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Bourchier’s Castle

2006-11-25T05:38:58Z

Spellmaster: fixing link using AWB

[[Image:Lough gur.jpg|thumb|250px|Lough Gur reaches up to a maintained lawn at the visitor area at the lake. The clump of trees jutting out into the water hide the site of a [[crannog]]. Note the cloudiness, which is typical.]]
'''Lough Gur''' is a [[lake]] in [[County Limerick]], [[Ireland]] near the town of [[Bruff]]. The lake forms a [[horseshoe]] shape at the base of Knockadoon Hill and some rugged elevated countryside. It is one of Ireland's most important archeological sites. Man has been present in Lough Gur since about 3000 BC and there are numerous megalithic remains here.

The largest stone circle in Ireland, at Grange is located near the lake. The remains of at least three [[crannog]]s are present, and remains of stone-age houses have been unearthed (the house outlines are known as "The Spectacles"). A number of [[ring fort]]s are found in the area, with one (a [[hill fort]]) sitting atop the hill that overlooks the lake. Some are [[Irish national monument]]s.

A visitors' centre is open beside Lough Gur, along with a carpark and picnic area. The location is pleasant, particularly in the summer months. A gradual shore-line is present at the visitor area, with a shallow section of lake reaching up to the maintained lawn. As a result, the area is often used for watersports. Motorised craft are banned on the lake.

There is a [[castle]], or [[tower house]] - closed to visitors - near the entrance to the carpark. Named '''Bourchier's Castle''' after [[George Bourchier|Sir George Bourchier]], the son of the second [[Earl of Bath]],<ref name="okelly">''Illustrated Guide to Lough Gur'', Kelly, M. J. and Kelly, C. [[1981]]. Published by Houston, [[Cork (city)|Cork]].</ref> it lies at the neck of the peninsula around which the lake washes. There is some other architecture dating from more recent times, with the ruins of an early Christian church by the road leading down to the lake. At the far end of the lake are the ruins of a Norman castle, '''Black Castle''',<ref name="okelly" /> which is reached by a hill-side walk along the east side of the lake and with a walled enclosure and a causeway leading up to the entrance gate: this is one of the keeps used during the [[Desmond Rebellions]], and is probably the place where the [[Earl of Desmond]] secured his authority in 1573 after casting off his English apparel and donning Irish garments on his return to Munster from London.

Other archaeological sites are also found nearby, including the [[Grange stone circle]], and a [[portal tomb]].

==See also==
*[[Early history of Ireland]]
*[[List of Irish loughs and lochs]]

==References==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>

{{Historic Irish houses}}

[[Category:Loughs of Limerick|Gur]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in the Republic of Ireland]]

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Black Castle (County Limerick)

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Nenagh Castle

2006-11-24T19:16:28Z

Spellmaster: fix link due to page move, Replaced: Cork → Cork using AWB

{{Infobox Irish Place|
name = Nenagh |
gaeilge = An tAonach |
crest image = |
motto = |
map image = Ireland map County Tipperary Magnified.png |
pin coords = left: 31px; top: 41px |
north coord = 52.866228|
west coord = 8.198204 |
irish grid = R865787 |
area = |
elevation = 72 m (236 ft) |
province = Munster |
county = [[County Tipperary]] |
town pop = 6,121 |
rural pop = 333 |
census yr = 2002 |
web = www.nenaghtc.ie |
|}}
'''Nenagh''' (''Aonach Urmhumhan'' in [[Irish language|Irish]]) is the largest town in [[North Tipperary]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], with a population in [[2006]] of 7,424.<ref name=CSO>http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/2006_prelim_table04.pdf</ref> It lies on the Nenagh River, which empties into [[Lough Derg (Munster)|Lough Derg]] at [[Dromineer]], 9 km to the north-west, a popular centre for sailing and other water sports.

The Silvermines mountains lie to the south of the town, with the highest peak being Sliabh Ciamalta (Keeper Hill) at 694m. The Silvermines Mountains have witnessed mining for silver and base metals on and off over seven hundred years. Traces of 19th century mine workings remain.

Originally a market town – its full name in Irish, ''Aonach Urmhumhan'', means "Ormonde (East Munster) Fair" – Nenagh is today a busy commercial town.

Chief amongst the town's attractions is [[#Nenagh Castle|Nenagh Castle]], constructed by the Fitzwalter (also known as Butler) family in the [[13th Century]],
<ref name=Murphy1>{{cite book
| last = Murphy
| first = Nancy
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Nenagh Castle: Chronology and Architecture
| publisher = Relay Books
| date = 1993
| location =
| url =
| doi =
| id = ISBN 0-946327-10-6 }}
</ref>
and one of the finest of its kind in Ireland.

Also worth a visit is the ruined [[Franciscan]] [[abbey]], which was built in [[1212]] in the reign of [[Henry III]] and was one of the richest religious houses in Ireland.<ref name=Murphy2>{{cite book
| last = Murphy
| first = Nancy
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Walkabout Nenagh
| publisher = Relay Books
| date = 1994
| location =
| url =
| doi =
| id = ISBN 0-946327-12-2 }}</ref> It was in use for six hundred years, Fr. Patrick Harty, who died in [[1817]], being its last inhabitant.

The town is governed by Nenagh Town Council.

== History ==
{{ Expandsection }}
The town was one of the ancient manors of the Butlers who received the grant of a fair from [[Henry VIII]].

In [[1550]] the town and friary were burned by O'Carroll.

In [[1641]] the town was captured by [[Owen Roe O'Neill]], but shortly afterwards it was recaptured by Lord Inchiquin.

It surrendered to [[Henry Ireton|Ireton]] in [[1651]] during the [[Cromwellian]] period and was burned by [[Patrick Sarsfield|Sarsfield]] in [[1688]] during the [[Williamite war in Ireland|Williamite Wars]].

== Major Buildings ==
=== Nenagh Castle ===
[[Image:Nenagh Castle.jpg|thumb|right|Nenagh Castle]]
This fine Norman Keep was built c[[1200]] by Theobald Fitzwalter the first Butler and completed by his son also Theobald c[[1220]].
<ref name=Murphy1> </ref>
The Butlers later became [[Earl of Ormonde|Earls of Ormonde]] and Nenagh remained their principal seat until 1391 when the seat was moved to [[Kilkenny Castle]] where it remains to this day.
A project is currently under way to develop the castle and its surrounds. This project will position the castle as the main tourist attraction in the area.
The keep is over thirty metres high, and has a base of sixteen metres.

The crown of mock crenellations and ring of clerestory windows were added at the instigation of Rev. William Flannery in [[1861]]. The intention was that the keep would become the bell-tower of a [[E.W. Pugin|Pugin]]-designed cathedral which was never built.
<ref name=Murphy1> </ref>
Though not true to historic character these additions have ensured the iconic status of the keep which ensures that it features on the logos of many local clubs and businesses.

=== St Mary's of the Rosary Catholic Church ===
This neo-gothic church was built in [[1895]] to a design by architect Walter G Doolin.
<ref name=Cotter1>{{cite book
| last = Cotter
| first = Rev. Pat
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = St. Mary's of the Rosary, Nenagh, 1896-1990
| publisher =
| date = 1990
| location =
| url =
| doi =
| id = }}
</ref>
It was constructed by John Sisk using Lahorna stone and Portroe slate with the Portland stone of the arches being the only imported material.<ref name=Cotter1> </ref>

=== St Marys Church of Ireland Church ===
The adjacent Church of Ireland church was built in [[1862]] to a design by the architect Joseph Welland.<ref name=Murphy2> </ref>
It is striking in its simplicity in contrast to its larger and more ornate neighbour.

=== Courthouse ===
[[Image:Nenagh Courthouse.JPG|thumb|right|Nenagh Courthouse]]
Nenagh Courthouse was built in [[1843]] to the design of Architect John B Keane.<ref name=Murphy2> </ref> The design was similar to his previous courthouse in [[Tullamore]] which in turn followed William Morrison's designs for [[Carlow]] and [[Tralee]].<ref name=Murphy2> </ref> The courthouse has recently been refurbished following the moving of the County Council offices to the new Civic Offices.

The grounds of the refurbished courthouse nearby have recently become the site of bronze sculptures of [[:Image:Nenagh olympic.jpg|three Olympic gold medallists]] with Nenagh links.

=== Gaol and Governors House ===
The old gaol, with its beautiful octagonal governor's residence, has been happily reduced to the status of an historic monument. Only one Gaol block remains intact. The Governor's Residence and Gaol Gatehouse currently house Nenagh & District Heritage Centre.

=== New Civic Offices ===
New Civic Offices have recently opened on the [[Limerick]] Road housing both [[North Tipperary]] County Council and Nenagh Town Council. Designed by Ahrends Burton & Koralek, they have won international recognition for their striking modern design.
<ref name=ABK>http://www.abk.co.uk/projects/recent/NorthTipp.htm</ref>

=== Town Hall ===
[[Image:Banba Square.JPG|thumb|right|The Town Hall in Banba Square]]
This distinctive building, which until 2005 housed the offices of Nenagh Town Council and up until the 1980s Nenagh Public Library, was built in 1895 and designed by the then Town Engineer Robert Gill (father of [[Tomás Mac Giolla]]).<ref name=Murphy2> </ref>

==Transport==
===Road===
Nenagh is situated on the [[R445 road|R445]] [[Regional Road]], which links it to the [[N7 road|N7]] [[Roads in Ireland#National Primary Routes|National Primary Route]] (which bypasses the town to the south) between [[Limerick, Ireland|Limerick]] and [[Dublin]], as well as the [[N52 road|N52]] [[National Secondary Route]] to [[Birr]] (and through the Midlands to [[Dundalk]]).

===Rail===
Nenagh has a station on the [[railway]] line between [[Limerick]] and [[Ballybrophy]]. Passengers can connect at Ballybrophy to trains heading northeast to [[Dublin]] or southwest to [[Cork (city)|Cork]] or [[Tralee]].

The railway line is lightly used due to low passenger numbers. Lack of upkeep means the line is restricted to speeds of 25 miles per hour (40 kilometers per hour) and the existing [[trains]] are poorly timetabled for [[commuters]]. A committee (the '''Nenagh Rail Steering Committee''') working in conjunction with Irish Railway News, had a meeting with [[Iarnród Éireann]] on [[September 1]] [[2005]] to present the results of a traffic study funded by Nenagh Town Council and [[North Tipperary County Council]], and to seek a morning and evening service between Nenagh and Limerick which would increase commuter traffic. [[Iarnród Éireann]] agreed to delay an afternoon service from the [[December 2005]] timetable and to work towards an early service when equipment permitted from [[2007]].

== Sports ==
Nenagh has a strong local sporting culture.

=== GAA ===
[[Image:Nenaghflag.png|thumb|right|Nenagh Éire Óg Colours]]
[[Nenagh Éire Óg GAA|Éire Óg Nenagh]] is the local [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] club and has had a deal of success in County Championships in both football and hurling. The club has been strongly represented on All-Ireland winning Tipperary hurling teams with players such as Mick Byrne, Michael Cleary, John Heffernan and Conor Donovan.

=== Rugby ===
Local [[Rugby Union]] club [[Nenagh Ormond]] RFC were promoted to the third division of the Rugby [[AIB League]] in 2005. The club has produced two full Irish International players: Tony Courtney in the 1920s and more recently Trevor Hogan.

=== Athletics ===
The local athletic club Nenagh Olympic were named after three men ([[Johnny Hayes]], [[Matt McGrath]] and [[Bob Tisdall]]) with Nenagh connections who won [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] Gold Medals and the badge of the club is three interlocking Olympic Rings in green, white and orange. A statue of the three has been erected in Banba Square in the grounds of the Courthouse. The club has produced many fine athletes including recently Gary Ryan who also represented Ireland at the Olympics. The club also possesses Ireland's first and to date only international standard [[indoor athletics]] track at Tyone.

== Famous People with Nenagh Connections ==
*[[Helen Maria Bayly]] - wife of [[Irish people|Irish]] [[mathematics|mathematician]] [[William Rowan Hamilton]].
*[[J.D. Bernal]] - scientist
*[[Patrick Donohoe]] - [[Irish people|Irish]] recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]]
*[[John Doyle (critic)|John Doyle]] - journalist with [[Canada|Canada's]] [[Globe and Mail]]
*[[Bernadette Flynn]] - [[Irish dance|Irish dancer]]
*Julian Gough - novelist and singer with [[Toasted Heretic]]
*[[Johnny Hayes]] - Olympic Marathon gold-medalist
*[[Jack Jones (politician)|Jack Jones]] - British Labour politician
*Seán Kenny - Theatre Designer
*[[Tomás Mac Giolla]] - Leader of [[The Workers Party (Ireland)|the Workers Party]] and [[Lord Mayor of Dublin]]
*[[Shane MacGowan]] - singer and songwriter
*[[Matt McGrath]] - Olympic Hammer-throwing gold-medalist
*[[Daniel Morrissey|Dan Morrissey]] - Government Minister
*[[Michael O'Kennedy]] - Government Minister and [[List of European Commissioners from Ireland|European Commissioner]]
*[[Mary Redmond]] - Sculptor
*[[Alec Reid|Father Alec Reid]] - Facilitator of the [[Northern Ireland peace process]]
*[[Bob Tisdall]] - Olympic 400m hurdles gold-medalist

== References ==
{{1911}}
<references/>

==See also==
*[[Towns of the Republic of Ireland]]
*[[Nenagh Guardian]]
*[[Ardcrony]]

==External links==
*[http://www.nenagh.net/ Nenagh Community Bulletin Board] (community and business information)
*[http://www.nenaghtc.ie/ Nenagh Town Council]

[[Category:Towns in Tipperary]]

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Spranger Barry

2006-11-24T18:38:45Z

Spellmaster: fix link due to page move, Replaced: Cork → Cork using AWB

'''Spranger Barry''' ([[November 23]], [[1719]] – [[January 10]], [[1777]]), [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[actor]], was born in [[Dublin]], the son of a [[silversmith]], to whose business he was brought up. His first appearance on the stage was at the [[Theatre Royal, Dublin|Theatre Royal,Smock Alley]] on the [[February 5]], [[1744]], and his engagement at once increased its prosperity. His first [[London]] appearance was made in [[1746]] as Othello at [[Drury Lane]]. Here his talents were speedily recognized, and in ''[[Hamlet]]'' and ''[[Macbeth]]'' he alternated with Garrick, arousing the latter's jealousy by his success as Romeo. This resulted in his leaving Drury Lane for [[Covent Garden]] in [[1750]], accompanied by [[Susannah Maria Arne|Mrs Cibber]], his Juliet. Both houses now at once put on ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' for a series of rival performances, and Barry's impersonation was preferred by the critics to Garrick's.

In [[1758]] Barry built the [[Crow Street theatre]], [[Dublin]], and later a new theatre in [[Cork (city)|Cork]], but he was not successful as a manager and returned to [[London]] to play at the [[Haymarket Theatre]], then under the management of Foote. As his second wife, he married in [[1768]] the actress [[Ann Street Barry|Mrs Dancer]] ([[1734]]-[[1801]]), and he and Mrs Barry played under Garrick's management, Barry appearing in [[1767]], after ten years absence from the stage, in ''[[Othello]]'', his greatest part. In [[1774]] they both moved to Covent Garden, where Barry remained until his death.

[[Category:1719 births|Barry, Spranger]]
[[Category:1777 deaths|Barry, Spranger]]

{{actor-stub}}

Pythiaceae

2006-11-16T19:44:01Z

Spellmaster: Repairing link to disambiguation page - You can help!, added uncategorised tag using AWB

{{Taxobox
| color = khaki
| name = ''Pythiaceae''
| regnum = [[Protist]]a
| phylum = [[Heterokont]]ophyta
| classis = [[Water mould|Oomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Pythiales]]
| family = Pythiaceae
}}

'''Pythiaceae''' is family of [[water mould]]s.

*Includes the infamous fungi [[Phytopthora]], the "plant-killer"; and, the serious plant [[pathogen]], [[Pythium]].

==Lifecycle==
*Live on land ([[terrestrial]]), and in water ([[aquatic]]), and a combination of the two, (amphibious)
*Live as deadly [[parasites]], causing some of the more serious plant diseases when terrestrial.
*The [[diploid]] (2N) lifestage predominates, with a short [[haplophase]] initiated during [[sexual reproduction]] as well as [[asexual reproduction]] ([[homothallism]] predominates in the Family) to fuse [[gamete]]s.
==Reproduction==
*The [[sporangia]] germinate via a [[germ tube]], rather than by release of [[zoospore]]s

==Economic Importance==
*This plant has been known to cause [[damping-off disease]]s in young plants (seedlings).

{{Uncategorized|November 2006}}

{{Protist-stub}}

Nationalpark Cotacachi Cayapas

2006-11-16T19:37:34Z

Spellmaster: Repairing link to disambiguation page - You can help! using AWB

'''Cotacachi Cayapas Reserve''' contains 752,235 acres of land and is located in the [[Imbabura Province]] of [[Ecuador]] 87,6 miles from [[Quito]]. This [[nature reserve]] is partly [[rainforest]]. The park is mix of many biological zones but, the Andeean (average 15 C) and Sub-tropical (average 25) zones are most common. The symbol of the reserve is a [[condor]]. This is one of the many protected areas in [[Ecuador]]

This reserve is a part of the [[Ecuadorian]] system of reserves and preserve and extends from the mountains of the Sierra to the western edge of the coastal rain forest in the [[Esmeraldas]] region. This region has not been extensively farmed and replanted with [[eucalyptus]] or [[pine]] trees, as so much of the [[interandean highlands]] have been, so the preservation of the plant species here is a very important effort. The plants here have evolved adaptations to high altitude (reduced water availability, low temperatures and high winds), but since the conditions here are not as severe as those at higher altitudes, the adaptations these plants are not as extreme as those of the paramo, at 3600-4800 meters.



==Ecosystems==
The reserve is particularly important because it safeguards one of the few remaining examples of [[Ecuador|Ecuador's]] [[rainforest|coastal rainforest]], a much threatened ecosystem which forms part of the [[Choco]]; an internationally recognised bio-region which extends from Southern [[Panama]] to northern [[Peru]] and has been rated as a global [[biodiversity]] hotspot.

==Fauna==

Because of the size of the park, there is a large selection of [[fauna]] located within the [[nature reserve]]. 500 species of bird along with [[anteater]]s, [[sloth]]s, [[ocelot]]s, [[raccoon]]s, [[fox]], parmo [[wolves]] and [[deer]] are commonly found in the park. Due to lakes and rivers of the park, many [[aquatic]] and amphibious animals are found there.

==Flora==
Many herbaceous species of plans are contained in the park. Shrubs along with a wide variety of trees, vines and ferns live here. There are over 2000 identified types of [[Flora]] in general.

==Cuicocha Lake==
This lake lies in a [[Volcanic]] [[crater]] and is 200m deep. Three volcanic domes emerge from the lake at various spots.

==Attractions and Others==
This reserve has volcanic lakes and waterfalls along with rapids. A tribe of Cayapa Indians lives here. You can book 8-day walks in the park with a guide. The elevation of the park ranges from 30 to 4990 meters. The Cotacachi [[Volcano]] is located in the park and can be climbed however it is recommended that any person climbing to the peak have some experience in [[rock climbing]]. This lake does contain some [[Hot Springs]].

==Threats==
Despite its status as a protected area and the international recognition of its [[ecological]] importance, the reserve is under threat from a number of different areas. The responsibility for the protection of the reserve lies with a small team of park rangers who are charged with patrolling the reserves borders and preventing illegal incursions by [[loggers]], [[poachers]] and colonists. The pressures on the reserve by these groups have grown in recent years as a result of population growth and natural resource depletion in the areas bordering the reserve. Unfortunately it is often the case that the park rangers struggle to patrol the long borders of the reserve and are ill equipped to manage conflicts when they arise.

During the early 1990s areas of the reserve and its buffer zone were included in a mineral surveying program called [[PRODEMINCA]] which was partially funded by the [[World Bank]] and aimed to support the development of extractive industries in [[Ecuador]]. This program has resulted in protests from communities living in the surveyed areas who are concerned that the publication of maps of mineral deposits will attract independent miners to the area. To date these protests have been successful in preventing publication of the project data and have also resulted in the withdrawal of international mining interests from Intag, an area of [[cloud forest]] which lies to the southeast of the reserve. Following a request by [[DECOIN]] a [[grassroots]] organisation working in [[Intag]] the [[World Bank]] launched an investigation into the project which concluded that several of the banks guidelines related to environmental assessment had been breached.

==See also==

[[List of national parks in Ecuador]]

==External links==
*[http://www.ecosanmiguel.org/reserve.htm]- http://www.ecosanmiguel.org/reserve.htm

[[Category:Nature reserves in Ecuador]]

Hope Theatre

2006-11-12T10:26:29Z

Spellmaster: Typo fixing, Replaced: moreso → more so using AWB

The '''Hope Theatre''' was one of the theatres built in and around [[London]] for the presentation of plays in [[English Renaissance theatre]], comparable to the [[Globe Theatre|Globe]], the [[Curtain Theatre|Curtain]], the [[Swan Theatre|Swan]], and other famous theatres of the era.

The Hope was built in 1613-14 by [[Philip Henslowe]] and a partner, Jacob Meade, on the site of the old Beargarden on the [[Bankside]] in [[Southwark]], on the southern side of the [[River Thames]], across from London proper. Henslowe had had a financial interest in the Beargarden (a ring for [[bear-baiting]] and similar "animal sports") since 1594; on August 29, 1613 he contracted with the carpenter Gilbert Katherens to tear down the Beargarden, and to build a theatre in its place, for a fee of £360. (After the Hope was built, it was often still called the "Beargarden" in common parlance and in the extant documentary record.)

Construction was slow, taking over a year (the original Globe had been built in just two months, December 1598 through January 1599). The Hope may have been delayed because the Globe was being rebuilt at the same time—it had burned down on June 29, 1613—and two such large jobs, done simultaneously, may have taxed the personnel and resources of the "construction industry" of Southwark, such as it was at the time. (The Hope was located just to the northwest of the Globe, so that the two projects could have competed directly for men and materiel.) Also, the Hope was likely a more complex construction job, since it was designed as a dual-purpose facility from the start. The contract calls for a:

:''Plaiehouse fitt & convenient in all thinges, bothe for players to playe in, and for the game
:''of Beares and Bulls to be bayted in the same, and also a fitt and convenient Tyre house and''
:''a stage to be carryed and taken awaie, and to stande vppon tressels....''

So, the Hope would have required facilities for keeping animals that the Globe did not need.

The Hope was completed and opened to the public in October 1614. On Oct. 31, [[Ben Jonson]]'s ''[[Bartholomew Fair]]'' was acted in the Hope by the [[Lady Elizabeth's Men]]. In the printed text of his play, Jonson describes the Hope as being "as dirty as Smithfield and stinking every whit"—[[Smithfield, London|Smithfield]] being the district of London dominated by the livestock market and slaughterhouses.

On Henslowe's death in 1616, his son-in-law [[Edward Alleyn]] inherited Henslowe's share in the Hope, which Alleyn then leased to Meade. The Hope remained an active facility for the coming decades. The Corporation of London outlawed both play-acting and bear-baiting at the start of the [[English Civil War]] in 1642. The Hope was torn down on March 25, 1656, to make room for tenements.

Because Henslowe's original contract with Katherens survives, we know something about the specifics of the construction of the Hope, more so than for other theatres of the period. The contract states that the Hope must be built according to the pattern of the Swan, with two staircases on the outside, and the "heavens" built over the stage, without posts or supports on the stage to disrupt the audience's view—a somewhat different concept from current ideas about the theatres of the period. (The Hope's stage had to be removable, to make room for the "Beares and Bulls.")

==Reference==

F. E. Halliday, ''A Shakespeare Companion 1564-1964,'' Baltimore, Penguin, 1964.

[[Category:Theatres in London]]
[[Category:Former theatres of London]]