Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

King’s Inns

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{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox University
| name = The Honorable Society of King's Inns
| native_name = Óstaí an Rí
| image = King's_Inns_arms.png
| motto = ''Nolumus Mutari''
| mottoeng = we shall not be changed
| established = 1541 by [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]
| city = [[Dublin]]
| country = Ireland
| head_label = Under Treasurer / CEO
| head = Mary Griffin
| dean = Eimear Brown (Dean of School of Law)
| registrar = Marcella Higgins
| Hon Treasurer = Hugh Mohan SC
| Chairman of Council = Hugh O’Neill
| address = Henrietta Street Dublin 1
| website = {{URL|http://www.kingsinns.ie}}
|pushpin_map= Ireland Central Dublin
}}
'''The Honorable Society of King's Inns''' ('''HSKI''') is the institution which controls the entry of [[barrister|barristers-at-law]] into the [[Courts of the Republic of Ireland|justice system]] of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. The full title retains the historical spelling variant "honorable" in preference to the contemporary [[Hiberno-English]] spelling of "honourable".<ref name=speldif>see article [[American and British English spelling differences#-our.2C -or|'spelling differences']]</ref>

==History==

The society was created in 1541, 51 years before [[Trinity College, Dublin]] was founded, making it one of Ireland's oldest professional and educational institutions. The founders named their society in honour of King [[Henry VIII of England]] and his newly established [[Kingdom of Ireland]]. The society secured a lease of lands at [[Inns Quay]] on the north bank of the [[River Liffey]] in Dublin. The society was reconstituted in 1607, having been inactive for some time. In 1790 the Inns Quays site was acquired for the purposes of the [[Four Courts]]; the foundation stone at the present building at the top of Henrietta Street was laid on 1 August 1800, with [[James Gandon]] being commissioned as the architect. The building was completed by his pupil Henry Aaron Baker.<ref>[Colum Kenny, ''King's Inns and the Kingdom of Ireland: The Irish 'inn of court' 1541–1800'' (Irish Academic Press & Irish Legal History Society, 1992), pp. 261–5]</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! List of Treasurers from 1804–1979<ref>*Source: The Honorable Society of King's Inns: Library
*Source: The Longman Handbook of Modern Irish History Since 1800 by N. C. Fleming and Alan O'Day, Pages 481–485 {{ISBN|0-582-08102-5}}</ref><ref>*Notes on List:
*LCJ: Lord Chief Justice
*MR: Master of the Rolls
*KC: King's Counsel
*QC: Queen's Counsel
*SC: Senior Counsel</ref>
|-
|1804–1805 [[Barry Yelverton, 1st Viscount Avonmore|Viscount Avonmore]]
|-
|1805–1806 [[William Downes, 1st Baron Downes|William Downes]]
|-
|1806–1807 [[John Toler, 1st Earl of Norbury|Lord Norbury]]
|-
|1807–1808 S. O'Grady
|-
|1808–1809 No name
|-
|1809–1810 Mr. Justice Day
|-
|1810–1811 No name
|-
|1811–1812 [[Luke Fox (judge)|Mr. Justice Fox]]
|-
|1812–1813 No name
|-
|1813–1814 [[Sir William Cusack-Smith, 2nd Baronet|W.C. Smith]]
|-
|1814–1815 [[Charles Osborne (politician)|Charles Osbourne]]
|-
|1815–1816 [[James McClelland (Solicitor-General)|Baron McCleland]]
|-
|1816–1817 [[Edward Mayne|Judge Mayne]]
|-
|1817–1818 Judge Fletcher
|-
|1818–1819 Judge Moore
|-
|1819–1820 Judge Johnson
|-
|1820–1821 Judge Jebb
|-
|1821–1822 No name
|-
|1822–1823 Mr. Justice Burton
|-
|1823–1824 [[Edward Pennefather|Baron Pennefather]]
|-
|1824–1825 [[Charles Kendal Bushe]], LCJ
|-
|1825–1826 Mr. Justice Vandeleur
|-
|1826–1827 [[Robert Torrens (judge)|Mr. Justice Torrens]]
|-
|1827–1828 [[William MacMahon]], MR
|-
|1828–1829 [[William Plunket, 1st Baron Plunket|Lord Plunket]]
|-
|1829–1830 No name
|-
|1830–1831 S. O'Grady
|-
|1831–1832 [[Sir William Cusack-Smith, 2nd Baronet|Sir William Smith. Bt.]]
|-
|1832–1833 John Leslie Foster
|-
|1833–1834 [[John Doherty (Irish politician)|John Doherty]]
|-
|1834–1835 [[Henry Joy (judge)|Henry Joy]]
|-
|1835–1836 Mr. Justice Burton
|-
|1836–1837 No name
|-
|1837–1838 [[Robert Torrens (judge)|Mr. Justice Torrens]]
|-
|1838–1839 [[John Leslie Foster|Baron Foster]]
|-
|1839–1840 [[Philip Cecil Crampton|Judge Crampton]]
|-
|1840–1841 [[Louis Perrin|Judge Perrin]]
|-
|1841–1842 No name
|-
|1842–1843 [[John Richards (Attorney General)|Baron Richards]]
|-
|1843–1844 [[Nicholas Ball (lawyer)|Nicholas Ball]]
|-
|1844–1845 No name
|-
|1845–1846 [[Thomas Langlois Lefroy|Thomas Lefroy]]
|-
|1846–1847 [[Edward Pennefather]], LCJ
|-
|1847–1848 [[Francis Blackburne|Francis Blackburn]], LCJ
|-
|1848–1849 [[Thomas Cusack-Smith|T. B. C. Smith]], MR
|-
|1849–1850 [[David Richard Pigot|David R. Pigot]]
|-
|1850–1851 [[Richard Moore (Irish lawyer)|Judge Moore]]
|-
|1851–1852 [[James Henry Monahan]], LCJ of the Common Pleas Court
|-
|1852–1853 The Lord Chancellor
|-
|1853–1854 [[Richard Wilson Greene|Baron Greene]]
|-
|1854–1855 No name
|-
|1855–1856 [[Thomas Langlois Lefroy|Thomas Lefroy]]
|-
|1856–1857 [[Thomas Cusack-Smith|T. B. C. Smith]], MR
|-
|1857–1858 No name
|-
|1858–1859 [[James Henry Monahan]], LCJ of the Common Pleas Court
|-
|1859–1860 [[Jonathan Christian|Mr. Justice Christian]]
|-
|1860–1861 [[William O'Brien (judge)|Mr. Justice O'Brien]]
|-
|1861–1862 [[Edmund Hayes (judge)|Mr. Justice Hayes]]
|-
|1862–1863 [[John FitzGerald, Baron FitzGerald|Baron Fitzgerald]]
|-
|1863–1864 No name
|-
|1864–1865 [[John FitzGerald, Baron FitzGerald|Baron Fitzgerald]]
|-
|1865–1866 [[Rickard Deasy|Baron Deasy]]
|-
|1866–1867 [[Thomas O'Hagan, 1st Baron O'Hagan|Mr. Justice O'Hagan]]
|-
|1867–1868 [[James Whiteside]], LCJ
|-
|1868–1869 [[Francis Blackburne|The Lord Chancellor]]
|-
|1869–1870 No name
|-
|1870–1871 [[James Anthony Lawson|Mr. Justice Lawson]]
|-
|1871–1872 George Battersby, QC
|-
|1872–1873 [[Gerald FitzGibbon (Irish lawyer)|Gerald FitzGibbon]]
|-
|1873–1874 [[Richard Dowse|Baron Dowse]]
|-
|1874–1875 Mr. Justice Morris
|-
|1875–1876 The Judge of the Court of Probate
|-
|1876–1877 Hewitt Poole Jellett
|-
|1877–1878 Mr. Justice Barry
|-
|1878–1879 James Murphy
|-
|1879–1880 [[George Augustus Chichester May]]
|-
|1880–1881 Edward Pennefather, QC
|-
|1881–1882 Mr. Justice Harrison
|-
|1882–1883 Mr. Serjeant David Sherlock (First Serjeant at Law)
|-
|1883-1884 Judge Townsend
|-
|1884–1885 Thomas De Moleyns, QC
|-
|1885–1886 [[Sir Andrew Porter, 1st Baronet|Andrew M. Porter]], MR
|-
|1886–1887 Piers F. White, QC
|-
|1887–1888 [[Christopher Palles|The Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer]]
|-
|1888–1889 Arthur Stanley Jackson, QC
|-
|1889–1890 Lord Justice Fitzgibbon
|-
|1890–1891 John Richardson, QC
|-
|1891–1892 Mr. Justice Holmes
|-
|1892–1893 Samuel Walker
|-
|1893–1894 Judge Miller
|-
|1894–1895 [[Charles Hemphill, 1st Baron Hemphill|Charles Hare Hemphill]], QC, Solicitor General
|-
|1895–1896 Mr. Justice Johnson
|-
|1896–1897 William Bennett Campion, QC
|-
|1897–1898 Mr. Justice O'Brien
|-
|1898–1899 No name
|-
|1899–1900 Mr. Justice Andrews
|-
|1900–1901 John H. Twigg, QC
|-
|1902–1903 Stephen Ronan
|-
|1903–1904 Mr. Justice Boyd
|-
|1904–1905 Mr. Serjeant William Houston Dodd (Third Serjeant at Law)
|-
|1905-1906 Mr. Justice Madden
|-
|1906–1907 James H. M. Campbell, KC, MP
|-
|1907–1908 Mr. Justice Kenny
|-
|1908–1909 Charles L. Matheson, KC
|-
|1909–1910 Mr. Justice White
|-
|1910–1911 [[Charles O'Connor (judge)|Charles Andrew O'Connor]], KC, Solicitor General
|-
|1911–1912 Mr. Justice Barton
|-
|1912–1913 John Gordon, KC
|-
|1913–1914 Mr. Justice Wylie
|-
|1914–1915 Denis Henry, KC
|-
|1915–1916 Gerald Fitzgerald
|-
|1916–1917 Arthur W. Samuels, KC
|-
|1917–1918 [[Thomas O'Shaughnessy|Thomas Lopdell O'Shaughnessy]] (Last Recorder of Dublin)
|-
|1918–1919 [[Godfrey Fetherstonhaugh]], KC
|-
|1919–1920 Mr. Justice Moore
|-
|1920–1921 Robert F. Harrison
|-
|1921–1922 Mr. Justice Powell
|-
|1922–1923 William Morgan Jellet, KC, MP
|-
|1923–1924 [[Thomas Molony|Thomas Francis Molony]], LCJ (Last Lord Chief Justice of Ireland)
|-
|1924–1925 Samuel L. Brown, KC
|-
|1925–1926 [[Gerald Fitzgibbon|Mr. Justice Gerald Fitzgibbon]]
|-
|1926–1927 Alexander F. Blood, KC
|-
|1927–1928 Mr. Justice Henry Hanna
|-
|1928–1929 Garrett William Walker
|-
|1929–1930 Mr. Justice William E. Wylie
|-
|1930–1931 Hewitt R. Poole
|-
|1931–1932 Mr. Justice Timothy Sullivan (First President of the High Court)
|-
|1932–1933 Frederick W. Price
|-
|1933–1934 Frederick W. Price
|-
|1934–1935 Mr. Justice James Creed Meredith
|-
|1935–1936 Ernest J. Phelps, SC
|-
|1936–1937 Mr. Justice Johnson
|-
|1937–1938 Frederick F. Denning
|-
|1938–1939 Mr. Justice James A. Murnaghan
|-
|1939–1940 Andrew Kingsbury Overend, KC
|-
|1940–1941 Mr. Justice John O'Byrne
|-
|1941–1942 Thomas S. McCann
|-
|1942–1943 [[Conor Maguire|Conor Alexander Maguire]] (Second President of the High Court)
|-
|1943–1944 Patrick Lynch, KC
|-
|1944–1945 Mr Justice Geoghegan
|-
|1945–1946 J. M. Fitzgerald, SC
|-
|1946–1947 Mr. Justice Cahir Davitt
|-
|1947–1948 John Aloysius Costello
|-
|1948–1949 Mr. Justice George Gavan Duffy (Third President of the High Court)
|-
|1949–1950 R. G. L. Leonard, KC
|-
|1950–1951 Mr. Justice George William Shannon (First President of the Circuit Court)
|-
|1951–1952 Vincent Rice, SC
|-
|1952–1953 [[Cecil Lavery|Mr. Justice Cecil Lavery]]
|-
|1953–1954 Frank Fitzgibbon, QC
|-
|1954–1955 Mr. Justice Martin C. Maguire
|-
|1955–1956 Mr. Carson
|-
|1956–1957 Mr Justice Kevin Haugh
|-
|1957–1958 P. McCarthy
|-
|1958–1959 Mr. Justice T.C. Kingsmill Moore
|-
|1959–1960 Henry J. Molony
|-
|1960–1961 Mr. Justice O'Daly
|-
|1961–1962 Richard McGonigal, SC
|-
|1962–1963 Mr. Justice Frederick O. Budd
|-
|1963–1964 Thomas F. Bacon
|-
|1964–1965 Mr. Justice George D. Murnaghan
|-
|1965–1966 Mr Campbell
|-
|1966–1967 Mr. Justice Richard McLoughlin
|-
|1967–1968 Denis Pringle
|-
|1968–1969 Mr. Justice William Fitzgerald
|-
|1969–1970 G. Micks
|-
|1970–1971 Mr. Justice Thomas Teevan
|-
|1971–1972 T. K. Liston, SC
|-
|1972–1973 Mr. Justice [[Aindrias Ó Caoimh (judge)|Aindrias Ó Caoimh]] (Fifth President of the High Court)
|-
|1973–1974 Thomas B. Hannin
|-
|1974–1975 Mr. Justice Brian Walsh
|-
|1975–1976 Ernest M. Wood
|-
|1976–1977 Mr. Justice John Kenny
|-
|1977–1978 Oliver D. Gogarty, SC
|-
|1978–1979 Mr. Justice Seamus Henchy
|-
|1979–1980 Thomas Vincent Davy, SC (The last officeholder to hold the position as Treasurer)
|}

==Academic life==

From almost the moment that King's Inns was founded, London required Irishmen who wished to practise as barristers to attend the inns of court in London, and that requirement stayed in place until the late nineteenth century. Only from the middle of the eighteenth century onwards were courses of legal education provided at King's Inns.<ref>Colum Kenny. ''Tristram Kennedy and the Revival of Irish Legal Training, 1835–1885'', Irish Academic Press & Irish Legal History Society, 1996.</ref> Candidates who have an approved law degree may apply for ''the Degree of Barrister-at-Law'' ({{lang-la|ad Gradum Advocatum Apud Judices}}). Alternatively, candidates without an approved law degree may undertake the society's ''Diploma in Legal Studies'' before presenting for the society's degree. Those who are presented with the degree are entitled to be called to and practice at the [[Courts of the Republic of Ireland|Bar of Ireland]]. In 2006, the society had an enrollment of approximately 300 students, whilst there are approximately 2,000 practicing barristers.

==Profile==
[[File:The Honourable Society of Kings Inns (455776430).jpg|right|thumb|255px|Courtyard of the society's building on Henrietta Street]]

The society has generally kept a low profile in current affairs in Ireland, though it did come to prominence in 1972, when financial difficulties led to the society selling a considerable stock of non-legal books it had in its library. The library collection dates from the end of the 18th century, (when the society also adopted its motto 'Nolumus mutari'<ref>Colum Kenny. 2005. Nolumus mutari: time for change at King's Inns?. ''Irish Jurist'', 40, 1, 321–346.</ref>), and was based on part of that of Christopher Robinson, senior [[puisne judge]] of the [[Court of King's Bench (Ireland)|Court of King's Bench]], who died in 1787. Books were sold at auction at [[Sotheby's]], London, and a considerable stock of them were sold to clients outside Ireland. This was seen at the time as a major cultural outflow, as many of the books were of historical and cultural significance.<ref>Colum Kenny, ''King's Inns and the Battle of the Books, 1972: Cultural Controversy at a Dublin Library'' (Four Courts Press & Irish Legal History Society, 2002), passim</ref> In addition, the society's library had received an annual grant since 1945 for the upkeep of the books from the [[Exchequer of Ireland|Irish Exchequer]].
A '''King's Inns''' team or individual has often won the [[Irish Times National Debating Championship]], and in 2010 won the [[European Universities Debating Championship]]s. In 2006 the Inns' [[hurling]] team competed in and won the Fergal Maher Cup (3rd Level Division 3) in their inaugural year and have subsequently reached the final and semi-final.

After crossing Bolton Street, Henrietta Street runs into King's Inns Street. The latter was renamed due to its proximity to the King's Inns. In 1756, this street appears as "Turn Again Lane" on Rocque's map of Dublin. Henrietta Street is thought to have been named by Luke Gardiner in honour of Henrietta Somerset (1690–1726), who was married to the second duke of Grafton, lord lieutenant of Ireland, 1724-7. Her portrait by Enoch Seeman survives.<ref>Kenny, ''Battle of the Books'', facing p. 142.</ref>

The [[Hungry Tree]], a London Plane that is encapsulating a park bench lies in the grounds of the King's Inns, near to the south gate.<ref name=secret>{{cite news |last1=O Conghaile |first1=Pol |title=Secret Dublin |url=https://www.independent.ie/life/travel/secret-dublin-29738897.html |accessdate=20 September 2018 |publisher=Irish Independent |date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

==Notable alumni and academics==
*[[Theobald Wolfe Tone]]
*[[Mary Robinson]]
*[[Daniel O'Connell]]
*[[Edward Carson]]
*[[John Redmond]]
*[[Patrick Pearse]]
*[[John A. Costello]]
*[[Liam Cosgrave]]
*[[Jack Lynch]]
*[[Charles Haughey]]
*[[John Bruton]]
*[[Henry Grattan]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kingsinns.ie Official site – King's Inns]
* [[Bar of Northern Ireland]].

{{Schools and colleges in County Dublin}}
{{IrishUni}}
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[[Category:Legal organizations based in Ireland]]
[[Category:Inns of Court]]
[[Category:1541 establishments in Ireland]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Dublin (city)]]

Kathleen Booth

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{{EngvarB|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}

{{Other people}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Kathleen Booth
| birth_name = Kathleen Britten
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|1922}}
| birth_place = [[Stourbridge]], Worcestershire, England
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| citizenship =
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| fields = [[Computer science]]
| workplaces = [[Birkbeck, University of London|Birkbeck College]]
| alma_mater = University of London
| known_for = Invented the first [[assembly language]]
| awards =
| spouse = [[Andrew_Donald_Booth|Andrew Booth]]
| signature =
| footnotes =
}}

Kathleen Booth née Britten<ref name="50 years of computing">Johnson, Roger. "50 Years of Computing at Birkbeck". Birkbeck College, University of London. April 2008. http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/50years/50yearsofcomputing.pdf</ref> (1922<ref name=dyson>{{cite book|last1=Dyson|first1=George|title=Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe|date=2012|publisher=Pantheon Books|isbn=978-0375422775|page=xvii}}</ref> –) wrote the first [[assembly language]] and designed the assembler and autocode for the first computer systems at [[Birkbeck, University of London|Birkbeck College, University of London]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Booth|first=Kathleen HV |title= Machine language for Automatic Relay Computer|work= Birkbeck College Computation Laboratory |publisher=University of London}}</ref> She helped design three different machines including the ARC, SEC, and [[APEXC|APE(X)C]].

==Personal life==
Kathleen Booth was born in [[Stourbridge]], Worcestershire, England.<ref name="IT Honor Roll">{{Citation | title = IT Honor Roll | url = http://www.ithistory.org/honor_roll/honor-roll-alpha.php?pageNum_fame=9&totalRows_fame=142&navletter=B}}</ref> She obtained a [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] in mathematics from the University of London in 1944 and went on to get a PhD in Applied Mathematics in 1950. She married her colleague Andrew Booth in 1950 and had two children.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ithistory.org/honor-roll/dr-kathleen-booth-nee-britten|title=Dr. Kathleen Booth (nee Britten)|date=21 December 2015|newspaper=IT History Society|access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
Kathleen Booth worked at Birkbeck College, 1946–62.<ref name="Birkbeck">{{Citation | publisher = Birkbeck School of Computing | title = School of computer science and information systems: A short history | place = UK | series = 50 years of Computing | format = [[PDF]] | year = 2008 | url = http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/50years/50yearsofcomputing.pdf}}.</ref> She travelled to the United States as [[Andrew Donald Booth|Andrew Booth]]'s research assistant in 1947, visiting with [[John von Neumann]] at Princeton.<ref>{{Citation | title = Alan Turing and His Contemporaries: Building the World's First Computers | ISBN = 978-1-78017-105-0}}</ref> Upon returning to the UK, she co-authored "General Considerations in the Design of an All Purpose Electronic Digital Computer," describing modifications to the original ARC redesign to the ARC2 using a von Neumann architecture.<ref name = "Birkbeck" /> Part of her contribution was the ARC assembly language.<ref name=":0">{{Citation | title = About | contribution = History | publisher = Birkbeck School of Computing | place = UK | url = http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/about/history/}}.</ref> She also built and maintained ARC components.<ref>{{Citation | place = UK | title = Kathleen Booth (nee Britten) at the ARC relay, parallel, A.U. which she constructed | year = 1948 | publisher = Birkbeck school of Comptuing | first = Phil | url = http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/~phil/spgm/index.php?spgmGal=booth2&spgmPic=8#spgmPicture}}.</ref>

Kathleen and Andrew Booth's team at Birkbeck were considered the smallest of the early British computer groups. From 1947 to 1953, they produced three machines: ARC (Automatic Relay Computer), SEC (Simple Electronic Computer), and APE(X)C (All-purpose Electronic (Rayon) Computer).<ref>{{cite book|last=Lavington|first=Simon|title=Early British computers: the story of vintage computers and the people who built them|year=1980|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=Manchester|isbn=0719008034|page=62}}</ref> She and Mr. Booth worked on the same team. He built the computers and she programmed them.<ref name="50 years of computing"/> This was considered a remarkable achievement due to the size of the group and the limited funds at its disposal. Although APE(X)C eventually led to the HEC series manufactured by the British Tabulating Machine Company, the small scale of the Birkbeck group did not place it in the front rank of British computer activity.<ref>{{Citation | last = Campbell-Kelly | first = Martin | contribution = The Development of Computer Programming in Britain (1945 to 1955) | title = The Birkbeck College Machines |date=April 1982 | journal = Annals of the History of Computing | volume = 4 | number = 2 | publisher = IEEE | doi = 10.1109/MAHC.1982.10016 }}.</ref>

Booth regularly published papers concerning her work on the ARC and APE(X)C systems{{Citation needed |date=August 2013}} and co-wrote "Automatic Digital Calculators" (1953) which illustrated the 'Planning and Coding' programming style.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dependable and historic computing|year=1998|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-642-24540-4|page=27|editor=Cliff B Jones, John L Lloyd}}</ref> She co-founded the School of Computer Science and Information Systems in 1957 at Birkbeck College along with Andrew Booth and J.C. Jennings.<ref name="Birkbeck" /> In 1958, she taught a Programming course.<ref name="Birkbeck" />

In 1958, Booth wrote one of the first books describing how to program APE(X)C computers, which was also notable for having a woman author.<ref>{{Citation | title = [[Programming for an Automatic Digital Calculator]] | first = Kathleen HV | last = Booth | publisher = Butterworths | place = London | year = 1958}}.</ref>

From 1944 to 1946, she was Junior Scientific Officer at the Royal Aircraft Establishment in [[Farnborough, Hampshire|Farnborough]].<ref name=":1" /> From 1946 to 1962, Booth was a Research Scientist at British Rubber Producer's Research Association and for ten years from 1952 to 1962 she was Research Fellow and Lecturer at Birbeck College, University of London and later became a Research Fellow, Lecturer and Associate Professor at the [[University of Saskatchewan]], Canada from 1962 to 1972.<ref name=":1" /> At Lakehead University in Canada she became the Professor of Mathematics from 1972 to 1978.

Booth's research on neural networks led to successful programs simulating ways in which animals recognise patterns and recognise character.<ref name="50 years of computing"/> She and her husband resigned suddenly from Birkbeck College in 1961 after a chair was not conferred on her husband despite his massive contributions and an I.C.T. Type 1400 Computer was donated to the Department of
Numerical Automation but was in fact installed in the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.<ref name="50 years of computing"/>

== Bibliography ==

* {{Citation | title = Principles and Progress in the Construction of High-Speed Digital Computers | url = http://bobmackay.com/Booth/Booth.html | journal = Quart. Journ. Mech. and Applied Math. |date=September 1947 | last1 = Booth | first1 = Andrew D | last2 = Britten | first2 = Kathleen HV | doi=10.1093/qjmam/2.2.182 | volume=2 | pages=182–197}}.
* {{Citation | title = Coding system for the APE(X)C | url = http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=770&name=APE(X)C | publisher = Murdoch | place = AU}}.
* Booth A.D. and Britten K.H.V. (1947) Coding for A.R.C., Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton
* Booth A.D. and Britten K.H.V. (1947) General considerations in the design of an all-purpose electronic digital computer, Institute for Advance Study, Princeton
* Booth A.D. and Britten K.H.V. (1948) "The accuracy of atomic co-ordinates derived from Fourier series in X-ray crystallography Part V", ''Proc. Roy. Soc.'' Vol A 193 pp305–310
* Booth A.D. and Booth K.H.V. (1953) ''Automatic Digital Calculators'', Butterworth-Heinmann (Academic Press) London

== References ==
{{Reflist |64em}}

{{Computer language}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Booth, Kathleen}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century British engineers]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Academics of Birkbeck, University of London]]
[[Category:British computer scientists]]
[[Category:Computer designers]]
[[Category:History of computing in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Lakehead University faculty]]
[[Category:People from Stourbridge]]
[[Category:Programming language designers]]
[[Category:University of Saskatchewan faculty]]
[[Category:Women computer scientists]]

Internationale Arbeitsgemeinschaft Donauforschung

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[[File:IADlogo Kopie.jpeg|thumb|300px|IAD−International Association for Danube Research logo.]]
The '''International Association for Danube Research''', or '''IAD''', is the oldest [[NGOs|NGO]] of an active network of scientists in the [[Danube|Danube River Basin]] of [[Europe]]<ref name=iad>[http://www.IAD.gs IAD | International Association for Danube Research—IAD]</ref>.

[[File:Bassin-du-Danube.png|thumb|500px|Map of the [[Danube|Danube River Basin]] and its watershed countries in Europe.]]

==Organization==
The board of the IAD is composed of the president, vice-president and general secretary<ref name=structure>[http://www.iad.gs/index.php?item=structure IAD | Structure]</ref>, forming the presidium, and currently 12 representatives of member countries. Since 2017 Cristina Sandu is the president and Thomas Hein<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Thomas_Hein Thomas Hein | Profil at researchgate]</ref> from [[University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna|BOKU Wien]] and [[Wassercluster Lunz|Wassercluster Lunz]] the vice-president. Since 2018 Katrin Teubner ([[Privatdozent|PD]]) from [[University of Vienna|Universität Wien]] is the general secretary. The names of the country representatives and the expert group leaders can be found at the homepage of the IAD<ref name=structure>[http://www.iad.gs/index.php?item=structure IAD | Structure]</ref>.

IAD has Expert Groups in 12 topics covering major ecological and management fields: Water Quality, Biotic Processes, Microbiology, Phytoplankton & Phytobenthos, Macrophytes, Floodplain Ecology, LTSER & Environmental History, Fish Biology & Fishery, Invasive Alien Species, Ecotoxicology, Delta/Fore-Delta, and Sustainable Development & Public Participation<ref name=structure/><ref>[http://www.iad.gs/index.php?item=expert_groups IAD | Structure - IAD Expert Groups]</ref>.

Since 1998, IAD has a permanent observer status at the [[International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River|International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR)]]. IAD members are active in the following ICPDR expert groups<ref name=research>[http://www.iad.gs/index.php?item=research IAD | Research projects]</ref>:
*Expert Group on River Basin Management
*Expert Group on Flood protection
*Hydropower Expert Group
*Climate Change Adaptation Expert Group
*Public Participation Expert Group.
[[File:Bogenberg 001.jpg|thumb|panorama|right|500px|Danube in [[Lower Bavaria]], Germany.]]
[[File:Donau (Danube) River Panorama near Vienna.jpg|thumb|panorama|right|500px|Danube near [[Vienna]], Austria.]]
[[File:Budapest, Hungary, View from Gellert Hill Towards North, Panorama, February 2006.jpg|thumb|panorama|right|500px|Danube in [[Budapest]], Hungary.]]
[[File:Danube in Ritopek, Serbia.jpg|thumb|panorama|right|500px|Danube in [[Serbia]].]]
[[File:Traditional_fisher_boats_in_Romania_in_the_Danube_Delta_near_the_village_Mila_in_2005.jpg|thumb|panorama|right|500px|[[Danube Delta]], traditional fisher boats near the village Mila in 2005, Romania.]]
===History===
The IAD was founded by Reinhold Liepolt (Hydrologist, Diplom-Engineer, Univ-Prof. Hofrat, 1906-1996) in Vienna ([[Austria]]) in 1956 under the auspices of the [[International Society of Limnology]] ([[International Society of Limnology|SIL]]), and since 2003 it is a registered association ([[Verein]]) under [[Law of Austria|Austrian law]]. In 2010, IAD terminated the affiliation to SIL.

It was Liepolt’s wish to join people concerned with the Danube River from the source in Germany to the mouth in Romania. He invited scientific national representatives from all countries of the Danube Region for collaboration. In case of Eastern Europe, he sent official invitation letters to those colleagues who lived "behind the [[iron curtain]]". Thanks to him a face-to-face collaboration has been initiated on the various aspects of ecology and river use of the Danube. In a more recent branch of IAD in Austria, the ÖK (Österreichisches Komitee), scientists with outstanding research related to the Danube Basin in Austria are awarded with the “Liepolt-Preis”.

The major achievement in the first decade of IAD was the monograph “Limnologie der Donau” (Limnology of the Danube), edited by Liepolt and published by E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nägele & Obermiller) Stuttgart in 1967<ref>Liepolt R 1967. Die Limnologie der Donau. Eine monographische Darstellung im Auftrage der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Donauforschung der Societas Internationalis Limnologiae (Limnology of the Danube. A monograph) Schweizerbart, Stuttgart</ref>. In 1986, S. Godeanu and V. Popescu-Marinescu published the bibliography “Limnologie der Donau” (Limnology of the Danube)<ref>Godeanu S, Popescu-Marinescu V (eds) (1986) Limnologie der Donau (Bibliographie), 2, IAD</ref>. Unfortunately, an update could not be realized, but was substituted by the Danube chapter in the book “Rivers of Europe”, edited by K. Tockner, C.T. Robinson and U. Uehlinger (Elsevier 2009)<ref>[https://www.elsevier.com/books/rivers-of-europe/tockner/978-0-12-369449-2 Tockner K, Uehlinger U, Robinson CT 2009. Rivers of Europe. Academic Press]</ref>. Other specific IAD publications encompass the four volumes of the book series “Ergebnisse der Donauforschung” (Results of Danube Research) about water quality and plankton/benthos, quoted in Vol.1: IAD 1990<ref>IAD (ed) 1990. Ergebnisse der Internationalen Donau-Expedition 1988 (Results of the 1988 River Danube Expedition). Ergebnisse der Donau-Forschung, Vol1, IAD</ref>, Vol.2: Weber 1993<ref>Weber E 1993. Wasserbeschaffenheit der Donau von Passau bis zu ihrer Mündung. (Water quality of the River Danube from Passau to its mouth.) Ergebnisse der Donau-Forschung, Vol2, IAD</ref>, Vol.3: Schmid 1994<ref>Schmid R 1994. Limnologie und Gewässergütezustand der bayerischen Donau und ihrer wichtigsten Zubringer. Donaubasisuntersuchung 1985–1992 (The limnology and quality state of the River Danube and its main tributaries in Bavaria. Basic Danube investigation 1985–1992). Ergebnisse der Donau-Forschung, Vol3, IAD</ref> and Vol.4: Kusel-Fetzmann et al. 1998<ref>Kusel-Fetzmann E, Naidenow W, Russev B 1998. Plankton und Benthos der Donau (The plankton and benthos of the Danube). Ergebnisse der Donau-Forschung, Vol4, IAD</ref>. In 2003, G.A. Janauer et al. edited a special volume of Arch Hydrobiol, Suppl. Large Rivers about “Macrophyte inventory of the River Danube: a pilot study”<ref>[https://www.midcc.at/main/PDF/LRtitle.pdf Janauer GA, Hale P, Sweeting R (eds) 2003. Macrophyte inventory of the River Danube: a pilot study. Arch Hydrobiol Suppl Large Rivers 14]</ref>. The Danube water quality maps by R. Schmid in 1995 and 2002, based on benthos investigations, were the predecessor of ICPDR water pollution policy.

After the big political changes in [[1989]]/1990 the IAD had to adapt its scientific strategy. The decadal programs and Danube ship surveys were abandoned, and the political water management issues were taken by the emerging ICPDR. In 2001, the following IAD research topics were selected as highest priority: [[Sturgeon]] Conservation, Macrophytes as Bioindicators, Microbial Ecology, Danube Water Quality mapping/GIS, and Ecotoxicology (Biomonitoring). In the following years, new priority areas were added, such as Hydromorphology (floodplain ecology) and the potential threat of [[Invasive Species]] to biodiversity. Accordingly, some books have been published by IAD representatives and IAD members concerning these recent issues: (1) the atlas about invasive species edited by T. Trichkova et al 2017<ref>[https://www.esenias.org/files/ESENIAS_Atlas_WEB.pdf Trichkova T, Vladimirov V, Tomov P, Todorov (eds) 2017. АТЛАС на инвазивните чужди видове от значение за Европейския съюз (In Bulgarian, Atlas of invasive alien species of importance to the European Union), ИБЕИ-БАН]</ref>, (2) the vegetation survey of the whole Danube River and its main tributaries edited by G.A. Janauer et al 2018<ref>[http://www.academia.cz/macrophytes-of-the-river-danube-basin--janauer-a-georg--academia--2018 Janauer GA, Gaberščik A, Květ J, Germ M, Exler N (eds) 2018. Macrophytes of the River Danube Basin. Nakladatelství Academia]</ref>, (3) the management guide towards a sustainable future of riverine ecosystem which refers mainly to studies on the Danube River System edited by S. Schmutz and J. Sendzimir 2018<ref>[https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783319732497 Schmutz S, Sendzimir J (eds) 2018. Riverine ecosystem management: Science for governing towards a sustainable future. Springer]</ref> and (4) the assessment of restoration and sustainable management for an urban oxbow of the Danube River (Alte Donau, Vienna) over more than two decades edited by M.T. Dokulil, K. Donabaum and K. Teubner 2018<ref>[https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319932682 Dokulil MT, Donabaum K, Teubner K (eds) 2018. The Alte Donau: Successful restoration and sustainable management - An ecosystem case study of a shallow urban lake. Springer]</ref>.

The history is well described for subsequent IAD-periods by people from different IAD-countries in 1986/87<ref>[https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/dnrm.1986.28.issue-jg/dnrm.1986.28.jg.26/dnrm.1986.28.jg.26.xml Kothé P 1986. 30 Jahre gewässerkundliche Gemeinschaftsforschung der Donauländer, Der Donauraum, 28]</ref><ref>[http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/WasserAbwasser_1987_0179-0194.pdf Daubner I 1987. Die Internationale Arbeitsgemeinschaft Donauforschung. WasserAbwasser, 31]</ref>, 1995<ref>[http://epa.niif.hu/02300/02340/00036/pdf/EPA02340_opuscula_zoologica_tom27-28_1995_10.pdf Berczik Á 1995. Die Entstehung und Entfaltung der Donauforschung in Ungarn. Opuscula Zoologica (Budapest) 27]</ref>, 2006<ref>[https://www.oen-iad.org/conference/docs/1_introductory/teodorovic_bloesch.pdf Teodorovic I, Bloesch J 2006. IAD’s 50th Anniversary: Re-defining the scientific profile]</ref> and 2009<ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-009-0151-3 Bloesch J 2009. The International Association for Danube Research (IAD)—portrait of a transboundary scientific NGO. ESPR, 16]</ref>.

The following presidents took responsibility of IAD: Prof. Dr. Reinhard Liepolt ([[Austria|AT]], 1956-1980), Dr. Doz. Imrich Daubner ([[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|ČSSR]], 1980-1992), Dr. Bodo Wachs ([[Germany|DE]], 1992-1998), Dr. Jürg Bloesch ([[Switzerland|CH]], 1998-2004), PD Dr. Ivana Teodorović ([[Serbia|RS]], 2004-2010), Prof. Dr. Thomas Hein ([[Austria|AT]], 2010-2016), and Dr. Cristina Sandu ([[Romania|RO]], since 2016). They were supported by the following General Secretaries: Dr. Edmund Weber ([[Austria|AT]], 1978-1992), Dr. Herta Heger ([[Austria|AT]], 1992-2000), Dr. Meinhard Breiling ([[Austria|AT]] 2000-2006), Dr. Harald Kutzenberger ([[Austria|AT]], 2006-2016), Prof. Dr. Doru Banaduc ([[Romania|RO]], 2016-2018), and PD Dr. Katrin Teubner ([[Germany|DE]], since 2018).

===Current activities===
The association is active in promoting ideas exchange and mobility between scientists to foster cooperation and knowledge transfer. In terms of scientific issues, since the 1950s major water management and environmental issues have been key priorities on the agenda of IAD, and science-based solutions are discussed and proposed.

Based on a [[Danube]] river basin management plan provided by the ICPDR, IAD established to be a strong science-based partner in different critical issues at river basin scale, such as sustainable development of [[Navigation|navigation]] using the large rivers as waterways across Europe, future development of [[Hydropower|hydropower]] and functional [[Fish ladder|fish passes]] to ensure the [[River Continuum Concept|river continuum]], flood protection and floodplain ecology, species conservation & [[Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and its potential threats by [[Invasive species|invasive species]] and various forms of [[Water pollution|water pollution]] (e.g. nutrients, organic and toxic substances), and new model approaches for [[Sustainability and environmental management|sustainable management solutions]] in multiple used aquatic environments. Detailed reports and joint statements can be found on the IAD homepage<ref name=iad/>.

IAD members have been participating in the discussion and development of the “Guiding principles on sustainable hydropower development in the Danube Basin” and made major contributions related to the classification of sensitive ecological areas.

IAD members are active in the Danube Sturgeon Task Force<ref>[http://www.dstf.eu Danube Sturgeon Task Force]</ref><ref>[http://www.dstf.eu/assets/Uploads/documents/Sturgeon-2020edited_2.pdf Sturgeon 2020 | Sandu C, Reinartz R, Bloesch J (eds) 2013. “Sturgeon 2020”: A program for the protection and rehabilitation of Danube sturgeons. Danube Sturgeon Task Force (DSTF) & EU Strategy for the Danube River (EUSDR) Priority Area (PA) 6 – Biodiversity]</ref> and also are involved in a number of EU and its "EU Strategy for the Danube Region (EUSDR)" project initiatives<ref>[http://www.danube-region.eu EU Strategy for the Danube Region (EUSDR)]</ref>. The DSTF aims to coordinate and foster the conservation of native sturgeon species in the Danube River Basin and the adjacent Black Sea by the implementation of the Sturgeon Action Plan adopted under the Bern Convention in 2005<ref>[http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/3_2005_action_plan_sturgeons_danube_basin_int.pdf Sturgeon Action Plan | Bloesch J, Jones T, Reinartz R, Striebel B 2006. An action plan for the conservation of sturgeons (Acipenseridae) in the Danube River Basin. Österreichische Wasser- u Abfallwirtschaft, 58]</ref>. IAD participates at the basin wide Danube Day, on 29 June, organized by ICPDR since 2004.

IAD publishes the Danube News twice a year<ref>[http://www.iad.gs/index.php?item=danube_news IAD bulletin | Danube News]</ref>. The editors of this IAD bulletin are Gertrud Haidvogl<ref>[https://www.boku.ac.at/personen/person/F6C92EA5FC131D00/ Gertrud Haidvogl | Profil at BOKU]</ref> ([[University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna|BOKU Wien]]) and Bernd Cyffka<ref>[http://www.ku.de/mgf/geographie/angewandte-physische-geographie/personal/cyffka/ Bernd Cyffka | Aueninstitut a.d. Donau, Angewandte Physische Geographie]</ref> (Aueninstitut Neuburg a.d. Donau,[[Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt]]).

==IAD Conferences==
Every second year an international IAD Conference is organized. A full list of conferences can be found at the IAD homepage <ref>[http://www.iad.gs/index.php?item=conferences IAD | conferences]</ref>. Special issues about the IAD conference of the 50th Anniversary in Vienna-Klosterneuburg 2006 and the 38th IAD conference in Dresden 2010 were published in the international journal ''River Systems''<ref>[https://www.schweizerbart.de/publications/list/series/rs?topic=&sort=new&page=1 River Systems | Special issues 50th IAD Anniversary 2006 & 38th IAD conference 2010]</ref>.
The Conference Proceedings and IAD books are hosted by, and can be gathered at the Academic Library of Biology at the University Vienna (Fachbereichsbibliothek Biologie<ref>[https://bibliothek.univie.ac.at/fb-biologie/en/ Universität Wien |Biology Library]</ref> an der [[Universität Wien]]).

==See also==
*{{C|Danube|Danube river topics}}
*{{C|Danube basin|Danube basin topics}}

==References==
{{Reflist|26em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.IAD.gs Official '''International Association for Danube Research—IAD''' website]
*[http://www.icpdr.org/main/ Icpdr.org: International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River—ICPDR website]
*[http://www.danube-region.eu Danube-region.eu: EU Strategy for the Danube Region—EUSDR website]

[[Category:Danube]]
[[Category:International organisations of Europe]]
[[Category:International organisations based in Austria]]
[[Category:Environmental organizations established in 1956]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1956]]
[[Category:Scientific organizations established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Austria]]

Rattlesnake Hills

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{{Infobox mountain range
|name=Rattlesnake Hills
|photo=Rattlesnake-Hills-AVA.jpg
|photo_caption=Rattlesnake Hills behind a vineyard.
|country=United States
|state=[[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]
|district=[[Yakima County, Washington|Yakima]]
|district_type=County
|district1=[[Benton County, Washington|Benton]]
|coordinates =
|range_coordinates = {{coord|46|27|N|119|50|W|type:mountain_scale:300000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|highest=[[Lookout Summit]]
|elevation_ft=3629
}}

The '''Rattlesnake Hills''', also known as '''Rattlesnake Ridge''',<ref name="gnis">{{GNIS|1507733|Rattlesnake Hills}}</ref> is a 16-mile (26 km) long [[anticline]] mountain [[ridge]] in [[Yakima County, Washington|Yakima County]] and [[Benton County, Washington|Benton County]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]. It should not be confused with the much smaller Rattlesnake Ridge located near the west end of [[Ahtanum Ridge]].<ref>{{GNIS|1524900|Rattlesnake Ridge}}</ref> The highest point in the hills (as well as [[Benton County, Washington|Benton County]]) is the {{convert|3629|ft|m}} [[Lookout Summit]], which surpasses the more well-known [[Rattlesnake Mountain (Benton County, Washington)|Rattlesnake Mountain]] by approximately 100 ft (30 m).<ref name="peak"> [http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=3092 Rattlesnake Hills Lookout, Washington], Peakbagger.com</ref> The Rattlesnake Hills are part of the [[Yakima Fold Belt]] of east-tending long ridges formed by the folding of [[Miocene]] [[Columbia River Basalt Group|Columbia River basalt flows]].<ref>[http://gldims.cr.usgs.gov/webapps/cfusion/Sites/qfault/qf_web_disp.cfm?disp_cd=C&qfault_or=1327&ims_cf_cd=cf Complete Report for Saddle Mountains structures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721071428/http://gldims.cr.usgs.gov/webapps/cfusion/Sites/qfault/qf_web_disp.cfm?disp_cd=C&qfault_or=1327&ims_cf_cd=cf |date=2011-07-21 }}, USGS Earthquake Hazards Program</ref>

The Rattlesnake Hills form the northern edge of the [[Yakima River|Yakima Valley]], running from the vicinity of [[Benton City, Washington|Benton City]] to just south of the city of [[Yakima, Washington|Yakima]], where the [[Yakima River]] cuts through the mountain ridge via [[Union Gap, Washington|Union Gap]]. To the west of the Yakima River the mountain ridge is known as Ahtanum Ridge.

North of the Rattlesnake Hills is [[Moxee Valley]] and the [[Black Rock Valley]]. The hills extend into the [[Hanford Site]]. A spur on the north side of the ridge nearly connects with the west end of [[Yakima Ridge]].

[[Roza Canal]], used for agricultural irrigation, passes under the Rattlesnake Hills through a tunnel.

Named high points of the Rattlesnake Hills, according to the USGS, include Elephant Mountain, Zillah Peak, Eagle Peak, High Top, and, near the eastern end, Rattlesnake Mountain.

== 2018 Rattlesnake Ridge landslide ==
As of January 21, 2018, a large but slow [[landslide]] is occurring in the Rattlesnake Hills, about 3 miles south of [[Yakima]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington]], USA. The event first drew news coverage in late 2017, after a long fissure was discovered high on Rattlesnake Ridge: this fissure was reported to be 250 feet deep in one place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/rattlesnake-ridge-residents-ordered-to-prepare-to-evacuate-due-to-rockfall/|title=250-foot-deep crack in earth prompts landslide warnings at Rattlesnake Ridge near Union Gap|date=December 22, 2017|publisher=}}</ref> The first road closure for public safety was reported on December 17, 2017. The [[Washington State Department of Natural Resources]] has a web-page providing information on the event, which reports that the moving mass of [[basalt]] is about 4 million tons, covering about 20 acres, and it is slipping roughly south at a rate of about 1.5 feet per week.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnr.wa.gov/rattlesnake-hills-landslide|title=Rattlesnake Hills Landslide - WA - DNR|website=www.dnr.wa.gov}}</ref>

On the weekend of January 20–21, 2018 there was flurry of new reporting, which highlighted a developing consensus that the landslide will at some time collapse suddenly, and that is likely to occur within months if not weeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/science/can-experts-predict-collapse-at-washingtons-rattlesnake-ridge/|title=Landslide watch: Can experts predict collapse at Washington’s Rattlesnake Ridge?|date=January 21, 2018|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2018/01/18/the-rattlesnake-ridge-a-landslide-in-the-making/#5217611f2d63|title=The Rattlesnake Ridge - A Landslide In The Making|first=David|last=Bressan|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kiro7.com/news/local/new-images-show-intimidating-landslide-moving-down-rattlesnake-ridge/686465880|title=New images show intimidating landslide moving down Rattlesnake Ridge|first=|last=EndPlay|date=January 20, 2018|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/giant-crack-washingtons-rattlesnake-ridge-prompts-evacuations/story?id=52136870|title=Giant crack on Washington's Rattlesnake Ridge prompts evacuations|first=A. B. C.|last=News|date=January 5, 2018|website=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yakimaherald.com/slide/rep-newhouse-receives-briefing-on-rattlesnake-ridge/article_4a865f08-f8d6-11e7-895e-7b4af797e30d.html|title=Rep. Newhouse receives briefing on Rattlesnake Ridge|first=By Miles Jay Oliver|last=moliver@yakimaherald.com|publisher=}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Rattlesnake Hills AVA]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mountains of Wyoming}}
{{Washington State hills and ridges}}

[[Category:Ridges of Yakima County, Washington]]
[[Category:Landforms of Benton County, Washington]]
[[Category:Ridges of Washington (state)]]

{{bentonCountyWA-geo-stub}}
{{YakimaCountyWA-geo-stub}}

Professional Employer Organization

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{{unreliable sources|date=August 2016}}

A '''professional employer organization''' (PEO) is a firm that provides a service under which an employer can [[outsource]] employee management tasks, such as employee benefits, payroll and workers' compensation, recruiting, risk/safety management, and training and development. The PEO does this by hiring a client company's employees, thus becoming their employer of record for tax purposes and insurance purposes. This practice is known as co-employment.

As of 2010, there were more than 700 PEOs operating in the United States, covering 2-3 million workers.<ref>[http://www.napeo.org/peoindustry/industryfacts.cfm Industry Facts, NAPEO] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615080012/http://www.napeo.org/peoindustry/industryfacts.cfm |date=2007-06-15 }}</ref> PEOs operate in all fifty U.S. states. Similar services are described in Sweden<ref>Nyström, Birgitta. (2005). [http://www.law.uiuc.edu/publications/cll&pj/archive/vol_23/issue_1/NystromArticle23-1.pdf "The Legal Regulation of Employment Agencies and Employee Leasing Companies in Sweden"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060919070127/http://www.law.uiuc.edu/publications/cll%26pj/archive/vol_23/issue_1/NystromArticle23-1.pdf |date=2006-09-19 }}. Comp. Labor Law & Policy Journal, Vol. 23:173.</ref> and Germany.<ref>Shüren, Peter. (2005). [http://www.law.uiuc.edu/publications/CLL&PJ/archive/vol_23/issue_1/SchurenArticle23-1.pdf "Employee Leasing in Germany: The Hiring Out of an Employee as a Temporary Worker"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060919064758/http://www.law.uiuc.edu/publications/cll%26pj/archive/vol_23/issue_1/SchurenArticle23-1.pdf |date=2006-09-19 }}. Comp. Labor Law & Policy Journal, Vol. 23:67.</ref>

==Business model==
In co-employment, the PEO becomes the employer of record for [[tax]] purposes, filing paperwork under its own [[tax identification number]]s. The client company continues to direct the employees' day-to-day activities. PEOs charge a service fee for taking over the human resources and payroll functions of the client company: typically, this is from 3 to 15% of total gross payroll.<ref name="sloan"/> This fee is in addition to the normal employee overhead costs, such as the employer's share of [[FICA]], [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]], and [[unemployment benefit|unemployment insurance]] [[withholding]].

One service provided by a PEO is to secure workers' compensation insurance coverage at a lower cost than client companies can obtain on an individual basis. Essentially, a PEO obtains workers' compensation coverage for its clients by negotiating insurance coverage that covers not just the PEO, but also the client companies. This is allowed because, legally, the PEO is the employer of the workers at the client companies. PEOs can also offer basic levels of background & drug screening.

Using a PEO could potentially save the time and staff that would be used to prepare [[payroll]] and administer [[Employee benefit|benefits]] plans, and may reduce legal liabilities or obligations to employees that it would otherwise have<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.praturagroup.com/what-is-a-peo|title=PEO & Benefits {{!}} Pratura Group|website=PEO & Benefits {{!}} Pratura Group|access-date=2017-08-27}}</ref>. The client company may also be able to offer a better overall package of benefits, and thus attract more skilled employees. The PEO model is therefore attractive to small and mid-sized businesses and associations, and PEO marketing is typically directed toward this segment.<ref name="sloan">[http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2007/03/01/8402022/ Sloan, Julie. "Cure Your HR Ills"]. Fortune, March 28, 2007.</ref>

Several variations on the PEO model exist, differing in the nature of the relationship formed between PEO and client company.

*[[Administrative services organization]]s (ASO) are similar to PEOs, but do not create a co-employment relationship. Employees remain solely under the control of the client company. Tax and insurance filings are done by the ASO, but under the client company's [[Employer Identification Number]].
*[[Umbrella company|Umbrella companies]], found primarily in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], act as employer of record for independent contractors instead of permanent employees. The contractors become employees of the umbrella company, but do not also become employees of the client. The growth in umbrella companies in the UK is attributed to legislation targeting "disguised income" by contractors performing the same duties as employees but hired via intermediaries.<ref>[http://www.bytestart.co.uk/content/contractors/contractor-guides/umbrella-company-guide.shtml "How an Umbrella Company Works"]. bytestart.co.uk. Retrieved July 3, 2007.</ref> The press release announcing the legislation, [[IR35]], is often used to refer to the legislation itself.
*Pass-through agencies are [[staffing firm]]s that act as the employer of record for independent contractors, but do not obtain work for them. Like umbrella companies in the UK, the contractors do not become employees of the client.<ref>[http://codebetter.com/blogs/brendan.tompkins/archive/2004/08/18/22443.aspx "Being Independent: Using a Pass-through Agency"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204712/http://codebetter.com/blogs/brendan.tompkins/archive/2004/08/18/22443.aspx |date=2007-09-27 }} Blog post, Brendan Tompkins, CodeBetter.com</ref>
*Global PEO and International PEO services are now being offered. Although the translation of applicable rules and regulations vary from country to country (The USA being the only country to formally recognize the PEO industry in statute.) such companies are able to deliver PEO services in 160 countries.
*Financial intermediaries, also called fiscal intermediaries, act as an employer of record for home healthcare workers who serve disabled persons. This streamlines the process of hiring such workers, because neither the household hiring them nor government units that provide funding need to take on the duties of an employer.<ref>[http://www.selfdeterminationsandiego.org/faq5.html FAQ #5: What is a Fiscal Intermediary?]</ref> They are part of the self-determination movement in disability care.

PEOs can benefit companies differently. For example, a blue collar organization may see more value in workers' compensation insurance and vice versa.

==Early history==
[[Employee leasing]] in the United States began in the late 1960s by three businessmen, Eugene Boffa, Louis Calmare, and Joseph Martinez. The concept was popularized by Marvin R. Selter, who leased the employees of a doctor's office in Southern California.<ref name="roberts">Roberts, Harold S. (1994). "Employee Leasing" in ''Roberts' Dictionary of Industrial Relations'' (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. {{ISBN|0-87179-777-1}}. Google Book Search. Retrieved June 20, 2007.</ref> The [[Employee Retirement Income Security Act|Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974]] (ERISA) contained an exemption for ''multiple employer welfare arrangements'' (MEWA), which provided a [[loophole]] for employers with leased employees to claim they were exempt from the ERISA requirements. Passage of the [[Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982]] (TEFRA) further encouraged employee leasing by providing a [[tax shelter]] for employers who contributed a minimum amount to employee plans. More stringent guidelines in the [[Tax Reform Act of 1986]] later eliminated most of the TEFRA incentive, however.

By 1985, there were approximately 275 staff leasing companies in the United States.<ref name="administaff">Hoovers. [http://www.answers.com/topic/administaff-inc?cat=biz-fin Hoover's Profile: Administaff, Inc.]. Retrieved June 30, 2007.</ref>

==Abuses==
State Unemployment Tax (SUTA) arbitrage, commonly referred to as "SUTA dumping," occurs when an employer with a high unemployment insurance rate transfers or "dumps" employees to purchased subsidiaries with lower unemployment insurance rates. In a PEO relationship, the client company takes the Professional Employer Organization's SUTA rate by law, which often lowers their SUTA through SUTA Arbitrage. The only time this wouldn't apply is in client reporting states.<ref>{{cite web|title=How PEOs Turned SUTA Arbitrage Around|url=http://www.peocompare.com/PEOs-Turned-SUTA-Arbitrage-Around/|date=February 2012}}</ref>

Owners of professional employer organizations are in a position to commit fraud by keeping the funds deducted from employee paychecks instead of paying the insurance and government entities for whom the deductions were made. In a case in San Antonio, Texas <ref>{{cite web|title=Four Sentenced in $133 Million Fraud Scheme|url=http://www.woai.com/articles/woai-local-news-sponsored-by-five-star-cleaners-119078/four-sentenced-in-133-million-fraud-12091911/|date=February 2014}}</ref> four executives were convicted of siphoning $133 million from the three PEOs they owned and operated.

==Certified professional employer organizations==

In 2014, the United States Congress enacted sections 3511 and 7705 of the [[Internal Revenue Code]], provisions that include special definitions and rules related to the Federal tax treatment of a "certified professional employer organization."<ref>See the Stephen Beck, Jr., Achieving a Better Life Experience Act of 2014, Sec. 206 of Division B of Public Law no. 113-295 (Dec. 19, 2014).</ref>

==Regulation==
Each state in the U.S. has differing regulations for workers' compensation insurance and state unemployment insurance, so PEOs are typically regulated at the state level.<ref>[https://www.staffmarket.com/directory/licensing "PEO – Professional Employer Organizations Licensing by State"]. StaffMarket.com. Retrieved July 3, 2007.</ref>

In 2004, President [[George W. Bush]] signed into law the SUTA Dumping Prevention Act of 2004, which requires that all 50 states enact anti-SUTA-dumping legislation by 2007.<ref>National Association of State WorkForce Agencies. [http://www.icesa.org/articles/template.cfm?results_art_filename=hr3463.htm President Signs Legislation to Stop SUTA-Dumping] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814031033/http://www.icesa.org/articles/template.cfm?results_art_filename=hr3463.htm |date=2007-08-14 }}. Retrieved June 30, 2007</ref> Most states have now done so;<ref>State of California, Employment Development Department. [http://www.edd.ca.gov/Taxrep/txueosd.htm SUTA Dumping and Unemployment Insurance (UI) Rate Manipulation]. Retrieved June 30, 2007.</ref> however, federal law does not prohibit companies from using a PEO to obtain more favorable SUTA rates.<ref>Center for Policy Alternatives. [http://www.stateaction.org/issues/issue.cfm/issue/UITaxAvoidanceSUTADumping.xml "UI Tax Avoidance – SUTA Dumping"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622210337/http://www.stateaction.org/issues/issue.cfm/issue/UITaxAvoidanceSUTADumping.xml |date=2007-06-22 }}. Retrieved July 2, 2007.</ref>

The staff leasing industry itself has also taken steps to address abuses. It formed its first trade association, the National Staff Leasing Association, in 1985. The association changed its name to the National Association of Professional Employer Organizations in 1994 to reflect the term in current usage.

As part of the industry's self-regulation efforts, an independent accreditation body, the Employer Services Assurance Corporation (ESAC), was formed in 1995. ESAC verifies accredited PEOs' compliance with important ethical, financial, and operational standards and provides financial assurance of the performance of key employer obligations by these PEOs. This financial assurance is backed by over $15 million in surety bonds and assures PEO clients, employees, insurers and government authorities that accredited PEOs are meeting their contractual and fiduciary responsibilities.<ref>[http://www.accessesac.org/esac/about-esac Employer Services Assurance Corporation]</ref>

PEOs may also undergo a certification process conducted by the independent Certification Institute (CI) formed in 2002. This certification verifies that a PEO's workers' compensation (WC) program is meeting proven insurance industry risk management best practices to reduce work-related accidents and health exposures and control WC insurance losses.<ref>[http://www.certificationinstitute.org/peo-wc-best-practices/best-practices Certification Institute WC Risk Management Best Practices]</ref>

==Updated changes==

In 1985 there were approximately 275 staff leasing companies in operation. In 2012, according to National Association of Professional Employer Organizations (NAPEO), there are now approximately 700 PEOs operating in all 50 states. They were responsible for approximately $81 billion in gross revenue in 2010.<ref>[http://www.napeo.org/peoindustry/industryfacts.cfm National Association of Professional Employer Organizations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615080012/http://www.napeo.org/peoindustry/industryfacts.cfm |date=2007-06-15 }}</ref>

==NCCI impact on PEOs==

A recent change in 2013 regarding the way companies Experience Modifier is calculated has caused companies with previously good modifiers to get better, while companies whose modifiers had struggled previously have gotten worse. The Experience Rating Plan, as the National Council on Compensation Insurance (NCCI) refers to it, will be undergoing a change that NCCI believes will more accurately reflect individual employers’ claims experience. NCCI, the National Council on Compensation Insurance, sees this as a "Mod Neutral" action since the median average does not change. While some companies get better, some get worse. Overall, however, the "center" stays in essentially the same spot. While this will assist the good companies to improve their position, this will cause the companies in dire straits to get worse. Many of these companies may be forced out of the "standard" market and into secondary markets such as PEO's and other "options of last resort" such as state pools. This may lead to a further increase in the number of PEOs, or it may lead to an increase in state pools, or possibly both.<ref name="ncci.com">[https://www.ncci.com/documents/Split_Point_Overview.pdf National Council on Compensation Insurance- Experience Rating Plan: A Critical 2013 Update] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401191706/https://www.ncci.com/documents/Split_Point_Overview.pdf |date=2015-04-01 }}</ref>

NCCI views this action as having two primary benefits. The first is that it "tailors the cost prediction and final net premium cost to the individual insured" making the calculation more accurate. The second benefit is that "it provides added incentives for loss reduction." <ref name="ncci.com"/>

==See also==
*[[Business Process Outsourcing]]
*[[Agency worker law]]
*[[Manpower Inc.]]
*[[Contingent workforce]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Professional Employer Organization}}
[[Category:Human resource management]]
[[Category:Employers]]
Professional employer organization

Frating

2018-09-04T20:24:42Z

SimplexityBot: Removing links to current page

{{Infobox UK place
|country = England
|official_name= Frating
|coordinates = {{coord|51.86042|1.02219|display=inline,title}}
|population = 537
|population_ref = (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11123585&c=CO7+7DP&d=16&e=62&g=6426250&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1443193775788&enc=1|title=Civil Parish population 2011|accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref>
|shire_district= [[Tendring]]
|shire_county = [[Essex]]
|region= East of England
|constituency_westminster=
|post_town= [[Colchester]]
|postcode_district= CO7 7
|postcode_area= CO
|dial_code=
|os_grid_reference= TM082223
|hide_services= yes
|static_image = Frating Village Hall - geograph.org.uk - 123147.jpg
|static_image_width = 240px
|static_image_caption= Frating Village Hall
}}

'''Frating''' is a village and small [[Civil parishes in England|civil parish]] of the [[Tendring]] district of [[Essex]]. It is about {{convert|8|km|0}} east of [[Colchester]] and {{convert|15|km|0}} northwest of [[Clacton-on-Sea]]. The parish includes the settlements of Frating Green and Hockley.

The parish church (dedication not recorded) is now a private house. The living was a rectory shared with [[Thorrington]].

[[Great Bentley railway station|Great Bentley rail station]] is 2 miles away and provides regular train services to [[Colchester]], [[Walton-on-the-Naze]], [[London Liverpool Street]] and [[Clacton-on-Sea]].

There is one public house; [http://www.kingsarmsfrating.co.uk The Kings Arms].

==Bus services==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Service
! Operator
! Route
! Days of Operation
|-
|97
| [[First Essex]]
|[[Walton-on-the-Naze]] - [[Frinton-on-Sea]] - [[Kirby Cross]] - [[Great Holland]] - [[Holland-on-Sea]] - [[Clacton-on-Sea]] - [[Great Clacton]] - [[Little Clacton]] - [[Weeley]] - Frating - [[Elmstead Market]] - [[Colchester]]
| Mon-Sat (every 60 mins)
|-
| 97A
|[[First Essex]]
|[[Walton-on-the-Naze]] - [[Frinton-on-Sea]] - [[Kirby Cross]] - [[Great Holland]] - [[Holland-on-Sea]] - [[Clacton-on-Sea]] - [[Great Clacton]] - [[Little Clacton]] - [[Weeley]] - Frating - [[Elmstead Market]] - [[University of Essex]] - [[Colchester]]
| Mon-Sat (every 60 mins)
|-
|X76
|[[Hedingham]]
|[[Jaywick]] - [[Clacton-on-Sea]] - [[Great Clacton]] - [[Little Clacton]] - [[Weeley]] - Frating - [[Elmstead Market]] - [[Colchester]]
|Mon-Sat (every 30 mins)
|-
|87C
|[[Hedingham]]
|[[Weeley]] - Frating - [[Elmstead Market]] - [[Wivenhoe]] - [[Alresford, Essex]] - [[Thorrington]] - [[The Colne Community School and College]]
|Mon-Fri (once each way daily)
|-
|77
|[[Arriva]]
|[[St Osyth Beach]] - [[St Osyth]] - [[Aingers Green]] - [[Great Bentley]] - Frating - [[Elmstead Market]] - [[Colchester]] - [[Colchester railway station]]
|Mon-Fri (infrequent)
|-
|77A
|[[Arriva]]
|[[St Osyth Beach]] - [[St Osyth]] - [[Aingers Green]] - [[Great Bentley]] - Frating - [[Great Bromley]] - [[Crockleford Heath]] - [[Greenstead Estate]] - [[Colchester]] - [[Colchester railway station]]
|Mon-Fri (infrequent)
|-
|76
|[[First Essex]]
|[[Clacton-on-Sea]] - [[Great Clacton]] - [[Little Clacton]] - [[Weeley]] - Frating - [[Elmstead Market]] - [[University of Essex]] - [[Colchester]]
|Sun (every 2hrs)
|}

==Nearby places==
{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Neighbouring towns, villages and places'''
|Northwest = [[Elmstead Market]]
|North = [[Great Bromley]]
|Northeast = [[Little Bentley]]
|West = [[Wivenhoe]]
|Centre = Frating
|East = [[Great Bentley]]
|Southwest = [[Alresford, Essex|Alresford]]
|South = [[Brightlingsea]]
|Southeast = [[St Osyth]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Frating}}
*[http://www.archipel.demon.co.uk/Tendring/frating.html Extract from History, Gazetteer, and Directory of the County of Essex by William White published in 1848]

[[Category:Villages in Essex]]
[[Category:Tendring]]

{{essex-geo-stub}}

Magnitsky Act

2018-07-13T16:30:53Z

SimplexityBot: Removing links to current page

{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| name = Magnitsky Act
| fullname = Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012
| acronym =
| nickname = Magnitsky Act
| enacted by = 112th
| effective date =
| public law url =
| cite public law = {{USPL|112|208}}
| cite statutes at large = {{USStat|126|1496}}
| acts amended =
| acts repealed =
| title amended = 
| sections created = 
| sections amended =
| leghisturl =
| introducedin = House
| introducedbill = "Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal Act of 2012" ({{USBill|112|HR|6156}})
| introducedby = [[Dave Camp]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Michigan|MI]])
| introduceddate = July 19, 2012
| committees = [[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|House Ways and Means]]
| passedbody1 = House
| passeddate1 = November 16, 2012
| passedvote1 = [http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2012/roll608.xml 365–43]
| passedbody2 = Senate
| passedas2 = 
| passeddate2 = December 6, 2012
| passedvote2 = [https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=112&session=2&vote=00223 92–4]
| signedpresident = [[Barack Obama]]
| signeddate = December 14, 2012
| amendments =
| SCOTUS cases =
}}

The '''Magnitsky Act''', formally known as the '''Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012''', is a bipartisan bill passed by the [[U.S. Congress]] and signed by President [[Barack Obama|Obama]] in December 2012, intending to punish Russian officials responsible for the death of Russian [[tax accountant]] [[Sergei Magnitsky]] in a [[Moscow]] prison in 2009. Since 2016 the bill is applied on a global scale by the US government.

==Background==

In 2009, Russian tax accountant [[Sergei Magnitsky]] died in a Moscow prison after investigating a $230 million fraud involving Russian tax officials.<ref name="Eckel 2017"/> Magnitsky was accused of committing the fraud himself and detained.<ref name="Eckel 2017">{{cite news | last=Eckel | first=Mike | title=U.S. Settles Magnitsky-Linked Money Laundering Case On Eve Of Trial | work=[[RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty]] | date=May 13, 2017 | url=https://www.rferl.org/a/magnitsky-prevezon-u-s-settlement-6-million/28483793.html | access-date=March 10, 2018}}</ref> While in prison, Magnitsky developed [[gall stones]], [[pancreatitis]] and [[Cholecystitis|calculous cholecystitis]] and was refused medical treatment for months. After almost a year of imprisonment, he [[Sergei Magnitsky#Death in custody|was beaten to death]] while in custody.<ref name=Bbc2012-12-07>
{{cite news| url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-20626960| title= Q&A: The Magnitsky affair| work= [[BBC News]]
| date = July 11, 2013| accessdate = March 10, 2018}}</ref><ref name=PerthNow2012-12-27>
{{cite news|url= http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/world/russia-puts-dead-lawyer-magnitsky-on-trial/story-fnd14032-1226544326077|title = Russia puts dead lawyer Sergei Magnitsky on trial|work=[[Perth Now]]
| agency= [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]| date= December 27, 2012|archivedate = January 1, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101123649/http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/world/russia-puts-dead-lawyer-magnitsky-on-trial/story-fnd14032-1226544326077}}</ref><ref name=TheAtlantic2017-07-05>
{{cite news| url= https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/07/bill-browders-testimony-to-the-senate-judiciary-committee/534864/| title= Bill Browder's Testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee|work=[[The Atlantic]]| first= Rosie|last= Gray| date= July 25, 2017| accessdate =July 31, 2017|quote = "... they put him in an isolation cell, chained him to a bed, and eight riot guards came in and beat him with rubber batons. That night he was found dead on the cell floor."}}</ref> [[Bill Browder]], a prominent American businessman and friend of Magnitsky, publicized the case and lobbied American officials to pass legislation sanctioning Russian individuals involved in corruption. Browder brought the case to Senators [[Benjamin Cardin]] and [[John McCain]] who proceeded to propose legislation.<ref name="Trindle 2014">{{cite news|last=Trindle|first=Jamila|title=The Magnitsky Flip-Flop|work=[[Foreign Policy]] | date=May 15, 2014|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/05/15/the-magnitsky-flip-flop/|access-date=March 10, 2018}}</ref>

==Law==
In June 2012, the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs]] reported to the House a bill called the Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012 (H.R. 4405).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.republicans.foreignaffairs.house.gov/news/story/?2401|title=Russia Human Rights Legislation Passes Foreign Affairs Committee|work=[[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs]]|date= June 7, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110194137/http://archives.republicans.foreignaffairs.house.gov/news/story/?2401|archivedate=January 10, 2013}}</ref> The main intention of the law was to punish Russian officials who were thought to be responsible for the death of Sergei Magnitsky by prohibiting their entrance to the United States and their use of its banking system.<ref name=WP2012/> The legislation was taken up by a [[United States Senate|Senate]] panel the next week, sponsored by Senator [[Ben Cardin]], and cited in a broader review of the mounting tensions in the international relationship.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Baker, Peter|authorlink1=Peter Baker (author)|title=Syria Crisis and Putin’s Return Chill U.S. Ties With Russia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/14/world/europe/putins-return-brings-rapid-chill-to-us-russia-ties.html|accessdate=March 10, 2018|work=[[New York Times]]|date=June 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Belton |first1=Catherine |last2=Dyer|first2=Geoff|url=https://www.ft.com/content/e2bcc8b6-bfac-11e1-8bf2-00144feabdc0 |title=‘Magnitsky law’ makes progress in Senate |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=June 26, 2012 |accessdate=December 18, 2012}}</ref>

In November 2012, provisions of the Magnitsky bill were attached to a House bill (H.R. 6156) normalizing trade with Russia (i.e., repealing the [[Jackson–Vanik amendment]]) and [[Moldova]].<ref name=NYT111612>{{cite news|title=House Passes Russia Trade Bill With Eye on Rights Abuses|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/17/world/americas/house-votes-to-increase-trade-with-russia.html|accessdate=November 17, 2012|work=[[New York Times]]|date=November 16, 2012|author=Peters, Jeremy W.}}</ref> On December 6, 2012, the U.S. Senate passed the House version of the law, 92-4.<ref name=WP2012>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/us-passes-magnitsky-bill-aimed-at-russia/2012/12/06/262a5bba-3fd5-11e2-bca3-aadc9b7e29c5_story.html|title=Russia fumes as U.S. Senate passes Magnitsky law aimed at human rights|date=December 6, 2012|accessdate=December 11, 2012|work=[[Washington Post]]|first1=Kathy|last1=Lally|first2=Will|last2=Englund}}</ref> The law was signed by President [[Barack Obama]] on December 14, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/12/14/statement-press-secretary-hr-6156 |title=Statement by the Press Secretary on H.R. 6156 |website=ObamaWhiteHouse.archives.gov|publisher=[[The White House]] |date=December 14, 2012 |accessdate=March 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_12_15/Russia-US-Normalization-fraught-with-conflict/|title=Russia-US: Normalization fraught with conflict|work=[[Voice of Russia]]|author=Fedyashin, Andrey|date=December 15, 2012 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028180733/http://voiceofrussia.com//2012_12_15/Russia-US-Normalization-fraught-with-conflict/|archivedate=October 28, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Obama signs Magnitsky Act linked with Jackson–Vanik Amendment termination|url=http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=383015|work=[[Interfax]]|date=December 14, 2012|accessdate=December 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Obama Signs Magnitsky Bill|url=https://themoscowtimes.com/news/obama-signs-magnitsky-bill-20207|work=[[The Moscow Times]]|accessdate=March 10, 2018|date=December 17, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ifTJR_NiuSC0kkGDgBkKJjDDYSqQ?docId=CNG.1a7e217111e4906ef1b6b3e54e79e1b0.141 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218222752/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ifTJR_NiuSC0kkGDgBkKJjDDYSqQ?docId=CNG.1a7e217111e4906ef1b6b3e54e79e1b0.141|title=Obama signs Russia rights law despite Putin fury |first=Stephen |last=Collinson|work=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |date=December 14, 2012 |archivedate=December 18, 2012}}</ref>

In 2016, Congress enacted the Global Magnitsky Act which allows the US Government to sanction foreign government officials implicated in human rights abuses anywhere in the world.<ref name=HRW>{{cite web|title=The US Global Magnitsky Act: Questions and Answers|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/13/us-global-magnitsky-act|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|accessdate=November 27, 2017|date=September 13, 2017}}</ref>

==Individuals affected==
The Obama administration made public a list of 18 individuals affected by the Act in April 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Magnitsky Sanctions Listings|url=https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20130412.aspx|website=[[United States Department of the Treasury]]|date=April 12, 2013|accessdate=March 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Factbox: Who's who on the U.S. Magnitsky list|url=https://news.yahoo.com/factbox-whos-u-magnitsky-list-220046497.html|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130416061627/https://news.yahoo.com/factbox-whos-u-magnitsky-list-220046497.html|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=April 12, 2013|archivedate=April 16, 2013|agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Magnitsky List release: severe blow on Moscow-US ties|date=April 12, 2013|work=[[Voice of Russia]]|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_04_12/Magnitsky-List-release-severe-blow-on-Moscow-US-ties/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617090515/http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_04_12/Magnitsky-List-release-severe-blow-on-Moscow-US-ties/|archivedate=June 17, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chechnya moves to silence Oyub Titiev, a courageous critic|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21734932-after-chechen-human-rights-defender-predicted-state-would-plant-drugs-him-police-claim|work=[[The Economist]]|date=January 17, 2018|accessdate=January 18, 2018}}</ref> The people included on the list are:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Artem (aka Artyom) Kuznetsov, a tax investigator for the Moscow division of the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)|Ministry of Internal Affairs]]
*Pavel Karpov, a senior investigator for the Moscow division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
*Oleg F. Silchenko, a senior investigator for the Ministry of Internal Affairs
*Olga Stepanova, head of Moscow Tax Office No. 28
*{{ill|Yelena Stashina|ru|Сташина, Елена Владимировна}}, [[Tverskoy District|Tverskoy]] [[Judiciary of Russia#District courts|District Court]] judge who prolonged Magnitsky's detention
*Andrey Pechegin, deputy head of the investigation supervision division of the general prosecutor's office
*Aleksey Droganov
*Yelena Khimina, Moscow tax official
*Dmitriy Komnov, head of Butyrka Detention Center
*Aleksey Krivoruchko, Tverskoy District Court judge
*{{ill|Oleg Logunov|ru|Логунов, Олег Владимирович}}
*Sergei G. Podoprigorov, Tverskoy District Court judge
*Ivan Pavlovitch Prokopenko
*Dmitri M. Tolchinskiy
*Svetlana Ukhnalyova
*Natalya V. Vinogradova
*Felix Bautista, senator for the province of San Juan, Dominican Republic.
*Angel Rondon Former Commercial Representative of Odebrecht, Dominican Republic.
*Kazbek Dukuzov, Chechen acquitted of the murder of [[Paul Klebnikov]]
*Lecha Bogatyrov, implicated by Austrian authorities as the murderer of [[Umar Israilov]]
*[[Ramzan Kadyrov]], Head of the Chechen Republic
*Roberto J. Rivas, head of the Supreme Electoral Council of Nicaragua, accused of electoral fraud in at least six elections. Rivas is considered one of the wealthiest person in the second poorest country in the western hemisphere.
* Francisco "Chico" Lopez treasure of the Nicaraguan Sandinistas Party and Head of Albanisa, a holding of companies made out of the Venezuelan aid
* Fidel Moreno, de facto Mayor of Managua
* Francisco Diaz, Head of the Nicaraguan Police.
{{div col end}}

==Russian government reaction==

In response to the adoption of the Magnitsky Act, the Russian government [[Dima Yakovlev Law|denied Americans adoption of Russian children]], issued a list of US officials prohibited from entering Russia, and posthumously convicted Magnitsky as guilty.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dead Russian lawyer Magnitsky found guilty|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/dead-russian-lawyer-magnitsky-found-guilty|agency=[[Associated Press]]|first=Jim|last=Heintz|date=July 11, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714160622/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/dead-russian-lawyer-magnitsky-found-guilty|archivedate=July 14, 2013}}</ref> In addition, the Russian government reportedly lobbied against the legislation acting through a public relations company led by [[Kenneth Duberstein]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Kredo, Adam |url=http://freebeacon.com/politics/bank-of-putin/ |title=Bank of Putin: Goldman Sachs lobbying against human rights legislation |work=[[The Washington Free Beacon]] |date=July 19, 2012 |accessdate=December 18, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Абаринов|first1=Владимир|title=Противозаконное задержание|url=https://graniru.org/opinion/abarinov/m.199413.html|website=Graniru.org|accessdate=March 11, 2018|language=Russian|date=August 3, 2012}}</ref>

===Ban on U.S. adoption of Russian children===
{{main|Dima Yakovlev Law}}
On December 19, 2012, the [[State Duma]] voted 400 to 4 to ban the [[international adoption]] of Russian children into the United States. The bill was unofficially named after Dmitri Yakovlev (Chase Harrison), a Russian toddler who accidentally died of [[heat stroke]] in 2008 when his adoptive American father forgot he was in the back seat of his SUV.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/20/world/europe/russia-votes-to-ban-all-adoptions-by-americans.html|title=Russia Vote Favors Ban on Adoptions by Americans|first=David M.|last=Herszenhorn|date=December 19, 2012|accessdate=December 20, 2012|work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Jackman, Tom|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-state-of-nova/post/toddlers-tragic-death-in-herndon-in-overheated-car-continues-as-political-issue-in-russia-four-years-later/2012/12/12/c6a6c9c6-43e4-11e2-9648-a2c323a991d6_blog.html|title=Toddler’s tragic death in Herndon, in overheated car, continues as political issue in Russia four years later|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=December 12, 2012|accessdate=December 20, 2012}}</ref> Other recent developments include the proposition of a law to prevent US citizens from working with political [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] in Russia and a proposition of a law, recently abandoned, preventing any foreigner from speaking on state television if they discredited the state.<ref>{{cite news|author=J.Y. |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2013/01/russian-politics?fsrc=scn/tw/te/bl/thekremlinsnewantiamericanism |title=Russian politics: The Kremlin's new Anti-Americanism |work=[[The Economist]] |date=January 30, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2013}}</ref>

===Banning some U.S. officials from Russia===
{{main|Guantanamo list}}
On April 13, 2013, Russia released a list naming 18 Americans banned from entering the Russian Federation over their alleged human rights violations, as a direct response to the Magnitsky list.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|work=[[RT (TV network)|RT]] |url=https://www.rt.com/news/anti-magnitsky-list-russia-799/ |title=Russia strikes back with Magnitsky list response|date=April 13, 2013|accessdate=April 14, 2013}}</ref> The people banned from Russia are listed below:

US officials involved in legalizing [[enhanced interrogation techniques|torture]] and indefinite detention of prisoners:
*[[David Addington]], Chief of Staff to Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] (2005–2009)
*[[John Yoo]], Assistant US Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice (2001–2003)
*[[Geoffrey D. Miller]], retired US Army Major General, commandant of [[Joint Task Force Guantanamo]] (JTF-GTMO), the organization that runs the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]s (2002–2003)
*[[Jeffrey Harbeson]], US Navy officer, commandant of JTF-GTMO (2010–2012)

The Russian lawmakers also banned several U.S. officials involved in the prosecution and trial of Russian arms smuggler [[Viktor Bout]] and drug smuggler Konstantin Yaroshenko, both serving prison time in the United States:<ref>{{cite news|author=Englund, Will |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/russia-bans-american-officials-in-retaliatory-move/2013/04/13/9de797ae-a429-11e2-9c03-6952ff305f35_story.html |title=Russia retaliates against U.S., bans American officials |work=[[Washington Post]] |date=April 13, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Loiko |first=Sergei L. |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/apr/13/world/la-fg-wn-18-americans-barred-from-russia-in-titfortat-sanctions-20130413 |title=18 Americans barred from Russia in tit-for-tat sanctions |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=April 13, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2013}}</ref>
*[[Jed Rakoff]], Senior US District Judge for the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|Southern District of New York]]
*[[Preet Bharara]], former US Attorney for the Southern District of New York
*[[Michael J. Garcia]], former US Attorney for the Southern District of New York
*Brendan R. McGuire, Assistant US Attorney
*Anjan S. Sahni, Assistant US Attorney
*Christian R. Everdell, Assistant US Attorney
*Jenna Minicucci Dabbs, Assistant US Attorney
*Christopher L. Lavigne, Assistant US Attorney
*Michael Max Rosensaft, Assistant US Attorney
*Louis J. Milione, Special Agent, US [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA)
*Sam Gaye, Senior Special Agent, US DEA
*Robert F. Zachariasiewicz, Special Agent, US DEA
*Derek S. Odney, Special Agent, US DEA
*Gregory A. Coleman, Special Agent, US [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

==Trump campaign–Russian meeting==
{{main article|Trump campaign–Russian meetings}}
In June 2016, a Russian lawyer, [[Natalia Veselnitskaya]], who was hired to lobby against the Magnitsky Act in the US, set up a Trump campaign–Russia meeting with Donald Trump, Jr., purportedly to discuss altering the Russian Duma's sanctions against American adoption of Russian children along with other alleged illegal activities. On July 11, 2017, Reuters US reported that at the meeting "[Russia] offered to provide the Trump campaign with some official documents and information that would incriminate Hillary [Clinton] and her dealings with Russia and would be very useful to [Trump Jr.'s] father".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sullivan|first1=Andy|last2=Mohammed|first2=Arshad|title=Trump Jr. emails suggest he welcomed Russian help against Clinton|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-emails/trump-jr-emails-suggest-he-welcomed-russian-help-against-clinton-idUSKBN19W1VW|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[Reuters]]|date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> Donald Trump Jr. insisted that Veselnitskaya did not reveal any damaging information about Secretary Clinton, contrary to what his correspondence had suggested. Trump Jr. subsequently released to the public via Twitter his personal records and correspondence between the Trump campaign team and [[Rob Goldstone]], a longtime business partner and friend of Trump Sr. who actively represents several Russian interests and who had first pitched the meeting to Trump Jr.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Watkins|first1=Ali|title=U.S. officials probing Russian lobbyist who met Trump team|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/07/14/russia-lobbyist-rinat-akhmetshin-us-investigation-240562|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[Politico]]|date=July 14, 2017}}</ref>

==Reception==
{{incomplete|section|date=January 2013}}
Australian expatriate jurist [[Geoffrey Robertson]], who is representing some of the Magnitsky campaigners, has described the Act as "one of the most important new developments in human rights". He says it provides "a way of getting at the Auschwitz train drivers, the [[apparatchik]]s, the people who make a little bit of money from human rights abuses and generally keep under the radar".<ref>{{cite web|title=International human rights lawyer Geoffrey Robertson speaks on fate of Assange|url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/stories/international-human-rights-lawyer-geoffrey-robertson-speaks-fate-assange|website=[[Australian Human Rights Commission]]|accessdate=March 11, 2018|date=December 18, 2012}}</ref>

[[State Duma]] deputy Yevgeny Fedorov argued that the real purpose of the Magnitsky bill was to manipulate key figures in big business and government, with the aim of pro-American policy in the [[Russian Federation]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Фёдоров|first1=Евгений|title=Список Магнитского – манипуляция|url=http://tv.russia.ru/video/diskurs_13815/|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=Russia.ru|date=November 29, 2012|language=Russian}}</ref>

The Ministry of Internal Affairs Directorate for Special Affairs in the U.K. stated that it is aware of those on the list. The U.K. bans travel of those on the list under existing legislation which prohibits entry for those implicated in cases of human rights violations.<ref name=PRU7913>{{cite news|first=Anton|last= Kulikov|title=Will Britain sing America's anti-Russian tunes?|url=http://www.pravdareport.com/russia/politics/09-07-2013/125073-britain_russia-0/|work=[[Pravda.ru]]|accessdate=March 11, 2013|date=July 9, 2013}}</ref>

The ''[[World Socialist Web Site]]'' condemned the United States for only invoking human rights as a cover for [[realpolitik]], stating that Washington had supported "far greater crimes, [such] as when Boris Yeltsin in 1993 ordered [[1993 Russian constitutional crisis|bombardment]] of the [[White House (Moscow)|Russian White House]], the seat of the country’s parliament, killing 62 people".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Van Auken|first1=Bill|title=Moscow calls Obama’s human rights bluff|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/04/16/pers-a16.html|website=[[World Socialist Web Site]]|accessdate=March 11, 2018|date=April 16, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1993/oct/05/russia.davidhearst|title=Yeltsin crushes revolt|last1=Hearst|first1=David|last2=Steele|first2=Jonathan|date=October 5, 1993|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=February 14, 2018}}</ref>

In March 2015, the parliament of Canada passed an initial motion towards passing such a law.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Clark|first1=Campbell|title=All parties signal support for Magnitsky law to sanction Russian officials|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/all-parties-signal-support-for-magnitsky-law-to-sanction-russian-officials/article23617841/|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=March 25, 2015}}</ref>

In July 2017 on ''[[Fareed Zakaria GPS]]'' by CNN, [[Fareed Zakaria]] interviewed [[Bill Browder]], who discussed the Magnitsky Act, and topics such as why Putin is directly threatened by it, the money given by Russia government to more than 10,000 Russian human-rights abusers, the June 2016 Trump campaign–Russian meeting, and the power and influence of Russian money in Washington DC at present.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zakaria|first1=Fareed|last2=Browder|first2=Bill|title=The Magnitsky Act and the Russia investigation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEStb5DedNA|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[CNN]]|date=July 16, 2017|format=video}}</ref>

==January 2017 blacklisting==
On January 9, 2017, under the Magnitsky Act, the [[United States Department of the Treasury|United States Treasury]]'s [[Office of Foreign Assets Control]] updated its Specially Designated Nationals List and blacklisted [[Alexander Bastrykin|Aleksandr I. Bastrykin]], [[Andrey Lugovoy|Andrei K. Lugovoi]], [[Dmitry Kovtun|Dmitri V. Kovtun]], Stanislav Gordievsky, and Gennady Plaksin, which froze any of their assets held by American financial institutions or transactions with those institutions and banned their travelling to the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last=Landler|first = Mark|author-link=Mark Landler|title =U.S. to Blacklist 5 Russians, a Close Putin Aide Among Them|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/09/us/politics/russian-sanctions-obama-administration.html|work=[[New York Times]]|date=January 9, 2017|accessdate=January 9, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Magnitsky-related Designations; Counter Terrorism Designations; Office of Foreign Assests Control: Specially Designated Nationals List Update|url = https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20170109.aspx|website=[[United States Department of the Treasury]]|date=January 9, 2017|accessdate=January 9, 2017}}</ref>

==Implementation oversight in 2017==
[[United States President|President]] [[Donald Trump]] gave a memorandum to Congress on the implementation of the act on April 21, 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/donald-trump-crackdown-on-rights-abusers-in-russia/|title=Trump pledges crackdown on rights abusers in Russia and beyond|first=David M.|last=Herszenhorn|work=[[Politico]]|date=April 21, 2017|accessdate=April 22, 2017}}</ref>

In May 2017 US authorities settled a case against [[Fusion GPS#Prevezon Holding|Prevezon Holding]], one of the companies used for laundering the money exfiltrated from Russia as result of the fraud discovered by Sergey Magnitsky. The settlement dismissed the case, and the real-estate company agreed to pay a $5.8 million fine.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Scannell|first1=Kara|title=US strikes $5.8m deal on Russia money-laundering case|url=https://www.ft.com/content/31fd3496-3669-11e7-99bd-13beb0903fa3|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=May 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawandorderinrussia.org/2017/son-of-senior-russian-government-official-to-pay-us-5-9-million-to-the-us-treasury-in-the-first-money-laundering-action-linked-to-magnitsky-case/|title=Son of Senior Russian Government Official to Pay US$5.9 Million to the US Treasury in the First Money Laundering Action Linked to Magnitsky Case|website=LawAndOrderInRussia.org|date=May 13, 2017|accessdate=May 13, 2017|format=press release}}</ref>

Also in May 2017 an investigation was started on £6.6m that was allegedly transferred from the fraud scheme into a banking firm in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39964545|title=Police probe UK links to Magnitsky money|last=Vardy|first=Emma|date=May 20, 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=May 20, 2017}}</ref>

On September 8, 2017 President Trump, in a memorandum, delegated authority to alter the financial sanctions in this act to the [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]], and the issue of visas to the [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Memorandum for the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-secretary-state-secretary-treasury/|website=[[The White House]]|accessdate=March 11, 2018|date=September 8, 2017}}</ref>

==Internationalization of the Magnitsky Act==

In December 2016, Congress enlarged the scope of the Magnitsky Act to address human rights abuses on a global scale. The current Global Magnitsky Act (GMA) allows the US Government to sanction corrupt government officials implicated in abuses anywhere in the world.<ref name=HRW/>

In September 2017, a group of NGOs and anti-corruption organizations identified fifteen international cases where alleged crimes were committed. Individuals from countries, including Azerbaijan, Bahrain, China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, Mexico, Panama, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam, were nominated for sanctions.<ref>{{cite web|title=NGOs Identify Human Rights Abusers, Corrupt Actors for Sanctions Under U.S. Bill|url=
https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/press-release/ngos-identify-human-rights-abusers-corrupt-actors-sanctions-under-us-bill|website=[[Human Rights First]]|accessdate=November 27, 2017|date=September 13, 2017|format=press release}}</ref>

On December 21, 2017, 13 additional names were added to the list of sanctioned individuals. This included [[Yahya Jammeh]], former president of The Gambia and [[Roberto Jose Rivas Reyes]], the president of Nicaragua’s Supreme Electoral Council.<ref>{{cite web|title=United States Sanctions Human Rights Abusers and Corrupt Actors Across the Globe|url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0243 |website=[[United States Department of the Treasury]]|accessdate=January 12, 2018 | date=December 21, 2017|format=press release}}</ref>

On June 12, 2018, [[Félix Bautista]], a member of the [[Senate of the Dominican Republic]] and five companies owned or controlled by him were sanctioned by the [[U.S. Department of Treasury]] under the Global Magnitsky Act due to his involvement in significant corruption. <ref>{{cite web| title=Treasury Sanctions Two Individuals and Five Entities Under Global Magnitsky Act |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0411 |website=[[United States Department of the Treasury]] |accessdate=June 13, 2018 | date=June 13, 2019 |format=press release}} Bautista has been publicly accused of money laundering and embezzlement.</ref> Bautista has reportedly engaged in bribery in relation to his position as a Senator, and is alleged to have engaged in corruption in [[Haiti]], where he used his connections to win public works contracts to help rebuild [[Haiti]] following several natural disasters, including one case where his company was paid over $10 million dollars for work not completed.

On July 5, 2018, 3 additional names were added to the list. These belonging to the same country, Nicaragua. The U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctioned Nicaraguan National Police Commissioner Francisco Javier Diaz Madriz (Diaz) and Secretary of the Mayor’s Office of Managua Fidel Antonio Moreno Briones (Moreno) for being responsible for, or the leaders of entities involved in, serious human rights abuse in Nicaragua.

Additionally, OFAC designated Jose Francisco Lopez Centeno (Lopez), the Vice President of ALBA de Nicaragua (ALBANISA) and President of Petronic, for engaging in corrupt activities. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ni.usembassy.gov/treasury-sanctions-three-nicaraguan-individuals-for-serious-human-rights-abuse-and-corrupt-acts/|title=Treasury Sanctions Three Nicaraguan Individuals for Serious Human Rights Abuse and Corrupt Acts {{!}} U.S. Embassy in Nicaragua|date=2018-07-05|work=U.S. Embassy in Nicaragua|access-date=2018-07-06|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Magnitsky Acts in other countries==

Legislation similar to, and inspired by, the December 2016 US Global Magnitsky Act has subsequently been enacted in other countries.

===Estonia===

On December 8, 2016, [[Estonia]] introduced a new law, inspired by the Sergei Magnitsky case, to ban foreigners deemed guilty of human rights abuses from entering the country. The law, which was passed unanimously in the [[Riigikogu|Estonian Parliament]], states that it entitles Estonia to forbid entry to people if, among other things, "there is information or good reason to believe" that they took part in activities which resulted in the "death or serious damage to health of a person".<ref>{{cite news|first=Andrew|last=Rettman|url=https://euobserver.com/foreign/136217|title=Estonia joins US in passing Magnitsky law|work=[[EUobserver]]|date=December 9, 2016|accessdate=October 30, 2017}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===

On February 21, 2017 the UK House of Commons unanimously passed an amendment to the country's Criminal Finances Bill inspired by the Magnitsky Act that would allow the government to freeze the assets of international human rights violators in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/6104-uk-house-of-commons-passes-the-magnitsky-asset-freezing-sanctions|title=UK House of Commons Passes the Magnitsky Asset Freezing Sanctions|date=February 21, 2017|accessdate=November 16, 2017|website=[[Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]]}}</ref> On May 1, 2018, the UK House of Commons, without opposition, added the “Magnitsky amendment” to the Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Bill that would allow the British government to impose sanctions on people who commit gross human rights violations.<ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-russia-magnitsky/uk-lawmakers-back-magnitsky-amendment-on-sanctions-for-human-rights-abuses-idUSKBN1I24BI</ref>

===Canada===

In May 2017, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] warned [[Canada]] that its anticipated new law, known as ''The Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Bill (Sergei Magnitsky Law)'', was a "blatantly unfriendly step", and that "If the [[Parliament of Canada|Canadian Parliament]] approves this sanctions legislation, the relations between our countries, which are already experiencing difficult times, will suffer significant damage". [[CBC News]] in Canada also reported that Russia has placed Canada's Foreign Minister, [[Chrystia Freeland]], and twelve other Canadian politicians and activists on a [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] 'blacklist' and has barred them from entering Russia because of their criticism of Russian actions in [[Ukraine]] and its annexation of [[Crimea]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Levon|last=Sevunts|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/russia-warns-canada-magnitsky-1.4122758|title=Russia warns Canada over 'blatantly unfriendly' Magnitsky Act|work=[[CBC News]]|date=May 18, 2017|accessdate=October 29, 2017}}</ref>

On October 19, 2017, the Canadian Parliament passed the Bill into law,<ref>{{cite news|title=Canada Passes Version Of Magnitsky Act, Raising Moscow’s Ire|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/canada-passes-magnistky-act-russia-sanctions/28804814.html|accessdate=October 23, 2017|work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=October 19, 2017}}</ref> after a unanimous vote in Canada's [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]], with 277 for, and none against.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-russia-magnitsky-bill-1.4321562|title=As Canada's Magnitsky bill nears final vote, Russia threatens retaliation|work=[[CBC News]]|agency=[[Thomson Reuters]]|date=October 4, 2017|accessdate=October 30, 2017}}</ref> Russia's President, [[Vladimir Putin]], accused Canada of "political games" over its new Magnitsky law.<ref>{{cite news|first= Mike |last=Blanchfield|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3816237/vladimir-putin-canada-magnitsky-law/|title=Vladimir Putin accuses Canada of ‘political games’ over Magnitsky law|work=[[Global News]]|agency=[[The Canadian Press]]|date=October 20, 2017|accessdate=October 31, 2017}}</ref>

Canada's Magnitsky Act also targeted 19 Venezuelan and 3 South Sudanese officials, along with the original 30 Russian individuals under sanctions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia, South Sudan and Venezuela are Canada's 1st targets using sanctions under Magnitsky Act|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/russia-south-sudan-venezuela-magnitsky-sanctions-1.4386477|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[CBC News]]|date=November 3, 2017}}</ref>

===Lithuania===

On November 9, 2017 the [[Seimas|Parliament of Lithuania]] approved for discussion relevant amendments to the law, with 78 votes in support, one against and five abstentions. Finally, on November 16, 2017 (the 8th anniversary of Sergei Magnitsky’s death) the [[Seimas|Parliament of Lithuania]] passed the law unanimously.{{cn|date=June 2018}}

===Latvia===
On February 8, 2018, [[Parliament of Latvia]] (Saeima) accepted attachment of law of sanctions, inspired by the Sergei Magnitsky case, to ban foreigners deemed guilty of human rights abuses from entering the country.{{cn|date=June 2018}}

===Dominican Republic===
In the Dominican Republic the law has been applied to two Dominican citizens who are Angel Rondon and the senator for the province of San Juan Felix Bautista.{{cn|date=June 2018}}

==See also==
*[[Dima Yakovlev Law]]
*[[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis]]
*[[Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |first=Bill |last=Browder |year=2015 |title=Red Notice: A True Story of High Finance, Murder, and One Man’s Fight for Justice |location= |publisher=Simon & Schuster |edition=Reprint |isbn=978-1-4767-5574-8 }}
* {{cite journal |first=Emma |last=Gilligan |title=Smart Sanctions against Russia: Human Rights, Magnitsky and the Ukrainian Crisis |journal=[[Demokratizatsiya (journal)|Demokratizatsiya]] |volume=24 |issue=2 |year=2016 |pages=257–277 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/619863/summary }}
* {{cite journal |first=Anton |last=Moiseienko |year=2015 |title=‘No Safe Haven’: Denying Entry to the Corrupt as a New Anti-Corruption Policy |journal=Journal of Money Laundering Control |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=400–410 |doi=10.1108/JMLC-01-2014-0004 }}
* {{cite journal |first=Jordan |last=Tama |year=2015 |title=Bipartisanship in a Polarized Age: The U.S. Congress and Foreign Policy Sanctions |work=School of International Service Research Paper |volume=No. 2015-2 |ssrn=2553401 }}

==External links==
*[http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr6156 H.R. 6156: Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140916114524/http://www.the-american-interest.com/articles/2012/12/18/what-the-magnitsky-act-means/ What the Magnitsky Act Means] opinion piece. (If over 3 article free limit, use this instead.)

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Magnitsky Act| ]]

Fred Tuttle

2018-07-13T16:12:12Z

SimplexityBot: Removing links to current page

{{Infobox person
| name = Fred Tuttle
| image = Fred tuttle.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Frederick Herman Tuttle
| birth_date = {{birth date|1919|7|18}}
| birth_place = [[Tunbridge, Vermont]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2003|10|4|1919|7|18}}
| death_place = Tunbridge, Vermont, U.S.
| yearsactive =
|spouse= {{marriage|Dorothy Louise Savage|1961}}
| occupation = Dairy farmer
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
}}
'''Frederick Herman Tuttle''' (July 18, 1919 – October 4, 2003) was an American dairy farmer, actor, and Republican candidate for the [[United States Senate]] from [[Vermont]] in [[United States Senate election in Vermont, 1998|1998]].

==Life and career==
Tuttle was born in [[Tunbridge, Vermont]], the son of Bessie Laura (Hoyt) and Joseph Charles Tuttle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7973563|title=Fred Herman Tuttle (1919-2003) - Find A Grave...|website=www.findagrave.com}}</ref> He lived in Tunbridge all his life, except for his service in the [[US Army|United States Army]] during [[World War II]].

Tuttle left high school in his sophomore year to work on his family's farm. He married his wife Dorothy in 1961, and later retired from farming in 1984.

After his retirement, he appeared in several [[Film|movie]]s directed by Vermont filmmaker [[John O'Brien (filmmaker)|John O'Brien]], including ''[[Nosey Parker (film)|Nosey Parker]]'' and ''[[Man with a Plan]]''. He starred in the latter, playing a retired farmer who decides to run for U.S. Representative from Vermont.

In 1998 Tuttle was persuaded to run in the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] [[primary election|primary]]. His opponent was [[Jack McMullen (Vermont politician)|Jack McMullen]], a multi-millionaire who had lived in [[Massachusetts]] for most of his life. McMullen faced opposition from some Vermont Republicans who felt that he was a [[carpetbagger]] who apparently moved to Vermont for the sole purpose of establishing residency for a Senate run. The Vermont primary structure allows [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] and [[Independent (politician)|Independents]] to vote in the Republican primary, and many people foresaw the possibility that Tuttle would beat McMullen by drawing votes across party lines. In addition, some may have hoped that a Tuttle campaign would help to publicize the film ''Man with a Plan''.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/09/98/us_midterms/197229.stm "Fred Tuttle: Man with a plan?"] BBC News, October 27, 1998</ref>

The ensuing campaign was remarkable in many ways. Tuttle campaigned on a platform that seemed [[absurdism|absurdist]] by the standards of contemporary politics. McMullen and the state Republican Party challenged Tuttle's ballot petition and got 95 of his signatures invalidated. Tuttle needed 23 more to stay on the ballot and he received 2,309 more signatures. McMullen then gave flowers to Tuttle in the hospital while Tuttle was there for knee surgery.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/keyraces98/stories/vt090498.htm "Fred Tuttle for Senate: Why Not?"] ''The Washington Post'', September 4, 1998</ref>

During the radio-broadcast debate, Tuttle asked a series of humorous local knowledge questions rather than political questions. McMullen was unable to correctly pronounce the names of several Vermont towns, or correctly answer Fred's question "How many [[teat]]s a [[Holstein (cattle)|Holstein]] got?" answering "Six", instead of the correct "Four". In the primary, Tuttle defeated McMullen by ten percentage points. Winning the primary with 55 percent of the vote, Tuttle promptly endorsed the incumbent Democrat, [[Patrick Leahy]].

Tuttle's election campaign against Democratic Senator Leahy, now his opponent in this U.S. Senate election, was notable for the continuing publicity Tuttle received and for his continued endorsement of Leahy, of whom Tuttle said, "He knows how many tits on a cow."<ref>[http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989169,00.html "Lights, Camera ... Fred!"] ''TIME'', September 28,1998</ref> Tuttle commented that he did not really want to win because he would have to move to [[Washington, D.C.]]. Despite his endorsement of his opponent, Tuttle garnered 48,051 votes (22 percent of the vote) [[United States Senate election in Vermont, 1998|in the actual election]].

Tuttle was described by Senator Leahy as "the distilled essence of Vermonthood". He was considered by many to be an example of both the "everyman" and of the unique individualist.

Tuttle died of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] after a day spent digging [[potato]]es, at his home in [[Tunbridge, Vermont]]. He was buried in his overalls, with a pen in his pocket for autograph signing and a can of [[Moxie]] by his side.<ref>[http://www.newenglandfilm.com/news/archives/98october/fredtuttle.htm "Man With a Plan" Becomes Reality] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001165711/http://www.newenglandfilm.com/news/archives/98october/fredtuttle.htm |date=2008-10-01 }} NewEnglandFilm.com, October 1, 1998</ref><ref>{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002034033/http://www.vtonly.com/loresep8.htm |date=October 2, 2008 |title=Fred Tuttle: A Man with a Plan }} Vermont Only, archived October 2, 2008 from [http://www.vtonly.com/loresep8.htm the original]</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/07/obituaries/07TUTT.html Fred Tuttle, 84, Farmer and Celebrity, Dies] The New York Times, October 7, 2003</ref>

==Electoral history==
{{Election box begin no change
| title = Republican primary results<ref name="vermont-elections1">{{cite web|author=William Senning |url=http://vermont-elections.org/elections1/1998PrimaryCanvass.pdf |title=Elections | Home | Vermont Secretary of State |publisher=Vermont-elections.org |date=May 9, 2017 |accessdate=July 15, 2017}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Fred Tuttle
| party = Republican Party (United States)
| votes = 28,355
| percentage = 53.69%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Jack McMullen
| party = Republican Party (United States)
| votes = 23,321
| percentage = 44.16%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Write-ins]]
| party = Republican Party (United States)
| votes = 1,137
| percentage = 2.15%
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 52,813
| percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin
| title = General election results<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1998/98Stat.htm#45 |title=1998 Election Statistics - Legislative Activities - Office of the Clerk |publisher=Clerk.house.gov |date= |accessdate=July 15, 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| candidate = [[Patrick Leahy]] (Incumbent)
| votes = 154,567
| percentage = 72.22%
| change = +18.05%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Republican Party (United States)
| candidate = Fred Tuttle
| votes = 48,051
| percentage = 22.45%
| change = -20.90%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Libertarian Party (United States)
| candidate = Hugh Douglas
| votes = 4,199
| percentage = 1.96%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (United States)
| candidate = [[Barry Nelson]]
| votes = 2,893
| percentage = 1.35%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Grassroots Party
| candidate = [[Robert Melamede]]
| votes = 2,459
| percentage = 1.15%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Liberty Union Party
| candidate = [[Jerry Levy]]
| votes = 1,238
| percentage = 0.58%
| change = -1.21%
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = Write-ins
|candidate =
| votes = 629
| percentage = 0.29%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 106,516
| percentage = 49.77%
| change = +38.95%
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 214,036
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing
| winner = Democratic Party (United States)
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Findagrave|7973563}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ppo}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Jim Douglas]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] nominee for
[[List of United States Senators from Vermont|U.S. Senator from Vermont (Class 3)]]|years=[[United States Senate elections, 1998|1998]]}}
{{S-aft|after=Jack McMullen}}
{{S-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tuttle, Fred}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:American Protestants]]
[[Category:People from Tunbridge, Vermont]]
[[Category:Vermont culture]]
[[Category:American military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Farmers from Vermont]]
[[Category:United States Army soldiers]]
[[Category:Burials in Vermont]]
[[Category:Vermont Republicans]]

Brookharts Säure

2018-07-13T16:02:17Z

SimplexityBot: Removing links to current page

{{Chembox
| ImageFile = Brookharts Acid.png
| ImageSize =
| ImageAlt = 2D drawing of the molecule
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 139362-04-2
| PubChem = 11125959
| ChemSpiderID = 9301081
| SMILES = FC(F)(F)c1cc(cc(c1)C(F)(F)F)[B-](c2cc(cc(c2)C(F)(F)F)C(F)(F)F)(c3cc(cc(c3)C(F)(F)F)C(F)(F)F)c4cc(cc(c4)C(F)(F)F)C(F)(F)F.O(CC)CC.[OH+](CC)CC
| InChI = 1/C32H12BF24.2C4H10O/c34-25(35,36)13-1-14(26(37,38)39)6-21(5-13)33(22-7-15(27(40,41)42)2-16(8-22)28(43,44)45,23-9-17(29(46,47)48)3-18(10-23)30(49,50)51)24-11-19(31(52,53)54)4-20(12-24)32(55,56)57;2*1-3-5-4-2/h1-12H;2*3-4H2,1-2H3/q-1;;/p+1
| InChIKey = WIRVRHHKOXMSND-IKLDFBCSAB
| StdInChI = 1S/C32H12BF24.2C4H10O/c34-25(35,36)13-1-14(26(37,38)39)6-21(5-13)33(22-7-15(27(40,41)42)2-16(8-22)28(43,44)45,23-9-17(29(46,47)48)3-18(10-23)30(49,50)51)24-11-19(31(52,53)54)4-20(12-24)32(55,56)57;2*1-3-5-4-2/h1-12H;2*3-4H2,1-2H3/q-1;;/p+1
| StdInChIKey = WIRVRHHKOXMSND-UHFFFAOYSA-O

}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| C=40 |H=33|B=1|F=24|O=2
| MolarMass = 1012.46
| Appearance = White crystalline solid
| Density =
| MeltingPt =
| Solubility = }}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards = Strong acid
}}
}}
'''Brookhart's acid''' is the salt of the [[diethyl ether]] [[oxonium ion]] and [[Tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate|tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate]] (BAr’4). It is a colorless solid, used as a strong acid. The compound was first reported by Volpe, Grant, and [[Maurice Brookhart|Brookhart]] in 1992.<ref name=Brookhart1992>{{Cite journal | last1 = Brookhart | first1 = M. | last2 = Grant | first2 = B. | last3 = Volpe | first3 = A. F. | doi = 10.1021/om00059a071 | title = [(3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)4B]−[H(OEt2)2]+: A convenient reagent for generation and stabilization of cationic, highly electrophilic organometallic complexes | journal = Organometallics | volume = 11 | issue = 11 | pages = 3920 | year = 1992 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref>

==Preparation==
This compound is prepared by treatment of NaBAr’4 in [[diethyl ether]] (Et2O) with [[hydrogen chloride]]:

: NaBAr'4 + HCl + 2 Et2O → [H(OEt2)2]+BAr'4− + NaCl

NaBAr’4 is soluble in diethyl ether, whereas [[sodium chloride]] is not. Precipitation of sodium chloride thus drives the formation of the oxonium acid compound, which is isolable as a solid.<ref name=Brookhart1992/>

==Structure and properties==
[[File:BArF acid crystal structure.png|thumb|left |alt=Crystal Structure of related acid |The crystal structure of the compound [H(OEt2)2][B(C6F5)4],<ref name = Jutzi2000/> that is closely related to Brookhart's acid. The acidic proton, which resides between the ether oxygen centres, is not shown.]]
The acid crystallizes as a white, hygroscopic crystalline solid. [[NMR]] and [[elemental analysis]] showed that the crystal contains two equivalents of diethyl ether. In solution, the compound slowly degrades to ''m''-C6H3(CF3)2 and BAr'3.<ref name=Brookhart1992/>

[H(OEt2)2][B(C6F5)4] is a related compound with a slightly different weakly coordinating anion; it was first reported in 2000. An X-ray crystal structure of that compound was obtained, showing the acidic proton coordinated by both ethereal oxygen centers, although the crystal was not good enough to determine whether the proton is located symmetrically or unsymmetrically between the two.<ref name=Jutzi2000>Jutzi, P.; Müller, C.; Stammler, A.; Stammler, H. G. (2000). "Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Application of the Oxonium Acid [H(OEt2)2]+B(C6F5)4]−". Organometallics vol. 19, p. 1442. {{doi|10.1021/om990612w}}</ref>

{{clear|left}}

==Uses==
Traditional [[weakly coordinating anions]], such as [[perchlorate]], [[tetrafluoroborate]], and [[hexafluorophosphate]] will coordinate to very electrophilic cations, making these counterions unsuitable for some complexes.<ref name=Krossing2004>{{Cite journal | last1 = Krossing | first1 = I. | last2 = Raabe | first2 = I. | doi = 10.1002/anie.200300620 | title = Noncoordinating Anions—Fact or Fiction? A Survey of Likely Candidates | journal = Angewandte Chemie International Edition | volume = 43 | issue = 16 | pages = 2066–90 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15083452| pmc = }}</ref> The highly reactive species [Cp2Zr(CH3)]+, for example, has been reported to abstract F− from [[hexafluorophosphate|PF6]].<ref name=Jordan1986>{{Cite journal | last1 = Jordan | first1 = R. F. | last2 = Dasher | first2 = W. E. | last3 = Echols | first3 = S. F. | doi = 10.1021/ja00267a068 | title = Reactive cationic dicyclopentadienyl zirconium(IV) complexes | journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society | volume = 108 | issue = 7 | pages = 1718 | year = 1986 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> Starting in the 1980s, new types weakly coordinating anions began to be developed. BAr’4 anions are used as counterions for highly electrophilic, cationic transition metal species, as they are very weakly coordinating and unreactive towards electrophilic attack.<ref name=Brookhart1992/> One common method of generating these cationic species is via [[protonolysis]] of a dialkyl complexes or an [[olefin]] complex. For example, an electrophilic [[palladium]] catalyst, [(2,2'-bipyridine)Pd(CH3)([[acetonitrile|CH3CN]])][BAr'4], is prepared by protonating the dimethyl complex with Brookhart's acid. This electrophilic, cationic palladium species is used for the polymerization of olefins with [[carbon monoxide]] to [[polyketone]]s in aprotic solvents.<ref name=Brookhart1992b>{{Cite journal | last1 = Brookhart | first1 = M. | last2 = Rix | first2 = F. C. | last3 = Desimone | first3 = J. M. | last4 = Barborak | first4 = J. C. | title = Palladium(II) catalysts for living alternating copolymerization of olefins and carbon monoxide | doi = 10.1021/ja00040a082 | journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society | volume = 114 | issue = 14 | pages = 5894 | year = 1992 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref>

===Potential application===
[[File:Polyketone.PNG|thumb|350px|right|General chemical structure of a polyketone]]
[[Polyketone]]s, [[thermoplastic]] [[polymer]]s,<ref>{{cite book|title = Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science and Technology|chapter = Polyketones|year = 2001|last1 = Drent|first1 = E.|last2 = Mul|first2 = W. P.|last3 = Smaardijk|first3 = A. A.|doi = 10.1002/0471440264.pst273}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal = [[Coord. Chem. Rev.]]|title = Alternating copolymerization of carbon monoxide and olefins by single-site metal catalysis|year = 2002|last1 = Bianchini|first1 = C.|first2 = A.|last2 = Meli|volume = 225|issue = 1-2|pages = 35–66|doi = 10.1016/S0010-8545(01)00405-2}}</ref> are formed by the [[copolymerisation]] of [[carbon monoxide]] and one or more [[alkene]]s (typically [[ethylene]] with [[propylene]]). The process utilises a [[palladium]](II) [[catalyst]] with a [[bidentate]] ligand like [[2,2'-bipyridine]] or [[1,10-phenanthroline]] (phen) with a non-coordinating BARF counterion, such as [(phen)Pd(CH3)(CO)]BArF4.<ref name = catalyst>{{cite journal|title = Palladium(II) catalysts for living alternating copolymerization of olefins and carbon monoxide|first1 = M.|last1 = Brookhart|authorlink1 = Maurice Brookhart|first2 = F. C.|last2 = Rix|first3 = J. M.|last3 = DeSimone|first4 = J. C.|last4 = Barborak|journal = [[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]]|year = 1992|volume = 114|issue = 14|pages = 5894–5895|doi = 10.1021/ja00040a082}}</ref> The preparation of the catalyst involves the reaction of a dimethyl palladium complex with Brookhart's acid in [[acetonitrile]] with loss of [[methane]] and the catalytic species is formed by uptake of carbon monoxide to displace acetonitrile.<ref name = catalyst />

:[(Et2O)2H]BArF4   +   [(phen)Pd(CH3)2]   +   MeCN   →   [(phen)Pd(CH3)(MeCN)]BArF4   +   2 Et2O   +   CH4

:[(phen)Pd(CH3)(MeCN)]BArF4   +   CO   → [(phen)Pd(CH3)(CO)]BArF4   +   MeCN

The mechanism involves [[migratory insertion]]<ref name = insertion /> whereby the polymer chain is bound to the catalytic centre and grows by the sequential insertion of carbon monoxide and the alkene between the palladium atom and the existing chain. Defects occur when insertions do not alternate – that is, a carbon monoxide insertion follows a carbon monoxide insertion or an alkene insertion follows an alkene insertion – these are highlighted in red in the figure below. This catalyst produces a very low rate of defects due to the difference in [[Gibbs free energy|Gibbs energy of activation]] of each insertion – the energy barrier to inserting an alkene immediately following an alkene insertion is ~12 kJ mol−1 higher than barrier to carbon monoxide insertion.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Mechanistic studies of the palladium(II)-catalyzed copolymerization of ethylene with carbon monoxide|journal = [[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]]|year = 1996|last1 = Rix|first1 = F. C.|last2 = Brookhart|first2 = M.|authorlink2 = Maurice Brookhart|last3 = White|first3 = P. S.|volume = 118|issue = 20|pages = 4746–4764|doi = 10.1021/ja953276t}}</ref> Use of monodentate [[phosphine]] ligands also leads to undesirable side-products<ref>{{cite journal|title = Palladium-catalyzed alternating copolymerization of alkenes and carbon monoxide|year = 1996|last1 = Drent|first1 = E.|last2 = Budzelaar|first2 = P. H. M.|journal = [[Chem. Rev.]]|volume = 96|issue = 2|pages = 663–682|doi = 10.1021/cr940282j|pmid=11848769}}</ref> but bidentate phosphine ligands like [[1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane]] have been used industrially.<ref name = insertion>{{cite journal|title = Kinetic studies of migratory insertion reactions at the (1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane)Pd(II) center and their relationship to the alternating copolymerization of ethylene and carbon monoxide|year = 2000|journal = [[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]]|last1 = Shultz|first1 = C. S.|last2 = Ledford|first2 = J.|last3 = Desimone|first3 = J. M.|last4 = Brookhart|first4 = M.|authorlink4 = Maurice Brookhart|volume = 122|issue = 27|pages = 6351–6356|doi = 10.1021/ja994251n}}</ref>
[[Image:Perfect co-polymerization of ethylene and carbon monoxide.png|thumb|centre|600px|Copolymerisation of [[ethylene]] and [[carbon monoxide]] to a [[polyketone]]. Examples of defects from double insertions are highlighted in {{red|red}}.]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Acids]]
[[Category:Non-coordinating anions]]
[[Category:Trifluoromethyl compounds]]

Sulaiman (Brunei)

2018-06-08T18:17:55Z

SimplexityBot: Removing links to current page

{{EngvarB|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Sulaiman سليمان
| title = 4th [[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan of Brunei]]
| image =
| reign = 1432–1485 ''([[abdicated]])''
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Sharif ‘Ali ibn ‘Ajlan ibn Rumaithah ibn Muhammad]]<ref name=history-centre>{{cite web |title=Pusat Sejarah Brunei |url=http://www.history-centre.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm |language=[[Bahasa Melayu]] |publisher=www.history-centre.gov.bn |accessdate=2016-08-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415152209/http://www.history-centre.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm |archivedate=15 April 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| successor = [[Bolkiah]]
| spouse =
| issue = Bolkiah
| father = [[Sharif Ali|Sharif ‘Ali ibn ‘Ajlan]]
| mother = Puteri Ratna Kesuma, daughter of [[Sultan Ahmad of Brunei|Sultan Ahmad]]
| birth_date = Around 1400<ref name="Jamil Umar"/>
| birth_place = [[Brunei|Sultanate of Brunei]]
| death_date = 1511
| death_place = [[Brunei|Sultanate of Brunei]]
| place of burial= Jalan Subok, [[Brunei]]<ref name="Jamil Umar">{{Cite book|author=Umar, Jamil|year=2000 |title=Tarsilah Brunei The Early History of Brunei Up To 1432 AD |edition= |location=Bandar Seri Begawan |publisher=Brunei History Centre |page=77-78 |isbn=99917-34-03-1}}</ref>
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''Sultan Sulaiman''' ibn ‘Ali ibn ‘Ajlan ({{lang-ar|الـسـلـطـان سـلـيـمـان ابـن عـلي ابـن عـجـلان}}) was the fourth [[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan of Brunei]] according to Silsilah Raja-Raja Berunai. He succeeded his father in 1432 and ruled until his abdication in 1485, to allow his son [[Bolkiah]] to become Sultan. During his reign, he continued the legacies of his father in strengthening the spread of [[Islam]] and the construction of [[Kota Batu, Brunei-Muara|Kota Batu]].<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref> He was also known as '''''Raja Tua'''''.<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei"/> According to oral tradition, the sultan was said to live more than 100 years old.<ref name="Jamil Umar"/> In the [[Boxer Codex]], he was known as '''''Soliman''''' by the Spaniards.

==Death==
Sultan Sulaiman died in 1511. His tombstone is located in Jalan Subok, [[Brunei]]. The inscription of Sultan Sulaiman's tombstone mentions the name of the sultan and the date of his death.<ref name="Jamil Umar"/>

{{Sultan of Brunei uncertainties}}

== See also ==
* [[Greater Sunda Islands]]
* [[List of Sultans of Brunei]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Sultans of Brunei}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sulaiman}}
[[Category:1511 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century Sultans of Brunei]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{Brunei-royal-stub}}

Hussin Kamaluddin

2018-06-08T17:42:23Z

SimplexityBot: Removing links to current page

{{Infobox monarch
|name = Hussin Kamaluddin 
| title =
|succession = 16th [[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan of Brunei]]
|reign-type = 1st reign
|reign = 1710-1730
|predecessor = [[Nassaruddin|Nasruddin]]
|successor = [[Muhammad Alauddin]]
|reign-type1 = 2nd reign
|reign1 = 1737-1740
|predecessor1 = [[Muhammad Alauddin]]
|successor1 = [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]]
|spouse = [[Puteri Raja Buwono Maimun]]
|issue-link = #Marriage and children
|issue =
|house = [[Bolkiah]]
| father = [[Muhammad Ali (Brunei)|Muhammad Ali]]
| mother =
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

Hussin Kamaluddin, also known as '''Sultan Kamaluddin Malik Al Dzahir'''<ref name="imgrum.org"/>, was the 16th [[Sultan of Brunei]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref> He ascended the throne in 1710 succeeding his cousin, Sultan [[Nassaruddin|Nasruddin]] and ruled until his abdication in 1730. After the demise of Sultan [[Muhammad Alauddin]] in 1737, Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin ascended to the throne for the second time until his abdication in 1740.<ref name="royalark.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.royalark.net/Brunei/brunei7.htm|title=Brunei7|website=Royalark.net|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>

==Background==
His Highness was the son of [[Muhammad Ali (Brunei)|Muhammad Ali]], the 12th [[Sultan of Brunei]].<ref name="royalark.net"/> His three daughters, '''Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Putri''','''Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Noralam''' and '''Pengiran Isteri Pengiran Anak Bongsu''' were married to Sultan [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]].<ref name="royalark.net"/>

==Reign==
*His Highness appointed his son, Pengiran [[Bendahara]] Pengiran Anak Untong, as [[Raja]] of [[Dumpil Meruntum]], [[Sabah]] in 1730.<ref name="instagram.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/_tHg71JWM4/|title=Instagram post by @bruneiroyalfamily • Dec 25, 2015 at 6:36am UTC|website=Instagram.com|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>
*[[Brunei pitis]] was encouraged. During his reign, gold pitis coins were minted that contained a picture of a cat and the Sultan's title, 'Sultan Kamaluddin Malik Al Dzahir'.<ref name="imgrum.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.imgrum.org/media/1212080660028940673_1809797391|title=The gold Pitis coin of Sultan Husin Kamaluddin, the 16th Sultan of Brunei (1710-1730 and 1737-1740). - bruneiroyalfamily|website=Insgrum.org|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>The pitis is also known as 'Kuching Mas' or Golden Cat.
*During the Sultan's rule, civil war might occur in [[Brunei]]. Another theory is [[Brunei]] might have a conflict with other regional kingdoms such as [[Sulu]]. These assumptions are based on the evidence of the Sultan's [[plate armour]] which bears the old royal emblem. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imgrum.org/media/1241766003321692497_1809797391|title=Topi besi Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin, Sultan Brunei yang ke 16. #sejarah #bruneiroyalfamily - bruneiroyalfamily|website=Insgrum.org|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imgrum.org/media/1241736327454876296_1809797391|title=Sarung tangan Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin, Sultan Brunei yang ke 16 ini secara keseluruhannya diperbuat - bruneiroyalfamily|website=Insgrum.org|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/149499569@N04/34359702043/in/photostream/|title=Baju besi milik Sultan Husin Kamaluddin, Sultan Brunei yang ke 16|website=Flickr.com|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>

==Dutch account==
The [[Dutch people|Dutch]] from [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]], present-day [[Jakarta]], sent a letter to the ruler of Brunei on 1 September 1721.<ref name="royalark.net1">{{cite web|url=https://www.royalark.net/Brunei/brunei6.htm|title=Brunei6|website=Royalark.net|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref> In the letter, the Dutch addressed the ruler as 'Paduka Seri Sultan Ma-Alam Malicu '''Mataram''' Lalulla Fil Alam'. The last part of the Sultan's title is translated as 'Malik al-Zahir Zillu'llahi fil-Alam. However, the Sultan's personal name in the letter, 'Ma-Alam', is debatable.<ref name="royalark.net1"/> It is possible that the Dutch referred to was Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin as one of the Sultan's wives was a princess from [[Mataram Sultanate|Mataram]], [[Puteri Raja Buwono Maimun]].

==Death==
[[File: Mausoleum of Hussin Kamaluddin, the 16th Sultan of Brunei.jpg|thumb|left|Mausoleum of Hussin Kamaluddin at [[Makam Di Luba]].]]
His Highness died in 1740. He was buried at [[Makam Di Luba]] in the outskirt of [[Bandar Seri Begawan]]. After his death, he was known as 'Marhum Di Luba'. He was succeeded by his son-in-law Sultan [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]].
{{-}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Nassaruddin]] |
title= [[Sultan of Brunei]] |
years= 1710–1730 |
after= [[Muhammad Alauddin]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sultans of Brunei}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamaluddin, Hussin}}
[[Category:1740 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Sultans of Brunei]]

Alam Lohar

2018-06-08T17:16:00Z

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{{Use Pakistani English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
|name = Alam Lohar
|image = Alam Lohar.jpg
|caption =
|image_size =
|background = solo_singer
|birth_name = Muhammad Alam Lohar
|birth_date = 1928
|birth_place = [[Lalamusa]], [[Punjab, British India]] (now in [[Pakistan]])
|death_date = {{Death-date and age|1979|1928|3 July 1979}}<ref name=PakistanToday/>
|death_place = [[Sham ki Bhattian]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
|origin =
|instrument = [[Chimta]]
|genre = [[Punjabi folk music|Punjabi folk]] [[music]]
|occupation = [[Singer]], [[musician]], [[poet]]
|years_active = 1936–1979
|label = [[EMI]] [[Music]] [[Pakistan]], [[Oriental Star Agencies]]
}}
'''Alam Lohar''' ({{lang-ur|محمد عالم لوہار}}, {{lang-pa|ਆਲਮ ਲੋਹਾਰ}}; 1928 – 3 July 1979) was a prominent [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[folk music]] [[Singer|singer]] from the [[Punjab region]] of [[Pakistan]], formerly [[British India]].<ref name=PakistanToday/> He is credited with creating and popularising the musical term [[Jugni]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Taneja|first=Shailaja Tripathi|title=A balladeer's journey|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/A-balladeerrsquos-journey/article15392984.ece|accessdate=19 March 2018|newspaper=The Hindu (newspaper)|date=8 November 2008|quote=In 1965 folk musician Alam Lohar came up with the genre of [[Jugni]] – songs about woman who travels from one place to another having interesting experiences.}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Alam Lohar was born in 1928 in [[Achh]], in [[Lalamusa]], [[Kharian Tehsil]], [[Gujrat District]] of [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], British India. He was born into a family of [[blacksmiths]]. As a child, Lohar read ''Sufiana Kalaam'', a collection of Punjabi stories and poetry and started singing from a childhood age. His family and children now live all around the world with most of his children in the UK.<ref name=folkpunjab>{{cite web|url=http://folkpunjab.org/alam-lohar/|title=Profile of Alam Lohar|website=folkpunjab.org|accessdate=19 March 2018|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20161029051354/http://folkpunjab.org/alam-lohar/|archivedate=29 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=Samaa/>

Alam Lohar developed a new style of singing called the Punjabi Vaar, an epic or folk tale which made him popular when he toured villages and towns in the Punjab region. He is famous for his rendition of [[Waris Shah]]'s ''Heer'' along with other songs such as [[Saif ul Maluk]]. He recorded his first album at the age of 13 and throughout his career he accomplished 15 Gold Disc LP's (record sales) for the following with mainly EMI/HMV Pakistan and other regional companies within Pakistan: Jugni (1965), Saif ul Mulook (1948), Qissa Yusuf Zulaykha (1961), Bol Mitti de Bawa (1964), Dilwala Dukhra (1975), Wajan Mariyan Bulaya (1977), Qissa Mirza Sahiban (1967), Qissa Hirni (1963), Maa Da Pyaar (1971), Heer (1969), Qissa Sassi Pannu (1972), Qissa Baraa Maa (1974), Jis Din Mera Vayaah (1973), Qissa Dhulla Bhatti (1959), Mirza De Maa (1968) .<ref name=PakistanToday>[https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/07/04/folk-singer-alam-lohar-remembered/ Folk singer Alam Lohar remembered] Pakistan Today (newspaper), Published 4 July 2012, Retrieved 19 March 2018</ref>

In his childhood he used to read [[Sufi poetry]] (sufiana kalaam), Punjabi folk stories and participate as a young child in local gatherings expressing a vocal only art form in reading passages of great poets. From many of the gatherings out of the rural background, rose a great singer that could influence his audience with elements of joy, peace, happiness and sadness. Then he started going to festivals and gatherings on a regular basis and with these performances, he rose to become one of the most listened to singers in South Asia during the 1970s.<ref name=PakistanToday/>

In the 1970s, Alam Lohar started to tour different countries including United Kingdom, Canada, Norway, United States and Germany to entertain the South Asian communities living in those countries.<ref>'My Mothers Aspirations', Muhammed Salim P.g. 122–134, 2011, {{ISBN|978-1-4520-7524-2}}</ref>

==Death==
Alam Lohar died in an accident near Sham ki Bhattian on 3 July 1979 when a heavily loaded truck collided with his vehicle because the truck failed to overtake his car.<ref name=folkpunjab/> He was buried at the outskirts of [[Lalamusa]] in Pakistan. After his death, the [[President of Pakistan]] [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] honoured Alam Lohar with Pakistan's highest civil award for arts and theatre the [[Pride of Performance]] Award in 1979.<ref name=Samaa>{{cite web|url=http://www.samaa.tv/entertainment/2012/07/folk-singer-alam-lohar-being-remembered-today/|title=Folk singer Alam Lohar being remembered today|agency=Samaa TV website|date=3 July 2012|accessdate=19 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=EMI/>
[[File:Alam Lohar Grave Sign.jpg|thumb|Sign directing visitors to the burial place of Alam Lohar in [[Lalamusa]], Punjab, Pakistan. ]]

==Legacy==
Alam Lohar's death was unexpected, many singers in Pakistan and India including [[Lal Chand Yamla Jatt]], [[Noor Jehan]], [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]] expressed sadness on the passing of Alam Lohar in a television broadcast on the 10th anniversary of Alam's death. One of Alam Lohar's sons namely [[Arif Lohar]] followed the tradition of his father and is also regarded as a famous folk singer in Pakistan.<ref name=EMI/> Throughout the period of the 1950s and until his death in 1979, he had dominated folk singing in Pakistan and was a major singer in Punjabi and Sufi singing worldwide. In many rural villages the local traditional people have called him 'Sher-e-Punjab' (Lion of Punjab) or 'Heerah' meaning diamond.<ref name=Samaa/><ref name=PakistanToday/>

Some of Alam Lohar's songs have achieved critical acclaim and have contributed to the music and culture of the Punjab, most notably Jugni, Bol Mitti De Baweya, Mirza Sahiban (he was the main Punjabi singer to bring this story into a song format singing in a very distinct style - Jhori (double flute) & Chimta with a high pitch vocal) Wajan Mariyan Bulaya, Saif-ul-mulook, Dil Wala Dukhra and Shahbaz Qualander (Dhamaal). Alam Lohar is regarded as one of Pakistan's iconic performers who still remains popular in the region.<ref name=EMI>[http://www.emipakistan.com/artist/Alam-Lohar-4 Profile of Alam Lohar on EMI Pakistan website] Retrieved 19 March 2018</ref>

In memory of Alam Lohar the Government of Pakistan has named a road after him which runs from his birth village Aach to the main Grand Truck Road which is known as 'Alam Lohar Road'.

In memory of Alam Lohar, there is a visual theatre depiction of him performing which is on display at the [[Lok Virsa Museum]] in [[Islamabad]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3760731}}
*[http://www.folkpunjab.com/alam-lohar/ Alam Lohar Profile – Folk Punjab website]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fv0YwvM-sU Alam Lohar's performance on YouTube]

{{Pride of Performance for Arts}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lohar, Alam}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:People from Kharian]]
[[Category:Pakistani male singers]]
[[Category:Pakistani folk singers]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pride of Performance]]
[[Category:20th-century singers]]
[[Category:Pakistani film singers]]
[[Category:Playback singers]]

Muhammad Ali (Brunei)

2018-03-31T19:01:16Z

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{{Infobox Monarch
| name = Muhammad Ali
| title = 12th [[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan]] of [[Brunei]]
| image =
| reign = 1660 [[Common Era|CE]] - 1661 [[Common Era|CE]]<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei"/>
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Abdul Jalilul Jabbar]]
| successor = [[Abdul Hakkul Mubin]]
| spouse =
| issue = [[Hussin Kamaluddin]] (Raja Husain)<ref name="royalark.net"/> Raja Hasan Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Muda Bungsu Pengiran Di-Gadong Raja Omar Pemukar Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Puteri Siti Mariam (Raja Sari)<ref name="royalark.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.royalark.net/Brunei/brunei5.htm|title= brunei5|website=www.royalark.net}}</ref>
| father = [[Muhammad Hassan (Brunei)|Muhammad Hassan]]
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 16 November 1661
| death_place =
| place of burial=
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''Muhammad Ali''' was the twelveth [[Sultan of Brunei]]. He ruled from 1660 until he was garroted by his successor [[Abdul Hakkul Mubin]] in 1661. His death led to the starting of the [[Brunei Civil War]]. After his demise, he was locally known as '''Marhum Tumbang Di Rumput'''.<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei"/> He was avenged by his son-in-law [[Muhyiddin of Brunei|Muhyiddin]] who later became the 14th [[Sultan of Brunei]].

==Background==
His Highness was the son of [[Muhammad Hassan (Brunei)|Sultan Muhammad Hassan]], the ninth [[Sultan of Brunei]]. He was the brother of [[Abdul Jalilul Akbar|Sultan Abdul Jalilul Akbar]], the 10th Sultan of Brunei, [[Sultan Tengah|Sultan Tengah of Sarawak]] and [[Muwallil Wasit I|Sultan Muwallil Wasit I of Sulu]].<ref name="royalark.net"/>

His Highness' son, '''Raja Husain''' was crowned as the 16th [[Sultan of Brunei]] after the demise of his predecessor [[Nassaruddin|Sultan Nasruddin]].<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei"/> '''Raja Husain''' was known as [[Hussin Kamaluddin|Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin]]. The daughter of Sultan Muhammad Ali, Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Puteri Siti Mariam ('''Raja Sari'''), was married to [[Muhyiddin of Brunei|Sultan Muhyiddin]], the 14th Sultan of Brunei.<ref name="royalark.net"/>

==Death==
The Sultan's son, Pengiran Muda Bungsu, killed the son of [[Abdul Hakkul Mubin|Pengiran Bendahara Hakkul Mubin]] who lost in the [[Cockfight|cockfight]].<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131140936/http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|archivedate=31 January 2018|df=}}</ref> The enraged Pengiran Bendahara went to the '''Lapau''' to meet the Sultan. During the audience, the Pengiran Bendahara and Pengiran Muda Bungsu were present. The Pengiran Bendahara asked for justice from the Sultan as his late son did not commit any wrongdoings. Then, His Highness commanded:

{{cquote|O Pengiran Bendahara, if my son got killed, then the assailant will also get killed as his punishment.<ref name="Sweeney">{{Cite encyclopedia|editor=Sweeney, P.L. Amin |year=1968 |title=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume XLI, Part 2: Silsilah Raja-Raja Berunai |edition=|location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |page=57-58 |isbn=}}</ref>
|author=Sultan Muhammad Ali (English translation)}}
Upon hearing the Sultan's '''''titah''''' (command), Pengiran Muda Bongsu escaped inside of the [[Istana]]. The just Sultan allowed the Pengiran Bendahara to punish his son. However, the Pengiran Bendahara failed to find him as Pengiran Muda Bongsu had escaped to the jungle.<ref name="Sweeney"/> This made the Pengiran Bendahara more enraged. As a result, the Pengiran Bendahara killed and injured many palace households.<ref name="Sweeney"/> The Sultan, fearing that the Pengiran Bendahara would kill more of his palace households, finally commanded him to assassinate him.<ref name="Sweeney"/> The Pengiran Bendahara agreed and the Sultan was brought to the grassland. Eventually, the Sultan was garroted and died on 16 November 1661.<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131140936/http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|archivedate=31 January 2018|df=}}</ref> As a consequence, '''Pengiran Bendahara Hakkul Mubin''' succeeded him and declared himself as [[Abdul Hakkul Mubin|Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin]].

{{Sultan of Brunei uncertainties}}

==See also==
* [[List of Sultans of Brunei]]
* [[Brunei Civil War]]

==References==
<references />

{{Sultans of Brunei}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Muhammad}}
[[Category:17th-century Sultans of Brunei]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:17th-century rulers]]

{{Brunei-royal-stub}}
{{Asia-royal-stub}}

Kubah Makam Di Raja

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{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Royal Brunei Mausoleum Kubah Makam Diraja Brunei
| infobox_width =
| image = Kubah Makam Diraja, Bandar Seri Begawan, June 2015.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = The main dome of the Royal Mausoleum where the last four sultans of Brunei were buried.
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| location = [[Bandar Seri Begawan]], [[Brunei]] {{flagicon|Brunei}} [[Brunei]]
| geo =
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| rite =
| region =
| state =
| province =
| territory =
| prefecture =
| sector =
| district =
| cercle =
| municipality =
| consecration_year =
| status =
| functional_status =
| heritage_designation =
| leadership = Brunei Royal Family (Bolkiah dynasty)
| website =
| architecture = yes
| architect =
| architecture_type = Royal Mausoleum
| architecture_style = [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]] [[Modern architecture|Modern]] Local [[Malay people|Malay]]
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
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| year_completed =
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| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = 1 main dome 4 small domes
| dome_height_outer =
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}}

The '''Royal Brunei Mausoleum''' ({{lang-ms|Kubah Makam Diraja Brunei}}) is a Royal [[Mausoleum]] of [[Brunei]] located at Jalan Tutong, [[Bandar Seri Begawan]], [[Brunei]]. The Mausoleum contains the tombs of several Sultans of Brunei and the Royal Family. The first [[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan of Brunei]] buried here was [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I|Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin I]] who died in 1795. The Mausoleum is home to [[Batu Tarsilah]], a stone tablet that describes the Genealogy of the Sultans of Brunei. The tablet is situated near the tombstone of Sultan [[Muhammad Jamalul Alam I]].

==Architecture==
The architecture is a combination of [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]], [[Modern architecture|Modern]] and local [[Malay people|Malay]] styles.

==List of graves==

===Sultan of Brunei's graves===
There are four sultans who were buried inside of the main dome. Many of them were the rulers of the 20th century. They were Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin (1885-1906), Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II (1906-1924), Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Akhazul Khairi Waddien (1924-1950) and Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien III (1950-1967).

The other six sultans were buried outside of the main dorm. They were buried in their small domes.

====Outside the main dome====
* [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I|Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin I]] ''(died: 1795)''.
* [[Muhammad Tajuddin|Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin]] ''(died: 1807)''.
* [[Muhammad Jamalul Alam I|Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam I]] ''(died: 10 May 1804)''.
* [[Muhammad Kanzul Alam|Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam]] ''(died: 10 May 1826)''.
* [[Omar Ali Saifuddin II|Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II]] ''(died: 10 May 1852)''.
* [[Abdul Momin|Sultan Abdul Momin]] ''(died: 30 May 1885)''.

====Inside the main dome====
* [[Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin|Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin]] ''(died: 10 May 1906)''.
* [[Muhammad Jamalul Alam II|Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II]] ''(died: 11 September 1924)''.
* [[Ahmad Tajuddin|Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Akhazul Khairi Waddien]] ''(died: 4 June 1950)''.
* [[Omar Ali Saifuddien III|Sultan Haji Omar Ali Saifuddien Sa’adul Khairi Waddien]] ''(died: 7 September 1986)''.

===Royal consort graves===

====Inside the main dome====
* [[Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Siti Fatimah]] binti Pengiran Tua Omar Ali, consort of Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II ''(died: 7 March 1947)''
* Raja Isteri [[Pengiran Anak Damit]] binti Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Anak Abdul Rahman, consort of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III ''(died: 13 September 1979)''

====Outside the main dome====
*Raja Isteri [[Pengiran Anak Siti Khadijah]] binti Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II, consort of Sultan Abdul Momin ''(died: 31 December 1875)''

===Royal graves (members of the royal family)===

====Inside the main dome====
*Pengiran Muda Besar Pengiran Omar Ali Saifuddin ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin
*Pengiran Di-Gadong Pengiran Anak Kamis ibni Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin
*Pengiran Anak Siti Rauyah binti Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin
*Pengiran Anak Mohammad Salleh ibni Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin
*Pengiran Anak Sabtu ibni Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin
*Pengiran Anak Safar ibni Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin
*Pengiran Anak Puteri Hajah Besar binti Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II
*Pengiran Anak Puteri Tengah binti Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II
*Pengiran Anak Tinggal binti Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II
*Pengiran Bendahara [[Pengiran Anak Abdul Rahman]] ibni Pengiran Muda Besar Omar Ali Saifuddin ''(died: 27 September 1943)''
*Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Muda Haji Muhammad Hashim ibni Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Anak Abdul Rahman
*Pengiran Pemancha [[Pengiran Anak Mohammad Alam]] ibni Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Anak Abdul Rahman ''(died: 14 December 1982)''
*Pengiran Babu Raja Pengiran Anak Hajah Besar binti Pengiran Anak Haji Metassan ''(died: 16 October 2016)<ref name="brudirect">{{cite web|url=https://www.brudirect.com/news.php?id=16200|title=Royal Family Pay Last Respects to The Late Babu Raja|date=17 October 2016|publisher=}}</ref>
*Pengiran Seri Maharaja Pengiran Anak Omar Ali ibni Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Anak Abdul Rahman
*Pengiran Jaya Negara Pengiran Haji Abdul Rahman ibni Pengiran Haji Abdul Rahim

====Outside the dome====
*Pengiran Anak Datin Hajah Siti Saerah binti Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin
*Pengiran Anak Hajah Siti Halimah binti Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin

===Non royal graves===
* [[Ismail Omar Abdul Aziz]] – Brunei's First State Mufti ''(died 1994)''

==See also==
{{commons category|Brunei Royal Mausoleum}}
* [[List of Sultans of Brunei]]

{{coord missing|Brunei}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Brunei]]
[[Category:Mausoleums]]

Abdul Jalilul Akbar

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{{multiple issues|
{{self-published|date=December 2013}}
{{Missing information|the history of the subject|date=December 2013}}}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Abdul Jalilul Akbar
|image =
|caption =
|succession = [[Sultan of Brunei|10th Sultan of Brunei]]
|reign = 1598-1659
|coronation =
|cor-type = Brunei
|predecessor = [[Muhammad Hassan (Brunei)|Muhammad Hassan]]
|successor = [[Abdul Jalilul Jabbar]]
|spouse = Radin Mas Ayu Siti Aishah Siti Kaisa<ref name="royalark.net"/>
|issue = [[Abdul Jalilul Jabbar|Sultan Abdul Jalilul Jabbar]] [[Muhyiddin of Brunei|Sultan Muhyiddin]]
|full name =
|house =
|father = [[Muhammad Hassan (Brunei)|Muhammad Hassan]]
|mother =
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
|signature =
}}

Abdul Jalilul Akbar was the tenth [[Sultan of Brunei]]. He succeeded his father, [[Muhammad Hassan (Brunei)|Muhammad Hassan]], in 1598 and ruled until his death in 1659. When he ascended to the throne, his uncle Pengiran Di-Gadong Sahibul Mal Besar Omar acted as his [[regent]].<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei (Malay)">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>

==Life==
His Highness was the son of [[Muhammad Hassan (Brunei)|Sultan Muhammad Hassan]], the ninth ruler of Brunei.<ref name="royalark.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.royalark.net/Brunei/brunei5.htm|title=brunei5}}</ref> Before he ascended to the throne, he was known as Raja Tua Abdul Jalil.<ref name="royalark.net"/> He married to a princess from [[Java]], Radin Mas Ayu Siti Aishah, the daughter of Kiyai Temenggong Manchu Negoro from [[Gresik Regency|Gersik]].<ref name="royalark.net"/> From their marriage, they bore [[Abdul Jalilul Jabbar|Sultan Abdul Jalilul Jabbar]], [[Muhyiddin of Brunei|Sultan Muhyiddin]], Raja Omar, Pengiran Derma Wangsa Pengiran Muda Bongsu, Pengiran Di-Gadong Sahibul Mal Raja Damit Shahbudin and four unknown daughters.

His Highness had other children from his other wives including Pengiran Muda Besar Abdullah (father of [[Nassaruddin|Sultan Nasruddin]]), Raja Tengah and Raja Besar.<ref name="royalark.net"/>

==European contacts==
Durin his reign, he made numerous contacts with the European powers. He stabilized diplomatic relations with the Spaniards who were based in [[Manila]] in 1599.<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei (Malay)"/>

In December 1600 and January 1601, a [[Netherlands|Dutchman]] named [[Olivier Van Noort]] visited [[Brunei]] who left vivid accounts about [[Brunei]].<ref name="Nicholl">{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Nicholl, Robert |year=1990 |title=European Sources for the History of the Sultanate of Brunei in the Sixteenth Century |edition=second |location=Brunei |publisher=Brunei Museum |page=94-99|isbn=}}</ref> Although he did not mention the name of the ruling sultan at that time, Van Noort managed to describe that the Brunei king was under the guardianship of his uncle who acted as his [[regent]].<ref name="Nicholl"/>

In 1612, a [[United Kingdom|British]] sailor, [[Henry Middleton (captain)|Sir Henry Middleton]] visited [[Brunei]] as part of his voyage to the [[East Indies]].<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei (Malay)"/>

==Death==
His Highness died in 1659. He ruled the sultanate for sixty-one years. After his demise, he was known as '''''Marhum Tua'''''.<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei (Malay)"/> He was succeeded by his son, [[Abdul Jalilul Jabbar]].

{{Sultan of Brunei uncertainties}}

==See also==
* [[List of Sultans of Brunei]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sultans of Brunei}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Akbar, Abdul Jalilul}}
[[Category:16th-century Sultans of Brunei]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:16th-century rulers]]
[[Category:17th-century rulers]]
[[Category:17th-century Sultans of Brunei]]

{{Brunei-royal-stub}}
{{Asia-royal-stub}}

Abdul Mubin

2018-03-31T17:19:14Z

SimplexityBot: Removing links to current page

{{EngvarB|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Missing information|the history of the subject|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox Monarch
| name = Abdul Hakkul Mubin / Abdul Mubin
| title = 13th [[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan]] of [[Brunei]]
| image =
| reign = 1661 [[Common Era|CE]] - 1673 [[Common Era|CE]] {{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Muhammad Ali (Brunei)|Muhammad Ali]]
| successor = [[Muhyiddin of Brunei|Muhyiddin]]
| spouse = Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Puteri Noralam Bu Angsa
| issue =
| father = Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Muhammad
| mother = Raja Dungu
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Brunei]]
| death_date = 1673
| death_place = [[Pulau Chermin]], [[Brunei]]<ref name="royalark.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.royalark.net/Brunei/brunei6.htm|title=royalarkbrunei|website=www.royalark.net}}</ref>
|issue-link = #Marriage and children
| place of burial= [[Pulau Chermin]], [[Brunei]]<ref name="Sweeney">{{Cite encyclopedia|editor=Sweeney, P.L. Amin |year=1968 |title=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume XLI, Part 2: Silsilah Raja-Raja Berunai |edition=|location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |page=64-65 |isbn=}}</ref>
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

[[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan]] '''Abdul Hakkul Mubin''' (also known as '''Abdul Mubin''') was the thirteenth [[Sultan of Brunei]]. He was involved in the [[Brunei Civil War]]. He ruled from 1660 to 1673 after killing [[Muhammad Ali (Brunei)|Sultan Muhammad Ali]]. He was later killed and succeeded by [[Muhyiddin of Brunei|Sultan Muhyiddin]].

==Reign==
Abdul Hakkul Mubin was once known as ''Pengiran'' (Prince) Abdul Mubin. However, in 1660 his son was killed by the son of the reigning Sultan [[Muhammad Ali (Brunei)|Muhammad Ali]], '''Pengiran Muda Bongsu'''. In revenge he killed [[Muhammad Ali (Brunei)|Muhammad Ali]] and took the throne, taking the name Abdul Hakkul Mubin. He tried to appease the previous Sultan's followers by appointing Muhammad Ali's grandson or son-in-law, [[Muhyiddin of Brunei|Muhyiddin]], as the new ''Bendahara'' ("Chief Minister").<ref name="bt">{{cite web|title=Civil war wrecks chaos in the country |url=http://www.bt.com.bn/life/2008/08/24/civil_war_wrecks_chaos_in_the_country |publisher=The Brunei Times |accessdate=20 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614074201/http://www.bt.com.bn/life/2008/08/24/civil_war_wrecks_chaos_in_the_country |archivedate=14 June 2012 }}</ref> However [[Muhammad Ali (Brunei)|Muhammad Ali]]'s supporters convinced [[Muhyiddin of Brunei|Muhyiddin]] to take revenge sparking the [[Brunei Civil War]]. Abdul Hakkul Mubin's rule, and the Brunei Civil War ended with his death and [[Muhyiddin of Brunei|Muhyiddin]]'s victory in 1673.

==Brunei Civil War and Downfall==
After [[Muhyiddin of Brunei|Sultan Muhyiddin]] made an alliance with [[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]], the Allied forces began to surround Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin at [[Pulau Chermin]]. The Brunei forces who paid their allegiance to [[Muhyiddin of Brunei|Sultau Muhyiddin]] were commanded to base at '''Bukit Chendana'''.<ref name="Sweeney"/> They were tasked to prepare [[cannons]] which were targeting the [[Pulau Chermin]]. While the Sulu forces were assigned to base at the Brunei sea near '''Pulau Kaingaran'''.<ref name="Sweeney"/> Thus, this led to the [[Brunei Civil War]].

During the [[Brunei Civil War]], feeling desperate, Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin used the royal regalia such as the sultanate's crown as [[round shot]].<ref name="Sweeney"/> He inserted the regalia into the [[cannon]] and fired back to the Sulu forces who were assembling near the '''Pulau Kaingaran'''.<ref name="Sweeney"/>

Pengiran Karma, possibly a general and distant relative of [[Muhyiddin of Brunei|Sultan Muhyiddin]], and the Sulu forces led by Betara Sulu managed to dock at [[Pulau Chermin]].<ref name="Sweeney"/> They met Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin in the Chermin's mosque where he had escaped to. Before he died, Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin begged both Allied leaders for mercy but his offer was rejected.<ref name="Sweeney"/> As a result, Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin was garroted or krissed (an act of stabbing by the use of [[kris]]) at the mosque in 1673.<ref name="royalark.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.royalark.net/Brunei/brunei6.htm|title=royalarkbrunei|website=www.royalark.net}}</ref> According to Silsilah Raja-Raja Berunai, the Sultan was buried at [[Pulau Chermin]].<ref name="Sweeney"/> As a consequence of his death, all of his possessions were inherited by [[Muhyiddin of Brunei|Sultan Muhyiddin]].<ref name="Sweeney"/> As promised, [[Muhyiddin of Brunei|Sultan Muhyiddin]] awarded [[Kimanis]] and parts of eastern [[Sabah]] to [[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]].<ref name="Sweeney"/>

{{Sultan of Brunei uncertainties}}

==See also==
* [[List of Sultans of Brunei]]
* [[Brunei Civil War]]

==References==
<references />

{{Sultans of Brunei}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mubin, Abdul Hakkul}}
[[Category:17th-century Sultans of Brunei]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:17th-century rulers]]

{{Brunei-royal-stub}}
{{Asia-royal-stub}}

Hassan (Brunei)

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{{EngvarB|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Missing information|the history of the subject|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox monarch
|name = Muhammad Hassan 
| title = Marhum Di Tanjung
|succession = [[List of Sultans of Brunei|9th Sultan of Brunei]]
|reign = 1582-1598
|predecessor = [[Shah Berunai]]
|suc-type = {{nowrap|Heir apparent}}
|successor = [[Abdul Jalilul Akbar]]
| death_date = 1598
|death_place = Istana Tanjong Chendana, [[Brunei]]
|burial_place = Kampong Bunga, Tanjong Kindana, [[Brunei]]
|issue-link = #Marriage and children
|issue = [[Abdul Jalilul Akbar|Sultan Abdul Jalilul Akbar]] [[Sultan Tengah|Sultan Tengah of Sarawak]] [[Muhammad Ali (Brunei)|Sultan Muhammad Ali]] [[Muwallil Wasit I|Muwallil Wasit I of Sulu]] [[Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Noralam]] [[Raja Bonda]]
|house = [[Bolkiah]]
| father = [[Saiful Rijal]]
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''Muhammad Hassan''' was the 9th [[Sultan of Brunei]]. He reigned from 1582 to 1598. His predecessor [[Shah Berunai]] was his older brother who died without an heir. He was succeeded by his eldest son [[Abdul Jalilul Akbar]]. His rule was comparable to that of [[Iskandar Muda|Sultan Iskandar Muda Mahkota Alam of Acheh]].

==Background==
His Highness was the son of [[Saiful Rijal]], the 7th Sultan of Brunei. His four sons became Sultan. Two of them, [[Abdul Jalilul Akbar]] and [[Muhammad Ali (Brunei)|Muhammad Ali]] became the Sultan of Brunei. His second son, Pengiran Muda Tengah Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah or [[Sultan Tengah]] became the first and last Sultan of [[Sarawak]]. His youngest son, Raja Bongsu was proclaimed as the [[Sultan of Sulu]] who took the name as [[Muwallil Wasit I]].<ref name="royalark.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.royalark.net/Brunei/brunei5.htm|title=brunei5|website=www.royalark.net}}</ref> His daughter, [[Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Noralam]] married to Sultan [[Abdul Hakkul Mubin]], the 13th Sultan of Brunei. The Sultan's other daughter, [[Raja Bonda]], married to [[Alauddin Riayat Shah III]], the fifth [[Sultan of Johor]].<ref name="royalark.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.royalark.net/Brunei/brunei5.htm|title=brunei5|website=www.royalark.net}}</ref>

==Reign==
* Sultan Muhammad Hassan was one of the two great [[Sultan of Brunei|Sultans of Brunei]] who caused the expansion of [[Bruneian Empire]]. The other ruler was [[Bolkiah|Sultan Bolkiah]]. According to Silsilah Raja-Raja Berunai, he was a strong ruler who managed to conquer Bajau territories and [[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]]. As part of his conquest, he also ordered Pehin Orang Kaya Di-Gadong Seri Lela to invade Milau in [[Sarawak]].<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>
* He introduced the [[Hukum Kanun Brunei]], which is similar to [[Undang-Undang Melaka]].
* He installed another two positions of [[Viziers]], Pengiran Di-Gadong and Pengiran Pemancha.<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>

==Descendants==
On his coming to Sulu from Brunei around 1609, Raja Bongsu-I also was brought along his royal symbol's called Pulau Janggi (in Sulu) and Sepong Janggi ( in Brunei). Its 1/3 of a Coco de mer seed fruit. This royal symbol was a proof of Pangiran Shahbandar Maharajalela @ Raja Bongsu-I was indeed belongs to Brunei Sultanate royal blood. Since then, this royal symbol was mandated to hold by The Maharajah Adinda family (the Sulu Sultanate 2nd heir-apparent) and NOT by the Kiram or the Shakiraullah families (the Sulu Sultanate 1st Heir-apparent).

In 1978, this royal simbol was sent to Brunei Muzeums for "Safe-Keeping" by the Maharajah Adinda true heir, DATU ALIUDDIN Bin Datu Muhammad Sie ibni Maharajah Adinda Sultan Muhammad Aranan/ Adanan Puyo ibni Raja Muda Datu Bantilan @ Datu Badaruddin ibni Sultan Alimuddin-II ibni Sultan Bantilan Muizuddin ibni Sultan Badaruddin-I ibni Sultan Sultan Salahuddin-Karamat ibni Sultan Mawalil-Wasit-I @ Pangiran Shabandar Maharajalela @ Raja Bongsu-I ibni Sultan Muhammad Hassan. (Refer to: Brunei Muzeums record).

By the death of Datu Aliuddin Bin Datu Muhammad Sie in 2007, his elder son's Datu Zainal Ali Bin Datu Aliuddin then succeeding the Maharajah Adinda families legacy.

{{Sultan of Brunei uncertainties}}

==Death==
His Highness died in 1598 at his Tanjong Chendana palace.<ref name="royalark.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.royalark.net/Brunei/brunei5.htm|title=brunei5|website=www.royalark.net}}</ref> He was buried at [[Kampong Bunga]], [[Tanjong Kindana]], [[Brunei]]. After his demise, he was known as 'Marhum Di Tanjung'.
==See also==
* [[List of Sultans of Brunei]]

==References==
<references />

{{Sultans of Brunei}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hassan, Muhammad}}
[[Category:1500s births]]
[[Category:1598 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century rulers]]
[[Category:16th-century Sultans of Brunei]]

Atua

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{{unreferenced|date=April 2010}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Atua
|nickname=
|settlement_type=District
|image_skyline = The_Social_and_Political_Systems_of_Central_Polynesia_-_Upolu.png
|image_caption= Atua district comprising the eastern third of Upolu Island on map of 1924
|image_flag =
|image_seal =
|image_map = Samoa-Atua.png
|mapsize =
|map_caption = Map of Samoa showing Atua district
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_label_position =
|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Samoa}}
|subdivision_type1 =District
|subdivision_name1 =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|area_magnitude =
|area_total =
|area_land =
|area_water =
|population_as_of =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_footnotes =
|population_metro =
|population_density =
|timezone =-11
|utc_offset =
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|latd=
|longd=
|elevation_m=
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Atua''' is the most ancient [[districts of Samoa|district]] of [[Samoa]], now consisting of most of the eastern section of [[Upolu]] but also traditionally incorporates [[Tutuila]] and once all of Upolu and [[Savaii]]. Lufilufi is the traditional center of the Atua district and is the residence of the royal Tui Atua (King of Atua) title. Governed by the 'Faleono' (House of six) orator group, it is the capital of Atua and is vested with the authority to appoint the Tui Atua. This authority is mirrored by the honorific title of 'Matua o Atua', (the Head, or Elder of Atua) which it holds.

The district has a population (2001 Census) of 21,168.

The paramount lineage is the Tui Atua line. Traditionally, and from the formation of Atua, all honours came from Leifi Ao o Atua (supreme head) who left his younger cousin [[Tui Atua Polailevao]] c. 1300 to care for Leifi's [[malae]] of Lalogafuafua, [[Lufilufi]]. Lalogafuafua being the main central meeting malae of all of Atua district and where all Tui Atua Titles are correctly bestowed.

The Tui Atua is one of the most ancient lineages in Samoa only predated by [[Tui Manu'a]]. Tui Atua alone are direct lineage heirs of the [[Tagaloalagi]] line of kings. The other ancient lines are the Tui Manu'a and the [[Tui A'ana]].

The current Tui Atua is Tama Aiga, former Prime Minister and former Head of State, His Highness Tui Atua '''[[Tupua Tamasese]] Tupuola Tufuga Taisi Efi'''.

{{Atua}}
{{Districts of Samoa}}

{{coord|13|57|S|171|38|W|display=title|region:WS_type:adm1st_scale:10000_source:GNS-enwiki}}
[[Category:Atua (district)| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Samoa]]

{{Samoa-geo-stub}}

Abdul Kahar

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{{Infobox monarch
|name = Abdul Kahar عبد القهار
| image =
| caption =
|succession = [[List of Sultans of Brunei|6th Sultan of Brunei]]
|reign = 1524-1530
|predecessor = [[Bolkiah]]
|suc-type = {{nowrap|Heir apparent}}
|successor = [[Saiful Rijal]]
|spouse = [[Javanese people|Puteri Jawa]] [[Sama-Bajau|Puteri Bajau]]
|issue-link = #Marriage and children
|issue = [[Saiful Rijal]] Pengiran Bendahara Raja Seri Pengiran Bendahara Raja Sakam
| father = [[Bolkiah]]
| mother =
| death_date = 1578
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
'''Abdul Kahar''' was the sixth [[Sultan of Brunei]]. He ruled from 1524 until stepping down from the throne in 1530 to allow his nephew and adopted-son [[Saiful Rijal]] to become Sultan .{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}. When his son ascended to the throne, Abdul Kahar acted as [[Regent]] with the title '''''Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan'''''. After his demise in 1578, he was known as '''Marhum Keramat'''.<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>

{{Sultan of Brunei uncertainties}}

==See also==
* [[List of Sultans of Brunei]]

==References==
<references />

{{Sultans of Brunei}}

{{Brunei-royal-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kahar, Abdul}}
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1578 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century Sultans of Brunei]]

Omar Ali Saifuddin I.

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{{Infobox monarch
|name = Omar Ali Saifuddin I I عمر علي سيف الدين
| image = Omar Ali Saifuddin I.jpg
| caption = Tombstone of Omar Ali Saifuddin I
|succession = [[List of Sultans of Brunei|18th Sultan of Brunei]]
|reign = 1740–1795
|coronation = 1742
|predecessor = [[Muhammad Alauddin]]
|suc-type = {{nowrap|Heir apparent}}
|successor = [[Muhammad Tajuddin]]
|spouse = Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Puteri Nor Alam Pengiran Anak Puteri Pengiran Anak Puteri Bongsu Wan Puteh Dayang Siti Merdewi binti Manteri Omar
|issue-link = #Marriage and children
|issue = Sultan [[Muhammad Tajuddin]] <ref>Pengiran Muda Besar Muhammad Ayub</ref>Sultan [[Muhammad Kanzul Alam]] Pengiran Anak Puteri Babau Pengiran Shahbandar Pengiran Anak Abdul Wahab Pengiran Kesuma Negara Pengiran Anak Abdul Karim Pengiran Kerma Negara Pengiran Anak Apong Pengiran Anak Siti Aishah Pengiran Anak Saleha Pehin Orang Kaya Digadong Seri Nara Indera Pengiran Seri Ahmad<ref> {{Cite book|author=Umar, Jamil|year=2008 |title=Dato Godam |edition=fourth |location=Bandar Seri Begawan |publisher=Pusat Sejarah Brunei |page=251 |isbn=99917-34-37-6}}</ref>
|house = [[Bolkiah]]
| father = [[Muhammad Alauddin]]
| mother = Pengiran Anak Sharbanun
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1711|02|03}}
|birth_place = [[Bandar Seri Begawan|Brunei Town]], [[Brunei]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1795|01|02|1711|02|03}}
|death_place = [[Bandar Seri Begawan|Brunei Town]], [[Brunei]]
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''Omar Ali Saifuddin I''' (died 10 July 1795) was the [[Sultan of Brunei]] from 1740 until his death in 1795. He succeeded his father in law, Sultan [[Hussin Kamaluddin]] as Sultan of Brunei upon the latter's abdication from the throne in 1740.<ref name="royalark.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.royalark.net/Brunei/brunei7.htm|title=brunei7|website=www.royalark.net}}</ref>

==Background==
His Highness was the son of Sultan [[Muhammad Alauddin]] Ibni Al Marhum Pengiran Di-Gadong Pengiran Muda Shah Mubin and [[Pengiran Anak Sharbanun]] binti Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Untong.

==Accession to the Throne==
After Sultan [[Hussin Kamaluddin]] abdicated from the throne, Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddin ascended the throne to become the next Sultan of Brunei. According to Sir [[Hugh Low]], the new Sultan was still very young when he ascended the throne.

==Reign==
* His Highness tried to preserve peace and prosperity in Brunei, as had been done by his predecessor.
* [[Thomas Forrest]] visited Brunei in February 1776.
* His Highness had sent an armed force to attack Manila, led by Pehin Orang Kaya Di-Gadong Seri Lela Awang Aliwaddin. His army defeated the Spaniards in Manila and captured some prisoners.
* Datuk Teting, who defeated the British troops at Balambangan in 1774, tried to arrange an attack on Brunei, but was defeated by Pengiran Temenggong Ampa, who was also the Sultan's uncle.

==Death==
[[File: Mausoleum of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin I.jpg|thumb|left|The mausoleum (dome) of Omar Ali Saifuddin I at [[Kubah Makam Di Raja]], Bandar Seri Begawan.]]
His Highness died on 10 July 1795 and was succeeded by his eldest son, [[Muhammad Tajuddin]]. He was buried at the [[Kubah Makam Di Raja]] in [[Bandar Seri Begawan]]. He was the first Sultan to be buried there. He was known as 'Marhum Makam Besar'.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Muhammad Alauddin]] |
title= [[Sultan of Brunei]] |
years= 1740–1795 |
after= [[Muhammad Tajuddin]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sultans of Brunei}}

{{Brunei-royal-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saifuddin I, Omar Ali}}
[[Category:1795 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Sultans of Brunei]]
[[Category:1711 births]]

Nassaruddin

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{{Infobox monarch
|name = Nasaruddin نصر الدِّين
| title = Marhum Di Kianggeh
|succession = [[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan of Brunei]]
|reign = 1690–1710
|predecessor = [[Muhyiddin]]
|successor = [[Hussin Kamaluddin]]
|house = [[Bolkiah]]
| father = [[Pengiran Muda Besar Abdullah]]
| mother = [[Pengiran Anak Puteri Besar]]
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''Nasruddin''' was the 15th [[Sultan of Brunei]] who ruled from 1690 until 1710.<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref> He succeeded his uncle, [[Muhyiddin of Brunei|Muhyiddin]] as Sultan of Brunei upon the latter's death in 1690.

==Background==
His Highness was the son of [[Pengiran Muda Besar Abdullah]], the son of Sultan [[Abdul Jalilul Akbar]] and [[Pengiran Anak Puteri Besar]], the daughter of Sultan [[Abdul Hakkul Mubin]].

==Accession to the Throne==
Sultan [[Nasruddin]]'s father, [[Pengiran Muda Besar Abdullah]], was the eldest son of Sultan [[Abdul Jalilul Akbar]].<ref name="Umar">{{Cite book|author=Umar, Jamil|year=2008 |title=Dato Godam |edition=fourth |location=Bandar Seri Begawan |publisher=Pusat Sejarah Brunei |page=4 |isbn=99917-34-37-6}}</ref> Being the first son, [[Pengiran Muda Besar Abdullah]] was expected to succeed. However, he did not have the opportunity to rule Brunei. Instead, his younger brother, Sultan [[Abdul Jalilul Jabbar]] succeeded their father in 1659. When Sultan [[Muhyiddin]] died in 1690, his heir was only 11 years old at that time.<ref name="Umar">{{Cite book|author=Umar, Jamil|year=2008 |title=Dato Godam |edition=fourth |location=Bandar Seri Begawan |publisher=Pusat Sejarah Brunei |page=4 |isbn=99917-34-37-6}}</ref> As [[Nasruddin]]'s father was the first son of Sultan [[Abdul Jalilul Akbar]], [[Nasruddin]] was installed as the 15th Sultan of Brunei.

==Reign==
Sultan Nassaruddin was a competent and wise ruler. It was during his rule a prince from [[Pagaruyung]], Raja Umar or [[Dato Godam]] visited Brunei. [[Dato Godam]] was greatly favored by the monarch due to his intelligence and experience in administration. As a result, with his expertise [[Dato Godam]] was recruited by the court to act as an advisor to the Sultan. According to oral traditions, [[Dato Godam]] was adored by Sultan Nassaruddin. This was because he was very impressed with [[Dato Godam]]'s sincerity, capability, and guidance.<ref> {{Cite book|author=Umar, Jamil|year=2008 |title=Dato Godam |edition=fourth |location=Bandar Seri Begawan |publisher=Pusat Sejarah Brunei |page=6 |isbn=99917-34-37-6}}</ref>

When [[Dato Godam]]'s father, [[Datu Bendahara Harun]] of Minangkabau, [[Pagaruyung]], sent envoys to trace him and finally discovered him in Brunei, [[Dato Godam]] was ordered to return to his homeland. When the envoys received an audience with Sultan Nassaruddin at [[Lapau]] explaining that [[Dato Godam]] had to return in order to succeed his father, the Sultan was reluctant. Finally, the Sultan agreed to permit [[Dato Godam]] and his eldest son [[Manteri Uban]] or Abdul Rahman to return. Nevertheless, [[Dato Godam]]'s second son, [[Manteri Puteh]] or Dato Said stayed.

When [[Dato Godam]] was about to depart, Sultan Nassaruddin promised him that he and the next rulers of Brunei would give rewards and privileges to the descendants of [[Dato Godam]].<ref> {{Cite book|author=Umar, Jamil|year=2008 |title=Dato Godam |edition=fourth |location=Bandar Seri Begawan |publisher=Pusat Sejarah Brunei |page=8 |isbn=99917-34-37-6}}</ref> It was from here that some of the descendants of [[Dato Godam]] were given the 'Manteri' title by the next [[Sultan of Brunei]].

==Death==
His Highness died in 1710. He was buried at [[Makam Diraja Kianggeh]].<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref> After his death, he was known as 'Marhum Di [[Kianggeh]]'. He was succeeded by his cousin Sultan [[Hussin Kamaluddin]].

==References==
<references />

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Muhyiddin]] |
title= [[Sultan of Brunei]] |
years= 1690–1710 |
after= [[Hussin Kamaluddin]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sultans of Brunei}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nasruddin}}
[[Category:1710 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Sultans of Brunei]]

Muhammad Tajuddin

2018-02-07T23:45:01Z

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{{linkrot|date=February 2018}}

{{Infobox monarch
|name = Muhammad Tajuddin محمد تاجو الدين
|image = Sultan_Muhammad_Tajuddin.jpg
|caption = Tombstone of Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin at [[Kubah Makam Di Raja]]
|succession = [[List of Sultans of Brunei|19th Sultan of Brunei]]
|reign-type = 1st reign
|reign = 1778-1804
|predecessor = [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]]
|successor = [[Muhammad Jamalul Alam I]]
|reign-type1 = 2nd reign
|reign1 = 1804 – 1807
|predecessor1 = [[Muhammad Jamalul Alam I]]
|successor1 = [[Muhammad Kanzul Alam]]
|spouse = [[Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Bulan]] Dayang Asiah binti Manteri Husain
|issue-link = #Marriage and children
|issue = [[Muhammad Jamalul Alam I]] Pengiran Muda Saiful Rijal Pengiran Temenggong Pengiran Anak Muhammad Yusuf Pengiran Anak Yakub
|house = [[Bolkiah]]
| father = [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]]
| mother = [[Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Nuralam]]
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''Muhammad Tajuddin''' was the 19th [[Sultan of Brunei]].<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref> He succeeded his father [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]] in 1778 and ruled until 1804 when he voluntarily abdicated in favour of his eldest son, [[Muhammad Jamalul Alam I]] in April 1804. Nevertheless, his son [[Muhammad Jamalul Alam I]] only ruled less than a year as he died in November 1804. As a consequence, Muhammad Tajuddin ascended to the throne for the second time. He ruled until his death in 1807.

==Background==
Muhammad Tajuddin was the eldest son of [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]] by his second wife, [[Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Nuralam]]. He was the half-brother of [[Muhammad Kanzul Alam]] who later succeeded him as the 21st [[Sultan of Brunei]] and [[Pengiran Shahbandar Pengiran Anak Abdul Wahab]], the father of 24th Sultan of Brunei, [[Abdul Momin]].

As he was the eldest and legitimate son of [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]], he was installed as the heir to Brunei throne with the title of 'Yang Di-Pertuan Muda' by his father.<ref name="royalark.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.royalark.net/Brunei/brunei8.htm|title=brunei8|website=www.royalark.net}}</ref>
==Reign==
[[File:Batu_Tarsilah.jpg|thumb|left|Batu Tarsilah at [[Kubah Makam Di Raja]], [[Bandar Seri Begawan]].]]
*Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin commanded [[Khatib Haji Abdul Latif]] to write [[Silsilah Raja-Raja Berunai]]. The [[Batu Tarsilah]], a stone tablet that describes the Genealogy of the Sultans of Brunei in [[Jawi alphabet]] was completed during his rule.<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>
* He instructed [[Khatib Haji Abdul Latif]] to obtain 'Rumah Waqaf' for Brunei's pilgrims in [[Mecca]].<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>
* He sent envoys to [[Qing]] China for marketizing Brunei's products.<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>
* He was keen to normalize Brunei's relations with Spain who made a presence in the [[Philippines]] by sending an envoy there.<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>

==Death==
Muhammad Tajuddin died in 1807.<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref> He was buried at [[Kubah Makam Di Raja]] in [[Bandar Seri Begawan]]. His tombstone is situated near the resting place of his son, [[Muhammad Jamalul Alam I]], and his grandson, [[Omar Ali Saifuddin II]].

He was succeeded by his half-brother, [[Muhammad Kanzul Alam]].<ref name="royalark.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.royalark.net/Brunei/brunei8.htm|title=brunei8|website=www.royalark.net}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]] |
title= [[Sultan of Brunei]] |
years= 1778-1804 |
after= [[Muhammad Jamalul Alam I]]
}}
{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Muhammad Jamalul Alam I]] |
title= [[Sultan of Brunei]] |
years= 1804-1807 |
after= [[Muhammad Kanzul Alam]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sultans of Brunei}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammad Tajuddin}}
[[Category:1807 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Sultans of Brunei]]

Muhammad Kanzul Alam

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{{Infobox monarch
|name = Muhammad Kanzul Alam محمد كنذول عالم
| image = Muhammad Kanzul Alam.jpg
| caption = Tombstone of Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam at [[Kubah Makam Di Raja]]
|succession = [[List of Sultans of Brunei|21st Sultan of Brunei]]
|reign = 1807-1826
|predecessor = [[Muhammad Tajuddin]]
|suc-type = {{nowrap|Heir apparent}}
|successor = [[Muhammad Alam]]
|spouse = Pengiran Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Pengiran Isteri Pengiran Anak Nur Salam Pengiran Anak Salama Puteri [[Iranun]]<ref name="royalark.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.royalark.net/Brunei/brunei8.htm|title=brunei8|website=www.royalark.net}}</ref>
|issue-link = #Marriage and children
|issue = [[Muhammad Alam]] [[Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Puteri Nuralam]] Pengiran Muda Pasar Pengiran Muda Hassan Pengiran Bendahara [[Pengiran Muda Hashim]] Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Muda Muhammad Pengiran Muda Muhammad Ahad Pengiran Anak Badaruddin Pengiran Anak Jalaluddin Pengiran Anak Ismail Pengiran Anak Muhammad Tajuddin Pengiran Anak Abdul Kadir Pengiran Anak Ja’afar Pengiran Anak Marsala

|house = [[Bolkiah]]
| father = [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]]
| mother = Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Putri binti Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''Muhammad Kanzul Alam''' was the 21st [[Sultan of Brunei]]. He succeeded his half-brother, [[Muhammad Tajuddin]] in 1807 and ruled until his abdication in 1826. Before he was proclaimed as Sultan, he was installed as [[Pengiran Di-Gadong Sahibul Mal]], one of the [[Viziers]] of [[Brunei]]. He acted as a Regent to his half-brother after the demise of his nephew and son-in-law, [[Muhammad Jamalul Alam I]].<ref name="royalark.net"/>

==Background==
His Highness was the son of [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]] by his wife, Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Putri. He was the half-brother of [[Muhammad Tajuddin]], the 19th Sultan of Brunei, and Pengiran Shahbandar Pengiran Anak Abdul Wahab, the father of the 24th Sultan of Brunei, [[Abdul Momin]].

His daughter, [[Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Nuralam]], was married to Sultan [[Muhammad Jamalul Alam I]], the 21st Sultan of Brunei. Thus, His Highness was the maternal grandfather of Sultan [[Omar Ali Saifuddin II]].

==Reign==
* He encouraged the use of [[Brunei pitis]] currency for the merchants.<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>
* The monarch appointed [[Pengiran Indera Mahkota Mohammad Salleh]] to head as Governor of [[Sarawak]].<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>
* He built a close rapport with [[William Farquhar]], the first British [[Resident of Singapore]] by exchanging letters.<ref name="borneobulletin.com.bn">{{cite web|url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/sultan-muhammad-kanzul-alam-passionate-leader/|title=Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam: A passionate leader – Borneo Bulletin Online|date=8 May 2017|publisher=}}</ref> One of the letters is currently stored at the [[Library of Congress]],[[Washington DC]].<ref name="borneobulletin.com.bn"/>
* As a diplomatic ruler, he reaffirmed Brunei's ties with other Western powers including [[Spain]], [[the Netherlands]], and [[the United States]].<ref name="borneobulletin.com.bn"/>

==Death==
His Highness was buried at [[Kubah Makam Di Raja]], [[Bandar Seri Begawan]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Muhammad Tajuddin]] |
title= [[Sultan of Brunei]] |
years= 1807-1826 |
after= [[Muhammad Alam]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sultans of Brunei}}

{{Brunei-royal-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammad Alam}}
[[Category:19th-century Sultans of Brunei]]

Muhammad Jamalul Alam I.

2018-02-07T23:44:37Z

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{{refimprove|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox monarch
|name = Muhammad Jamalul Alam I 
| image = Tomb_of_Sultan_Muhammad_Jamalul_Alam_I.jpg
| caption = Tombstone of Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam I at [[Kubah Makam Di Raja]].
|succession = [[List of Sultans of Brunei|20th Sultan of Brunei]]
|reign = 1804
|predecessor = [[Muhammad Tajuddin]]
|suc-type = {{nowrap|Heir apparent}}
|successor = [[Omar Ali Saifuddin II]]
|successor2 = [[Muhammad Tajuddin]]
|spouse = [[Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Puteri Nur Alam]] Ampuan Mariam
|issue-link = #Marriage and children
|issue = Pengiran Di-Gadong Sahibul Mal Pengiran Anak Muhammad Tajuddin [[Omar Ali Saifuddin II]] Pengiran Muda Muta Alam Pengiran Anak Putri (married Sultan [[Abdul Momin]])<ref name="royalark.net"/>
|house = [[Bolkiah]]
| father = [[Muhammad Tajuddin]]
| mother = Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Bulan
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''Muhammad Jamalul Alam I''' was the 20th [[Sultan of Brunei]] who ruled less than a year.<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref> He ascended to the throne in April 1804 upon the voluntary abdication of his father, [[Muhammad Tajuddin]].

==Background==
Muhammad Jamalul Alam I was the son of Sultan [[Muhammad Tajuddin]] by his first wife, Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Bulan binti Pengiran Di-Gadong Sahibul Mal Pengiran Anak Abdul.<ref name="royalark.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.royalark.net/Brunei/brunei8.htm|title=brunei8|website=www.royalark.net}}</ref>
He married to his first half-cousin, Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Nuralam binti Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam whom she bore him Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II and a princess who was married to [[Abdul Momin]], the 24th Sultan of Brunei.<ref name="royalark.net"/> He also bore a prince, Pengiran Di-Gadong Sahibul Mal Pengiran Anak Muhammad Tajuddin by his junior wife, Ampuan Mariam.

==Death==
Muhammad Jamalul Alam I died in November 1804 after ruling for seven months.<ref name="royalark.net"/> He was buried at [[Kubah Makam Di Raja]], [[Bandar Seri Begawan]].<ref name="royalark.net"/> He was succeeded by his father, [[Muhammad Tajuddin]], who ascended to the throne for the second time as his heir, [[Omar Ali Saifuddin II]], was a minor at that time.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Muhammad Tajuddin]] |
title= [[Sultan of Brunei]] |
years= 1804 |
after= [[Muhammad Tajuddin]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sultans of Brunei}}

{{Brunei-royal-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammad Jamalul Alam I}}
[[Category:1804 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Sultans of Brunei]]

Muhammad Alauddin

2018-02-07T23:44:25Z

SimplexityBot: Removing links to current page

{{EngvarB|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{refimprove|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox monarch
|name = Muhammad Alauddin محمد الدين
|succession = [[List of Sultans of Brunei|17th Sultan of Brunei]]
|reign = 1730-1737
|predecessor = [[Hussin Kamaluddin]]
|suc-type = {{nowrap|Heir apparent}}
|successor = [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]]
|spouse = Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Bulan Pengiran Anak Sharbanun
|issue-link = #Marriage and children
|issue = Pengiran Temenggong Pengiran Amirul Bahar [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]] Pengiran Anak Muta Alam Pengiran Pemancha Pengiran Anak Kassim Pengiran Anak Saleha
|house = [[Bolkiah]]
| father = [[Pengiran Di-Gadong Shahmubin]]
| mother = Pengiran Anak Besar
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''Muhammad Alauddin''' was the 17th [[Sultan of Brunei]] who ruled from 1730 until his death in 1737.<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>

==Background==
'''Muhammad Alauddin''' was the son of [[Pengiran Di-Gadong Shahmubin]], the son of Sultan [[Muhyiddin]] and [[Pengiran Anak Besar]], the daughter of [[Pengiran Muda Besar Abdullah]] (eldest son of [[Abdul Jalilul Akbar]]).<ref name="royalark.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.royalark.net/Brunei/brunei6.htm|title=brunei6|website=www.royalark.net}}</ref>

==Reign==
The Sultan is known in Brunei history for ordering [[Datu Imam Yaakub]] to write the 'Salasilah Sultan-Sultan Brunei' or Genealogy of the Sultans of Brunei.<ref name="Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei">{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>The genealogical framework would serve as a guide for [[Haji Abdul Latif]] to craft and complete the [[Batu Tarsilah]] during the reign of Sultan [[Muhammad Tajuddin]]. Until today, the [[Batu Tarsilah]] serves as a historical source for local and foreign academics to study the history of Brunei.

Under his rule, he introduced [[Brunei pitis]] currency.<ref name="royalark.net"/>

==Spanish account==
According to the Spanish records, the Spanish made a contact with the Sultan of Brunei, Muhammad Alauddin, in 1682 who were attempting to conclude a treaty. The Spanish-Brunei treaty was finally signed in 1685 which bears the name of the Sultan 'Sultan Mahamat Alaodin Rey de la isla de Borney'.<ref name="Saunders">{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Saunders, Graham |year=1994 |title=A History of Brunei |edition=first |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=64 |isbn=967-65-3049-2}}</ref> The treaty permitted the Spanish to send Chinese merchants to Brunei.<ref name="Saunders"/> In return, Brunei vowed to lend assistance to the Spanish in quelling the [[Sama-Bajau]] who were harassing the Spanish controlled parts of the [[Philippines]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Saunders, Graham |year=1994 |title=A History of Brunei |edition=first |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=65 |isbn=967-65-3049-2}}</ref>

Interestingly, the Spanish sources mention that Sultan Muhammad Alauddin had no legitimate heir to succeed him. The sources clarify that the Spaniards were amazed at Pengiran Bendahara whom the Spanish viewed as an able and energetic man.<ref name="auto"/> Pengiran Bendahara was the first in line to the throne. This seems to suggest that Pengiran Bendahara eventually succeeded Muhammad Alauddin.

==Uncertainties==
Sultan Muhammad Alauddin was mentioned in the Spanish records which described that he ruled Brunei around the mid 17th century. However, the Spanish sources are not idential to those of Brunei's sources which are the 'Silsilah' and [[Batu Tarsilah]]. The Spanish sources describe the monarch had no legitimate heir. The Spanish assumed that the Pengiran Bendahara might be the one who eventually succeeds him.

In contrast, according to Brunei's tradition, Sultan Muhammad Alauddin was succeeded by his cousin, [[Hussin Kamaluddin]], who ascended to the throne for the second time in 1737, and later his eldest son, [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]] in 1740 after [[Hussin Kamaluddin]] abdicated.

==Death==
Muhammad Alauddin died in 1737. He was succeeded by [[Hussin Kamaluddin]] who ascended to the throne for the second time. His son, [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]] finally succeeded him after [[Hussin Kamaluddin]] abdicated in 1740.

==References==
<references />

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Hussin Kamaluddin]] |
title= [[Sultan of Brunei]] |
years= 1730–1737 |
after= [[Hussin Kamaluddin]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sultans of Brunei}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammad Alauddin}}
[[Category:1737 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Sultans of Brunei]]

Lahore Metrobus

2018-02-07T22:26:22Z

SimplexityBot: Removing links to current page

{{Infobox bus line
|number = Lahore Metrobus {{Nastaliq|لاہور میٹرو بس}}
|logo = Punjab Metrobus Authority Logo.png
|logo_width =
|image = Lahore Bus Service at Central Station, Lahore.jpg
|image_width = 250px
|caption =
|bgcolor = #{{LahoreMetrobus color|red}}
|titlecolor = #ffffff
|routetype = [[Bus Rapid Transit]]
|status =
|system = Lahore Metrobus
|operator = [[Punjab Mass Transit Authority]]
|vehicle =
|locale = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
|start = [[Shahdara Metrobus Terminal Station|Shahdara Terminal]]
|via =
|end = [[Gajjumata Metrobus Terminal Station|Gajjumata Terminal]]
|stops = 27
|ridership = 180,000-220,000<ref
name="facebook.com">https://www.facebook.com/pages/Development-in-Lahore/395736037168546</ref><ref name="Ridership">[http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/lahore/03-Mar-2013/metro-muted-critics-says-shahbaz Metro muted critics], [[The Nation (Pakistan)]]. Retrieved on 21 March 2013</ref>
|open = 11 February 2013
|frequency =
|fare =
|map = {{Infobox RDT|LahoreMetrobus|navbar=1|legend=0}}
|map_state = show
|}}

The '''Lahore Metrobus''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|'''لاہور میٹرو بس'''}}}}) is a [[bus rapid transit]] service operating in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]].<ref>http://pakvisit.com/pakistan/metrobus.html</ref> Lahore Metrobus service is integrated with [[Lahore Transport Company]]'s local bus service to operate as one urban transport system, providing seamless transit service across [[Lahore District]] with connections to neighboring suburban communities. The Lahore Metrobus was designed to be opened in stages, with the first stage opening on 11 February 2013 stretching from [[Gajumata]] to [[Shahdara Bagh|Shahadra]]. The 27 km stretch was opened during a ceremony by Punjab Chief Minister [[Shahbaz Sharif]] along with Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey [[Bekir Bozdağ]]. The second and third stages have been put on hold, as proposals have been put forth to convert the remaining stages to light rail. The [[Orange Line (Lahore Metro)|Orange Line]] of the [[Lahore Metro]] was initially planned as a [[Bus Rapid Transit|BRT]].

== History ==

[[Lahore Transport Company]] was established in 1984 to ease the traffic conditions of [[Lahore]] and improve bus services. LTC got all the transport responsibilities of traveling in Lahore in December 2009. A BRTS fleet of 650 Buses was introduced. It was given name "[[Lahore Transport Company|TransLahore]]". However, the BRTS did not have dedicated lanes and had to share roads with regular traffic with no right of way privileges. This resulted in a system that was a BRTS only in name.

===Planning===
After 20 years of discussion, the ambitious [[Lahore Metro]], which had first been proposed in 1991 was abandoned in favour of a bus transit system, inspired by the successful [[Metrobus (Istanbul)|Istanbul Metrobus system]]. Plans were developed in the last quarter of 2011 by both local and Turkish experts.

===Construction===
Construction of the project was divided into different packages and was awarded to different contractors. M/s Zahir Khan & Brothers in Joint venture with M/s Reliable Engineering Services (Pvt.) Limited constructed the major part of the Flyover including two elevated rotaries for BRTS.[[Habib Construction Services]] construct the down ramp to taxali gate of flyover.<ref>[http://hcs.com.pk/index.php/projects/projects-completed#projectsinprogress Habib Construction Services Completed Projects]</ref> Construction project started in March 2012 and buses entered service in February 2013. The system, which was constructed by the Traffic Engineering and Planning Agency (TEPA), a subsidiary of the [[Lahore Development Authority]] (LDA) at a cost [[Rupee|Rs]] 29.8 billion.<ref name=rameez>{{cite news|last=Khan|first=Rameez|title=Rapid Bus Transit System: Plans for First Bus-Only Road Stretch Extended|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/335934/rapid-bus-transit-system-plans-for-first-bus-only-road-stretch-extended/|newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=14 February 2012}}</ref> The system was built on the [[build–operate–transfer]] basis via the collaboration between the Punjab and the Turkish government.

The system was inaugurated by [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan|Chief Minister]], [[Mian Shahbaz Sharif]] on February 11, 2013, in a ceremony attended by [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey|Deputy Prime Minister]] [[Bekir Bozdağ]], [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] and [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]] chief [[Nawaz Sharif]], as well as ambassadors from a number of other countries. The [[List of mayors of Istanbul|Mayor of Istanbul]], [[Kadir Topbaş]], also announced a gift of 100 buses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dawn.com/2012/03/13/turkish-mayor-gifts-100-buses-for-brt/|title=Turkish mayor gifts 100 buses for BRT|publisher=Dawn(Newspaper)|date=2012-03-12|accessdate=2013-02-13}}</ref> It is Pakistan's first [[bus rapid transit]] system.

===Operation===
Lahore MBS currently operates a fleet of 86 buses. The buses run on a single 28.7 km long [[Ferozepur Road]] corridor with two other corridors being planned. Buses on the current route have an average speed of 26 km/h.<ref name=ltc_study>{{cite web|title=Lahore BRT System Study|url=http://www.ltc.gop.pk/downloads/PIM-BRT.pdf|work=Lahore Transport Company|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref> The system uses e-ticketing and [[Intelligent Transportation System]] wand. System operations are managed by the Punjab Metrobus Authority (PMBA), though IT services are handled in coordination with Punjab IT Board.

Following the initiation ceremony, use of the system was to be free during the first month. However, following a week of chaos and overcrowding, a fare of Rs. 20 (US$0.2) was imposed irrespective of the destination.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hustle of Metro Bus fades after withdrawal of free service|url=http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/lahore/18-Feb-2013/hustle-of-metro-bus-fades-after-withdrawal-of-free-service|work=The Nation}}</ref>

According to the [[Lahore Transport Company]], the daily ridership of the Metrobus exceeds 180,000<ref name="facebook.com"/> with the peak hourly ridership being 10,000 [[passengers per hour per direction]] (p/h/d). Studies conducted by the transport company claim that this figure will increase by 222% to 20,000 p/h/d in 2021.<ref name=ltc_study /> To keep the cost affordable for everyone [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Government]] has to pay Rs 40 as subsidy on each Re 20 ticket.<ref>Rs2b subsidy on metro bus as CM refuses fare hike|http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-5-186033-Rs2b-subsidy-on-metro-bus-as-CM-refuses-fare-hike</ref><ref>Metro Bus Service: Punjab pays Rs5m per day as subsidy|http://tribune.com.pk/story/780840/metro-bus-service-punjab-pays-rs5m-per-day-as-subsidy/</ref><ref>Is Metro Bus a success story?|http://nation.com.pk/lahore/23-Jan-2014/is-metro-bus-a-success-story</ref>

== Design ==
The Lahore Metrobus meets the criteria laid out by the [[Institute for Transportation and Development Policy]]. It has barrier-controlled, automated off-board fare collection, a service interval of less than 2 minutes during peak hours, stations with well-designed signage and information systems and a precision bus docking system (See: ''[[Guided Bus]]''). The terminal approach system has [[escalators]] and underground, subway-styled approach tubes. Due to these approach tubes, prospective passengers don't have to cross high-speed roads to get to the stations, but go below them instead, an example of a segregated [[Right-of-way (transportation)|Right-of-way]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Khan|first=Gulraiz|title=Metrobus: A folly or far-sighted?|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/536685/is-the-lahore-metrobus-a-folly-or-far-sighted/|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> The stations have parking spaces for motorbikes and cycles while the two terminals provide car-parking facilities as well.<ref>{{cite web|title=PMA - Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.pma.punjab.gov.pk/faqs|work=Punjab Metrobus Authority|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref>

=== Ticketing===
Two types of ticketing systems exist at the Metrobus terminals:
* Single-ride tokens that are good for one journey only and can be purchased for Rs. 20 (US$0.20) at the on-site ticket booth or the self-service [[Ticket machine|Ticket Vending Machines]] (TVM).
* Metrobus Cards that can be utilized for multiple journeys. These [[RFID]]-based cards are [[credit-card]] sized and are previously available at the Metro Bus ticket offices for a refundable amount of Rs. 130 (US$1.33) but are free of cost since December 2017 on showing your national identity card or Form-B in case you are younger than 18. These cards can be recharged to a maximum balance of Rs. 1000 (US$10) at the TVMs. The Metrobus cards remove the hassle of standing in a queue for a token and card-holders can proceed directly to the terminal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Travel Cards & Tokens|url=http://www.pma.punjab.gov.pk/TravelCardsTokens|work=Punjab Metrobus Authority}}</ref> Same card cab also be used on the feeder routes of Metro Bus.

==Expansion==
The Punjab Government in April 2015 approved the expansion of Lahore Metrobus. 15 km track will added on current route. On Northern end it will be expanded 10 km from [[Shahdara]] to [[Kala Shah Kaku]] and on Southern end it will be expanded 5 km from [[Gajjumata]] to Kahna.<ref name=metro_lhr>{{cite web|last=Khan|first=Rameez|title=Public transport: Govt to order studies on new Metro Bus projects|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/587346/public-transport-govt-to-order-studies-on-new-metro-bus-projects/|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=6 August 2013}}</ref>

==Incidents==

===Overheating vehicles, May 2013===
During late May 2013, the Metrobuses started to develop an over-heating problem as the temperatures in the city crossed 45[[Degree Celsius|°C]]. The air-conditioners gave away and the engines started blowing fumes. Passengers had to bear sweltering heat in the congested buses as well as constant stoppages.<ref>{{cite web |last=Aziz|first=Umair|title=Metro Malfunctions: Imported Buses Can't Bear Local Heat |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/06/03/city/lahore/metro-malfunctions-imported-buses-cannot-bear-local-heat/|work=Pakistan Today|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> Punjab Metrobus Authority's [[public relations]] officer, Amir Masood, told the media that when the buses were imported the manufacturers, [[Sweden]]-based [[AB Volvo|Volvo]] and [[China]]-based Sunwin, were told to provide buses that could remain operational in temperatures approaching 51 °C. When the operation error came to surface, Masood said that the suppliers are being fined and the further import of buses from them is halted. To counter the problem, new air-conditioning units were fitted in the buses in late June 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Khan|first=Ramiz |title=Hot in here: Metro buses to test new air-conditioners this week |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/564226/hot-in-here-metro-buses-to-test-new-air-conditioners-this-week/ |work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref>

==Related Projects==
The [[Government of Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab Government]], in the development program of 2013-14, proposed similar Metrobus projects for [[Rawalpindi]], [[Faisalabad]] and [[Multan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Metro bus to hit Pindi, Faisalabad and Multan roads soon|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/06/22/city/lahore/metro-bus-to-hit-pindi-faisalabad-and-multan-roads-soon/|work=Pakistan Today}}</ref> Metrobus in [[Islamabad]] and [[Rawalpindi]] was inaugurated on 4 June 2015 by the Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite web|title=PM Nawaz Sharif to inaugurate Rawalpindi Islamabad Metro Bus Service Today|url=http://www.thenewsteller.com/pakistan/pm-nawaz-sharif-to-inaugurate-rawalpindi-islamabad-metro-bus-service-today/16943|work=The News Teller}}</ref>
[[Multan Metrobus]] was inaugurated on 24 January 2017 by PM Nawaz Sharif.
[[Karachi Metrobus]] and Faisalabad Metrobus<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/04/15/shahbaz-sharif-announces-metro-bus-service-for-faisalabad/|title= Shahbaz Sharif Announces Metro Bus Service for Faisalabad|newspaper= Pakistan Today|date= April 15, 2017|accessdate= April 16, 2017}}</ref> have also been planned and their construction has just been started.

== See also ==
* [[Transport in Lahore]]
* [[List of bus routes in Lahore]]
* [[Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus]]
* [[Multan Metrobus]]
* [[Karachi Metrobus]]
* [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ashotech.pakistanmetrobus Metro App]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.pma.punjab.gov.pk/ Punjab Metrobus Authority]
The Metrobus Route
* [http://tribune.com.pk/story/412943/a-rapid-transit-system-for-lahore Tribune (Newspaper)]
* [http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/letters/08-Aug-2012/bus-rapid-transit-system The Nation (Pakistani Newspaper) ]
* Guide of [http://dmoz.pk/Provinces/Punjab/Districts/Lahore/ Lahore]
* [http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-5-125478-Rapid-Bus-Transit-System The News (Newspaper)]
* [http://dawn.com/2012/06/27/brt-likely-to-become-operational-by-september DAWN (Pakistani News Paper)]
* {{cite news|url=http://www.pndpunjab.gov.pk/ppp_cell/LRMIS.html|location=Pakistan|title=Punjab Government Lahore bus mass transit system}}

{{Lahore Metrobus}}
{{Public transport in Lahore}}
{{Bus rapid transit in Pakistan}}

[[Category:Bus rapid transit]]
[[Category:Transport in Lahore]]
[[Category:Bus rapid transit in Pakistan]]

Hussin Kamaluddin

2018-02-07T21:02:41Z

SimplexityBot: Removing links to current page

{{Infobox Sultan
|name = Hussin Kamaluddin حسين كاملدن
| title = Sultan Kamaluddin Malik Al Dzahir
|succession = [[List of Sultans of Brunei|16th Sultan of Brunei]]
|reign-type = 1st reign
|reign = 1710 – 1730
|predecessor = [[Nassaruddin]]
|successor = [[Muhammad Alauddin]]
|reign-type1 = 2nd reign
|reign1 = 1737 – {{nowrap|1740}}
|predecessor1 = Muhammad Alauddin
|successor1 = [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]]
|spouse = [[Puteri Raja Buwono Maimun]] 
|issue-link = #Marriage and children
|issue = '''Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Bulan''' '''Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Putri''' '''Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Nur Alam''' '''Pengiran Isteri Bongsu''' Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Anak Untong (buried at Makam Diraja Tanah Tulen [[Dumpil Meruntum]], [[Sabah]])<ref name="instagram.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/_tHg71JWM4/|title=Instagram post by @bruneiroyalfamily • Dec 25, 2015 at 6:36am UTC|website=Instagram.com|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref> Pengiran Di-Gadong Pengiran Anak Abdul Pengiran Di-Gadong Pengiran Anak Tajuddin Pengiran Paduka Tuan Pengiran Kamar Indera Pengiran Anak Tuah Pengiran Aank Nelang Pengiran Anak Untong Pengiran Anak Badaruddin Pengiran Anak Kadir Pengiran Anak Apong Pengiran Seri Banum Pengiran Seri Rama
|house = [[Bolkiah]]
| father = [[Muhammad Ali (Brunei)|Muhammad Ali]]
|death_date = 1740
|death_place = [[Makam Di Luba]], [[Brunei]]
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

Hussin Kamaluddin was the 16th [[Sultan of Brunei]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hmjubliemas.gov.bn/Documents/pdf/Buku%20Sejarah%20Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei.pdf|format=PDF|title=Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei|website=Hmjubliemas.gov.bn|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref> He ascended to the throne in 1710 succeeding his cousin, Sultan [[Nassaruddin]] and ruled until his abdication in 1730. After the demise of Sultan [[Muhammad Alauddin]] in 1737, Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin ascended to the throne for the second time until his abdication in 1740.<ref name="royalark.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.royalark.net/Brunei/brunei7.htm|title=Brunei7|website=Royalark.net|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>

==Background==
His Highness was the son of [[Muhammad Ali (Brunei)|Muhammad Ali]], the 12th [[Sultan of Brunei]].<ref name="royalark.net"/> His two daughters, [[Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Noralam]] and [[Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Putri]] were married to Sultan [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]].<ref name="royalark.net"/>

==Reign==
*His Highness appointed his son, Pengiran [[Bendahara]] Pengiran Anak Untong, as [[Raja]] of [[Dumpil Meruntum]], [[Sabah]] in 1730.<ref name="instagram.com"/>
*[[Brunei pitis]] was encouraged. During his reign, gold pitis coins were minted that containe a picture of a cat and the Sultan's title, 'Sultan Kamaluddin Malik Al Dzahir'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imgrum.org/media/1212080660028940673_1809797391|title=The gold Pitis coin of Sultan Husin Kamaluddin, the 16th Sultan of Brunei (1710-1730 and 1737-1740). - bruneiroyalfamily|website=Insgrum.org|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>The pitis is also known as 'Kuching Mas' or Golden Cat.
*During the Sultan's rule, civil war might occur in [[Brunei]]. Another theory is [[Brunei]] might have a conflict with other regional kingdoms such as [[Sulu]]. These assumptions are based on the evidence of the Sultan's [[plate armour]] which bears the old royal emblem. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imgrum.org/media/1241766003321692497_1809797391|title=Topi besi Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin, Sultan Brunei yang ke 16. #sejarah #bruneiroyalfamily - bruneiroyalfamily|website=Insgrum.org|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imgrum.org/media/1241736327454876296_1809797391|title=Sarung tangan Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin, Sultan Brunei yang ke 16 ini secara keseluruhannya diperbuat - bruneiroyalfamily|website=Insgrum.org|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/149499569@N04/34359702043/in/photostream/|title=Baju besi milik Sultan Husin Kamaluddin, Sultan Brunei yang ke 16|website=Flickr.com|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref>

==Dutch account==
The [[Dutch people|Dutch]] from [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]], present-day [[Jakarta]], sent a letter to the ruler of Brunei on 1 September 1721.<ref name="royalark.net1">{{cite web|url=https://www.royalark.net/Brunei/brunei6.htm|title=Brunei6|website=Royalark.net|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref> In the letter, the Dutch addressed the ruler as 'Paduka Seri Sultan Ma-Alam Malicu '''Mataram''' Lalulla Fil Alam'. The last part of the Sultan's title is translated as 'Malik al-Zahir Zillu'llahi fil-Alam. However, the Sultan's personal name in the letter, 'Ma-Alam', is debatable.<ref name="royalark.net1"/> It is possible that the Dutch referred to was Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin as one of the Sultan's wives was a princess from [[Mataram Sultanate|Mataram]], [[Puteri Raja Buwono Maimun]].

==Death==
[[File: Mausoleum of Hussin Kamaluddin, the 16th Sultan of Brunei.jpg|thumb|left|Mausoleum of Hussin Kamaluddin at [[Makam Di Luba]].]]
His Highness died in 1740. He was buried at [[Makam Di Luba]] in the outskirt of [[Bandar Seri Begawan]]. After his death, he was known as 'Marhum Di Luba'. He was succeeded by his son-in-law Sultan [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]].
{{-}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Nassaruddin]] |
title= [[Sultan of Brunei]] |
years= 1710–1730 |
after= [[Muhammad Alauddin]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sultans of Brunei}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamaluddin, Hussin}}
[[Category:1740 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Sultans of Brunei]]

Erebuni (Jerewan)

2018-02-07T19:40:50Z

SimplexityBot: Removing links to current page

{{coord|40|08|23|N|44|31|40|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name =Erebuni
|native_name =Էրեբունի
|pushpin_map =
|mapsize =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Armenia]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of Armenia|Marz (Province)]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Yerevan]]
|leader_title = Mayor of District
|leader_name = Armen Harutyunyan
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_total_km2 = 48
|area_footnotes =
|population_as_of = 2011 census
|population_total = 123,092
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone = [[Armenia Time|AMT]]
|utc_offset = +4
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|coordinates = {{coord|40|08|23|N|44|31|40|E|region:AM|display=inline}}
|elevation_m =
|area_code =
|website =
|image_skyline=2014 Erywań, Erebuni, Widok z twierdzy Erebuni (11).jpg
|image_caption=Erebuni as seen from [[Erebuni fortress]] (''Arin Berd'')
|imagesize = 300px
|image_map=Yerevan Erebuni district.png
}}

'''Erebuni''' ({{lang-hy|Էրեբունի վարչական շրջան}}, ''Erebuni varčakan šrĵan''), is one of the [[Districts of Yerevan|12 districts]] of [[Yerevan]], the capital of [[Armenia]]. It is situated southeast of the city centre where [[Erebuni Fortress]] is located. The name of Yerevan itself is derived from ancient ''Erebuni''.

Erebuni is bordered by [[Shengavit District]] from the west, [[Kentron district|Kentron]], [[Nork-Marash district|Nork-Marash]] and [[Nor Nork district|Nor Nork]] districts from the north, [[Kotayk Province]] from the east, [[Nubarashen district]] and [[Kotayk Province]] from the south.<ref>[https://www.yerevan.am/am/districts/erebuni/ Erebuni at Yerevan.am]</ref>

==Overview==
[[File:Erevan - Vue générale 01.JPG|thumb|left|General view of the district with the Erebuni street within the [[Nor Aresh]] neighbourhood]]
Erebuni has an area of 48 km² (21.52% of Yerevan city area), out of which 29 km² are occupied by residential or commercial buildings. Erebuni is the largest district of Yerevan in terms of area. The district is unofficially divided into smaller neighborhoods such as Erebuni neighbourhood, [[Nor Aresh]], [[Saritagh]], [[Vardashen, Yerevan|Vardashen]], [[Mushavan]], [[Verin Jrashen]] and [[Nor Butania]]. Sasuntsi Davit Square along with the [[David of Sasun (metro station)|metro station]] form the core of the district. The main streets of the district are Erebuni Street, Sasuntsi Davit Street, Liberators' Street, Ivan Ayvazovsky Street, Rostov-on-Don Street, David Bek Street, Arin Berd Street, Artsakh Avenue (formerly ''Baku Avenue''), and the southern half of Movses Khorenatsi Street.
[[File:Վարդավառի լիճ, 2015, ArmAg (5).JPG|thumb|Saritagh neighbourhood of Erebuni]]
Erebuni is a highly industrialized district within Yerevan with many large factories. However, the district is mainly home to low-income residents of Yerevan.

Recently, many abandoned parks were replenished to become a favourite destination of the residents of the city, such as the [[Lyon Park, Yerevan|Lyon Park]] and its artificial Vardavar lake, the Liberators' park, etc.<ref>[http://haynews.am/hy/1397034784 Էրեբունի վարչական շրջանի Ազատամարտիկների այգու սեփականաշնորհված հատվածը վերադարձվեց երևանցիներին]</ref> The central cemetery of Yerevan as well as the Military cemetery are also located in the Erebuni District.

The district is served by the [[David of Sasun (metro station)|Sasuntsi Davit metro station]], while the Yerevan Railway Station is located on Sasuntsi Davit Square of the district. Erebuni is also home to the central prison of Yerevan known as the ''Erebuni Criminal-Executive Institution''.

The [[Erebuni State Reserve]] formed in 1981, is located around 8 km southeast of the Yerevan city centre, within the Erebuni District. At a height between 1300 and 1450 meters above sea level, the reserve occupies an area of 120 hectares, mainly consisted of semi-deserted mountains-steppe.<ref>[http://news.am/arm/news/274751.html Erebuni State Reserve]</ref>

As of 2016, the population of the district is around 126,500.

==History==
===Aintiquity===
[[File:Erebuni Fortress, Yerevan, Armenia 02.JPG|thumb|[[Erebuni Fortress]]]]
Archaeological evidences<ref>Brady Kiesling, {{cite web|url=http://yerevan.usembassy.gov/armenia.pdf|title=''Rediscovering Armenia''|year=2000|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926164336/http://yerevan.usembassy.gov/armenia.pdf|archivedate=26 September 2007|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref> indicate that the [[Urartu|Urartian]] military fortress of Erebuni ({{lang-hy|Էրեբունի}} was founded in 782 BC by the orders of King [[Argishti I of Urartu|Argishti I]] at the Arin-Berd hill within modern-day Erebuni dsitrict, to serve as a fort and citadel guarding against attacks from the north Caucasus.<ref>{{cite book|title=Views of Asia, Australia, and New Zealand explore some of the world's oldest and most intriguing countries and cities.|date=2008|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|location=Chicago|isbn=9781593395124|page=43|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ydybAAAAQBAJ}}</ref>

During the height of the Urartian power, [[irrigation]] canals and an artificial reservoirs were built in Erebuni and its surrounding territories. In 585 BC, the fortress of [[Teishebaini]] (Karmir Blur) located around 45 km north of Yerevan, was destroyed by an alliance of [[Medes]] and the [[Scythians]].

===Modern history===
[[File:Erebuni district admin2.jpg|thumb|Erebuni District administration]]
[[File:Erebuni district, East of Yerevan, June 2016.jpg|thumb|[[Verin Jrashen]] and parts of [[Mushavan]]]]
After the Sovietization of Armenia, the administrative area of Erivan (Yerevan) was gradually expanded to include the ancient territories of Erebuni, commonly known as Arin-Berd.

The first settlers of around 60 families of the area were survivors of the [[Armenian Genocide]] who escaped from the town of Butaniya in [[Western Armenia]]. In 1925, they founded the neighborhood of Nor Butaniya. The neighbourhood of Nor Aresh was named after an ancient Armenian town known as "Aresh". The first inhabitants of Nor Aresh arrived from [[Shaki, Azerbaijan|Nukha]], [[Azerbaijan]].

On 20 July 1939, based on a decision passed by the [[Supreme Soviet]] of the [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenian SSR]], a new district was formed in Yerevan city named as the ''Molotov raion'' (Молотовский район) after [[Vyacheslav Molotov]]. On 25 September 1957, the district was renamed after as the ''Lenin raion'' (Ленинский район) after [[Vladimir Lenin]]. On 13 November 1961, a new district was formed on parts of modern-day Erebuni Dsitrict, named as the ''Ordzhonikidze raion'' (Орджоникидзевский район), after [[Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze]].

As a result of the Armenian repatriation process, Nor Aresh and Vardashen neighbourhoods were resettled by Armenian migrants from [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Greece]], [[France]], [[Bulgaria]] and [[Egypt]], during the 1950s and 1960s.

[[Mushavan]] and [[Verin Jrashen]], originally villages at the eastern outskirts of Yerevan, were eventually absorbed by the city in 1965.

On 8 August 1991, based on a decision passed by the [[National Assembly of Armenia]], the territory of the ''Lenin raion'' was renamed ''Erebuni''. In 1996, Yerevan was divided into 12 local communities. In 1997, the territory of ''Erebuni District'' was defined to include the former ''Lenin raion'' and parts of the former ''Ordzhonikidze raion''.

==Demographics==
[[File:2014 Erywań, Kwietnik na Placu Dawida Sasuńskiego (01).jpg|thumb|Street view in Erebuni]]
As of the 2011 census, the district had a population of 123,092 (11.61% of Yerevan city population). According to the 2016 official estimate, the population of the district is around 126,500 (ranked 4th among the Yerevan districts).

Until 1988, Erebuni had around 3,000 Azeri minority. However, the vast majority of the members of the Azeri community had migrated to Azerbaijan as a result of the population exchange during the [[Nagorno-Karabakh War|Karabakh conflict]].

Currently, Erebuni is mainly populated by Armenians who belong to the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]]. The Surp Mesrop Mashtots Church of the district is still under construction since 2004.

==Culture==
[[File:Արգիշտի Ա (3).JPG|thumb|The statue of [[Argishti I of Urartu|Argishti I]]]]
Erebuni has many public libraries including the Library №3 named after Okro Okoryan (1937), Library №10 (1951), Library №10 (1956), Library №11 (1960), and the Music library (1966).<ref>[https://www.yerevan.am/am/libraries/ Libraries of Yerevan]</ref> The Children and Youth Creativity Center №3 of is also operating in Erebuni.

Many cultural heritage monuments are located in the district, including:
*[[Erebuni Fortress]] of 782 BC at Arin Berd.
*The [[Urartu|Urartian]] water reservoir known as Vardavar lake in the Lyon park, dating back to the 8th century BC. The park is also home to the first ever Armenian Genocide memorial erected in the city of Yerevan.
*The statue of [[David of Sasun]] near the railway station, erected in 1959.
*The statue of [[Argishti I of Urartu|Argishti I]] near the Erebuni Museum, erected in 2002.

===Museums===
*[[Erebuni Museum]] near the Erebuni Fortress, opened in 1968,
*Railway Museum of Armenia within the Yerevan railway station, opened in 2009.

==Transportation==
Shengavit District is served by a [[public transport]] network of buses and [[Trolleybuses in Yerevan|trolleybuses]]. However, Erebuni has the [[David of Sasun (metro station)|Sasuntsi Davit station]] of the [[Yerevan Metro|Yerevan underground metro]], operating since March 7, 1981.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://metroworld.ruz.net/yerevan/cruise_06_sasuntsi_david.htm|title=Station "Sasuntsi David» |publisher=metroworld.ruz.net|language=Russian|accessdate=27 February 2013}}</ref>
[[File:David of Sasun Yerevan.jpg|thumb|Sasuntsi Davit square and the Yerevan railway station]]
The [[Yerevan railway station]] of the [[Armenian Railways]] is located in Erebuni since 1956 (founded in 1902). It connects Yerevan with many other stations as listed below:
* Yerevan — [[Batumi]],
* Yerevan — [[Tbilisi Railway station|Tbilisi]],
* Yerevan — [[Gyumri Railway Station|Gyumri]],
* Yerevan — [[Ararat, Armenia|Ararat]],
* Yerevan — Araks railway station in [[Myasnikyan]],
* Yerevan — [[Yeraskh]].

Erebuni District is home to the second airport of Yerevan; the [[Erebuni Airport]]. Since the independence, "Erebuni" is mainly used for military or private flights. The [[Armenian Air Force]] has equally installed its base there and there are several [[MiG-29]]s stationed on Erebuni's tarmac.

==Economy==
===Industry===
Erebuni has a large industrial area at the south of the district. Many large industrial plants are operating since the Soviet days. Gajegorts plant for building materials is among the earliest firms opened in the district during the Soviet period. It is operating since 1930. The Yerevan meat processing factory (currently known as Urartu) was opened in 1932. It was followed by the Yerevan varnish and paint plant in 1948. In 1955, the Mixed Fodder factory was opened. In 1965, the Metal structures plant was opened, followed by the Pure iron plant in 1969. In 1990, the Armenuhi-90 Cooperative for chemical products was opened.

After the independence, many new plants were founded in Erebuni such as the Global Engineering company for metal structures in 1992, Bari Samaratsi meat processing factory in 1994, Nikol Duman metal casting factory in 1996, Mancho Group for food products in 1999, Mix-Paints for building materials in 1999, Paxan Yerevan plant for household chemicals in 2000, Narplast polymer container manufacturing enterprise in 2002, the Armenian Molybdenum Production plant in 2003, Newlita stone processing plant in 2003, the Armenian Titanium Production in 2007, the Armenian Travertine Mining Company in 2007, Astafian Wine-Brandy Factory in 2008, and Chipsella for food products in 2002.

===Services===
There many large shopping centres in the district such as the Erbeuni shopping centre and Eurobaza shopping centre. Erebouni Medical Center opened in 1983, is among the largest hospitals of Yerevan. The Central Military Hospital is also located in Erebuni District.

A pig-breeding farm was opened in the district in 2000.

==Education==
As of 2016-17, the district has 23 public education schools, 3 private schools, as well as 2 vocational schools and a school for children with special needs. There is also an Art School Named after Michael Maluntsyan, and a music school named after Tigran Chukhajyan.<ref>[https://www.yerevan.am/am/musical-and-art-schools/ Art schools in Yerevan]</ref>

==Sport==
[[Erebuni FC]] is a football club that represents the district since 1992, with several intervals. They currently play at the [[Armenian First League]]. The [[Erebuni Stadium]] with a capacity of 544 seats is the home venue of the team.

The district is also represented to the Armenia Futsal League through the Charbakh Futsal Club.

The Vardavar artificial lake of the district is frequently used by the lovers of windsurfing sport. In 2015, the Children's and Youth's chess sport school of Erebuni was opened.

==International relations==
The administration of Erebuni District has an official cooperation agreement with:
*[[File:Blason Vienne.svg|23px]] [[Vienne, Isère]], [[France]], since 2015.<ref>[https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/partner-cities/ Yerevan official website, Sister cities]</ref>
[[File:Vardavar lake2, Yerevan.jpg|900px|thumb|center|<center>Vardavar lake at the Lyon Park of Erebuni District</center>]]

==References==
{{commons category|Erebuni, Yerevan}}
{{reflist|30em}}

{{City of Yerevan}}

[[Category:Populated places in Armenia]]
[[Category:Districts of Yerevan]]

2014 PN70

2018-02-07T16:37:09Z

SimplexityBot: Removing links to current page

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{mp|2014 PN|70}}}}
{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| background = #C2E0FF
| name = {{mp|2014 PN|70}}
| symbol =
| image =
| caption =
| discovery_ref = <ref name="discovery ref">{{cite web|title=2014 PN70|url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?utf8=%E2%9C%93&object_id=2014+PN70|publisher=[[Minor Planet Center]]|date=2014-10-22}}</ref>
| discoverer = [[Hubble Space Telescope]]
| discovered = August 6, 2014
| mpc_name = 2014 PN70
| mp_category = [[Trans-Neptunian object|TNO]] <ref name="jpldata"/>
| alt_names = G12000JZ,<ref name="Lakdawalla2014"/> g1,<ref name="postcard"/> PT3<ref name="postcard"/>
| orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type=2014-10-22 last obs; [[Observation arc|arc]]: 77 days
|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2014 PN70)
|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2014PN70
|accessdate=4 April 2016}}</ref>
| epoch = 13 January 2016 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2457400.5)
| uncertainty = 5
| observation_arc = 271 days
| semimajor = {{Convert|44.154|AU|Tm|abbr=on}},<ref name="jpldata"/> {{val|44.3|u=AU}}<ref name="Stern-2015-08"/>
| perihelion = {{Convert|41.926|AU|Tm|abbr=on}}
| aphelion = {{Convert|46.382|AU|Tm|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| inclination = 4.12164°,<ref name="jpldata"/> {{val|2.8|u=°}}<ref name="Stern-2015-08"/>
| period = 293.40 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (107166 [[Julian year (astronomy)|d]])
| avg_speed = {{val|4.5|1.5|u=km/s}}
| eccentricity = 0.050457,<ref name="jpldata"/> 0.068<ref name="Stern-2015-08"/>
| asc_node = 136.26°
| arg_peri = 236.55°
| mean_anomaly = 275.15[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| magnitude = 26.4<ref name="Lakdawalla2014"/>
| albedo = 0.04–0.10<ref name="Lakdawalla2014"/> 0.04–0.15<ref name="status_report">{{cite web|author=Buie, Marc|authorlink=Marc W. Buie|title=New Horizons HST KBO Search Results: Status Report|url=http://www.stsci.edu/institute/stuc/oct-2014/New-Horizons.pdf|publisher=[[Space Telescope Science Institute]]|date=October 15, 2014|page=23}}</ref>
| abs_magnitude = 10.3<ref name="jpldata"/>
| dimensions = {{convert|35|–|55|km|miles|abbr=on}}<ref name="Lakdawalla2014"/> {{convert|50|–|120|km|miles|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|title=ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE (H)|url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/glossary/h.html|publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> {{convert|30|–|55|km|miles|abbr=on}}<ref name="status_report"/>
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.0033593|sup=ms}} / day
| moid = {{Convert|40.9271|AU|Tm|abbr=on}}
| jupiter_moid = {{Convert|36.9738|AU|Tm|abbr=on}}
}}

'''{{mp|2014 PN|70}}''' (formerly labeled '''g12000JZ''' in the context of the [[Hubble Space Telescope]], and '''g1''' and '''PT3''' in the context of the ''[[New Horizons]]'' mission) is a [[Kuiper belt]] object (KBO) and was a proposed flyby target for the ''New Horizons'' probe.<ref name="postcard">{{cite web|author=Zangari, Amanda|title=Postcards from Pluto|url=http://plutopostcards.tumblr.com/post/114890975293/picture-from-the-colorado-dmv-im-super-excited|publisher=[[Tumblr]]|date=March 28, 2015}}</ref>

== Discovery and naming ==
[[File:New Horizons potential targets 1-3.png|left|thumb|The orbits of New Horizons potential targets 1-3. 2014 PN70 is in green. [[2014 OS393]] (PT2) is in red. [[2014 MU69]] (PT1) is in blue.]]

{{mp|2014 PN|70}} was discovered during an observation campaign intended to search for [[New Horizons#Suitable KBOs|KBO flyby targets]] for the ''New Horizons'' probe.<ref>{{cite journal|author=J. R. Spencer|author2=M. W. Buie|title=The Successful Search for a Post-Pluto KBO Flyby Target for New Horizons Using the Hubble Space Telescope|url=http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2015/EPSC2015-417.pdf|work=European Planetary Science Congress (EPSC) Abstract|publisher=Copernicus Office|date=2015|display-authors=etal}}</ref> The observations started in June 2014, and more intensive ones continued in July and August.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hubble to Proceed with Full Search for New Horizons Targets|work= HubbleSite news release|publisher=[[Space Telescope Science Institute]]|date=July 1, 2014|url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2014/35/}}</ref> They were conducted with the help of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST); {{mp|2014 PN|70}}'s magnitude of 26.4 is too faint to be observed by ground-based telescopes. {{mp|2014 PN|70}} was first discovered in observations on August 6, 2014, and it was designated g12000JZ at the time, nicknamed g1 for short.<ref name="postcard"/><ref name="status_report"/> Its existence as a potential target of the ''New Horizons'' probe was revealed by [[NASA]] in October 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2014/47/|title=NASA's Hubble Telescope Finds Potential Kuiper Belt Targets for New Horizons Pluto Mission|work=HubbleSite|date=15 October 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Wall2014">{{cite web|last=Wall|first=Mike|title=Hubble Telescope Spots Post-Pluto Targets for New Horizons Probe|publisher=[[Space.com]]|date=October 15, 2014|archivedate=October 15, 2014|url=http://www.space.com/27445-hubble-telescope-new-horizons-kuiper-belt.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015233156/http://www.space.com/27445-hubble-telescope-new-horizons-kuiper-belt.html}}</ref> and it was designated PT3; its official name, {{mp|2014 PN|70}}, was not assigned by the [[Minor Planet Center]] (MPC) until March 2015 after better orbit information was available.<ref name="postcard"/>

== Characteristics ==

{{mp|2014 PN|70}}, has a diameter between {{Convert|35|-|120|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Lakdawalla2014">{{cite web|last=Lakdawalla|first=Emily|authorlink=Emily Lakdawalla|title=Finally! New Horizons has a second target|work=Planetary Society blog|publisher=[[Planetary Society]]|date=October 15, 2014|archivedate=October 15, 2014|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2014/10151024-finally-new-horizons-has-a-kbo.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015230432/http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2014/10151024-finally-new-horizons-has-a-kbo.html
|deadurl= no}}</ref>

== Exploration ==

Having completed its flyby of [[Pluto]], the ''[[New Horizons]]'' space probe will be maneuvered to a flyby of at least one Kuiper belt object (KBO). Several potential targets were under consideration. {{mp|2014 PN|70}} (PT3) was considered a second choice after {{mpl|2014 MU|69}} (PT1), because more fuel was required to carry out a flyby. {{mpl|2014 OS|393}} (PT2) was already no longer under consideration as a potential target.<ref>{{cite web|author=Powell, Corey S.|title=Alan Stern on Pluto’s Wonders, New Horizons’ Lost Twin, and That Whole "Dwarf Planet" Thing|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/outthere/2015/03/29/alan-stern-on-plutos-wonders/|magazine=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]]|date=March 29, 2015}}</ref>

On 28 August 2015, the ''New Horizons'' team announced the selection of {{mp|2014 MU|69}} as the next flyby target.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cofield|first1=Calla|title=Beyond Pluto: 2nd Target Chosen for New Horizons Probe|url=http://www.space.com/30415-new-horizons-pluto-mission-next-target.html|website=[[Space.com]]|date=28 August 2015}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="Stern-2015-08">{{cite web
|last=Stern|first=Alan
|authorlink=Alan Stern
|title=OPAG: We Did It!
|work=Presentation to the Outer Planets Assessment Group (OPAG) of the [[Lunar and Planetary Institute]]
|publisher=[[Universities Space Research Association]]
|date=August 2015
|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/opag/meetings/aug2015/presentations/day-2/13_stern.pdf
|page=33}}</ref>

}} 

== External links ==
* {{JPL small body|id=3713013}}

{{Small Solar System bodies}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2014 PN70}}
[[Category:Kuiper belt objects]]
[[Category:New Horizons]]
[[Category:Unnumbered minor planets]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 2014|20140806]]