Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Crawler-Transporter

2011-09-09T23:14:47Z

SnappingTurtle: /* External links */ {{Apollo program hardware}}

{{Infobox Automobile
|image=[[Image:Crawler-Transporter.jpg|250px|Crawler-transporter #2 in a December 2004 road test after track shoe replacement.]]
|name='''Crawler-transporter'''
|manufacturer=[[Marion Power Shovel]]
|parent_company=[[Rockwell International]]
|production=
|predecessor=
|successor=
|class=
|body_style=
|platform=
|layout=
|engine=Two {{convert|2750|hp|sp=us}} V16 [[Alco]] [[diesel engine]]s. Two {{convert|1006|hp|sp=us}} generators, driven by two {{convert|1065|hp|sp=us}} engines, are used for jacking, steering, lighting, and ventilating.
|transmission=16 traction motors, powered by four {{convert|1341|hp|lk=on|sp=us}} generators
|length=131 ft
|width=114 ft
|height= Adjustable, {{convert|20|to|26|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|ground_clearance=
|weight= {{convert|2721|t|kg lb|lk=in}}
|wheelbase=
|top_speed=1mph loaded, 2mph unloaded
|fuel_economy= {{convert|125.7|usgal/mi|abbr=on}}
|fuel_capacity={{convert|5000|USgal|lk=on|sp=us}}
|assembly=
|related=
}}

The '''crawler-transporters''' are a pair of [[continuous track|tracked]] [[vehicle]]s used to transport [[spacecraft]] from [[NASA]]'s [[Vehicle Assembly Building]] (VAB) along the [[Crawlerway]] to [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|Launch Complex 39]]. They were originally used to transport the [[Saturn IB]] and [[Saturn V]] [[rocket]]s during the [[Apollo program|Apollo]], [[Skylab]] and [[Apollo–Soyuz Test Project|Apollo–Soyuz]] programs. They were then used to transport [[Space Shuttle]]s from 1981 to 2011. The crawler-transporters carry vehicles on the [[Mobile Launcher Platform]], and after each launch return to the pad to take the platform back to the VAB.<ref name="hostares">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/main/Constellationfacilities.html |title=Kennedy Prepares to Host Constellation |work=NASA.gov |date=September 28, 2007 |accessdate=June 7, 2009}}</ref>

The two crawler-transporters were designed and built by [[Marion Power Shovel]] (now [[Bucyrus International]]) using components designed and built by [[Rockwell International]] at a cost of [[US$]]14 million each.{{Citation needed |date=March 2011}} They are the largest self powered land vehicles in the world. When they were built, they were the largest tracked vehicles in the world, a title later taken by the German [[Bagger 288]] [[excavator]].<ref name="NASAsci">{{cite web| title =Crawler-Transporter System| work =[[Kennedy Space Center|KSC]] Facilities| publisher =[[NASA]]| date =2003-04-21| url =http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/facilities/crawler.html| accessdate =2007-06-18}}</ref><ref name=diesel-power>{{cite journal|last= Sands|first=Jason|title=NASA's Diesel-Powered Shuttle Movers|journal=Diesel Power Magazine|year=2007|month=May|url=http://www.dieselpowermag.com/features/trucks/0705dp_nasa_diesel_shuttle_crawler/index.html}}</ref>

==Specifications==
[[File:Ares I-X rollout on mobile launch platform.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The crawler-transporter carrying the [[Ares I-X]] on its test flight]]
The crawler-transporter has a mass of {{convert|2721|t|kg lb|lk=in}} and has eight tracks, two on each corner.<ref name="NASAsci" /> Each track has 57 shoes, and each shoe weighs {{convert|1984|lb|sp=us}}. The vehicle measures {{convert|131|by|114|ft|m|sp=us}}. The height from ground level to the platform is adjustable from {{convert|20|to|26|ft|m|abbr=on}}, and each side can be raised and lowered independently of the other. The crawler uses a laser guidance system and a leveling system to keep the [[Mobile Launcher Platform]] level within 10 [[minutes of arc]], while moving up the 5% grade to the launch site.<ref>{{cite web| title =Photo KSC-05PD-1322| work =[[Kennedy Space Center]] Media Gallery| publisher =[[NASA]]| date =2005-06-15| url =http://mediaarchive.ksc.nasa.gov/detail.cfm?mediaid=26125| accessdate =2007-06-18}}</ref> A separate laser docking system provides pinpoint accuracy when the crawler-transporter and Mobile Launch Platform are positioned in the VAB or at the launch pad.<ref name="KSCpao">{{cite web| title =KSC Transporters| work =[[Kennedy Space Center|KSC]] Facts Online| publisher =[[NASA]]| date =2002-08-28| url =http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/nasafact/count3teaf.htm|accessdate =2007-06-18}}</ref> A team of nearly 30 engineers, technicians and drivers operate the vehicle.<ref name=spotlight>{{cite web|title=Return to Flight Spotlight: Crawler Transporters|url=http://sfa.nasa.gov/MISSIONPOSTERS/spotlight/spotlightCrawler.pdf|publisher=NASA Spaceflight Awareness}}</ref>

[[Image:STS-114 rollout.jpg|thumb|left|A crawler-transporter carrying [[Space Shuttle Discovery|''Discovery'']] travels the ramp to [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|Launch Pad 39B]]. The vehicle's back end can be raised, keeping the Shuttle and the MLP level.]]

The crawler has 16 traction motors, powered by four {{convert|1341|hp|lk=on|sp=us}} generators, in turn driven by two {{convert|2750|hp|sp=us}} V16 [[Alco]] [[diesel engine]]s. Two {{convert|1006|hp|sp=us}} generators, driven by two {{convert|1065|hp|sp=us}} engines, are used for jacking, steering, lighting, and ventilating. Two {{convert|201|hp|sp=us}} generators are also available to power the Mobile Launcher Platform. The crawler's tanks hold {{convert|5000|USgal|lk=on|sp=us}} of diesel fuel, and it burns {{convert|125.7|usgal/mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name ="NASAsci" />

The crawler is controlled from two control cabs located at either end of the vehicle, and travels along the {{convert|3.5|mi|sp=us}} crawlerway at a maximum speed of {{convert|1|mph|sp=us}} loaded, or {{convert|2|mph|sp=us}} unloaded. The average trip time from the VAB along the Crawlerway to Launch Complex 39 is about five hours.<ref name="NASAsci" /> Each crawlerway is {{Convert|7|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} deep and covered with Alabama and Tennessee river rock for its low friction properties to reduce the possibility of sparks. In 2000, NASA unearthed and restored an Apollo-era segment of the crawlerway to provide access to a high-bay building in order to provide protection from a hurricane.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/news/spaceshuttles/shuttle_safehaven_000812.html|title=After two years of planning and construction - a new $4 million|last=Halvorson|first=Todd |date=13 August 2000|publisher=Space.com|accessdate=2009-05-20}}</ref>

Kennedy Space Center has been using the same two crawlers, nicknamed "Hans" and "Franz" for the [[Hans and Franz|bodybuilding characters]],<ref name=diesel-power /> since their initial delivery in 1965. In their lifetime, they have traveled more than {{convert|3400|mi|sp=us}}, about the same driving distance as Miami to Seattle.<ref name="spotlight" />

The crawlers were overhauled in 2003 with upgrades to the Motor Control Center, which houses the switchgear and electrical controls of all of major systems onboard, a new engine and pump ventilation system and new diesel engine radiators, and replacement of the two driver cabs on each vehicle (one on each end).<ref name="spotlight" /> NASA had planned to use the crawlers for the [[Constellation program]] after the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011; due to their age and need to support the heavier [[Ares V]] and its launch tower, NASA planned to modify the crawler's engines. With the cancellation of the Constellation program, the fate of the crawlers is unknown.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

==Cultural references==
In a [[List of Dirty Jobs episodes#ep59|season three episode]] of ''[[Dirty Jobs]]'', host [[Mike Rowe]] helps workers maintain a crawler-transporter. Rowe also takes the transporter for a short drive.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dirty Jobs Episode List|url=http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/dirtyjobs/episode/episode-tab-04.html|publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref>

The crawler is also featured in the 2011 motion picture, ''[[Transformers: Dark of the Moon]]''.

==Images==
<center>
[[Image:LC-39 Observation gantry pano.jpg|1000px|thumb|center|Crawlerway junction at the LC-39 observation gantry. The right track leads to pad LC-39A (pictured with the Space Shuttle Endeavour), while the left track leads to pad LC-39B.]]

<gallery>
Image:Ap11-KSC-69PC-241HR.jpg|Saturn-V on top of the crawler.
Image:Crawlertreds.jpg|Detail of crawler treads.
Image:Atlantis Atop Mobile Launcher Platform & Crawler-Transporter.jpg|[[Space Shuttle Atlantis]] atop the [[Mobile Launcher Platform]] and crawler-transporter.
</gallery>
</center>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Crawler-transporters}}
*{{Coord|28.58808|-80.65521|region:US-FL_type:landmark_scale:3000}} - Crawler-transporter parking area at Kennedy Space Center

{{Apollo program}}
{{Apollo program hardware}}
{{Space Shuttle}}
{{Project Constellation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crawler-Transporter}}
[[Category:Space Shuttle program]]
[[Category:Apollo program hardware]]
[[Category:Tracked vehicles]]
[[Category:1965 introductions]]

[[cs:Crawler-Transporter]]
[[fr:Engin de transport crawler]]
[[it:Crawler-transporter]]
[[lb:Crawler-Transporter]]
[[hu:Hernyótalpas szállítójármű (Cape Canaveral)]]
[[nl:Crawler-transporter]]
[[ru:Гусеничный транспортёр НАСА]]
[[fi:Crawler-transporter]]
[[sv:Crawler-transporter]]
[[zh:航天飞机运输车]]

Crawler-Transporter

2011-09-09T06:57:42Z

SnappingTurtle: /* External links */ removing category "Apollo program", now using "Apollo program hardware"

{{Infobox Automobile
|image=[[Image:Crawler-Transporter.jpg|250px|Crawler-transporter #2 in a December 2004 road test after track shoe replacement.]]
|name='''Crawler-transporter'''
|manufacturer=[[Marion Power Shovel]]
|parent_company=[[Rockwell International]]
|production=
|predecessor=
|successor=
|class=
|body_style=
|platform=
|layout=
|engine=Two {{convert|2750|hp|sp=us}} V16 [[Alco]] [[diesel engine]]s. Two {{convert|1006|hp|sp=us}} generators, driven by two {{convert|1065|hp|sp=us}} engines, are used for jacking, steering, lighting, and ventilating.
|transmission=16 traction motors, powered by four {{convert|1341|hp|lk=on|sp=us}} generators
|length=131 ft
|width=114 ft
|height= Adjustable, {{convert|20|to|26|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|ground_clearance=
|weight= {{convert|2721|t|kg lb|lk=in}}
|wheelbase=
|top_speed=1mph loaded, 2mph unloaded
|fuel_economy= {{convert|125.7|usgal/mi|abbr=on}}
|fuel_capacity={{convert|5000|USgal|lk=on|sp=us}}
|assembly=
|related=
}}

The '''crawler-transporters''' are a pair of [[continuous track|tracked]] [[vehicle]]s used to transport [[spacecraft]] from [[NASA]]'s [[Vehicle Assembly Building]] (VAB) along the [[Crawlerway]] to [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|Launch Complex 39]]. They were originally used to transport the [[Saturn IB]] and [[Saturn V]] [[rocket]]s during the [[Apollo program|Apollo]], [[Skylab]] and [[Apollo–Soyuz Test Project|Apollo–Soyuz]] programs. They were then used to transport [[Space Shuttle]]s from 1981 to 2011. The crawler-transporters carry vehicles on the [[Mobile Launcher Platform]], and after each launch return to the pad to take the platform back to the VAB.<ref name="hostares">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/main/Constellationfacilities.html |title=Kennedy Prepares to Host Constellation |work=NASA.gov |date=September 28, 2007 |accessdate=June 7, 2009}}</ref>

The two crawler-transporters were designed and built by [[Marion Power Shovel]] (now [[Bucyrus International]]) using components designed and built by [[Rockwell International]] at a cost of [[US$]]14 million each.{{Citation needed |date=March 2011}} They are the largest self powered land vehicles in the world. When they were built, they were the largest tracked vehicles in the world, a title later taken by the German [[Bagger 288]] [[excavator]].<ref name="NASAsci">{{cite web| title =Crawler-Transporter System| work =[[Kennedy Space Center|KSC]] Facilities| publisher =[[NASA]]| date =2003-04-21| url =http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/facilities/crawler.html| accessdate =2007-06-18}}</ref><ref name=diesel-power>{{cite journal|last= Sands|first=Jason|title=NASA's Diesel-Powered Shuttle Movers|journal=Diesel Power Magazine|year=2007|month=May|url=http://www.dieselpowermag.com/features/trucks/0705dp_nasa_diesel_shuttle_crawler/index.html}}</ref>

==Specifications==
[[File:Ares I-X rollout on mobile launch platform.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The crawler-transporter carrying the [[Ares I-X]] on its test flight]]
The crawler-transporter has a mass of {{convert|2721|t|kg lb|lk=in}} and has eight tracks, two on each corner.<ref name="NASAsci" /> Each track has 57 shoes, and each shoe weighs {{convert|1984|lb|sp=us}}. The vehicle measures {{convert|131|by|114|ft|m|sp=us}}. The height from ground level to the platform is adjustable from {{convert|20|to|26|ft|m|abbr=on}}, and each side can be raised and lowered independently of the other. The crawler uses a laser guidance system and a leveling system to keep the [[Mobile Launcher Platform]] level within 10 [[minutes of arc]], while moving up the 5% grade to the launch site.<ref>{{cite web| title =Photo KSC-05PD-1322| work =[[Kennedy Space Center]] Media Gallery| publisher =[[NASA]]| date =2005-06-15| url =http://mediaarchive.ksc.nasa.gov/detail.cfm?mediaid=26125| accessdate =2007-06-18}}</ref> A separate laser docking system provides pinpoint accuracy when the crawler-transporter and Mobile Launch Platform are positioned in the VAB or at the launch pad.<ref name="KSCpao">{{cite web| title =KSC Transporters| work =[[Kennedy Space Center|KSC]] Facts Online| publisher =[[NASA]]| date =2002-08-28| url =http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/nasafact/count3teaf.htm|accessdate =2007-06-18}}</ref> A team of nearly 30 engineers, technicians and drivers operate the vehicle.<ref name=spotlight>{{cite web|title=Return to Flight Spotlight: Crawler Transporters|url=http://sfa.nasa.gov/MISSIONPOSTERS/spotlight/spotlightCrawler.pdf|publisher=NASA Spaceflight Awareness}}</ref>

[[Image:STS-114 rollout.jpg|thumb|left|A crawler-transporter carrying [[Space Shuttle Discovery|''Discovery'']] travels the ramp to [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|Launch Pad 39B]]. The vehicle's back end can be raised, keeping the Shuttle and the MLP level.]]

The crawler has 16 traction motors, powered by four {{convert|1341|hp|lk=on|sp=us}} generators, in turn driven by two {{convert|2750|hp|sp=us}} V16 [[Alco]] [[diesel engine]]s. Two {{convert|1006|hp|sp=us}} generators, driven by two {{convert|1065|hp|sp=us}} engines, are used for jacking, steering, lighting, and ventilating. Two {{convert|201|hp|sp=us}} generators are also available to power the Mobile Launcher Platform. The crawler's tanks hold {{convert|5000|USgal|lk=on|sp=us}} of diesel fuel, and it burns {{convert|125.7|usgal/mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name ="NASAsci" />

The crawler is controlled from two control cabs located at either end of the vehicle, and travels along the {{convert|3.5|mi|sp=us}} crawlerway at a maximum speed of {{convert|1|mph|sp=us}} loaded, or {{convert|2|mph|sp=us}} unloaded. The average trip time from the VAB along the Crawlerway to Launch Complex 39 is about five hours.<ref name="NASAsci" /> Each crawlerway is {{Convert|7|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} deep and covered with Alabama and Tennessee river rock for its low friction properties to reduce the possibility of sparks. In 2000, NASA unearthed and restored an Apollo-era segment of the crawlerway to provide access to a high-bay building in order to provide protection from a hurricane.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/news/spaceshuttles/shuttle_safehaven_000812.html|title=After two years of planning and construction - a new $4 million|last=Halvorson|first=Todd |date=13 August 2000|publisher=Space.com|accessdate=2009-05-20}}</ref>

Kennedy Space Center has been using the same two crawlers, nicknamed "Hans" and "Franz" for the [[Hans and Franz|bodybuilding characters]],<ref name=diesel-power /> since their initial delivery in 1965. In their lifetime, they have traveled more than {{convert|3400|mi|sp=us}}, about the same driving distance as Miami to Seattle.<ref name="spotlight" />

The crawlers were overhauled in 2003 with upgrades to the Motor Control Center, which houses the switchgear and electrical controls of all of major systems onboard, a new engine and pump ventilation system and new diesel engine radiators, and replacement of the two driver cabs on each vehicle (one on each end).<ref name="spotlight" /> NASA had planned to use the crawlers for the [[Constellation program]] after the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011; due to their age and need to support the heavier [[Ares V]] and its launch tower, NASA planned to modify the crawler's engines. With the cancellation of the Constellation program, the fate of the crawlers is unknown.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

==Cultural references==
In a [[List of Dirty Jobs episodes#ep59|season three episode]] of ''[[Dirty Jobs]]'', host [[Mike Rowe]] helps workers maintain a crawler-transporter. Rowe also takes the transporter for a short drive.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dirty Jobs Episode List|url=http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/dirtyjobs/episode/episode-tab-04.html|publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref>

The crawler is also featured in the 2011 motion picture, ''[[Transformers: Dark of the Moon]]''.

==Images==
<center>
[[Image:LC-39 Observation gantry pano.jpg|1000px|thumb|center|Crawlerway junction at the LC-39 observation gantry. The right track leads to pad LC-39A (pictured with the Space Shuttle Endeavour), while the left track leads to pad LC-39B.]]

<gallery>
Image:Ap11-KSC-69PC-241HR.jpg|Saturn-V on top of the crawler.
Image:Crawlertreds.jpg|Detail of crawler treads.
Image:Atlantis Atop Mobile Launcher Platform & Crawler-Transporter.jpg|[[Space Shuttle Atlantis]] atop the [[Mobile Launcher Platform]] and crawler-transporter.
</gallery>
</center>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Crawler-transporters}}
*{{Coord|28.58808|-80.65521|region:US-FL_type:landmark_scale:3000}} - Crawler-transporter parking area at Kennedy Space Center

{{Apollo program}}
{{Space Shuttle}}
{{Project Constellation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crawler-Transporter}}
[[Category:Space Shuttle program]]
[[Category:Apollo program hardware]]
[[Category:Tracked vehicles]]
[[Category:1965 introductions]]

[[cs:Crawler-Transporter]]
[[fr:Engin de transport crawler]]
[[it:Crawler-transporter]]
[[lb:Crawler-Transporter]]
[[hu:Hernyótalpas szállítójármű (Cape Canaveral)]]
[[nl:Crawler-transporter]]
[[ru:Гусеничный транспортёр НАСА]]
[[fi:Crawler-transporter]]
[[sv:Crawler-transporter]]
[[zh:航天飞机运输车]]

Crawler-Transporter

2011-09-09T06:34:32Z

SnappingTurtle: /* External links */ categorizing as Apollo program hardware

{{Infobox Automobile
|image=[[Image:Crawler-Transporter.jpg|250px|Crawler-transporter #2 in a December 2004 road test after track shoe replacement.]]
|name='''Crawler-transporter'''
|manufacturer=[[Marion Power Shovel]]
|parent_company=[[Rockwell International]]
|production=
|predecessor=
|successor=
|class=
|body_style=
|platform=
|layout=
|engine=Two {{convert|2750|hp|sp=us}} V16 [[Alco]] [[diesel engine]]s. Two {{convert|1006|hp|sp=us}} generators, driven by two {{convert|1065|hp|sp=us}} engines, are used for jacking, steering, lighting, and ventilating.
|transmission=16 traction motors, powered by four {{convert|1341|hp|lk=on|sp=us}} generators
|length=131 ft
|width=114 ft
|height= Adjustable, {{convert|20|to|26|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|ground_clearance=
|weight= {{convert|2721|t|kg lb|lk=in}}
|wheelbase=
|top_speed=1mph loaded, 2mph unloaded
|fuel_economy= {{convert|125.7|usgal/mi|abbr=on}}
|fuel_capacity={{convert|5000|USgal|lk=on|sp=us}}
|assembly=
|related=
}}

The '''crawler-transporters''' are a pair of [[continuous track|tracked]] [[vehicle]]s used to transport [[spacecraft]] from [[NASA]]'s [[Vehicle Assembly Building]] (VAB) along the [[Crawlerway]] to [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|Launch Complex 39]]. They were originally used to transport the [[Saturn IB]] and [[Saturn V]] [[rocket]]s during the [[Apollo program|Apollo]], [[Skylab]] and [[Apollo–Soyuz Test Project|Apollo–Soyuz]] programs. They were then used to transport [[Space Shuttle]]s from 1981 to 2011. The crawler-transporters carry vehicles on the [[Mobile Launcher Platform]], and after each launch return to the pad to take the platform back to the VAB.<ref name="hostares">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/main/Constellationfacilities.html |title=Kennedy Prepares to Host Constellation |work=NASA.gov |date=September 28, 2007 |accessdate=June 7, 2009}}</ref>

The two crawler-transporters were designed and built by [[Marion Power Shovel]] (now [[Bucyrus International]]) using components designed and built by [[Rockwell International]] at a cost of [[US$]]14 million each.{{Citation needed |date=March 2011}} They are the largest self powered land vehicles in the world. When they were built, they were the largest tracked vehicles in the world, a title later taken by the German [[Bagger 288]] [[excavator]].<ref name="NASAsci">{{cite web| title =Crawler-Transporter System| work =[[Kennedy Space Center|KSC]] Facilities| publisher =[[NASA]]| date =2003-04-21| url =http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/facilities/crawler.html| accessdate =2007-06-18}}</ref><ref name=diesel-power>{{cite journal|last= Sands|first=Jason|title=NASA's Diesel-Powered Shuttle Movers|journal=Diesel Power Magazine|year=2007|month=May|url=http://www.dieselpowermag.com/features/trucks/0705dp_nasa_diesel_shuttle_crawler/index.html}}</ref>

==Specifications==
[[File:Ares I-X rollout on mobile launch platform.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The crawler-transporter carrying the [[Ares I-X]] on its test flight]]
The crawler-transporter has a mass of {{convert|2721|t|kg lb|lk=in}} and has eight tracks, two on each corner.<ref name="NASAsci" /> Each track has 57 shoes, and each shoe weighs {{convert|1984|lb|sp=us}}. The vehicle measures {{convert|131|by|114|ft|m|sp=us}}. The height from ground level to the platform is adjustable from {{convert|20|to|26|ft|m|abbr=on}}, and each side can be raised and lowered independently of the other. The crawler uses a laser guidance system and a leveling system to keep the [[Mobile Launcher Platform]] level within 10 [[minutes of arc]], while moving up the 5% grade to the launch site.<ref>{{cite web| title =Photo KSC-05PD-1322| work =[[Kennedy Space Center]] Media Gallery| publisher =[[NASA]]| date =2005-06-15| url =http://mediaarchive.ksc.nasa.gov/detail.cfm?mediaid=26125| accessdate =2007-06-18}}</ref> A separate laser docking system provides pinpoint accuracy when the crawler-transporter and Mobile Launch Platform are positioned in the VAB or at the launch pad.<ref name="KSCpao">{{cite web| title =KSC Transporters| work =[[Kennedy Space Center|KSC]] Facts Online| publisher =[[NASA]]| date =2002-08-28| url =http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/nasafact/count3teaf.htm|accessdate =2007-06-18}}</ref> A team of nearly 30 engineers, technicians and drivers operate the vehicle.<ref name=spotlight>{{cite web|title=Return to Flight Spotlight: Crawler Transporters|url=http://sfa.nasa.gov/MISSIONPOSTERS/spotlight/spotlightCrawler.pdf|publisher=NASA Spaceflight Awareness}}</ref>

[[Image:STS-114 rollout.jpg|thumb|left|A crawler-transporter carrying [[Space Shuttle Discovery|''Discovery'']] travels the ramp to [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|Launch Pad 39B]]. The vehicle's back end can be raised, keeping the Shuttle and the MLP level.]]

The crawler has 16 traction motors, powered by four {{convert|1341|hp|lk=on|sp=us}} generators, in turn driven by two {{convert|2750|hp|sp=us}} V16 [[Alco]] [[diesel engine]]s. Two {{convert|1006|hp|sp=us}} generators, driven by two {{convert|1065|hp|sp=us}} engines, are used for jacking, steering, lighting, and ventilating. Two {{convert|201|hp|sp=us}} generators are also available to power the Mobile Launcher Platform. The crawler's tanks hold {{convert|5000|USgal|lk=on|sp=us}} of diesel fuel, and it burns {{convert|125.7|usgal/mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name ="NASAsci" />

The crawler is controlled from two control cabs located at either end of the vehicle, and travels along the {{convert|3.5|mi|sp=us}} crawlerway at a maximum speed of {{convert|1|mph|sp=us}} loaded, or {{convert|2|mph|sp=us}} unloaded. The average trip time from the VAB along the Crawlerway to Launch Complex 39 is about five hours.<ref name="NASAsci" /> Each crawlerway is {{Convert|7|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} deep and covered with Alabama and Tennessee river rock for its low friction properties to reduce the possibility of sparks. In 2000, NASA unearthed and restored an Apollo-era segment of the crawlerway to provide access to a high-bay building in order to provide protection from a hurricane.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/news/spaceshuttles/shuttle_safehaven_000812.html|title=After two years of planning and construction - a new $4 million|last=Halvorson|first=Todd |date=13 August 2000|publisher=Space.com|accessdate=2009-05-20}}</ref>

Kennedy Space Center has been using the same two crawlers, nicknamed "Hans" and "Franz" for the [[Hans and Franz|bodybuilding characters]],<ref name=diesel-power /> since their initial delivery in 1965. In their lifetime, they have traveled more than {{convert|3400|mi|sp=us}}, about the same driving distance as Miami to Seattle.<ref name="spotlight" />

The crawlers were overhauled in 2003 with upgrades to the Motor Control Center, which houses the switchgear and electrical controls of all of major systems onboard, a new engine and pump ventilation system and new diesel engine radiators, and replacement of the two driver cabs on each vehicle (one on each end).<ref name="spotlight" /> NASA had planned to use the crawlers for the [[Constellation program]] after the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011; due to their age and need to support the heavier [[Ares V]] and its launch tower, NASA planned to modify the crawler's engines. With the cancellation of the Constellation program, the fate of the crawlers is unknown.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

==Cultural references==
In a [[List of Dirty Jobs episodes#ep59|season three episode]] of ''[[Dirty Jobs]]'', host [[Mike Rowe]] helps workers maintain a crawler-transporter. Rowe also takes the transporter for a short drive.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dirty Jobs Episode List|url=http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/dirtyjobs/episode/episode-tab-04.html|publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref>

The crawler is also featured in the 2011 motion picture, ''[[Transformers: Dark of the Moon]]''.

==Images==
<center>
[[Image:LC-39 Observation gantry pano.jpg|1000px|thumb|center|Crawlerway junction at the LC-39 observation gantry. The right track leads to pad LC-39A (pictured with the Space Shuttle Endeavour), while the left track leads to pad LC-39B.]]

<gallery>
Image:Ap11-KSC-69PC-241HR.jpg|Saturn-V on top of the crawler.
Image:Crawlertreds.jpg|Detail of crawler treads.
Image:Atlantis Atop Mobile Launcher Platform & Crawler-Transporter.jpg|[[Space Shuttle Atlantis]] atop the [[Mobile Launcher Platform]] and crawler-transporter.
</gallery>
</center>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Crawler-transporters}}
*{{Coord|28.58808|-80.65521|region:US-FL_type:landmark_scale:3000}} - Crawler-transporter parking area at Kennedy Space Center

{{Apollo program}}
{{Space Shuttle}}
{{Project Constellation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crawler-Transporter}}
[[Category:Space Shuttle program]]
[[Category:Apollo program]]
[[Category:Apollo program hardware]]
[[Category:Tracked vehicles]]
[[Category:1965 introductions]]

[[cs:Crawler-Transporter]]
[[fr:Engin de transport crawler]]
[[it:Crawler-transporter]]
[[lb:Crawler-Transporter]]
[[hu:Hernyótalpas szállítójármű (Cape Canaveral)]]
[[nl:Crawler-transporter]]
[[ru:Гусеничный транспортёр НАСА]]
[[fi:Crawler-transporter]]
[[sv:Crawler-transporter]]
[[zh:航天飞机运输车]]

Red Roses for Me

2009-08-06T04:16:45Z

SnappingTurtle: /* Track listing */ correcting spelling of "Regatta"

{{Otheruses4|the Pogues album|the play|Red Roses for Me (play)}}
{{Infobox Album | 
| Name = Red Roses for Me
| Type = [[Album]]
| Artist = [[The Pogues]]
| Cover = Red roses for me.jpg
| Released = 1984
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[Punk rock]], [[Celtic rock]]
| Length = 40:12
| Label = [[Warner Music Group|WEA International]]
| Producer = Stan Brennan
| Reviews =
* [[Allmusic]] {{Rating|3.5|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:7kq4g4kttv2z link]
*{{Review-Christgau|B+|album=5704}}
| Last album =
| This album = '''''Red Roses for Me''''' (1984)
| Next album = ''[[Rum, Sodomy, and the Lash]]'' (1985)
}}
'''''Red Roses for Me''''' was the first full length album by the [[London]]-based band [[The Pogues]] and was released in [[1984 in music|1984]]. Its filled with traditional [[Irish music]] performed with [[punk rock|punk]] influences. Traditional songs and ballads mixed with [[Shane MacGowan]]'s "gutter hymns" about drinking, fighting and sex was innovative at the time. Or as lead singer MacGowan explained the music: "I couldn't believe that nobody else were doing it, so we went on doing it ourselves..." The title "[[Red Roses for Me (play)|Red Roses for Me]]" is the name of a play by [[Sean O'Casey]], though his works do not show any direct influence upon the band. O'Casey's song of the same name has been recorded by [[The Dubliners]]. The album reached number 89 in the UK album charts.

The front of the album sees the band with the exception of drummer of Andrew Rankin (pictured in inset) sitting in front of a picture of [[United States]] president [[John F Kennedy]]. The back features Shane MacGowan pictured with his foot in a cast. Accordion player, James Fearnley, has a bottle sticking out of his coat, while bass player Cait O'Riordan is seen holding a can of beer.

==Track listing==

The original UK LP has the following track listing

#"Transmetropolitan" (''MacGowan'') - 4:15
#"The [[Battle of Brisbane]]" (''MacGowan'') - 1:49
#"[[The Auld Triangle]]" (''[[Brendan Behan]]'') - 4:20
#"[[Waxie's Dargle]]" (''Traditional'') - 1:53
#"Boys from the County Hell" (''MacGowan'') - 2:56
#"Sea Shanty" (''MacGowan'') - 2:24
#"Dark Streets of London" (''MacGowan'') - 3:33
#"Streams of Whiskey" (''MacGowan'') - 2:32
#"Poor Paddy" (''Traditional'') - 3:09
#"Dingle Regatta" (''Traditional'') - 2:52
#"[[Greenland Whale Fisheries]]" (''Traditional'') - 2:36
#"Down in the Ground Where the Dead Men Go" (''MacGowan'') - 3:30
#"Kitty" (''Traditional'') - 4:23

== Bonus Tracks ==

The first CD issue of the album had a total of 14 tracks, adding "Whiskey You're the Devil" as track 8. In 2004 a remastered CD was issued adding a total of 6 bonus tracks to the original UK album listing. "Repeal of the Licensing Laws" was the B-side of their second single. "And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda" was the B-side of their first single. "Whiskey You're The Devil" was the B-side of their third single. "The Wild Rover" was the B-side of their fourth single.

# "[[The Leaving of Liverpool]]" (Traditional)
# "Muirshin Durkin" (Traditional)
# "Repeal of the Licensing Laws" (instrumental) (Stacey)
# "[[And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda]]" ([[Eric Bogle]])
# "Whiskey You're The Devil" (Traditional)
# "[[The Wild Rover]]" (Traditional)

==Performers==
*[[Shane MacGowan]] – [[Singing|vocals]]/[[guitar]]
*[[Jem Finer]] – [[banjo]]
*[[Spider Stacy]] – [[tin whistle]]
*[[James Fearnley]] – [[accordion]]
*[[Cait O'Riordan]] – [[bass guitar]]
*[[Andrew Ranken]] – [[Drum kit|drums]]

{{The Pogues}}

[[Category:1984 albums]]
[[Category:The Pogues albums]]
[[Category:Debut albums]]
[[Category:Stiff Records albums]]
[[es:Red Roses for Me]]
[[it:Red Roses for Me]]

Rum, Sodomy & the Lash

2009-08-05T02:49:40Z

SnappingTurtle: Parentheses Reduction Project, also grouping information about meta-information (title, cover-art) into a single paragraph

{{For|the book by Anthony Blackmore|Rum, Sodomy, and the Lash (book)}}
{{Infobox Album 
| Name = Rum Sodomy & the Lash
| Type = [[Album]]
| Artist = [[The Pogues]]
| Cover = Rum sodomy and the lash.jpg
| Released = August 1985
| Recorded = Elephant Studios, London
| Genre = [[Celtic punk]], [[folk punk]]
| Length = 45:25
| Label = [[MCA Records|MCA]]/[[Stiff Records|Stiff]]/[[Warner Music Group|WEA International]]
| Producer = [[Philip Chevron]], [[Elvis Costello]]
| Reviews =
*[[Allmusic]] {{rating|4.5|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:scz1z85ajyv1~T1 link]
*{{Review-Christgau|A|album=3759}}
| Last album = ''[[Red Roses for Me]]'' (1984)
| This album = '''''Rum Sodomy & the Lash''''' (1985)
| Next album = ''[[Poguetry in Motion]]'' (1986)
}}

'''''Rum Sodomy & the Lash''''' is the second [[studio album]] by the Anglo-Irish [[folk punk]] band [[The Pogues]], released in 1985.

The title is taken from a quote, often attributed to [[Winston Churchill]]: "''Don't talk to me about naval tradition. It's nothing but [[rum]], [[sodomy]], and the [[flagellation|lash]].''". Singer and primary songwriter [[Shane McGowan]] claimed that the title was suggested by drummer [[Andrew Ranken]]. The cover artwork is based on ''[[The Raft of the Medusa]]'', a painting by [[Théodore Géricault]], with the band members' faces replacing those of the men on the raft.

In August 1985, the album was launched on [[HMS Belfast (C35)|HMS ''Belfast'']] – and one writer at the event was thrown into the Thames. It reached number 13 in the UK charts. The track "A Pair of Brown Eyes" went on to reach number 72 in the UK singles chart. "The Old Main Drag" would later appear on the soundtrack to the film ''[[My Own Private Idaho]]''. A remastered and expanded version of ''Rum Sodomy & the Lash'' was released on 11 January 2005. The cut "A Pistol for Paddy Garcia", and the B-side of "[[Dirty Old Town]]", which only appeared on the initial cassette release, was moved to the bonus tracks.

It has often made its way on to lists of greatest albums. In 2000 [[Q magazine|''Q'' magazine]] placed it at number 93 in its list of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever. In 2003, the album was ranked number 445 on ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine's list of [[The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time|the 500 greatest albums of all time]]. [[Pitchfork Media]] named it the 67th best album of the 1980s.<ref>http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/feature/36736/Top_100_Albums_of_the_1980s/page_4</ref> [[Colin Meloy]] of [[The Decemberists]] cites it as his favorite album.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bq3imtB3U6o</ref>

==Track listing==
# "[[Serglige Con Culainn|The Sick Bed of Cúchulainn]]" ([[Shane MacGowan|MacGowan]]) – 2:59
# "The Old Main Drag" (MacGowan) – 3:19
# "Wild Cats of Kilkenny" (MacGowan/[[Jem Finer|Finer]]) – 2:48
# "[[I'm a Man You Don't Meet Every Day]]" (traditional) – 2:55
# "[[A Pair of Brown Eyes]]" (MacGowan) – 4:54
# "[[Sally MacLennane]]" (MacGowan) – 2:43
# "A Pistol for Paddy Garcia" (Finer) – 2:31
# "[[Dirty Old Town]]" ([[Ewan MacColl|MacColl]]) – 3:45
# "[[Jesse James in music|Jesse James]]" (traditional) – 2:58
# "Navigator" ([[Phil Gaston|Gaston]]) – 4:12
# "Billy's Bones" (MacGowan) – 2:02
# "The Gentleman Soldier" (traditional) – 2:04
# "[[And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda]]" ([[Eric Bogle|Bogle]]) – 8:10

===2004 release===
# "The Sick Bed of Cúchulainn" (MacGowan) – 2:59
# "The Old Main Drag" (MacGowan) – 3:19
# "Wild Cats of Kilkenny" (MacGowan/Finer) – 2:48
# "I'm a Man You Don't Meet Every Day" (traditional) – 2:55
# "A Pair of Brown Eyes" (MacGowan) – 4:54
# "Sally MacLennane" (MacGowan) – 2:43
# "Dirty Old Town" (MacColl) – 3:45
# "Jesse James" (traditional) – 2:58
# "Navigator" (Gaston) – 4:12
# "Billy's Bones" (MacGowan) – 2:02
# "The Gentleman Soldier" (traditional) – 2:04
# "And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda" (Bogle) – 8:10
# "A Pistol for Paddy Garcia" (Finer) – 2:31
# "London Girl" (MacGowan) – 3:05*
# "[[Rainy Night in Soho]]" (MacGowan) – 5:36*
# "Body of an American" (MacGowan) – 4:49*
# "Planxty Noel Hill" (Finer) – 3:12*
# "[[The Parting Glass]]" (traditional) – 2:14

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Tracks previously released on the [[Extended Play|EP]] ''[[Poguetry in Motion]]''

==Personnel==
*[[Shane MacGowan]] – [[Singing|vocals]]
*[[Spider Stacy]] – [[tin whistle]]
*[[James Fearnley]] – [[accordion]]
*[[Jem Finer]] – [[banjo]]
*[[Cait O'Riordan]] – [[bass guitar|bass]]
*[[Andrew Ranken]] – [[Drum kit|drums]]
*[[Philip Chevron]] – [[guitar]]
===Additional personnel===
*[[Henry Benagh]] – [[fiddle]]
*[[Dick Cuthell]] – [[horn (instrument)|horn]]
*[[Tommy Keane]] – [[uileann pipes]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.poguetry.com/rsl.htm Poguetry.com]
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=bq3imtB3U6o Favorite Album of Colin Meloy of The Decemberists]

{{The Pogues}}

[[Category:1985 albums]]
[[Category:The Pogues albums]]
[[Category:albums produced by Elvis Costello]]
[[Category:Stiff Records albums]]
[[es:Rum, Sodomy, and the Lash]]
[[it:Rum, Sodomy, and the Lash]]
[[no:Rum, Sodomy, and the Lash]]

Off-Off-Broadway

2009-05-30T15:56:18Z

SnappingTurtle: Tightening up header section.

{{linkfarm|date=March 2009}}

'''Off-Off-Broadway''' refers to theatrical productions in theatres that are smaller than [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and [[Off-Broadway]] theatres. Off-Off-Broadway theaters are defined as theaters that have fewer than 100 seats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theatermania.com/content/news.cfm/story/5191 |title=Off-Off-Broadway, Way Back When |accessdate=2007-12-13}}</ref> The shows range from professional productions by established artists to small amateur performances.

== History ==
Off-Off-Broadway began in 1958 as a reaction to Off-Broadway, and a "complete rejection of commercial theatre".<ref>Viagas (2004, 72)</ref> Among the first venues for what would soon be called "Off-Off-Broadway" (a term supposedly coined by [[critic]] [[Jerry Tallmer]] of the ''[[Village Voice]]'') were coffeehouses in [[Greenwich Village]], particularly the [[Caffe Cino]] at 31 Cornelia Street, operated by the eccentric [[Joe Cino]], who early on took a liking to actors and playwrights and agreed to let them stage plays there without bothering to read the plays first, or to even find out much about the content. Also integral to the rise of Off-Off-Broadway were [[Ellen Stewart]] at [[La MaMa, E.T.C.|La MaMa]], and [[Al Carmines]] at the Judson Poets' Theater, located at [[Judson Memorial Church]].

An Off-Off-Broadway production that features members of [[Actors Equity]] is called an Equity Showcase production. The Union maintains very strict rules about working in such productions, including restrictions on price, the length of the run and rehearsal times. Professional actors' participation in showcase productions is not infrequent, and in fact comprises the bulk of stage work for the majority of New York actors.<ref>[http://www.villagevoice.com/theater/0735,eisler,77610,11.html Breaking the Code?, page 1 - Theater - Village Voice - Village Voice]</ref>

==Notable theatre companies and venues==
{{maincat|Off-Off Broadway}}


==See also==
*[[Showcase theatre (performing arts group)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
<div class="references-small">
* Bottoms, Stephen J. 2004. ''Playing Underground: A Critical History of the 1960s Off-Off-Broadway Movement''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472031945.
* Viagas, Robert. 2004. ''The Back Stage Guide to Broadway''. New York: Back Stage Books. ISBN 082308809X.
</div>

==External links==
* [http://www.nyitawards.org/ New York Innovative Theatre Awards]
* [http://www.offoffonline.com offoffonline.com]
* [http://www.communitydish.org/index.htm/ The Community Dish] (dead link January 17, 2009)

[[Category:Off-Off Broadway| ]]
[[Category:Theatre in New York City]]

[[pl:Off-off-Broadway]]
[[pt:Off-off-Broadway]]
[[tr:Off-Off-Broadway]]

Virginia Squires

2009-05-01T01:11:31Z

SnappingTurtle: categorizing as Roanoke sports

{{NBA team |
color1 = |
color2 = |
name = Virginia Squires |
logo = VirginiaSquiresLogo.png|
imagesize = 150px |
conference = '''None'''|
division = Eastern |
founded = 1967 |
history ='''[[Oakland Oaks (ABA)|Oakland Oaks]]''' 1967-1969 '''[[Washington Caps]]''' 1969-1970 '''Virginia Squires''' 1970-1976 |
arena = [[Norfolk Scope]], [[Hampton Coliseum]], [[Richmond Coliseum]], [[Roanoke Civic Center]], [[Old Dominion University]] Fieldhouse, [[Richmond Arena]]|
city = [[Norfolk, VA]], [[Hampton, VA]], [[Richmond, VA]], [[Roanoke, VA]]|
colors = 1970-1971 through 1973-1974: Red, White & Blue
1974-1975: Orange, Seal Brown & White
1975-1976: Blue and Orange |
coach = [[Al Bianchi]] 1970-1971 through 1974-1975;
Al Bianchi, [[Bill Musselman]], [[Mack Calvin]], [[Willie Wise]], [[Jack Ankerson]],
and [[Zelmo Beaty]] 1975-1976 |
owner = [[Earl Foreman]] 1970-1975 |
General Manager = |
affiliate = None |
league_champs = None |
div_champs = '''1''' (1970-1971) |
}}
The '''Virginia Squires''' was a basketball franchise in the former [[American Basketball Association]] that existed from 1967 through 1976.

===In Oakland ===
{{main|Oakland Oaks (ABA)}}
[[Image:OaklandOaks.png|left|thumb]]

The Squires were founded in 1967 as the '''Oakland Oaks''', a charter member of the ABA. The team colors were green and gold. An earlier [[Oakland Oaks (ABL)|Oakland Oaks]] basketball team played in the [[American Basketball League 1961-63|American Basketball League]] in 1962.

The Oaks were owned in part by pop singer [[Pat Boone]]. They were probably noted more for a major contract dispute with the cross-bay [[San Francisco Warriors]] of the established [[National Basketball Association]] over the rights to star player [[Rick Barry]] than for any on-court accomplishments. Barry, a former NBA Rookie of the Year who led the Warriors to the NBA finals in 1966-67, was so angered by management's failure to pay him certain incentive awards he felt he was due that he sat out the 1967-68 season. He joined the Oaks in the following year, leading the franchise to its one and only ABA championship in 1968-69.

However, even with Barry the team proved to be a very poor investment for Boone and his co-owners. Despite winning the ABA championship, the Oaks were an abysmal failure at the box office, due in large part to the proximity of the NBA Warriors. At one point they only drew 2,500 fans per game.

===In Washington===
{{main|Washington Caps}}
Facing foreclosure on a loan from [[Bank of America]], Boone sold the team to [[Washington, D.C.]] lawyer Earl Foreman, who moved the team to Washington for the 1969-70 season as the '''Washington Caps.''' The team colors of green and gold were retained, but the logo was a red, white and blue rendition of the [[United States Capital]]. They played at the [[Washington Coliseum]]. However, for reasons that remain unknown to this day, they remained in the Western Division--forcing them on the longest road trips in the league. Attendance was no better in Washington than it was in Oakland because the Coliseum was located in the [[Near Northeast]] neighborhood, an area that had gone to seed. Miraculously, they managed to finish four games above .500, but lost in the first round to the powerful [[Denver Nuggets|Denver Rockets]].

===In Virginia===
Merger talks with the NBA were already underway, but a major stumbling block was the presence of the Caps in Washington. [[Washington Wizards|Baltimore Bullets]] owner [[Abe Pollin]] wanted to move his team to Washington, but didn't want the Caps there. The other ABA owners persuaded Foreman to move the Caps for the second time in as many seasons. Foreman decided to make the Caps a regional franchise, the Virginia Squires. The team would be based in [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]], and also played home games in [[Hampton, Virginia|Hampton]], [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] and [[Roanoke, Virginia|Roanoke]]. However, Roanoke was dropped from the list of "home" cities after only one season. The Squires' colors were red, white, and blue.

[[Rick Barry]], who originally played with the inaugural Oaks, appeared on the [[August 24]], [[1970]] front cover of Sports Illustrated in a Squires uniform; in the accompanying article inside the magazine, Barry made several negative remarks about the state of [[Virginia]]. (He angered sensitive Southerners by remarking that he didn't want his children to grow up saying, "Hi, y'all, Dad.") On [[September 1]], [[1970]], the Squires traded Barry to the [[New Jersey Nets|New York Nets]] for a draft pick and $200,000. The negative comments weren't the primary reason; rather, Foreman was still bogged down by financial troubles and sold Barry to help meet his expenses.

The Squires played most of their games at [[Old Dominion University]]'s fieldhouse in their first season as a "regional" franchise, with other matches at the [[Richmond Arena]], [[Hampton Coliseum]] and [[Roanoke Civic Center]]. In spite of the initial controversy surrounding former player Barry, the Squires finished their inaugural season in Virginia by winning the Eastern Division by 11 games. They defeated the New York Nets in the first round of the ABA playoffs but went on to be upset by the [[Kentucky Colonels]]. In 1971, the Squires make their biggest draft pick ever by drafting [[Julius Erving]] from the [[University of Massachusetts]]. During the 1971-72 season, Erving became an instant sensation with his scoring prowess and dazzling on-court acrobatics; the Squires defeated [[The Floridians]] in the first round of the playoffs but lost to the New York Nets in the second round.

The 1972-73 season marked the beginning of the Virginia Squires downturn. Although blessed with a combination of Julius Erving ("Dr. J") and a young [[George Gervin]], the duo only played together late in the season. The Squires lost to their division rival Nets in the first round of the playoffs. During the summer of 1973, Dr. J was sold to the New York Nets for cash.

During the 1974 ABA All-Star Weekend, rumors abounded that Gervin was about to be sold to the [[San Antonio Spurs]]. These rumors became fact on [[January 30]]. ABA commissioner [[Mike Storen]] tried to block the sale on the grounds that selling the team's last true star was not in the best interest of the league. However, the sale was eventually upheld.

This angered many Squire fans, and attendance soon plummeted. The Squires' final two seasons in the ABA were forgettable as the losses mounted and popular coach [[Al Bianchi]] was fired. The 1974-75 and 1975-76 teams went 15-69 and 15-68 respectively--the worst winning percentages in ABA history. The team was coming unraveled off the court as well. In 1974, Barry Parkhill sued the team after his paychecks bounced. The Squires nearly shut down for good in February 1976, but only managed to stay afloat by a sale of advertising banners and a $250,000 loan from a local bank. As it turned out, it only bought them four more months of life. After failing to meet a $75,000 league assessment, the Squires disbanded on [[May 10]] [[1976]]. The final legacy of the team was that of early success, potential, and financial mismanagement, a sort of microcosm of the ABA itself.

'''Former home arenas of the Virginia Squires'''

<table width="70%" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1">
<tr>
<th style="background:#efefef;" align="left">Arena</th>
<th style="background:#efefef;" align="left">Seating</th>
<th style="background:#efefef;" align="left">Location</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background:#efefef;">
<td>[[Old Dominion University Fieldhouse]]</td><td> 5,200</td><td>[[Norfolk, Virginia]]</td>
</tr>
<td>[[Hampton Coliseum]]</td><td> 9,777</td><td>[[Hampton, Virginia]]</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background:#efefef;">
<td>[[Roanoke Civic Center]]</td><td> 9,828</td><td>[[Roanoke, Virginia]]</td>
</tr>
<td>[[Norfolk Scope]]</td><td>10,253</td><td>[[Norfolk, Virginia]]</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background:#efefef;">
<td>[[Richmond Coliseum]]</td><td>12,500</td><td>[[Richmond, Virginia]]</td>
</table>

==External links==
*[http://www.remembertheaba.com/Virginia-Squires.html Remember the ABA: Virginia Squires]

*[http://virginiasquires.homestead.com/VirginiaSquiresHomepage.html Unofficial Virginia Squires homepage]

[[Category:American Basketball Association teams]]
[[Category:Sports in Roanoke, Virginia]]
[[Category:Virginia Squires| ]]

[[es:Virginia Squires]]
[[fr:Virginia Squires]]
[[it:Virginia Squires]]
[[ja:バージニア・スクワイアーズ]]
[[zh:弗吉尼亚绅士队]]

Smokey Bear

2008-11-08T22:31:05Z

SnappingTurtle: Removing distractin trivia from leading image. Detail would work better somewhere in the body of the article if indeed it is necessary at all

[[Image:Smokey3.jpg|thumb|Smokey Bear|right]]

'''Smokey Bear''' (often wrongly referred to as Smokey The Bear) is a character in the longest running public service campaign in [[United States]] history. The character's mission is to raise public awareness to protect American forests. Since the campaign's inception, the area lost annually has gone from 22,000,000 to {{convert|4000000|acre|km2}}.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.adcouncil.org/default.aspx?id=129 Ad Council : Forest Fire Prevention - Smokey Bear (1944-Present)]</ref>

Smokey Bear's message "Only You Can Prevent Forest Fires" was created in 1944 by the [[Ad Council]]. In a recent study, 95% of those surveyed could finish the sentence when given the first words. In April 2001, Smokey's message was updated to "Only You Can Prevent Wildfires." <ref name="autogenerated2">[http://www.fs.fed.us/r1/centennial/smokey.shtml Northern Region - Centennial]</ref>

Smokey's correct full name is Smokey Bear. In 1952, songwriters [[Steve Nelson]] and [[Jack Rollins]] had a hit with "Smokey The Bear". The pair said that "the" was added to Smokey’s name to keep the song's rhythm. This small change has caused confusion among Smokey fans ever since.<ref>[http://smokeybear.com/faq.asp Only You Can Prevent Wildfires. - Resources]</ref> Note that, from the beginning, Smokey's name was intentionally spelled differently from the adjective smoky. The Forest Service emphatically denies that the name was ever "Smokey The Bear"; however, in the 1950s, that variant of the name became very widespread both in the popular imagination and in print, including at least one standard encyclopedia<ref>World Book Encyclopedia, 1960 edition, "Fire Prevention" article</ref>. The campaign to remind the public of the correct version of the name is almost as old as the Smokey Bear campaign itself.

The fictional character Smokey Bear is administered by three entities: the [[United States Forest Service]], the [[National Association of State Foresters]], and the [[Ad Council]]. Smokey Bear's name and image are protected by U.S. [[Federal government of the United States|federal]] law, the ''Smokey Bear Act of 1952'' (16 U.S.C. 580 (p-2); 18 U.S.C. 711).<ref>[http://www.symbols.gov/documents/smokey/smokey-act.shtml Smokey Bear Act of 1952]</ref>

== Beginning the campaign ==
[[Image:Smokeybear1944.jpg|thumb|Smokey Bear's debut poster]]
Before [[World War II]], forest fire prevention campaigns used colorful [[posters]] to bring attention to the problem. During the war, images of the [[Axis powers of World War II]] leaders were depicted to drive home the message that forest fires hurt the country’s war effort. Lumber was a critical natural resource needed for the armed forces.<ref>[http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/wayne/facts/smokey_bear.html Smokey Bear]</ref>

On [[August 13]], [[1942]], Disney's 5th full-length animated motion picture ''[[Bambi]]'' premiered in New York City. Soon after, [[Walt Disney]] allowed his characters to appear in fire prevention public service campaigns. However, ''''Bambi'''' was only loaned to the government for a year, so a new symbol was needed.

Sticking with the popular animal theme, a bear was chosen. His name was inspired by "Smoky" Joe Martin, a [[New York City Fire Department]] hero who shrugged off burns and blindness in the bold 1922 rescue.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E4DE1F30F933A15752C1A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink ''BOOKS OF THE TIMES; Their Battle Is Joined With an Inhuman Enemy''] by Ralph Blumenthal</ref>

Smokey's debut poster was released on [[August 9]], [[1944]], which is considered his birthday. Overseen by the Cooperative Forest Fire Prevention Campaign, the first poster was illustrated by [[Albert Staehle]]. In it Smokey was depicted wearing [[jeans]] and a [[campaign hat]], pouring a bucket of water on a campfire. The message underneath reads, "Smokey says – Care will prevent 9 out of 10 forest fires!"

In a [[1948]] poster, Smokey grasps a shovel, standing next to deer, squirrels, and birds. By now his message had been refined: "Another 30 million acres [120,000 km²] will burn this year – unless you are careful! Remember – only you can prevent forest fires!"

Beginning in 1944, the full-time campaign artist was Forest Service employee [[Rudy Wendelin]], who was considered Smokey Bear's "caretaker" until he retired in 1973.

== The living symbol of Smokey ==
The living symbol of Smokey Bear was an American [[American Black Bear|black bear]] who in the spring of 1950 was caught in the [[Capitan Gap fire]], a [[wildfire]] that burned {{convert|17000|acre|km2}} in the [[Capitan Mountains]] of [[New Mexico]]. The cub was in the [[Lincoln National Forest]]. Smokey had climbed a tree to escape the blaze, but his paws and hind legs had been burned. He was rescued by a [[Game Warden]] after the fire.

At first he was called '''Hotfoot Teddy''', but was later renamed Smokey, after the mascot. A local rancher who had been helping fight the fire took the cub home with him, but he needed veterinary aid. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish Ranger Ray Bell took him to [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]]. His wife, Ruth, and their children, Don and Judy, cared for the cub. The story was picked up by the national news services and Smokey became an instant celebrity. He and the Bells were featured in ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'', cementing his star status. Soon after, Smokey was flown in a [[Piper Cub]] to the [[National Zoo]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], where he lived for 26 years. Upon his death on November 9, 1976 <ref>[http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/2002/6/smokey.cfm http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/2002/6/smokey.cfm]</ref>, Smokey's remains were returned by the government to [[Capitan, New Mexico]], and buried at what is now the Smokey Bear Historical Park <ref>[http://www.smokeybearpark.com www.smokeybearpark.com]</ref>.
[[Image:SmokeyTheBearHeadshot.GIF|thumb|right|150px|"Only YOU can prevent wildfires!]]

== Smokey the icon ==
Following the discovery of the living symbol of Smokey Bear, the character became a big part of American popular culture in the 1950s. He was on radio shows in the 1950s with his band, the [[Sons of the Pioneers]]. He appeared in [[comic strips]] and [[cartoons]].

On the back of the song sheet was printed the '''Conservation Pledge''':

<blockquote>I give my pledge as an American to save and faithfully to defend from waste the natural resources of my country – its soil and minerals, its forests, waters and wildlife.</blockquote>

In 1952, after Smokey Bear attracted considerable commercial interest, the [http://www.symbols.gov/smokey/smokey-acts.shtml Smokey Bear Act], an [[Act of Congress]], was passed to take Smokey out of the [[public domain]] and place him under the control of the [[Secretary of Agriculture]]. The Act provided for the use of Smokey's royalties for continued education on forest fire prevention.

A Smokey Bear doll was released by [[Ideal Toys]] in 1952, which included a mail-in card for children to become junior forest rangers. Within three years half a million kids had applied. In April 1964, Smokey was given his own ZIP code, 20252. <ref name="autogenerated2" />

In 1955, the first children’s book was published, followed by many sequels and coloring books. Soon thousands of dolls, toys, and other collectibles were on the market.

During the 1950s and 1960s, the [[Ad Council]] sponsored radio ads, featuring Smokey Bear "in conversation" with prominent American celebrity stars such as [[Bing Crosby]], [[Art Linkletter]], [[Dinah Shore]], [[Roy Rogers]], and many others. <ref name="autogenerated1" />

Smokey also lends his name and image to the ''Smokey Bear Awards'', which are awarded by the United States Forest Service:<blockquote>"To recognize outstanding service in the prevention of wildland fires and to increase public recognition and awareness of the need for continuing fire prevention
efforts."<ref>http://www.symbols.gov/smokey/smokeybear-awards/2005/Fact_sheet.pdf</ref>
</blockquote>

== Legacy ==
[[Image:Smokey with scouts.png|thumb|right|Smokey Bear with members of the [[Boy Scouts of America]] and the [[Camp Fire USA|Camp Fire Girls]] in 1950]]
For Smokey’s 50th Anniversary in 1994, he was honored with a U.S. [[postage stamp]] that pictured a cub hanging onto a burned tree. It was illustrated by [[Rudy Wendelin]].<ref name="autogenerated2" /> The commercial for his 50th birthday portray woodland animals about to throw Smokey a surprise party with a cake with candles. When Smokey comes blindfolded, he smells smoke, not realizing it is birthday candles for his birthday. He uses his shovel to destroy the cake. When he takes off his blindfold, he sees that it was a birthday cake for him and apologizes. You can see the commercial [http://www.smokeybear.com/vault/museum_broadcast_1993a.asp here].

In 2004, Smokey celebrated his 60th Anniversary. According to [[Richard Earle]], author of ''The Art of Cause Marketing'', the Smokey Bear campaign is recognized as among the most powerful and enduring of all [[public service advertising]]. "Smokey is simple, strong, straightforward," Earle writes. "He's a denizen of those woods you're visiting, and he cares about preserving them. Anyone who grew up watching ''[[Bambi]]'' realizes how terrifying a forest fire can be. But Smokey wouldn't run away. Smokey's strong. He'll stay and fight the fire if necessary, but he'd rather have you douse it and cover it up so he doesn't have to."<ref>Richard Earle, ''The Art of Cause Marketing'', New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000, page 230</ref>

==Voices of Smokey Bear==
In current commercials featuring Smokey Bear, he is voiced by actor [[Sam Elliott]].

==Adaptations==
In 1950, Howard Wilkerson became the first Smokey bear in South Carolina. students from [[Hill City, South Dakota|Hill City, South Dakota,]] helped stop a devastating [[wildfire]] that threatened their community. Afterwards the school district was allowed by the government to use Smokey Bear as its mascot. It is believed to be the only school in the country to be able to do so. <ref>[http://hillcity.k12.sd.us/smokeypage.htm The Story of the Hill City School Mascot]</ref>

Smokey Bear -- and parodies of the character -- have been appearing in [[animation]] for more than fifty years. In 1956, he made a cameo appearance in the [[Walt Disney]] short ''[[In the Bag]]'' with a voice provided by Washington Radio Station WMAL personality [[Jackson Weaver]]. Weaver served as the primary voice of Smokey - and following his death in October 1992, the "voice" of Smokey was retired until June of 2008 when the Forest Service launched a new series of PSA's, voiced by actor Sam Elliot, giving Smokey a new look designed to appeal to young adults. Others who provided a voice to Smokey prior to 1992, included Los Angeles Radio station KNX's George Walsh.

In 1966, [[Rankin/Bass]] produced an animated TV special called ''The Ballad of Smokey the Bear'', narrated by [[James Cagney]].

"The Ballad of Smokey the Bear" was covered by [[Canned Heat]]. The track is on their CD ''The Boogie House Tapes 1969-1999''.

"[[Smokey the Bear Sutra]]", a 1969 poem by [[Gary Snyder]] which presents environmental concerns in the form of a [[Buddhist]] [[sutra]], and depicts Smokey as the [[reincarnation]] of the [[Vairocana|Great Sun Buddha]]. Full text is on [[:s:Smokey the Bear Sutra|Wikisource - Smokey the Bear Sutra]].

[[Image:Smokeybear.JPG|thumb|right|Smokey Bear at the [[2005 National Scout Jamboree]].]]

==Environmentalism themed comics==
Several other [[environmentalism]], [[Conservation movement|conservation]] or [[Wilderness|outdoor]] themed comics have appeared over the years including [[Mark Trail]] and [[Woodsy Owl]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.smokeybear.com/ SmokeyBear.com]
*[http://smokeybear.com/vault/default.asp A collection of Smokey Bear-related media]
*[http://www.symbols.gov/smokey/index.shtml U.S. Forest Service National Symbols Program]
*[http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/wayne/facts/smokey_bear.html Smokey Bear and Fire Prevention] via US Forest Service
*[http://www.emnrd.state.nm.us/FD/SmokeyBear/SmokeyBearPark.htm Smokey Bear Historical Park in Capitan, New Mexico]
*[http://www.nifc.gov/fireinfo/2000/stats.html Fire causes - 2000 statistics]
*[http://smokeybeardays.org/default.aspx Smokey Bear Days]
*[http://www.state.sc.us/forest/posters.htm A collection of Smokey Bear and other forest fire-related posters]

[[Category:Public service announcement characters]]
[[Category:Famous bears]]
[[Category:Fictional bears]]
[[Category:Fire prevention]]
[[Category:Public service announcements]]
[[Category:USDA Forest Service]]
[[Category:Mascots]]

[[nds:Smokey de Boor]]

Hochzeit von Charles, Prince of Wales, und Camilla Parker Bowles

2007-04-15T13:46:46Z

SnappingTurtle: /* External links */ removing dead link

The '''wedding of [[Charles, Prince of Wales]] and [[Camilla Parker Bowles]]''' took place on [[9 April]], [[2005]].

==Preparations==
On [[10 February]], [[2005]], it was announced that Camilla Parker Bowles and the Prince of Wales would marry on [[8 April]], [[2005]], at [[Windsor Castle]] with a civil service followed by religious prayer.

After the engagement announcement, the couple were congratulated by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] and her husband, the [[Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Duke of Edinburgh]] [http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page3742.asp], indicating that consent had been granted under the [[Royal Marriages Act 1772]]; the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], [[Rowan Williams]]; the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]], [[Tony Blair]]; the [[Leader of the Opposition]], [[Michael Howard]]; the Leader of the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]], [[Charles Kennedy]]; the [[Leader of the House of Commons]], [[Peter Hain]]; and the Prime Ministers of the other [[Commonwealth Realms]].

Her Royal Highness's [[engagement ring]], reported to be an "enormous" diamond by [[Sarah Lyall]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' on [[11 February]], [[2005]], is a Windsor family heirloom that belonged to the [[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon|Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother]]. With a [[1920s]] [[platinum]] setting, it is composed of a square-cut central diamond flanked by six diamond baguettes. Photographs of the Duchess showing the ring to the media reveal that the main stone is not especially large.

The Prince was the first member of the royal family to marry in a [[civil marriage|civil ceremony]] in England. Dr Stephen Chetney, a Fellow at [[All Souls College, Oxford]] questioned whether Charles and Camilla could marry in a civil ceremony, as the [[Royal Family]] was specifically excluded from the law which instituted civil marriages in England (the [[Marriage Act 1836]]). On [[14 February]] the The [[BBC]]'s ''[[Panorama (television)|Panorama]]'' [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/4262943.stm] uncovered government documents dating from [[1956]] and [[1964]] which suggest that it may not be lawful for members of the royal family to marry in a civil ceremony in [[England and Wales]], though it would be lawful in [[Scotland]]. Clarence House rejected this. [[Charlie Falconer, Baron Falconer of Thoroton|Lord Falconer of Thoroton]] told the [[House of Lords (UK)|House of Lords]] [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds05/text/50224-51.htm#50224-51_head0] that the 1836 Act had been repealed by the [[Marriage Act 1949]] which had different wording, and that the [[British Government]] were satisfied that it was lawful for the couple to marry by a civil ceremony in accordance with Part III of the 1949 Act. Eleven objections were received by the Cirencester and Chippenham register offices but were all rejected by the [[Registrar General]] (and [[Office for National Statistics|National Statistician]]) [[Len Cook]] determined that a civil marriage would in fact be valid [http://www.gro.gov.uk/gro/content/news/Marriage_statement.asp], the [[Human Rights Act 1998]] apparently superseding any previously enacted legislation barring members of the royal family from civil marriages. There were calls for a short piece of legislation to remove all doubt, but no legislation was in fact introduced. In fact the matter was never seriously in issue, however, as it is a truism of English law that a statute is [[pro tanto]] repealed by a subsequent statute to the extent of any inconsistency, whether or not the prior inconsistent statue is expressly repealed for that or any purpose.

On [[17 February]], [[Clarence House]] announced the marriage's change of [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4274839.stm venue] from Windsor Castle to the [[Guildhall, Windsor]], immediately outside the walls of the castle. This substitution came about when it was discovered that the legal requirements for licensing the royal castle for civil weddings would require opening it up to other prospective couples for at least three years.

On [[22 February]], [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4289225.stm Buckingham Palace] announced that the Queen would not attend the wedding ceremony, but would attend the church blessing and host the reception afterward. The reason stated by the palace was the couple wanted to keep the occasion low key. It was unofficially known that the Queen, as [[Supreme Governor of the Church of England]], could not endorse a civil wedding by her presence.

On [[4 April]] it was announced that the wedding would be postponed 24 hours until [[9 April]], so that the Prince of Wales could attend the [[funeral of Pope John Paul II]] as the representative of the Queen. The postponement also allowed some of the dignitaries that were invited to the wedding to attend the funeral.

In keeping with tradition, the Prince of Wales spent the night apart from his bride-to-be at [[Highgrove]], his country mansion in [[Gloucestershire]], with his sons Princes William and Harry.

==Wedding==

The wedding took place at the [[Guildhall, Windsor|Guildhall]] in Windsor 12.30pm BST (12:30 UTC) [[9 April]] [[2005]]. Crowds had gathered on the streets since dawn ahead of the service. A civil ceremony was planned because of controversy within the [[Church of England]] regarding the remarriage of divorcés. This was attended by all the senior royals apart from the Queen and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

Interestingly, when [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Anne]] married [[Timothy Laurence]] after having divorced [[Mark Phillips]], she chose to do so in the [[Church of Scotland]], the established Presbyterian body in that country. Remarriage of divorcees is less controversial in the Kirk (as it is known), and the sovereign is automatically a member of the Kirk (in addition to being [[Supreme Governor of the Church of England]]). For whatever reason, the Prince of Wales and his bride did not elect this course of action.

At the wedding, the couple's witnesses were [[Prince William of Wales]] and the bride's son, [[Tom Parker Bowles]].

For the wedding, the duchess wore a cream-coloured dress and coat with a wide-brimmed cream-coloured hat. For the blessing afterward, she wore a floor-length embroidered pale blue and gold coat over a matching chiffon gown and a dramatic spray of golden feathers in her hair. Both ensembles were by Antonia Robinson and Anna Valentine, London designers who work under the name [[Robinson Valentine]]; both hats were made by the Irish [[milliner]] [[Philip Treacy]].

In keeping with tradition, the couple's wedding rings are crafted from 22 carat (92%) [[Welsh gold]] from the [[Clogau]] [[St David|St David's]] mine in [[Bontddu]]. The design of the wedding rings is by [[Wartski]], a [[London]] jeweller that has held the [[Royal Warrant]] to The Prince of Wales since [[1979]]. The Prince wears his on the small finger of his left hand.

==Blessing==

The wedding was followed by a televised blessing at [[St. George's Chapel, Windsor|St George's Chapel]], led by the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] [[Rowan Williams]], which the Queen and her husband did attend, along with many foreign royals. Along with the congregation attending their post-wedding blessing, the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall recited an acknowledgement of past "sins and wickedness" taken from the [[1662]] [[Book of Common Prayer]]. [[CNN]] called it "the strongest act of penitence" in the prayer book, suggesting that the recitation of it is unusual; in fact it is simply the General Confession in the Communion rite and regularly (if not weekly) used at services in Anglican churches throughout England and, with minor variations, world wide. At the conclusion of the blessing, a [[contralto]] sang the [[Nicene Creed|Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed]] in Russian (and thus without the [[Filioque clause]], which is being increasingly omitted in Anglican liturgy) by way of indicating an affinity for the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches. After the blessing, the Queen hosted an 800-guest reception in [[Windsor Castle]].

== Wedding guest list==
===Family of the Prince of Wales===
[[Prince William of Wales|HRH Prince William of Wales]] 
[[Prince Harry of Wales|HRH Prince Henry of Wales]] 
[[Prince Andrew, Duke of York|HRH The Duke of York]] 
[[Princess Beatrice of York|HRH Princess Beatrice of York]] 
[[Princess Eugenie of York|HRH Princess Eugenie of York]] 
TRH [[Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex|The Earl]] and [[Sophie, Countess of Wessex|Countess of Wessex]] 
[[Anne, Princess Royal|HRH The Princess Royal]] 
[[Timothy Laurence|Rear Admiral Timothy Lawrence]] 
[[Peter Mark Andrew Phillips|Mr Peter Phillips]] 
[[Zara Phillips|Miss Zara Phillips]] 
[[Princess Alexandra of Kent|HRH Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy]] 
[[David Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley|Viscount]] and [[Serena Armstrong-Jones, Viscountess Linley|Viscountess Linley]] 
[[Daniel Chatto|Mr Daniel]] and [[Lady Sarah Chatto|The Lady Sarah Chatto]] 

===Family of Camilla Parker Bowles===
[[Bruce Shand|Major Bruce Shand]] 
[[Tom Parker Bowles|Mr Tom Parker Bowles]] 
[[Sara Parker Bowles|Miss Sara Buys]] 
[[Laura Lopes|Miss Laura Parker Bowles]] 
[[Harry Lopes|Mr Harry Lopes]] 
[[Mark Shand|Mr Mark Shand]] 
[[Simon Elliot|Mr and Mrs Simon Elliot]] 
[[Ben Elliot|Mr Ben Elliot]] 
[[Katie Elliot|Miss Katie Elliot]] 
[[Luke Irwin|Mr and Mrs Luke Irwin]] 

Those not present at the wedding, but who attended the blessing ceremony afterwards, included [[Joan Rivers]], [[Rowan Atkinson]] and political dignitaries, including [[Don McKinnon]], [[Commonwealth Secretary-General|Secretary-General of the Commonwealth]], a number of [[governor general|governors-general]], members of foreign royal families, and British politicians.

==Commercial effects==
Manufacturers of [[pottery]] and other commemorative items faced a late rush to change the dates on their products. However, sales of those with the incorrect date soared when people began to think that they would become collectors items.

For the wedding day [[theme park]] [[Alton Towers]] changed the name of "Rita: Queen of Speed" to "Camilla: Queen of Speed". Television commercials and signs around the park were all updated to reflect this change. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_4410000/newsid_4416800/4416839.stm] This, however, could be seen as a [[marketing]] strategy as the park had recently reopened and that ride has just been completed.

==References==
*"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_4410000/newsid_4416800/4416839.stm Theme park to rename ride Camilla]" at [[Newsround]], [[BBC News]]. Accessed [[12 April]] [[2005]].

==External links==
{{wikinews|Future British monarch Prince Charles marries Camilla Parker Bowles}}
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2005/charles_and_camilla/default.stm BBC News - In Depth: Charles and Camilla]
*[http://www.cuopm.com/newsitem.asp?articlenumber=260 Communications Unit - Prime Minister's Office of Saint Kitts and Nevis]
*[http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2005/royal.wedding/ CNN - Royal Wedding]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/gall/0,8542,1409821,00.html Guardian Unlimited - In Pictures: Charles and Camilla]
*[http://portal.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/04/08/nwed108.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/04/08/ixnewstop.html|Daily Telegraph article including Guest Lists]
{{CPW}}
[[Category:History of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:2005 in the United Kingdom]]
[[fr:Mariage du Prince Charles avec Camilla Parker-Bowles]]

Glengarriff

2007-01-10T20:25:26Z

SnappingTurtle: /* Attractions */ Removing more blatant advertising. Was this whole article written by the tourism board?

{{Infobox Irish Place|
name = Glengarriff|
gaeilge = |
crest image = |
motto = |
map image = Ireland map County Cork Magnified.png|
pin coords = left: 48.5px; top: 77px |
north coord = 41.904354 |
west coord = 8.956947 |
irish grid = V925564|
area = |
county = [[County Cork]] |
population = 250 |
census yr = 2002 |
province = Munster |
web = |
|}}

'''Glengarriff''' (''Gleann Garbh'' in [[Irish language|Irish]], meaning "Rough glen") is a village of approximately 600 people in the south-west region of [[County Cork]] in the Republic of [[Ireland]]. Known internationally as a tourism venue, it boasts many natural attractions. It sits at the northern head of Glengarriff Bay, a smaller enclave of [[Bantry Bay]].

Located 20 [[kilometre|km]] (~12 [[mile]]s) west of [[Bantry]], and 30 km (~18 miles) east of [[Castletownbere]], it is a popular stop along the routes around the area. In recent years, its importance as a waypoint along the [[Castletownbere]] to Cork fish-delivery route has declined as local infrastructure improves and vehicular traffic can now navigate its once-quaint thoroughfare at significant speed.

==Economy==
Primarily, the economy revolves around a combination of [[tourism]], [[subsistence farming]] and local services.

==Attractions==
Glengarriff's position on a sheltered bay surrounded by high mountains makes it a particulary attractive village. Notably among local attractions, Garnish Island or [[Ilnacullin]] is well worth a visit. Also worth visiting is the national forest, with some of the oldest and most extensive [[oak]] and [[birch]] groves in Ireland and the more recently developed Bamboo Park. Glengarriff also offers shops, art galleries, pubs and restaurants.

==Accommodation==
* The Glengarriff Eccles Hotel is one of the oldest established hotels in Ireland, having hosted such famous guests as William Thackery and George Bernard Shaw.
* Casey's Hotel is a friendly small hotel with a good pub and restaurant.
* The Glengarriff Park Hotel is a recently built small hotel in the the center of the village
* Murphy's Village Hostel is located in the middle of town
* There are also numerous B&Bs and self-catering cottages in the area.

==Sport==
[[Glengarriff Golf Club]] is a nine hole course on the east side of the village. It is associated with [[Maureen O'Hara]] the famous [[film actress]] who has a residence close by. The Glengarriff Nature Reserve offers many miles of well-marked walking trails to explore the oak forests, streams and mountains of the Glen.

==See also==
*[[List of towns in the Republic of Ireland]]
*[[Historic Cork Gardens]]
*[[Ellen Hutchins]]

[[Category:Towns in Cork]]

[[pl:Glengarriff]]
[[sv:Glengarriff]]

Glengarriff

2007-01-10T18:26:00Z

SnappingTurtle: Removing commercial external links that don't really add anything to the article. Removing "External links" header because there are no more external links

{{Infobox Irish Place|
name = Glengarriff|
gaeilge = |
crest image = |
motto = |
map image = Ireland map County Cork Magnified.png|
pin coords = left: 48.5px; top: 77px |
north coord = 41.904354 |
west coord = 8.956947 |
irish grid = V925564|
area = |
county = [[County Cork]] |
population = 250 |
census yr = 2002 |
province = Munster |
web = |
|}}

'''Glengarriff''' (''Gleann Garbh'' in [[Irish language|Irish]], meaning "Rough glen") is a village of approximately 600 people in the south-west region of [[County Cork]] in the Republic of [[Ireland]]. Known internationally as a tourism venue, it boasts many natural attractions. It sits at the northern head of Glengarriff Bay, a smaller enclave of [[Bantry Bay]].

Located 20 [[kilometre|km]] (~12 [[mile]]s) west of [[Bantry]], and 30 km (~18 miles) east of [[Castletownbere]], it is a popular stop along the routes around the area. In recent years, its importance as a waypoint along the [[Castletownbere]] to Cork fish-delivery route has declined as local infrastructure improves and vehicular traffic can now navigate its once-quaint thoroughfare at significant speed.

==Economy==
Primarily, the economy revolves around a combination of [[tourism]], [[subsistence farming]] and local services.

==Attractions==
Glengarriff's position on a sheltered bay surrounded by high mountains makes it a particulary attractive village. Notably among local attractions, Garnish Island or [[Ilnacullin]] is well worth a visit. A botanical and horticultural paradise in Glenagarriff Bay, it is located about 25 minutes off-shore and accessible via small passenger ferries which depart from three different locations around the bay - Glengarriff Blue Pool, Glengarriff Pier and Shrone Slip. Also worth visiting is the national forest, with some of the oldest and most extensive [[oak]] and [[birch]] groves in Ireland and the more recently developed Bamboo Park. Glengarriff also offers shops, art galleries, pubs and restaurants.

==Accommodation==
* The Glengarriff Eccles Hotel is one of the oldest established hotels in Ireland, having hosted such famous guests as William Thackery and George Bernard Shaw.
* Casey's Hotel is a friendly small hotel with a good pub and restaurant.
* The Glengarriff Park Hotel is a recently built small hotel in the the center of the village
* Murphy's Village Hostel is located in the middle of town
* There are also numerous B&Bs and self-catering cottages in the area.

==Sport==
[[Glengarriff Golf Club]] is a nine hole course on the east side of the village. It is associated with [[Maureen O'Hara]] the famous [[film actress]] who has a residence close by. The Glengarriff Nature Reserve offers many miles of well-marked walking trails to explore the oak forests, streams and mountains of the Glen.

==See also==
*[[List of towns in the Republic of Ireland]]
*[[Historic Cork Gardens]]
*[[Ellen Hutchins]]

[[Category:Towns in Cork]]

[[pl:Glengarriff]]
[[sv:Glengarriff]]

Glengarriff

2007-01-05T12:55:59Z

SnappingTurtle: /* Sport */ removing overly rah-rah copy

{{Infobox Irish Place|
name = Glengarriff|
gaeilge = |
crest image = |
motto = |
map image = Ireland map County Cork Magnified.png|
pin coords = left: 48.5px; top: 77px |
north coord = 41.904354 |
west coord = 8.956947 |
irish grid = V925564|
area = |
county = [[County Cork]] |
population = 250 |
census yr = 2002 |
province = Munster |
web = |
|}}

'''Glengarriff''' (''Gleann Garbh'' in [[Irish language|Irish]], meaning "Rough glen") is a village of approximately 600 people in the south-west region of [[County Cork]] in the Republic of [[Ireland]]. Known internationally as a tourism venue, it boasts many natural attractions. It sits at the northern head of Glengarriff Bay, a smaller enclave of [[Bantry Bay]].

Located 20 [[kilometre|km]] (~12 [[mile]]s) west of [[Bantry]], and 30 km (~18 miles) east of [[Castletownbere]], it is a popular stop along the routes around the area. In recent years, its importance as a waypoint along the [[Castletownbere]] to Cork fish-delivery route has declined as local infrastructure improves and vehicular traffic can now navigate its once-quaint thoroughfare at significant speed.

==Economy==
Primarily, the economy revolves around a combination of [[tourism]], [[subsistence farming]] and local services.

==Attractions==
Glengarriff's position on a sheltered bay surrounded by high mountains makes it a particulary attractive village. Notably among local attractions, Garnish Island or [[Ilnacullin]] is well worth a visit. A botanical and horticultural paradise in Glenagarriff Bay, it is located about 25 minutes off-shore and accessible via small passenger ferries which depart from three different locations around the bay - Glengarriff Blue Pool, Glengarriff Pier and Shrone Slip. Also worth visiting is the national forest, with some of the oldest and most extensive [[oak]] and [[birch]] groves in Ireland and the more recently developed Bamboo Park. Glengarriff also offers shops, art galleries, pubs and restaurants.

==Accommodation==
* The Glengarriff Eccles Hotel is one of the oldest established hotels in Ireland, having hosted such famous guests as William Thackery and George Bernard Shaw.
* Casey's Hotel is a friendly small hotel with a good pub and restaurant.
* The Glengarriff Park Hotel is a recently built small hotel in the the center of the village
* Murphy's Village Hostel is located in the middle of town
* There are also numerous B&Bs and self-catering cottages in the area.

==Sport==
[[Glengarriff Golf Club]] is a nine hole course on the east side of the village. It is associated with [[Maureen O'Hara]] the famous [[film actress]] who has a residence close by. The Glengarriff Nature Reserve offers many miles of well-marked walking trails to explore the oak forests, streams and mountains of the Glen.

==See also==
*[[List of towns in the Republic of Ireland]]
*[[Historic Cork Gardens]]
*[[Ellen Hutchins]]

==External links==
*[http://www.bearalink.com Bearalink]
*[http://hammondgallery.com Catherine Hammond Gallery]
[[Category:Towns in Cork]]

[[pl:Glengarriff]]
[[sv:Glengarriff]]

Glengarriff

2007-01-05T12:52:05Z

SnappingTurtle: /* Attractions */ toning down rah-rah copy

{{Infobox Irish Place|
name = Glengarriff|
gaeilge = |
crest image = |
motto = |
map image = Ireland map County Cork Magnified.png|
pin coords = left: 48.5px; top: 77px |
north coord = 41.904354 |
west coord = 8.956947 |
irish grid = V925564|
area = |
county = [[County Cork]] |
population = 250 |
census yr = 2002 |
province = Munster |
web = |
|}}

'''Glengarriff''' (''Gleann Garbh'' in [[Irish language|Irish]], meaning "Rough glen") is a village of approximately 600 people in the south-west region of [[County Cork]] in the Republic of [[Ireland]]. Known internationally as a tourism venue, it boasts many natural attractions. It sits at the northern head of Glengarriff Bay, a smaller enclave of [[Bantry Bay]].

Located 20 [[kilometre|km]] (~12 [[mile]]s) west of [[Bantry]], and 30 km (~18 miles) east of [[Castletownbere]], it is a popular stop along the routes around the area. In recent years, its importance as a waypoint along the [[Castletownbere]] to Cork fish-delivery route has declined as local infrastructure improves and vehicular traffic can now navigate its once-quaint thoroughfare at significant speed.

==Economy==
Primarily, the economy revolves around a combination of [[tourism]], [[subsistence farming]] and local services.

==Attractions==
Glengarriff's position on a sheltered bay surrounded by high mountains makes it a particulary attractive village. Notably among local attractions, Garnish Island or [[Ilnacullin]] is well worth a visit. A botanical and horticultural paradise in Glenagarriff Bay, it is located about 25 minutes off-shore and accessible via small passenger ferries which depart from three different locations around the bay - Glengarriff Blue Pool, Glengarriff Pier and Shrone Slip. Also worth visiting is the national forest, with some of the oldest and most extensive [[oak]] and [[birch]] groves in Ireland and the more recently developed Bamboo Park. Glengarriff also offers shops, art galleries, pubs and restaurants.

==Accommodation==
* The Glengarriff Eccles Hotel is one of the oldest established hotels in Ireland, having hosted such famous guests as William Thackery and George Bernard Shaw.
* Casey's Hotel is a friendly small hotel with a good pub and restaurant.
* The Glengarriff Park Hotel is a recently built small hotel in the the center of the village
* Murphy's Village Hostel is located in the middle of town
* There are also numerous B&Bs and self-catering cottages in the area.

==Sport==
[[Glengarriff Golf Club]] is a nine hole course set in magnificent surroundings on the east side of the village. It is associated with [[Maureen O'Hara]] the famous [[film actress]] who has a residence close by.
The Glengarriff Nature Reserve offers many miles of well-marked walking trails to explore the oak forests, streams and mountains of the Glen.

==See also==
*[[List of towns in the Republic of Ireland]]
*[[Historic Cork Gardens]]
*[[Ellen Hutchins]]

==External links==
*[http://www.bearalink.com Bearalink]
*[http://hammondgallery.com Catherine Hammond Gallery]
[[Category:Towns in Cork]]

[[pl:Glengarriff]]
[[sv:Glengarriff]]

Glengarriff

2007-01-05T12:50:34Z

SnappingTurtle: /* Accommodation */ removing blatant advertising

{{Infobox Irish Place|
name = Glengarriff|
gaeilge = |
crest image = |
motto = |
map image = Ireland map County Cork Magnified.png|
pin coords = left: 48.5px; top: 77px |
north coord = 41.904354 |
west coord = 8.956947 |
irish grid = V925564|
area = |
county = [[County Cork]] |
population = 250 |
census yr = 2002 |
province = Munster |
web = |
|}}

'''Glengarriff''' (''Gleann Garbh'' in [[Irish language|Irish]], meaning "Rough glen") is a village of approximately 600 people in the south-west region of [[County Cork]] in the Republic of [[Ireland]]. Known internationally as a tourism venue, it boasts many natural attractions. It sits at the northern head of Glengarriff Bay, a smaller enclave of [[Bantry Bay]].

Located 20 [[kilometre|km]] (~12 [[mile]]s) west of [[Bantry]], and 30 km (~18 miles) east of [[Castletownbere]], it is a popular stop along the routes around the area. In recent years, its importance as a waypoint along the [[Castletownbere]] to Cork fish-delivery route has declined as local infrastructure improves and vehicular traffic can now navigate its once-quaint thoroughfare at significant speed.

==Economy==
Primarily, the economy revolves around a combination of [[tourism]], [[subsistence farming]] and local services.

==Attractions==
Glengarriff's position on a sheltered bay surrounded by high mountains makes it a particulary attractive village. Notably among local attractions, Garnish Island or [[Ilnacullin]] is well worth a visit. A botanical and horticultural paradise in Glenagarriff Bay, it is located about 25 minutes off-shore and accessible via small passenger ferries which depart from three different locations around the bay - Glengarriff Blue Pool, Glengarriff Pier and Shrone Slip. Also worth visiting is the national forest, with some of the oldest and most extensive [[oak]] and [[birch]] groves in Ireland and the more recently developed Bamboo Park. Glengarriff also offers several outstanding shops, art galleries, pubs and restaurants.

==Accommodation==
* The Glengarriff Eccles Hotel is one of the oldest established hotels in Ireland, having hosted such famous guests as William Thackery and George Bernard Shaw.
* Casey's Hotel is a friendly small hotel with a good pub and restaurant.
* The Glengarriff Park Hotel is a recently built small hotel in the the center of the village
* Murphy's Village Hostel is located in the middle of town
* There are also numerous B&Bs and self-catering cottages in the area.

==Sport==
[[Glengarriff Golf Club]] is a nine hole course set in magnificent surroundings on the east side of the village. It is associated with [[Maureen O'Hara]] the famous [[film actress]] who has a residence close by.
The Glengarriff Nature Reserve offers many miles of well-marked walking trails to explore the oak forests, streams and mountains of the Glen.

==See also==
*[[List of towns in the Republic of Ireland]]
*[[Historic Cork Gardens]]
*[[Ellen Hutchins]]

==External links==
*[http://www.bearalink.com Bearalink]
*[http://hammondgallery.com Catherine Hammond Gallery]
[[Category:Towns in Cork]]

[[pl:Glengarriff]]
[[sv:Glengarriff]]

Glengarriff

2007-01-05T12:47:52Z

SnappingTurtle: /* External links */ removing dead link

{{Infobox Irish Place|
name = Glengarriff|
gaeilge = |
crest image = |
motto = |
map image = Ireland map County Cork Magnified.png|
pin coords = left: 48.5px; top: 77px |
north coord = 41.904354 |
west coord = 8.956947 |
irish grid = V925564|
area = |
county = [[County Cork]] |
population = 250 |
census yr = 2002 |
province = Munster |
web = |
|}}

'''Glengarriff''' (''Gleann Garbh'' in [[Irish language|Irish]], meaning "Rough glen") is a village of approximately 600 people in the south-west region of [[County Cork]] in the Republic of [[Ireland]]. Known internationally as a tourism venue, it boasts many natural attractions. It sits at the northern head of Glengarriff Bay, a smaller enclave of [[Bantry Bay]].

Located 20 [[kilometre|km]] (~12 [[mile]]s) west of [[Bantry]], and 30 km (~18 miles) east of [[Castletownbere]], it is a popular stop along the routes around the area. In recent years, its importance as a waypoint along the [[Castletownbere]] to Cork fish-delivery route has declined as local infrastructure improves and vehicular traffic can now navigate its once-quaint thoroughfare at significant speed.

==Economy==
Primarily, the economy revolves around a combination of [[tourism]], [[subsistence farming]] and local services.

==Attractions==
Glengarriff's position on a sheltered bay surrounded by high mountains makes it a particulary attractive village. Notably among local attractions, Garnish Island or [[Ilnacullin]] is well worth a visit. A botanical and horticultural paradise in Glenagarriff Bay, it is located about 25 minutes off-shore and accessible via small passenger ferries which depart from three different locations around the bay - Glengarriff Blue Pool, Glengarriff Pier and Shrone Slip. Also worth visiting is the national forest, with some of the oldest and most extensive [[oak]] and [[birch]] groves in Ireland and the more recently developed Bamboo Park. Glengarriff also offers several outstanding shops, art galleries, pubs and restaurants.

==Accommodation==
* The Glengarriff Eccles Hotel is one of the oldest established hotels in Ireland, having hosted such famous guests as William Thackery and George Bernard Shaw.

* Casey's Hotel is a friendly small hotel with a good pub and restaurant.

* The Glengarriff Park Hotel is a recently built small hotel in the the center of the village

* Murphy's Village Hostel is located in the middle of town just minutes away from Blue Pool Ferry that offers service to [Ilnacullin]. The hostel is clean, well maintained and resonably priced. The owner and his family are kind and helpful. There's a nice kitchen open to guests with plenty of counter and refrigerator space. A small, but cozy sitting room with plenty of chairs. Very clean bathrooms with great showers and lots of hot water. Contact Information for Reservations: Tel: 027 63555, Fax:027 63666, Email: murphyshostel@eircom.net

* There are also numerous B&Bs and self-catering cottages in the area.

==Sport==
[[Glengarriff Golf Club]] is a nine hole course set in magnificent surroundings on the east side of the village. It is associated with [[Maureen O'Hara]] the famous [[film actress]] who has a residence close by.
The Glengarriff Nature Reserve offers many miles of well-marked walking trails to explore the oak forests, streams and mountains of the Glen.

==See also==
*[[List of towns in the Republic of Ireland]]
*[[Historic Cork Gardens]]
*[[Ellen Hutchins]]

==External links==
*[http://www.bearalink.com Bearalink]
*[http://hammondgallery.com Catherine Hammond Gallery]
[[Category:Towns in Cork]]

[[pl:Glengarriff]]
[[sv:Glengarriff]]

Physik in Animationsfilmen

2006-11-18T19:35:17Z

SnappingTurtle: fixing typo

'''Cartoon physics''' is a joking reference to the fact that [[animation]] allows regular [[law of physics|laws of physics]] to be ignored in [[humor|humorous]] ways for dramatic effects. For example, when a cartoon character runs off a cliff, [[gravity]] has no effect until the character notices and mugs an appropriate reaction.<ref name="coyotusinterruptus">In a [[neologism]] contest held by ''[[New Scientist]]'', a winning entry coined the term "coyotus interruptus" for this phenomenon—a pun on [[coitus interruptus]] and [[Wile E. Coyote]], who fell to his doom this way particularly often.</ref> Students of animation may hear of the "commandment" "Animation follows the laws of physics - unless it is funnier otherwise," which is attributed to [[Art Babbitt]].

The phrase also reflects the fact that many of the most famous [[United States|American]] [[animated cartoon|animated films]], particularly those from [[Warner Brothers]] and [[MGM]] studios, unconsciously developed a relatively consistent set of such "laws" that have become regularly applied in comic animation.

The idea that cartoons behave differently, but not randomly, than the real world is virtually as old as animation. [[Walt Disney]], for example, spoke of the ''plausible impossible'' (see [[The Plausible Impossible]], 1956), deliberately mispronouncing the second word so it rhymed with the first.

Specific reference to cartoon physics extends back at least to June of [[1980]], when an article "O'Donnell's Laws of Cartoon Motion"<ref>O'Donnell's Laws of Cartoon Motion", ''Esquire'', 6/80, reprinted in ''IEEE Institute'', 10/94; V.18 #7 p.12. [http://remarque.org/~doug/cartoon-physics.html Copy on Web]</ref> appeared in ''[[Esquire magazine]]''. A version printed in [[1994]] by the [[IEEE]] in a journal for [[engineering|engineers]] helped spread the word among the technical crowd, which has expanded and refined the idea. Dozens of websites exist outlining these laws.

The situation is so well-understood that it has been used as the topic of jokes for decades, as in the 1949 [[Looney Tunes]] short ''[[High Diving Hare]]'', in which [[Bugs Bunny]] explains, "I know this defies the law of gravity; but you see, I never studied law!"

More recently, the cartoon characters [[Roger Rabbit]] and [[Bonkers (TV series)|Bonkers D. Bobcat]] have their own variations on the theme, explaining that [[toon]]s are allowed to bend or break natural laws for the purposes of comedy. Doing this is extremely tricky, so [[toon]]s have a natural sense of comedic timing, giving them inherently funny properties. Bonkers also warns that the loss of this sense can lead to unfunny and even dangerous situations, perhaps explaining why cartoon violence, but not the real variety, is always funny.

In 1993, Stephen R. Gould, writing in ''[[New Scientist]]'' noted that "... new, looney toon analysis reveals that these, seemingly nonsensical, phenomena can be described by logical laws similar to those in our world. Nonsensical events are by no means limited to the Looniverse. Laws that govern our own Universe often seem contrary to common sense."<ref>Stephen R. Gould, [http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14019055.200.html Looney Tuniverse: There is a crazy kind of physics at work in the world of cartoons] (1993) ''New Scientist''</ref>. This theme is further described by Dr. Alan Cholodenko in his article, "The Nutty Universe of Animation" <ref>Dr. Alan Cholodenko, "[http://www.ubishops.ca/baudrillardstudies/vol3_1/cholodenkopf.htm The Nutty Universe of Animation, The “Discipline” of All “Disciplines”, And That’s Not All, Folks!]" ''International Journal of Baudrillard Studies'' Volume 3, Number 1 (January 2006)</ref>

== Why is it funny? ==

Adherents of [[evolutionary psychology]] have suggested that the humorous effect of cartoon physics is due to the interplay of intuitions between [[physics]] (objective) and [[psychology]] (self-perception). The physics module predicts that the cartoon character will fall over the cliff immediately, while the psychology module anthropomorphizes the force of gravity and thus see it as vulnerable to deception, as long as the actor is self-deceived {{cite needed}}.

In short, it can lead to the humorous situation where a cartoon's logic is governed by what "makes sense" (is consistent) rather than what "is" (natural law).

== Examples ==
Commonly cited cartoon physics "laws" include:

* No matter what happens to [[cat]]s, they always return to their default shapes.
* Any body passing through solid matter will leave a dent or cutout conforming to the shape of its perimeter.
* [[Explosive material|Explosives]], even if detonated close to a character's face, will cause only scorching of the skin. (Prior to the efforts of the [[American Civil Rights Movement]], characters would often take on the appearance of [[blackface]].) Similarly, a gun discharged directly into the face will not fire an actual bullet.
* If characters walk off a cliff, they will not fall, and continue to walk on thin air, until they notice they have walked off the cliff. In some cases characters can avoid falling, even if they are aware there is no ground below them, by not actually looking down.
* Alternatively, when a character runs off a cliff, notices the situation, and begins falling, at first only the body below the neck falls, during which the neck is stretched for a few seconds before the head follows.
* If a character falls from a tall building, another character from the same floor will be able to run all the way down to ground level in order to catch the falling character before he/she hits the ground.
* Characters are allowed to "swim" or blow themselves upwards a short distance in the air before falling normally to gravity.
* When a character chops the only thing holding another character from falling (such as a tree branch) the chopper will fall, together with whatever he/she was standing on (such as the tree or the ground) and the other character will remain floating in the air (branch included).
* An explosive device taken by one character will not explode until it is given back to the original character who triggered the device. Also applies to [[booby traps]].
* A [[boomerang]], when thrown, will not only change direction, but will actively hunt out its thrower so that the thrower may catch it (or be hit by it), regardless of his or her relation to the initial point of the throw.
* Motion reference frames are arbitrary. For instance, an outboard motor in a pan of water on wheels causes the motor and pan to move together. Likewise, a fan and a sail attached to a wheeled platform will cause the platform to move.
* A gun may be fired any number of times without being reloaded unless it is at the most inopportune time and the shooter is a villain.
* Any fall is survivable.
* Common fabrics, such as that which composes a character's underwear, is stretchable to unbelievable lengths, generally recognized as the character receives an [[atomic wedgie]]
* [[Cartoon hole|Holes]] can be physically picked up and moved. This also applies to mouths. Also, painting a door on a wall will create a functional door, and painting a tunnel ingress into a cliff face will create a tunnel; frequently a train will egress from said tunnel, trailing freshly rolled railway tracks behind it.
* When somebody gets hurt, bandages and plasters may appear instantly, without any person obviously having applied them.
* The reference frame can loop, where a character disappearing into one edge (or door way) can appear from another.
*If a sentient organism is hit by an explosion or gunshot, they may be turned into ash (except for the eyes) and fall into a pile. They will then be able to reform and continue without any signs of injury.
* No matter how dark it is, eyes will be perfectly visible. giving off a distinct white light.
* Grappling hooks can be attached to the sky.
* Drawing a tunnel onto a wall creates an actual hole through the wall, though some people may still find it to simply be a wall with a hole drawn on it.
* Plugging up a shotgun with one's fingers causes the back of the gun to explode, bend out the front of it, and leave the fingers unharmed.

== Anvilology ==
'''Anvilology'''{{fact}} is the study of (cartoon) physical principles of [[anvil]]s, as studied at "Acme Looniversity" in the animated series, ''[[Tiny Toons]]''.
* Everything falls faster than an anvil (so that the evil character can hit the ground first and then be crushed, but not killed, by the anvil).
* Anvils are readily available.
* Anvils have [[mass]] but not much [[weight]], so that they are very hard to push around, but it is possible to jump out of a plane with an anvil instead of a parachute and not notice until the parachute is opened while airborne.
* Anvils can stay in the air until noticed by a character, at which point they fall on the character.
* If a character moves out of the way of a falling anvil, the anvil will shift its position over the character before falling, so that it crushes (but does not kill) the character.

== Cartoon collision physics ==

'''Cartoon collision physics''' are a subset of cartoon physics regarding the laws of collisions.

For a given cartoon character C:
#If C runs into a wall,
#:a: If the wall is too thick, C will strike it and flatten out like [[dough]], often regardless of clothing.
#:b: If the wall is thin enough, C will leave a hole in the wall in the shape of his full silhouette.
#If C runs into something made of metal, C will dent it in the shape of his or her body.
#If C runs off a cliff, the [[impact crater]] C leaves will conform with Rule 1b.
#If C has a fragile body,
#:a: Running into any wall will cause C to be squashed into a [[musical instrument]] (usually an [[accordion]]), or
#:b: Any collision or fall will fracture C into a [[zillion]] pieces.This is especially true when said character is frozen and hits said collision.
#If C runs into a wall which has been painted to look like part of the landscape or a tunnel:
#:a: If the "camera" angle blends the painting with the actual landscape, C will enter the landscape or tunnel as though it were real.
#:b: If C was the one who painted the wall, C will just run into the wall — see Rule 1.
#:c: If the "camera" views the painting at an angle such that it is, without doubt, a painting on a wall, C will just run into the wall — see Rule 1. There are exceptions to this rule.
#:d: Trains or large trucks are often known to drive ''out'' of walls painted in this way, usually just after the painter has slammed into the wall and is feeling sheepish for having fallen for his or her own ruse. However, if the view of the oncoming vehicle is blocked, then the vehicle will apparently stop.

== Laws of Cartoon Dynamics ==

The Laws of Cartoon Dynamics are physical laws in the [[Animation|cartoon]] universe identified by [[Trevor Paquette]] and Lt. [[Justin D. Baldwin]] and popularized by film critic [[Roger Ebert]]. They overlap greatly with the older concept of "laws of cartoon physics".

*Any body suspended in space will remain in space until made aware of its situation (plus an interval for live falling bodies to express an appropriate emotion).
*Any body in motion will tend to remain in motion until solid matter intervenes suddenly.
*Any body passing through solid matter will leave a perforation conforming to its perimeter.
*The time required for an object to fall twenty stories is greater than or equal to the time it takes for whoever knocked it off the ledge to spiral down twenty flights to attempt to capture it unbroken.
*All principles of gravity are negated by fear.
*As speed increases, objects can be in several places at once.
*Certain bodies can pass through solid walls painted to resemble tunnel entrances; others cannot.
*Any violent rearrangement of feline matter is impermanent.
*Everything falls faster than an anvil.
*Guns, no matter how powerful, or no matter where aimed, will do nothing more than char flesh, blow away feathers, or rearrange beaks. In certain occasions, they leave a perfectly circular hole that goes completely through the body of the character being shot, but this does not affect his/her health in any way.
*Any given amount of explosives will propel a body miles away, but still in one piece, charred and extremely peeved.
* Arms holding large falling weights are infinitely elastic, but will eventually drag the holder along.

== Anime physics ==

[[Anime]] physics can be considered a subset of cartoon physics - a set of rules used in cartoons to twist or ignore the laws of physics for humorous or dramatic effect. These are commonly seen in anime but not so common in cartoons. Normally, these are referenced from popular series in the past.
Note that many of these laws only apply to [[shounen]] series.

Examples include:

*Dramatic moments tend to distort time, either by slowing it down (usually long enough to call out the name of an attacker or the name of the "special move" used in the attack, or for bystanders to comment on the situation), or by looping three times.
**Similarly, transformations (especially those animated with [[stock footage]]) also seem to stop time until completed, allowing them to be used to counter attacks, or not allowing the person to be attacked while performing them.
**Death is not instantaneous to significant characters.
*Attacks strong enough to shred entire planets will not destroy anyone's pants or hair. Conversely, certain explosions can destroy a female character's clothing without significantly harming her body—in some cases, without her initially noticing this.
*Any fire-based attack on a character will not completely burn his/her clothes but will leave black stains instead.
*A single cut can be made swiftly, cleanly. This is possible with any object, particuarly with hands, paper, swords, and even air.
** A sword, especially a [[katana]], can cleanly cut through anything, even including large objects (such as ships) and hair, but not through other swords.
** Wooden katanas ([[bokken]]) can cut just as well as the real thing, if not better (see [[Tatewaki Kuno]] from ''[[Ranma ½]]'' or Twilight Suzuka from ''[[Outlaw Star]]'')
*Faster than light travel is possible with many characters, particularly those engaged in martial art battles; and so a vehicle is not required.
*Any female can, if angered by someone, pull out a wooden rice mallet (saizuchi), of any propotions, from [[hammerspace]] and hit the offender with it to let go of some aggresions. It should be noted that, no matter how large the mallet is, or how flat the offender gets after the pounding, s/he will always revert to original shape without having to experience any significant health detoriation from the whole ordeal.
*Death can be suspended until it is appropriate, suspenseful, or ironic. During the end part of some battles, characters may opt to charge at one another with their sword, meaning to chop the other in half. at the point of contact, all that will be seen is a bright white slash going across the screen, but it will remain unclear who is hurt. the two characters will then stay, knelt on the floor, facing away from each other, until the evil character falls into pieces, having been killed minutes earlier.

== Notes ==
<references />

== See also ==
*[[Hammerspace]]
*[[Acme Corporation]]

== External links ==
*[http://funnies.paco.to/cartoon.html Cartoon Laws of Physics]
*[http://www.cs.utah.edu/~duongsaa/more_htm/jk_100animeRules.htm 100 Laws of Anime Physics]
*[http://www.animeinfo.org/animeu/phys101.html Animeinfo.org: Anime Physics]
*[http://www.abcb.com/laws The Laws of Anime]
*[http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050210/GLOSSARY/50213001/1005 Laws of Cartoon Thermodynamics] from [[Roger Ebert]]'s website.

[[Category:Cartoon physics|*]]

[[ja:マンガ物理学]]
[[zh:动画物理学]]

Bombala

2006-10-30T22:05:13Z

SnappingTurtle: removing overly rah-rah copy

'''Bombala''' ({{coor dm|36|55|S|149|14|E|region:AU-NSW_type:town(1000)}}) is a town and local government area in the [[Monaro, New South Wales|Monaro]] region of south-eastern [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]. It is located approximately 500 kilometres south of the state capital, [[Sydney]], and 80 kilometres south of the town of [[Cooma, New South Wales|Cooma]]. The name derives from an Aboriginal word meaning "Meeting of the waters". The town lies on the banks of the [[Bombala River]]. Town population is approximately 1000. The railway reached Bombala in [[1921]] and closed in [[1986]] being an extension of the line from [[Queanbeyan, New South Wales|Queanbeyan]] to Cooma. The line was and still is known as the Sydney to Bombala line.

Bombala had been proposed in 1903 by [[King O'Malley]] as the site of the parliamentary seat of Australia, a proposal ultimately rejected in favour of [[Canberra]].
{|
|-
| [[Image:Bombala.jpg|thumb|250px|Bombala]]
| [[Image:Bombala - backward parking cars.jpg|thumb|250px|Typical Bombala street full of back-parked cars]]
|}
Principal industries of the area include grazing and timber. Tourism is also growing in importance to the local economy. There is also a small amount of specialty producers with meat rabbits, lavender and many herbs being grown in the district.
{{Commons|Bombala, New South Wales}}
The area is known for possibly the largest population of [[Platypus]] in New South Wales and promotes the area as Platypus Country.
==Bombala Shire==
{{Austlocalgovtarea|
lga=Bombala Shire
| map=
| state=[[New South Wales]]
| region=[[Monaro, New South Wales|Monaro]]
| area=3,945
| seat=[[Bombala, New South Wales|Bombala]] (71 Caveat Street)
| post=
| pop=2,545
| popdensity=0.65
| ausborn=
| atsi=
| council=Bombala Shire
| url=http://www.bombala.nsw.gov.au/
| statistical_local_area=
| mayor=Bob Stewart
| deputymayor=Steve Goodyer
| fed_elect=[[Division of Eden-Monaro|Eden-Monaro]]
| state_elect=[[Electoral district of Monaro|Monaro]]}}
The town is the administrative centre of the Bombala Shire, which includes the villages of [[Delegate, New South Wales|Delegate]], [[Cathcart, New South Wales|Cathcart]] and [[Bibbenluke, New South Wales|Bibbenluke]].

[[Category:Local Government Areas of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Towns in New South Wales]]
{{NewSouthWales-geo-stub}}

Carrot Top (Komiker)

2006-10-30T16:06:15Z

SnappingTurtle: Removing item unrelated to career, also item about one of his many appearances

[[Image:Carrot top.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Carrot Top on the cover of a portraiture book by Ryan McGinness]]
'''Carrot Top''' (born '''Scott Thompson''' on [[February 25]], [[1967]] in [[Cocoa Beach, Florida]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[prop comic|prop comedian]] famous for his red hair and [[television commercial]]s. According to his official site Carrot Top spends fifteen weeks a year doing live performances in Las Vegas (currently performing at the Luxor Hotel) and does over 100 shows a year on tour. His comedy routine is most known for his comedic use of props (what [[Jerry Seinfeld]] derisively termed a "[[Prop comic]]"[http://www.seinfeldscripts.com/TheFire.html]). He was also the [[continuity announcer]] for [[Cartoon Network]] between [[1995 in television|1995]] and [[1999 in television|1999]].

Carrot Top grew up in Florida where his father, Larry, was a rocket scientist who trained astronauts for the [[Project Gemini|Gemini]] and Apollo programs [http://www.carrottop.com/newcarrot/index2.html]. He is a graduate of Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton. When someone suggested he try out for the college talent show he tried a few old jokes, but found real success the next year when he added a few props to his act.

Carrot Top has also appeared in movies, including [[1998 in film|1998]]'s ''[[Chairman of the Board (movie)|Chairman of The Board]]'', and has served as a spokesman in commercials for [[AT&T]].

==Trivia==
*Carrot Top's father appeared as a contestant on [[GSN]]'s revival of ''[[I've Got A Secret]]''. The Panel figured out his secret, and Carrot Top gave a performance.
*Carrot Top appeared as himself in one of [[John Dorian|J.D.]]'s fantasies in the comedy series ''[[Scrubs]]'' - portraying himself as 'the most annoying man in the universe'.
*Appeared as himself in a 2006 episode of [[Reno 911!]].
*Carrot Top has recently taken up [[bodybuilding]].

==Awards and honors==
*[[American Comedy Award]]: "Best Male Stand-Up", 1994

==External links==
* [http://www.carrottop.com/ Carrot Top's official website.]
* {{imdb name|id=0005488|name=Carrot Top}}
* [http://www.canada.com/topics/entertainment/story.html?id=1bde849e-fa58-4355-8dfe-b25973f14952&k=85677 An interview with CanWest News Service.]
* [http://www.americasupportsyou.mil/americasupportsyou/Content.aspx?ID=14256200&SectionID=1 Spirit of America Tour press release]

[[Category:1967 births|Carrot Top]]
[[Category:American comedians|Carrot Top]]
[[Category:American film actors|Carrot Top]]
[[Category:American stand-up comedians|Carrot Top]]
[[Category:Family Guy actors|Carrot Top]]
[[Category:Hollywood Squares panelists]]
[[Category:Living people|Carrot Top]]
[[Category:Scrubs actors|Carrot Top]]
[[Category:People from Florida|Carrot Top]]
[[Category:People known by pseudonyms]]
[[Category:Prop comics]]

Gary Trousdale

2006-10-24T15:45:44Z

SnappingTurtle: minor formatting fix

'''Gary Trousdale''' (born in [[La Crescenta-Montrose, California|La Crescenta, California]]) is the director of such movies as ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]'' ([[2001]]), ''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'' ([[1996]]), ''[[Beauty and the Beast]]''([[1991]]) and ''[[Cranium Command]]'' ([[1989]]), and the animated short, ''[[The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper]]''. He has been working for [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] since [[1985]].

== External links ==
* {{imdb name|id=0873779|name=Gary Trousdale}}

[[Category:American film directors|Trousdale, Gary]]
[[Category:English-language film directors|Trousdale, Gary]]

[[fr:Gary Trousdale]]
[[pt:Gary Trousdale]]

{{US-film-director-stub}}

Jonas Armstrong

2006-08-22T13:36:06Z

SnappingTurtle: removing subjective statement

'''Jonas Armstrong''' is an [[Ireland|Irish]] actor, best known for his appearances on [[United Kingdom|British]] television. He was a regular in the [[Channel 4]] drama series ''[[Teachers (TV series)|Teachers]]'' in 2004, and in February 2006 was announced as playing the title role in the forthcoming [[BBC One]] drama series ''[[Robin Hood (BBC TV series)|Robin Hood]]'', his highest-profile role to date. As of April 2006 the series is currently filming in [[Hungary]], and is due to debut in the autumn of 2006.

{{Ireland-bio-stub}}

==External links==
*[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1765073/ Jonas Armstrong] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

[[Category:Irish television actors|Armstrong, Jonas]]

Lewis (Katze)

2006-06-21T13:25:44Z

SnappingTurtle: /* Background */ minor reformatting

{{currentevent}}
[[Image:Lewiscat.jpg|thumb|Lewis the cat.]]
'''Lewis''' is the name of a cat from [[Fairfield, Connecticut]] who garnered mass media attention for being placed under [[house arrest]] in March 2006.

== Background ==

Lewis is a five year-old [[polydactyl]], [[domestic longhaired cat]]. Some of Fairfield's Sunset Circle residents have accused the cat of attacking them, along with an Avon lady. Animal Control Officer Rachel Solveira placed a restraining order on Lewis. It was the first time such an action was taken against a cat in Fairfield. Lewis was ordered to be placed under house arrest, and his owner unsuccessfully tried medicating Lewis with [[Prozac]].
[[Image:Ruthlewis.jpg|left|Lewis with his owner, Ruth Cisero.|150px|thumb]]
'''Ruth Cisero''', Lewis's owner, was arrested and charged with reckless endangerment. Cisero appeared in Bridgeport Superior Court at the end of April 2006 and her case will go to trial. Ruth Cisero could have agreed to probation on the condition that Lewis be euthanized. The special probation offer with conditions was made at the insistence of one woman that Lewis attacked on February 20. In a letter to prosecutors, she said she would only agree to probation for Cisero if the cat were put to death. Cisero has opted to go to trial instead to try and keep Lewis alive. Cisero appeared in court on May 23, 2006, on a second degree reckless endangerment charge.

A hearing was set for June 20 to determine whether she could get special probation and have her cat's life spared. The outcome is that Lewis must remain inside his owner's home at all times, with no exceptions. Ruth Cisero, Lewis's owner, was granted accelerated rehabilitation. This means her record will be expunged if she successfully completes two years of probation.

Cisero has said that she would rather leave Fairfield than have her cat killed. Cisero believes that Lewis may have been acting in self-defense, saying how "One day he came home covered in eggs because someone had egged him and another time a woman sprayed him with a hose. They have been tormenting this poor animal."
[[Image:Savelewis.jpg|125px|thumb|"Save Lewis"]]

The idea of a cat being placed under house arrest has garnered a lot of national as well as international media attention. Though Lewis's 'victims' are pushing to have the cat euthanized, they are also angry that most of their views are placed in a humorous light. Supporters of Lewis created his [http://www.myspace.com/lewisthecrazycat own website] on myspace.com. More than 500 "[http://www.cafepress.com/crazycatlewis Save Lewis]" T-shirts have been sold to raise funds for a defense fund for Cisero. Also, an [http://www.petitiononline.com/Lewis/petition.html online petition] has been created to show support for Lewis.

==Outcome==

On June 20, 2006 Superior Court Judge Patrick Carroll ruled that Lewis could live, provided that his owner keep him inside the house at all times. He is allowed to leave the house in a cage in order to go to the vet. If Lewis violates the terms of this order, his case can be retried.

Cisnero is under probation for two years and has to perform 50 hours of community service.

==Lewis in the news==

*[http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/C/CRAZY_CAT?SITE=IADES&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT''Associated Press'' - Conn. crazy cat case heads to trial]

===Television===
====National====
*[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/05/03/ap/strange/mainD8HCJ4F08.shtml?CMP=ILC-SearchStories ''CBS News'' - Conn. Crazy Cat Case Heads to Trial] (National, Broadcast)
*[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,189454,00.html ''FOX News'' - Crazy Cat Terrorizes Connecticut Town] (National, Cable)
*[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12057893/ ''MSNBC'' - House arrest for attack cat] (National, Cable)
*[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12079857/ ''MSNBC - The Situation with Tucker Carlson' for March 29'' - House arrest for attack cat] (National, Cable)
[[Image:Lewiscat2.jpg|thumb|Lewis the cat.]]
====Local====
*[http://www.nbc30.com/news/9151723/detail.html ''NBC30'' - Fairfield's Lewis The Cat Case Going To Trial] (Connecticut)
*[http://wcbstv.com/local/local_story_087170103.html ''WCBS'' - Lewis The Cat In Hot Water After Alleged Attacks] (New York, Tri State Area)
*[http://www.wnbc.com/news/9151836/detail.html ''WNBS'' - Owner Opts For Trial, Rather Than Death For Cat] (New York, Tri State Area)
*[http://wcco.com/watercooler/watercooler_story_124001436.html ''WCCC'' - Conn. Crazy Cat Case Heads to Trial] (Minnesota, Minneapolis/St. Paul)
*[http://www.wfsb.com/Global/story.asp?S=4826099&nav=menu120_2 ''WFSB'' - Lewis the Cat's Fate Pending] (Connecticut)
*[http://www.wral.com/apstrangenews/9156572/detail.html ''WRAL'' - Conn. Crazy Cat Case Heads To Trial] (North Carolina, Raleigh-Durham & Fayetteville)
*[http://www.wtnh.com/Global/story.asp?s=4852294 ''WTNH'' - Cat case going to trial] (Connecticut)

===Radio===
*[http://wicc600.com/ ''WICC - The Brian Smith Radio Show'' - TUESDAY, MAY 2, 2006 - Lewis the Cat] (Connecticut, Bridgeport)

===Internet===
*[http://www.azcentral.com/offbeat/articles/0503crazycat-CR.html/ ''AZCentral'' - Case of crazy cat headed to trial] (Arizona)
*[http://www.cnn.com/2006/LAW/05/23/crazy.cat.ap/index.html ''CNN.com'' - Owner goes to court to save attack cat]
*[http://www.cnn.com/2006/LAW/06/20/lewis.lives.ap/index.html ''CNN.com'' - Lewis the cat gets home detention]
*[http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/05/03/national/a154330D01.DTL ''SFGate.com'' - Conn. Crazy Cat Case Heads to Trial] (California, San Francisco)
*[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20060503/ap_on_fe_st/crazy_cat ''Yahoo News'' - Conn. Crazy Cat Case Heads to Trial]

===Print news===
*[http://www.connpost.com/ci_3778657 ''Connecticut Post'' Lewis set for day in court]
*[http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2006/05/03/conn_crazy_cat_case_heads_to_trial/?rss_id=Boston.com+%2F+News ''Boston Globe'' - Conn. crazy cat case heads to trial]
*[http://www.connpost.com/petnews/ci_3655062 ''Connecticut Post'' - Nation obsessed with cat]
*[http://www.connpost.com/women/ci_3664897 ''Connecticut Post'' - Lewis gets a MySpace]
*[http://www.examiner.com/a-97481~Conn__Crazy_Cat_Case_Heads_to_Trial.html ''Examiner'' - Conn. crazy cat case heads to trial] (Washington D.C.)
*[http://www.courant.com/news/nationworld/wire/sns-ap-crazy-cat,0,1333033.story ''Hartford Current'' - Conn. Crazy Cat Case Heads to Trial]
*[http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1021541331&Fmt=3&clientId=61750&RQT=309&VName=PQD ''New York Times'' - For an Aggressive Pet, It's Kitty, Bar the Door]
*[http://blogs.usatoday.com/ondeadline/2006/03/think_your_cats.html ''USA Today'' - Think your cat's tough? Try the 'terrorist of Sunset Circle']

==External links==
*[http://www.myspace.com/lewisthecrazycat Lewis's page on ''MySpace'']
*[http://www.cafepress.com/crazycatlewis Lewis merchandise]

[[Category:Famous cats]]

Helium-3

2006-06-05T19:25:08Z

SnappingTurtle: /* Lunar supplies */ Adding news about Russia's stated plans to mine helium-3 on the moon

{{TOCright}}
'''Helium-3''' is a light, non-[[radioactive]] [[isotope]] of [[helium]]. The [[helion]], the [[atomic nucleus|nucleus]] of a helium-3 atom, consists of two [[proton]]s but only one [[neutron]], in contrast to two neutrons in ordinary helium. Helium-3 is rare on [[Earth]] and sought-after for use in [[nuclear fusion]] research. More abundant helium-3 is thought to exist on the [[Moon]] (embedded in the upper layer of [[regolith]] by the [[solar wind]] over billions of years) and the [[solar system]]'s [[gas giant]]s (left over from the original [[solar nebula]]), although still in low quantities (28ppm of lunar regolith is helium-4 and 0.01 ppm is helium-3) [http://www.moonminer.com/Lunar_regolith.html]. As it is a primordial substance in the Earth's [[mantle (geology)|mantle]], it is used in [[isotope geochemistry]] studies.

==Fusion==
Helium-3 undergoes the following [[Aneutronic fusion|aneutronic fusion reaction]], among others, although this is the one most promising for power generation:

:[[Deuterium|D]] + 3He → 4He (3.7 MeV) + p (14.7 MeV)

The appeal of helium-3 fusion stems from the nature of its reaction products. Most proposed fusion processes for power generation produce energetic neutrons which render reactor components radioactive with their bombardment, and power generation must occur through thermal means. In contrast, Helium-3 itself is non-radioactive. The lone high-energy proton produced can be contained using electric and magnetic fields, which results in direct electricity generation.

However, since both reactants need to be mixed together to fuse, side reactions (D + D and 3He + 3He) will occur, the first of which is not aneutronic. Therefore in practice this reaction is unlikely to ever be completely 'clean'. Also, the temperatures required for D + 3He fusion are much higher than those of conventional D + T fusion, so it is unlikely that this type of fusion will be achieved before the problems with conventional fusion are worked out.

A common myth is that due to the rarity of helium-3 on Earth, any reliable sources of the fuel has to come from other bodies in space. This is in error. Helium-3 is a byproduct of [[tritium]] decay, and tritium can be produced through neutron bombardment of [[lithium]], [[boron]], or [[nitrogen]] targets.

==Neutron scattering==

Helium-3 is a most important isotope in instrumentation for [[neutron scattering]]. It has a high absorption cross section for thermal [[neutron radiation|neutron]] beams and is used as a converter gas in neutron detectors. The neutron is converted through the nuclear reaction
:n + 3He → 3H + 1H + 0.764 MeV
into charged particles [[tritium]] (T, 3H) and [[proton]] (p, 1H) which then are detected by creating a charge cloud in the stopping gas like in a [[proportional counter]] or a [[Geiger-Müller tube]].

Furthermore, the absorption process is strongly [[Spin (physics)|spin]] dependent, which allows a [[Spin polarization|spin-polarized]] Helium-3 volume to transmit neutrons with one spin component while absorbing the other. This effect is employed in [[Polarized neutron scattering|neutron polarization analysis]], a technique which probes for magnetic properties of matter.

==Cryogenics==

Helium-3 is used in [[cryogenics]] to achieve temperatures as low as a few thousandths of a [[kelvin]]; it was discovered by the Australian nuclear physicist [[Mark Oliphant]] while based at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]]'s [[Cavendish Laboratory]].

An important property of helium-3, which distinguishes it from the more common helium-4, is that its nucleus is a [[fermion]] since it contains an odd number of particles. At low temperatures (around 2.2 K), helium-4 undergoes a [[phase transition]] into a [[superfluid]] [[phase (matter)|phase]] that can be roughly understood as a type of [[Bose-Einstein condensate | Bose Einstein condensate]]. Such a mechanism is not available for helium-3 atoms, which are fermions. However, it was widely speculated that helium-3 could also become a superfluid at much lower temperatures, if the atoms formed up into ''pairs'' analogous to the [[Cooper pair]]s in the [[BCS theory]] of [[superconductivity]]. During the [[1970s]], [[David Morris Lee]], [[Douglas Osheroff]], and [[Robert Coleman Richardson]] showed that helium-3 indeed becomes a superfluid at around 2 millikelvins. They were awarded the [[1996]] [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for their discovery. [[Anthony James Leggett|Tony Leggett]] won the [[2003]] Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on refining our understanding of the superfluid phase of helium-3.

== Lunar supplies ==

The possibility that helium-3 may be widely found on the Moon has led to discussions ([http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=04/11/27/1931205&from=rss], [http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,17943650-23109,00.html]) as to whether it could be used as an energy source. Yet to be determined is the exact quantity of helium-3 which the solar wind traps and deposits on the lunar surface. It may be so scarce as to be beneath the point of economic recovery. The temperature required for helium-3 fusion is ten times higher than conventional D-T fusion, which itself has yet to be achieved at the break-even point (to clarify, fusion experiments have produced Q values >1, ie where energy output exceeded energy input; however break-even here probably refers to ignition of the plasma, otherwise known as a 'burning plasma') . Accordingly, helium-3 seems less likely than other reactants for use in fusion power generation, though it cannot be ruled out completely.

In January 2006 the Russian space company RKK Energiya announced that it considers Lunar helium-3 a potiential economic resource to be mined by 2020. [http://www.space.com/news/ap_060126_russia_moon.html]



==External links==
*[http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/helium3_000630.html Moon's Helium-3 Could Power Earth]
*[http://www.mines.edu/research/srr/2001abstracts/vancleve.PDF Helium-3 Mining Aerostats in the Atmosphere of Uranus (pdf)]
*[http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/2003/presentation-speech.html The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003, presentation speech]
*[http://ltl.tkk.fi/research/theory/he3.html Superfluid Helium-3]

[[Category:Isotopes]]
[[Category:Fuels]]
[[Category:Space exploration]]

.

[[es:Helio-3]]
[[fr:Hélium-3]]
[[sv:Helium-3]]

Oliver Ellsworth

2006-03-14T23:06:06Z

SnappingTurtle: cleaning out vandalism

{{Infobox US Chief Justice|image name=Oliver Ellsworth.jpg
| name=Oliver Ellsworth
| term start=[[March 8]], [[1796]]
| term end=[[December 15]], [[1800]]
| predecessor=[[John Rutledge]]
| successor=[[John Marshall]]
| date of birth=[[April 29]], [[1745]]
| place of birth=[[Windsor, Connecticut|Windsor]], [[Connecticut]]
| date of death=[[November 26]], [[1807]]
| place of death=[[Windsor, Connecticut|Windsor]], [[Connecticut]]
}}

'''Oliver Ellsworth''' ([[April 29]], [[1745]] – [[November 26]], [[1807]]), an [[United States|American]] lawyer and politician, was a revolutionary against [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] rule, a drafter of the [[United States Constitution]], and third [[Chief Justice of the United States]].

==Youth and family life==
He was born in [[Windsor, Connecticut]], to Capt. David and Jemima Ellsworth. He entered [[Yale University|Yale]] in 1762 but transferred to the [[College of New Jersey]] (later [[Princeton University|Princeton]]) at the end of his second year. He continued to study [[theology]] and received his A.B. degree after 2 years. Soon afterward, however, Ellsworth turned to the law. After four years of study, he was admitted to the bar in 1771. The next year Ellsworth married Abigail Wolcott.

==Service during the Revolutionary War==
From a slow start, Ellsworth built up a prosperous law practice. His reputation as an able and industrious jurist grew, and in 1777 Ellsworth became Connecticut's state attorney for [[Hartford County, Connecticut|Hartford County]]. That same year he was chosen as one of Connecticut's representatives in the [[Continental Congress]]. He served on various committees during six annual terms until 1783. Ellsworth was also active in his state's efforts during the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolution]]. As a member of the [[Committee of the Pay Table]], Oliver Ellsworth was one of the five men who supervised Connecticut's war expenditures. In 1779 he assumed greater duties as a member of the council of safety, which, with the governor, controlled all military measures for the state.

==Work on the United States Constitution==
When the [[Constitutional Convention (CRAConstitutional Convention]] met in Philadelphia in 1787, Ellsworth once again represented Connecticut and took an active part in the proceedings. During debate on the [[Great Compromise]], Ellsworth proposed that the basis of representation in the legislative branch remain by state, as under the [[Articles of Confederation]]. He also left his mark through an amendment to change the word "national" to "United States" in a resolution. Thereafter, "United States" was the title used in the convention to designate the government.

Ellsworth also served on the [[Committee of Five]] that prepared the first draft of the Constitution. Ellsworth favored the [[three-fifths compromise]] on the enumeration of slaves but opposed the abolition of the foreign [[slave trade]]. Though he left the convention near the end of August and did not sign the final document, he urged its adoption upon his return to Connecticut and wrote the ''Letters of a Landholder'' to promote its ratification.

==Achievements as a legislator==
Ellsworth served as one of Connecticut's first two [[United States Senate|senators]] in the new federal government between 1789 and 1796. In the Senate he chaired the committee that framed the bill organizing the federal judiciary and helped to work out the practical details necessary to run a new government. Ellsworth's other achievements in Congress included framing the measure that admitted [[North Carolina]] to the Union, devising the non-intercourse act that forced [[Rhode Island]] to join, drawing up the bill to regulate the consular service, and serving on the committee that considered [[Alexander Hamilton]]'s plan for funding the national debt and for incorporating the [[First Bank of the United States]].

==The end of his career==
In the spring of 1796, he was appointed [[Chief Justice of the United States]] and also served as commissioner to [[France]] in 1799 and 1800. Upon his return to America in early 1801, Ellsworth retired from national public life and returned to Windsor. He did serve again on the Connecticut Governor's Council until he died in Windsor in 1807. He is buried in the cemetery of the First Church of Windsor.

{{start box}}
{{succession box | title=[[U.S. Congressional Delegations from Connecticut|U.S. Senator]] for [[Connecticut]] | before=none | after=[[James Hillhouse]] | years=1789 – 1796}}
{{succession box | title=[[Chief Justice of the United States]] | before=[[John Rutledge]] | after=[[John Marshall]] | years=[[March 8]], [[1796]] – [[December 15]], [[1800]]}}
{{end box}}

{{USChiefJustices | before=[[John Rutledge]] | years=1796–1800 | after=[[John Marshall]]}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.archives.gov/national_archives_experience/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_connecticut.html#Ellsworth National Archives biography]
*[http://www.ctssar.org/sites/windsor_ellsworth_homestead.htm Oliver Ellsworth Homestead]
*[http://etc.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/ellsworth_oliver.html Princeton Companion: Oliver Ellsworth]
*[http://www.oyez.org/oyez/resource/legal_entity/10/ Oyez: Oliver Ellsworth]
*[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=E000147 Ellsworth's Biography at U.S. Congress website]

[[Category:Chief Justices of the United States|Ellsworth, Oliver]]
[[Category:Continental Congressmen|Ellsworth, Oliver]]
[[Category:American lawyers|Ellsworth, Oliver]]
[[Category:1745 births|Ellsworth, Oliver]]
[[Category:1807 deaths|Ellsworth, Oliver]]
[[Category:Congregationalists|Ellsworth, Oliver]]
[[Category:United States Senators from Connecticut|Ellsworth, Oliver]]

Gippsland-Seen

2006-03-06T22:35:40Z

SnappingTurtle: Revert to revision dated 22:33, 6 March 2006 by SnappingTurtle, oldid 42548250 using popups

[[Image:Gippsland Lakes.png|thumb|right|300px|[[Landsat 7]] imagery of the Gippsland Lakes. [[Lakes Entrance, Victoria|Lakes Entrance]] is visible in the top right of the image.]]

'''Gippsland Lakes''' is a network of lakes, marshes and lagoons in east [[Gippsland]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]] covering an area of about 600 km sq, The largest of the lakes are Lake Wellington, Lake King and Lake Victoria. They are fed by the [[Avon River (Eastern Victoria)|Avon]], [[Thomson River, Victoria|Thomson]], Latrobe, [[Mitchell River, Victoria|Mitchell]], Nicholson and Tambo rivers.

The lakes were formed by two principal processes. The first is [[river delta]] [[alluvial]] deposition of sediment brought in by the rivers which flow into the lakes. Silt deposited by this process forms into long jettys which can run many kilometres into a lake as exemplified by the Mitchell river silt jetties that run into Lake King. The second process is the [[Bar (landform)#Sandbars and longshore bars|action of sea current in Bass Strait]] which created the [[Ninety Mile Beach, Victoria|Ninety Mile Beach]] and cut off the river deltas from the sea.

Once the lakes were closed off a new cycle started, whereby the water level of the lakes would gradually rise until the waters broke through the [[Ninety_Mile_Beach, Victoria|barrier beach]] and the level would drop down until it equalised with sea-level. Eventually the beach would close-off the lakes and the cycle would begin anew. Sometimes it would take many years before a new channel to the sea was formed and not necessarily in the same place as the last one.

In [[1889]] an artificial channel was cut across the beach at [[Lakes Entrance]] to stabilise the water level, create a harbour for fishing boats and open up the lakes to shipping.
this entrance needs to be dredged reguarly or the same process that created the gippsland lakes would render the entrance to shallow to pass through for sea going vessels.

The lakes support numerous species of wildlife and there exist two protected areas within: [[The Lakes National Park]] and Gippsland Lakes Coastal Park. The Gippsland Lakes wetlands are protected by the international [[Ramsar Convention]] on wetlands
The wetlands provide habitat for about 20,000 waterbirds – including birds from as far afield as Siberia and the North Pole. There are also approximately 400 indigenous flora species and 300 native fauna species. Three plants, two of them being orchid species, and two bird species, the [[Regent Honeyeater]] and [[Swift Parrot]], are listed as endangered.

[[category:Lakes of Victoria]]
[[category:Regions of Victoria]]
{{Victoria-geo-stub}}

Gippsland-Seen

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2006-03-06T22:22:17Z

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Oh Shenandoah

2006-02-09T14:24:32Z

SnappingTurtle: Adding link to news article about vote on interim state song

'''"Oh Shenandoah"''' (also called simply "Shenandoah") is an old American [[folk music|folk song]], dating to the early 19th century. With possible origins in Virginia, noting that its title is also the name of a [[Shenandoah River|Virginia river]], the song has been considered for that state's official [[state song]]. In his 1931 book on sea and river [[sea chantey|chanteys]] entitled ''Capstan Bars'', David Bone wrote that "Oh Shenandoah" originated as a river chanty and then became popular with sea-going crews in the early 1800s. The [[Missouri]] [[Congressman]] Ike Skelton noted in 2005 that Missouri artist [[George Caleb Bingham]] immortalized the jolly flatboatmen who plied the [[Missouri River]] in the early 1800s; these same flatboatmen were known for their chanties, including the haunting "Oh Shenandoah". This boatmen’s song found its way down the Missouri and [[Mississippi River]]s to the American [[clipper ship]]s, and thus around the world.The lyrics tell the story of a roving trader in love with the daughter of an Indian chief; the rover tells the chief of his intent to take the girl with him far to the west, across the Missouri River.

1. Oh Shenandoah,
I long to hear you,
Away you rolling river,
Oh Shenandoah,
I long to hear you,
Away, I'm bound away
'Cross the wide Missouri.

2. Oh Shenandoah,
I love your daughter,
Away you rolling river,
I'll take her
'cross your rollin' water,
Away, I'm bound away
'Cross the wide Missouri.

3. 'Tis seven long years
since last I saw you.
Away you rolling river,
'Tis seven long years
since last I saw you.
Away, I'm bound away
'Cross the wide Missouri.

4. Oh Shenandoah,
I love your daughter,
Away you rolling river,
Oh Shenandoah,
I'll come to claim her.
Away, I'm bound away
'Cross the wide Missouri.

5. In all these years,
Whene'er I saw her,
We have kept
Our love a secret,
Oh! Shenandoah,
I do adore her,
Away, I'm bound away
'Cross the wide Missouri.

6. Oh Shenandoah,
She's bound to leave you.
Away you rolling river,
Oh Shenandoah,
I'll not deceive you.
Away, I'm bound away
'Cross the wide Missouri.

==Interim state song of Virginia==
"Shenandoah" is currently the "interim official state song"
for [[Virginia|The Commonwealth of Virginia]], a problematic choice
because the song never specifically mentions Virginia and, in many versions of the song, the name "Shenandoah" refers to an Indian chief, not the valley or river named "Shenandoah". However, an early rendition of the song, as related in 1931 by David Bone in ''Capstan Bars'', includes verses that appear to allude to the [[Shenandoah River]], which is partly in Virginia:

Oh, Shenandoah's my native valley.
Aa-way, you rolling river!
Shenandoah is my native valley.
Ah-way, we're bound to go, 'cross th' wide Missouri!

Oh, Shenandoah, it's far I wander.
Aa-way, you rolling river!
Shenandoah, it's far I wander.
Ah-way, we're bound to go, 'cross th' wide Missouri!

Oh, Shenandoah has rushing waters.
Aa-way, you rolling river!
Shenandoah has rushing waters.
Ah-way, we're bound to go, 'cross th' wide Missouri!

It is possible that, as the song's popularity spread, [[flatboat]]men of the Missouri might have evolved different lyrics than the bargemen of the [[Chesapeake and Ohio Canal]] along the [[Potomac River|Potomac]] or sailors of the American [[Clipper ship|clipper]] fleet out of [[New Orleans]].

==External links==
*[http://www.house.gov/skelton/pr050514.htm Congressman Ike Skelton on "Oh Shenandoah"]
*[http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/snd/shenandoah.html David Bone: ''Capstan Bars'']
*[http://home.hamptonroads.com/stories/story.cfm?story=98584&ran=93558 Virginia state song debate]
*[http://www.dailypress.com/news/local/virginia/dp-sou--xgr-virginiastat0131jan31,0,2480313.story Virginia Senate gives approval to interim state song]

{{song-stub}}
[[Category:folk song]]

Oh Shenandoah

2006-02-08T22:31:34Z

SnappingTurtle: Adding section about use of Shenandoah as interim state song

'''"Oh Shenandoah"''' (also called simply "Shenandoah") is an old American [[folk music|folk song]], dating to the early 19th century. With possible origins in Virginia, noting that its title is also the name of a [[Shenandoah River|Virginia river]], the song has been considered for that state's official [[state song]]. In his 1931 book on sea and river [[sea chantey|chanteys]] entitled ''Capstan Bars'', David Bone wrote that "Oh Shenandoah" originated as a river chanty and then became popular with sea-going crews in the early 1800s. The [[Missouri]] [[Congressman]] Ike Skelton noted in 2005 that Missouri artist [[George Caleb Bingham]] immortalized the jolly flatboatmen who plied the [[Missouri River]] in the early 1800s; these same flatboatmen were known for their chanties, including the haunting "Oh Shenandoah". This boatmen’s song found its way down the Missouri and [[Mississippi River]]s to the American [[clipper ship]]s, and thus around the world.The lyrics tell the story of a roving trader in love with the daughter of an Indian chief; the rover tells the chief of his intent to take the girl with him far to the west, across the Missouri River.

1. Oh Shenandoah,
I long to hear you,
Away you rolling river,
Oh Shenandoah,
I long to hear you,
Away, I'm bound away
'Cross the wide Missouri.

2. Oh Shenandoah,
I love your daughter,
Away you rolling river,
I'll take her
'cross your rollin' water,
Away, I'm bound away
'Cross the wide Missouri.

3. 'Tis seven long years
since last I saw you.
Away you rolling river,
'Tis seven long years
since last I saw you.
Away, I'm bound away
'Cross the wide Missouri.

4. Oh Shenandoah,
I love your daughter,
Away you rolling river,
Oh Shenandoah,
I'll come to claim her.
Away, I'm bound away
'Cross the wide Missouri.

5. In all these years,
Whene'er I saw her,
We have kept
Our love a secret,
Oh! Shenandoah,
I do adore her,
Away, I'm bound away
'Cross the wide Missouri.

6. Oh Shenandoah,
She's bound to leave you.
Away you rolling river,
Oh Shenandoah,
I'll not deceive you.
Away, I'm bound away
'Cross the wide Missouri.

==Interim state song of Virginia==
"Shenandoah" is currently the "interim official state song"
for [[Virginia|The Commonwealth of Virginia]], a problematic choice
because the song never mentions Virginia and the name "Shenandoah"
refers to an Indian chief, not the valley or river named "Shenandoah".

==External links==
*[http://www.house.gov/skelton/pr050514.htm Congressman Ike Skelton on "Oh Shenandoah"]
*[http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/snd/shenandoah.html David Bone: ''Capstan Bars'']
*[http://home.hamptonroads.com/stories/story.cfm?story=98584&ran=93558 Virginia state song debate]

{{song-stub}}
[[Category:folk song]]