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health alumni]]
[[Category:United States Special Envoys]]
[[Category:United States Department of Education officials]]
[[Category:Clinton administration personnel]]
[[Category:Obama administration personnel]]

365 Tage

2020-06-14T01:41:25Z

Staticshakedown: ce

{{short description|2020 film by Barbara Białowąs}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 365 Days
| image = 365 Dni film poster.png
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|pl|365 Dni}}
| director = {{Plainlist|
* Barbara Białowąs
* Tomasz Mandes
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Maciej Kawulski
* Ewa Lewandowska
* Tomasz Mandes
}}
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* Tomasz Klimala
* Barbara Białowąs
* Tomasz Mandes
* Blanka Lipińska
}}
| based_on = {{based on|''365 Dni''|Blanka Lipińska}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Anna-Maria Sieklucka
* Michele Morrone
* Bronisław Wrocławski
* Otar Saralidze
* [[Magdalena Lamparska]]
* [[Natasza Urbańska]]
}}
| music = {{Plainlist|
* Michał Sarapata
* Mateusz Sarapata
}}
| cinematography = Mateusz Cierlica
| editing = Marcin Drewnwski
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* Ekipa Sp. z o.o.
* Future Space
* Next Film
* [[TVN]]
}}
| distributor = Next Film
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|2|7|Poland}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = Poland
| language = {{Plainlist|
* English
* Italian
* Polish
}}
| budget =
| gross = $9.4 million<ref name="bom"/>
}}

'''''365 Days''''' ({{lang-pl|'''365 Dni'''}}) is a 2020 Polish [[sex in film|erotic]] [[romantic drama film]] directed by Barbara Białowąs and Tomasz Mandes. It is based on the first novel of a trilogy written by Blanka Lipińska.<ref>{{cite web|title=365 dni|url=https://lubimyczytac.pl/ksiazka/4850591/365-dni|agency=Lubimyczytać.pl|accessdate=2020-03-21}}</ref><ref name=cinemaholic>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecinemaholic.com/365-days-sequel/|title=Will There be a 365 Dni Sequel?|first=Dhruv|last=Sharma|website=The Cinemaholic|date=May 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://decider.com/2020/06/09/365-dni-netflix-books/|title=How Does '365 dni' on Netflix Compare to the Book?|date=June 9, 2020}}</ref> The plot follows a young [[Warsaw]] woman in a spiritless relationship falling for a dominant [[Sicily|Sicilian]] man who imprisons her and grants 365 days to fall in love with him. It stars Anna-Maria Sieklucka as Laura Biel and Michele Morrone as Massimo Torricelli. The film was released theatrically in Poland on February 7th 2020 and was later made available on [[Netflix]], quickly gaining global popularity and widespread recognition.<ref name=cinemaholic />

==Plot==
{{Long plot|section|date=June 2020}}

After a meeting between the Torricelli [[mafias]] and some [[black market]] dealers, Massimo Torricelli, steps away to watch a beautiful young woman on a beach nearby. Shortly after, Massimo's father, leader of the mafia group, is shot dead from behind, injuring Massimo as well.

Five years later, Massimo, now a ruthless and violent leader of the Torricelli mafia, blackmails an investment company in [[San Francisco]] into paying back a bad investment with steep interest. In [[Warsaw]], Laura Biel, a fiery executive, gains the upper hand in a meeting of executive directors for a luxury hotel. After returning to her apartment feeling proud, she tries to initiate sex with her boyfriend, Martin, but he rebuffs her, condescendingly reminding her to pack their bags for a trip to [[Italy]] to celebrate her 29th birthday with some friends. Unsatisfied, Laura [[masturbates]] in their bedroom while a frustrated Massimo, on a private flight back to Italy, ignores flirtatious texts from his ex-girlfriend Anna while a flight attendant performs [[oral sex]] on him. On her birthday, after Martin embarrasses her in front of her friends, Laura goes for a walk down a quiet lane and runs into Massimo who [[kidnaps]] her and brings her to his villa.

Massimo reveals that she was the woman at the beach five years ago and that when he was injured, all he could see and think about was her. He also reveals that after searching for years and finally spotting her at the airport he knew he had to have her and intends to keep her as a prisoner for 365 days until she falls in love with him, promising a life of endless luxury. When Laura tries to escape, Massimo threatens to harm her family, shows her photographs of Martin's [[infidelity]], and tells her a breakup letter was delivered to him on Laura’s behalf. He reassures her that he will not touch her without her consent. Shortly after, Laura sees Massimo and his gang executing a Torricelli family member who, much to Massimo’s shock, was caught selling underage girls to [[brothels]]. With no means of escaping and her electronics taken away, Laura reluctantly gives in.

As they spend more time together, Massimo brings Laura shopping, where he gains the upper hand in keeping her with him. Laura, in revenge, provokes him by wearing erotic lingerie and promiscuous dresses and bathing in a public fountain. However, despite Laura’s constant teases to frustrate him, she gradually starts to gain more control and get Massimo to open up about his personal life and feelings.

While in Rome, Laura is brought along to his meetings. Back at the hotel, Laura goes to Massimo's room. Laura teases Massimo, but when she tries to leave, finds the door locked. She demands he open it, but instead Massimo shoves her onto the bed and cuffs her wrists and ankles. Naked, he remarks on how vulnerable she is. Laura is made to watch Massimo receive oral sex from another woman who leaves promptly after. Afterwards, Massimo caresses Laura's body and she appears to be giving in to his advances, saying only "please". Abruptly Massimo stops, releases her from her restraints, and orders her to get dressed for a club they'll be visiting in a few hours.

Laura arrives at the club with Domenico, who warns that Massimo will be angry about her short dress. Unconcerned, she flaunts herself for Massimo and his friends, earning his ire. He walks away to finish his meeting with a rival mafia family, but keeps an eye on Laura. When she begins to openly flirt with a man from the opposite family, the man fondles and gropes her against her will. Laura fights, and Massimo and the others draw their weapons while Laura is taken out of the club.

The following morning, Laura wakes on a yacht to Mario and Massimo arguing. During the night, Massimo shot the man who had tried to rape Laura, inciting a mafia war between the two families. Mario insists that Massimo has to get rid of Laura, but Massimo refuses. Laura attempts to apologize, but Massimo puts the blame for the incident on her. As they argue on the upper decks of the ship, Laura falls into the water and Massimo jumps in to save her. When she wakes up later, Massimo admits he was scared she might not make it because of her heart condition and doesn't want to lose her. They then spend hours having sex.

During a brief respite, Massimo informs Laura they will be going to a masquerade ball. At the ball, Laura meets Anna, Massimo's ex-girlfriend, who insists she is the true love of Massimo's life. Back at the hotel, Laura is distraught. Massimo says he will allow her to go to Warsaw to visit her family and has rented an apartment for her. As he leaves, he tells Laura he loves her and that he will join her after he concludes some business.

In Warsaw, Laura waits for Massimo for days with no contact. She reconnects with Olga, who is at first angry at Laura for her disappearance. They go clubbing, much to Laura's enjoyment. While at the club, Laura runs into Martin. He says he has been looking for her to apologize and explain the photographs. He attempts to convince her to come back. He follows her back to her apartment where Massimo is unexpectedly waiting, and tells Martin to go. Angry at being abandoned, Laura slaps and pushes Massimo. While having sex, Laura opens Massimo's shirt to see wounds on his torso as a result from the mafia war. Laura confesses to Massimo that she loves him. The following morning, Laura awakes to find a ring on her finger and Massimo proposes; she accepts. While at her sister's wedding, Laura asks Massimo to keep his "occupation" a secret from her parents.

Back at Massimo's villa in Italy, Mario informs Massimo of rising tensions while they have been in Poland. Laura briefly mentions feeling unwell, and Massimo suggests she see a doctor, which she brushes off. They discuss their upcoming wedding that Laura's family is not allowed to attend, as she does not want them to find out what Massimo does. However, Massimo allows Olga to come as her bridesmaid. After Massimo leaves, Laura asks Mario why the man doesn't like her. Mario states that he does like her, but her relationship with Massimo has complicated matters.

While Olga visits Laura, Laura confesses she is pregnant. After going wedding dress shopping, on the car ride back to the villa, Olga urges Laura to call Massimo and tell him about the pregnancy. Meanwhile, Mario receives a phone call from a Torricelli informant that the rival mafia family is about to kill Laura. Laura's car enters a tunnel but does not come out the other side. Mario rushes to find Massimo just as Laura's call drops. Realizing the implications, Massimo breaks down. A police car is blaring at the entrance of the tunnel.

==Cast==
* Anna-Maria Sieklucka as Laura Biel
* Michele Morrone as Don Massimo Torricelli
* Bronisław Wrocławski as Mario
* Otar Saralidze as Domenico
* [[Magdalena Lamparska]] as Olga
* [[Natasza Urbańska]] as Anna
* [[Grażyna Szapołowska]] as Laura's mother
* Tomasz Stockinger as Laura's father
* Gianni Parisi as Massimo's father
* Mateusz Łasowski as Martin
* Blanka Lipińska as a bride<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmweb.pl/film/365+dni-2020-842452|title=365 dni|via=www.filmweb.pl}}</ref>

==Production==
The film scenes were primarily shot in Poland ([[Warsaw]], [[Krakow]], [[Niepolomice]]) and in Italy ([[Sanremo]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecinemaholic.com/where-was-365-dni-filmed/|title=Where Was 365 Days Filmed? Netflix's 365 Dni Filming Locations|first=Dhruv|last=Sharma|date=1 June 2020}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film's theme song "Feel It," along with the songs "Watch me burn," "Dark Room," and "Hard for me" are sung by Morrone.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnIL4o6_D8M</ref>

==Release==
''365 Days'' was released in Poland on 7 February 2020, grossing $8,964,409.<ref name="bom">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt10886166/|title=365 Days (2020)|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=12 June 2020}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, the film received a limited theatrical release on 14 February 2020, and has grossed $494,181,<ref name="bom"/> before premiering on [[Netflix]] in June 2020.<ref name="inews">{{cite web|last=Finnis|first=Alex|url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/film/365-dni-book-netflix-uk-movie-days-film-review-cast-anna-marie-sieklucka-441627|title=365 DNI: why the obscure Polish erotic book adaptation is causing a stir on Netflix UK|date=June 9, 2020|work=[[i (newspaper)|i]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film made the top three most viewed items on Netflix in several territories, including Germany, France, Lithuania, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Turkey, Pakistan, Sweden, Austria, the Czech Republic, Greece, Romania, South Africa, Portugal, India, the United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom, Mauritius, Canada, Israel, Australia and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telemagazyn.pl/artykuly/365-dni-hitem-netflixa-na-swiecie-blanka-lipinska-po-angielsku-dziekuje-swoim-zagranicznym-fanom-82503.html|title="365 dni" hitem Netflixa na świecie! Blanka Lipińska po angielsku dziękuje swoim zagranicznym fanom|work=Tele Magazyn|language=Polish}}</ref>

The film drew parallels with ''[[Fifty Shades of Grey]]''.<ref name="inews" /><ref>https://www.newsweek.com/365-dni-netflix-sex-scenes-polish-movie-michele-morrone-anna-maria-sieklucka-1509705</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/tv/polish-50-shades-grey-365-dni-netflix-plot-cast-date-a4448891.html|title=Polish '50 Shades of Grey' 365 Dni is coming to Netflix UK|date=May 26, 2020|website=Evening Standard}}</ref> It was criticised for romanticising kidnapping.<ref>https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/hollywood/365-dni-viewers-criticise-erotic-drama-film-romanticising-kidnapping-and-stockholm-syndrome-539926?</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://film.wp.pl/365-dni-netflix-online-sceny-seksu-6519564619934336a|title=Zagraniczni widzowie znaleźli "365 dni" na Netfliksie. Ich komentarze nie zostawiają złudzeń|first=Basia|last=Żelazko|date=June 9, 2020|website=film.wp.pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/365-dni-netflix-watch-movie-cast-kidnap-stockholm-syndrome-a9558051.html|title=Erotic Netflix thriller slammed for 'romanticising Stockholm syndrome'|date=June 10, 2020|website=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/artisans/news/365-dni-days-sex-scenes-netflix-cinematographer-1234631479/|title=How the ‘365 Days’ DP Shot Those Authentic-Looking Sex Scenes in Netflix’s Steamy Drama|first1=Jazz|last1=Tangcay|first2=Jazz|last2=Tangcay|date=11 June 2020}}</ref>

==Sequel==
Work on a sequel film is planned, but has been delayed by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kultura.onet.pl/film/wiadomosci/druga-czesc-filmu-365-dni-kiedy-premiera/ey9jblt|title=Zdjęcia do drugiej części filmu "365 dni" przełożone na przyszły rok|date=May 28, 2020|website=Onet Kultura}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|10886166}}

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 drama films]]
[[Category:2020 thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2020s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Erotic drama films]]
[[Category:Erotic romance films]]
[[Category:Films based on Polish novels]]
[[Category:Films set in Italy]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rome]]
[[Category:Italian-language films]]
[[Category:Polish films]]
[[Category:Polish-language films]]
[[Category:Polish romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Polish thriller films]]

365 Tage

2020-06-13T22:22:25Z

Staticshakedown: Importing Wikidata short description: "2020 film by Barbara Białowąs" (Shortdesc helper)

{{short description|2020 film by Barbara Białowąs}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 365 Days
| image = 365 Dni film poster.png
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|pl|365 Dni}}
| director = {{Plainlist|
* Barbara Białowąs
* Tomasz Mandes
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Maciej Kawulski
* Ewa Lewandowska
* Tomasz Mandes
}}
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* Tomasz Klimala
* Barbara Białowąs
* Tomasz Mandes
* Blanka Lipińska
}}
| based_on = {{based on|''365 Dni''|Blanka Lipińska}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Anna-Maria Sieklucka
* Michele Morrone
* Bronisław Wrocławski
* Otar Saralidze
* [[Magdalena Lamparska]]
* [[Natasza Urbańska]]
}}
| music = {{Plainlist|
* Michał Sarapata
* Mateusz Sarapata
}}
| cinematography = Mateusz Cierlica
| editing = Marcin Drewnwski
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* Ekipa Sp. z o.o.
* Future Space
* Next Film
* [[TVN]]
}}
| distributor = Next Film
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|2|7|Poland}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = Poland
| language = {{Plainlist|
* English
* Italian
* Polish
}}
| budget =
| gross = $9,4 million<ref name="bom"/>
}}

'''''365 Days''''' ({{lang-pl|'''365 Dni'''}}) is a 2020 Polish [[sex in film|erotic]] [[romantic drama film]] directed by Barbara Białowąs and Tomasz Mandes. It is based on the first novel of a trilogy written by Blanka Lipińska.<ref>{{cite web|title=365 dni|url=https://lubimyczytac.pl/ksiazka/4850591/365-dni|agency=Lubimyczytać.pl|accessdate=2020-03-21}}</ref><ref name=cinemaholic>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecinemaholic.com/365-days-sequel/|title=Will There be a 365 Dni Sequel?|first=Dhruv|last=Sharma|website=The Cinemaholic|date=May 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://decider.com/2020/06/09/365-dni-netflix-books/|title=How Does '365 dni' on Netflix Compare to the Book?|date=June 9, 2020}}</ref> The plot follows a young [[Warsaw]] woman in a spiritless relationship falling for a dominant [[Sicily|Sicilian]] man who imprisons her and grants 365 days to fall in love with him. It stars Anna-Maria Sieklucka as Laura Biel and Michele Morrone as Massimo Torricelli. The film was released theatrically in Poland on 7 February 2020 and was later made available on [[Netflix]], quickly gaining global popularity and widespread recognition.<ref name=cinemaholic />

==Plot==
{{Long plot|section|date=June 2020}}

After a meeting between the Torricelli [[mafias]] and some [[black market]] dealers, Massimo Torricelli, steps away to watch a beautiful young woman on a beach nearby. Shortly after, Massimo's father, leader of the mafia group, is shot dead from behind, injuring Massimo as well.

Five years later, Massimo, now a ruthless and violent leader of the Torricelli mafia, blackmails an investment company in [[San Francisco]] into paying back a bad investment with steep interest. In [[Warsaw]], Laura Biel, a fiery executive, gains the upper hand in a meeting of executive directors for a luxury hotel. After returning to her apartment feeling proud, she tries to initiate sex with her boyfriend, Martin, but he rebuffs her, condescendingly reminding her to pack their bags for a trip to [[Italy]] to celebrate her 29th birthday with some friends. Unsatisfied, Laura [[masturbates]] in their bedroom while a frustrated Massimo, on a private flight back to Italy, ignores flirtatious texts from his ex-girlfriend Anna while a flight attendant performs [[oral sex]] on him. On her birthday, after Martin embarrasses her in front of her friends, Laura goes for a walk down a quiet lane and runs into Massimo who [[kidnaps]] her and brings her to his villa.

Massimo reveals that she was the woman at the beach five years ago and that when he was injured, all he could see and think about was her. He also reveals that after searching for years and finally spotting her at the airport he knew he had to have her and intends to keep her as a prisoner for 365 days until she falls in love with him, promising a life of endless luxury. When Laura tries to escape, Massimo threatens to harm her family, shows her photographs of Martin's [[infidelity]], and tells her a breakup letter was delivered to him on Laura’s behalf. He reassures her that he will not touch her without her consent. Shortly after, Laura sees Massimo and his gang executing a Torricelli family member who, much to Massimo’s shock, was caught selling underage girls to [[brothels]]. With no means of escaping and her electronics taken away, Laura reluctantly gives in.

As they spend more time together, Massimo brings Laura shopping, where he gains the upper hand in keeping her with him. Laura, in revenge, provokes him by wearing erotic lingerie and promiscuous dresses and bathing in a public fountain. However, despite Laura’s constant teases to frustrate him, she gradually starts to gain more control and get Massimo to open up about his personal life and feelings.

While in Rome, Laura is brought along to his meetings. Back at the hotel, Laura goes to Massimo's room. Laura teases Massimo, but when she tries to leave, finds the door locked. She demands he open it, but instead Massimo shoves her onto the bed and cuffs her wrists and ankles. Naked, he remarks on how vulnerable she is. Laura is made to watch Massimo receive oral sex from another woman who leaves promptly after. Afterwards, Massimo caresses Laura's body and she appears to be giving in to his advances, saying only "please". Abruptly Massimo stops, releases her from her restraints, and orders her to get dressed for a club they'll be visiting in a few hours.

Laura arrives at the club with Domenico, who warns that Massimo will be angry about her short dress. Unconcerned, she flaunts herself for Massimo and his friends, earning his ire. He walks away to finish his meeting with a rival mafia family, but keeps an eye on Laura. When she begins to openly flirt with a man from the opposite family, the man fondles and gropes her against her will. Laura fights, and Massimo and the others draw their weapons while Laura is taken out of the club.

The following morning, Laura wakes on a yacht to Mario and Massimo arguing. During the night, Massimo shot the man who had tried to rape Laura, inciting a mafia war between the two families. Mario insists that Massimo has to get rid of Laura, but Massimo refuses. Laura attempts to apologize, but Massimo puts the blame for the incident on her. As they argue on the upper decks of the ship, Laura falls into the water and Massimo jumps in to save her. When she wakes up later, Massimo admits he was scared she might not make it because of her heart condition and doesn't want to lose her. They then spend hours having sex.

During a brief respite, Massimo informs Laura they will be going to a masquerade ball. At the ball, Laura meets Anna, Massimo's ex-girlfriend, who insists she is the true love of Massimo's life. Back at the hotel, Laura is distraught. Massimo says he will allow her to go to Warsaw to visit her family and has rented an apartment for her. As he leaves, he tells Laura he loves her and that he will join her after he concludes some business.

In Warsaw, Laura waits for Massimo for days with no contact. She reconnects with Olga, who is at first angry at Laura for her disappearance. They go clubbing, much to Laura's enjoyment. While at the club, Laura runs into Martin. He says he has been looking for her to apologize and explain the photographs. He attempts to convince her to come back. He follows her back to her apartment where Massimo is unexpectedly waiting, and tells Martin to go. Angry at being abandoned, Laura slaps and pushes Massimo. While having sex, Laura opens Massimo's shirt to see wounds on his torso as a result from the mafia war. Laura confesses to Massimo that she loves him. The following morning, Laura awakes to find a ring on her finger and Massimo proposes; she accepts. While at her sister's wedding, Laura asks Massimo to keep his "occupation" a secret from her parents.

Back at Massimo's villa in Italy, Mario informs Massimo of rising tensions while they have been in Poland. Laura briefly mentions feeling unwell, and Massimo suggests she see a doctor, which she brushes off. They discuss their upcoming wedding that Laura's family is not allowed to attend, as she does not want them to find out what Massimo does. However, Massimo allows Olga to come as her bridesmaid. After Massimo leaves, Laura asks Mario why the man doesn't like her. Mario states that he does like her, but her relationship with Massimo has complicated matters.

While Olga visits Laura, Laura confesses she is pregnant. After going wedding dress shopping, on the car ride back to the villa, Olga urges Laura to call Massimo and tell him about the pregnancy. Meanwhile, Mario receives a phone call from a Torricelli informant that the rival mafia family is about to kill Laura. Laura's car enters a tunnel but does not come out the other side. Mario rushes to find Massimo just as Laura's call drops. Realizing the implications, Massimo breaks down. A police car is blaring at the entrance of the tunnel.

==Cast==
* Anna-Maria Sieklucka as Laura Biel
* Michele Morrone as Don Massimo Torricelli
* Bronisław Wrocławski as Mario
* Otar Saralidze as Domenico
* [[Magdalena Lamparska]] as Olga
* [[Natasza Urbańska]] as Anna
* [[Grażyna Szapołowska]] as Laura's mother
* Tomasz Stockinger as Laura's father
* Gianni Parisi as Massimo's father
* Mateusz Łasowski as Martin
* Blanka Lipińska as a bride<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmweb.pl/film/365+dni-2020-842452|title=365 dni|via=www.filmweb.pl}}</ref>

==Production==
The film scenes were primarily shot in Poland ([[Warsaw]], [[Krakow]], [[Niepolomice]]) and in Italy ([[Sanremo]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecinemaholic.com/where-was-365-dni-filmed/|title=Where Was 365 Days Filmed? Netflix's 365 Dni Filming Locations|first=Dhruv|last=Sharma|date=1 June 2020}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film's theme song "Feel It" is sung by Morrone.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnIL4o6_D8M</ref>

==Release==
''365 Days'' was released in Poland on 7 February 2020, grossing $8,964,409.<ref name="bom">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt10886166/|title=365 Days (2020)|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=12 June 2020}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, the film received a limited theatrical release on 14 February 2020, and has grossed $494,181,<ref name="bom"/> before premiering on [[Netflix]] in June 2020.<ref name="inews">{{cite web|last=Finnis|first=Alex|url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/film/365-dni-book-netflix-uk-movie-days-film-review-cast-anna-marie-sieklucka-441627|title=365 DNI: why the obscure Polish erotic book adaptation is causing a stir on Netflix UK|date=June 9, 2020|work=[[i (newspaper)|i]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film made the top three most viewed items on Netflix in several territories, including Germany, France, Lithuania, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Turkey, Pakistan, Sweden, Austria, the Czech Republic, Greece, Romania, South Africa, Portugal, India, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, Mauritius, Canada, Israel, Australia and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telemagazyn.pl/artykuly/365-dni-hitem-netflixa-na-swiecie-blanka-lipinska-po-angielsku-dziekuje-swoim-zagranicznym-fanom-82503.html|title="365 dni" hitem Netflixa na świecie! Blanka Lipińska po angielsku dziękuje swoim zagranicznym fanom|work=Tele Magazyn|language=Polish}}</ref>

The film drew parallels with ''[[Fifty Shades of Grey]]''.<ref name="inews" /><ref>https://www.newsweek.com/365-dni-netflix-sex-scenes-polish-movie-michele-morrone-anna-maria-sieklucka-1509705</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/tv/polish-50-shades-grey-365-dni-netflix-plot-cast-date-a4448891.html|title=Polish '50 Shades of Grey' 365 Dni is coming to Netflix UK|date=May 26, 2020|website=Evening Standard}}</ref> It was criticised for romanticising kidnapping.<ref>https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/hollywood/365-dni-viewers-criticise-erotic-drama-film-romanticising-kidnapping-and-stockholm-syndrome-539926?</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://film.wp.pl/365-dni-netflix-online-sceny-seksu-6519564619934336a|title=Zagraniczni widzowie znaleźli "365 dni" na Netfliksie. Ich komentarze nie zostawiają złudzeń|first=Basia|last=Żelazko|date=June 9, 2020|website=film.wp.pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/365-dni-netflix-watch-movie-cast-kidnap-stockholm-syndrome-a9558051.html|title=Erotic Netflix thriller slammed for 'romanticising Stockholm syndrome'|date=June 10, 2020|website=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/artisans/news/365-dni-days-sex-scenes-netflix-cinematographer-1234631479/|title=How the ‘365 Days’ DP Shot Those Authentic-Looking Sex Scenes in Netflix’s Steamy Drama|first1=Jazz|last1=Tangcay|first2=Jazz|last2=Tangcay|date=11 June 2020}}</ref>

==Sequel==
Work on a sequel film is planned, but has been delayed by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kultura.onet.pl/film/wiadomosci/druga-czesc-filmu-365-dni-kiedy-premiera/ey9jblt|title=Zdjęcia do drugiej części filmu "365 dni" przełożone na przyszły rok|date=May 28, 2020|website=Onet Kultura}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|10886166}}

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 drama films]]
[[Category:2020 thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2020s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Erotic drama films]]
[[Category:Erotic romance films]]
[[Category:Films based on Polish novels]]
[[Category:Films set in Italy]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rome]]
[[Category:Italian-language films]]
[[Category:Polish films]]
[[Category:Polish-language films]]
[[Category:Polish romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Polish thriller films]]

Saweetie

2019-08-16T14:27:39Z

Staticshakedown: /* Early life and education */ ce

{{short description|American rapper from California}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saweetie
| image = Saweetie in a car (cropped).jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption = Saweetie in 2018
| birth_name = Diamonté Harper
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|7|2}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/Saweetie/status/1012155937300230145?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet|title=Twitter|website=mobile.twitter.com|access-date=2018-06-28}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Hayward, California]], U.S.
| residence = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[University of Southern California]]
}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Rapper
* singer
}}
| website = {{URL|http://saweetieofficial.com}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| years_active = 2017–present
| label = {{flatlist|
* Icy
* [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]
* Artistry
}}
| associated_acts = {{flatlist|
*[[Quavo]]
}}}}
}}
'''Diamonté Harper''' (born July 2, 1993), known professionally as '''Saweetie''', is an American rapper, singer and songwriter. After the release of her debut single, "Icy Grl", she was signed to [[Warner Bros. Records]] in partnership with Artistry Worldwide. She released her debut extended play, ''[[High Maintenance (Saweetie EP)|High Maintenance]],'' on March 16, 2018.

== Early life and education ==
Saweetie was born Diamonté Harper<ref name="TIDAL">{{cite web|last=Platon|first=Adelle|title=TIDAL Rising Artist of the Week: Saweetie|url=http://read.tidal.com/article/tidal-rising-artist-of-the-week-saweetie|publisher=[[Tidal (service)|Tidal]]|date=January 22, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref> on July 2, 1993, to a [[Chinese Filipino|Filipino-Chinese]] mother and an [[African Americans|African-American]] father.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://statusmagonline.com/2018-tunesday-saweetie/|title=TUNESDAY: Icy Cool Facts About Saweetie, Femme MC On the Rise|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=19 Facts You Need To Know About 'ICY GRL' Rapper Saweetie|url=http://www.capitalxtra.com/features/facts/facts-about-saweetie/real-name/|publisher=[[Capital XTRA]]|accessdate=March 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>Saweetie tells that her mother is of a [[Filipinos|Filipino]] descent in her freestyle rap, "High Maintenance".</ref> She grew up largely in [[Hayward, California|Hayward]], [[California]] and spent much of her life in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] but finished high school in [[Elk Grove, California]] attending [[Monterey Trail High School]].<ref name="VIBE-I">{{cite web|last=Fresh|first=Mikey|title=Interview: Saweetie Turned Her "Icy Girl" Video Into A Career Springboard|url=https://www.vibe.com/2017/11/interview-saweetie-icy-girl-video/|website=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]|date=November 8, 2017|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="HIPHOPDX">{{cite web|last=Williams|first=Marcel|title=Bay Area MC Saweetie Talks "Icy Grl" & Social Media Fame|url=https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.45182/title.bay-area-mc-saweetie-talks-icy-grl-social-media-fame#|publisher=[[HipHopDX]]|date=November 13, 2017|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="XXL">{{cite web|last=C.M.|first=Emmanuel|title=The Break Presents: Saweetie|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/12/saweetie-interview-the-break/|website=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]|date=December 1, 2017|accessdate=March 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Harper |first1=Diamonte |title=Monterey Trail High School Varsity Volleyball |url=http://www.maxpreps.com/athlete/diamonte-harper/pQ7SmfTlEeKZ5AAmVebBJg/default.htm}}</ref> She began writing music at age 14. After high school, she went on to attend [[San Diego State University]] before transferring to the [[University of Southern California]] where she studied communications and business. After graduating, she began to focus on her rap career.<ref name="BILLBOARD">{{cite web|last=Lyle|first=Ashley|title=Rising MC Saweetie Talks Viral Hit 'Icy Grl,' Signing With Warner Bros. Records & the Value of Education|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8099115/saweetie-interview-icy-grl-warner-bros-deal|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=February 14, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="HUFFPOST">{{cite web|last=Aynalem|first=Tali|title=If You Haven’t Heard These Songs, You’re Sleeping|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/if-you-havent-heard-these-songs-youre-sleeping_us_5a128361e4b023121e0e9479|website=[[HuffPost]]|date=November 26, 2017|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="XXL" />

== Career ==
Saweetie began posting short raps on her [[Instagram]] account in 2016. One video featured her rapping over the beat from [[Khia]]'s classic "[[My Neck, My Back (Lick It)]]", which would eventually turn into "Icy Grl".<ref name="VIBE-I" /><ref name="XXL" /> She first released the song on her [[SoundCloud]] in the summer of 2017 and later released a music video for it in October of the same year.<ref name="VIBE-II">{{citetie Is "High Maintenance" And She’s An "Icy Girl"|url=https://www.vibe.com/2017/10/saweetie-icy-girl-high-maintenance/|website=Vibe|date=October 17, 2017|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="XXL" /> The visual, which went viral on the Internet, would go on to accrue seventy-nine million views on [[YouTube]] as of August 2019.<ref name="BILLBOARD" /><ref name="XXL" />

To follow that up, Saweetie released in that same month a freestyle rap called "High Maintenance" accompanied by a short clip of herself rapping a verse to the song, all while chilling in her kitchen. It would go viral on Instagram and [[Twitter]] as well.<ref name="VIBE-II" /><ref name="XXL" /> In October 2017, she released a video for her song, "Focus", which samples [[DRAM (rapper)|DRAM]]'s "Gilligan".<ref name="XXL-II">{{cite web|last=Pile|first=Tatiana|title=Saweetie Doesn’t Let Anything Distract Her in "Focus" Video|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/12/saweetie-focus-video/|website=XXL|date=December 21, 2017|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref>

In January 2018, she was named [[Tidal (service)|Tidal]]'s Artist of the Week<ref name="TIDAL" /> and one of ''[[Pigeons & Planes]]''{{'}} Best New Artists of the Month.<ref name="P&P">{{cite web|last1=Odedina|first1=Michelle|last2=Corrigan|first2=Graham|last3=Moore|first3=Jacob|last4=Gardner|first4=Alex|title=Best New Artists of the Month|url=http://pigeonsandplanes.com/music/2018/01/best-new-artists-january-2018/saweetie|website=Pigeons & Planes|date=January 31, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref> During [[Super Bowl LII]] in February 2018, she was featured in an ad for [[Rihanna]]'s cosmetic company, Fenty Beauty.<ref name="HNHH">{{cite web|last=Goddard|first=Kevin|title=Rihanna Shares New Fenty Beauty Super Bowl Ad Starring Saweetie|url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/rihanna-shares-new-fenty-beauty-super-bowl-ad-starring-saweetie-news.43293.html|publisher=HotNewHip Hop|date=February 2, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref> That month, she signed to [[Warner Bros. Records]] in partnership with Artistry Worldwide and her own label, Icy Records.<ref name="BILLBOARD" /><ref name="LAT">{{cite news | last=Kennedy| first=Gerrick D.| title =Rising rapper Saweetie is one to watch this year| newspaper =Los Angeles Times| publisher =| date =April 10, 2018 | url =http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-saweetie-20180410-story.html| accessdate =June 28, 2018}}</ref><ref name="RU">{{cite news | last=| first=| title =Saweetie Signs With Warner Bros. Records| publisher =Rap-Up| date =February 14, 2018 | url =http://www.rap-up.com/2018/02/14/saweetie-signs-with-warner-bros-records/| accessdate =June 28, 2018}}</ref>

{{Quote|text=''I do a lot of covers but this is the first time I'm actually doing original content. I leave the studio and I come home wanting to listen to really myself.''|source=Saweetie for ''[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]'' in October 2017.<ref name="XXL" />}}

Saweetie released her major label debut, [[High Maintenance (Saweetie EP)|High Maintenance]], on March 16, 2018. It is composed of nine tracks and was produced by CashMoneyAP, Nyrell, and Saweetie's cousin, [[Zaytoven]].<ref name="XXL-III">{{cite web|last=India|first=Lindsey|title=Saweetie Shares ‘High Maintenance’ EP Tracklist and Release Date|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2018/03/saweetie-high-maintenance-ep-tracklist-release-date/|website=XXL|date=March 7, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="VIBE-III">{{cite web|last=Fresh|first=Mikey|title=Premiere: Saweetie Reveals Tracklist For Debut EP ‘High Maintenance’|url=https://www.vibe.com/2018/03/saweetie-high-maintenance-ep-tracklist/|website=Vibe|date=March 5, 2018|accessdate=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Saponara|first=Michael|title=Stream Saweetie's Debut Project 'High Maintenance': Listen|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8248776/saweetie-high-maintenance-stream|website=Billboard|date=March 16, 2018|accessdate=March 19, 2018}}</ref> The single, "Icy Girl" was certified [[RIAA certification|Gold]] in June 2018, for sales of 500,000 in the US.<ref>[https://www.maybachmedia.com/news/saweeties-icy-grl-has-made-gold-certification/]{{deadlink|date=June 2019}}</ref> "Icy Grl" quickly became well-known and thus Saweetie gained a lot of fame. Saweetie released her second major label EP, “Icy”, on March 29, 2019.

==Personal life==
Saweetie is currently dating rapper colleague [[Quavo]] since mid-2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/news/2019/01/quavo-saweetie-75000-dollars-snowflake-chain/|title=Quavo Cops Saweetie a $75,000 Chain - XXL|first=Marisa|last=Mendez|website=XXL Mag}}</ref>

== Discography ==
=== Extended plays ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of extended plays, with selected details and chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em"| Details
! scope="col" colspan="3"| Peak chart positions
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]] <ref name="US-albums">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/2019-08-03|title=Top 200 Albums: August 3, 2019|work=Billboard|accessdate=July 30, 2019}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US R&B/HH Sales]] <ref name="HMSales">Peak positions in R&B/Hip-Hop Album Sales:
* "High Maintenance": {{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2018-03-31/randb-hip-hop-album-sales|title=R&B/Hip-Hop Album Sales : March 31, 2018|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}} {{subscription}}
* "Icy": {{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/node/8506280|title=R&B/Hip-Hop Album Sales : April 13, 2019|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=April 18, 2019}} {{subscription}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Top Heatseekers|US Heat]] <ref name="HMHeat">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2018-03-31/heatseekers|title=Heatseeker Albums : March 31, 2018|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}} {{subscription}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[High Maintenance (Saweetie EP)|High Maintenance]]''
|
* Released: March 16, 2018 (US)
* Label: Icy, Artistry/[[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]<ref name="BILLBOARD" /><ref name="LAT"/>
* Formats: [[CD]], [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Streaming media|Streaming]]
| — || 32 || 20
|-
! scope="row"| ''Icy''
|
* Released: March 29, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/icy/1457084713|title=ICY by Saweetie|website=[[Apple Music]]|accessdate=March 29, 2019}}</ref>
* Label: Icy, Artistry/Warner Bros.
* Formats: Digital download, Streaming
| 189 || 50 || —
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of singles showing year released, chart positions and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:24em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="4"| Peaks
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:9em;"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]]
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Album
|-
! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] <ref>https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/2019-08-17</ref>
! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]] <ref>[https://www.billboard.com/charts/r-b-hip-hop-songs HOT R&B/HIP-HOP SONGS]</ref>
! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Hot Rap Songs|US Rap]] <ref>[https://www.billboard.com/charts/rap-song RAP SONGS]</ref>
! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Rhythmic (chart)|US Rhy.]] <ref>Peak positions for Saweetie releases in US Rhythmic:
 
* "Icy Grl": {{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/rhythmic-40/2018-05-19|title=Rhythmic Songs: May 19, 2018|work=Billboard|accessdate=May 15, 2018}}
* "Up Now": {{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/rhythmic-40/2018-11-10|title=Rhythmic Songs: November 10, 2018|work=Billboard|accessdate=November 6, 2018}}
* "My Type": {{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/rhythmic-40/2019-08-17|title=Rhythmic Songs: August 17, 2019|work=Billboard|accessdate=August 13, 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Icy Grl"
| 2017
| —{{efn-ua|"Icy Grl" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number six on the [[Bubbling Under Hot 100]] chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2018-04-14/bubbling-under-hot-100-singles|title=Bubbling Under Hot 100: April 14, 2018|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018|url-access=subscription}}</ref>}} || — || — || 16
|
* [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]: Platinum<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=Saweetie#search_section|title=Gold & Platinum - RIAA|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|accessdate=April 7, 2019}}</ref>
| ''High Maintenance''
|-
! scope="row"| "Up Now" {{small|(with [[London on da Track]] featuring [[G-Eazy]] and [[Rich the Kid]])}}
| rowspan="2"| 2018
| — || — || — || 16
|
| rowspan="2" {{N/A|Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Pissed"
| — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "[[My Type (Saweetie song)|My Type]]"
| 2019
| 35 || 15 || 13 || 9
|
| ''Icy''
|}

'''Notes'''
{{notelist-ua}}

=== Guest appearances ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of guest appearances as featured artist, with the respective artists and albums
|-
! scope="col" style="width:14em;"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:18em;"| Other artist(s)
! scope="col" style="width:13em;"| Album
|-
! scope="row"| "Expensive"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/expensive/1318084919?i=1318085467|title=Zaytown Sorority, Vol. 2 by Zaytoven on Apple Music|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
| 2017
| [[Zaytoven]]
| ''Zaytown Sorority, Vol. 2''
|-
! scope="row"| "[[IDGAF (Dua Lipa song)|IDGAF]]" (Remix)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2018/05/05/new-music-dua-lipa-saweetie-idgaf-remix/|title=New Music: Dua Lipa feat. Saweetie - 'IDGAF (Remix)'|via=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
| rowspan="8"| 2018
| [[Dua Lipa]]
| ''IDGAF (Remixes II)''
|-
! scope="row"| "[[2002 (song)|2002]]" (Remix)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AnneMarie/status/1035544508832743424|title=Anne Marie on Twitter|publisher=[[Twitter]]|date=August 31, 2018|accessdate=September 2, 2018}}</ref>
| [[Anne-Marie (singer)|Anne-Marie]], Ms. Banks
| ''2002 (Remix EP)''
|-
! scope="row"| "I'm That Bitch"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8471833/david-guetta-announces-7-album-track-list|title=David Guetta Announces '7' LP Featuring Justin Bieber, Nicki Minaj and More|work=Billboard|last=Bein|first=Kat|date=August 23, 2018|accessdate=August 24, 2018}}</ref>
| [[David Guetta]]
| ''7''
|-
! scope="row"| "Give It to Em"
| [[Quavo]]
| ''[[Quavo Huncho]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "Stupid Things"
| [[Four of Diamonds (group)|Four of Diamonds]]
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Patience"
| [[Riri (Japanese singer)|RIRI]]
| ''NEO''
|-
! scope="row"| "You Come First"
| [[Zak Abel]]
| rowspan=2 {{N/A|Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Body"
| [[Glowie]]
|-
! scope="row"| "Yuso"
| rowspan="4"| 2019
| [[Kid Ink]], [[Lil Wayne]]
| ''Missed Calls''
|-
! scope="row"| "Can't Do It"
| [[Loren Gray]]
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "I Can't Stop Me"
| [[Sabrina Carpenter]]
| ''[[Singular: Act II]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "Too Much Shaft"
| Quavo
| ''[[Shaft (2019 film)|Shaft]]''
|-
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of music videos, with selected details
! scope="col" style="width:15em;"| Title
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Director(s)
|-
! scope="row"| "Icy Grl"
| rowspan="2"| 2017
| Bana Bongolan & Soben Phy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wji4b2jjYOk|title=SAWEETIE - ICY GRL (Official Music Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Focus"
| Adam Small & Aramis Duran<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wASFCad7aPQ|title=SAWEETIE - FOCUS (Official Music Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Anti"
| rowspan="9"| 2018
| Bana Bongolan & Soben Phy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_KrEFaZ_Pk|title=Saweetie - "ANTI" (Official Music Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "B.A.N." {{small|([[Vertical video|Vertical Video]])}}
| rowspan="2"| Stephen Garnett<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_Rfr-XNo9Q|title=Saweetie - B.A.N. (Official Vertical Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8m2uosFEjY4|title=Saweetie - ICY GRL (feat. Kehlani) [Bae Mix] (Official Music Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Icy Grl (Bae Mix)" {{small|(featuring [[Kehlani]])}}
|-
! scope="row"| "B.A.N."
| Sasha Samsonova<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCT0EI2itmc|title=Saweetie - B.A.N. (Official Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Good Good"
| Bana Bongolan & Soben Phy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5B_tT5ld9E|title=Saweetie - Good Good (Official Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Up Now" {{small|(with London on da Track featuring G-Eazy and Rich the Kid)}}
| Mike Ho<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rap-up.com/2018/08/30/video-saweetie-london-on-da-track-g-eazy-rich-the-kid-up-now/|title=Video: Saweetie x London On Da Track feat. G-Eazy & Rich the Kid - 'Up Now'|work=[[Rap-Up]]|date=August 30, 2018|accessdate=September 2, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Stupid Things" {{small|(Four of Diamonds featuring Saweetie)}}
| Unknown
|-
! scope="row"| "Pissed" {{small|([[Lyric video]])}}
| Unknown
|-
! scope="row"| "Pissed"
| Christian Sutton
|-
! scope="row"| "You Come First" {{small|(Zak Abel featuring Saweetie)}}
| rowspan="4"| 2019
| Roxana Baldovin
|-
! scope="row"| "Yuso" {{small|(Kid Ink featuring Lil Wayne and Saweetie)}}
| Mike Ho
|-
! scope="row"| "Emotional" {{small|(featuring Quavo)}}
| Christian Sesma
|-
! scope="row"| "My Type" {{small|(Claws Remix)}}
| Unknown<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Saweetie-TNTs-CLAWS-Team-Up-For-MY-TYPE-Remix-20190603|title=Saweetie & TNT's CLAWS Team Up For MY TYPE Remix|work=Broadwayworld.com|date=June 3, 2019|accessdate=June 21, 2019}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://saweetieofficial.com}}
* {{URL|https://soundcloud.com/saweetie|Saweetie}} on [[SoundCloud]]
* {{Instagram |Saweetie}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:21st-century American musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American rappers]]
[[Category:21st-century women musicians]]
[[Category:African-American female rappers]]
[[Category:American hip hop musicians]]
[[Category:American people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:American rappers of Filipino descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Hayward, California]]
[[Category:Rappers from the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:San Diego State University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Southern California alumni]]
[[Category:Warner Records artists]]
[[Category:West Coast hip hop musicians]]

Vera Selby

2019-07-21T01:42:00Z

Staticshakedown: /* Career */ rm redlink

{{short description|Female snooker and billiards player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox snooker player
| name = Vera Selby
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]]
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1930|3|13|df=y}}<ref name="TIMES1 />
| birth_place = [[Richmond, North Yorkshire|Richmond]], {{smaller|[[England]]}} .<ref name="DURHAM" />
| Sport country = {{ENG}}
| Nickname =
| Professional =
| High ranking =
| Prize money =
| High break =
| Century break =
| Best finish =
| medals-expand =
| medals =
}}

'''Vera Selby''' [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] (born 13 March 1930) is an [[English people|English]] former snooker and billiards player. She won the [[World Women's Snooker Championship|Women's World Open Championship]] twice, in 1976 and 1981. She was also the English National Billiards champion from 1970 to 1978.<ref name="TIMES1">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2001-03-12 |title=Birthdays - Court & Social |url=https://www.newsbank.com |work=The Times |location= |via=NewsBank |access-date=2019-07-20}} </ref>

==Career==

Selby was introduced to billiards as a six-year-old. Hher uncle had a table in the cellar of his home in Newcastle and she would sit and watch. At the age of 36, she was seen playing by former British amateur billiards and snooker champion Alf Nolan, who started coaching her.<ref name="DURHAM">{{cite news |last=Amos |first=Mike |date=2004-07-06 |title=Cueing up to listen to first lady of snooker |url=https://www.newsbank.com |work=Durham County Publications (England) |location= |via=NewsBank |access-date=2019-07-20}} </ref>

In 1976 she became the first ever women’s world champion, claiming the title by beating Muriel Hazeldine 4-0 in the final, which was held in [[Middlesbrough]].<ref name="WWS2">[https://www.womenssnooker.com/about/history/ History] Womens's World Snooker. Retrieved 21 July 2019.</ref>

Her second title in 1981 came after a 3-0 defeat of [[Mandy Fisher]] in the final.<ref>[https://www.womenssnooker.com/about/world-champions/ World Champions] Womens's World Snooker. Retrieved 21 July 2019.</ref> Her success made her the oldest woman world champion in any sport.<ref name="DURHAM" />

Selby became a television commentator for snooker, is a qualified referee, and served as chairman of the North East Billiards and Snooker Association.<ref name="DURHAM" /> She won a lifetime achievement award for her services to billiards in 2014.<ref name="NECHO" />

In 2009 Selby became the first female Master in the 400-year history of the Fellmongers’ Guild in Richmond.<ref name="NECHO">{{cite news |last=Amos |first=Mike |date=2014-11-27|title=Green Party |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/opinion/columnists/mikeamos/backtrack/11630285.green-party/ |work=Northern Echo |location= |access-date=2019-07-21 }}</ref><ref name="SORO" />

In 2016, she was awarded the [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]], for services to sport. At the age of 85, she was still playing cue sports regularly.<ref name="CHRONICLE">{{cite news |last=Ough |first=Tom |date=2016-02-13 |title=85-year-old snooker champion Vera Selby reveals longevity secret as she earns MBE |url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/85-year-old-snooker-champion-10873952 |work=ChronicleLive |location= |access-date=2019-07-20}}</ref>

==Personal life==

She was born in [[Richmond, North Yorkshire]] Richmond, where her father managed the [[Freeman, Hardy and Willis]] shop. Selby trained in art and design at [[Leeds University]],<ref name="SORO">[https://sigbi.org/richmond-and-dales/past-events-archive/meetings-2012/ Meetings Archive 2012] Soroptomist International. Retrieved 21 July 2019.</ref> before becoming a senior art, textile and dress designer lecturer at the former [[Northumbria University|Newcastle Polytechnic]], before taking early retirement at 53.<ref name="DURHAM" />

==Titles and achievements==

*1976 Women's World Open Championship winner
*1981 Women's World Open Championship winner
*English National billiards champion, 1970-79<ref name="TIMES1 />

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Selby, Vera}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:English snooker players]]
[[Category:Female snooker players]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Logan Paul

2016-09-24T00:40:29Z

Staticshakedown: intro

{{BLP sources|date=August 2016}}
{{Notability|bio|date=August 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = Logan Paul
| image =
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Logan Paul
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1995|04|01}}
| birth_place = [[Westlake, Ohio]], United States
| occupation = Internet entertainer
| residence = [[Los Angeles, California]], United States
}}
'''Logan Paul''' (born in [[Westlake, Ohio]] on April 1, 1995) is a [[social media]] entertainer, YouTuber, and actor who started creating videos on [[Vine (service)|Vine]]. He is a former State placing wrestler<ref>http://www.baumspage.com/ohsaa/wr/2013/d1res.htm</ref> and received two academic scholarships to attend [[Ohio University]] in Athens.

Paul's first television acting job was a short in ''Bad Weather Films'', playing Rainbow Man. This led to a sequel called Rainbow Man. In early 2015, Paul appeared on ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]''<ref>http://www.imdb.com/name/nm6982686/</ref> as a malicious kidnapper. In the pilot of the new series, ''[[Weird Loners]]'', the role of the Logan Twins is portrayed by Logan Paul. He has since worked with other Vine users, such as [[King Bach]], [[Christian Delgrosso]], and [[Lance210]].

==Personal Life==
Logan Paul is the older brother of [[Jake Paul]], who also gained notoriety on Vine and is one of the main cast members of [[Disney Channel]]'s ''[[Bizaardvark]]''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

*{{cite web|url=http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/how-vines-hunky-goofball-logan-paul-plans-become-mainstream-superstar-169152|title=How Vine's Hunky Goofball Logan Paul Plans to Become a Mainstream Superstar |work=[[Adweek]]|accessdate=May 27, 2016}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, Logan}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Pineapple Bun

2016-08-25T12:50:14Z

Staticshakedown: wikilink

{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Pineapple bun
| image = [[File:PineappleBun2.jpg|250px]]
| caption =
| alternate_name = Bo lo baau
| country = [[Hong Kong]]
| region =
| creator =
| course =
| type = [[Sweet roll|Sweet bun]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Sugar]], [[Egg (food)|eggs]], [[flour]], and [[lard]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Chinese
|pic=HK Happy Valley Shing Woo Road Cheung Sing Cafe Sunday Breads 1.JPG
|piccap2=The pineapple buns were sold in a bakery.
|s=[[wiktionary:菠萝|菠萝]] [[wikt:包|包]]
|t=[[wikt:菠蘿|菠蘿]] [[wikt:包|包]]
|p=bōluóbāo|j=bo1 lo4 baau1
|poj=ông-lâi-pau (王梨包)
|l=pineapple bun}}
[[File:Ananasbroodje.JPG|thumb|Pineapple buns just out of the oven]]

A '''pineapple bun''' is a kind of [[sweet roll|sweet bun]] predominantly popular in [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]],<ref name=cnn-travel-1>{{cite news|title=Hong Kong food: 40 dishes we can't live without - 6. 'Pineapple' bun|url=http://travel.cnn.com/hong-kong/none/40-things-eat-hong-kong-coronary-arrest-820489|accessdate=5 January 2014|newspaper=CNN Travel|date=13 July 2010}}</ref> though they are also common in [[Chinatown]]s worldwide.<ref name=wisegeek-1>{{cite web|title=What Is a Pineapple Bun|url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-pineapple-bun.htm|work=wisegeek|publisher=Conjecture Corporation|accessdate=5 January 2014}}</ref> It is known in [[Cantonese]] as ''bo lo baau'', in which ''bo lo'' means "pineapple", and ''[[baozi|baau]]'' refers to a kind of [[bun]]-like item in [[Chinese cuisine]].<ref>{{cite news|last=So|first=Winnie|title=Hong Kong's best bun|url=http://www.cnngo.com/hong-kong/eat/hong-kongs-best-bun-196846|accessdate=2 June 2012|newspaper=CNN Go|date=27 May 2012}}</ref>

==History==
{{expand section|date=June 2015}}
In June 2014, the Hong Kong Government listed the pineapple bun as a part of Hong Kong's intangible cultural heritage. Tai Tung Bakery in Yuen Long, which had been making pineapple buns for more than 70 years, was a key proponent of including the technique for making the buns on the list of 480 items of living heritage.<ref name="Tsang secrets">{{cite news|last1=Tsang|first1=Denise|title=The secrets behind serving up Hong Kong's 'hot cross buns'|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1587246/secrets-behind-serving-hong-kongs-hot-cross-buns|accessdate=23 November 2014|agency=South China Morning Post|issue=8 September 2014|date=8 September 2014}}</ref>

In September 2014, a police raid found that several suppliers (including Starbucks, 7-Eleven and Cafe Express) had been selling pineapple buns made with tainted oil, known as "gutter oil", from an unlicensed factory in Taiwan. This oil was recycled from kitchen waste, as well as being a by-product of leather processing and offal from slaughterhouses.<ref>[http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1587759/starbucks-and-7-eleven-hong-kong-drawn-gutter-oil-scandal?page=all Starbucks and 7-Eleven in Hong Kong drawn into ‘gutter oil’ scandal | South China Morning Post]</ref>

==Composition==
The top of the pineapple bun (the part which is made to resemble a pineapple) is made of a dough similar to that used to make [[sugar cookie]]s, which consists of sugar, [[egg (food)|eggs]], flour, and [[lard]]. It is crunchy and is quite sweet compared to the bread underneath. The bread dough underneath is the same used in Chinese style Western breads, which is a softer and sweeter dough compared to Western breads. It is popular with breakfast or afternoon tea.

Although it is known as "pineapple bun", the traditional version contains no pineapple. The name originated from the fact that its sugary top crust is cooked to a golden-brown color, and because its checkered top resembles the [[wikt:exocarp|epicarp]] of a pineapple.<ref>{{cite web|title=Where's The Pineapple?|url=http://mykitchenmylaboratory.blogspot.com/2007/05/wheres-pineapple_27.html|website=|publisher=My Kitchen: My Laboratory|accessdate=29 June 2009}}</ref>

==Buttered variant==
Many Hong Kong restaurants, such as ''[[cha chaan teng]]s'' and ''[[dai pai dong]]s'', offer an item called a '''buttered pineapple bun''', which is a pineapple bun with a piece of butter stuffed inside. They are known in Cantonese as '''''bo lo yau''''' (菠蘿油), in which ''bo lo'' means "pineapple", and ''yau'' (oil) refers to butter. Variants of this include using [[custard]] in place of butter.

Typically, the bun would be brought hot from the oven to the diner's table, and served halved with a large slab of butter in between the halves. This item is sometimes criticised for containing too much fat and [[cholesterol]].

==Other common variants==
The pineapple bun may come in miniature sizes (迷你菠蘿包), it may be used as a bread roll for sandwiches with luncheon meat (餐肉菠蘿包), or it may be pre-stuffed with [[red bean paste]] (紅豆菠蘿包), custard cream (奶黃菠蘿包), barbecued pork (叉燒菠蘿包), or a sweet filling of shredded coconut (椰絲菠蘿包) like that in a [[cocktail bun]]. It is possible to order a "pineapple pineapple bun", actually stuffed with pineapple (菠蘿菠蘿包), although this is very likely the product of misinterpretation of the name by non-native bakers.{{cn|date=July 2012}}

Japanese [[melonpan]] and Korean [[soboro bread]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Korean Soboro Bread | work = Korean Slate | accessdate = 24 August 2011 | date = 28 October 2009 | url = http://koreanslate.com/korean-soboro-bread.html
}}</ref> are variants that use the same ingredients for a German [[streusel]]-like texture on top but without resemblance to a pineapple.

==In popular culture==
*[[McDull]], the main character in the Hong Kong cartoon film ''[[McDull, Prince de la Bun]]'' is often seen with a pineapple bun, since the Chinese name of the film is ''菠蘿油王子'' (''Prince of Pineapple Bun with Butter'').<ref name=sina-hk-1>{{cite web|title=麥兜菠蘿油王子 Mcdull, Prince de la Bun (Chinese)|url=http://ent.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/movie/mv/main.cgi?id=1229|publisher=Sina Hong Kong|accessdate=14 January 2014}}</ref>
*In 2005, "pineapple bun" was nominated as the name of a [[typhoon]], but was rejected because the director of the Hong Kong Observatory stated that news reports concerning the typhoon would sound nonsensical.<ref name=hk-magazine-1>{{cite web|title=Ask Mr. Know-It-All: How do typhoons get their names?|url=http://hk-magazine.com/city-living/column/ask-mr-know-it-all-how-do-typhoons-get-their-names|website=hk-magazine.com|publisher=HK Magazine|accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
*[[Baozi]]
*[[Bun]]
*[[List of buns]]
*[[Melonpan]], the Japanese equivalent of pineapple bun

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

{{Hong Kong cuisine}}

[[Category:Dim sum]]
[[Category:Hong Kong cuisine]]
[[Category:Sweet breads]]
[[Category:Culture of Macau]]
[[Category:Buns]]
[[Category:Hong Kong breads]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-05-17T01:14:12Z

Staticshakedown: /* Notable people */ exp

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and [[statistics|statistical analysis]] of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Psychological research has a long history of contributing to statistical applications and theory. Today, quantitative psychology is recognized as its own branch of psychology by the [[American Psychological Association]] (APA), with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities in Europe and North America. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology provides a unique skill set for solving both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|175px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity.<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|left|[[IQ]] scores represented by a [[normal distribution]].]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015|doi=10.1037/0003-066x.45.6.721}}</ref>

===Criticism===
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. Many graduate schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R (programming language)|R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess a doctoral degree or a master's degree. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Others, such as [[Vanderbilt University]]'s Ph.D in Psychological Sciences is jointly housed across its two psychology departments.

Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] are some of the biggest private sector employers of quantitative psychologists. These companies also often provide internships to students in graduate school.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the American Psychological Association expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

==Research areas==
[[File:Social Red.jpg|200px|thumbnail|left|Example of a [[social network]] diagram.]]
Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focus on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

There are broadly two types of psychometric tests: aptitude tests, which are supposed to measure raw intellectual ability, and personality tests that aim to assess your character, temperament, and how you deal with problems.

Item response theory is based on the application of related [[mathematical model]]s to testing data. Because it is generally regarded as superior to [[classical test theory]], it is the preferred method for developing scales in the United States, especially when optimal decisions are demanded, as in so-called [[High-stakes testing|high-stakes tests]], e.g., the [[Graduate Record Examination]] (GRE) and [[Graduate Management Admission Test]] (GMAT).
{{clear}}

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include statistics, [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
{{Columns-list|2|
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Louis Guttman]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Quinn McNemar]]
* [[Jacqueline Meulman]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Robert L. Thorndike]]
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Steve West]]
}}

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-03-25T14:58:39Z

Staticshakedown: /* Research areas */ c.e

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and [[statistics|statistical analysis]] of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Psychological research has a long history of contributing to statistical applications and theory. Today, quantitative psychology is recognized as its own branch of psychology by the [[American Psychological Association]] (APA), with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities in Europe and North America. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology provides a unique skill set for solving both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|175px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity.<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|left|[[IQ]] scores represented by a [[normal distribution]].]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

===Criticism===
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. Many graduate schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R (programming language)|R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess a doctoral degree or a master's degree. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education.

Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] are some of the biggest private sector employers of quantitative psychologists. These companies also often provide internships to students in graduate school.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the American Psychological Association expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

==Research areas==
[[File:Social Red.jpg|200px|thumbnail|left|Example of a [[social network]] diagram.]]
Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focus on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

There are broadly two types of psychometric tests: aptitude tests, which are supposed to measure raw intellectual ability, and personality tests that aim to assess your character, temperament, and how you deal with problems.

Item response theory is based on the application of related [[mathematical model]]s to testing data. Because it is generally regarded as superior to [[classical test theory]], it is the preferred method for developing scales in the United States, especially when optimal decisions are demanded, as in so-called [[High-stakes testing|high-stakes tests]], e.g., the [[Graduate Record Examination]] (GRE) and [[Graduate Management Admission Test]] (GMAT).
{{clear}}

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include statistics, [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
{{Columns-list|2|
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]
}}

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-03-25T14:58:11Z

Staticshakedown: /* Statistical techniques */ cap

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and [[statistics|statistical analysis]] of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Psychological research has a long history of contributing to statistical applications and theory. Today, quantitative psychology is recognized as its own branch of psychology by the [[American Psychological Association]] (APA), with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities in Europe and North America. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology provides a unique skill set for solving both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|175px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity.<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|left|[[IQ]] scores represented by a [[normal distribution]].]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

===Criticism===
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. Many graduate schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R (programming language)|R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess a doctoral degree or a master's degree. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education.

Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] are some of the biggest private sector employers of quantitative psychologists. These companies also often provide internships to students in graduate school.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the American Psychological Association expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

==Research areas==
[[File:Social Red.jpg|200px|thumbnail|left|Example of a [[social network]] diagram.]]
Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focus on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

There are broadly two types of psychometric tests: aptitude tests, which are supposed to measure raw intellectual ability, and personality tests that aim to assess your character, temperament, and how you deal with problems.

Item response theory is based on the application of related [[mathematical model]]s to testing data. Because it is generally regarded as superior to [[classical test theory]], it is the preferred method for developing scales in the United States, especially when optimal decisions are demanded, as in so-called [[High-stakes testing|high-stakes tests]], e.g., the [[Graduate Record Examination]] (GRE) and [[Graduate Management Admission Test]] (GMAT).

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include statistics, [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
{{Columns-list|2|
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]
}}

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-03-25T14:56:57Z

Staticshakedown: /* Research areas */ img

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and [[statistics|statistical analysis]] of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Psychological research has a long history of contributing to statistical applications and theory. Today, quantitative psychology is recognized as its own branch of psychology by the [[American Psychological Association]] (APA), with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities in Europe and North America. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology provides a unique skill set for solving both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|175px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity.<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|left|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

===Criticism===
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. Many graduate schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R (programming language)|R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess a doctoral degree or a master's degree. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education.

Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] are some of the biggest private sector employers of quantitative psychologists. These companies also often provide internships to students in graduate school.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the American Psychological Association expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

==Research areas==
[[File:Social Red.jpg|200px|thumbnail|left|Example of a [[social network]] diagram.]]
Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focus on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

There are broadly two types of psychometric tests: aptitude tests, which are supposed to measure raw intellectual ability, and personality tests that aim to assess your character, temperament, and how you deal with problems.

Item response theory is based on the application of related [[mathematical model]]s to testing data. Because it is generally regarded as superior to [[classical test theory]], it is the preferred method for developing scales in the United States, especially when optimal decisions are demanded, as in so-called [[High-stakes testing|high-stakes tests]], e.g., the [[Graduate Record Examination]] (GRE) and [[Graduate Management Admission Test]] (GMAT).

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include statistics, [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
{{Columns-list|2|
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]
}}

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-03-25T14:54:57Z

Staticshakedown: clean up

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and [[statistics|statistical analysis]] of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Psychological research has a long history of contributing to statistical applications and theory. Today, quantitative psychology is recognized as its own branch of psychology by the [[American Psychological Association]] (APA), with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities in Europe and North America. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology provides a unique skill set for solving both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|175px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity.<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|left|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

===Criticism===
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. Many graduate schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R (programming language)|R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess a doctoral degree or a master's degree. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education.

Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] are some of the biggest private sector employers of quantitative psychologists. These companies also often provide internships to students in graduate school.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the American Psychological Association expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

==Research areas==
Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focus on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

There are broadly two types of psychometric tests: aptitude tests, which are supposed to measure raw intellectual ability, and personality tests that aim to assess your character, temperament, and how you deal with problems.

Item response theory is based on the application of related [[mathematical model]]s to testing data. Because it is generally regarded as superior to [[classical test theory]], it is the preferred method for developing scales in the United States, especially when optimal decisions are demanded, as in so-called [[High-stakes testing|high-stakes tests]], e.g., the [[Graduate Record Examination]] (GRE) and [[Graduate Management Admission Test]] (GMAT).

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include statistics, [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
{{Columns-list|2|
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]
}}

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-03-25T14:50:32Z

Staticshakedown: /* Research areas */ exp

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and [[statistics|statistical analysis]] of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Psychological research has a long history of contributing to statistical applications and theory. Today, quantitative psychology is recognized as its own branch of psychology by the [[American Psychological Association]] (APA), with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities in Europe and North America. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology provides a unique skill set for solving both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|175px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity.<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|left|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. Many graduate schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R (programming language)|R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess a doctoral degree or a master's degree. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education.

Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] are some of the biggest private sector employers of quantitative psychologists. These companies also often provide internships to students in graduate school.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the American Psychological Association expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include statistics, [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Research areas==
Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focus on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

===Psychometric tests===
There are broadly two types of psychometric tests: aptitude tests, which are supposed to measure raw intellectual ability, and personality tests that aim to assess your character, temperament, and how you deal with problems.

Item response theory is based on the application of related [[mathematical model]]s to testing data. Because it is generally regarded as superior to [[classical test theory]], it is the preferred method for developing scales in the United States, especially when optimal decisions are demanded, as in so-called [[High-stakes testing|high-stakes tests]], e.g., the [[Graduate Record Examination]] (GRE) and [[Graduate Management Admission Test]] (GMAT).

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-03-25T14:48:12Z

Staticshakedown: intro

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and [[statistics|statistical analysis]] of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Psychological research has a long history of contributing to statistical applications and theory. Today, quantitative psychology is recognized as its own branch of psychology by the [[American Psychological Association]] (APA), with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities in Europe and North America. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology provides a unique skill set for solving both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|175px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity.<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|left|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. Many graduate schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R (programming language)|R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess a doctoral degree or a master's degree. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education.

Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] are some of the biggest private sector employers of quantitative psychologists. These companies also often provide internships to students in graduate school.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the American Psychological Association expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include statistics, [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Research areas==
Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focus on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Item response theory is based on the application of related [[mathematical model]]s to testing data. Because it is generally regarded as superior to [[classical test theory]], it is the preferred method for developing scales in the United States, especially when optimal decisions are demanded, as in so-called [[High-stakes testing|high-stakes tests]], e.g., the [[Graduate Record Examination]] (GRE) and [[Graduate Management Admission Test]] (GMAT).

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-03-25T14:46:30Z

Staticshakedown: /* Professional organizations */ c/e

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and [[statistics|statistical analysis]] of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Psychological research has a long history of contributing to statistical applications and theory. Today, quantitative psychology is recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities in Europe and North America. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology provides a unique skill set for solving both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|175px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity.<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|left|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. Many graduate schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R (programming language)|R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess a doctoral degree or a master's degree. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education.

Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] are some of the biggest private sector employers of quantitative psychologists. These companies also often provide internships to students in graduate school.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include statistics, [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Research areas==
Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focus on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Item response theory is based on the application of related [[mathematical model]]s to testing data. Because it is generally regarded as superior to [[classical test theory]], it is the preferred method for developing scales in the United States, especially when optimal decisions are demanded, as in so-called [[High-stakes testing|high-stakes tests]], e.g., the [[Graduate Record Examination]] (GRE) and [[Graduate Management Admission Test]] (GMAT).

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-03-25T14:42:36Z

Staticshakedown: /* Graduate */ clean up

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and [[statistics|statistical analysis]] of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Psychological research has a long history of contributing to statistical applications and theory. Today, quantitative psychology is recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities in Europe and North America. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology provides a unique skill set for solving both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|175px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity.<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|left|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. Many graduate schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R (programming language)|R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess a doctoral degree or a master's degree. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education.

Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] are some of the biggest private sector employers of quantitative psychologists. These companies also often provide internships to students in graduate school.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Research areas==
Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focus on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Item response theory is based on the application of related [[mathematical model]]s to testing data. Because it is generally regarded as superior to [[classical test theory]], it is the preferred method for developing scales in the United States, especially when optimal decisions are demanded, as in so-called [[High-stakes testing|high-stakes tests]], e.g., the [[Graduate Record Examination]] (GRE) and [[Graduate Management Admission Test]] (GMAT).

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-03-25T14:38:08Z

Staticshakedown: /* Graduate */ breaks

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and [[statistics|statistical analysis]] of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Psychological research has a long history of contributing to statistical applications and theory. Today, quantitative psychology is recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities in Europe and North America. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology provides a unique skill set for solving both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|175px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity.<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|left|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. Many graduate schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R (programming language)|R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess a doctoral degree or a master's degree. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education.

Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Research areas==
Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focus on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Item response theory is based on the application of related [[mathematical model]]s to testing data. Because it is generally regarded as superior to [[classical test theory]], it is the preferred method for developing scales in the United States, especially when optimal decisions are demanded, as in so-called [[High-stakes testing|high-stakes tests]], e.g., the [[Graduate Record Examination]] (GRE) and [[Graduate Management Admission Test]] (GMAT).

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-03-25T14:36:23Z

Staticshakedown: /* Research areas */ clean up

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and [[statistics|statistical analysis]] of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Psychological research has a long history of contributing to statistical applications and theory. Today, quantitative psychology is recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities in Europe and North America. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology provides a unique skill set for solving both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|175px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity.<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|left|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. Many graduate schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R (programming language)|R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal master's degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Research areas==
Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focus on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Item response theory is based on the application of related [[mathematical model]]s to testing data. Because it is generally regarded as superior to [[classical test theory]], it is the preferred method for developing scales in the United States, especially when optimal decisions are demanded, as in so-called [[High-stakes testing|high-stakes tests]], e.g., the [[Graduate Record Examination]] (GRE) and [[Graduate Management Admission Test]] (GMAT).

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-03-25T14:32:00Z

Staticshakedown: /* Intelligence testing */ clean up

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and [[statistics|statistical analysis]] of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Psychological research has a long history of contributing to statistical applications and theory. Today, quantitative psychology is recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities in Europe and North America. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology provides a unique skill set for solving both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|175px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity.<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|left|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. Many graduate schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R (programming language)|R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal master's degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Research areas==
Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focus on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

===Educational measurement===
Item response theory is based on the application of related [[mathematical model]]s to testing data. Because it is generally regarded as superior to [[classical test theory]], it is the preferred method for developing scales in the United States, especially when optimal decisions are demanded, as in so-called [[High-stakes testing|high-stakes tests]], e.g., the [[Graduate Record Examination]] (GRE) and [[Graduate Management Admission Test]] (GMAT).

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-03-25T14:29:55Z

Staticshakedown: clean up

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and [[statistics|statistical analysis]] of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Psychological research has a long history of contributing to statistical applications and theory. Today, quantitative psychology is recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities in Europe and North America. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology provides a unique skill set for solving both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|175px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|left|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. Many graduate schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R (programming language)|R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal master's degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Research areas==
Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focus on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

===Educational measurement===
Item response theory is based on the application of related [[mathematical model]]s to testing data. Because it is generally regarded as superior to [[classical test theory]], it is the preferred method for developing scales in the United States, especially when optimal decisions are demanded, as in so-called [[High-stakes testing|high-stakes tests]], e.g., the [[Graduate Record Examination]] (GRE) and [[Graduate Management Admission Test]] (GMAT).

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-03-25T14:28:38Z

Staticshakedown: exp

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Psychological research has a long history of contributing to statistical applications and theory. Today, quantitative psychology is recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities in Europe and North America. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology provides a unique skill set for solving both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|175px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|left|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. Many graduate schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R (programming language)|R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal master's degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Research areas==
Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focus on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

===Educational measurement===
Item response theory is based on the application of related [[mathematical model]]s to testing data. Because it is generally regarded as superior to [[classical test theory]], it is the preferred method for developing scales in the United States, especially when optimal decisions are demanded, as in so-called [[High-stakes testing|high-stakes tests]], e.g., the [[Graduate Record Examination]] (GRE) and [[Graduate Management Admission Test]] (GMAT).

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-03-25T14:17:39Z

Staticshakedown: /* Undergraduate */ disambig

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focus on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Psychological research has a long history of contributing to statistical applications and theory. Today, quantitative psychology is recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities in Europe and North America. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|175px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. Many graduate schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R (programming language)|R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal master's degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-03-25T14:15:30Z

Staticshakedown: /* Shortage of qualified applicants */ clean up

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focus on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Psychological research has a long history of contributing to statistical applications and theory. Today, quantitative psychology is recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities in Europe and North America. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|175px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. Many graduate schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal master's degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-03-25T14:15:02Z

Staticshakedown: /* History */ img size

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focus on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Psychological research has a long history of contributing to statistical applications and theory. Today, quantitative psychology is recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities in Europe and North America. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|175px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. Many graduate schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal master's degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-03-25T14:14:05Z

Staticshakedown: /* Undergraduate */ clean up

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focus on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Psychological research has a long history of contributing to statistical applications and theory. Today, quantitative psychology is recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities in Europe and North America. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. Many graduate schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal master's degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-03-25T14:12:29Z

Staticshakedown: /* History */ clean up

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focus on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Psychological research has a long history of contributing to statistical applications and theory. Today, quantitative psychology is recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities in Europe and North America. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal master's degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-03-25T14:11:44Z

Staticshakedown: clean up

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focus on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Psychological research has a long history of contributing to statistical applications and theory. Today, quantitative psychology is recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities in Europe and North America. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
As opposed to qualitative research, quantitative research focuses on the examination of theories using techniques from mathematics and logic. Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal master's degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-03-25T14:11:07Z

Staticshakedown: clean up

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focus on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Psychological research has a long history of creating novel techniques in statistics. Today, quantitative psychology is recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities in Europe and North America. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
As opposed to qualitative research, quantitative research focuses on the examination of theories using techniques from mathematics and logic. Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal master's degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-03-25T14:08:58Z

Staticshakedown: intro

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research traditional and novel methods of [[psychometrics]], a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> At a general level, quantitative psychologists help create methods for all psychologists to test their hypotheses.

Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest.<ref name="Prinstein2012">{{cite book|author=Mitchell J. Prinstein|title=The Portable Mentor: Expert Guide to a Successful Career in Psychology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxbWtXF6QAgC&pg=PA24|date=31 August 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3993-6|page=24}}</ref> Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]], which focuses on education and [[intelligence testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Quantitative psychology is today recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
As opposed to qualitative research, quantitative research focuses on the examination of theories using techniques from mathematics and logic. Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721–734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}

===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal master's degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-01-19T13:17:53Z

Staticshakedown: intro clean up

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of [[scientific study]] that focuses on the research design and methodology, mathematical modeling, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychologists research [[psychometrics]], the study of test construction and validation, the general problems of the measurement of behavior; and the application of quantitative methods to research design and other methodological topics.<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Instructional Programs - Psychometrics and Quantitative Psychology|url=http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=87539|website=The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

Notable research areas in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]]. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]], [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Quantitative psychology is today recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
As opposed to qualitative research, quantitative research focuses on the examination of theories using techniques from mathematics and logic. Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1-3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721-734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}
===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal masters degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelors degrees, although some schools may require a masters degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-01-19T13:02:58Z

Staticshakedown: clean up

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of [[scientific study]] that focuses on the research design and methodology, mathematical modeling, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychology has two major subfields: [[psychometrics]] and [[mathematical psychology]]. Broadly, psychometrics focuses on measurement, and is generally more applied in focus than mathematical psychology. Notable areas of research in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]]. The focus of mathematical psychology is more theoretical and focused on modeling. Foci for mathematical psychologists include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]]. Other areas of research in quantitative psychology include [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Quantitative psychology is today recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
As opposed to qualitative research, quantitative research focuses on the examination of theories using techniques from mathematics and logic. Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1-3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721-734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}
===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal masters degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelors degrees, although some schools may require a masters degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-01-19T13:00:28Z

Staticshakedown: /* Shortage of qualified applicants */ expansion

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of [[scientific study]] that focuses on the research design and methodology, mathematical modeling, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychology has two major subfields: [[psychometrics]] and [[mathematical psychology]]. Broadly, psychometrics focuses on measurement, and is generally more applied in focus than mathematical psychology. Notable areas of research in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]]. The focus of mathematical psychology is more theoretical and focused on modeling. Foci for mathematical psychologists include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]]. Other areas of research in quantitative psychology include [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Quantitative psychology is today recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
As opposed to qualitative research, quantitative research focuses on the examination of theories using techniques from mathematics and logic. Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1-3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}
===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal masters degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelors degrees, although some schools may require a masters degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the [[American Psychologist]] journal. This article discussed the need for increased training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiken|first1=Leona S.|last2=West|first2=Stephen G.|title=Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology: A Survey of PhD Programs in North America|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1990|volume=45|issue=6|pages=721-734|url=http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF%27s/Aiken%20et%20al%20%281990%29_AmPsy.pdf|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-01-19T12:49:08Z

Staticshakedown: /* Shortage of qualified applicants */ expansion

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of [[scientific study]] that focuses on the research design and methodology, mathematical modeling, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychology has two major subfields: [[psychometrics]] and [[mathematical psychology]]. Broadly, psychometrics focuses on measurement, and is generally more applied in focus than mathematical psychology. Notable areas of research in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]]. The focus of mathematical psychology is more theoretical and focused on modeling. Foci for mathematical psychologists include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]]. Other areas of research in quantitative psychology include [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Quantitative psychology is today recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
As opposed to qualitative research, quantitative research focuses on the examination of theories using techniques from mathematics and logic. Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1-3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}
===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal masters degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelors degrees, although some schools may require a masters degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from [[Arizona State University]].

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-01-02T11:58:13Z

Staticshakedown: /* Statistical techniques */ disambig

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of [[scientific study]] that focuses on the research design and methodology, mathematical modeling, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychology has two major subfields: [[psychometrics]] and [[mathematical psychology]]. Broadly, psychometrics focuses on measurement, and is generally more applied in focus than mathematical psychology. Notable areas of research in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]]. The focus of mathematical psychology is more theoretical and focused on modeling. Foci for mathematical psychologists include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]]. Other areas of research in quantitative psychology include [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Quantitative psychology is today recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
As opposed to qualitative research, quantitative research focuses on the examination of theories using techniques from mathematics and logic. Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1-3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}
===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal masters degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelors degrees, although some schools may require a masters degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref>

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-01-01T22:21:50Z

Staticshakedown: /* See also */ adding link

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of [[scientific study]] that focuses on the research design and methodology, mathematical modeling, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychology has two major subfields: [[psychometrics]] and [[mathematical psychology]]. Broadly, psychometrics focuses on measurement, and is generally more applied in focus than mathematical psychology. Notable areas of research in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]]. The focus of mathematical psychology is more theoretical and focused on modeling. Foci for mathematical psychologists include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]]. Other areas of research in quantitative psychology include [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Quantitative psychology is today recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
As opposed to qualitative research, quantitative research focuses on the examination of theories using techniques from mathematics and logic. Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1-3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}
===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal masters degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelors degrees, although some schools may require a masters degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref>

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Detection theory]]
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-01-01T22:06:37Z

Staticshakedown: expansion

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of [[scientific study]] that focuses on the research design and methodology, mathematical modeling, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychology has two major subfields: [[psychometrics]] and [[mathematical psychology]]. Broadly, psychometrics focuses on measurement, and is generally more applied in focus than mathematical psychology. Notable areas of research in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]]. The focus of mathematical psychology is more theoretical and focused on modeling. Foci for mathematical psychologists include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]]. Other areas of research in quantitative psychology include [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Quantitative psychology is today recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
As opposed to qualitative research, quantitative research focuses on the examination of theories using techniques from mathematics and logic. Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

===Intelligence testing===
Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

===Statistical techniques===
[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
The most common mathematical techniques used by psychologists come from statistics. Classical statistics include the z-test and the binomial test. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900-1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fischer, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). However, a considerably larger number of tests were developed past 1965 (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) all have less than 20 years of existence.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousineau|first1=Denis|title=The rise of quantitative methods in psychology|journal=Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1-3|url=http://doe.concordia.ca/cslp/Downloads/PDF/The%20rise%20of%20..art.pdf|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}
===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal masters degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelors degrees, although some schools may require a masters degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref>

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-01-01T21:48:30Z

Staticshakedown: expansion

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of [[scientific study]] that focuses on the research design and methodology, mathematical modeling, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychology has two major subfields: [[psychometrics]] and [[mathematical psychology]]. Broadly, psychometrics focuses on measurement, and is generally more applied in focus than mathematical psychology. Notable areas of research in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]]. The focus of mathematical psychology is more theoretical and focused on modeling. Foci for mathematical psychologists include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]]. Other areas of research in quantitative psychology include [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Quantitative psychology is today recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

While a [[New York University]] professor of psychology, [[Jacob Cohen]] researched quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical [[meta-analysis]] and the methods of estimation statistics.<ref>[http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/04/04708608/0470860804-2.pdf Cohen's entry in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science]</ref> He gave his name to [[Cohen's kappa]] and [[Cohen's d]].

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}
===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantitative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal masters degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelors degrees, although some schools may require a masters degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref>

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-01-01T21:31:46Z

Staticshakedown: /* Criticism */ c/e

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of [[scientific study]] that focuses on the research design and methodology, mathematical modeling, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychology has two major subfields: [[psychometrics]] and [[mathematical psychology]]. Broadly, psychometrics focuses on measurement, and is generally more applied in focus than mathematical psychology. Notable areas of research in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]]. The focus of mathematical psychology is more theoretical and focused on modeling. Foci for mathematical psychologists include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]]. Other areas of research in quantitative psychology include [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Quantitative psychology is today recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}
===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantiative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal masters degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelors degrees, although some schools may require a masters degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as [[New York University]].

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref>

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometric techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-01-01T21:30:40Z

Staticshakedown: expansion

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of [[scientific study]] that focuses on the research design and methodology, mathematical modeling, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychology has two major subfields: [[psychometrics]] and [[mathematical psychology]]. Broadly, psychometrics focuses on measurement, and is generally more applied in focus than mathematical psychology. Notable areas of research in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]]. The focus of mathematical psychology is more theoretical and focused on modeling. Foci for mathematical psychologists include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]]. Other areas of research in quantitative psychology include [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Quantitative psychology is today recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}
===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantiative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal masters degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelors degrees, although some schools may require a masters degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as [[New York University]].

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref>

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Criticism==
There have been critiques about the use of quantitative methods in psychological research. Notably, Professor Joel Michell from the [[University of Sydney]] has written extensively on the use and misuse of psychometrics techniques.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* ''[[Measuring the Mind]]''
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-01-01T21:23:12Z

Staticshakedown: Undid revision 640561661 by Staticshakedown (talk)

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of [[scientific study]] that focuses on the research design and methodology, mathematical modeling, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychology has two major subfields: [[psychometrics]] and [[mathematical psychology]]. Broadly, psychometrics focuses on measurement, and is generally more applied in focus than mathematical psychology. Notable areas of research in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]]. The focus of mathematical psychology is more theoretical and focused on modeling. Foci for mathematical psychologists include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]]. Other areas of research in quantitative psychology include [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Quantitative psychology is today recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}
===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantiative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal masters degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelors degrees, although some schools may require a masters degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as [[New York University]].

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref>

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Behavior analysis]]
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-01-01T21:22:03Z

Staticshakedown: intro

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of [[scientific study]] that focuses on the research design and methods, mathematical modeling, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychology has two major subfields: [[psychometrics]] and [[mathematical psychology]]. Broadly, psychometrics focuses on measurement, and is generally more applied in focus than mathematical psychology. Notable areas of research in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]]. The focus of mathematical psychology is more theoretical and focused on modeling. Foci for mathematical psychologists include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]]. Other areas of research in quantitative psychology include [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Quantitative psychology is today recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}
===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantiative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal masters degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-01-01T21:18:58Z

Staticshakedown: /* Undergraduate */ clean u

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of [[scientific study]] that focuses on the research design and methodology, mathematical modeling, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychology has two major subfields: [[psychometrics]] and [[mathematical psychology]]. Broadly, psychometrics focuses on measurement, and is generally more applied in focus than mathematical psychology. Notable areas of research in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]]. The focus of mathematical psychology is more theoretical and focused on modeling. Foci for mathematical psychologists include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]]. Other areas of research in quantitative psychology include [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Quantitative psychology is today recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}
===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantiative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal masters degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelors degrees, although some schools may require a masters degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as [[New York University]].

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref>

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Behavior analysis]]
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-01-01T21:16:04Z

Staticshakedown: images

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of [[scientific study]] that focuses on the research design and methodology, mathematical modeling, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychology has two major subfields: [[psychometrics]] and [[mathematical psychology]]. Broadly, psychometrics focuses on measurement, and is generally more applied in focus than mathematical psychology. Notable areas of research in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]]. The focus of mathematical psychology is more theoretical and focused on modeling. Foci for mathematical psychologists include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]]. Other areas of research in quantitative psychology include [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Quantitative psychology is today recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}
===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastering an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] will be useful for graduate school.

===Graduate===
[[File:Peabodyvu.JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Peabody College]] (''pictured'') at [[Vanderbilt University]] houses their Quantiative Methods program.]]
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal masters degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelors degrees, although some schools may require a masters degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as [[New York University]].

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref>

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Behavior analysis]]
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-01-01T21:06:49Z

Staticshakedown: /* History */ images

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of [[scientific study]] that focuses on the research design and methodology, mathematical modeling, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychology has two major subfields: [[psychometrics]] and [[mathematical psychology]]. Broadly, psychometrics focuses on measurement, and is generally more applied in focus than mathematical psychology. Notable areas of research in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]]. The focus of mathematical psychology is more theoretical and focused on modeling. Foci for mathematical psychologists include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]]. Other areas of research in quantitative psychology include [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Quantitative psychology is today recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|[[Francis Galton]]'s [[correlation]] diagram, 1875.]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

[[File:IQ curve.svg|250px|thumbnail|right|Current IQ tests typically have standard scores such that the mean score is 100 with each standard deviation from the mean counting for 15 IQ points.]]
In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}
===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastering an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] will be useful for graduate school.

===Graduate===
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal masters degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelors degrees, although some schools may require a masters degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as [[New York University]].

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref>

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Behavior analysis]]
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-01-01T21:00:55Z

Staticshakedown: /* History */ c/e

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of [[scientific study]] that focuses on the research design and methodology, mathematical modeling, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychology has two major subfields: [[psychometrics]] and [[mathematical psychology]]. Broadly, psychometrics focuses on measurement, and is generally more applied in focus than mathematical psychology. Notable areas of research in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]]. The focus of mathematical psychology is more theoretical and focused on modeling. Foci for mathematical psychologists include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]]. Other areas of research in quantitative psychology include [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Quantitative psychology is today recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Galton's correlation diagram, 1875. Galton independently discovered the concept of [[correlation]].]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] he proposed were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}
===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastering an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] will be useful for graduate school.

===Graduate===
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal masters degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelors degrees, although some schools may require a masters degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as [[New York University]].

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref>

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Behavior analysis]]
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-01-01T20:57:46Z

Staticshakedown: /* See also */ expansion

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of [[scientific study]] that focuses on the research design and methodology, mathematical modeling, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychology has two major subfields: [[psychometrics]] and [[mathematical psychology]]. Broadly, psychometrics focuses on measurement, and is generally more applied in focus than mathematical psychology. Notable areas of research in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]]. The focus of mathematical psychology is more theoretical and focused on modeling. Foci for mathematical psychologists include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]]. Other areas of research in quantitative psychology include [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Quantitative psychology is today recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Galton's correlation diagram, 1875. Galton independently discovered the concept of [[correlation]].]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] created were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}
===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastering an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] will be useful for graduate school.

===Graduate===
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal masters degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelors degrees, although some schools may require a masters degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as [[New York University]].

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref>

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Behavior analysis]]
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Quantitative psychological research]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-01-01T20:54:09Z

Staticshakedown: /* See also */ expansio

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of [[scientific study]] that focuses on the research design and methodology, mathematical modeling, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychology has two major subfields: [[psychometrics]] and [[mathematical psychology]]. Broadly, psychometrics focuses on measurement, and is generally more applied in focus than mathematical psychology. Notable areas of research in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]]. The focus of mathematical psychology is more theoretical and focused on modeling. Foci for mathematical psychologists include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]]. Other areas of research in quantitative psychology include [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Quantitative psychology is today recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Galton's correlation diagram, 1875. Galton independently discovered the concept of [[correlation]].]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] created were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}
===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastering an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] will be useful for graduate school.

===Graduate===
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal masters degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelors degrees, although some schools may require a masters degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as [[New York University]].

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref>

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Behavior analysis]]
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-01-01T20:51:27Z

Staticshakedown: clean up

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of [[scientific study]] that focuses on the research design and methodology, mathematical modeling, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychology has two major subfields: [[psychometrics]] and [[mathematical psychology]]. Broadly, psychometrics focuses on measurement, and is generally more applied in focus than mathematical psychology. Notable areas of research in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]]. The focus of mathematical psychology is more theoretical and focused on modeling. Foci for mathematical psychologists include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]]. Other areas of research in quantitative psychology include [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Quantitative psychology is today recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Galton's correlation diagram, 1875. Galton independently discovered the concept of [[correlation]].]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], [[Wilhelm Wundt]], and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] are recognized as some of the founders of modern experimental psychology. In particular, Fechner demonstrated that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] created were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}
===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastering an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] will be useful for graduate school.

===Graduate===
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the United States and Canada. Select universities also offer terminal masters degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelors degrees, although some schools may require a masters degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as [[New York University]].

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref>

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]

Quantitative Psychologie

2015-01-01T20:48:56Z

Staticshakedown: /* See also */ expansion

{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Quantitative psychology''' is a field of [[scientific study]] that focuses on the research design and methodology, mathematical modeling, and statistical analysis of human attributes and psychological processes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantitative Psychology|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/index.aspx|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Quantitative psychology has two major subfields: [[psychometrics]] and [[mathematical psychology]]. Broadly, psychometrics focuses on measurement, and is generally more applied in focus than mathematical psychology. Notable areas of research in psychometrics include [[item response theory]] and [[computer adaptive testing]]. The focus of mathematical psychology is more theoretical and focused on modeling. Foci for mathematical psychologists include modeling psychological processes through [[time series]] analysis, such as in [[fMRI]] data collection, and [[structural equation modeling]]. Other areas of research in quantitative psychology include [[social network analysis]], [[decision theory|human decision science]], and [[statistical genetics]].

Quantitative psychology is today recognized as its own branch of psychology, with doctoral degree programs awarded in this specialization in some universities. Quantitative psychologists have traditionally been in very high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their combined training in both [[social science]] and quantitative methodology gives them a unique skill set and enables them to bring their knowledge to bear on both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas. Companies that produce [[standardized tests]] such as [[College Board]], [[Educational Testing Service]], and [[American College Testing]] often provide jobs and internships to students and professionals in quantitative psychology.

==History==
[[File:Galton's correlation diagram 1875.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Galton's correlation diagram, 1875. Galton independently discovered the concept of [[correlation]].]]
Quantitative psychology has its roots in early [[experimental psychology]] when the scientific method was first applied to psychological phenomena. [[Gustav Fechner]], along with [[Wilhelm Wundt]] and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]], is recognized as one of the founders of modern experimental psychology. Fechner's clearest contribution was the demonstration that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as [[Immanuel Kant]] had previously stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.

Quantitative psychology as a discipline has a history in mental testing, especially [[intelligence testing]], and behavioral measurement. The English statistician [[Francis Galton]] made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of psychometrics and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean [[History of genetics#Post-Mendel, pre-re-discovery|genes]], although he did develop several pre-Mendelian theories of particulate inheritance).<ref>Bulmer, M. (1999). The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 32''(3), 263-292. Cowan, R. S. (1972). Francis Galton's contribution to genetics. ''Journal of the History of Biology, 5''(2), 389-412. See also Burbridge, D. (2001). Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class. ''British Journal for the History of Science, 34''(3), 323-340.</ref> He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other desirable traits like good [[reflex]]es, [[muscle]] grip, and [[Craniometry#Bertillon, Galton and criminology|head size]].<ref>Fancher, R. E. (1983). Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology. ''Isis, 74''(2), 227-233.</ref> He set up the first mental testing centre in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories.

In 1946, psychologist [[Stanley Smith Stevens]] introduced a theory of levels of measurement in a paper that is often used by statisticians today.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 7, 1946 |last=Stevens |first=Stanley Smith |title=On the Theory of Scales of Measurement |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=103 |issue=2684 |pages=677–680 |doi=10.1126/science.103.2684.677 |pmid=17750512 |url=http://www.mpopa.ro/statistica_licenta/Stevens_Measurement.pdf |accessdate=September 16, 2010}}</ref> The [[Level of measurement|levels of measurement]] created were Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval.

==Education and training==
{{main|List of schools for quantitative psychology}}
===Undergraduate===
Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. While most graduate schools do not require prerequisite coursework, many schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of [[calculus]] (including [[multivariate calculus]]) and a course in [[linear algebra]]. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as [[economics]] and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the [[University of Kansas]] offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undergraduate Minor in Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology|url=http://www2.ku.edu/~distinction/cgi-bin/social-behavioral-sciences|website=University of Kansas|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastering an [[object-oriented programming language]] or learning to write code in [[SPSS]] or [[R]] will be useful for graduate school.

===Graduate===
Quantitative psychologists may possess an [[eponymous]] doctoral degree, or a degree in a closely related field such as [[Industrial/Organizational Psychology]]. These degrees are commonly offered by universities in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]]. Select universities also offer terminal masters degrees, such as the terminal [[Master of Education]] in "Quantitative Methods" at [[Vanderbilt University]]. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's [[college of education]] or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in [[educational research]] and psychometrics are often part of education or [[educational psychology]] departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the [[University of Florida]] or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the [[University of Washington]] has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Universities with a mathematical focus include [[McGill University]]'s "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and [[Purdue University]]'s "Mathematical and Computational Cognitive Science" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as [[biostatistics]] or [[computational neuroscience]].

Doctoral programs typical accept students with only bachelors degrees, although some schools may require a masters degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Masters of Art in Psychology, Masters of Science in Statistics or [[Applied statistics]], or both.

Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as [[New York University]].

====Shortage of qualified applicants====
In August 2005, the [[American Psychological Association]] expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings.<ref>[http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists], page 1. ''American Psychological Association''. Retrieved February 15, 2012</ref> Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from [[Asia]]n countries, especially [[South Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name="taskforce">{{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref>

For various reasons, some universities have stopped offering quantitative psychology degrees. Notably, the [[University of Chicago]] used to offer a degree in "Research Methodology and Quantitative Psychology" and the [[University of Toronto]] used to offer a degree in "Educational Measurement".

==Professional organizations==
Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the [[American Psychological Association]] (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the [[Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]], and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include [[statistics]], [[mathematics]], educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably ''[[Psychometrika]]'', ''Multivariate Behavioral Research'', ''Structural Equation Modeling'' and ''Psychological Methods''.

==Notable people==
The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:
* [[Louis Leon Thurstone]]
* [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]]
* [[Helen M. Walker]]
* [[Frederic M. Lord]]
* [[Pip Pattison]]
* [[Gwyneth Boodoo]]

==See also==
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[WinBUGS]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Report of the Task Force for Increasing the Number of Quantitative Psychologists|url=http://www.apa.org/research/tools/quantitative/quant-task-force-report.pdf|website=American Psychological Association|accessdate=13 December 2014}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychometrics]]
[[Category:Branches of psychology]]
[[Category:Quantitative analysis of behavior]]
[[Category:Quantitative research]]