Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Wiki Wiki Web

2011-02-18T06:32:21Z

Smartiger: logical punctuation

{{Infobox website
| name = WikiWikiWeb
| screenshot = [[File:WikiwikiWebNOW.JPG|border|300px]]
| caption = [[WikiWikiWeb:FrontPage|WikiWikiWeb HomePage]] from 15 November 2010 ([[Wikiwikiweb:edit=FrontPage|edit front page]] or [[Wikiwikiweb:FindPage|Search Wiki]])
| url = [http://c2.com/cgi/wiki c2.com/cgi/wiki]
| Location = [[Portland, Oregon]]
| type = [[Wiki]] (Main Focus: [[Wiki:PeopleProjectsAndPatterns|People Projects & Patterns]] in [[Wiki:SoftwareDevelopment|Software Development]])
| language = [[English language|English]]
| registration = None Needed ("[[Wiki:WikiZen|Membership]]" requires [http://c2.com/cgi/wikiOptions this web browser cookie] & [[Wiki:FirstnamehereLastnamehere|this userpage template]])
| owner = [[Portland Pattern Repository]], [http://c2.com/ Cunningham & Cunningham, Inc.]
| author = [[Ward Cunningham]]
| launch date = 25 March 1995
| current status = Active
}}
'''WikiWikiWeb''' is a term that has been used to refer to four things: the first [[wiki]], or user-editable website, launched in 25 March 1995 by [[Ward Cunningham]] as part of the [[Portland Pattern Repository]] (the website was also later known as "'''[[Wikiwikiweb:WardsWiki|WardsWiki]]'''"); the [[Perl]]-based application that was used to run it, also developed by Cunningham, which was the first [[wiki software]] (it was later renamed "WikiBase"); the original general term for wikis; and the original term for wiki software.

The software and website were developed in 1994 by Cunningham in order to make the exchange of ideas between programmers easier. The concept was based on the ideas developed in [[HyperCard]] stacks that Cunningham built in the late 1980s.<ref>[http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiHistory WikiHistory] on c2.com</ref><ref>[[n:Interview: Wikinewsie Kim Bruning discusses Wikimania|Interview: Wikinewsie Kim Bruning discusses Wikimania]] on WikiNews</ref><ref>[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-7739076742312910146 Interview with Ward Cunningham] on Google Video</ref> He installed the software on his company's (Cunningham & Cunningham) website, c2.com, on March 25, 1995. Cunningham came up with the name WikiWikiWeb because he remembered a [[Honolulu International Airport]] counter employee who told him to take the [[Wiki Wiki Shuttle]], a [[Public transport|shuttle bus]] line that runs between the airport's terminals. "Wiki Wiki" is a [[reduplication]] of "wiki", a [[Hawaiian language]] word for ''fast''. Cunningham's idea was to make WikiWikiWeb's pages quickly editable by its users, so he initially thought about calling it "QuickWeb", but later changed his mind and dubbed it "WikiWikiWeb".

The WikiWikiWeb's current ''[[Wiki:WelcomeVisitors|WelcomeVisitors]]'' page contains the following description:

{{quotation|Welcome to [[Wiki:WikiWikiWeb|WikiWikiWeb]], also known as Ward's wiki or just Wiki. A lot of people had their first wiki experience here. This community has been around since 1995 and consists of many people. We always accept newcomers with valuable contributions. If you haven't used a wiki before, be prepared for a bit of [[Wiki:CultureShock|CultureShock]]. The beauty of Wiki is in the freedom, simplicity, and power it offers. This site's primary focus is [[Wiki:PeopleProjectsAndPatterns|PeopleProjectsAndPatterns]] in [[Wiki:SoftwareDevelopment|SoftwareDevelopment]]. However, it is more than just an [[Wiki:InformalHistoryOfProgrammingIdeas|InformalHistoryOfProgrammingIdeas]]. It started there, but the theme has created a culture and [[Wiki:DramaticIdentity|DramaticIdentity]] all its own. All Wiki content is [[Wiki:WorkInProgress|WorkInProgress]]. Most of all, this is a forum where people share ideas! It changes as people come and go. Much of the information here is subjective. If you are looking for a dedicated reference site, try [[Wiki:WikiPedia|WikiPedia]]; [[Wiki:WikiIsNotWikipedia|WikiIsNotWikipedia]]! '' (last updated 17 October 2010)}}

Some words are written in [[CamelCase]] because this is the [[wikitext|markup]] used to create inter-page [[hyperlink|links]] by WikiWikiWeb's software, [[Wiki:WikiBase|WikiBase]]. Later wiki engines, such as [[MediaWiki]], dropped this convention.

==WikiWikiWeb and its designated sister sites==
{{Context|date=November 2009}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Site || Pages || Founder
|-
| WikiWikiWeb || style="text-align: right;" | [http://c2.com/cgi/wikiPages 34226] || [[Ward Cunningham]]
|-
| [[WhyClublet]] || style="text-align: right;" | [http://clublet.com/c/c/why?FindPage 4782] || [[WikiWikiWeb:RichardDrake|Richard Drake]]
|-
| [[MeatBallWiki]] || style="text-align: right;" | [http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/mb.pl?action=index 5122] || [[WikiWikiWeb:CliffordAdams|Clifford Adams]], [[WikiWikiWeb:SunirShah|Sunir Shah]]
|-
| GreenCheese || style="text-align: right;" | (dead) || [[WikiWikiWeb:PeterMerel|Peter Merel]]
|-
| TheReformSociety || style="text-align: right;" | (dead) || [[WikiWikiWeb:PeterMerel|Peter Merel]]
|-
| The Adjunct || style="text-align: right;" | [http://grault.net/adjunct/ 737] || | [[WikiWikiWeb:EarleMartin|Earle Martin]]
|-
| WikiBase || style="text-align: right;" | [http://c2.com/w4/wikibase/search.cgi 359] || [[Ward Cunningham]]
|-
| FitWiki || style="text-align: right;" | [http://fit.c2.com/search.cgi 225] || [[Ward Cunningham]]
|}

==As a precursor to other online communities==
[[File:W3-welcome.JPG|thumb|right|350px|WikiWikiWeb's Wikibase [http://c2.com/w4/wikibase/ '''"Welcome Visitors"''' Page], Last Edited 3 November 2003]]
[[File:Wikiwikiweb2003.JPG|thumb|right|350px|WikiWikiWeb's homepage ([http://web.archive.org/web/20030801073203/c2.com/cgi/wiki 31 July 2003]).]]
[[File:ThisPageDoesNotExist-WikiWikiWeb.JPG|thumb|right|350px|What A Non-Existent Page Looks Like.]]
{{Original research|date=February 2008}}

The WikiWikiWeb played an important historical role in the [[World Wide Web]] and the [[Internet]] because of its influence on other online communities. Its focus on specialized programming made its content relatively unintelligible to people outside the programming sphere; however, editors (so-called wiki citizens, or wikizens), visitors, and readers of the WikiWikiWeb took up the basic idea of making pages user-modifiable and created their own new wiki engines and wikis outside of the WikiWikiWeb.

Wiki communities outside the WikiWikiWeb implemented their wiki engines to create wikis focused on content other than programming. The versatility of wikis and their multiple applications is what subsequently made them popular in the Internet's communities.<ref>[http://blog.oregonlive.com/siliconforest/2007/07/a_brief_history_of_wikis_1.html Oregonlive.com]</ref>

A notable example of the WikiWikiWeb's legacy is [[Wikipedia]]. A WikiWikiWeb user, programmer Ben Kovitz of [[San Diego, California]], introduced the WikiWikiWeb to [[Larry Sanger]] of Internet company [[Bomis]] on the evening of January 2, 2001. At the time, Bomis was working on the online encyclopedia [[Nupedia]]; but that project was making slow progress at the time, so Sanger suggested running an open encyclopedia on [[UseModWiki]], an indirect clone of WikiWikiWeb's engine. Sanger presented the idea to [[Jimmy Wales]], then head of Bomis, and he agreed. The UseModWiki-based encyclopedia eventually came to be known as "Wikipedia".

Other popular websites have since come to embrace the wiki method, such as [[Amazon.com]], which in 2007 launched its own ''[[Amapedia]]'' after two years of trialing wiki technology for customer reviews for items.

==See also==
*[[History of wikis]]
*[[Wiki]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[[WikiWikiWeb:FrontPage|WikiWikiWeb]] (c2.com/cgi/wiki)
*[[WikiWikiWeb:FindPage|Search the wiki]]
*[[WikiWikiWeb:edit=FrontPage|Edit The Front Page Of Wiki]]
*[[WikiWikiWeb:WikiBase]] — the Wiki Base software
*[[WikiWikiWeb:WikiDesignPrinciples]]
*[[WikiWikiWeb:WikiHistory]], including comments by Ward Cunningham
*[[WikiWikiWeb:WelcomeVisitors]]
*Correspondence on the [http://c2.com/doc/etymology.html Etymology of Wiki] — Ward Cunningham

{{Wikipediahistory}}
{{Wiki software}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wikiwikiweb}}
[[Category:Wiki communities]]
[[Category:Virtual communities]]
[[Category:Perl software]]
[[Category:Free wiki software]]

[[bg:WikiWikiWeb]]
[[de:WardsWiki]]
[[fa:ویکی‌ویکی‌وب]]
[[fr:WikiWikiWeb]]
[[ko:위키위키웹]]
[[no:WikiWikiWeb]]
[[pl:WikiWikiWeb]]
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[[tr:WikiWikiWeb]]

Grade im ostkirchlichen und ostkatholischen Mönchtum

2011-01-31T03:56:39Z

Smartiger: logical punctuation

{{citations missing|date=October 2007}}
{{Eastern Christianity}}

The '''degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism''' are the stages an [[Eastern Orthodox]] [[monk]] or [[nun]] passes through in their religious vocation.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the process of becoming a monk or nun (female ascetics in the East are called monks Nun is a Western tradition) is intentionally slow, as the [[monastic vows]] taken are considered to entail a life-long commitment to [[God]], and are not to be entered into lightly. After completing the [[novitiate]], there are three degrees of or steps in conferring the monastic habit.

==Orthodox monasticism==
{{main|Monasticism}}
Unlike in [[Western Christianity]], where sundry [[religious orders]] arose, each with its own profession rites, in the Eastern Orthodox Church, there is only one type of monasticism. The profession of monastics is known as [[Tonsure]] (referring to the ritual cutting of the monastic's hair which takes place during the service) and was, at one time, considered to be a [[Sacred Mystery]] (Sacrament). The Rite of Tonsure is printed in the ''[[Euchologion]]'' ([[Church Slavonic]]: ''Trebnik''), the same book as the other Sacred Mysteries and services performed according to need, e.g., [[Christian burial|funerals]], [[blessing]]s, [[exorcism]]s, etc.

[[Image:megaloschema.svg|thumb|200px|left|The Lesser Schema.]]

The [[religious habit|monastic habit]] is the same throughout the Eastern Church (with certain slight regional variations), and it is the same for both monks and nuns. Each successive grade is given a portion of the habit, the full habit being worn only by those in the highest grade, known for that reason as the "Great Schema", or "Great Habit". One is free to enter any monastery of one's choice; but after being accepted by the abbot (or abbess) and making vows, one may not move from place to place without the blessing of one's ecclesiastical superior.

One becomes a monk or nun by being tonsured, a rite which only a priest can perform. This is typically done by the [[abbot]]. The priest tonsuring a monk or nun must himself be tonsured into the same or greater degree of monasticism that he is tonsuring into. In other words, only a hieromonk who has been tonsured into the Great Schema may himself tonsure a Schemamonk. A [[bishop]], however, may tonsure into any rank, regardless of his own; also, on rare occasion, a bishop will allow a priest to tonsure a monk or nun into any rank.

Eastern Orthodox monks are addressed as "Father", as are priests and deacons in the Orthodox Church; but when conversing among themselves, monks in some places may address one another as "Brother". [[Novice]]s are most often referred to as "Brother", although some places, e.g., on [[Mount Athos]], novices are addressed as "Father". Among the Greeks, old monks are often called ''Gheronda'', or "Elder", out of respect for their dedication. In the Slavic tradition, the title of Elder (Slavonic: старецъ, ''[[Starets]]'') is normally reserved for those who are of an advanced spiritual life, and who serve as guides for others.

Nuns who have been tonsured to the Stavrophore or higher are addressed as "Mother". Novice and Rassophore nuns are addressed as "Sister". Nuns live identical ascetic lives to their male counterparts and are therefore also called ''monachai'' (the feminine plural of ''monachos''), and their community is likewise called a monastery.

Monks who have been ordained to the priesthood are called [[hieromonk]]s (priest-monks); monks who have been ordained to the [[diaconate]] are called [[hierodeacon]]s (deacon-monks). A Schemamonk who is a priest is called a Hieroschemamonk. Most monks are not ordained; a community will normally only present as many candidates for ordination to the bishop as the liturgical needs of the community require. Bishops are required by the [[canon law|sacred canons]] of the Orthodox Church to be chosen from among the monastic clergy.

==Degrees==
===Novice===
'''Novice''' (Greek: δόκιμος; [[Church Slavonic|Slavonic]]: послушникъ, ''poslushnik''), lit. "one under obedience"—Those wishing to join a monastery begin their lives as novices. After coming to the monastery and living as a guest for not less than three days, the abbot or abbess may bless the candidate to become a novice. There is no formal ceremony for the clothing of a novice, he or she simply receives permission to wear the clothing of a novice. In the Eastern monastic tradition, novices may or may not dress in the black [[Cassock#Eastern practice (Orthodox and Eastern Catholic)|inner cassock]] ({{lang-el|Anterion (Αντερίον), Esorason (Εσώρασον)}}; Slavonic: ''Podriasnik'') and wear the soft monastic hat (Greek: ''[[Skoufos]]'', Slavonic: ''Skufia''), depending on the tradition of the local community, and in accordance to the abbot’s directives. In some communities, the novice also wears the leather belt. Monks are given a [[prayer rope]] and instructed in the use of the [[Jesus Prayer]].

If a novice chooses to leave during the period of the novitiate, no penalty is incurred. He may also be asked to leave at any time if his behaviour does not conform to the monastic life, or if the superior discerns that he is not called to monasticism. When the abbot or abbess deems the novice ready, he is asked if he wishes to join the monastery. Some, out of humility, will choose to remain novices all their lives. Every stage of the monastic life must be entered into voluntarily.

===Rassophore===
'''Rassophore''' (Greek: ρασοφόρος, ''rasophoros''; Slavonic: рясофоръ, ''ryasofor''), lit. "Robe-bearer"—If the novice continues on to become a monk, he is clothed in the first degree of monasticism at a service at which he receives the [[tonsure]]. Although there are no formal [[vows]] made at this point, the candidate is normally required to affirm his commitment to persevere in the monastic life. The abbot will then perform the tonsure, cutting a small amount of hair from four spots on the head, forming a cross. He is then given the outer cassock (Greek: ράσον, ''Rasson'', ''Exorasson'', or ''Mandorrason''; Slavonic: рясса, ''Riassa''), an outer robe with wide sleeves, from which the name of Rassophore is derived. He is also given a ''[[kamilavkion]]'', a cylindrical brimless hat, which is covered with a veil called an ''[[epanokamelavkion]]''. (These are separate items in the Greek tradition; in the Russian tradition the two are stitched together and collectively called a ''[[klobuk]]''.) If he has not previously received it, a leather belt is fastened around his waist. His [[Religious habit|habit]] is usually black, signifying that he is now dead to the world, and he receives a new name.

Although the Rassophore does not make formal vows, he is still morally obligated to continue in the monastic estate for the rest of his life. Some will remain Rassophores permanently without going on to the higher degrees.

===Stavrophore===
'''Stavrophore''' (Greek: σταυρoφόρος, ''stavrophoros''; Slavonic: крестоносецъ, ''krestonosets''), lit. "Cross-bearer"—The next level for Eastern monastics takes place some years after the first tonsure when the abbot feels the monk has reached an appropriate level of discipline, dedication, and humility. This degree is also known as the '''Little Schema''', and is thought of as a "betrothal" to the Great Schema. At this stage, the monk makes formal vows of stability of place, chastity, obedience and poverty. Then he is tonsured and clothed in the habit, which in addition to that worn by the Rassophore, includes the ''paramandyas'' (Greek: παραμανδυας; Slavonic: параманъ, ''paraman''), a piece of square cloth worn on the back, embroidered with the instruments of the [[Passion of Christ|Passion]], and connected by ties to a wooden cross worn over the heart. The paramandyas represents the yoke of Christ. Because of this addition he is now called ''Stavrophore'', or ''Cross-bearer''. He is also given a wooden hand cross (or "profession cross"), which he should keep in his [[icon corner]], and a beeswax candle, symbolic of monastic vigilance the sacrificing of himself for God. He will be buried holding the cross, and the candle will be burned at his funeral. In the Slavic practice, the Stavrophore also wears the monastic [[mantle (vesture)|mantle]], which symbolizes 40 days of the Lord's fasting on the Mountain of Temptation. ''The rasson'' worn by the Stavrophore is more ample than that worn by the Rassophore.

After the ceremony, the newly-tonsured Stavrophore will remain in [[vigil]] in the church for five days, refraining from all work, except spiritual reading. Currently, this vigil is often reduced to three days. The abbot increases the Stavrophore monk’s [[prayer rule]], allows a more strict personal ascetic practice, and gives the monk more responsibility.

===Great Schema===
[[File:Saint Jonah of Kyiv.jpg|thumb|250px|Orthodox Schema Monk (Saint Jonah of Kiev, † 1902).]]

'''Great Schema''' (Greek: μεγαλόσχημος, ''Megaloschemos''; Slavonic: Схима, ''Schima'')—Monks whose abbot feels they have reached a high level of spiritual excellence reach the final stage, called the Great Schema. The tonsure of a ''Schemamonk'' or ''Schemanun'' follows the same format as the Stavrophore, and he makes the same vows and is tonsured in the same manner. But in addition to all the garments worn by the Stavrophore, he is given the ''analavos'' (Slavonic: ''analav'') which is the article of monastic vesture emblematic of the Great Schema. For this reason, the analavos itself is sometimes itself called the "Great Schema". It drapes over the shoulders and hangs down in front and in back, with the front portion somewhat longer, and is embroidered with the instruments of the Passion and the [[Trisagion]]. The Greek form does not have a hood, the Slavic form has a hood and lappets on the shoulders, so that the garment forms a large cross covering the monk's shoulders, chest, and back. Another piece added is the ''Polystavrion'' or "Many Crosses", which consists of a cord with a number of small crosses plaited into it. The polystavrion forms a yoke around the monk and serves to hold the analavos in place, and reminds the monastic that he is bound to Christ and that his arms are no longer fit for worldly activities, but that he must labor only for the [[Kingdom of God|Kingdom of Heaven]]. Among the Greeks, the mantle is added at this stage. The paramandyas of the Megaloschemos is larger than that of the Stavrophore, and if he wears the klobuk, it is of a distinctive thimble shape, called a ''[[cowl|koukoulion]]'', the veil of which is usually embroidered with crosses.

The Schemamonk also shall remain some days in vigil in the church. On the eighth day after Tonsure, there is a special service for the "Removal of the Koukoulion".

In some monastic traditions the Great Schema is never given or is only given to monks and nuns on their death bed, while in others, e.g., the [[cenobitic]] monasteries on [[Mount Athos]], it is common to tonsure a monastic into the Great Schema only 3 years after commencing the monastic life.

In Russian and some other traditions, when a bearer of some monastic title acquires the Great Schema, his title incorporates the word "schema". For example, a [[hieromonk]] of Great Schema is called '''hieroschemamonk''', [[archimandrite]] becomes '''schema-archimandrite''', [[hegumen]] - '''schema-hegumen''', etc. In the Russian Orthodox tradition, in such cases the part "schema" is commonly truncated to "схи" (''sche''), and correspondingly the titles are spelt as схимонах (''schemonach''), иеросхимонах (''ieroschemonach''), схиархимандрит (''schearchimandrit''), and схиигумен (''scheigumen'').

==Coptic Orthodox monastic degrees==
In the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria]] there are only two degrees of professed monks, corresponding to the Rassaphore combined with the Stavrophore and the Great Schema (nothing equivalent to separate Stavrophore status in the Coptic Orthodox tradition).

The two rites of Rasaphore and Stavrophore are served one immediately following the other, as a single service, very seldom nowadays to be separated by several years. When the two rites are separated, the portions of the habit that were given in the previous rite are not given a second time in the latter rite.

As for the Great Schema, which is made of a leather cord twisted in design and has 5 to 7 small crosses along its length and worn crosswise around the neck, flowing down cross wise front and back, it is usually granted to bishops either upon their episcopal consecration or shortly afterwards and it is usually granted when a monk has reached a high degree of asceticism or has been living as a hermit and also to the monks, hieromonks and abbots who have been in the monastic life for over 30 years and have been living in an exemplary monastic life.

==See also==
*[[Christian monasticism]]
*[[Monk]]
*[[Acoemetae]]
*[[Monastery of Stoudios|Studities]]
*[[Religious habit]] - the clothing of a monk

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mountathos.gr/active.aspx?mode=en{120fdd0f-1da6-4734-9c53-778f5ef26c2a}View Initiation of a Monk (Tonsure)] from the [[Mount Athos]] Website
*[http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/axismundi/2001/to_be_transformed_part1.php History of monasticism in Russia]
*[http://orthodoxmonk.blogspot.com/2005/10/vows-of-tonsure-to-great-schema.html Vows of Great Schema] a portion of the Tonsure service
*[http://www.sestry.ru/eng/content/bip/03/042 Tonsure of a Schemanun] Novo-Tikhvin Monastery, [[Ekaterinburg]], Russia
*[http://www.3saints.com/schema.html Great Angelic Schema] Russian Orthodox ([[Moscow Patriarchate]])
*[http://www.sestry.ru/eng/image?my_img=1115 Paraman] Russian Orthodox (Photo)
*[http://www.sestry.ru/eng/image?my_img=1115_ Skufia for Schemamonk] (Photo)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Degrees Of Eastern Orthodox Monasticism}}
[[Category:Christian monasticism]]
[[Category:Asceticism]]
[[Category:Hesychasm]]
[[Category:Eastern Christian liturgy]]
[[Category:Russian Orthodox monastics| ]]

[[ru:Степени православного монашества]]

Miranda Hart

2010-12-06T21:53:53Z

Smartiger: /* Television and film */ typo

{{Infobox person
|image =
|imagesize = 235px|
| name = Miranda Hart
| birthname = Miranda Katherine Hart-Dyke<ref>[http://www.findmypast.com Births England and Wales 1837-2006]</ref>
| birthdate = {{Birth date and age|1972|12|14|df=y}}
| birthplace = [[Torquay]], [[Devon]], [[England]]
| deathdate =
| deathplace =
| occupation = [[Comedian]], [[writer]], [[actress]]
| othername =
| website =
| academyawards =
| height = {{convert|6|ft|1|in|m}}
| spouse =
}}

'''Miranda Hart''' (born 14 December 1972, [[Torquay]]) is an [[England|English]] [[actress]], [[writer]], and [[stand-up comedy|stand-up]] [[comedienne]]. She wrote and starred in the 2009 [[BBC Two]] sitcom ''[[Miranda (TV series)|Miranda]]'', on UK television. She also appeared in ''[[French and Saunders]]'', the BBC television series ''[[Hyperdrive (TV series)|Hyperdrive]]'' and her semi-autobiographical [[sitcom]] ''Miranda Hart's Joke Shop'' on [[BBC Radio 2]].

==Early life==
Hart grew up in [[Petersfield]], [[Hampshire]], and was educated at [[Downe House School|Downe House]], where her friend and head girl was sports presenter [[Clare Balding]]<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00w7dv9</ref>. Her father is Captain [[David Hart-Dyke]] [[Royal Navy|RN]] who commanded [[HMS Coventry (D118)|HMS ''Coventry'']] in the 1982 [[Falklands War]] when it was sunk by [[Argentine Air Force]] [[Douglas A-4_Skyhawk#Argentina|A-4 Skyhawks]]. She studied politics at [[Bristol Polytechnic]] (now the [[University of the West of England]]), followed by a postgraduate course in Acting at the [[Academy of Live and Recorded Arts]]. Despite studying politics, she always wanted to be a comedienne. In 2002, she did a solo show in Edinburgh and in 2004 she pitched a comedy show to the BBC. At her read-through for BBC executives, [[Jennifer Saunders]] was there, laughing throughout.<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article6898506.ece Miranda Hart stands head and shoulders above the rest] [[The Times]] 2-Nov-2009</ref>

While appearing on ''[[Frank Skinner's Opinionated]]'' in 2010, she stated that she was from an upper-class background, but hated saying that and didn't consider herself upper-class. She also added that her family tree has been traced back to the 12th century, and that her aunt and uncle live in a castle which they cannot afford to run.

==Live performance==
Avoiding the normal stand-up circuit for more [[Fictional character|character]]-based comedy, including an appearance in the Edinburgh and touring show ''[[The Sitcom Trials]]'', Hart has written her own theatre material for the [[Edinburgh Fringe]]. Her one-woman shows include ''Miranda Hart – Throbs'', ''It's All About Me'' and ''Miranda Hart's House Party''. She also performed in [[Alecky Blythe]]'s 2006 play ''Cruising'' at the [[Bush Theatre]] in London. In 2010 she and six other TV celebrities raised over £1 million for charity by cycling from [[John O'Groats]] to [[Land's End]].<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/7371548/Celebrity-cycle-team-raises-1m-for-Sport-Relief.html Celebrity cycle team raises £1m for Sport Relief] [[Daily Telegraph]] 04 Mar 2010</ref>

==Television and film==
Hart starred as Teal in two series of the [[BBC]] [[television comedy]] [[sci-fi]] [[Television program|series]] ''[[Hyperdrive (TV series)|Hyperdrive]]'', which ran from January 2006 to August 2007. She has also appeared in ''[[French & Saunders]]'', ''[[My Family and Other Animals (film)|My Family and Other Animals]]'', ''[[Nighty Night]]'', ''[[Absolutely Fabulous]]'', ''[[The Vicar of Dibley]]'', ''[[Lead Balloon]]'', ''[[William and Mary (TV series)|William and Mary]]'', ''[[Smack the Pony]]'' (for which she wrote and performed in a couple of [[sketch comedy|sketches]] and a number of [[video diary|video diaries]]), ''[[Not Going Out]]'' and ''[[Stupid!]]'' She appeared in the third series of ''[[Comic Relief does Fame Academy]]'' in 2007, and became the second contestant to be voted off the show.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6429583.stm|title= Comic Hart booted out of Academy|publisher= BBC News|date= 8 March 2007|accessdate= 22 June 2009}}</ref> In 2009, she appeared in the last ever sketch from [[French and Saunders]], also in aid of Comic Relief.

Hart appeared in a short film by [[Tim Plester]] ''World of Wrestling'' in which she played Klondyke Kate, a wrestler billed as 'hell in boots'. The film was released in late 2007 alongside its companion shorts ''Blakes Junction 7'' and ''Ant Muzak''.

In 2006, she appeared in an episode of ''[[Not Going Out]]'' as an acupuncturist. Her performance impressed the producers so much that they wrote a regular role for her in the next series as clumsy cleaner Barbara; a part she continued to play until 2009. However, due to a busy filming schedule, the character will not return for the fourth series, to air in 2010.<ref>[http://www.comedy.co.uk/guide/tv/not_going_out/ Miranda Hart to miss Not Going Out 4] [[British Comedy Guide]] 12-Mar-2010</ref>

In 2008, she recorded the pilot episode of ''[[Miranda (TV series)|Miranda]]'' for [[BBC Two]]. The sitcom is based on her semi-autobiographical writing which went on to become a radio series, ''Miranda Hart's Joke Shop'' on [[BBC Radio 2]]. On 9 November 2009 ''Miranda'', nominated "one of the top 10 forthcoming TV shows for Autumn 2009" by ''[[The Sunday Times]]'',<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article6794548.ece The best television for autumn 2009] [[Sunday Times]] 16-Aug-2009</ref> began transmission on [[BBC Two]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2009/06_june/18/miranda.shtml|title= Miranda starts filming with an all-star cast for her new sitcom on BBC Two|publisher= BBC Press Office|date= 18 June 2009|accessdate= 18 June 2009}}</ref> She appeared as guest host of ''[[Have I Got News for You]]'' in October 2009. She also presented a BBC [[Parody|spoof]] programme looking back over 2009 called ''2009 Unwrapped with Miranda Hart''.

Miranda Hart has appeared in the TV series ''[[Monday Monday (TV series)|Monday Monday]]'' starring [[Fay Ripley]]: Miranda played the role of "Tall Karen".
She has also appeared in a T.V. advert for Alpen.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

In the final quarter of 2009, [[Heather Small]]'s back catalogue sales increased by 73% as a result of frequent references to her hit single "[[Proud (song)|Proud]]" in ''[[Miranda (TV series)|Miranda]]'. {{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

In 2010 she appeared in the final of [[Old Dears Club]] as snooty receptionist Beverly Gates.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

The second series of ''[[Miranda (TV series)|Miranda]]'' began on BBC2 in November. Hart was described in the [[Financial Times|FT]] as "the most original and farcically hilarious female clown since [[Dawn French]] and [[Jennifer Saunders]]<ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/547faa3c-f8e3-11df-99ed-00144feab49a.html#axzz16bGfkGZ0 Triumphs, failures and Mandelson] by [[John Lloyd]], [[Financial Times|FT]] 27-Nov-2010</ref>
===Awards===
In 2010 she won the Best Comedy Performance award from the [[Royal Television Society]] for her performance in ''Miranda'',<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/7460124/Royal-Television-Society-Awards-shun-talent-shows.html Royal Television Society Awards shun talent shows] [[Daily Telegraph]] 17 Mar 2010</ref> and was also nominated for best comedy writing.<ref>[http://www.inthenews.co.uk/news/entertainment/tv/miranda-heads-royal-television-society-awards-nominations-$1363108.htm Miranda heads Royal Television Society awards nominations]
inthenews.co.uk 1-Mar-2010</ref> She and [[Patricia Hodge]] were both nominated for "Best Comedy Actress" awards at the Monte-Carlo TV Festival 2010.<ref>[http://www.tvfestival.com/content/Presentation-Nominees/presentation_nomineesUK.php?menu=smenu2&trk=nom&typeN=2&ER=TC Nominees - Actresses] Monte-Caro TV Festival Website</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=1635000|name=Miranda Hart}}
*[http://mirandahart.com Miranda Hart's official website]

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2010}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Hart, Miranda
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =14 December 1972
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Torquay]], [[Devon]], [[England]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hart, Miranda}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:English comedians]]
[[Category:English television actors]]
[[Category:Fame Academy participants]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Torquay]]
[[Category:Downe House Seniors]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of the West of England]]
[[Category:Women comedians]]

Janelle Monáe

2010-05-21T00:53:46Z

Smartiger: logical punctuation

{{use mdy dates}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|Name = Janelle Monáe
|Img = Janellemonae_(300dpi).jpg
|Img_capt = Monáe performing at the Austin Music Hall during SXSW, March 2009
|Landscape =
|Background = solo_singer
|Birth_name = Janelle Monáe Robinson
|Born = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1985|12|1}}
|Died =
|Origin = [[Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City]], United States
|Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Soul music|soul]], [[Afro-punk]], [[funk]], [[rock and roll]], [[dance-punk]]
|Occupation = Artist, performer, producer
|Years_active = 2003–present
|Label = The Wondaland Arts Society<br>[[Bad Boy Records]]<br>[[Atlantic Records]]
|URL = [http://www.jmonae.com/ jmonae.com]
}}

'''Janelle Monáe''' (born December 1, 1985) is an American indie pop and soul singer, songwriter, dancer, and performer. She is currently signed to the Wondaland Arts Society, and [[Bad Boy Records|Bad Boy]]/[[Atlantic Records]].

==Biography==
Born Janelle Monáe Robinson, on December 1, 1985, a [[Kansas City, Kansas]] native, moved to New York to study theatre at the American Musical and Dramatic Academy. Her original plan was to pursue a career on Broadway, but she soon changed her mind and returned to her love for music, an art form which, according to her, has the potential to change the world.<ref>[http://www.badboyonline.com/artist_bio.php?artId=1038970 ]{{dead link|date=May 2010}}</ref>

After moving to Atlanta, GA, where she met [[OutKast]]'s Big Boi, Monáe founded the Wondaland Arts Society with like-minded young artists and made a couple of appearances on [[Idlewild (OutKast album)|Idlewild]], where she is featured on the songs "Call The Law" and "In Your Dreams".

By 2007, Monáe was ready to release her first solo work, titled ''Metropolis''. It was originally conceived as a concept album in four parts, or "suites", which were to be released through her website and mp3 download sites. After the release of the first part of the series, [[Metropolis Suite I of IV: The Chase]] in mid-2007, these plans were altered following her signing with [[Sean Combs|Sean "Diddy" Combs]]' label, Bad Boy Records, later in the year. The label gave an official and physical release to the first "suite" in August 2008, which was retitled ''Metropolis: The Chase Suite (Special Edition)'' and included two new tracks. The EP was generally well-received by critics, garnering Monáe a 2009 Grammy nomination in the Best Urban/Alternative Performance for her single "Many Moons",<ref>[http://blogs.grammy.com/_Janelle-Mone-Interview/blog/179134/84386.html ''Janelle Monáe Interview'']</ref> festival appearances and opening slots for the indie pop band [[Of Montreal]].

Monáe also toured as the opening act for band [[No Doubt]] on their summer 2009 tour.<ref>{{cite web|author=at 1:55 PM |url=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/archives/2009/04/janelle_monae_o.html |title=Janelle Monae opening for Of Montreal and.. No Doubt (dates) |publisher=Brooklynvegan.com |date=2009-04-10 |accessdate=2010-05-16}}</ref> Her single, "[[Open Happiness]]", was featured in the 2009 season finale of [[American Idol]]. <ref>[http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendId=45237552&blogId=489289498 ''"Open Happiness" Featured On The Season Finale Of American Idol!'']</ref>

In a November 2009 interview, Monáe revealed the title and concept behind her album, ''[[The ArchAndroid (Suites II and III of IV)|The ArchAndroid]]''. The album was released on 18 May 2010. The second and third suites of ''Metropolis'' are combined into this full-length release, in which Monáe's alter-ego, Cindi Mayweather—also the protagonist of ''Metropolis: The Chase Suite''— becomes a [[messiah]]-esque figure to the [[android]] community of Metropolis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjhRgMCyzOQ |title=Janelle Monae on new album, The Arch Android |publisher=YouTube |date=2009-11-11 |accessdate=2010-05-16}}</ref>

== Discography ==
=== Albums ===
*2003 ''The Audition'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://musicbrainz.org/release/6c3301ea-5f93-4b7d-b653-778d75e54589.html |title=Release: The Audition |publisher=MusicBrainz |date= |accessdate=2010-05-16}}</ref>
*2010 ''[[The ArchAndroid (Suites II and III of IV)]]'' <ref name="officialws">{{cite web|url=http://www.jmonae.com/ |title=Janelle Monáe | Official Website: Photos, Blog, Videos, Interactive, Chat and more. |publisher=jmonae.com |date= |accessdate=2010-05-16}}</ref>

=== EP's ===
*2007 ''[[Metropolis Suite I of IV: The Chase]]''

=== Singles ===
*2005 "Peachtree Blues"
*2006 "[[Lettin' Go]]"
*2007 "[[Violet Stars Happy Hunting!]]"
*2008 "Sincerely, Jane"
*2008 "[[Many Moons (song)|Many Moons]]"
*2009 "Come Alive (The War of the Roses)"
*2010 "Tightrope" (featuring [[Big Boi]])<ref name="officialws" />
*2010 "Cold War"<ref name="officialws" />

=== Appearances ===
*2005 ''In "House" Sessions''
*2005 ''Broadcasting the Definition''
*2005 ''[[Got Purp? Vol 2]]''
*2006 ''[[Idlewild (OutKast album)|Idlewild]]''
*2009 ''[[Open Happiness (song)|Open Happiness]]''
*2009 [[Stargate Universe]]<ref name="SGU">{{cite web|url=http://stargate.mgm.com/view/content/1528/index.html |title=Official Stargate Website: Content: Janelle Monae In Earth |publisher=Stargate.mgm.com |date=2009-11-06 |accessdate=2010-05-16}}</ref>
*2010 "[[Rip The Runway]]"
*2010 ''The Kids'' by [[B.o.B]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Janelle Monáe}}
* [http://www.jmonae.com/ Official website]
*{{MySpace|janellemonae|Janelle Monáe}}
*{{amg|label=Janelle Monáe|id=11:dxfpxqusldfe}}
*[http://music.msn.com/music/artist/janelle-mon%c3%a1e/ Janelle Monáe] at MSN music
*{{musicbrainz artist|id=ee190f6b-7d98-43ec-b924-da5f8018eca0|name=Janelle Monáe}}
*[http://beta.kiwibox.com/article/36722 Janelle Monáe Interview]
*[http://www.urb.com/features/1138/JanelleMoneStarlightExpress.php Janelle Monáe interview] at [[URB (magazine)|URB]]
*[http://spin-cdnsrc.texterity.com/spin/200903/?pg=64&pm=2 Janelle Monáe interview] with [[Spin (magazine)|SPIN]]
*[http://thechemistryisdead.com/2010/03/03/janelle-monae-tightrope-feat-big-boi/ Review of Tightrope (feat. Big Boi)]
*[http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/24755718/hot_scifi_beyonce_a_qa_with_janelle_monae Q & A with Janelle Monae]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwnefUaKCbc "Tightrope" Video on Youtube]

{{Bad boy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Monae, Janelle}}
[[Category:Atlantic Records artists]]
[[Category:Bad Boy Records artists]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from the Kansas City metropolitan area]]
[[Category:People from Atlanta, Georgia]]

[[da:Janelle Monáe]]
[[fr:Janelle Monáe]]
[[tr:Janelle Monáe]]

Gamstragegriff

2010-04-15T14:24:03Z

Smartiger: adding "lift" as alternative bold title (existing redirect from fireman's lift)

{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
[[Image:Fireman carry Army.jpg|right|thumb|A pair of [[United States Army]] Soldiers demonstrating a two-shoulder fireman's carry]]
A '''fireman's carry''' or '''lift''' is a technique that allows a person to carry another person without assistance. It is generally referred to as the "fireman's carry" because it used to be a common way for [[firefighter]]s to carry injured or [[Unconsciousness|unconscious]] people away from danger. The drawback to this technique is that smoke and heat are greater higher up (temperatures 6 feet from the floor can be several hundred degrees Fahrenheit), and this may be fatal to the person being carried. Currently, the preferred technique is to drag the person by the shoulders or upper clothing in a [[supine position]] across the floor or ground. This uses the rescuer's upper legs (the strongest muscles in the body) to push against the floor for leverage in order to pull the person towards an exit. This technique is also easier for rescuers who may be younger or of smaller size or stature. Due to advances in firefighting / rescue abilities, the actual fireman's carry is not only essentially outdated in the fire service, it can, in some instances, be more than harmful in actual fire conditions.

However, the fireman's carry technique of carrying another human being can be used in non-fire circumstances; [[soldier]]s have been known to use this technique to carry wounded comrades, [[Lifeguard]]s are sometimes trained to use the fireman's carry, and many [[professional wrestling]] [[professional wrestling moves|moves]] such as [[Professional wrestling throws#Death Valley driver|Death Valley driver]], [[Professional wrestling throws#Samoan drop|Samoan drop]], [[Facebuster#F-5|F-5]] and others also use this technique.

A similar technique known as [[kata guruma]] exists in [[judo]].

==Technique==
The proper technique of the fireman's carry requires carrying the subject over both shoulders. To perform the fireman's carry, the carrier would grasp the subject's wrist and put the subject's arm across one of his shoulders. Then, the carrier would reach between the subject's legs, passing his arm between the subject's legs and then grasping behind the subject's thigh. The above illustration shows a variation in which the carrier is using his right arm to encircle the knee and grasp the subject's wrist, instead of grasping his thigh; this leaves the carrier's left arm free for other purposes. To avoid [[back injury|back injuries]], it is important for the carrier to lift the subject using the strength of his or her legs. The carrier would have hold of the wrist of the subject and his other arm would be holding onto one of the legs of the subject. The subject would have one arm and one leg hanging freely behind the carrier's back.

Carrying someone in this manner has several advantages. The subject's torso is fairly level, which helps prevent further injuries. When the subject's weight is evenly distributed over both shoulders, it is easier to carry them for a longer distance (50 feet or more).

==Common misconceptions==
Although some consider the act of carrying another person over one shoulder a fireman's carry, technically it is not. In informal settings, carrying another person over one shoulder is sometimes used to transport someone who is too [[Drunkenness|intoxicated]] to walk. However, if someone is seriously hurt, or if the person has to be carried for a considerable amount of time, the fireman's carry is preferred over the single-shoulder carry for obvious reasons. A person being carried over one shoulder would experience more jarring as his or her body is dangling more freely over the carrier's shoulder. Also, [[blood]] would be unevenly distributed if someone was dangling upside-down over the carrier's shoulder for an extended period of time. And this could be a very uncomfortable position for the carried person if he or she is still conscious.

{{Fire fighting}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fireman's Carry}}
[[Category:Rescue]]
[[Category:Firefighting]]

[[ja:ファイヤーマンズキャリー]]