Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Salomon Frensdorff

2024-07-18T06:24:40Z

Sgerbic: added photos

'''Salomon Frensdorff''' (* [[24. Februar]] [[1803]] oder [[1804]] in [[Hamburg]]; † [[23. März]] [[1880]] in [[Hannover]]) war ein deutscher [[Orientalist]] und jüdischer [[Hebraist]], der vor allem durch seine Forschungen zur [[Masoretischer Text|Massora]] hervortrat.

Er studierte von 1830 bis 1834 in [[Universität Bonn|Bonn]] Philosophie, Philologie und Naturwissenschaften sowie jüdische Religion. Zu seinen Kommilitonen zählten [[Samson Raphael Hirsch]] und [[Abraham Geiger]]. 1834 zog er nach [[Frankfurt am Main]], um bei [[Franz Joseph Molitor]] weiter zu studieren. Seinen Abschluss machte er 1837.

Seine erste Stelle war die eines Oberlehrers an der jüdischen Religionsschule in Hannover. 1846 wurde er an der [[Universität Kiel]] promoviert, 1848 wurde er Dozent an der [[Bildungsanstalt für jüdische Lehrer]] in Hannover.

Frensdorf entwickelte die [[Masoretischer Text#Masora magna|Masora magna]] weiter und erstellte hierzu ein Wörterbuch welches dazu diente die massretischen Angaben in eine alphabetische Ordnung zu bringen, wobei zu jeder Wortform die dazugehörige massoretische Bemerkung und deren Fundstelle innerhalb der gedruckten Massorah angegeben wurde. Damit hatte Frensdorff an das Werk [[Jacob Ben Chajim Ibn Adonijah|Jacob Ben Chajim's]] und [[Felix Pratensis]] angeschlossen und deren Druckausgaben der Massorah innerhalb der [[Mikraot Gedolot]] bzw. ersten und zweiten Rabbinerbibel 1517/1524 zu Grunde gelegt. Frensdorff veröffentlichte hierzu 1876 sein Werk ''Die Massora magna nach den ältesten Drucken mit Zuziehung alter Handschriften, 1. Theil''.

== Veröffentlichungen (Auswahl) ==
* (unter dem Pseudonym R. Moses Punctator) ''Fragmente aus der Punctations- und Accentlehre der hebräischen Sprache'', Helwing, Hannover 1847 ([http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/resolve/display/bsb10571939.html Digitalisat]).
* ''Okhlah ṿe-okhlah: ṿe-hu ḥibur meha-masorah ha-gedolah … : nimtsa bi-khetav'' [Edition eines seit dem 10. Jh. bekannten anonymen Kompilats masoretischer Anmerkungen unter dem Titel אָכְלָה וְאָכְלָה], Hahn, Hannover 1861, u. a. ([http://www.mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10216779-9 Digitalisat]).
* ''Die Massora magna, nach den ältesten Drucken mit Zuziehung alter Handschriften''; 1. Theil: Die Massora in alphabetischer Ordnung; Hannover 1876 ([https://archive.org/details/MassoraMagnaFrensdorff Digitalisat]).

== Literatur ==
* {{ADB|48|737|739|Frensdorff, Salomon|Carl Gustav Adolf Siegfried|ADB:Frensdorff, Salomon}}
* [[Salomon Wininger]]: ''Große Jüdische National-Biographie'' Band II, Czernowitz 1927, Seite 309 f.
<gallery>
Das Buch Ochlah W'Ochlah title page Hebrew.jpg|Hebrew title page of "Das Buch Ochlah W'Ochlah" by Solomon Frensdorff
Das Buch Ochlah W'Ochlah title page German.jpg|German title page of "Das Buch Ochlah W'Ochlah" by Solomon Frensdorff
Das Buch Ochlah W'Ochlah cover.jpg|Cover of "Das Buch Ochlah W'Ochlah"
Solomon Frensdorff tombstone front.jpg|Solomon Frensdorf Hebrew side of tombstone
Solomon Frensdorff tombstone back.jpg|Solomon Frensdorf German side of tombstone
</gallery>
== Weblinks ==
* {{JE|1=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=372&letter=F|2=Frensdorff, Solomon|3=Isidore Singer, Henry Malter}}

{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=122772016|LCCN=nr89001230|VIAF=47652365}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Frensdorff, Salomon}}
[[Kategorie:Orientalist]]
[[Kategorie:Person des Judentums (Hannover)]]
[[Kategorie:Deutscher]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren im 19. Jahrhundert]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1880]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Frensdorff, Salomon
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=deutscher Orientalist
|GEBURTSDATUM=24. Februar 1803 oder 24. Februar 1804
|GEBURTSORT=[[Hamburg]]
|STERBEDATUM=23. März 1880
|STERBEORT=[[Hannover]]
}}

Sean M. Carroll

2017-01-19T05:34:25Z

Sgerbic: new photo

[[Datei:Sean Carroll 2017.jpg|miniatur|Sean M. Carroll, 2017]]
'''Sean Michael Carroll''' (* [[5. Oktober]] [[1966]] in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]) ist ein US-amerikanischer [[Astrophysik]]er.

== Leben ==
Carrol erlangte den akademischen Grad [[Ph.D.]] im Jahr 1993 an der [[Harvard University]]. Er ist derzeit ''Research Professor'' am [[California Institute of Technology]] in [[Pasadena (Kalifornien)|Pasadena]] und arbeitet auf den Gebieten [[Kosmologie]], [[Feldtheorie (Physik)|Feldtheorie]], [[Gravitation]] und [[Quantenmechanik]]. Sein Interesse gilt fundamentalen Fragen der Physik und Kosmologie, speziell der [[Dunkle Materie|dunklen Materie]] und [[Dunkle Energie|dunklen Energie]] sowie den Raum-Zeit-Symmetrien und dem Ursprung des Universums.

Er hat bisher zwei Fachbücher und ein Lehrbuch veröffentlicht. Für sein Buch ''The Particle at the End of the Universe'' erhielt er 2013 den ''Royal Society Winton Prize for Science Books''.<ref>[https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/book-prizes/science-books-prize/Sean-Carroll/ Royal Society Winton Prize for Science Books 2013]</ref>

Im Jahr 2010 wurde er Fellow der [[American Physical Society]].

== Schriften (Bücher) ==
* {{Literatur
| Titel=Spacetime and Geometry: An Introduction to General Relativity
| Verlag=Cummings
| Jahr=2003
| ISBN=978-0805387322
| Seiten=513
}}
* {{Literatur
| Titel=From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time
| Verlag=Dutton
| Ort=New York
| Jahr=2010
| ISBN=978-1101152157
| Seiten=447
}}
* {{Literatur
| Titel=The Particle at the End of the Universe: How the Hunt for the Higgs Boson Leads Us to the Edge of a New World
| Verlag=Dutton
| Ort=New York
| Jahr=2012
| ISBN=978-0142180303
| Seiten=320
}}
* ''The Big Picture : On the Origins of Life, Meaning, and the Universe Itself''. Dutton 2016. ISBN 0525954821.

== Weblinks ==
* {{Worldcat id|LCCN=no/2004/828}}
* {{DNB-Portal|143150189}}
* [https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/self.html Homepage] am California Institute of Technology
* [http://preposterousuniverse.com Eigene Webpräsenz]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=143150189|LCCN=no/2004/828|VIAF= 51933411}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Carroll, Sean M.}}
[[Kategorie:Astrophysiker]]
[[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (California Institute of Technology)]]
[[Kategorie:Fellow der American Physical Society]]
[[Kategorie:Person (Philadelphia)]]
[[Kategorie:US-Amerikaner]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1966]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Carroll, Sean M.
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=Carrol, Sean Michael (vollständiger Name)
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=US-amerikanischer Astrophysiker
|GEBURTSDATUM=5. Oktober 1966
|GEBURTSORT=[[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Vereinigte Staaten]]
|STERBEDATUM=
|STERBEORT=
}}

Vox (Website)

2016-09-18T03:03:13Z

Sgerbic: /* Reception */ Added Balles Award

{{POV|date=August 2016}}
{{redirect|Vox.com|the former blogging platform|Vox (blogging platform)}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox website
| logo = Vox logo.svg
| screenshot =
| caption =
| url = {{URL|www.vox.com}}
| commercial = Yes
| type = News website
| registration = Optional
| language = English
| num_users =
| content_license =
| programming language =
| owner = [[Vox Media]]
| editor = [[Ezra Klein]]
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2014|04|06|df=no}}
| alexa = {{Gain}} 909 ({{as of|2016|08|lc=y}})<ref name="alexa">{{cite web|url= http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/vox.com |title= Vox.com Site Overview | website= [[Alexa Internet]] |accessdate=August 3, 2016 }}</ref>
| current_status = Active
| name = ''Vox''
| logo_size = 200px
}}

'''''Vox''''' is an American advocacy news website run by [[Vox Media]], co-founded by [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]] columnists [[Ezra Klein]], Melissa Bell, and Matt Yglesias and launched in April 2014. Key contributors include [[Matthew Yglesias]], [[Dylan Matthews]], Max Fisher, Melissa Bell and [[Sarah Kliff]]. Its signature feature is the reusable, wiki-like "card stack", which provides context and key definitions related to an article topic.

== History ==

[[Ezra Klein]] left ''[[The Washington Post]]'' in January 2014 for a position with [[Vox Media]], the publishers of the sports website ''[[SB Nation]]'', technology website ''[[The Verge]]'', and video gaming website ''[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]''.<ref name="NYT: joining Vox"/> ''[[The New York Times]]'' described Vox Media as "a technology company that produces media" rather than its inverse, associated with "Old Media".<ref name="NYT: joining Vox"/> Klein expected to "improve the technology of news" and build an online platform better equipped for making news understandable.<ref name="NYT: joining Vox"/> The new site's 20-person staff was chosen for their expertise in topic areas and included ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''{{'s}} [[Matthew Yglesias]], Melissa Bell, and Klein's colleagues from ''The Washington Post''.<ref name="NYT: joining Vox"/><ref name="CJR">[http://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/voxcom_is_going_to_be_a_great_test_ezra_klein_critique_journalism.php Vox.com is going to be a great test of Ezra Klein’s critique of journalism], ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'' (April 7, 2014).</ref>

''Vox'' launched in early April 2014 with Klein as its editor-in-chief. His opening [[editorial]] essay, "How politics makes us stupid", explained his distress about political polarization in the context of [[Yale Law School]] professor [[Dan Kahan]]'s theories on how people protect themselves from information that conflicts with their core beliefs.<ref name="Economist: strangled"/>

== Content ==
In order to reuse prior journalist work, ''Vox'' creates "card stacks" in bright "canary yellow" that provide context and define terms within an article. The cards are perpetually maintained as a form of "wiki page written by one person with a little attitude".<ref name="NYT: melding"/> As an example, a card about the term "insurance exchange" may be reused on stories about the [[Affordable Care Act]].<ref name="NYT: melding"/>

The site uses Vox Media's Chorus [[content management system]], which enables journalists to easily create articles with complex visual effects and transitions, such as photos that change as the reader scrolls.<ref name="NYT: melding"/> Vox Media's properties target educated households with six-figure incomes and a head of house less than 35 years old.<ref name="NYT: melding"/>

== Reception ==
Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry at ''[[The Week]]'' accused the site of producing "partisan commentary in question-and-answer disguise" and criticized the site for having a "starting lineup [that] was mostly made up of ideological liberals."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://theweek.com/articles/445880/vox-derp-intellectual-stagnation-left|title=Vox, derp, and the intellectual stagnation of the left|website=[[The Week]]|access-date=2016-03-17}}</ref>

''[[The Federalist (website)|The Federalist]]''<nowiki/>'s [[David Harsanyi]] criticized the site's concept of "explanatory journalism" in an article titled "How Vox Makes Us Stupid", arguing that the website picked and chose what facts to use in order to only reinforce their readers' progressive liberal worldview, and that "explanatory journalism" inherently leaves out opposing viewpoints and different perspectives that should be considered.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://thefederalist.com/2014/04/08/how-vox-makes-us-stupid/|title=How Vox Makes Us Stupid|last=Politics|access-date=2016-03-17}}</ref>

''[[The Washington Times]]''<nowiki/>'s [[Christopher J. Harper]] criticized the site for reporting mistakes, including reporting inaccurate information about the Michael Brown shooting case, reporting on a nonexistent bridge between Israel and Gaza, erroneously stating that the 2014 winter solstice would be the longest night in history, and others. He wrote that for a "much-ballyhooed website aiming to make journalism better and to explain the news" it "makes a lot of mistakes."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/7/christopher-harper-vox-news-website-needs-to-take-/?page=all|title=CHRISTOPHER HARPER: Vox news website needs to take serious look at how it ‘reinvents’ journalism|last=http://www.washingtontimes.com|first=The [[Washington Times]]|website=The Washingtion Times|access-date=2016-03-17}}</ref>

''[[The Economist]]'' considered the site concept virtuous and compared Klein's intentions with [[John Keats]]'s [[negative capability]]: that ''Vox'' can recognize uncertainty without being mired in its details.<ref name="Economist: strangled" /> They connected Klein's hypothesis—that clear and well-presented information improves deliberative democracy—to ''Vox''{{'s}} site design, particularly its "explanatory 'cardstacks{{'"}}.<ref name="Economist: strangled" /> ''The Economist'' also added that the essay defeats the purpose of the site, since ''Vox'' would have no audience if people were unwilling to hear information that conflicts with their core beliefs.<ref name="Economist: strangled" />

''[[The New York Times]]''{{'s}} [[David Carr (journalist)|David Carr]] associated Klein's exit for ''Vox'' with other "big-name journalists" leaving newspapers for digital start-ups, such as [[Walter Mossberg]] and [[Kara Swisher]] (''[[Re/code]]''), [[David Pogue]], and [[Nate Silver]].<ref name="NYT: joining Vox"/>

In 2015 the [[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]] (CSICOP) presented Julia Belluz the Robert B. Balles Prize for Critical Thinking for her work on Vox. "We need more people in the media doing what Julia Bellux does... "<ref name="Sept-Oct Issue">{{cite journal|last1=Fidalgo|first1=Paul|title=CSI's Balles Prize in Critical Thinking Awarded to Julia Belluz of Vox.com|journal=Skeptical Inquirer|date=2016|volume=40|issue=5|page=6}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In June 2016 Vox suspended contributor [[Emmett Rensin]] for a series of tweets calling for anti-Trump [[riots]], including one on June 3 that urged, "If Trump comes to your town, start a riot." The tweets drew attention because violent [[Protests of the Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016|anti-Trump protests]] took place in [[San Jose, California]] on the day of Rensin's tweet.<ref name="ByersSuspended">{{cite news|last1=Byers|first1=Dylan|title=Vox suspends editor for encouraging riots at Donald Trump rallies|url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/06/03/media/vox-editor-suspended-trump-riots/index.html|accessdate=June 3, 2016|publisher=CNN|date=June 3, 2016}}</ref><ref name="CalledForRiots">{{cite news|last1=Halper|first1=Evan|title=Vox suspends editor who called for anti-Trump riots|url=http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-trailguide-vox-suspends-editor-1464984232-htmlstory.html|accessdate=June 3, 2016|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=June 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/emmettrensin/status/738583628855156742|title=Advice: If Trump comes to your town, start a riot.|date=June 2, 2016|accessdate=June 2, 2016|author=Emmett Rensin [emmettrensin]|type=[[Twitter]] post}}</ref><ref name="Wemple">{{cite news|last1=Wemple|first1=Eric|title=What will a suspension do for a Vox editor who urged anti-Trump riots?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2016/06/03/what-will-a-suspension-do-for-a-vox-editor-who-urged-anti-trump-riots/|accessdate=June 5, 2016|publisher=Washington Post|date=June 3, 2016}}</ref>

==Funding==
As of August 2015, Vox Media, which owns Vox, had attracted over $1 billion of funding, becoming a [[Unicorn (finance)|startup unicorn]]. Of this amount, $200 million came from [[NBCUniversal]], $100 million from the venture arm of [[Comcast]] (NBC Universal's parent company) and $46.8 million from [[General Atlantic]].<ref name="wsjvox">Alpert, Lukas I. [http://blogs.wsj.com/cmo/2015/08/12/comcast-invests-200-million-in-vox-media-valuing-digital-media-firm-at-1-billion/ Comcast Invests $200 Million in Vox Media]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. 2015-08-12. Accessed on 2016-06-26.</ref> Other investors included [[Accel Partners]], [[Allen & Company]], [[Khosla Ventures]] and former AOL executive [[Ted Leonsis]].<ref name="fortunevox">Griffith, Erin. [http://fortune.com/2015/08/12/vox-media-comcast-nbcu-unicorn/ Vox Media becomes a startup "unicorn" with NBCU funding]. ''Fortune''. 2015-08-12. Accessed on 2016-06-26.</ref>

The Wall Street Journal reported that in 2014, Vox took in $60 million in revenue and was profitable.<ref name="wsjvox" />

==Readership==
In June 2015, Vox had 54.1 million unique visitors, of which 41% were between the ages of 18 and 34, according to comScore Inc.<ref name="wsjvox" />

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="Economist: strangled">{{cite web |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2014/04/journalism-and-democracy |title=Ezra Klein's strangled Vox |last1=W. |first1=W. |date=April 11, 2014 |work=[[The Economist]] |accessdate=December 26, 2014 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6V777KII6 |archivedate=December 26, 2014 |deadurl=no }}</ref>

<ref name="NYT: joining Vox">{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/27/business/media/ezra-klein-joining-vox-media-as-web-journalism-asserts-itself.html |accessdate=December 26, 2014 |title=Ezra Klein Is Joining Vox Media as Web Journalism Asserts Itself |last1=Carr |first1=David |authorlink=David Carr (journalist) |date=January 26, 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6V7lOyGVm |archivedate=December 26, 2014 |deadurl=no }}</ref>

<ref name="NYT: melding">{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/07/business/media/voxcom-takes-melding-of-journalism-and-technology-to-next-level.html?_r=0 |accessdate=December 26, 2014 |title=Vox Takes Melding of Journalism and Technology to a New Level |last1=Kaufman |first1=Leslie |date=April 6, 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6V7lIdtpR |archivedate=December 26, 2014 |deadurl=no }}</ref>

}}

{{italic title}}
{{Vox Media}}
{{Portal bar|Education|History|United States|border=yes}}

[[Category:2014 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:American news websites]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2014]]
[[Category:Vox Media]]

Schröpfen

2016-08-08T23:25:23Z

Sgerbic: photo

{{Dieser Artikel|erläutert Schröpfen als Heilverfahren; andere Bedeutungen unter [[Schröpfen (Begriffsklärung)]].}}
[[Datei:Schroepfen Bader Kalender Blaubierer.png|mini|Mittelalterliche Darstellung eines [[Bader]]s. Die Schröpfköpfe werden angesetzt (Holzschnitt um 1481).]]

[[Datei:Cupping holes.jpg|miniatur]]

'''Schröpfen''' ist ein traditionelles [[Therapie]]verfahren, bei dem auf einem begrenzten Hautareal ein [[Unterdruck]] aufgebracht wird. Es wird typischerweise in der [[Alternativmedizin]] eingesetzt und zählt dort zu den [[Ausleitende Verfahren|ausleitenden Verfahren]].<ref>[http://www.paracelsus.de/heilv/natur_15.html paracelsus.de]</ref> Es ist in der ganzen [[Alte Welt|alten Welt]] von alters her bekannt.<ref>Johann Abele: ''Schröpfkopfbehandlung, Theorie und Praxis''. 8. Auflage. Karl F. Haug Verlag, Stuttgart 2007. ISBN 978-3-8304-7237-7, S. 21.</ref> Eine Reihe wissenschaftlicher Studien konnte erste Hinweise auf eine Wirksamkeit bei der Behandlung von Schmerz zeigen.<ref>Kim, Lee, Lee, Boddy, and Ernst: ''Cupping for Treating Pain: A Systematic Review''. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 467014, 7 pages. {{doi|10.1093/ecam/nep035}} </ref>

[[Datei:Fire Cupping.jpg|mini|Feuer-Schröpfen]]

== Übersicht ==
Beim Schröpfen wird in sogenannten Schröpfgläsern oder [[Schröpfkopf|Schröpfköpfen]] ein [[Unterdruck]] erzeugt. Diese Schröpfgläser werden direkt auf die Haut gesetzt. Der Unterdruck wird üblicherweise dadurch erreicht, dass die Luft im Schröpfkopf erhitzt und dieser sofort auf die Haut des Patienten gesetzt wird. Das Erhitzen erfolgt durch einen in [[Ethanol|Alkohol]] getauchten Wattebausch, ein Stück Baumwollstoff oder eine Flocke Watte, die jeweils angezündet werden.<ref>Ilkay Zihni Chirali: ''Schröpftherapie in der Chinesischen Medizin''. 1. Auflage. Urban & Fischer Verlag, München 2002. ISBN 3-437-56250-9. S. 63 ff.</ref><ref>Ulrich Abele, Erich W. Stiefvater: ''Aschner-Fibel, Die wirkungsvollsten konstitutionstherapeutischen Methoden nach Aschner''. Karl F. Haug Verlag, Ulm/Donau 1964. S. 97-</ref> Alternativ kann der Unterdruck durch eine Absaugvorrichtung im Schröpfglas erzeugt werden.

Die Lage der Schröpfstellen orientiert sich am [[Palpation|Tastbefund]], d. h. es wird im Bereich von [[Myogelose]]n (muskuläre Verhärtungen) geschröpft.<ref>Johann Abele: ''Schröpfkopfbehandlung, Theorie und Praxis ''. 8. Auflage. Karl F. Haug Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8304-7237-7, S. 58 ff.</ref> Je nach Lage der Schröpfstellen soll über den kutiviszeralen Reflex ein inneres Organ beeinflusst werden. Die Zuordnung der Organe zu den Hautstellen ist durch die [[Head-Zone]]n bekannt und lässt dadurch Rückschlüsse auf belastete innere Organe zu.<ref>Johann Abele: ''Schröpfkopfbehandlung, Theorie und Praxis ''. 8. Auflage. Karl F. Haug Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8304-7237-7, S. 27 ff.</ref>

Lokal entsteht durch das Saugen beim Schröpfen ein [[Extravasat]] und in der Folge ein [[Hämatom]].<ref>Hedwig Piotrowski-Manz: ''Die Kunst des Schröpfens, Basiswissen und Praxis''. 3. Auflage. Sonntag Verlag, Stuttgart 2004. ISBN 3-8304-9091-7. S. 31</ref> Blutiges Schröpfen führt lokal zu einem Blutverlust und soll dadurch eine [[Entschlackung]] vor Ort bewirken.<ref>Johann Abele: ''Schröpfkopfbehandlung, Theorie und Praxis ''. 8. Auflage. Karl F. Haug Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8304-7237-7, S. 69 ff.</ref>

== Formen des Schröpfens ==
Es gibt blutiges und trockenes Schröpfen sowie die Schröpfkopfmassage.<ref>Hedwig Piotrowski-Manz: ''Die Kunst des Schröpfens, Basiswissen und Praxis''. 3. Auflage. Sonntag Verlag, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8304-9091-7, S. 21 f.</ref>

=== Blutiges Schröpfen ===
[[Datei:Cupping.jpg|mini|Blutiges Schröpfen in Verbindung mit [[Baunscheidttherapie]]]]
Beim ''blutigen Schröpfen'' bzw. ''nassen Schröpfen'' wird, bevor das Glas mit Unterdruck aufgesetzt wird, die Haut z. B. mit einer [[Blutlanzette]] angeritzt. Dann zieht der Unterdruck das Blut verstärkt durch die Verletzungen heraus. Es handelt sich hierbei um eine Form des [[Aderlass|Blutenlassens]].

=== Trockenes Schröpfen ===
Demgegenüber steht das ''trockene Schröpfen'' bzw. unblutige Schröpfen, bei dem das Schröpfglas auf unversehrte Hautstellen gesetzt wird. Seit Anfang der 2000er Jahre wird Schröpfen ohne Glas zunehmend populär. Ermöglicht wurde dies durch Applikationen aus [[Biokompatibilität|biokompatiblem]] Silikon. Diese Applikationen erzeugen entweder durch Zusammendrücken und Aufsetzen ein Vakuum über der Haut, oder nehmen eine Vakuumpumpe zu Hilfe. Wird eine Vakuumpumpe verwendet, können unterschiedlichste Applikationen zum Einsatz kommen, die nur noch entfernt an „Glocken“ erinnern – z. B. eine Matte mit mehreren Saugnäpfen oder der patentierte Vierkammersauger. Außerdem ist es auf elektro-mechanischem Wege möglich, die Saugkraft regelmäßig zu erhöhen und zu verringern. Auch anatomisch schwer zugängliche Stellen am Körper können mit den flexiblen Applikationen erreicht werden.

=== Schröpfkopfmassage ===
Bei der ''Schröpfkopfmassage'' (auch Saug-(wellen-)massage genannt<ref>Wolf Gerhard Frenkel, Pecs Zoltan Molnar, Georg Bamberger: ''Gesund durch Schröpfen''. 1. Auflage. Schattauer Verlag, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-7945-2759-5, S. 10.</ref>) wird das Schröpfglas auf unversehrte Hautstellen gesetzt, die zuvor eingeölt wurden. Der Schröpfkopf wird dann über eine bestimmte Stelle verschoben, was eine stärkere durchblutungsfördernde Wirkung als eine klassische [[Massage#Klassische Massage|Massage]] hat.

== Geschichte ==
Zuerst haben die Menschen mit Steinmessern Verhärtungen an der Körperoberfläche (z. B. Furunkel oder Entzündungen) eingeritzt und mit dem Mund und dann später mit Kuhhörnern ausgesaugt.
Schröpfen mit Schröpfköpfen wurde schon 3300 v. Chr. in [[Mesopotamien]] und durch griechische und ägyptische Ärzte im [[Antike|klassischen Altertum]] betrieben<ref>Johann Abele: ''Schröpfkopfbehandlung, Theorie und Praxis ''. 8. Auflage. Karl F. Haug Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8304-7237-7, S. 21.</ref> und war in ähnlicher Form aber auch bei den alten Chinesen bekannt.
Die theoretische Grundlage in der Antike war die [[Humoralpathologie]], die Erkrankungen auf eine Entmischung der Säfte (''humores'') im Körperinneren zurückführte. Diese Säfte sollten mit Schröpfköpfen wieder ausgeglichen werden.

In der [[Traditionelle chinesische Medizin|chinesischen Medizin]] ging man als theoretische Grundlage des Schröpfens ({{zh|c=拔罐法|p=báguànfǎ}}<ref>[http://www.tcm-germany.de/Allgemeines/Akupunktur_Moxa.html tcm-germany.de]</ref>, [[Japanische Schrift|jap.]] {{lang|ja|吸角法}}, ''kyūkakuhō''<ref>[https://kotobank.jp/word/吸角法 Eintrag] im Wörterbuch Daijisen</ref>) von einer Stagnation von Blut und [[Qi]] aus.
Auch haben unabhängig von der europäischen Entwicklung die [[Schamanen]] vieler [[Indigene Völker|indigener Völker]] ähnliche Krankheitstheorien entwickelt. Sie praktizieren das „Aussaugen“ böser Geister und Miasmen bis heute.<ref>Ilkay Zihni Chirali: ''Schröpftherapie in der Chinesischen Medizin''. 1. Auflage. Urban & Fischer Verlag, München 2002, ISBN 3-437-56250-9, S. 3 ff.</ref>

== Anwendungsbereiche ==
[[Datei:Schroepfen.jpg|mini|Trockenes Schröpfen am Rücken eines Patienten]]
Schröpfen soll bei einer Vielzahl von Beschwerden hilfreich sein, unter anderem bei [[Migräne]],<ref>A. Ahmadi, D. C. Schwebel, M. Rezaei: ''The efficacy of wet-cupping in the treatment of tension and migraine headache''. In: ''Am J Chin Med.'' 2008; 36 (1), S. 37–44.</ref> [[Rheuma]],<ref>Hedwig Piotrowski-Manz: ''Die Kunst des Schröpfens, Basiswissen und Praxis''. 3. Auflage. Sonntag Verlag, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8304-9091-7, S. 132 ff., PMID 18306448.</ref> Bandscheibenproblemen, Hexenschuss,<ref>K. Farhadi, D. C. Schwebel, M. Saeb, M. Choubsaz, R. Mohammadi, A. Ahmadi: ''The effectiveness of wet-cupping for nonspecific low back pain in Iran: a randomized controlled trial''. Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Management, Pain research center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran. In: ''Complement Ther Med.'', 2009 Jan;17(1), S. 9–15. Epub 2008, Juni 24, PMID 19114223.</ref> Knieproblemen,<ref>K Ullah, A Younis, M Wali: [https://ispub.com/IJAM/4/1/4969 ''An investigation into the effect of Cupping Therapy as a treatment for Anterior Knee Pain and its potential role in Health Promotion.''] In: ''The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine.'' 2006 Volume 4 Number 1.</ref> [[Karpaltunnelsyndrom]],<ref>A. Michalsen, S. Bock, R. Lüdtke, T. Rampp, M. Baecker, J. Bachmann, J. Langhorst, F. Musial, G. J. Dobos: ''Effects of traditional cupping therapy in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.'' In: ''J. Pain'', Juni 2009, 10 (6), S. 601–608. Epub, 19. April 2009, PMID 19380259 [http://www.scienceticker.info/2009/04/27/hinweise-auf-wirksamkeit-des-schroepfens/ www.scienceticker.info].</ref> Bluthochdruck,<ref>M. S. Lee, T. Y. Choi, B. C. Shin, J. I. Kim, S. S. Nam: ''Cupping for hypertension: a systematic review''. In: ''[[Clin Exp Hypertens]]''. 2010; 32 (7), S. 423–425. Epub 2010, September 9. PMID 20828224.</ref> [[Ischialgie|Ischias]], Mandelproblemen (hierbei insbesondere in der Sonderform des [[Roederbehandlung|Röderns]]), Bronchitis, Asthma, Kopfschmerzen, Nierenschwäche, Wetterfühligkeit, Hypotonie, Müdigkeit, Depressionen, Schwächezuständen,<ref>Ulrich Abele, Erich W. Stiefvater: ''Aschner-Fibel, Die wirkungsvollsten konstitutionstherapeutischen Methoden nach Aschner''. Karl F. Haug Verlag, Ulm 1964, S. 99 ff.</ref> Verdauungsproblemen, Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen, [[Innere Organe|Organprobleme]],<ref>Hedwig Piotrowski-Manz: ''Die Kunst des Schröpfens, Basiswissen und Praxis''. 3. Auflage. Sonntag Verlag, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8304-9091-7, S. 77 ff.</ref> Fieber, Erkältung und Grippe.<ref>Ilkay Zihni Chirali: ''Schröpftherapie in der Chinesischen Medizin''. 1. Auflage. Urban & Fischer, München 2002, ISBN 3-437-56250-9, S. 99 ff.</ref>

== Kontraindikationen ==
Trockenes Schröpfen sollte nicht bei Schwangeren bis zum vierten Schwangerschaftsmonat angewendet werden. Auch sollten keine Schröpfköpfe über [[Tuberkulose]], [[Tumor]]e,<ref>Hedwig Piotrowski-Manz: ''Die Kunst des Schröpfens, Basiswissen und Praxis''. 3. Auflage. Sonntag Verlag, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8304-9091-7, S. 72.</ref> Sonnenbrand, Brandwunden oder frischen Verletzungen<ref>Ilkay Zihni Chirali: ''Schröpftherapie in der Chinesischen Medizin''. 1. Auflage. Urban & Fischer, München 2002, ISBN 3-437-56250-9, S. 201.</ref> gesetzt werden.

Zusätzlich zu dem oben genannten sollte blutiges Schröpfen nicht angewendet werden bei [[Hämophilie|Blutgerinnungsstörungen]], Blutarmut ([[Anämie]]), Menstruation, [[Dehydratation (Medizin)|Dehydratation]], [[Synkope (Medizin)|Ohnmachtsneigung]], [[Herzrhythmusstörung]], [[Koronarinsuffizienz]].<ref>Hedwig Piotrowski-Manz: ''Die Kunst des Schröpfens, Basiswissen und Praxis''. 3. Auflage. Sonntag Verlag, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8304-9091-7, S. 76.</ref>

== Nebenwirkungen ==
Als Nebenwirkung können sich insbesondere bei starkem Unterdruck oder langer Anwendung Blasen an der Behandlungsstelle bilden.<ref>Johann Abele: ''Schröpfkopfbehandlung, Theorie und Praxis ''. 8. Auflage. Karl F. Haug Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8304-7237-7, S. 115.</ref> Bei Menschen, „die kein Blut sehen können“, kann es bei blutigem Schröpfen zur [[Synkope (Medizin)|Ohnmacht]] kommen.<ref>Johann Abele: ''Schröpfkopfbehandlung, Theorie und Praxis ''. 8. Auflage. Karl F. Haug Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8304-7237-7, S. 121 ff.</ref>

== Literatur ==
* Johann Abele: ''Schröpfkopfbehandlung, Theorie und Praxis ''. 8. Auflage. Karl F. Haug Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8304-7237-7.
* Ulrich Abele, Erich W. Stiefvater: ''Aschner-Fibel, Die wirkungsvollsten konstitutionstherapeutischen Methoden nach Aschner''. Karl F. Haug Verlag, Ulm 1964.
* Ilkay Zihni Chirali: ''Schröpftherapie in der Chinesischen Medizin''. 1. Auflage. Urban & Fischer, München 2002, ISBN 3-437-56250-9.
* Wolf Gerhard Frenkel, Pecs Zoltan Molnar, Georg Bamberger: ''Gesund durch Schröpfen''. 1. Auflage. Schattauer Verlag, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-7945-2759-5.
* Hedwig Piotrowski-Manz: ''Die Kunst des Schröpfens: Grundlagen, Durchführung, natürliche Therapiekonzepte''. 4. Auflage. Sonntag Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3830491699.

== Weblinks ==
{{Commonscat|Fire cupping|Schröpfen}}
* [http://www.paracelsus.de/heilv/natur_15.html#schr Ausleitende Verfahren]
* K Ullah, A Younis, M Wali: [https://ispub.com/IJAM/4/1/4969 ''An investigation into the effect of Cupping Therapy as a treatment for Anterior Knee Pain and its potential role in Health Promotion.''] In: ''The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine.'' 2006 Volume 4 Number 1.

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{Gesundheitshinweis}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Schropfen}}
[[Kategorie:Therapeutisches Verfahren in der Alternativmedizin]]
[[Kategorie:Traditionelle Chinesische Medizin]]

Sydney Observatory

2015-10-09T10:16:11Z

Sgerbic: removing citation tag per talk page

{{Use Australian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2013}}
[[File:ObservatorySydney1874.jpg|thumb|250px|The observatory photographed in 1874]]
[[File:SydneyObservatory1 gobeirne.jpg|thumb|250px|The observatory today]]

'''Sydney Observatory''' is located on a hill now known as Observatory Hill in the centre of [[Sydney]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://observatoryhilleec.nsw.edu.au/|title=Sydney Observatory|accessdate=7 March 2015}}</ref> The site evolved from a fort built on 'Windmill Hill' in the early 19th century to an [[Astronomy|astronomical]] [[observatory]] during the nineteenth century. It is now a working museum where evening visitors can observe the stars and planets through a modern 40 cm schmidt-cassegrain telescope and a historic 29 cm refractor telescope built in 1874, the oldest telescope in Australia in regular use.<ref>{{cite web|title=About us|url=http://www.sydneyobservatory.com.au/about/aboutUs.asp|publisher=Sydney Observatory|accessdate=7 April 2014}}</ref>

==Early use of the site==
In 12, early on during the European settlement of [[New South Wales]], Australia, a [[windmill]] was built on the hill above the first settlement. Within ten years the windmill had deteriorated to the point of being useless; the canvas sails were stolen, a storm damaged the machinery, and already by 1800 the foundations were giving way. The name of [[Millers Point, New South Wales|Millers Point]] remembers this early land use.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tripadvisor.co/Attraction_Review-g255060-d256722-Reviews-Sydney_Observatory-Sydney_New_South_Wales.html|title=Sydney Observatory Reviews|accessdate=7 March 2015}}</ref>

In 1803, [[Fort Philip, Sydney|Fort Philip]] was built on the site under the direction of [[John Hunter (New South Wales)|Governor Hunter]] to defend the new settlement against a possible attack by the French and also from rebellious [[Convictism in Australia|convicts]]. The fort was never required to be used for any such purposes. In 1825 the eastern wall of the fort was converted to a signal station. Flags were used to send messages to ships in the harbour and to the [[Semaphore line|signal station]] on the [[Sydney Heads|South Head]] of the [[Port Jackson|harbour]].

Part of Sydney New Year’s Eve celebrations in 2014 took place at the Sydney Observatory<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/sydney-new-years-eve-celebrations-2014-entertainment-traffic-list-of-hot-spots-and-prime-position/story-fni0cx12-1227170475775?nk=61d7935927b0f418533284c6eb3bcfca|title=Sydney New Year's Eve celebrations 2014|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=7 March 2015}}</ref>

==Observatory==
[[File:Sydney Observatory at night.JPG|thumb|250px|Sydney Observatory at night]]
An early observatory was established in 1788 on [[Dawes Point]], at the foot of Observatory Hill, in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to observe in 1790 the return of a comet suggested by Edmond Halley of [[Halley's Comet]] fame. <ref>https://www.facebook.com/sydneyobservatory</ref> The Colony's second observatory was established at [[Parramatta, New South Wales|Parramatta]] in 1821 by Governor Sir [[Thomas Brisbane]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yelp.com.au/biz/sydney-observatory-the-rocks|title=Sydney Observatory: The Rocks|accessdate=7 March 2015}}</ref>

In 1848, a new signal station was built by the [[New South Wales Government Architect|Colonial Architect]], [[Mortimer Lewis]], on top of the fort wall on Windmill Hill. At the instigation of the Governor, Sir [[William Denison]], it was agreed seven years later to build a full observatory next to the signal station. The first [[Western Australian Government Astronomer|Government Astronomer]], [[William Scott (astronomer and clergyman)|William Scott]], was appointed in 1856, and work on the new observatory was completed in 1858.

The most important role of the observatory was to provide time through the [[Time ball|time-ball tower]]. Every day at exactly 1.00 pm, the time ball on top of the tower would drop to signal the correct time to the city and harbour below. At the same time a cannon on [[Dawes Point]] was fired, later the cannon was moved to [[Fort Denison, New South Wales|Fort Denison]]. The first time ball was dropped at [[noon]] on 5 June 1858. Soon after the drop was rescheduled to one o'clock. The time ball is still dropped daily at 1pm using the original mechanism, but with the aid of an electric motor, not as in the early days when the ball was raised manually.

The observatory is a [[Sydney sandstone|sandstone]] building in the [[Italianate]] style. There are two telescope domes on octagonal bases and a four story tower for the time ball. The 1858 building designed by the Colonial Architect, [[Alexander Dawson (architect)|Alexander Dawson]], comprised a dome to house the [[Equatorial mount|equatorial telescope]], a room with long, narrow windows for the [[transit telescope]], an office for calculations, and a residence for the [[astronomer]]. A western wing was added in 1877 with office and library space and a second dome for another telescope. Some of the first astronomical photographs of the southern sky were taken at the observatory, under the direction of [[Henry Chamberlain Russell]]. The observatory also took part in the compilation of the first [[atlas]] of the whole sky, [[Star catalogue#AC|''The astrographic cataðlogue'']]. The part completed at Sydney took over 70 years, from 1899 to 1971, and filled 53 volumes.

After the [[Federation of Australia|federation of Australia in 1901]], [[meteorology]] became a function for the [[Bureau of Meteorology (Australia)|Commonwealth Government]] from 1908, while the observatory continued its astronomical role. The observatory continued to contribute observations to ''The astrographic catalogue'', kept time and provided information to the public. For example, each day the Observatory supplied Sydney newspapers with the rising and setting times of the sun, moon and planets. A proposal to close the observatory in 1926 was narrowly avoided, but, by the mid-1970s, the increasing problems of [[air pollution]] and [[Light pollution|city light]] made work at the observatory more and more difficult. In 1982, the NSW Government decided that Sydney Observatory was to be converted into a museum of astronomy and related fields as part of what is now the [[Powerhouse Museum]].
[[File:SydneyHarbourBridge5 gobeirne.jpg|thumb|500px|center|Observatory Hill affords superb views of [[Sydney Harbour]] and the [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|bridge]]]]
{{-}}

===Georg Merz and Sons, vintage 7.25-inch refracting telescope===
Located at the Sydney Observatory is a vintage 7.25-inch refracting telescope on an [[Equatorial mount]] that was manufactured by the German company Georg Merz and Sons between 1860 and 1861. The 7.25-inch [[Merz Telescopes|Merz refracting telescope]] arrived at Sydney Observatory, Sydney, Australia, in 1861.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/480704/view|title=7.25-inch telescope, refracting telescope, on an equatorial mount, was made by the German company Georg Merz and Sons.}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of observatories]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sydneyobservatory.com.au Sydney Observatory Website]
*{{cite web
| author=
| year=
| url=http://www.sydneyobservatory.com.au/exhibitions/history.asp
| title=History of Sydney Observatory
| format=
| work=
| publisher=Sydney Observatory
| accessdate=1 February 2006
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060115144010/http://www.sydneyobservatory.com.au/exhibitions/history.asp  |archivedate = 15 January 2006}}
*{{cite web
| author=Graham Jahn
| year=2005
| url=http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/AboutSydney/HistoryAndArchives/SydneyHistory/HistoricBuildings/SydneyObservatory.asp
| title=Sydney Observatory – City of Sydney
| format=
| work=About Sydney:Historic buildings
| publisher=City of Sydney
| accessdate=1 February 2006
}}
*[http://travel.duchs.com/Australia/Sydney/See/Sydney_Observatory/ Further Links and Images] duchs.com

{{Sydney landmarks}}

{{Coord|display=title|-33.859574|151.204576|type:landmark_region:AU}}
[[Category:Astronomical observatories in Australia]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sydney]]
[[Category:Museums in Sydney]]
[[Category:Meteorological stations]]
[[Category:Science museums in Australia]]
[[Category:1858 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Time balls]]

Benutzer:Sgerbic/James Randi

2013-05-06T05:46:53Z

Sgerbic: created a user page for improving the German James Randi page.

[[Datei:RANDI.jpg|miniatur|James Randi]]
'''James Randi''' (* [[7. August]] [[1928]] in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]; Geburtsname ''Randall James Hamilton Zwinge'') ist ein [[Zauberkünstler]] und ein prominentes Mitglied der [[Skeptics Society]].

Der Gegner von [[Pseudowissenschaft]]en wurde bekannt durch seine [[James Randi Educational Foundation#Die Eine-Million-Dollar-Herausforderung|Eine-Million-Dollar-Herausforderung]] (''One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge'') für den Beweis paranormaler Fähigkeiten.

Der Asteroid [[3163 Randi]] ist nach ihm benannt.

== Berufliche Karriere ==

Randi arbeitet seit den 1950er Jahren als professioneller Bühnenzauberer und Entfesselungskünstler. Er trat zwischen 1955 und 1961 als '''The Amazing Randi''' in der US-amerikanischen TV-Show ''Wonderama'' auf. In der Ausgabe vom 2. Februar 1974 des britischen Magier-Magazins ''Abracadabra'' forderte er die magische Gesellschaft heraus mit den Worten: „Ich kenne keine Berufung, die so sehr wie unsere auf gegenseitigem Vertrauen und Glauben beruht“. Randi war eng mit dem prominenten [[Mentalist|Mentalisten]] [[Joseph Dunninger]] befreundet.

Randi trat ins internationale Rampenlicht, als er in den [[1970er]]n die öffentlichen Behauptungen von [[Uri Geller]] anprangerte. Randi beschuldigte Geller, nichts weiter als ein Scharlatan zu sein, der sich gewöhnlicher Zaubertricks bediente, um seine angeblich paranormalen Heldentaten zu vollbringen, und er untermauerte diese Beschuldigungen in seinem Buch ''The Magic of Uri Geller''. Geller antwortete auf Randis Behauptungen mit einer Reihe erfolgloser Klagen.

James Randi hat zahlreiche Bücher veröffentlicht, in denen er sich mit der Geschichte der Zauberkunst beschäftigt oder populäre Irrtümer und Behauptungen des [[Paranormal]]en thematisiert.

Er prangert Personen als Betrüger und Scharlatane an, die mit Hilfe vorgeblicher paranormaler Fähigkeiten anderen Menschen schaden und sich an ihnen bereichern. Mit seinem ''Projekt Alpha'' hat er es erreicht, dass die wissenschaftliche Untersuchung angeblicher paranormaler Fähigkeiten nun allgemein als Zeitverschwendung angesehen wird und an Universitäten praktisch aufgegeben worden ist. Randis Aufdeckung der einfachen technischen Tricks, die der [[Fernsehprediger]] [[Peter Popoff]] verwendete, um vorzutäuschen, dass er Informationen von Gott erhält, bewirkte einen starken Niedergang von Popoffs Einfluss und Popularität.

Randi war Gründungsmitglied der ''CSICOP'' (Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal), heute ''[[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]]'' (CSI), wegen der gegen ihn durch Uri Geller angestrengten Klagen trat er jedoch später dort aus, um den Verein vor eventuellen Auswirkungen zu schützen.

1996 gründete Randi die [[James Randi Educational Foundation]] (JREF). Diese Organisation fördert die Untersuchung paranormaler Behauptungen und versucht sie unter kontrollierten Testbedingungen zu testen. Sie hat ein Preisgeld von einer Million Dollar für die erfolgreiche Demonstration übernatürlicher Fähigkeiten unter wissenschaftlichen Testbedingungen ausgesetzt.

==Early life==
Randi was born in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada, the son of Marie Alice (née Paradis) and George Randall Zwinge.<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=yooYAAAAIAAJ&q=Randall+Zwinge&dq=Randall+Zwinge&hl=en Current biography yearbook - H.W. Wilson Company - Google Books]</ref> He has a younger brother and sister.<ref>{{cite web|last=Randi|first=James|date=May 9, 2008|url=http://www.randi.org/site/index.php/swift-blog/192-swift-may-9-2008.html#i3|title=How Wrong Can You Get?|work=Swift|publisher=[[James Randi Educational Foundation]]|accessdate=December 17, 2008}}</ref> He took up [[magic (illusion)|magic]] after seeing [[Harry Blackstone, Sr]]<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJMTyK0VfdY&feature=g-u&context=G2f4081cFUAAAAAAASAA James Randi at the Magic Castle: In Conversation with Max Maven - YouTube]</ref> and reading magic books while spending 13 months in a [[Orthopedic cast|body cast]] following a bicycle accident. He confounded doctors who expected he would never walk again.<ref name="TorontoStar1986">{{cite news|url=|title=The Amazing Randi|publisher=[[The Toronto Star]]|date=August 23, 1986|first=Patricia|last=Orwen}}</ref> Although a brilliant student,{{fact|date=January 2013}} Randi often skipped classes, and, at 17, dropped out of high school to perform as a conjurer in a carnival roadshow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090415210052/http://www.sptimes.com/Floridian/41498/The__quack__hunter.html|title=Floridian: The 'quack' hunter (Wayback Machine archive)|publisher=Sptimes.com|date=April 14, 1998|accessdate=August 19, 2012}}</ref> He practiced as a [[mentalist]] at Toronto's [[Canadian National Exhibition]], and wrote for Montreal's tabloid press.<ref name="Colombo">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.it/books?id=OXP_OpQna4gC&pg=PA182|title=The Midnight Hour: Canadian Accounts of Eerie Experiences|publisher=Dundurn Press|year=2004|page =182|first=John Robert|last=Colombo}}</ref> In his twenties, Randi posed as a psychic to establish that they were actually doing simple tricks and briefly wrote an astrological column in the Canadian tabloid ''Midnight'' under the name "Zo-ran," by simply shuffling up items from newspaper astrology columns and pasting them randomly into a column.<ref>{{cite book|first=James|last=Randi|title=The Truth About Uri Geller|year=1982|publisher=Prometheus Books|pages=230–231}} Randi reprints two newspaper columns from the Toronto ''Evening Telegram'' of August 28, 1950 and August 14, 1950 by Wessely Hicks about Randall Zwinge's psychic predictions. The earlier column states that "Mr. Zwinge said he first became aware that he possessed Extra Sensory Perception when he was nine years old."</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=James|last=Randi|title=Flim-flam!|year=1982|publisher=Prometheus Books|pages=61–62}}</ref> In his thirties, Randi worked in [[Philippine]] [[night clubs]] and all across Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.randi.org/jr/2006-05/051906sylvia.html#i13|title=Filipino Justice|publisher=Randi.org|date=May 19, 2006|accessdate=June 15, 2009}}</ref> He witnessed many tricks that were presented as being supernatural. One of his earliest reported experiences is that of seeing an evangelist using a version of the "[[billet reading|one-ahead]]"<ref name="Time01">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,149448,00.html?iid=chix-sphere|title=Fighting Against Flimflam|publisher=''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''|date=June 24, 2001|first=Leon|last=Jaroff|accessdate=June 18, 2007}}</ref> technique to convince churchgoers of his [[divinity|divine]] powers.<ref name="Taft">{{cite news|first=Taft|last=Philip B., Jr.|title=A Charlatan in Pursuit of Truth|work=New York Times|date=July 5, 1981|accessdate=fa}}</ref>

== Projekt Alpha ==

Mit dem Projekt Alpha aus den Jahren 1982 und 1983 zeigte Randi, dass [[Parapsychologie|Parapsychologen]] bei ihren Experimenten relativ leicht zu täuschen sind.

[[James Smith McDonnell]], Vorstandsvorsitzender von [[McDonnell Douglas]] und Anhänger der Parapsychologie, spendete 500.000 [[US-Dollar]] an die [[Washington University]], um in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], ein ''McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical Research'' zu gründen. Leiter wurde der [[Physiker]] Peter Phillips. In dieser Einrichtung wurden Menschen, die behaupteten, über parapsychologische Fähigkeiten zu verfügen, getestet. Zwei von ihnen, Michael Edwards und [[Steve Shaw]], schienen in der Tat besonders talentiert, allein durch mentale Kräfte Metall zu verbiegen, fotografische Filme zu belichten und Objekte bewegen zu können ([[Psychokinese]]). Allerdings waren diese beiden mit Randi befreundete Amateur-[[Zauberkünstler]], die er ohne Wissen der Mitarbeiter gezielt in das Labor eingeschleust hatte.

Außerdem versorgte Randi die Parapsychologen mit Tipps, wie sie Tricks verhindern könnten, aber seine Hinweise wurden ignoriert. Auch als er die Information, dass Edwards und Shaw von ihm eingeschleust waren, als Gerücht lancierte, wurden die Maßnahmen nicht verschärft.

Aufgrund der positiv verlaufenden Tests waren die Parapsychologen davon überzeugt, dass die beiden Testpersonen tatsächlich übernatürliche Fähigkeiten besäßen und sie einen Beweis für [[paranormal]]e Phänomene in der Hand hielten. Eine Veröffentlichung darüber wurde vorbereitet, Interviews gegeben.

Das McDonnell Laboratory wurde geschlossen, nachdem Randi die wahre Identität von Edwards und Shaw enthüllt hatte.

[[Datei:JREF TAM9 Beard Photo.jpg|miniatur|300px|Eine Hommage an James Randi von der Unabhängigen Untersuchungsgruppe, am TAM, Juli 2011]]

== Preise ==
*''Fellowship Award'' der [[MacArthur Foundation]], 1986
*''Joseph A. Burton Forum Award'' der [[American Physical Society]], 1989<ref>[http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/awards/burton.cfm Joseph A. Burton Forum Award]</ref>
*[[Richard Dawkins Award]] von der [[Atheist Alliance International]], 2003
*[[Erwin-Fischer-Preis]] vom [[Internationaler Bund der Konfessionslosen und Atheisten|Internationalen Bund der Konfessionslosen und Atheisten]], 2004
*''Philip J. Klass Award'', 2007

== Werke ==
*''Flim-Flam!'' 1982.
*''The Magic of Uri Geller.'' 1982. (später in ''The Truth About Uri Geller.'' umbenannt)
*''The Faith Healers.'' 1989, ISBN 0-87975-535-0. (mit [[Carl Sagan]])
*''The Mask of Nostradamus: The Prophecies of the World’s Most Famous Seer.'' 1990, ISBN 0-87975-830-9
*''Conjuring.'' 1992.
*''An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural.'' 1995.

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

== Weblinks ==
{{Commonscat}}
* [http://www.randi.org/ James Randi Educational Foundation]
* [http://www.geniimagazine.com/magicpedia/James_Randi James Randi]
* [http://skepdic.com/randi.html Eintrag im ''Skeptic’s Dictionary'']
* [http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/25/25355/1.html „Project Alpha“ – Magier undercover]
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9F07E7DE153BF936A25751C0A965948260 Artikel über Projekt Alpha (englisch)]
* [http://www.naklar.at/content/features/randi_interview/ Interview] mit James Randi.

{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=172910277|LCCN=n/80/62980|NDL=00798425|VIAF=17290510}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Randi, James}}
[[Kategorie:Zauberkünstler]]
[[Kategorie:Mitglied der Magicians Hall of Fame]]
[[Kategorie:Vertreter des Atheismus]]
[[Kategorie:Skeptikerbewegung]]
[[Kategorie:Pseudonym]]
[[Kategorie:US-Amerikaner]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1928]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Randi, James
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=Amazing Randi, the; Zwinge, Randall James Hamilton (vollständiger Name)
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=US-amerikanischer Bühnenzauberer, Skeptiker und Gegner von Pseudowissenschaften
|GEBURTSDATUM=7. August 1928
|GEBURTSORT=[[Toronto]], [[Kanada]]
|STERBEDATUM=
|STERBEORT=
}}

Joan Feynman

2013-03-31T03:11:22Z

Sgerbic: references cleanup

{{Infobox scientist
|name = Joan Feynman
|image = Joan_Feynman.jpg
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1928|3|31|mf=y}}
|birth_place = [[Far Rockaway, Queens|Far Rockaway]], New York
|residence =
|nationality = [[United States|American]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|field = [[Astrophysics]]
|work_institution = [[National Center for Atmospheric Research]], [[National Science Foundation]], [[Boston College]], [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|alma_mater = [[Oberlin College]] <br /> [[Syracuse University]]
|doctoral_advisor = [[Melvin Lax]]
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = Work on [[Aurora (astronomy)|auroras]], [[solar wind]]
|prizes = [[NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal]]
|religion =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Joan Feynman''' (born March 31, 1928) is an American [[astrophysicist]]. She has made important contributions to the study of [[solar wind]] particles and fields; sun-Earth relations; and [[magnetosphere|magnetospheric]] physics. In particular, Feynman is known for developing an understanding of the origin of [[Aurora (astronomy)|auroras]]. She is also known for creating a model that predicts the number of high-energy particles likely to hit a spacecraft over its lifetime, and for uncovering a method for predicting [[solar cycle|sun spot cycles]].<ref name="Hirshberg1">{{cite web|last=Hirshberg|first=Charles|title=My Mother, the Scientist|work=[[Popular Science]]|publisher=Bonnier Corporation
|date=2002-04-18|url=http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2002-04/my-mother-scientist?single-page-view=true}}</ref> Feynman is the younger sister of physicist [[Richard Feynman]].

== Education and early life ==
Feynman was raised in [[Far Rockaway, Queens|Far Rockaway]], New York, along with her older brother, [[Richard Feynman]].<ref name="Hirshberg1"></ref> Like Richard, she was an inquisitive child, and she exhibited an interest in understanding the natural world from an early age. However, her mother and grandmother both dissuaded her from pursuing science, since they both believed that women's brains were not physically capable of understanding complex scientific concepts in the way that men's brains could.<ref name="Hirshberg1"></ref><ref name=Ottaviani>{{cite book|last=Ottaviani|first=Jim|title=Feynman|year=2011|publisher=First Second|location=New York|isbn=978-1-59643-259-8|edition=1st ed.|coauthors=Leland Myrick}}</ref> Her brother Richard continued to encourage her, however, and it was he who introduced young Joan to auroras one night at an empty golf course near their home.<ref name=Ottaviani></ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Joan Feynman - The Aurora|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xb6vDACwxWU|accessdate=31 March 2013}}</ref> Later, Feynman would find comfort in an astronomy book given to her by her brother. She became convinced that she could, in fact, study science, when she came across a graph based on research by noted astronomer [[Cecilia Payne]].<ref name="Hirshberg1"></ref>

Feynman would go on to study at [[Oberlin College]], and she earneded her doctorate in theoretical physics from [[Syracuse University]] in 1958. She also completed postdoctoral work at [[Columbia University]].

== Career ==
Joan Feynman made original studies of the interactions between the [[solar wind]] and the Earth's [[magnetosphere]]. While working at the [[NASA Ames Research Center]] in 1971, Feynman showed that [[coronal mass ejection]]s could be identified by the presence of [[helium]] in the solar wind.<ref name="Hirshberg1"></ref> She subsequently worked at the High Altitude Observatory, the [[National Center for Atmospheric Research]] in Colorado, the [[National Science Foundation]], and [[Boston College]].<ref name=FeynmanPDF>{{cite web|title=Joan Feynman - Physics - Syracuse University|url=http://www.phy.syr.edu/PhysicsMatters/Volume2/Correspondence/JOAN%20FEYNMAN.pdf|accessdate=30 March 2013}}</ref> In 1985, she moved to the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], where she remained until her retirement.

Using data from [[Explorer 33]], Feynman demonstrated that the occurrence of [[Aurora (astronomy)|auroras]] is a product of the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetosphere.<ref name="Hirshberg1"></ref> Feynman also developed a new model for estimating the environmental hazards of the local [[space environment]], which was eventually used in spacecraft design. Later in her career, Feynman also studied the science behind [[climate change]]. She was particularly interested in transient solar events and solar cycle variations.<ref name=FeynmanPDF></ref>

Feynman retired from JPL as a Senior Scientist in 2003, but continued to work, publishing as recently as 2009 on the influence of [[Space weather|solar activity on the climate]] of the first millennium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/features.cfm?feature=1319|title=NASA Finds Sun-Climate Connection in Old Nile Records|publisher=NASA [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]|date=2007-03-19
|accessdate=2008-07-04}}</ref><ref name=Ruzmaikin>{{cite journal|last=Ruzmaikin|first=Alexander|coauthors=Joan Feynman|title=Search for Climate Trends in Satellite Data|journal=Advances in Adaptive Data Analysis|year=2009|volume=1|issue=4|pages=667–679|url=http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S1793536909000266|accessdate=30 March 2013}}</ref>

Feynman has been an author and co-author of more than 100 publications. She also edited three books.<ref name=FeynmanPDF></ref>

== Awards and honors ==

Feynman was twice elected secretary of the Solar and Interplanetary Physics Section of the [[American Geophysical Union]].<ref name=FeynmanPDF></ref>

In 1999, Feynman was named as one of JPL's elite senior scientists. In 2000 she was awarded [[NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal|NASA's Exceptional Achievement Medal]].

== Personal life ==

Feynman has a son, [[Charles Hirshberg]], from her first marriage to [[Richard Hirshberg]]. Her son is a news editor at ''[[Popular Science]]''.<ref name="Hirshberg1"></ref> Feynman has been married to fellow astrophysicist Alexander Ruzmaikin since 1987.<ref name="Syracuse">{{cite web|last=Feynman|first=Joan|title=Physics Matters at Syracuse University: Volume 2, September 2007; CORRESPONDENCE FROM ALUMNI, Joan Feynman, PhD '58
|date=September 2007|url=http://phy.syr.edu/PhysicsMatters/Volume2/V2Index.html}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*[http://science.jpl.nasa.gov/people/Feynman/ Joan Feynman] Profile from the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
*[http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2002-04/my-mother-scientist?single-page-view=true "My Mother, The Scientist"] Profile from [[Popular Science]]

{{Richard Feynman}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Feynman, Joan
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Hirshberg, Joan
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Astrophysicist
| DATE OF BIRTH = May 31, 1928
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Far Rockaway, NY
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Feynman, Joan}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American astrophysicists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Oberlin College alumni]]
[[Category:People from Far Rockaway, Queens]]
[[Category:Richard Feynman]]
[[Category:Syracuse University alumni]]
[[Category:Women physicists]]

Leo Igwe

2013-03-01T17:25:38Z

Sgerbic: re-ordered photos

{{Infobox person
| name = Leo Igwe
| image = Leo Igwe at TAM 7-12-2012.JPG
| caption = "From Witch-burning to God-men: Supporting Skepticism Around the World" at The Amaz!ng Meeting, July 12, 2012, in Las Vegas, NV, USA
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1970|07|26}}
| birth_place = [[Nigeria]]
| residence =
| occupation =
| spouse =
| salary =
| networth =
| known_for = [[Human rights]] advocacy, <br/>[[Skepticism]]
| website = http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/bio/igwe/
}}
'''Leo Igwe''' (born July 26, 1970) is a Nigerian human rights advocate and [[Secular_humanism|humanist]]. Igwe is a former Western and Southern African representative of the [[International Humanist and Ethical Union]], and has specialized in campaigning against and documenting the impacts of [[Witch_Children_in_Africa|child witchcraft]] accusations. He is currently performing research on the topic as a PhD candidate at the [[University_of_Bayreuth#Research|Bayreuth International School of African Studies]] at the [[University of Bayreuth]] in [[Germany]], having earned a graduate degree in Philosophy from the University of [[Calabar]] in [[Nigeria]]. Igwe's human rights advocacy has brought him into conflict with high-profile [[witchcraft]] believers, such as [[Liberty Foundation Gospel Ministries]], because of his criticism of what he describes as their role in the violence and child abandonment that sometimes result from accusations of witchcraft. His human rights fieldwork has led to his arrest on several occasions in Nigeria. Igwe has held leadership roles in the Nigerian Humanist Movement, [[Atheist Alliance International]], and the [[Center For Inquiry]]—Nigeria. In 2012, Igwe was appointed as a [[James_Randi_Educational_Foundation#Fellowships_and_Scholarships|Research Fellow]] of the [[James Randi Educational Foundation]], where he continues working toward the goal of responding to what he sees as the deleterious effects of [[superstition]], advancing skepticism throughout [[Africa]] and around the world.

==Early life==
Igwe was raised in southeastern [[Nigeria]], and describes his household as being strictly Catholic in the midst of a "highly superstitious community," according to an interview in the [[Gold Coast Bulletin]].<ref name="brown-2011">
{{Cite news
| last = Brown
| first = Anne-Louise
| title = Fighting the Darkness
| date = 2011-10-08
| page = 9
| location = Southport, Qld
| work = [[The Gold Coast Bulletin]]
| issn = 13213830
}}
</ref> At age twelve, Igwe entered the seminary, beginning to study for the Catholic priesthood; but later was confused by conflicting beliefs between Christian theology and the beliefs in witches and wizards that are "entrenched in Nigerian society."<ref name="brown-2011" /> After a period of research and internal conflict due to doubts about the "odd blend of tribalism and fundamentalist Christianity he believes is stunting African development," a 24-year-old Igwe resigned from the seminary and relocated to [[Ibadan, Nigeria]].<ref name="brown-2011" />

==Human rights activism==
Igwe is listed as a Junior Fellow for the Bayreuth International Graduate School of African Studies, where his project is a case study of witchcraft accusation in northern [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Igwe, Leo - Junior Fellow
| url = http://www.bigsas.uni-bayreuth.de/en/members_of_BIGSAS/junior_fellows/igwe_leo/index.html
| work = Bayreuth International Graduate School of African Studies
}}
</ref>

In a Fall 2000 article in the quarterly journal ''[[Free Inquiry]]'', Igwe enumerated different ways in which religious extremists in Nigeria have co-opted the local government and used it to enforce religious codes of law, hindering the upholding of human rights in those areas.<ref name="igwe-2000">
{{Cite journal
| volume = 20
| issue = 4
| pages = 42
| last = Igwe
| first = Leo
| title = When Sharia becomes the law of the land
| journal = Free Inquiry
| date = 2000
}}
</ref>

Igwe wrote in 2004 that in his own country of Nigeria, contemporary belief in witchcraft leads to ritual killing and [[human sacrifice]], noting that women and children are more likely to be said to possess or practice "negative" witchcraft abilities, while men are more often depicted as possessing benign witchcraft abilities.<ref name="igwe-skeptic-2004">
{{Cite journal
| volume = 11
| issue = 1
| pages = 72
| last = Igwe
| first = Leo
| title = A Skeptical Look at African Witchcraft and Religion
| journal = Skeptic
| date = 2004
}}
</ref>

In 2008, a BBC documentary, ''[[Stepping_Stones_Nigeria#Saving_Africa's_Witch_Children|Saving Africa's Witch Children]]'',<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1883606/
|title = Saving Africa's Witch Children
|publisher = Internet Movie Database
|accessdate = 2013-02-19
}}
</ref> featured an appearance by Igwe, as one of the primary subjects was "witch hunter [[Helen Ukpabio]]."<ref name="cfi-2010">
{{cite web
| title = CFI/''Nigeria'' Leader Leo Igwe Featured Tonight on ‘Saving Africa’s Witch Children’
| url = http://action.centerforinquiry.net/site/MessageViewer?em_id=4901.0
| publisher = Center for Inquiry
| date = May 26, 2010
| accessdate = 2013-02-19
}}
</ref> The documentary detailed reported "terrible crimes committed against children accused of witchcraft,"<ref name="cfi-2010" /> and premiered as an [[HBO]] feature in 2010.<ref name="cfi-2010" /><ref name="hbo-2010">
{{cite web
| title = HBO: Saving Africa's Witch Children
| url = http://www.hbo.com/documentaries/saving-africas-witch-children/synopsis.html#/documentaries/saving-africas-witch-children/index.html
| publisher = [[HBO]] Documentaries
| accessdate = 2013-02-19
}}
</ref> The documentary also follows the efforts of Sam Itauma, a human rights activist and founder of the [[Child Rights and Rehabilitation Network]] (CRARN) who offers shelter and protection to children who have been abused or abandoned, and Gary Foxcroft, who founded [[Stepping Stones Nigeria]], a UK registered charity.<ref name="hbo-2010" />

In 2009, Igwe represented the [[International Humanist and Ethical Union]] at the [[African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights]] in [[Banjul, Gambia]], where he spoke out on the IHEU's behalf against caste-based discrimination in Africa.<ref name="achpr">
{{Cite web
| title = Caste discrimination in Africa: IHEU speaks out at African Human Rights Commission
| url = http://iheu.org/fr/caste-discrimination-africa-iheu-speaks-out-african-human-rights-commission
| date = May 14, 2009
| work = International Humanist and Ethical Union
| accessdate = 2013-02-18
}}
</ref> In his talk, Igwe brought attention to discrimination against the [[African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights|Osu]], a group of people perceived by some to be of lower class, who Igwe says "continue to suffer discrimination and indignity particularly in the areas of marriage and family, right to own property and inheritance, access to land, political rights and representation, education, development, infrastructure and distribution of basic amenities."<ref name="achpr" />

In 2010, according to a release by the [[European Humanist Federation]], Igwe's home was invaded by soldiers and police officers "following a fictitious murder charge," which was allegedly brought on by a man that Igwe had attempted to have prosecuted for allegedly committing sexual crimes against a 10-year-old girl in 2006.<ref name="ehf-2010">
{{cite web
|url = http://humanistfederation.eu/protest-at-harassment-of-leo-igwe-in-nigeria/
|title = Protest at Harassment of Leo Igwe in Nigeria
|publisher = European Humanist Federation
|date = March 9, 2010
|accessdate = 2013-02-19
}}
</ref> According to the report, Igwe had been arrested three times since beginning work on the rape case, as a result of allegedly malicious petitions,<ref name="ehf-2010" /> prompting David Pollock of the EHF to write to then Vice-President of Nigeria, [[Goodluck Jonathan]], on Igwe's behalf.<ref>
{{cite web
|last = Pollock
|first = David
|title = Letter to Vice-President Goodluck Jonathan
|url = http://humanistfederation.eu/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/281-Nigeria-re-Leo-Igwe.pdf
|date = 8 March 2010
|publisher = European Humanist Federation
}}
</ref>

According to the EHF, later in August 2010 Igwe's home and family were attacked when two unidentified men assaulted and blindfolded Igwe's father, causing "extensive injuries to his face and head," and resulting in the elder Igwe having to have his eye surgically removed.<ref name="ehf-2010" /> The case has been taken up by Amnesty International, after police reportedly refused to open an investigation.<ref name="ehf-2010" />

On January 11, 2011, while attempting to rescue two children who were victims of witchcraft accusation in [[Akwa Ibom State|Uyo Akwa State]] in Southern Nigeria, Igwe was "imprisoned and beaten by police,"<ref>
{{Cite web
| title = IHEU representative Leo Igwe jailed and beaten for human rights work
| work = International Humanist and Ethical Union
| date = January 18, 2011
| url = http://www.iheu.org/iheu-representative-leo-igwe-jailed-and-beaten-human-rights-work
| accessdate = 2013-02-16
}}
</ref> in an effort, according to ''[[Sahara Reporters]]'', New York City, by the state governor [[Godswill Akpabio]] to begin "clamping down on activists involved in the rescue of children accused of witchcraft."<ref name="saharareporters">
{{Cite news
| title = Clampdown On Child Rights Activists In Akwa Ibom State: Leo Igwe Arrested By Police On the Orders Of Gov. Akpabio
| work = Sahara Reporters
| url = http://saharareporters.com/news-page/clampdown-child-rights-activists-akwa-ibom-state-leo-igwe-arrested-police-orders-gov-akpab
| accessdate = February 17, 2013
}}
</ref> Igwe was later released without charge,<ref name ="robbins-2011">
{{Cite web
| title = The dangerous fight for the 'child witches' of Nigeria
| last = Robbins
| first = Martin
| work = The Guardian
| accessdate = 2013-02-14
| date = 2011-01-14
| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/the-lay-scientist/2011/jan/14/1
}}
</ref> according to Gary Foxcroft of Stepping Stones Nigeria, and "in good spirits."<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://blog.newhumanist.org.uk/2011/01/humanist-campaigner-leo-igwe-arrested.html
|title = Humanist campaigner Leo Igwe arrested in southern Nigeria
|date = 13 January 2011
}}
</ref>

===Liberty Gospel Church===
Igwe's activism against witchcraft accusation has included lobbying for the enforcement of a law in Nigeria that prohibits accusing children of witchcraft,<ref name="oppenheimer-2010">
{{Cite news
| issn = 03624331
| last = Oppenheimer
| first = Mark
| title = On a visit to the U.S., a Nigerian witch-hunter explains herself
| work = The New York Times
| page = A11
| date = May 22, 2010
}}
</ref> which has led to conflict with [[Pentecostal]] group ''Liberty Foundation Gospel Ministries'' and in particular Pastor [[Helen Ukpabio]], who has been criticized by Igwe and others, according to a New York Times article, for her teachings "having contributed to the torture or abandonment of thousands of Nigerian children — including infants and toddlers — suspected of being witches and warlocks."<ref name="de-waal-2012" />

On July 29, 2009, Igwe was scheduled to speak at a meeting in [[Calabar]], Nigeria, "condemning the abandonment, torture and killing of children alleged to be witches."<ref name="robbins-2011a">
{{Cite news
| issn = 02613077
| last = Robbins
| first = Martin
| title = Face to faith: Christian and Islamist extremists in Nigeria are exporting dangerous ideas
| date = August 7, 2009
| work = The Guardian
| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/belief/2009/aug/08/nigeria-witch-children-polio
}}
</ref> As he was about to deliver his talk, members of the Liberty Gospel Church, more than 150 people, invaded the meeting and attacked Igwe, who was "beaten and robbed, relieved of his camera, money and mobile phone before managing to escape to a nearby police station to seek help."<ref name="robbins-2011a" /><ref name="de-waal-2012">
{{Cite web
| title = Suffer the little children
| last = De Waal
| first = Mandy
| work = Mail & Guardian
| date = April 10, 2012
| accessdate = 2013-02-14
| url = http://mg.co.za/article/2012-04-10-suffer-the-little-children/
}}
</ref> Portions of the altercation were captured on film.<ref name="mob-2009">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWktZEj6OZ8
| title = Helen Ukpabio militia invade child rights conference in Calabar, Nigeria
| publisher = Youtube.com
| date = July 29, 2009
}}
</ref>

After the attack, the leader of Liberty Gospel Church, pastor Helen Ukpabio, sued the state government, as well as several critics, including Igwe, seeking 2 billion [[naira]] (about $1.3 million USD, 2010) and an "order of perpetual injunction," restraining her critics' speech from further criticizing her work.<ref name="de-waal-2012" /><ref name="oppenheimer-2010" /> Ukpabio's application, which followed after a reported attack on Igwe by more than 150 alleged followers of Ukpabio in Calabar, Nigeria, at a child rights conference organized by a local humanist group where Igwe was scheduled to speak in July 2009, was later dismissed by Justice P.J. Nneke at the Federal High Court in Calabar.<ref name="robbins-2011" />

Responding to criticism by Igwe and other activists, Ukpabio told ''[[New York Times]]'' reporter Mark Oppenheimer that "her filmic depictions of possessed children, gathering by moonlight to devour human flesh" (as seen in her film ''End of the Wicked'') were not meant to be taken literally, and stated, according to Oppenheimer, that the [[BBC]] documentary ''Saving Africa's Children'' "exaggerates or invents the problem of child abandonment."<ref name="oppenheimer-2010" /> According to Oppenheimer, "Asked how she could be so sure, she said, 'because I am an African!' In Africa, she said, 'family ties are too strong to have a child on the street.'"<ref name="oppenheimer-2010" />

==Skepticism==
[[Image:Leo Igwe.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Leo Igwe]]
Igwe's role as coordinator of the Nigerian Humanist Movement led to his being awarded the Freidenker's Award for an outstanding contribution to world atheism during the 2005 ''Stars of Freethought Convention'', hosted by [[Atheist Alliance International]] and Atheists United.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kamdar|first=Mehul|title=Atheist Alliance International’s 11th Annual Stars of Freethought Convention - Some Afterthoughts|url=http://mukto-mona.net/Articles/mehul/atheist_convention.htm|publisher=Mukto-mona|accessdate=17 February 2013}}</ref> In addition to founding the Nigerian Humanist Movement, Igwe was also a main organizer and presenter in 2007 at the first international humanist conference in Sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>
{{cite web
|last = Allen Jr.
|first = Norm R.
|title = African Americans for Humanism in Africa
|url = http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?page=allen_27_1&section=library
|publisher = Council for Secular Humanism
|accessdate = 2013-02-25
}}
</ref>

Igwe has also served on the board of directors of Atheist Alliance International, where he facilitated collaboration between AAI and the Nigerian Humanist Movement, resulting in the NHM receiving both the AAI International Friedenker Award and the AAI Community Cooperation Award.<ref name="aai-2010">
{{cite web
|title = Atheist Alliance of America - Leo Igwe
|url = http://www.atheistallianceamerica.org/programs/16-ambassador-corps/150-leo-igwe.html
|date = May 27, 2010
|accessdate = 2013-01-30
}}
</ref>

In June 2009, as Director of the [[Center For Inquiry]]–Nigeria, Igwe was interviewed on the [[BBC World Service]] about the Center's efforts to raise awareness about violence and neglect resulting from witchcraft belief, both in the name of its practice and resulting from fear of magic.<ref name="cfi-2009">
{{Cite web
| title = Director of CFI—Nigeria Leo Igwe interviewed on BBC World Service
| url = http://www.centerforinquiry.net/news/director_of_cfi--nigeria_leo_igwe_interviewed_on_bbc_world_service/
| date = June 15, 2009
| work = Center for Inquiry
| accessdate = 2013-02-18
}}
</ref><ref name="bbc-2009">
{{Cite web
|title = Do traditional beliefs in witchcraft or the power of juju hold back development in Africa?
|work = BBC World Service - Africa
|date = June 14, 2009
|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/2009/06/090614_humanist-view.shtml
| accessdate = 2013-02-18
}}
</ref>

In 2012, Igwe wrote ''A Manifesto for a Skeptical Africa'',<ref name="manifesto">
{{Cite web
| last = Igwe
| first = Leo
| title = A Manifesto for a Skeptical Africa
| url = http://www.randi.org/site/index.php/component/content/article/37-static/1891-leo-igwe.html
| work = James Randi Educational Foundation
| accessdate = 2013-02-17
}}
</ref> which received endorsements from multiple public activists in Africa, as well as skeptical endorsers around the world.<ref name="manifesto" />

Igwe presented a poster at the Sixth World Skeptics Congress (May 18–20, 2012) in [[Berlin, Germany]], with graphic accounts of the trials that he and many of his supporters have faced in Africa while protesting the persecution and killing of children and minorities, and the failures on the part of law enforcement and religious leaders to challenge such atrocities.<ref name="sturgess-2012">{{Cite interview
| interviewer = Kylie Sturgess
| last = Igwe
| first = Leo
| type = Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
| title = Leo Igwe - The Constant Fight Against Irrationality
| date = 2012-06-06
}}
</ref>

On July 12, 2012, Igwe participated in a panel discussion at [[The Amaz!ng Meeting]] (TAM) 2012, "From Witch-burning to God-men: Supporting Skepticism Around the World."<ref name="tam-2012">
{{cite web
| title = The Amaz!ng Meeting 2012 — Program
| url = http://www.amazingmeeting.com/TAM2012/speakers/
| publisher = James Randi Educational Foundation
| accessdate = 21 January 2013
}}
</ref><ref name="jref-2013">
{{cite web
|title = New Video from the Amaz!ng Meeting 2012: Supporting Skepticism Around the World
|url = http://www.randi.org/site/index.php/jref-news/1995-new-video-from-the-amazng-meeting-2012-supporting-skepticism-around-the-world.html
|publisher = James Randi Educational Foundation
|accessdate = 2013-02-21
}}
</ref> Igwe's presentation addressed the issue of poverty driving both the supply of and demand for self-styled exorcists, whom Igwe says preys on desperate communities and results in the abandonment or neglect of children.<ref name="tam-2012" /> With panelist Eran Segev (then-President, [[Australian Skeptics]]) and moderator Brian Thompson (Outreach Director, JREF), Igwe discussed his efforts in human rights advocacy and the deleterious effects of superstition and witchcraft accusation in Nigeria, Ghana, and Malawi, as well as drawing public attention to the activities of witch hunters.<ref name="tam-2012" />

In October 2012, Igwe was appointed as a Research Fellow of the [[James Randi Educational Foundation]] (JREF),<ref name="hill-2012">{{Cite web
| title = Leo Igwe partners with JREF to respond to witchcraft problem in Africa
| last = Hill
| first = Sharon A.
| date = October 30, 2012
| work = Doubtful News
| accessdate = 2013-02-17
| url = http://doubtfulnews.com/2012/10/leo-igwe-partners-with-jref-to-respond-to-witchcraft-problem-in-africa/
}}
</ref><ref name="jref-2012">{{Cite web
| title = Leo Igwe Appointed as New JREF Research Fellow
| work = James Randi Educational Foundation
| url = http://www.randi.org/site/index.php/jref-news/1896-jref-staff.html
| accessdate = 2013-02-16
}}
</ref> a skeptical nonprofit organization founded by magician and skeptic, [[James Randi]]. Randi said of the appointment, "We at the JREF are proud to work with Mr. Leo Igwe in fighting deadly misinformation in Africa, and around the world," adding that the JREF's mission "fits in perfectly with Mr. Igwe's very important work."<ref name="jref-2012" />

==See also==
*[[African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights]]
*[[Atheist Alliance International]]
*[[Center for Inquiry]]
*[[Child Rights and Rehabilitation Network]]
*[[International Humanist and Ethical Union]]
*[[James Randi Educational Foundation]]
*[[Stepping Stones Nigeria]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{cite web
| url = http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/bio/igwe/
| title = Leo Igwe
| publisher = Institute for Ethics & Emerging Technologies
| accessdate = 2013-02-16
}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://iheu.org/taxonomy/term/443
| title = Igwe, Leo
| publisher = International Humanist and Ethical Union
| accessdate = 2013-02-16
}}
*[http://www.randi.org/site/index.php/component/content/article/37-static/1891-leo-igwe.html ''A Manifesto for a Skeptical Africa'']
*{{cite web
| title = HBO: Saving Africa's Witch Children
| url = http://www.hbo.com/documentaries/saving-africas-witch-children/synopsis.html#/documentaries/saving-africas-witch-children/index.html
| publisher = [[HBO]] Documentaries
}}

*{{cite web
| url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rWU9gDKYTfM
| title = From Witch Burning to God-men: Supporting Skepticism Around the World
| publisher = Youtube.com
| date = January 24, 2013
}}
*{{cite web
| url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWktZEj6OZ8
| title = Helen Ukpabio militia invade child rights conference in Calabar, Nigeria
| publisher = Youtube.com
| date = July 29, 2009
}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Igwe, Leo
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1970-07-26
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Nigeria]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}

[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nigerian atheists]]
[[Category:Nigerian humanists]]
[[Category:Human rights activists]]

Leo Igwe

2012-11-14T00:10:04Z

Sgerbic: fixed picture. Hit save instead of preview opps.

{{Infobox person
| name = Leo Igwe
| image = Leo Igwe.JPG
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1970|07|26}}
| birth_place = [[Nigeria]]
| residence =
| occupation =
| spouse =
| salary =
| networth =
| website = http://www.iheu.org/taxonomy/term/443
}}

'''Leo Igwe''' (born July 26 1970) is a Nigerian humanist and human rights activist, and a former Western and Southern African representative of the International Humanist and Ethical Union. Igwe has campaigned against child witchcraft,<ref>{{cite news|title= Suffer the little children|publisher= [[Mail & Guardian]]|date=|url= http://mg.co.za/article/2012-04-10-suffer-the-little-children/|accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref> and is currently engaged in researching African witchcraft accusations and their social impact<ref>{{cite |url= http://www.bigsas.uni-bayreuth.de/en/members_of_BIGSAS/junior_fellows/igwe_leo/index.html |accessdate=2012-11-12}}</ref> at the Bayreuth International School of African Studies, of the University of Bayreuth, Germany. In his fight against irrationality and deadly superstition which has claimed the lives of children branded 'witch' or 'wizard', Igwe has famously locked horns with [[Helen Ukpabio]], the founder and head of [[African]] [[Evangelical]] franchise Liberty Foundation Gospel Ministries in Nigeria, and an established believer in [[witchcraft]] and demonic possessions.<ref>{{cite news|title= Demons, exploitation and human rights abuses|publisher= [[Daily Times of Nigeria|Daily Times]]|date=|url= http://dailytimes.com.ng/blog/demons-exploitation-and-human-rights-abuses|accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= The dangerous fight for the 'child witches' of Nigeria|publisher= ''[[The Guardian]]''|date=|url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/the-lay-scientist/2011/jan/14/1|accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref> Igwe's pathbreaking work combating witchhunts, especially in Nigeria and Malawi, has been featured on TV and radio in Europe, Australia and North America. On several occasions, Igwe has personally saved children who have been beaten, raped and faced death because they have been accused of witchcraft.<ref>{{cite |title= Leo Igwe, brave Nigerian |url= http://www.thepinkhumanist.com/index.php/6-leo-igwe-brave-nigerian |accessdate=2012-11-12}}</ref>

[[Image:Leo Igwe at TAM 7-12-2012.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Leo Igwe participated in a Panel: "From Witch-burning to God-men: Supporting Skepticism Around the World" at The Amaz!ng Meeting, July 12, 2012, in Las Vegas, NV, USA]]

Leo Igwe was recently appointed as a research fellow by the [[James Randi Educational Foundation]],<ref name="JREF">{{cite |url= http://www.randi.org/site/index.php/jref-news/1896-jref-staff.html |title= Leo Igwe Appointed as New JREF Research Fellow|accessdate=2012-11-12}}</ref> a skeptical, [[non-profit organization]] founded by [[magician]] and [[skeptic]] [[James Randi]]. This appointment is expected to support his work advancing skepticism throughout Africa and around the world. A statement from JREF<ref name=JREF /> stated:
<blockquote>Mr. Igwe, in partnership with the JREF, will work to respond to harmful and growing superstitious beliefs throughout Africa, including belief in psuedoscientific “medicine,” and witchcraft, which result in heinous murders<ref>{{cite |title= Belief in Witchcraft Leads to Murders in Africa |url= http://www.livescience.com/10603-belief-witchcraft-leads-murders-africa.html |accessdate=2012-11-12}}</ref> of adults and children alike. A recent poll<ref>{{cite |title= Belief in Witchcraft Widespread in Africa |url= http://www.livescience.com/8515-belief-witchcraft-widespread-africa.html |accessdate=2012-11-12}}</ref> showed that about 55% of people living in Africa believe in witchcraft, despite no evidence that these powers exist. Perhaps not unsurprisingly, a lack of science education was correlated with an increased belief in witchcraft, indicating a need for more education throughout Africa on the dangers of unfounded belief in the paranormal. Igwe will report on the state of superstition and paranormal belief in Africa regularly at randi.org, with his column, Skeptical Africa. Through his work in the field and in academia, Mr. Igwe aims to better understand the causes of harmful and unfounded superstition across the continent, and to help combat it through educating the public, both in the US and abroad.</blockquote>

Leo Igwe has authored an essay titled [http://www.randi.org/site/index.php/component/content/article/37-static/1891-leo-igwe.html ''A Manifesto for a Skeptical Africa''], a clarion call to African skeptics, science advocates, humanists and secularists. Igwe made a poster presentation at the 6th World Skeptics Congress (May 18-20, 2012) in Berlin, Germany, with graphic accounts of the trials that he and many of his supporters have faced in Africa, while protesting the persecution and killing of children and minorities, and the failures on the part of law enforcement and religious leaders to challenge such atrocities. In course of an interview<ref>{{cite |title= Leo Igwe—The Constant Fight Against Irrationality |url= http://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/leo_igwethe_constant_fight_against_irrationality/ |accessdate=2012-11-12}}</ref> later, Igwe explained the importance of his work in Africa:
<blockquote>A lot of work has been done in Europe, in Australia, in America, but not much has been done in Africa. So the posters are there to let international participants understand the challenges we are facing in the area of witchcraft accusation... They’re about the role churches are playing, where there are the witch doctors; pastors are the modern day, if I can use that word, witch doctors in Africa. I look at the part that Islam and Christianity are playing—they reinforce superstitions in the modern day, and are not addressing them. Incidentally, [[Christianity]], maybe because it was brought by Europeans, it’s considered to be civilized. At the end of it all, I see them as another form of superstition, and it is not helping our efforts to promote reason, science, and critical thinking in Africa... We also have, of course, traditional superstitious beliefs that have nothing to do with Christianity. They have a lot to do in terms of being also on the same irrational platform, like ritual killing/human sacrifice—which many people don't want to talk about—but that's exactly what we’re facing. People honestly think there are agents somewhere who can be appeased by sacrifices—the killing of something, an animal or even a person. We also have the problem of persecution of albinos, particularly in East Africa. We have persecution of children, sacrifices of children in Uganda, Nigeria, and Swaziland, and all of that. But the fact there is that there are no rational voices; even though there are people who are rationally minded, they are not speaking out. This is because sometimes they are afraid—maybe, they might think there could be some supernatural backfiring or retribution—they just don't want to tamper with those things.</blockquote>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nigerian atheists]]
[[Category:Nigerian humanists]]

{{atheism-stub}}
{{Nigeria-stub}}

Leo Igwe

2012-11-14T00:08:23Z

Sgerbic: added picture

{{Infobox person
| name = Leo Igwe
| image = Leo Igwe.JPG
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1970|07|26}}
| birth_place = [[Nigeria]]
| residence =
| occupation =
| spouse =
| salary =
| networth =
| website = http://www.iheu.org/taxonomy/term/443
}}

'''Leo Igwe''' (born July 26 1970) is a Nigerian humanist and human rights activist, and a former Western and Southern African representative of the International Humanist and Ethical Union. Igwe has campaigned against child witchcraft,<ref>{{cite news|title= Suffer the little children|publisher= [[Mail & Guardian]]|date=|url= http://mg.co.za/article/2012-04-10-suffer-the-little-children/|accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref> and is currently engaged in researching African witchcraft accusations and their social impact<ref>{{cite |url= http://www.bigsas.uni-bayreuth.de/en/members_of_BIGSAS/junior_fellows/igwe_leo/index.html |accessdate=2012-11-12}}</ref> at the Bayreuth International School of African Studies, of the University of Bayreuth, Germany. In his fight against irrationality and deadly superstition which has claimed the lives of children branded 'witch' or 'wizard', Igwe has famously locked horns with [[Helen Ukpabio]], the founder and head of [[African]] [[Evangelical]] franchise Liberty Foundation Gospel Ministries in Nigeria, and an established believer in [[witchcraft]] and demonic possessions.<ref>{{cite news|title= Demons, exploitation and human rights abuses|publisher= [[Daily Times of Nigeria|Daily Times]]|date=|url= http://dailytimes.com.ng/blog/demons-exploitation-and-human-rights-abuses|accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= The dangerous fight for the 'child witches' of Nigeria|publisher= ''[[The Guardian]]''|date=|url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/the-lay-scientist/2011/jan/14/1|accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref> Igwe's pathbreaking work combating witchhunts, especially in Nigeria and Malawi, has been featured on TV and radio in Europe, Australia and North America. On several occasions, Igwe has personally saved children who have been beaten, raped and faced death because they have been accused of witchcraft.<ref>{{cite |title= Leo Igwe, brave Nigerian |url= http://www.thepinkhumanist.com/index.php/6-leo-igwe-brave-nigerian |accessdate=2012-11-12}}</ref>

[[Image:Leo Igwe at TAM 7-12-2012.JPG|thumb|200px|Leo Igwe participated in a Panel: "From Witch-burning to God-men: Supporting Skepticism Around the World" at The Amaz!ng Meeting, July 12, 2012, in Las Vegas, NV, USA]]

Leo Igwe was recently appointed as a research fellow by the [[James Randi Educational Foundation]],<ref name="JREF">{{cite |url= http://www.randi.org/site/index.php/jref-news/1896-jref-staff.html |title= Leo Igwe Appointed as New JREF Research Fellow|accessdate=2012-11-12}}</ref> a skeptical, [[non-profit organization]] founded by [[magician]] and [[skeptic]] [[James Randi]]. This appointment is expected to support his work advancing skepticism throughout Africa and around the world. A statement from JREF<ref name=JREF /> stated:
<blockquote>Mr. Igwe, in partnership with the JREF, will work to respond to harmful and growing superstitious beliefs throughout Africa, including belief in psuedoscientific “medicine,” and witchcraft, which result in heinous murders<ref>{{cite |title= Belief in Witchcraft Leads to Murders in Africa |url= http://www.livescience.com/10603-belief-witchcraft-leads-murders-africa.html |accessdate=2012-11-12}}</ref> of adults and children alike. A recent poll<ref>{{cite |title= Belief in Witchcraft Widespread in Africa |url= http://www.livescience.com/8515-belief-witchcraft-widespread-africa.html |accessdate=2012-11-12}}</ref> showed that about 55% of people living in Africa believe in witchcraft, despite no evidence that these powers exist. Perhaps not unsurprisingly, a lack of science education was correlated with an increased belief in witchcraft, indicating a need for more education throughout Africa on the dangers of unfounded belief in the paranormal. Igwe will report on the state of superstition and paranormal belief in Africa regularly at randi.org, with his column, Skeptical Africa. Through his work in the field and in academia, Mr. Igwe aims to better understand the causes of harmful and unfounded superstition across the continent, and to help combat it through educating the public, both in the US and abroad.</blockquote>

Leo Igwe has authored an essay titled [http://www.randi.org/site/index.php/component/content/article/37-static/1891-leo-igwe.html ''A Manifesto for a Skeptical Africa''], a clarion call to African skeptics, science advocates, humanists and secularists. Igwe made a poster presentation at the 6th World Skeptics Congress (May 18-20, 2012) in Berlin, Germany, with graphic accounts of the trials that he and many of his supporters have faced in Africa, while protesting the persecution and killing of children and minorities, and the failures on the part of law enforcement and religious leaders to challenge such atrocities. In course of an interview<ref>{{cite |title= Leo Igwe—The Constant Fight Against Irrationality |url= http://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/leo_igwethe_constant_fight_against_irrationality/ |accessdate=2012-11-12}}</ref> later, Igwe explained the importance of his work in Africa:
<blockquote>A lot of work has been done in Europe, in Australia, in America, but not much has been done in Africa. So the posters are there to let international participants understand the challenges we are facing in the area of witchcraft accusation... They’re about the role churches are playing, where there are the witch doctors; pastors are the modern day, if I can use that word, witch doctors in Africa. I look at the part that Islam and Christianity are playing—they reinforce superstitions in the modern day, and are not addressing them. Incidentally, [[Christianity]], maybe because it was brought by Europeans, it’s considered to be civilized. At the end of it all, I see them as another form of superstition, and it is not helping our efforts to promote reason, science, and critical thinking in Africa... We also have, of course, traditional superstitious beliefs that have nothing to do with Christianity. They have a lot to do in terms of being also on the same irrational platform, like ritual killing/human sacrifice—which many people don't want to talk about—but that's exactly what we’re facing. People honestly think there are agents somewhere who can be appeased by sacrifices—the killing of something, an animal or even a person. We also have the problem of persecution of albinos, particularly in East Africa. We have persecution of children, sacrifices of children in Uganda, Nigeria, and Swaziland, and all of that. But the fact there is that there are no rational voices; even though there are people who are rationally minded, they are not speaking out. This is because sometimes they are afraid—maybe, they might think there could be some supernatural backfiring or retribution—they just don't want to tamper with those things.</blockquote>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nigerian atheists]]
[[Category:Nigerian humanists]]

{{atheism-stub}}
{{Nigeria-stub}}

Paul Kurtz

2012-10-29T22:29:45Z

Sgerbic: added picture

[[Datei:Kurtz-1-.color.jpg|miniatur|hochkant|Paul Kurtz]]

'''Paul Kurtz''' (* [[21. Dezember]] [[1925]] in [[Newark (New Jersey)|Newark]], New Jersey; † [[20. Oktober]] [[2012]]<ref>[http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2012/10/21/paul-kurtz-has-died/ Paul Kurtz Has Died], abgerufen am 23. Oktober 2012</ref>) war emeritierter Professor für [[Philosophie]] der [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York|Universität Buffalo]] ([[SUNY]]). Er war der Gründer und Vorsitzender des [[Thinktank]]s [[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]] (CSI), früher ''Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal'' (CSICOP) genannt, des [[Council for Secular Humanism]] und des mittelständischen [[Buchverlag]]s [[Prometheus Books]].

Kurtz war Chefredakteur der Zeitschrift [[Free Inquiry]] vom ''Council for Secular Humanism''. Er war Co-President (2. Vorsitzender) der [[International Humanist and Ethical Union]] (IHEU). Außerdem war er Mitglied der [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] und Präsident der ''[[International Academy of Humanism]]''. Er war Coautor des [[Humanistisches Manifest II|Humanistischen Manifests II]]. Der [[Asteroid]] ''(6629) Kurtz'' wurde nach ihm benannt.

Der Philosoph prägte den Begriff ''Eupraxsophie'' (ursprünglich ''Eupraxophie''), der Philosophien und Weltanschauungen wie den säkularen Humanismus oder den [[Konfuzianismus]] bezeichnet, die keine Bezugnahme auf Transzendenz oder Übernatürliches enthalten. Das Kunstwort ist ein Kompositum aus den [[Griechische Sprache|griechischen]] Worten für ''gut'', ''Praxis'' und ''Weisheitsliebe''.<ref>[http://www.goddiscussion.com/102869/paul-kurtz-dead-at-that-age-of-86/ Paul Kurtz dead at that age of 86]</ref>

[[Image:Paul Kurtz's office at CFI Transnational.jpg|thumb|350px|The office of Paul Kurtz at Center for Inquiry Transnational, Amherst, NY]]

== Werke ==
[[Datei:Ken-RayPaulRandiKen photo at TAM8.jpg|thumb|350px|rechts|[[Ray Hyman]], Paul Kurtz, [[James Randi]] und [[Kendrick Frazier|Ken Frazier]] im Juli 2010 in Las Vegas]]
* ''The Transcendental Temptation: A Critique of Religion and the Paranormal'', 1986 ISBN 0-87975-645-4
* ''A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology'' (Paul Kurtz, editor), 1985, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-300-5
* ''Forbidden Fruit: The Ethics of Humanism'', 1988, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-455-9 (deutsch: ''Verbotene Früchte'', [[Angelika Lenz Verlag]], Neustadt a. Rübenberge 1998, ISBN 3-9804597-8-0
* ''The New Skepticism: Inquiry and Reliable Knowledge'', 1992, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-766-3
* ''The Courage to Become'', 1997, Praeger/Greenwood, ISBN 0-275-96016-1
* ''Living Without Religion: Eupraxophy'' (Leben ohne Religion: Eupraxophie) ISBN 0-87975-929-1
* ''In Defense of Secular Humanism'' ISBN 0-87975-228-9
* ''Challenges to the Enlightenment: In Defense of Reason and Science'' by Paul Kurtz, ''et al'', 1994 ISBN 0-87975-869-4
* ''Skepticism and Humanism: The New Paradigm'', 2001 ISBN 0-7658-0051-9
* ''Science and Religion'' by Paul Kurtz, ''et al'', 2003 ISBN 1-59102-064-6
* ''Affirmations: Joyful And Creative Exuberance'', 2004 ISBN 1-59102-265-7

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.centerforinquiry.net/paul_kurtz_obituary Nachruf auf Paul Kurtz beim ''Council for Secular Humanism'']
* [http://www.bfg-bayern.de/ethik/Personen/Kurtz_Paul.htm Kurzbiografie] von Paul Kurtz beim [[Bund für Geistesfreiheit]] Bayern

== Einzelnachweise, Fußnoten ==
<references/>

{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=119166518|LCCN=n/50/58432|VIAF=6054}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Kurtz, Paul}}
[[Kategorie:Philosoph (20. Jahrhundert)]]
[[Kategorie:Autor]]
[[Kategorie:US-Amerikaner]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1925]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 2012]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
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|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
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|GEBURTSORT=Newark (New Jersey), Vereinigte Staaten
|STERBEDATUM=20. Oktober 2012
|STERBEORT=
}}

[[en:Paul Kurtz]]
[[es:Paul Kurtz]]
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[[fr:Paul Kurtz]]
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[[pt:Paul Kurtz]]
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[[sv:Paul Kurtz]]

Paul Kurtz

2012-10-25T02:12:54Z

Sgerbic: added picture and hyperlinks

[[Datei:Kurtz-1-.color.jpg|miniatur|hochkant|Paul Kurtz]]

'''Paul Kurtz''' (* [[21. Dezember]] [[1925]] in [[Newark (New Jersey)|Newark]], New Jersey; † [[20. Oktober]] [[2012]]<ref>[http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2012/10/21/paul-kurtz-has-died/ Paul Kurtz Has Died], abgerufen am 23. Oktober 2012</ref>) war emeritierter Professor für [[Philosophie]] der [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York|Universität Buffalo]] ([[SUNY]]). Er war der Gründer und Vorsitzender des [[Thinktank]]s [[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]] (CSI), früher ''Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal'' (CSICOP) genannt, des [[Council for Secular Humanism]] und des mittelständischen [[Buchverlag]]s [[:en:Prometheus Books|Prometheus Books]].

Kurtz war Chefredakteur der Zeitschrift ''[[:en:Free Inquiry|Free Inquiry]]'' vom ''Council for Secular Humanism''. Er war Co-President (2. Vorsitzender) der [[International Humanist and Ethical Union]] (IHEU). Außerdem war er Mitglied der [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] und Präsident der ''[[:en:International Academy of Humanism|International Academy of Humanism]]''. Er war Coautor des [[Humanistisches Manifest II|Humanistischen Manifests II]]. Der [[Asteroid]] ''(6629) Kurtz'' wurde nach ihm benannt.

Der Philosoph prägte den Begriff ''Eupraxsophie'' (ursprünglich ''Eupraxophie''), der Philosophien und Weltanschauungen wie den säkularen Humanismus oder den [[Konfuzianismus]] bezeichnet, die keine Bezugnahme auf Transzendenz oder Übernatürliches enthalten. Das Kunstwort ist ein Kompositum aus den [[griechische Sprache|griechischen]] Worten für ''gut'', ''Praxis'' und ''Weisheitsliebe''.<ref>[http://www.goddiscussion.com/102869/paul-kurtz-dead-at-that-age-of-86/ Paul Kurtz dead at that age of 86]</ref>

[[Image:Ken-RayPaulRandiKen photo at TAM8.jpg|thumb|350px|left|[[Ray Hyman]], Paul Kurtz, [[James Randi]], and [[Kendrick Frazier|Ken Frazier]] at TAM8, July 2010, Las Vegas after their session on the history of the modern skeptical movement.]]

== Werke ==
* ''The Transcendental Temptation: A Critique of Religion and the Paranormal'', 1986 ISBN 0-87975-645-4
* ''A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology'' (Paul Kurtz, editor), 1985, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-300-5
* ''Forbidden Fruit: The Ethics of Humanism'', 1988, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-455-9 (deutsch: ''Verbotene Früchte'', Angelika Lenz Verlag, Neustadt a. Rübenberge 1998, ISBN 3-9804597-8-0
* ''The New Skepticism: Inquiry and Reliable Knowledge'', 1992, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-766-3
* ''The Courage to Become'', 1997, Praeger/Greenwood, ISBN 0-275-96016-1
* ''Living Without Religion: Eupraxophy'' (Leben ohne Religion: Eupraxophie) ISBN 0-87975-929-1
* ''In Defense of Secular Humanism'' ISBN 0-87975-228-9
* ''Challenges to the Enlightenment: In Defense of Reason and Science'' by Paul Kurtz, ''et al'', 1994 ISBN 0-87975-869-4
* ''Skepticism and Humanism: The New Paradigm'', 2001 ISBN 0-7658-0051-9
* ''Science and Religion'' by Paul Kurtz, ''et al'', 2003 ISBN 1-59102-064-6
* ''Affirmations: Joyful And Creative Exuberance'', 2004 ISBN 1-59102-265-7

== Weblinks ==
*[http://www.centerforinquiry.net/paul_kurtz_obituary Nachruf auf Paul Kurtz beim ''Council for Secular Humanism'']
*[http://www.bfg-bayern.de/ethik/Personen/Kurtz_Paul.htm Kurzbiografie] von Paul Kurtz beim [[Bund für Geistesfreiheit]] Bayern

== Einzelnachweise, Fußnoten ==
<references/>

{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=119166518|LCCN=n/50/58432|VIAF=6054}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Kurtz, Paul}}
[[Kategorie:Philosoph (20. Jahrhundert)]]
[[Kategorie:Autor]]
[[Kategorie:US-Amerikaner]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1925]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 2012]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Kurtz, Paul
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=US-amerikanischer Philosoph und säkularer Humanist
|GEBURTSDATUM=21. Dezember 1925
|GEBURTSORT=Newark (New Jersey), Vereinigte Staaten
|STERBEDATUM=20. Oktober 2012
|STERBEORT=
}}

[[en:Paul Kurtz]]
[[es:Paul Kurtz]]
[[fi:Paul Kurtz]]
[[fr:Paul Kurtz]]
[[nl:Paul Kurtz]]
[[no:Paul Kurtz]]
[[pl:Paul Kurtz]]
[[pt:Paul Kurtz]]
[[ru:Куртц, Пол]]
[[sv:Paul Kurtz]]

Penn & Teller

2012-10-09T22:59:55Z

Sgerbic: New Picture

[[Datei:Penn and Teller with James Randi TAM-2012.JPG|miniatur|Penn & Teller on stage with [[James Randi]] at [[:en:The Amaz!ng Meeting|The Amazing Meeting 2012]] (TAM-2012) during the Saturday Keynote Presentation: "Penn & Teller - 38 Years of Magic & BS"]]

'''Penn & Teller''' sind ein [[USA|US-amerikanisches]] [[Zauberkünstler|Trickkünstler-]] und [[Komiker]]-Duo. Während ihrer Auftritte ist '''Penn Jillette''' der Erzähler, '''Teller''' ist „stumm“ und kommuniziert nur über Gestik und Mimik. Ihre Spezialität sind blutige Tricks, raffinierte Streiche und das Enthüllen ihrer eigenen Zaubertricks. Neben ihrer Show in [[Las Vegas]] sind sie als Autoren und Darsteller in Filmen und TV-Sendungen bekannt. Sie sind beide bekennende [[Atheismus|Atheisten]], [[Brights]], [[Skeptikerbewegung|Skeptiker]] und [[Libertarismus|Libertäre]], was in ihrem öffentlichen Auftreten eine Rolle spielt, insbesondere in der Sendung ''[[Bullshit!]]''<ref>[http://the-brights.net/people/enthusiastic/index2.html ''Enthusiastic Brights''], the-brights.net</ref>

== Biografie ==
=== Penn Jillette ===
[[Datei:Penn Jillette in 2007.jpg|miniatur|Penn Jillette, 2007]]

'''Penn Fraser Jillette''' wurde am 5. März 1955 in [[Greenfield (Massachusetts)|Greenfield]], [[Massachusetts]], geboren. Seine Eltern waren beide Kanadier. Er hat eine ältere Schwester.

Verglichen mit seinem Partner Teller, fand Penn erst spät zur Zauberkunst. In seiner Jugend interessierte er sich für das [[Jonglieren]] und andere Kunststücke; von der Zauberkunst war er eher enttäuscht durch Magier wie [[The Amazing Kreskin]], die vorgaben, ihre Vorführungen seien echt und nicht bloß Illusion. Dies änderte sich, als er mit 18 Jahren eine Show von [[James Randi]] sah. Penn war fasziniert von Randis Konzept, die Zauberkunst offen als das zu präsentieren, was sie ist − Tricks und Schwindelei zum Zwecke der Unterhaltung −, statt eine geheimnisvolle Atmosphäre des [[Supranaturalismus|Übernatürlichen]] zu erschaffen. Dies sollte den späteren Stil von Penn & Teller maßgeblich beeinflussen.

Zur professionellen Zauberkunst fand Penn erst, als er Teller kennenlernte. Nach der [[High School]] (1973) arbeitete er gemeinsam mit [[Michael Moschen]], einem Klassenkameraden, als Jongleur. Daneben besuchte er die [[Clown]]-Schule ''Ringling Bros. Barnum & Bailey Clown College''. 1975 begann seine Karriere mit Teller und Weir Chrisimer.

==== Privates ====
Penn ist mit der TV-Produzentin Emily Zolten verheiratet und hat eine Tochter, Moxie CrimeFighter Jillette, und einen Sohn, Zolten Penn Jillette. Den ungewöhnlichen, zweiten Vornamen ''CrimeFighter'' wählten die Eltern, weil der zweite Vorname im Alltag kaum eine Rolle spielt und sie sich einen kleinen Spaß erlauben wollten.

Vor seiner jetzigen Ehe war Penn unter anderem mit [[Robin Quivers]] von der [[Howard Stern Show]] und [[Debbie Harry]], der Sängerin von [[Blondie (Band)|Blondie]], liiert.<ref>[http://www.nndb.com/people/919/000022853/ Penn Jillette], nndb.com</ref><ref>[http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/the_middlebrow/2006/02/penn_jillette.html ''Penn Jillette: The magician-comedian-writer’s secrets revealed!''], slate.com</ref>

==== Roter Fingernagel ====
Eines von Penns Markenzeichen ist sein stets rot [[Nagellack|lackierter]] linker Ringfingernagel. In Interviews nach dessen Bedeutung gefragt, antwortet er oft ironisch, dass es bedeute, dass er mal einen Mann erschossen habe, weil dieser persönliche Fragen gestellt habe. Tatsächlich begann alles als Streich, den er seiner Mutter spielte. Als er nämlich mit der Zauberkunst begann, da ermahnte sie ihn stets, seine Hände gut zu pflegen und zu [[Maniküre|maniküren]], weil ja die Zuschauer oft auf seine Hände schauen würden. Daraufhin lackierte er sich alle Fingernägel, was er bis heute beim linken Ringfinger beibehalten hat.<ref>[http://blog.vegas.com/las-vegas-shows/q-a-with-penn-jillette-6695/ ''Q & A with Penn Jillette'']</ref>

=== Teller ===
[[Datei:Teller Rio.jpg|thumb|Teller, 5. August 2007]]

'''Teller''' wurde am 14. Februar 1948 in [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania, geboren und ist russisch-kubanischer Abstammung. Ursprünglich hieß er ''Raymond Joseph Teller'', er ließ seinen Namen aber gesetzlich ändern, so dass er heute mit vollem Namen nur ''Teller'' heißt. Von seinem Privatleben gibt Teller nicht viel preis. Es ist nur bekannt, dass er weder verheiratet ist, noch Kinder hat.

Tellers Karriere als Magier begann mit fünf Jahren, nachdem seine Eltern ihm einen „[[Howdy Doody]]“-Zauberkasten schenkten. Die Zauberkunst wurde sein Hobby und später während der [[College]]-Zeit trat er auch öffentlich bei [[Fraternity]]-Partys auf. Dort stellte er fest, dass ihm anscheinend mehr Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt wurde, wenn er weniger während der Vorführung redete. Hieraus sollte sich später sein Markenzeichen entwickeln, völlig stumm aufzutreten. Allerdings schlug er beruflich zunächst eine ganz andere Richtung ein: Nach der [[High School]] studierte er [[Klassische Altertumswissenschaft]] am [[Amherst College]] und lehrte dann einige Jahre Latein an der Lawrence High School in [[New Jersey]].

Mit 27 Jahren widmete er sich schließlich ganz der Zauberkunst. Zunächst verdiente er sein Geld alleine mit Gelegenheitsauftritten an Straßenecken, auf [[Mittelaltermarkt|Mittelaltermärkten]] und Ähnlichem. Bald lernte er jedoch Penn und Weir Chrisimer kennen und trat mit ihnen gemeinsam auf.<ref>[http://www.nndb.com/people/716/000024644/ Teller], nndb.com</ref>

=== Gemeinsame Karriere ===
Penn und Teller lernten einander am 10. April 1974 über einen gemeinsamen Freund, Weir Chrisimer, kennen und wurden bald Freunde. Etwas später begannen die drei eine gemeinsame, musikalische Zaubershow aufzuführen, zunächst mit dem Namen ''Othmar Schoeck Memorial Society for the Preservation of Unusual and Disgusting Music'', später dann ''Asparagus Valley Cultural Society''. Das Trio führte in [[San Francisco]] verschiedene Zauberkunststücke auf, von denen viele in ähnlicher Form auch heute noch von Penn & Teller verwendet werden. Dazu spielten sie Musik: Penn am [[Bass (Instrument)|Bass]], Teller am [[Keyboard]] und der [[Kolbenflöte]] und Weir Chrisimer am [[Akkordeon]].

1981 verließ Weir Chrisimer die Gruppe, und Penn und Teller nannten sich fortan „Penn & Teller“. In den folgenden Jahren wandelte sich ihr Stil, und sie wurden durch ihre [[Off-Broadway]]-Show in den USA zunehmend bekannter. Sie gewannen zwei [[Emmy]]s und eine [[Rose d’Or|Goldene Rose]] für ihre Fernsehsendung ''Penn & Teller Go Public'' aus dem Jahre 1985. 1987 traten sie auf dem [[Broadway (Theater)|Broadway]] auf und gingen anschließend in den 1990er Jahren mehrfach auf Tournee durch die Vereinigten Staaten. Daneben hatten sie Gastauftritte in bekannten Fernsehserien wie ''[[Miami Vice]]'', ''[[Friends]]'', ''[[Dharma & Greg]]'', ''[[Hör mal, wer da hämmert]]'', ''[[Sabrina – total verhext!]]'', ''[[Babylon 5]]'', ''[[The West Wing]]'' und ''[[Die Simpsons]]'' und waren regelmäßige Gäste in verschiedenen [[Late-Night-Show]]s.

Aktuell treten sie mit ihrer Zaubershow sechsmal pro Woche im [[Rio All-Suite Hotel and Casino|Rio]] in Las Vegas auf und produzieren seit 2003 die [[Skeptikerbewegung|skeptische]] Fernsehsendung ''Bullshit!''.<ref>[http://www.all-about-magicians.com/pennandteller.html Penn and Teller], All About Magicians.com</ref><ref>[http://hpd.de/node/11261 ''Penn & Teller: Pfundige Religionskritik aus den USA''], Humanistischer Pressedienst</ref>


== Fernsehprojekte ==
*''Penn & Teller Go Public'' (1985)
*''Don't Try This at Home'' (1990)
*''Behind the Scenes'' (1992)
*''The Unpleasant World of Penn & Teller series'' (1994)
*''Phobophilia'' (1995)
*''Penn & Teller's Home Invasion'' (1997)
*''Penn & Teller's Sin City Spectacular'' (1998)
*''Magic and Mystery Tour'' (2003)
*''[[Bullshit!]]'' (2003 - 2010)
* Gastauftritt in [[The West Wing]], Episode "In the room" (2004)
*''Penn & Teller Off The Deep End'' (2005)
*''Penn & Teller: Fool Us'' (2011)

== Filme ==
*''[[My Chauffeur]]'' (1986)
*''[[Penn & Teller’s Invisible Thread]]'' (1987)
*''[[Penn & Teller's Cruel Tricks for Dear Friends]]'' (1987)
*''[[Penn & Teller Get Killed]]'' (1989)
*''[[Fantasia 2000]]'' (1999)
*''[[The Aristocrats]]'' (2005)
*''[[Hackers – Im Netz des FBI]]'' (1995) − Penn als „Hal“
*''[[The Fantasticks]]'' (1995) − Teller als „Mortimer“
*''[[Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (Film)|Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas]]'' (1998) − Penn als „Carnie Talker“
*''[[Michael Moore Hates America]]'' (2004)
*''[[Babylon 5|Babylon 5; Staffel 5, Episode 8 "Der Tag der Toten" ]]'' (1997/1998) - Penn als "Rebo", Teller als "Zooty"
*''[[Futurama: Leela und die Enzyklopoden]] <ref name="DXC ITWGY">
{{cite news | Last=Cohen, David X|year=2009|title=Futurama: Leela und die Enzyklopoden Kommentar| medium=DVD |publisher=20th Century Fox}}</ref>
*''[[Die Simpsons]] in der Episode 22x18 <ref>http://www.imdb.de/title/tt1628657/</ref>

== Bücher ==
* ''Penn & Teller's Cruel Tricks for Dear Friends'' (1989, ISBN 0-394-75351-8)
* ''Penn & Teller's How to Play with Your Food'' (1992, ISBN 0-679-74311-1)
* ''Penn & Teller's How to Play in Traffic'' (1997, ISBN 1-57297-293-9)
* ''When I'm Dead All This Will Be Yours: Joe Teller -- A Portrait By His Kid'' (2000, Teller, ISBN 0-922-23322-5)
* ''Sock '' (2004, Penn Jillette, ISBN 0-312-32805-2)
* ''How to Cheat Your Friends at Poker: The Wisdom of Dickie Richard'' (2006, Penn Jillette und Mickey D. Lynn, ISBN 0-312-34905-X)

== Computerspiele ==
*''Penn & Teller's Smoke and Mirrors'' (1995) − unveröffentlicht

== Auszeichnungen ==

*1986: [[Goldene Rose von Montreux]] für „Penn and Teller go Public“
*2001: [[Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Award]]
*2005: [[Richard Dawkins Award]]

== Weblinks ==
*[http://www.pennandteller.com/ Offizielle Website] (englisch)
*{{IMDb Name|ID=0422710|NAME=Penn Jillette}}
*{{IMDb Name|ID=0854418|NAME=Teller}}

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

[[Kategorie:Vertreter des Atheismus]]
[[Kategorie:Komiker]]
[[Kategorie:Schauspieler]]
[[Kategorie:Zauberkünstler]]
[[Kategorie:US-Amerikaner]]
[[Kategorie:Künstlerduo]]
[[Kategorie:Sachliteratur]]

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Robert Todd Carroll

2012-10-07T02:11:54Z

Sgerbic: cleaned up some hyperlinks

[[File:Bob Carroll.jpg|thumb|Bob Carroll (2011)]]
'''Robert Todd Carroll''' (* [[1945]]) ist ein US-amerikanischer Philosophieprofessor. Er lehrte bis zu seiner Emeritierung am [[:en:Sacramento_City_College|Sacramento City College]] und verfasste verschiedene Sachbücher und Essays.

Caroll befürwortet [[Atheismus]] und kritischen [[Skeptizismus]]. 1994 initiierte er das [[Skeptic's Dictionary]] online. Es enthielt zunächst nur weniger als 50 Artikel, die meisten behandelten [[Pseudowissenschaft]]en. Inzwischen umfasst das Lexikon mehrere hundert Artikel<ref>[http://www.skepdic.com/preface.html Preface], ''Skeptic's Dictionary''.</ref>, von denen viele in verschiedene Sprachen übersetzt wurden.

Carrolls Publikationen haben große Aufmerksamkeit in den Mainstream-Medien erhalten.<ref>[http://www.davisenterprise.com/articles/2003/12/29/news/003new2.txt Author attempts to debunk angels, other 'strange beliefs']</ref><ref>[http://www.theness.com/articles.asp?id=22 Interview with Carroll]</ref><ref>[http://www.mediaman.com.au/interviews/skepdic.html Interview with Bob Carrol]</ref>

== Publikationen ==
*''Becoming a Critical Thinker – A Guide for the New Millennium'', 2nd ed., ISBN 0-536-85934-5.
*''[[Skeptic's Dictionary|The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions]]'', [[John Wiley & Sons]], ISBN 0-471-27242-6.
* ''The Common-sense Philosophy of Religion of Bishop Edward Stillingfleet 1635-1699'', ISBN 90-247-1647-0. (Dissertation aus dem Jahr 1974 an der [[University of California, San Diego]]).

=== Artikel und Essays ===
* Skeptische Essays von Carroll <ref>[http://www.skepdic.com/refuge/essays.html Skeptische Essays von Carroll]</ref>
* [[James Randi Educational Foundation]] Newsletter von Carroll,17. März 2006 <ref>[http://www.randi.org/jr/2006-03/031706carroll.html ''Swift: Online Newsletter of the JREF'']</ref>
* 'Pranks, Frauds, and Hoaxes from Around the World'' <ref>[http://www.csicop.org/si/2004-07/hoaxes.html ''Pranks, Frauds, and Hoaxes from Around the World'']</ref> ''[[Skeptical Inquirer]]'', Juli 2004
* ''Critical Thinking and Control Groups'' <ref>[http://www.inquiringminds.org/newsletter/0503/thinking.html ''Critical Thinking and Control Groups'']</ref>
*''What if Gary Schwartz is right?'' <ref>[http://www.mukto-mona.com/Special_Event_/rationalist_day/2005/GarySchwartz.htm ''What if Gary Schwartz is right?'']</ref>

=== Interviews ===
* [http://www.theness.com/articles.asp?id=22 Interview with Carroll] by Perry DeAngelis, the [[:en:New_England_Skeptical_Society|New England Skeptical Society]] interviews the author of the premier dictionary for skeptics, Oct. 1, 2002
* [http://www.skepticality.com/p_g_bobcarroll.htm Audio interview biography] [http://skepticality.libsyn.com/index.php?post_id=17637# Interview: w/Bob Carroll of Skepdic episode information] [http://libsyn.com/media/skepticality/017_skepticality_bobcarroll_final.mp3 Direct mp3 download] by [[:en:Skepticality|Skepticality]], official [[podcast]] of [[:en:The_Skeptics_Society|The Sketpic Society]]'s ''[[:en:Skeptic (magazine)|Skeptic]]'' magazine, Aug. 23, 2005

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.skepdic.com/refuge The Skeptic's Refuge] "A gateway to skeptical and critical thinking about the paranormal, the supernatural, and the pseudoscientific."
* [http://scc.losrios.edu/~carrolb/ Carroll's faculty homepage] at [[:en:Sacramento_City_College|Sacramento City College]]
* [http://skepdic.com/refuge/bio.html Biographical information] at www.skepdic.com
* [http://www.whoswho-online.com/search.cgi?t=a_a=Carroll%0182409752013068 Who's Who Online]

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[[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (Sacramento)]]
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[[Kategorie:Mann]]

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[[cs:Robert Todd Carroll]]
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Robert Todd Carroll

2012-09-07T05:48:53Z

Sgerbic:

[[File:Bob Carroll.jpg|thumb|Bob Carroll at SkeptiCalCon May 29, 2011]]
'''Robert Todd Carroll''' (* [[1945]]) ist ein US-amerikanischer Philosophieprofessor. Er lehrte bis zu seiner Emeritierung am [[Sacramento City College]] und verfasste verschiedene Sachbücher und Essays.

Caroll befürwortet [[Atheismus]] und kritischen [[Skeptizismus]]. 1994 initiierte er das [[Skeptic's Dictionary]] online. Es enthielt zunächst nur weniger als 50 Artikel, die meisten behandelten [[Pseudowissenschaft]]en. Inzwischen umfasst das Lexikon mehrere hundert Artikel<ref>[http://www.skepdic.com/preface.html Preface], ''Skeptic's Dictionary''.</ref>, von denen viele in verschiedene Sprachen übersetzt wurden.

Carrolls Publikationen haben große Aufmerksamkeit in den Mainstream-Medien erhalten.<ref>[http://www.davisenterprise.com/articles/2003/12/29/news/003new2.txt Author attempts to debunk angels, other 'strange beliefs']</ref><ref>[http://www.theness.com/articles.asp?id=22 Interview with Carroll]</ref><ref>[http://www.mediaman.com.au/interviews/skepdic.html Interview with Bob Carrol]</ref>

== Publikationen ==
*''Becoming a Critical Thinker – A Guide for the New Millennium'', 2nd ed., ISBN 0-536-85934-5.
*''[[Skeptic's Dictionary|The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions]]'', [[John Wiley & Sons]], ISBN 0-471-27242-6.
* ''The Common-sense Philosophy of Religion of Bishop Edward Stillingfleet 1635-1699'', ISBN 90-247-1647-0. (Dissertation aus dem Jahr 1974 an der [[University of California, San Diego]]).

=== Artikel und Essays ===
* Skeptische Essays von Carroll <ref>[http://www.skepdic.com/refuge/essays.html Skeptische Essays von Carroll]</ref>
* [[James Randi Educational Foundation]] Newsletter von Carroll,17. März 2006 <ref>[http://www.randi.org/jr/2006-03/031706carroll.html ''Swift: Online Newsletter of the JREF'']</ref>
* 'Pranks, Frauds, and Hoaxes from Around the World'' <ref>[http://www.csicop.org/si/2004-07/hoaxes.html ''Pranks, Frauds, and Hoaxes from Around the World'']</ref> ''[[Skeptical Inquirer]]'', Juli 2004
* ''Critical Thinking and Control Groups'' <ref>[http://www.inquiringminds.org/newsletter/0503/thinking.html ''Critical Thinking and Control Groups'']</ref>
*''What if Gary Schwartz is right?'' <ref>[http://www.mukto-mona.com/Special_Event_/rationalist_day/2005/GarySchwartz.htm ''What if Gary Schwartz is right?'']</ref>

=== Interviews ===
* [http://www.theness.com/articles.asp?id=22 Interview with Carroll] by Perry DeAngelis, the [[New England Skeptical Society]] interviews the author of the premier dictionary for skeptics, Oct. 1, 2002
* [http://www.skepticality.com/p_g_bobcarroll.htm Audio interview biography] [http://skepticality.libsyn.com/index.php?post_id=17637# Interview: w/Bob Carroll of Skepdic episode information] [http://libsyn.com/media/skepticality/017_skepticality_bobcarroll_final.mp3 Direct mp3 download] by [[Skepticality]], official [[podcast]] of [[The Skeptics Society]]'s ''[[Skeptic (magazine)|Skeptic]]'' magazine, Aug. 23, 2005

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.skepdic.com/refuge The Skeptic's Refuge] "A gateway to skeptical and critical thinking about the paranormal, the supernatural, and the pseudoscientific."
* [http://scc.losrios.edu/~carrolb/ Carroll's faculty homepage] at [[Sacramento City College]]
* [http://skepdic.com/refuge/bio.html Biographical information] at www.skepdic.com
* [http://www.whoswho-online.com/search.cgi?t=a_a=Carroll%0182409752013068 Who's Who Online]

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[[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (Sacramento)]]
[[Kategorie:US-Amerikaner]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1945]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

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Benutzer:Sgerbic

2012-07-17T23:34:43Z

Sgerbic: AZ: Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: Hello, I'm Susan Gerbic. Contact me at susangerbic@yahoo.com

Hello, I'm Susan Gerbic. Contact me at susangerbic@yahoo.com

James Randi

2012-07-17T23:25:27Z

Sgerbic: picture

[[Datei:RANDI.jpg|miniatur|James Randi]]
'''James Randi''' (* [[7. August]] [[1928]] in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]; Geburtsname ''Randall James Hamilton Zwinge'') ist ein [[Zauberkunst|Zauberkünstler]] und ein prominentes Mitglied der [[Skeptics Society]].

Der Gegner von [[Pseudowissenschaft]]en wurde bekannt durch seine [[James Randi Educational Foundation#Die Eine-Million-Dollar-Herausforderung|Eine-Million-Dollar-Herausforderung]] (''One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge'') für den Beweis paranormaler Fähigkeiten.

Der Asteroid [[3163 Randi]] ist nach ihm benannt.

== Berufliche Karriere ==

Randi arbeitet seit den 1950er Jahren als professioneller Bühnenzauberer und Entfesselungskünstler. Er trat zwischen 1955 und 1961 als '''The Amazing Randi''' in der US-amerikanischen TV-Show ''Wonderama'' auf. In der Ausgabe vom 2. Februar 1974 des britischen Magier-Magazins ''Abracadabra'' forderte er die magische Gesellschaft heraus mit den Worten: „Ich kenne keine Berufung, die so sehr wie unsere auf gegenseitigem Vertrauen und Glauben beruht“. Randi war eng mit dem prominenten [[Mentalist (Zauberkünstler)|Mentalisten]] [[Joseph Dunninger]] befreundet.

Randi trat ins internationale Rampenlicht, als er in den [[1970er]]n die öffentlichen Behauptungen von [[Uri Geller]] anprangerte. Randi beschuldigte Geller, nichts weiter als ein Scharlatan zu sein, der sich gewöhnlicher Zaubertricks bediente, um seine angeblich paranormalen Heldentaten zu vollbringen, und er untermauerte diese Beschuldigungen in seinem Buch ''The Magic of Uri Geller''. Geller antwortete auf Randis Behauptungen mit einer Reihe von erfolglosen Klagen.

James Randi hat zahlreiche Bücher veröffentlicht, in denen er sich mit der Geschichte der Zauberkunst beschäftigt oder populäre Irrtümer und Behauptungen des [[Paranormal]]en thematisiert.

Er prangert Personen als Betrüger und Scharlatane an, die mit Hilfe vorgeblicher paranormaler Fähigkeiten anderen Menschen schaden und sich an ihnen bereichern. Mit seinem ''Projekt Alpha'' hat er es erreicht, dass die wissenschaftliche Untersuchung angeblicher paranormaler Fähigkeiten nun allgemein als Zeitverschwendung angesehen wird und an Universitäten praktisch aufgegeben worden ist. Randis Aufdeckung der einfachen technischen Tricks, die der [[Fernsehprediger]] [[Peter Popoff]] verwendete, um vorzutäuschen, dass er Informationen von Gott erhält, bewirkte einen starken Niedergang von Popoffs Einfluss und Popularität.

Randi war Gründungsmitglied der ''CSICOP'' (Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal), heute ''[[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]]'' (CSI), wegen der gegen ihn durch Uri Geller angestrengten Klagen trat er jedoch später dort aus, um den Verein vor eventuellen Auswirkungen zu schützen.

1996 gründete Randi die [[James Randi Educational Foundation]] (JREF). Diese Organisation fördert die Untersuchung paranormaler Behauptungen und versucht sie unter kontrollierten Testbedingungen zu testen. Sie hat ein Preisgeld von einer Million Dollar für die erfolgreiche Demonstration übernatürlicher Fähigkeiten unter wissenschaftlichen Testbedingungen ausgesetzt.

== Projekt Alpha ==

Mit dem Projekt Alpha aus den Jahren 1982 und 1983 zeigte Randi, dass [[Parapsychologie|Parapsychologen]] bei ihren Experimenten relativ leicht zu täuschen sind.

[[James Smith McDonnell]], Vorstandsvorsitzender von [[McDonnell Douglas]] und Anhänger der Parapsychologie, spendete 500.000 [[US-Dollar]] an die [[Washington University]], um in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], ein ''McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical Research'' zu gründen. Leiter wurde der [[Physiker]] Peter Phillips. In dieser Einrichtung wurden Menschen, die behaupteten, über parapsychologische Fähigkeiten zu verfügen, getestet. Zwei von ihnen, Michael Edwards und [[Steve Shaw]], schienen in der Tat besonders talentiert, allein durch mentale Kräfte Metall zu verbiegen, fotografische Filme zu belichten und Objekte bewegen zu können ([[Psychokinese]]). Allerdings waren diese beiden mit Randi befreundete Amateur-[[Zauberkünstler]], die er ohne Wissen der Mitarbeiter gezielt in das Labor eingeschleust hatte.

Außerdem versorgte Randi die Parapsychologen mit Tipps, wie sie Tricks verhindern könnten, aber seine Hinweise wurden ignoriert. Auch als er die Information, dass Edwards und Shaw von ihm eingeschleust waren, als Gerücht lancierte, wurden die Maßnahmen nicht verschärft.

Aufgrund der positiv verlaufenden Tests waren die Parapsychologen davon überzeugt, dass die beiden Testpersonen tatsächlich übernatürliche Fähigkeiten besäßen und sie einen Beweis für [[paranormal]]e Phänomene in der Hand hielten. Eine Veröffentlichung darüber wurde vorbereitet, Interviews gegeben.

Das McDonnell Laboratory wurde geschlossen, nachdem Randi die wahre Identität von Edwards und Shaw enthüllt hatte.

[[Datei:JREF TAM9 Beard Photo.jpg|miniatur|300px|Eine Hommage an James Randi von der Unabhängigen Untersuchungsgruppe, am TAM, Juli 2011]]

== Preise ==
*''Fellowship Award'' der [[MacArthur Foundation]], 1986
*''Joseph A. Burton Forum Award'' der [[American Physical Society]], 1989<ref>[http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/awards/burton.cfm Joseph A. Burton Forum Award]</ref>
*[[Richard Dawkins Award]] von der [[Atheist Alliance International]], 2003
*[[Erwin-Fischer-Preis]] vom [[Internationaler Bund der Konfessionslosen und Atheisten|Internationalen Bund der Konfessionslosen und Atheisten]], 2004
*''Philip J. Klass Award'', 2007

== Werke ==
*''Flim-Flam!'' 1982.
*''The Magic of Uri Geller.'' 1982. (später in ''The Truth About Uri Geller.'' umbenannt)
*''The Faith Healers.'' 1989, ISBN 0-87975-535-0. (mit [[Carl Sagan]])
*''The Mask of Nostradamus: The Prophecies of the World’s Most Famous Seer.'' 1990, ISBN 0-87975-830-9
*''Conjuring.'' 1992.
*''An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural.'' 1995.

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

== Weblinks ==
{{Commonscat}}
* [http://www.randi.org/ James Randi Educational Foundation]
* [http://skepdic.com/randi.html Eintrag im ''Skeptic’s Dictionary'']
* [http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/25/25355/1.html „Project Alpha“ – Magier undercover]
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9F07E7DE153BF936A25751C0A965948260 Artikel über Projekt Alpha (englisch)]
* [http://www.naklar.at/content/features/randi_interview/ Interview] mit James Randi.

{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=123344905|LCCN=n/80/62980|VIAF=17290510}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Randi, James}}
[[Kategorie:Zauberkünstler]]
[[Kategorie:Mitglied der Magicians Hall of Fame]]
[[Kategorie:Vertreter des Atheismus]]
[[Kategorie:Skeptikerbewegung]]
[[Kategorie:Pseudonym]]
[[Kategorie:US-Amerikaner]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1928]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Randi, James
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=Amazing Randi, the; Zwinge, Randall James Hamilton (vollständiger Name)
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=US-amerikanischer Bühnenzauberer, Skeptiker und Gegner von Pseudowissenschaften
|GEBURTSDATUM=7. August 1928
|GEBURTSORT=[[Toronto]], [[Kanada]]
|STERBEDATUM=
|STERBEORT=
}}

[[ar:جيمس راندي]]
[[bg:Джеймс Ранди]]
[[ca:James Randi]]
[[en:James Randi]]
[[es:James Randi]]
[[fa:جیمز رندی]]
[[fi:James Randi]]
[[fr:James Randi]]
[[gl:James Randi]]
[[he:ג'יימס רנדי]]
[[hu:James Randi]]
[[id:James Randi]]
[[is:James Randi]]
[[it:James Randi]]
[[ja:ジェームズ・ランディ]]
[[ko:제임스 랜디]]
[[lt:James Randi]]
[[nl:James Randi]]
[[no:James Randi]]
[[pl:James Randi]]
[[pt:James Randi]]
[[ru:Рэнди, Джеймс]]
[[sv:James Randi]]
[[ta:யேம்சு ராண்டி]]
[[tr:James Randi]]
[[zh:詹姆斯·兰迪]]

Eugenie C. Scott

2011-06-17T23:27:22Z

Sgerbic: /* External links */ added Category:American skeptics

{{Infobox Person
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'''Eugenie Carol Scott''' (born October 24, 1945) is an [[United States|American]] [[physical anthropology|physical anthropologist]] who has been the executive director of the [[National Center for Science Education]] (NCSE) since 1987. She is a leading critic of [[young earth creationism]] and [[intelligent design]].

== Biography ==
=== Academic career ===
Scott grew up in [[Wisconsin]] and first became interested in anthropology after reading her sister's anthropology textbook.<ref name=inspiration>[http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/inspired/article/1903/ What inspired me to take up science?], Eugenie Scott</ref>
Scott received a BS and MS from the [[University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee]], followed by a PhD from the [[University of Missouri]]. She joined the [[University of Kentucky]] as a physical anthropologist in 1974 and shortly thereafter attended a debate between her mentor [[James A. Gavan]] and the [[young earth creationist]] [[Duane Gish]] which piqued her interest in the [[creation-evolution controversy]].<ref>[http://ncse.com/rncse/23/1/my-favorite-pseudoscience My Favorite Pseudoscience], Eugenie Scott, from ''Skeptical Odysseys: Personal Accounts by the World's Leading Paranormal Inquirers''. [[Paul Kurtz]], ed. Amherst (NY): Prometheus Books, 2001, p 245-56.</ref> She also taught at the [[University of Colorado at Boulder|University of Colorado]] and at [[California State University, Hayward]]. Her research work focused on [[medical anthropology]] and [[skeletal biology]].

In 1980 Scott was at the forefront of an attempt to prevent creationism from being taught in the public schools of [[Lexington, Kentucky]]. From this [[grassroot]] effort in Kentucky and other states, the [[National Center for Science Education]] was formed in 1981. Scott was appointed the NCSE's executive director in 1987, the year in which teaching [[creation science]] in American public schools was deemed illegal by the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] in ''[[Edwards v. Aguillard]]''.

Scott and her husband, Thomas C. Sager, a lawyer, have one daughter and reside in [[Berkeley, California]].

=== Academic recognition ===
In 1993 the University of Missouri honored Scott as a distinguished alumna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://muarchives.missouri.edu/c-rg6-s40.html |title=Special Event Programs and Records, Archives of the University of Missouri |date=2005-02-08 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> She was elected to the [[California Academy of Sciences]] in 1994. She served as president of the [[American Association of Physical Anthropologists]] from 2000 to 2002. She was elected as a Fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] in 2002 and was its chair. She is also a member of [[Sigma Xi]].

Scott has received many awards from academic organizations. In 1999 she was awarded the [[Bruce Alberts Award]] by the [[American Society for Cell Biology]]. In 2001 she received the [[Geological Society of America]]'s Public Service Award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2001/12/gsa-announces-public-service-medals-scott-dalrymple-00262 |title=GSA Announces Public Service Medals for Scott and Dalrymple |publisher=[[National Center for Science Education]] |date=2001-12-03 |accessdate=2008-11-04 |author=Mary Lou Zoback}}</ref> She received the 2002 Public Service Award from the [[National Science Board]] for "her promotion of public understanding of the importance of science, the scientific method, and science education and the role of evolution in science education".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2002/05/scott-receives-public-service-award-from-national-science-bo-00380 |title=Scott receives public service award from National Science Board |publisher=NCSE |date=2002-05-09 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nsf.gov/nsb/awards/public_recipients.jsp#2002 |title=National Science Board - Honorary Awards |publisher=National Science Foundation |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> In 2002 the [[American Institute of Biological Sciences]] awarded her the first Outstanding Service Award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aibs.org/aibs-news/aibs_news_2002_04.html |title=AIBS News April 2002 |publisher=American Institute of Biological Sciences |month=April | year=2002 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> Scott also received the 2002 Margaret Nicholson Distinguished Service Award from the California Science Teachers Association.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2002/10/scott-receives-teacher-association-award-00384 |title=Scott Receives Teacher Association Award |publisher=NCSE |date=2002-10-28 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref> The [[National Association of Biology Teachers]] gave her honorary membership in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2005/10/eugenie-c-scott-to-receive-nabt-award-00772 |title=Eugenie C. Scott to receive NABT award |publisher=NCSE |date=2005-10-05 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref>
In 2006 she was awarded the Anthropology in the Media Award by the [[American Anthropological Association]] for "the successful communication of anthropology to the general public through the media".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2006/11/scott-honored-with-anthropology-media-award-00999 |date=2006-11-01 |accessdate=2008-11-04 |title=Scott honored with Anthropology in the Media Award |publisher=NCSE}}</ref> In 2007 Scott and [[Kenneth R. Miller]] were jointly awarded the Outstanding Educator’s Award by the [[Exploratorium]] Museum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exploratorium.edu/awards/awards2007/honorees.html |title=Exploratorium 2007 Awards Dinner |date=2007 |accessdate=2007-08-23 |publisher=[[Exploratorium]]}}</ref>

Scott has been awarded [[honorary degree]]s by [[McGill University]] in 2003,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2003/05/scott-to-receive-honorary-degree-00478 |title=Scott to Receive Honorary Degree |publisher=NCSE |date=2003-05-30 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgill.ca/reporter/35/16/convocation/ |title=Spring 2003 Convocation Honorary Doctorates |publisher=[[McGill University]] |date=2003-05-22 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref>
by [[Ohio State University]] in 2005<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2005/03/scott-to-be-honored-by-osu-00776 |title=Scott to be honored by OSU |publisher=NCSE |date=2005-05-04 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.osu.edu/news/lvl2_news_story.php?id=1040 |title=Scientific literacy advocate will give commencement address |publisher=[[Ohio State University]] |date=2005-03-02 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.osu.edu/news/lvl2_news_story.php?id=1051 |title=Ohio State honors four at winter 2005 commencement |publisher=OSU |date=2005-03-17 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref>
and in 2006 by [[Mount Holyoke College]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2006/04/ncses-scott-to-be-honored-by-mount-holyoke-001008 |title=NCSE's Scott to be honored by Mount Holyoke |publisher=NCSE |date=2006-04-28 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/news/newsfull.shtml?portal_id=2JGDeD2HkyUnbDcQZDD29Hy~&node=4363593&full=1 |title=Honorary Degree Citation, Eugenie Scott |publisher=[[Mount Holyoke College]] |date=2006-05-28 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/news/newsfull.shtml?portal_id=2JGDjD2H6Q%7EDTQcQ5DD__gQ_&node=4363577&full=1 |title=Honorary Degree Address |author=Eugenie C. Scott |date=2006-05-28 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref>
and her ''alma mater'' the [[University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2006/12/scott-honored-by-uwm-00979 |title=Scott honored by UWM |publisher=NCSE |date=2006-12-19 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/Biology/Docs/Alumni/scott.html |title=UWM alumna Dr. Eugenie Scott to receive honorary degree from UWM |date=2006-12-08 |accessdate=2007-08-23 |publisher= [[University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee]]}}</ref> In 2007 she was awarded an honorary degree by [[Rutgers University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2007/05/ncses-scott-to-be-honored-by-rutgers-001179 |title=NCSE's Scott to be honored by Rutgers |publisher=NCSE |date=2007-05-08 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref>
In 2008 she was awarded an honorary degree by [[University of New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pandasthumb.org/archives/2008/03/unm-awards-geni.html |title=UNM Awards Genie Scott with Honorary Doctorate of Science |publisher=Panda's Thumb |date=2008-03-13 |accessdate=2008-03-13}}</ref>

In 2009, Scott became the first-ever recipient of the Stephen Jay Gould Prize from the Society for the Study of Evolution. She was chosen for devoting "her life to advancing public understanding of evolution."<ref>[http://www.evolutionsociety.org/awards.asp Awards], Society for the Study of Evolution</ref> She was awarded the [[Public Welfare Medal]] from the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] in 2010.<ref name=PublicWelfare>{{cite web|title=Public Welfare Award|url=http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_pwm|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|accessdate=18 February 2011}}</ref>

On August 21, 2010 Dr. Scott was honored with an award recognizing her contributions in the [[skeptical]] field, from the [[Independent Investigations Group]] (IIG) during its 10th Anniversary Gala.<ref>http://www.iigwest.com/iigawards/index.html</ref>

On October 9, 2010 [[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]] announced Scott (and others) as a part of their policy-making Executive Council, she will also serve on ''[[Skeptical Inquirer]]'''s magazine board.<ref>
{{cite journal
| last = Frazier
| first = Kendrick
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Barry Karr
| title = CSI(COP) Renews and Expands Executive Council, Plans for Future Activities
| journal = [[Skeptical Inquirer]]
| volume = 35
| issue = 1
| pages = 5
| publisher = Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
| location =
| date = January/February 2011}}
</ref>

[[Image:Underdown & Scott.jpg|thumb|250px|James Underdown director of [[Center for Inquiry]] West and [[Independent Investigations Group]] (IIG) West presents award from the IIG August 21, 2010]]

=== Worldview ===

Scott was initially brought up in [[Christian Science]] by her mother and grandmother, but later switched to a [[Congregational church]] under the influence of her sister; she describes her background as [[liberal Protestantism|liberal Protestant]].<ref name=stnews>[http://www.stnews.org/Commentary-1835.htm A Conversation with Eugenie Scott] [[Science and Theology News]]</ref> Scott is now a [[secular humanist]] and describes herself as a [[nontheist]]. In 2003, the ''San Francisco Chronicle'' reported that "Scott describes herself as atheist but does not discount the importance of spirituality."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/02/07/EB75914.DTL&hw=eugenie+Scott&sn=001&sc=1000 | work=The San Francisco Chronicle | title=PROFILE / EUGENIE SCOTT / Berkeley scientist leads fight to stop teaching of creationism | first=Monica | last=Lam | date=2006-11-13}}</ref> In 2003 she was one of the signers of the third [[humanist manifesto]], ''[[Humanism and Its Aspirations]]''.<ref>[http://www.americanhumanist.org/3/HMsigners.htm List of original signatories to ''Humanism and its Aspirations'']</ref> She is also a fellow of the [[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]].<ref>[http://www.csicop.org/about/fellows.html List of fellows of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal]</ref> In 2003 she was awarded the "Defense of Science Award" from the [[Center for Inquiry]] for "her tireless leadership in defending scientific evolution and educational freedom".<ref>[http://ncse.com/news/2003/04/scott-receives-defense-science-award-00458 Scott Receives "Defense of Science" Award]</ref>

In 1998, Scott received the [[American Humanist Association]]'s [[Isaac Asimov Award]] in Science. In her acceptance speech she explained how a statement adopted by the [[National Association of Biology Teachers]] that evolution was "unsupervised" and "impersonal" was attacked by creationists such as [[Phillip E. Johnson]], and the initial reaction of the NABT was not to bow to pressure from creationists to change it. However, Scott agreed with theologian [[Huston Smith]] and philosopher [[Alvin Plantinga]] that "unsupervised" and "impersonal" should be dropped from the statement as they made philosophical and theological claims beyond those [[science]] could claim to make based on its principle of [[methodological naturalism]] – and the statement was altered.<ref name=speech>Scott, Genie. Science and Religion, Methodology and Humanism [http://ncse.com/religion/science-religion-methodology-humanism] [[American Humanist Association]], San Diego, CA. May 1998. Accessed=2009-05-21</ref>

NCSE is religiously neutral and has members who hold a variety of faith-based beliefs or no beliefs at all.<ref>[http://www.ncse.com/about About NCSE]</ref> Nevertheless, both Scott and the NCSE are criticized as being "[[atheism|atheistic]]" by creationist groups.<ref>[http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/189.asp How Religiously Neutral are the Anti-Creationist Organisations?] ask [[Don Batten]] and [[Jonathan Sarfati]] of [[Answers in Genesis]]</ref> Scott jokes that she sometimes thinks her first name is "Atheist" for the frequency with which she is referred to as "Atheist Eugenie Scott" by creationists.

=== Authorship ===
Scott is widely considered to be a leading expert on [[creationism]] (including [[intelligent design]]), and one of its strongest opponents. Her book ''[[Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction]]'' was published by Greenwood Press in 2004 and then in paperback by the [[University of California Press]] in 2005. It has a foreword by [[Niles Eldredge]].

She also co-edited with [[Glenn Branch]] the 2006 anthology ''[[Not in Our Classrooms: Why Intelligent Design is Wrong for Our Schools]]''.

In 2006 [[Jon D. Miller]], Scott and [[Shinji Okamoto]] had a brief article published in [[Science (journal)|''Science]]'' entitled "Public Acceptance of Evolution", an analysis of polling on the acceptance of evolution from the last 20 years in the [[United States]] and compare that to other countries.<ref>[http://ncse.com/news/2006/08/public-acceptance-evolution-science-00991 "Public Acceptance of Evolution" in Science], NCSE, August 15, 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/313/5788/765 SCIENCE COMMUNICATION: Public Acceptance of Evolution] Miller et al. Science 11 August 2006: 765-766 DOI: 10.1126/science.1126746</ref> [[Turkey]] had the lowest acceptance of evolution in the survey, with the United States having the next-lowest, though the authors saw a positive in the higher percentage of Americans who are unsure about evolution, and therefore "reachable" for evolution.<ref>[http://www.pandasthumb.org/archives/2006/08/well_at_least_w.html Well, at least we beat Turkey], [[Nick Matzke]], [[The Panda's Thumb (weblog)|The Panda's Thumb]], August 10, 2006</ref>

Less seriously, she has co-authored with [[Glenn Branch]] and [[Nick Matzke]] a 2004 paper on "The Morphology of Steve" in the ''[[Annals of Improbable Research]]'' which arose from the NCSE's [[Project Steve]].<ref>{{cite journal
| author = [[Eugenie C. Scott]], [[Glenn Branch]] and Nick Matzke
| year = 2004
| title = The Morphology of Steve
| journal = [[Annals of Improbable Research]]
| volume = 10
| issue = 4
| pages = 24–29
| url = http://improbable.com/pages/airchives/paperair/volume10/v10i4/morph-steve-10-4.pdf
| doi = 10.3142/107951404781540554
|format=PDF}}</ref>

=== Media appearances ===

[[David Berlinski]], a fellow at the Discovery Institute, describes Scott as an opponent "who is often sent out to defend [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]]".<ref>[http://www.idthefuture.com/2006/03/an_interview_with_david_berlin.html An Interview with David Berlinski: Part One], [[Intelligent Design the Future]], March 7, 2006</ref> However, Scott prefers to see herself as "Darwin's [[golden retriever]]".<ref>Scientific American 10: Guiding Science for Humanity. Scientific American. June 2009 [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=scientific-american-10&page=3] accessdate = 2009-05-20</ref> Scott says that her job "requires coping with [[scientific literacy|science illiteracy]] in the American public".<ref name=speech/>

Scott has been profiled in ''[[Scientific American]]'',<ref name=sciam>[http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=30&articleID=000438E5-C305-13C6-830583414B7F0000 Teach the Science: Wherever evolution education is under attack by creationist thinking, Eugenie Scott will be there to defend science—with rationality and resolve], [[Steve Mirsky]], [[Scientific American]]</ref> ''[[The Scientist]]'',<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20020606015439/http://www.the-scientist.com/yr2002/may/watanabe_p60_020527.html Profile: Eugenie C. Scott: 'Giving ammo to the choir' ''The Scientist'' 16[11<nowiki>]</nowiki>:60, May. 27, 2002]</ref> the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'',<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/02/07/EB75914.DTL PROFILE: EUGENIE SCOTT: Berkeley scientist leads fight to stop teaching of creationism]</ref> and the ''[[Stanford]] Medical Magazine''.<ref name=SMM>[http://mednews.stanford.edu/stanmed/2006summer/stein.html Ain't it the truth? Two plus two equals four — spread the word], [[Joel Stein]], ''[[Stanford Medicine Magazine]]''</ref> She has had been interviewed for [[Science & Theology News]],<ref name=stnews/> [[CSICOP]],<ref>[http://www.csicop.org/intelligentdesignwatch/scott.html An Interview with Dr. Eugenie Scott], By Bill Busher, [[CSICOP]]</ref> [[Church & State]]<ref>[http://www.au.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=8593&abbr=cs_ Not In Our Classrooms! Leading Science Educator Explains Why ‘Intelligent Design’ Is Wrong For Our Schools], [[Church & State]], [[Americans United]]</ref> and [[Point of Inquiry]].<ref>[http://www.pointofinquiry.org/?p=47 Eugenie Scott - Evolution vs. Religious Belief?] [[Point of Inquiry]]</ref><ref>[http://www.pointofinquiry.org/?p=33 Eugenie Scott - The Dover Trial: Evolution vs. Intelligent Design]</ref> She has commentary published by ''[[Science & Theology News]]'',<ref>[http://stnews.org/Commentary-1714.htm Still waiting for ID proponents to say more than 'Evolution is wrong']</ref> [[Metanexus Institute]].<ref>[http://www.metanexus.net/metanexus_online/show_article2.asp?id=2671 The Big Tent and the Camel's Nose], Eugenie Scott, [[Metanexus Institute]].</ref>

She also acted as the education spokesperson for the 2001 [[PBS: Evolution]] TV series<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/about/overview_project.html Evolution Project Overview], [[PBS]].</ref>

Scott has taken part in numerous interviews on [[MSNBC]] and the [[Fox News Channel]], debating various creationist and [[Intelligent design]] advocates. On 29 November 2004, Scott debated astrophysicist Jason Lisle of [[Answers in Genesis]] on [[CNN]].<ref>[http://ncse.com/news/2004/12/ncses-scott-fox-cnn-00548 NCSE's Scott on Fox, CNN], NCSE</ref><ref>[http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2004/1201debate.asp Jason Lisle vs. Eugenie Scott on CNN!], Answers in Genesis, 1 December 2004</ref> On May 6, 2005 Scott debated [[Stephen C. Meyer]] of the [[Discovery Institute]], on ''[[The Big Story]]'' with [[John Gibson (media host)|John Gibson]].<ref>[http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=2561&program=CSC+-+Views+and+News&callingPage=discoMainPage Kansas Debates Evolution: Stephen C. Meyer, Eugenie Scott], May 6, 2005 from the [[Discovery Institute]]</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Evolution Vs. God in the Classroom - The Big Story w/ Gibson and Nauert | publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] | date=2005-05-06 | url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,155943,00.html | accessdate=2010-02-17}}</ref> The latter concerned the [[Kansas evolution hearings]].

In 2004, the National Center for Science Education was represented by Scott on [[Penn and Teller]]'s Showtime television show ''[[Bullshit!]]'', on the episode titled "Creationism", on which Dr. Scott offered philosophical views about the creationist and intelligent design movements.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sho.com/site/ptbs/previous_episodes.do?episodeid=s1/c | title=Creationism| publisher=[[Bullshit!]] |year= 2004 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080618023601/http://www.sho.com/site/ptbs/previous_episodes.do?episodeid=s1/c  |archivedate = 2008-06-18}}</ref> She noted "it would be unfair to tell students that there is a serious dispute going on among scientists whether evolution took place" because there is no such debate between scientists. She further noted that "a lot of the time the creationists... they'll search through scientific journals and try to pull out something they think demonstrates evolution doesn't work and there is a kind of interesting rationale behind it. Their theology is such that if one thing is wrong with the Bible you have to throw it all out so that's why Genesis has to be interpreted literally. They look at science the same way. If one little piece of the evolutionary puzzle doesn't fit the whole thing has to go." Scott then explained, "that's not the way science is done."

Scott serves on the National Advisory Council of [[Americans United for Separation of Church and State]] and on the National Advisory Council of [[Americans for Religious Liberty]]. In 1999 Scott was awarded the [[Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Award]] for "for tirelessly defending the separation of church and state by ensuring that religious neutrality is maintained in the science curriculum of America's public schools",<ref>[http://www.playboyenterprises.com/home/content.cfm?content=t_title_as_division&ArtTypeID=0008B752-BBD0-1C76-8FEA8304E50A010D&packet=000B8140-7874-1C7A-9B578304E50A011A&MmenuFlag=foundation&viewMe=5 1999 winners, Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Awards]</ref> and in 2006 was one of the three judges chosen to make the awards.

=== Dover trial participation ===

In 2005, Scott and other NCSE staff served as scientific and educational consultants for the plaintiffs in the [[Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District]] case, which originated in [[Dover, Pennsylvania]]. Judge [[John E. Jones III|John Jones]] ruled against teaching intelligent design or creationism in the public schools.

==Books==
*{{Cite document |date=2004 |author=Eugenie C. Scott |title=Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction |place=Berkley & Los Angeles, California |publisher=University of California Press |url=http://books.google.com/?id=03b_a0monNYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=evolution+vs.+creationism&q |isbn=0-520-24650-0 |accessdate=16 June 2010 |postscript=}} Also: Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313321221
*{{Cite document |date=2006 |author=Eugenie C. Scott & [[Glenn Branch]]|title=Not in Our Classrooms: Why Intelligent Design Is Wrong for Our Schools |place=Boston |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=0-807-03278-6 |postscript=}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://ncse.com/about/speakers#scott Eugenie Scott] from the [[National Center for Science Education]]
* [http://www.virginiacampbellmd.com/blog/2008/6/30/dr-eugenie-scott-on-teaching-evolution-bi-21.html Eugenie Scott on Teaching Evolution], Books and Ideas

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Eugenie C. Scott

2010-09-05T03:20:52Z

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'''Eugenie Carol Scott''' (born October 24, 1945) is an [[United States|American]] [[physical anthropology|physical anthropologist]] who has been the executive director of the [[National Center for Science Education]] (NCSE) since 1987. She is a leading critic of [[young earth creationism]] and [[intelligent design]].

== Biography ==
=== Academic career ===
Scott grew up in [[Wisconsin]] and first became interested in anthropology after reading her sister's anthropology textbook.<ref name=inspiration>[http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/inspired/article/1903/ What inspired me to take up science?], Eugenie Scott</ref>
Scott received a BS and MS from the [[University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee]], followed by a PhD from the [[University of Missouri]]. She joined the [[University of Kentucky]] as a physical anthropologist in 1974 and shortly thereafter attended a debate between her mentor [[James A. Gavan]] and the [[young earth creationist]] [[Duane Gish]] which piqued her interest in the [[creation-evolution controversy]].<ref>[http://ncse.com/rncse/23/1/my-favorite-pseudoscience My Favorite Pseudoscience], Eugenie Scott, from ''Skeptical Odysseys: Personal Accounts by the World's Leading Paranormal Inquirers''. [[Paul Kurtz]], ed. Amherst (NY): Prometheus Books, 2001, p 245-56.</ref> She also taught at the [[University of Colorado at Boulder|University of Colorado]] and at [[California State University, Hayward]]. Her research work focused on [[medical anthropology]] and [[skeletal biology]].

In 1980 Scott was at the forefront of an attempt to prevent creationism from being taught in the public schools of [[Lexington, Kentucky]]. From this [[grassroot]] effort in Kentucky and other states, the [[National Center for Science Education]] was formed in 1981. Scott was appointed the NCSE's executive director in 1987, the year in which teaching [[creation science]] in American public schools was deemed illegal by the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] in ''[[Edwards v. Aguillard]]''.

Scott and her husband, Thomas C. Sager, a lawyer, have one daughter and reside in [[Berkeley, California]].

=== Academic recognition ===
In 1993 the University of Missouri honored Scott as a distinguished alumna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://muarchives.missouri.edu/c-rg6-s40.html |title=Special Event Programs and Records, Archives of the University of Missouri |date=2005-02-08 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> She was elected to the [[California Academy of Sciences]] in 1994. She served as president of the [[American Association of Physical Anthropologists]] from 2000 to 2002. She was elected as a Fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] in 2002 and was its chair. She is also a member of [[Sigma Xi]].

Scott has received many awards from academic organizations. In 1999 she was awarded the [[Bruce Alberts Award]] by the [[American Society for Cell Biology]]. In 2001 she received the [[Geological Society of America]]'s Public Service Award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2001/12/gsa-announces-public-service-medals-scott-dalrymple-00262 |title=GSA Announces Public Service Medals for Scott and Dalrymple |publisher=[[National Center for Science Education]] |date=2001-12-03 |accessdate=2008-11-04 |author=Mary Lou Zoback}}</ref> She received the 2002 Public Service Award from the [[National Science Board]] for "her promotion of public understanding of the importance of science, the scientific method, and science education and the role of evolution in science education".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2002/05/scott-receives-public-service-award-from-national-science-bo-00380 |title=Scott receives public service award from National Science Board |publisher=NCSE |date=2002-05-09 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nsf.gov/nsb/awards/public_recipients.jsp#2002 |title=National Science Board - Honorary Awards |publisher=National Science Foundation |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> In 2002 the [[American Institute of Biological Sciences]] awarded her the first Outstanding Service Award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aibs.org/aibs-news/aibs_news_2002_04.html |title=AIBS News April 2002 |publisher=American Institute of Biological Sciences |month=April | year=2002 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> Scott also received the 2002 Margaret Nicholson Distinguished Service Award from the California Science Teachers Association.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2002/10/scott-receives-teacher-association-award-00384 |title=Scott Receives Teacher Association Award |publisher=NCSE |date=2002-10-28 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref> The [[National Association of Biology Teachers]] gave her honorary membership in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2005/10/eugenie-c-scott-to-receive-nabt-award-00772 |title=Eugenie C. Scott to receive NABT award |publisher=NCSE |date=2005-10-05 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref>
In 2006 she was awarded the Anthropology in the Media Award by the [[American Anthropological Association]] for "the successful communication of anthropology to the general public through the media".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2006/11/scott-honored-with-anthropology-media-award-00999 |date=2006-11-01 |accessdate=2008-11-04 |title=Scott honored with Anthropology in the Media Award |publisher=NCSE}}</ref> In 2007 Scott and [[Kenneth R. Miller]] were jointly awarded the Outstanding Educator’s Award by the [[Exploratorium]] Museum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exploratorium.edu/awards/awards2007/honorees.html |title=Exploratorium 2007 Awards Dinner |date=[[2007]] |accessdate=2007-08-23 |publisher=[[Exploratorium]]}}</ref>

Scott has been awarded [[honorary degree]]s by [[McGill University]] in 2003,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2003/05/scott-to-receive-honorary-degree-00478 |title=Scott to Receive Honorary Degree |publisher=NCSE |date=2003-05-30 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgill.ca/reporter/35/16/convocation/ |title=Spring 2003 Convocation Honorary Doctorates |publisher=[[McGill University]] |date=2003-05-22 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref>
by [[Ohio State University]] in 2005<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2005/03/scott-to-be-honored-by-osu-00776 |title=Scott to be honored by OSU |publisher=NCSE |date=2005-05-04 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.osu.edu/news/lvl2_news_story.php?id=1040 |title=Scientific literacy advocate will give commencement address |publisher=[[Ohio State University]] |date=2005-03-02 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.osu.edu/news/lvl2_news_story.php?id=1051 |title=Ohio State honors four at winter 2005 commencement |publisher=OSU |date=2005-03-17 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref>
and in 2006 by [[Mount Holyoke College]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2006/04/ncses-scott-to-be-honored-by-mount-holyoke-001008 |title=NCSE's Scott to be honored by Mount Holyoke |publisher=NCSE |date=2006-04-28 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/news/newsfull.shtml?portal_id=2JGDeD2HkyUnbDcQZDD29Hy~&node=4363593&full=1 |title=Honorary Degree Citation, Eugenie Scott |publisher=[[Mount Holyoke College]] |date=2006-05-28 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/news/newsfull.shtml?portal_id=2JGDjD2H6Q%7EDTQcQ5DD__gQ_&node=4363577&full=1 |title=Honorary Degree Address |author=Eugenie C. Scott |date=2006-05-28 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref>
and her ''alma mater'' the [[University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2006/12/scott-honored-by-uwm-00979 |title=Scott honored by UWM |publisher=NCSE |date=2006-12-19 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/Biology/Docs/Alumni/scott.html |title=UWM alumna Dr. Eugenie Scott to receive honorary degree from UWM |date=2006-12-08 |accessdate=2007-08-23 |publisher= [[University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee]]}}</ref> In 2007 she was awarded an honorary degree by [[Rutgers University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2007/05/ncses-scott-to-be-honored-by-rutgers-001179 |title=NCSE's Scott to be honored by Rutgers |publisher=NCSE |date=2007-05-08 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref>
In 2008 she was awarded an honorary degree by [[University of New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pandasthumb.org/archives/2008/03/unm-awards-geni.html |title=UNM Awards Genie Scott with Honorary Doctorate of Science |publisher=Panda's Thumb |date=2008-03-13 |accessdate=2008-03-13}}</ref>

In 2009, Scott became the first-ever recipient of the Stephen Jay Gould Prize from the Society for the Study of Evolution. She was chosen for devoting "her life to advancing public understanding of evolution."<ref>[http://www.evolutionsociety.org/awards.asp Awards], Society for the Study of Evolution</ref>

On August 21st, 2010 Dr. Scott was honored with an award recognizing her contributions in the [[skeptical]] field, from The [[IIG]] during it's 10th Anniversary Gala. <ref>http://www.iigwest.com/iigawards/index.html </ref>

[[Image:Underdown & Scott.jpg|thumb|250px|James Underdown director of [[Center for Inquiry]] West and [[IIG]] West presents award from the [[IIG]] August 21, 2010]]

=== Worldview ===

Scott was initially brought up in [[Christian Science]] by her mother and grandmother, but later switched to a [[Congregational church]] under the influence of her sister; she describes her background as [[liberal Protestantism|liberal Protestant]].<ref name=stnews>[http://www.stnews.org/Commentary-1835.htm A Conversation with Eugenie Scott] [[Science and Theology News]]</ref> Scott is now a [[secular humanist]] and describes herself as a [[nontheist]]. In 2003, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that "Scott describes herself as atheist but does not discount the importance of spirituality."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/02/07/EB75914.DTL&hw=eugenie+Scott&sn=001&sc=1000 | work=The San Francisco Chronicle | title=PROFILE / EUGENIE SCOTT / Berkeley scientist leads fight to stop teaching of creationism | first=Monica | last=Lam | date=2006-11-13}}</ref> In 2003 she was one of the signers of the third [[humanist manifesto]], ''[[Humanism and Its Aspirations]]''.<ref>[http://www.americanhumanist.org/3/HMsigners.htm List of original signatories to ''Humanism and its Aspirations'']</ref> She is also a fellow of the [[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]].<ref>[http://www.csicop.org/about/fellows.html List of fellows of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal]</ref> In 2003 she was awarded the "Defense of Science Award" from the [[Center for Inquiry]] for "her tireless leadership in defending scientific evolution and educational freedom".<ref>[http://ncse.com/news/2003/04/scott-receives-defense-science-award-00458 Scott Receives "Defense of Science" Award]</ref>

In 1998 Scott received the [[American Humanist Association]]'s [[Isaac Asimov Award]] in Science. In her acceptance speech she explained how a statement adopted by the [[National Association of Biology Teachers]] that evolution was "unsupervised" and "impersonal" was attacked by creationists such as [[Phillip E. Johnson]], and the initial reaction of the NABT was not to bow to pressure from creationists to change it. However, Scott agreed with theologian [[Huston Smith]] and philosopher [[Alvin Plantinga]] that "unsupervised" and "impersonal" should be dropped from the statement as they made philosophical and theological claims beyond those [[science]] could claim to make based on its principle of [[methodological naturalism]] – and the statement was altered.<ref name=speech>Scott, Genie. Science and Religion, Methodology and Humanism [http://ncse.com/religion/science-religion-methodology-humanism] [[American Humanist Association]], San Diego, CA. May 1998. Accessed=2009-05-21</ref>

NCSE is religiously neutral and has members who hold a variety of faith-based beliefs or no beliefs at all.<ref>[http://www.ncse.com/about About NCSE]</ref> Nevertheless, both Scott and the NCSE are criticized as being "[[atheism|atheistic]]" by creationist groups.<ref>[http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/189.asp How Religiously Neutral are the Anti-Creationist Organisations?] ask [[Don Batten]] and [[Jonathan Sarfati]] of [[Answers in Genesis]]</ref> Scott jokes that she sometimes thinks her first name is "Atheist" for the frequency with which she is referred to as "Atheist Eugenie Scott" by creationists.

=== Authorship ===
Scott is widely considered to be a leading expert on [[creationism]] (including [[intelligent design]]), as well as one of its strongest opponents. Her book ''[[Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction]]'' was published by Greenwood Press in 2004 and then in paperback by the [[University of California Press]] in 2005. It has a foreword by [[Niles Eldredge]].

She also co-edited with [[Glenn Branch]] the 2006 anthology ''[[Not in Our Classrooms: Why Intelligent Design is Wrong for Our Schools]]''.

In 2006 [[Jon D. Miller]], Scott and [[Shinji Okamoto]] had a brief article published in [[Science (journal)|''Science]]'' entitled "Public Acceptance of Evolution", an analysis of polling on the acceptance of evolution from the last 20 years in the [[United States]] and compare that to other countries.<ref>[http://ncse.com/news/2006/08/public-acceptance-evolution-science-00991 "Public Acceptance of Evolution" in Science], NCSE, August 15, 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/313/5788/765 SCIENCE COMMUNICATION: Public Acceptance of Evolution] Miller et al. Science 11 August 2006: 765-766 DOI: 10.1126/science.1126746</ref> [[Turkey]] had the lowest acceptance of evolution in the survey, with the United States having the next-lowest, though the authors saw a positive in the higher percentage of Americans who are unsure about evolution, and therefore "reachable" for evolution.<ref>[http://www.pandasthumb.org/archives/2006/08/well_at_least_w.html Well, at least we beat Turkey], [[Nick Matzke]], [[The Panda's Thumb (weblog)|The Panda's Thumb]], August 10, 2006</ref>

Less seriously, she has co-authored with [[Glenn Branch]] and [[Nick Matzke]] a 2004 paper on "The Morphology of Steve" in the ''[[Annals of Improbable Research]]'' which arose from the NCSE's [[Project Steve]].<ref>{{cite journal
| author = [[Eugenie C. Scott]], [[Glenn Branch]] and Nick Matzke
| year = 2004
| title = The Morphology of Steve
| journal = [[Annals of Improbable Research]]
| volume = 10
| issue = 4
| pages = 24–29
| url = http://improbable.com/pages/airchives/paperair/volume10/v10i4/morph-steve-10-4.pdf
| doi = 10.3142/107951404781540554
|format=PDF}}</ref>

=== Media appearances ===

[[David Berlinski]], a fellow at the Discovery Institute, describes Scott as an opponent "who is often sent out to defend [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]]".<ref>[http://www.idthefuture.com/2006/03/an_interview_with_david_berlin.html An Interview with David Berlinski: Part One], [[Intelligent Design the Future]], March 7, 2006</ref> However, Scott prefers to see herself as "Darwin's [[golden retriever]]".<ref>Scientific American 10: Guiding Science for Humanity. Scientific American. June 2009 [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=scientific-american-10&page=3] accessdate = 2009-05-20</ref> Scott says that her job "requires coping with [[scientific literacy|science illiteracy]] in the American public".<ref name=speech/>

Scott has been profiled in ''[[Scientific American]]'',<ref name=sciam>[http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=30&articleID=000438E5-C305-13C6-830583414B7F0000 Teach the Science: Wherever evolution education is under attack by creationist thinking, Eugenie Scott will be there to defend science—with rationality and resolve], [[Steve Mirsky]], [[Scientific American]]</ref> ''[[The Scientist]]''<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20020606015439/http://www.the-scientist.com/yr2002/may/watanabe_p60_020527.html Profile: Eugenie C. Scott: 'Giving ammo to the choir' ''The Scientist'' 16[11<nowiki>]</nowiki>:60, May. 27, 2002]</ref>, the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'',<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/02/07/EB75914.DTL PROFILE: EUGENIE SCOTT: Berkeley scientist leads fight to stop teaching of creationism]</ref> and the ''[[Stanford]] Medical Magazine''.<ref name=SMM>[http://mednews.stanford.edu/stanmed/2006summer/stein.html Ain't it the truth? Two plus two equals four — spread the word], [[Joel Stein]], ''[[Stanford Medicine Magazine]]''</ref> She has had been interviewed for [[Science & Theology News]],<ref name=stnews/> [[CSICOP]],<ref>[http://www.csicop.org/intelligentdesignwatch/scott.html An Interview with Dr. Eugenie Scott], By Bill Busher, [[CSICOP]]</ref> [[Church & State]]<ref>[http://www.au.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=8593&abbr=cs_ Not In Our Classrooms! Leading Science Educator Explains Why ‘Intelligent Design’ Is Wrong For Our Schools], [[Church & State]], [[Americans United]]</ref> and [[Point of Inquiry]].<ref>[http://www.pointofinquiry.org/?p=47 Eugenie Scott - Evolution vs. Religious Belief?] [[Point of Inquiry]]</ref><ref>[http://www.pointofinquiry.org/?p=33 Eugenie Scott - The Dover Trial: Evolution vs. Intelligent Design]</ref> She has commentary published by ''[[Science & Theology News]]'',<ref>[http://stnews.org/Commentary-1714.htm Still waiting for ID proponents to say more than 'Evolution is wrong']</ref> [[Metanexus Institute]].<ref>[http://www.metanexus.net/metanexus_online/show_article2.asp?id=2671 The Big Tent and the Camel's Nose], Eugenie Scott, [[Metanexus Institute]].</ref>

She also acted as the education spokesperson for the 2001 [[PBS: Evolution]] TV series<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/about/overview_project.html Evolution Project Overview], [[PBS]].</ref>

Scott has taken part in numerous interviews on [[MSNBC]] and the [[Fox News Channel]], debating various creationist and [[Intelligent design]] advocates. On 29 November 2004, Scott debated astrophysicist Jason Lisle of [[Answers in Genesis]] on [[CNN]].<ref>[http://ncse.com/news/2004/12/ncses-scott-fox-cnn-00548 NCSE's Scott on Fox, CNN], NCSE</ref><ref>[http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2004/1201debate.asp Jason Lisle vs. Eugenie Scott on CNN!], Answers in Genesis, 1 December 2004</ref> On May 6, 2005 Scott debated [[Stephen C. Meyer]] of the [[Discovery Institute]], on ''[[The Big Story]]'' with [[John Gibson (media host)|John Gibson]].<ref>[http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=2561&program=CSC+-+Views+and+News&callingPage=discoMainPage Kansas Debates Evolution: Stephen C. Meyer, Eugenie Scott], May 6, 2005 from the [[Discovery Institute]]</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Evolution Vs. God in the Classroom - The Big Story w/ Gibson and Nauert | publisher=[[FOX News]] | date=2005-05-06 | url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,155943,00.html | accessdate=2010-02-17}}</ref> The latter concerned the [[Kansas evolution hearings]].

In 2004, the National Center for Science Education was represented by Scott on [[Penn and Teller]]'s Showtime television show ''[[Bullshit!]]'', on the episode titled "''Creationism''", on which Dr. Scott offered philosophical views about the creationist and intelligent design movements.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sho.com/site/ptbs/previous_episodes.do?episodeid=s1/c | title=Creationism| publisher=[[Bullshit!]] |year= 2004 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref> She noted "it would be unfair to tell students that there is a serious dispute going on among scientists whether evolution took place" because there is no such debate between scientists. She further noted that "a lot of the time the creationists... they'll search through scientific journals and try to pull out something they think demonstrates evolution doesn't work and there is a kind of interesting rationale behind it. Their theology is such that if one thing is wrong with the Bible you have to throw it all out so that's why Genesis has to be interpreted literally. They look at science the same way. If one little piece of the evolutionary puzzle doesn't fit the whole thing has to go." Scott then explained, "that's not the way science is done."

Scott serves on the National Advisory Council of [[Americans United for Separation of Church and State]] and on the National Advisory Council of [[Americans for Religious Liberty]]. In 1999 Scott was awarded the [[Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Award]] for "for tirelessly defending the separation of church and state by ensuring that religious neutrality is maintained in the science curriculum of America's public schools",<ref>[http://www.playboyenterprises.com/home/content.cfm?content=t_title_as_division&ArtTypeID=0008B752-BBD0-1C76-8FEA8304E50A010D&packet=000B8140-7874-1C7A-9B578304E50A011A&MmenuFlag=foundation&viewMe=5 1999 winners, Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Awards]</ref> and in 2006 was one of the three judges chosen to make the awards.

=== Dover trial participation ===

In 2005, Scott and other NCSE staff served as scientific and educational consultants for the plaintiffs in the [[Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District]] case, which originated in [[Dover, PA]]. Judge [[John E. Jones III|John Jones]] ruled against teaching intelligent design or creationism in the public schools.

==Books==
*{{Cite document |date=2004 |author=Eugenie C. Scott |title=Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction |place=Berkley & Los Angeles, California |publisher=University of California Press |url=http://books.google.com/?id=03b_a0monNYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=evolution+vs.+creationism&q |isbn=0-520-24650-0 |accessdate=16 June 2010 |postscript=[[Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats]]}} Also: Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313321221
*{{Cite document |date=2006 |author=Eugenie C. Scott & [[Glenn Branch]]|title=Not in Our Classrooms: Why Intelligent Design Is Wrong for Our Schools |place=Boston |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=0-807-03278-6 |postscript=[[Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats]]}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://ncse.com/about/speakers#scott Eugenie Scott] from the [[National Center for Science Education]]
* [http://booksandideas.wordpress.com/2008/06/30/podcast-21-eugenie-scott Interview on Books and Ideas Podcast (6/08)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scott, Eugenie}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:American anthropologists]]
[[Category:American humanists]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee alumni]]
[[Category:University of Missouri alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[bg:Юджийн Скот]]
[[da:Eugenie Scott]]
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Eugenie C. Scott

2010-09-05T03:20:52Z

Sgerbic: /* Academic recognition */ pictures and award citation

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| occupation = [[National Center for Science Education]] Director
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'''Eugenie Carol Scott''' (born October 24, 1945) is an [[United States|American]] [[physical anthropology|physical anthropologist]] who has been the executive director of the [[National Center for Science Education]] (NCSE) since 1987. She is a leading critic of [[young earth creationism]] and [[intelligent design]].

== Biography ==
=== Academic career ===
Scott grew up in [[Wisconsin]] and first became interested in anthropology after reading her sister's anthropology textbook.<ref name=inspiration>[http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/inspired/article/1903/ What inspired me to take up science?], Eugenie Scott</ref>
Scott received a BS and MS from the [[University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee]], followed by a PhD from the [[University of Missouri]]. She joined the [[University of Kentucky]] as a physical anthropologist in 1974 and shortly thereafter attended a debate between her mentor [[James A. Gavan]] and the [[young earth creationist]] [[Duane Gish]] which piqued her interest in the [[creation-evolution controversy]].<ref>[http://ncse.com/rncse/23/1/my-favorite-pseudoscience My Favorite Pseudoscience], Eugenie Scott, from ''Skeptical Odysseys: Personal Accounts by the World's Leading Paranormal Inquirers''. [[Paul Kurtz]], ed. Amherst (NY): Prometheus Books, 2001, p 245-56.</ref> She also taught at the [[University of Colorado at Boulder|University of Colorado]] and at [[California State University, Hayward]]. Her research work focused on [[medical anthropology]] and [[skeletal biology]].

In 1980 Scott was at the forefront of an attempt to prevent creationism from being taught in the public schools of [[Lexington, Kentucky]]. From this [[grassroot]] effort in Kentucky and other states, the [[National Center for Science Education]] was formed in 1981. Scott was appointed the NCSE's executive director in 1987, the year in which teaching [[creation science]] in American public schools was deemed illegal by the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] in ''[[Edwards v. Aguillard]]''.

Scott and her husband, Thomas C. Sager, a lawyer, have one daughter and reside in [[Berkeley, California]].

=== Academic recognition ===
In 1993 the University of Missouri honored Scott as a distinguished alumna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://muarchives.missouri.edu/c-rg6-s40.html |title=Special Event Programs and Records, Archives of the University of Missouri |date=2005-02-08 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> She was elected to the [[California Academy of Sciences]] in 1994. She served as president of the [[American Association of Physical Anthropologists]] from 2000 to 2002. She was elected as a Fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] in 2002 and was its chair. She is also a member of [[Sigma Xi]].

Scott has received many awards from academic organizations. In 1999 she was awarded the [[Bruce Alberts Award]] by the [[American Society for Cell Biology]]. In 2001 she received the [[Geological Society of America]]'s Public Service Award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2001/12/gsa-announces-public-service-medals-scott-dalrymple-00262 |title=GSA Announces Public Service Medals for Scott and Dalrymple |publisher=[[National Center for Science Education]] |date=2001-12-03 |accessdate=2008-11-04 |author=Mary Lou Zoback}}</ref> She received the 2002 Public Service Award from the [[National Science Board]] for "her promotion of public understanding of the importance of science, the scientific method, and science education and the role of evolution in science education".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2002/05/scott-receives-public-service-award-from-national-science-bo-00380 |title=Scott receives public service award from National Science Board |publisher=NCSE |date=2002-05-09 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nsf.gov/nsb/awards/public_recipients.jsp#2002 |title=National Science Board - Honorary Awards |publisher=National Science Foundation |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> In 2002 the [[American Institute of Biological Sciences]] awarded her the first Outstanding Service Award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aibs.org/aibs-news/aibs_news_2002_04.html |title=AIBS News April 2002 |publisher=American Institute of Biological Sciences |month=April | year=2002 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> Scott also received the 2002 Margaret Nicholson Distinguished Service Award from the California Science Teachers Association.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2002/10/scott-receives-teacher-association-award-00384 |title=Scott Receives Teacher Association Award |publisher=NCSE |date=2002-10-28 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref> The [[National Association of Biology Teachers]] gave her honorary membership in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2005/10/eugenie-c-scott-to-receive-nabt-award-00772 |title=Eugenie C. Scott to receive NABT award |publisher=NCSE |date=2005-10-05 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref>
In 2006 she was awarded the Anthropology in the Media Award by the [[American Anthropological Association]] for "the successful communication of anthropology to the general public through the media".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2006/11/scott-honored-with-anthropology-media-award-00999 |date=2006-11-01 |accessdate=2008-11-04 |title=Scott honored with Anthropology in the Media Award |publisher=NCSE}}</ref> In 2007 Scott and [[Kenneth R. Miller]] were jointly awarded the Outstanding Educator’s Award by the [[Exploratorium]] Museum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exploratorium.edu/awards/awards2007/honorees.html |title=Exploratorium 2007 Awards Dinner |date=[[2007]] |accessdate=2007-08-23 |publisher=[[Exploratorium]]}}</ref>

Scott has been awarded [[honorary degree]]s by [[McGill University]] in 2003,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2003/05/scott-to-receive-honorary-degree-00478 |title=Scott to Receive Honorary Degree |publisher=NCSE |date=2003-05-30 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgill.ca/reporter/35/16/convocation/ |title=Spring 2003 Convocation Honorary Doctorates |publisher=[[McGill University]] |date=2003-05-22 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref>
by [[Ohio State University]] in 2005<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2005/03/scott-to-be-honored-by-osu-00776 |title=Scott to be honored by OSU |publisher=NCSE |date=2005-05-04 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.osu.edu/news/lvl2_news_story.php?id=1040 |title=Scientific literacy advocate will give commencement address |publisher=[[Ohio State University]] |date=2005-03-02 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.osu.edu/news/lvl2_news_story.php?id=1051 |title=Ohio State honors four at winter 2005 commencement |publisher=OSU |date=2005-03-17 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref>
and in 2006 by [[Mount Holyoke College]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2006/04/ncses-scott-to-be-honored-by-mount-holyoke-001008 |title=NCSE's Scott to be honored by Mount Holyoke |publisher=NCSE |date=2006-04-28 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/news/newsfull.shtml?portal_id=2JGDeD2HkyUnbDcQZDD29Hy~&node=4363593&full=1 |title=Honorary Degree Citation, Eugenie Scott |publisher=[[Mount Holyoke College]] |date=2006-05-28 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/news/newsfull.shtml?portal_id=2JGDjD2H6Q%7EDTQcQ5DD__gQ_&node=4363577&full=1 |title=Honorary Degree Address |author=Eugenie C. Scott |date=2006-05-28 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref>
and her ''alma mater'' the [[University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2006/12/scott-honored-by-uwm-00979 |title=Scott honored by UWM |publisher=NCSE |date=2006-12-19 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/Biology/Docs/Alumni/scott.html |title=UWM alumna Dr. Eugenie Scott to receive honorary degree from UWM |date=2006-12-08 |accessdate=2007-08-23 |publisher= [[University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee]]}}</ref> In 2007 she was awarded an honorary degree by [[Rutgers University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2007/05/ncses-scott-to-be-honored-by-rutgers-001179 |title=NCSE's Scott to be honored by Rutgers |publisher=NCSE |date=2007-05-08 |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref>
In 2008 she was awarded an honorary degree by [[University of New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pandasthumb.org/archives/2008/03/unm-awards-geni.html |title=UNM Awards Genie Scott with Honorary Doctorate of Science |publisher=Panda's Thumb |date=2008-03-13 |accessdate=2008-03-13}}</ref>

In 2009, Scott became the first-ever recipient of the Stephen Jay Gould Prize from the Society for the Study of Evolution. She was chosen for devoting "her life to advancing public understanding of evolution."<ref>[http://www.evolutionsociety.org/awards.asp Awards], Society for the Study of Evolution</ref>

On August 21st, 2010 Dr. Scott was honored with an award recognizing her contributions in the [[skeptical]] field, from The [[IIG]] during it's 10th Anniversary Gala. <ref>http://www.iigwest.com/iigawards/index.html </ref>

[[Image:Underdown & Scott.jpg|thumb|250px|James Underdown director of [[Center for Inquiry]] West and [[IIG]] West presents award from the [[IIG]] August 21, 2010]]

=== Worldview ===

Scott was initially brought up in [[Christian Science]] by her mother and grandmother, but later switched to a [[Congregational church]] under the influence of her sister; she describes her background as [[liberal Protestantism|liberal Protestant]].<ref name=stnews>[http://www.stnews.org/Commentary-1835.htm A Conversation with Eugenie Scott] [[Science and Theology News]]</ref> Scott is now a [[secular humanist]] and describes herself as a [[nontheist]]. In 2003, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that "Scott describes herself as atheist but does not discount the importance of spirituality."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/02/07/EB75914.DTL&hw=eugenie+Scott&sn=001&sc=1000 | work=The San Francisco Chronicle | title=PROFILE / EUGENIE SCOTT / Berkeley scientist leads fight to stop teaching of creationism | first=Monica | last=Lam | date=2006-11-13}}</ref> In 2003 she was one of the signers of the third [[humanist manifesto]], ''[[Humanism and Its Aspirations]]''.<ref>[http://www.americanhumanist.org/3/HMsigners.htm List of original signatories to ''Humanism and its Aspirations'']</ref> She is also a fellow of the [[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]].<ref>[http://www.csicop.org/about/fellows.html List of fellows of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal]</ref> In 2003 she was awarded the "Defense of Science Award" from the [[Center for Inquiry]] for "her tireless leadership in defending scientific evolution and educational freedom".<ref>[http://ncse.com/news/2003/04/scott-receives-defense-science-award-00458 Scott Receives "Defense of Science" Award]</ref>

In 1998 Scott received the [[American Humanist Association]]'s [[Isaac Asimov Award]] in Science. In her acceptance speech she explained how a statement adopted by the [[National Association of Biology Teachers]] that evolution was "unsupervised" and "impersonal" was attacked by creationists such as [[Phillip E. Johnson]], and the initial reaction of the NABT was not to bow to pressure from creationists to change it. However, Scott agreed with theologian [[Huston Smith]] and philosopher [[Alvin Plantinga]] that "unsupervised" and "impersonal" should be dropped from the statement as they made philosophical and theological claims beyond those [[science]] could claim to make based on its principle of [[methodological naturalism]] – and the statement was altered.<ref name=speech>Scott, Genie. Science and Religion, Methodology and Humanism [http://ncse.com/religion/science-religion-methodology-humanism] [[American Humanist Association]], San Diego, CA. May 1998. Accessed=2009-05-21</ref>

NCSE is religiously neutral and has members who hold a variety of faith-based beliefs or no beliefs at all.<ref>[http://www.ncse.com/about About NCSE]</ref> Nevertheless, both Scott and the NCSE are criticized as being "[[atheism|atheistic]]" by creationist groups.<ref>[http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/189.asp How Religiously Neutral are the Anti-Creationist Organisations?] ask [[Don Batten]] and [[Jonathan Sarfati]] of [[Answers in Genesis]]</ref> Scott jokes that she sometimes thinks her first name is "Atheist" for the frequency with which she is referred to as "Atheist Eugenie Scott" by creationists.

=== Authorship ===
Scott is widely considered to be a leading expert on [[creationism]] (including [[intelligent design]]), as well as one of its strongest opponents. Her book ''[[Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction]]'' was published by Greenwood Press in 2004 and then in paperback by the [[University of California Press]] in 2005. It has a foreword by [[Niles Eldredge]].

She also co-edited with [[Glenn Branch]] the 2006 anthology ''[[Not in Our Classrooms: Why Intelligent Design is Wrong for Our Schools]]''.

In 2006 [[Jon D. Miller]], Scott and [[Shinji Okamoto]] had a brief article published in [[Science (journal)|''Science]]'' entitled "Public Acceptance of Evolution", an analysis of polling on the acceptance of evolution from the last 20 years in the [[United States]] and compare that to other countries.<ref>[http://ncse.com/news/2006/08/public-acceptance-evolution-science-00991 "Public Acceptance of Evolution" in Science], NCSE, August 15, 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/313/5788/765 SCIENCE COMMUNICATION: Public Acceptance of Evolution] Miller et al. Science 11 August 2006: 765-766 DOI: 10.1126/science.1126746</ref> [[Turkey]] had the lowest acceptance of evolution in the survey, with the United States having the next-lowest, though the authors saw a positive in the higher percentage of Americans who are unsure about evolution, and therefore "reachable" for evolution.<ref>[http://www.pandasthumb.org/archives/2006/08/well_at_least_w.html Well, at least we beat Turkey], [[Nick Matzke]], [[The Panda's Thumb (weblog)|The Panda's Thumb]], August 10, 2006</ref>

Less seriously, she has co-authored with [[Glenn Branch]] and [[Nick Matzke]] a 2004 paper on "The Morphology of Steve" in the ''[[Annals of Improbable Research]]'' which arose from the NCSE's [[Project Steve]].<ref>{{cite journal
| author = [[Eugenie C. Scott]], [[Glenn Branch]] and Nick Matzke
| year = 2004
| title = The Morphology of Steve
| journal = [[Annals of Improbable Research]]
| volume = 10
| issue = 4
| pages = 24–29
| url = http://improbable.com/pages/airchives/paperair/volume10/v10i4/morph-steve-10-4.pdf
| doi = 10.3142/107951404781540554
|format=PDF}}</ref>

=== Media appearances ===

[[David Berlinski]], a fellow at the Discovery Institute, describes Scott as an opponent "who is often sent out to defend [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]]".<ref>[http://www.idthefuture.com/2006/03/an_interview_with_david_berlin.html An Interview with David Berlinski: Part One], [[Intelligent Design the Future]], March 7, 2006</ref> However, Scott prefers to see herself as "Darwin's [[golden retriever]]".<ref>Scientific American 10: Guiding Science for Humanity. Scientific American. June 2009 [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=scientific-american-10&page=3] accessdate = 2009-05-20</ref> Scott says that her job "requires coping with [[scientific literacy|science illiteracy]] in the American public".<ref name=speech/>

Scott has been profiled in ''[[Scientific American]]'',<ref name=sciam>[http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=30&articleID=000438E5-C305-13C6-830583414B7F0000 Teach the Science: Wherever evolution education is under attack by creationist thinking, Eugenie Scott will be there to defend science—with rationality and resolve], [[Steve Mirsky]], [[Scientific American]]</ref> ''[[The Scientist]]''<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20020606015439/http://www.the-scientist.com/yr2002/may/watanabe_p60_020527.html Profile: Eugenie C. Scott: 'Giving ammo to the choir' ''The Scientist'' 16[11<nowiki>]</nowiki>:60, May. 27, 2002]</ref>, the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'',<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/02/07/EB75914.DTL PROFILE: EUGENIE SCOTT: Berkeley scientist leads fight to stop teaching of creationism]</ref> and the ''[[Stanford]] Medical Magazine''.<ref name=SMM>[http://mednews.stanford.edu/stanmed/2006summer/stein.html Ain't it the truth? Two plus two equals four — spread the word], [[Joel Stein]], ''[[Stanford Medicine Magazine]]''</ref> She has had been interviewed for [[Science & Theology News]],<ref name=stnews/> [[CSICOP]],<ref>[http://www.csicop.org/intelligentdesignwatch/scott.html An Interview with Dr. Eugenie Scott], By Bill Busher, [[CSICOP]]</ref> [[Church & State]]<ref>[http://www.au.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=8593&abbr=cs_ Not In Our Classrooms! Leading Science Educator Explains Why ‘Intelligent Design’ Is Wrong For Our Schools], [[Church & State]], [[Americans United]]</ref> and [[Point of Inquiry]].<ref>[http://www.pointofinquiry.org/?p=47 Eugenie Scott - Evolution vs. Religious Belief?] [[Point of Inquiry]]</ref><ref>[http://www.pointofinquiry.org/?p=33 Eugenie Scott - The Dover Trial: Evolution vs. Intelligent Design]</ref> She has commentary published by ''[[Science & Theology News]]'',<ref>[http://stnews.org/Commentary-1714.htm Still waiting for ID proponents to say more than 'Evolution is wrong']</ref> [[Metanexus Institute]].<ref>[http://www.metanexus.net/metanexus_online/show_article2.asp?id=2671 The Big Tent and the Camel's Nose], Eugenie Scott, [[Metanexus Institute]].</ref>

She also acted as the education spokesperson for the 2001 [[PBS: Evolution]] TV series<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/about/overview_project.html Evolution Project Overview], [[PBS]].</ref>

Scott has taken part in numerous interviews on [[MSNBC]] and the [[Fox News Channel]], debating various creationist and [[Intelligent design]] advocates. On 29 November 2004, Scott debated astrophysicist Jason Lisle of [[Answers in Genesis]] on [[CNN]].<ref>[http://ncse.com/news/2004/12/ncses-scott-fox-cnn-00548 NCSE's Scott on Fox, CNN], NCSE</ref><ref>[http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2004/1201debate.asp Jason Lisle vs. Eugenie Scott on CNN!], Answers in Genesis, 1 December 2004</ref> On May 6, 2005 Scott debated [[Stephen C. Meyer]] of the [[Discovery Institute]], on ''[[The Big Story]]'' with [[John Gibson (media host)|John Gibson]].<ref>[http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=2561&program=CSC+-+Views+and+News&callingPage=discoMainPage Kansas Debates Evolution: Stephen C. Meyer, Eugenie Scott], May 6, 2005 from the [[Discovery Institute]]</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Evolution Vs. God in the Classroom - The Big Story w/ Gibson and Nauert | publisher=[[FOX News]] | date=2005-05-06 | url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,155943,00.html | accessdate=2010-02-17}}</ref> The latter concerned the [[Kansas evolution hearings]].

In 2004, the National Center for Science Education was represented by Scott on [[Penn and Teller]]'s Showtime television show ''[[Bullshit!]]'', on the episode titled "''Creationism''", on which Dr. Scott offered philosophical views about the creationist and intelligent design movements.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sho.com/site/ptbs/previous_episodes.do?episodeid=s1/c | title=Creationism| publisher=[[Bullshit!]] |year= 2004 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref> She noted "it would be unfair to tell students that there is a serious dispute going on among scientists whether evolution took place" because there is no such debate between scientists. She further noted that "a lot of the time the creationists... they'll search through scientific journals and try to pull out something they think demonstrates evolution doesn't work and there is a kind of interesting rationale behind it. Their theology is such that if one thing is wrong with the Bible you have to throw it all out so that's why Genesis has to be interpreted literally. They look at science the same way. If one little piece of the evolutionary puzzle doesn't fit the whole thing has to go." Scott then explained, "that's not the way science is done."

Scott serves on the National Advisory Council of [[Americans United for Separation of Church and State]] and on the National Advisory Council of [[Americans for Religious Liberty]]. In 1999 Scott was awarded the [[Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Award]] for "for tirelessly defending the separation of church and state by ensuring that religious neutrality is maintained in the science curriculum of America's public schools",<ref>[http://www.playboyenterprises.com/home/content.cfm?content=t_title_as_division&ArtTypeID=0008B752-BBD0-1C76-8FEA8304E50A010D&packet=000B8140-7874-1C7A-9B578304E50A011A&MmenuFlag=foundation&viewMe=5 1999 winners, Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Awards]</ref> and in 2006 was one of the three judges chosen to make the awards.

=== Dover trial participation ===

In 2005, Scott and other NCSE staff served as scientific and educational consultants for the plaintiffs in the [[Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District]] case, which originated in [[Dover, PA]]. Judge [[John E. Jones III|John Jones]] ruled against teaching intelligent design or creationism in the public schools.

==Books==
*{{Cite document |date=2004 |author=Eugenie C. Scott |title=Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction |place=Berkley & Los Angeles, California |publisher=University of California Press |url=http://books.google.com/?id=03b_a0monNYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=evolution+vs.+creationism&q |isbn=0-520-24650-0 |accessdate=16 June 2010 |postscript=[[Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats]]}} Also: Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313321221
*{{Cite document |date=2006 |author=Eugenie C. Scott & [[Glenn Branch]]|title=Not in Our Classrooms: Why Intelligent Design Is Wrong for Our Schools |place=Boston |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=0-807-03278-6 |postscript=[[Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats]]}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://ncse.com/about/speakers#scott Eugenie Scott] from the [[National Center for Science Education]]
* [http://booksandideas.wordpress.com/2008/06/30/podcast-21-eugenie-scott Interview on Books and Ideas Podcast (6/08)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scott, Eugenie}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:American anthropologists]]
[[Category:American humanists]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee alumni]]
[[Category:University of Missouri alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[bg:Юджийн Скот]]
[[da:Eugenie Scott]]
[[nl:Eugenie Scott]]
[[ru:Скотт, Юджени]]
[[fi:Eugenie Scott]]