Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Heritage Front

2012-05-23T00:37:48Z

Semperf: rewording

{{Refimprove|date=December 2011}}

[[Image:heritagefrontlogo.JPG|thumb|right|The Heritage Front use the "Life Rune" as their logo]]

The '''Heritage Front''' was a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[neo-Nazi]]<ref>{{Cite news| issn = 03190714| pages = A.3
| last = Makin| first = Kirk| title = Racists, crusader stuck in a hate-hate relationship| work = The Globe and Mail| accessdate = 2008-12-30| date = 2008-09-20| quote=Mr. Warman traces his activism to a human-rights tribunal he happened to attend in 1991 that targeted the neo-Nazi Heritage Front.}}</ref> [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] organization founded in 1989 and disbanded around 2005.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=391873 | title = Scrutinizing the human rights machine | publisher = National Post | author = Joseph Brean | date = March 22, 2008 | accessdate = 2008-03-22}}</ref>

The Heritage Front maintained a telephone message line with a different editorial each day. The voice on the hotline was [[Gary Schipper]]. The line resulted in complaints to the [[Canadian Human Rights Commission]] and hearings into allegations that the group violated Canada's [[hatecrime]] laws. [http://reports.fja.gc.ca/eng/1994/1994fca0313.html] The group organized a series of [[white power rock]] concerts in [[Toronto]] and elsewhere. Immediately after one of these concerts, a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] man, Sivarajah Vinasithamby, 41, returning home from work was beaten and partially paralyzed by several [[white power skinhead]]s who had just left the concert.

==History==
The Heritage Front was founded in 1989 by former [[Nationalist Party of Canada]] members [[Wolfgang Droege]], [[Gerry Lincoln]], [[Grant Bristow]] and [[James Scott Dawson]]. They were joined by [[Al Overfield]] and other former members of the Nationalist Party who had become disenchanted with [[Don Andrews]]'s leadership and felt that a new organization and tactics were necessary. The idea for the new group was developed in early September 1989 when a delegation of 18 Canadian [[far right]] activists were visiting [[Libya]] at the invitation of [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]], who was celebrating the twentieth anniversary of his regime. The Heritage Front formed an alliance with the [[Creativity Movement|Church of the Creator]] and its Canadian leader [[George Burdi]]. Other prominent figures in the Canadian far right, such as [[Paul Fromm (politician)|Paul Fromm]] and [[Ernst Zündel]], worked with the Heritage Front but did not join the organization.

In 1992, the Heritage Front illegally brought prominent American [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazis]] [[Tom Metzger (white supremacist)|Tom Metzger]] and [[John Metzger]] to Canada to speak, and provided security at a speech by [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust denier]] [[David Irving]]. Droege retired in 1995, following legal troubles, and handed leadership over to [[Marc Lemire]]. Under Lemire's leadership, the membership of the group declined rapidly, and by 2005 it existed in name only. Now it is defunct.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=391873 | title = Scrutinizing the human rights machine | publisher = National Post | author = Joseph Brean | date = March 22, 2008 | accessdate = 2008-03-22}}</ref>

The activities of the Heritage Front led to the formation of an [[Anti-Racist Action]] (ARA) branch in Toronto, which engaged in a series of demonstrations and confrontations with the Heritage Front, culminating in 1993 with a riot on [[Parliament Hill]] between members of ARA and the Heritage Front after a concert by [[George Burdi]]'s rock band [[RaHoWa (band)|RaHoWa]]. Four Heritage Front members, including Burdi, were arrested and charged with assault. Burdi was sentenced to a year in prison for aggravated assault, and later dropped out of the movement and renounced racism. A month after the clash in Ottawa, ARA held a militant demonstration outside the Toronto home of Gary Schipper, which resulted in thousands of dollars of damage to the property. Droege and other members of the Heritage Front responded that evening by attacking members of ARA outside of [[Sneaky Dee's]] - a known ARA hangout - resulting in Droege and other Heritage Front members being charged with assault. In 1995, Droege was convicted of the assault and sentenced to five months in prison. He also spent time in jail for [[contempt of court]] and other violations relating to the Canadian Human Rights Commission tribunal.

[[Grant Bristow]], a [[mole (intelligence)|mole]] for the [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service]] (CSIS), infiltrated the group and became one of its leaders. According to the CSIS and Bristow, their aim was to gather intelligence on the far right and to suppress its violent activity. Bristow's role in the group was made public in 1994 by the [[Toronto Sun]], and became the subject of an inquiry by the [[Security Intelligence Review Committee]], which published a report on the matter in that same year.<ref name="The Heritage Front Affair Report">{{cite news | url=http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/orgs/canadian/sirc/heritage-front/ | title=The Heritage Front Affair Report to the Solicitor General of Canada Security Intelligence Review Committee | publisher= [[Solicitor General of Canada]] (hosted by [[The Nizkor Project]])|date=December 9, 1994 | first= | last= | accessdate = 2006-11-18}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Fascism in Canada]]
*[[Max French]]
*[[List of white nationalist organizations]]
* [[Neo-Nazism in Canada]]

==External links==
*[http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/orgs/canadian/sirc/heritage-front/ The Heritage Front Affair] -From The Nizkor Project

[[Category:1989 establishments in Canada]]
[[Category:Neo-Nazi organizations]]
[[Category:Racism]]
[[Category:Canadian far-right political movements]]

[[ta:மரபு முன்னணி]]

ATB Financial

2007-12-22T16:31:57Z

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{{Infobox_Company |
company_name = ATB Financial|
company_logo = [[Image:Logo atb main.gif]] |
company_type = [[Crown Corporation]] |
foundation = 1938|
location = [[Edmonton, Alberta]]|
key_people = |
industry = [[Financial services]] |
products = Financial services, Wealth Management |
revenue = {{profit}} 751.5 million [[Canadian dollar|CAD]] (2007) |
num_employees = 4,100 |
homepage = http://www.atb.com
}}
'''Alberta Treasury Branches''', also known as '''ATB Financial''', is a full service [[financial institution]] and [[crown corporation]] owned by the [[Government of Alberta]] and based in [[Edmonton, Alberta]]. ATB operates in Alberta only, providing financial services to over 600,000 people. ATB has 157 branches as well as 134 agencies, serving a total of 244 [[List of communities in Alberta|communities in Alberta]]. Wealth management services are offered under the name ATB Investor Services or ATBIS. ATB has more than 4,100 employees. Head offices are in [[Edmonton]], Alberta, Canada. With assets of C$20.3 billion, ATB is the largest Alberta-based financial institution.

ATB is not a [[Banking in Canada|chartered bank]], and unlike other banks operating in Canada, ATB is regulated entirely by the [[Government of Alberta]], under the authority of the Alberta Treasury Branches Act, Chapter A-37.9, 1997, and Treasury Branches Regulation 187/97. The legislation is modeled on the statutes and regulations governing other financial institutions and other guidelines to financial institutions issued by the federal Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions and the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation. ATB Financial is one of fifteen financial institutions that participates in Canada's [[Large Value Transfer System]].

ATB was created by the first [[Social Credit Party of Alberta|Social Credit]] ministry under [[William Aberhart]] in [[1938]], after earlier attempts to place Alberta's [[bank]]s under the provincial government's control were thwarted by the [[Government of Canada|federal government]]. The first Alberta Treasury Branch was opened in [[Rocky Mountain House, Alberta|Rocky Mountain House]] on [[September 29]] of that year. ATB is the most significant surviving remnant of [[social credit]] economic policies in [[Alberta]].

In the [[1990s]], the government reformed ATB with the intention of transforming it into a competitive financial institution. In October [[1997]], ATB formally became a provincial crown corporation. Since then, it has operated under a [[board of directors]] appointed by the [[Lieutenant-Governor of Alberta]]. It adopted the moniker ''ATB Financial'' in January [[2002]].

As of [[March 31]], [[2007]] ATB reported [[asset]]s of [[Canadian dollar|$]]20.3 billion, [[Deposit (bank)|deposit]]s of $18.3 billion, [[loan]]s of $17 billion, [[ownership equity|equity]] of $1.62 billion, and a [[net income]] $274.3 million.

ATB's community investment program includes sponsorships, donations, associate volunteerism, community contributions, and corporate fundraising programs.

==External links==
*[http://www.atb.com ATB Financial]
*[http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/business/story.html?id=594507f7-285f-4116-bd80-55697c3f1894 "ATB faces new reality" Edmonton Journal December 22, 2007]

{{Canadian banks}}

[[Category:Crown corporations of Alberta]]
[[Category:Banks of Canada]]
[[Category:1938 establishments]]
[[Category:Companies based in Edmonton]]

[[es:ATB Financial]]

Silverthorn Collegiate Institute

2007-08-09T04:40:05Z

Semperf: reword

{{Infobox Education in Canada
|name= Silverthorn Collegiate Institute
|image=
|imagesize=
|motto= ''"Nil Veritur Veritas"''
|motto_translation= The Truth Fears Nothing
|streetaddress= 291 Mill Road
|city= [[Toronto]]
|province= [[Ontario]]
|postalcode= M9C 1Y5
|areacode= 416
|phone= 394-7010
|fax= 394-7924
|email= Silverthorn.CI@tdsb.on.ca
|url= http://schools.tdsb.on.ca/silverthornci/
|schoolnumber= 2811
|schoolboard= [[Toronto District School Board]]
|affiliation= None
|superintendent= Johanne Messner
|trustee= John Campbell
|principal= Gordy Stefulic
|viceprincipal= Alison Irvine and Vivian Mavrou
|viceprincipal_label= Vice Principals
|administrator=
|schooltype= [[High School]]
|grades= 9 - 12
|language= [[English Language|English]]
|area= [[Burnhamthorpe Road]] and [[Mill Road]]
|mascot= [[Spartacus the Spartan]]
|teamname= Silverthorn Spartans
|colours= [[Garnet (colour)|Garnet]], [[Green (colour)|Green]] and [[Silver (colour)|Silver]]
|founded= [[September]], [[1964]]
|enrollment= 1122
|enrollment_as_of= Spring [[2006]]
}}
'''Silverthorn Collegiate Institute''' (SCI) is a high school located in the west end of [[Toronto]]. It is under the sanction of the Toronto District School Board. The name of this school (Silverthorn Collegiate Institute) comes from the fact that it is bordered on the south and west by what has been known for many years as "The Silverthorn Woods" or "Silverthorn's Bush". This was the northern limit of an old property known locally as "The Silverthorn Mill Farm".

The first Silverthorn to come to North America seems to have arrived in this country at least 100 years ago and settled in the United States. This family used the family coat of arms and crest that the Silverthorn family in England had used for years.

When Markland Woods was developed in the early 1960's, the Board of Education for the Township of Etobicoke decided to build a secondary school for the area. The school was to be named Silverthorn Collegiate Institute after the family who had first settled the area. The cornerstone was laid in 1963 and the school opened in [[September]] [[1964]] with a teaching staff of 24 and a support staff of 7. Murray Young was the first principal. The school had only grades 9, 10, and 11 in 1964. In the next two years it added grades 12 and 13. In 1968-69 a massive new addition was added to the school effectively doubling its size. An auditorium, the present library, science labs and technical and business areas were added at that time. A second gym was added later on.

SCI is a semestered school. Days run from 8:45 am to 3:10 pm. There is a two day cycle, with Day 1 falling on any date of odd number, and Day 2 falling on any date of even number.

Silverthorn's school colours are Garnet, Green, and Silver and its mascot is a Spartan. The school's motto is "Nil Veretur Veritas" which is Latin for "The Truth Fears Nothing".

== Alumni ==
* [[Estella Warren]], model/actress
* [[Daryn Jones]], radio and television personality

== External Links ==

*[http://schools.tdsb.on.ca/silverthornci/ School Website]
*[http://www.tdsb.on.ca/libraries/links.asp?schoolNo=2811 Library Website]

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]
[[Category:High schools in Toronto]]
[[Category:Schools in the TDSB]]

----

Silverthorn Collegiate Institute

2007-08-09T04:39:41Z

Semperf: coomma

{{Infobox Education in Canada
|name= Silverthorn Collegiate Institute
|image=
|imagesize=
|motto= ''"Nil Veritur Veritas"''
|motto_translation= The Truth Fears Nothing
|streetaddress= 291 Mill Road
|city= [[Toronto]]
|province= [[Ontario]]
|postalcode= M9C 1Y5
|areacode= 416
|phone= 394-7010
|fax= 394-7924
|email= Silverthorn.CI@tdsb.on.ca
|url= http://schools.tdsb.on.ca/silverthornci/
|schoolnumber= 2811
|schoolboard= [[Toronto District School Board]]
|affiliation= None
|superintendent= Johanne Messner
|trustee= John Campbell
|principal= Gordy Stefulic
|viceprincipal= Alison Irvine and Vivian Mavrou
|viceprincipal_label= Vice Principals
|administrator=
|schooltype= [[High School]]
|grades= 9 - 12
|language= [[English Language|English]]
|area= [[Burnhamthorpe Road]] and [[Mill Road]]
|mascot= [[Spartacus the Spartan]]
|teamname= Silverthorn Spartans
|colours= [[Garnet (colour)|Garnet]], [[Green (colour)|Green]] and [[Silver (colour)|Silver]]
|founded= [[September]], [[1964]]
|enrollment= 1122
|enrollment_as_of= Spring [[2006]]
}}
'''Silverthorn Collegiate Institute''' (SCI) is a high school located in [[Toronto]]'s west end. It is under the sanction of the Toronto District School Board. The name of this school (Silverthorn Collegiate Institute) comes from the fact that it is bordered on the south and west by what has been known for many years as "The Silverthorn Woods" or "Silverthorn's Bush". This was the northern limit of an old property known locally as "The Silverthorn Mill Farm".

The first Silverthorn to come to North America seems to have arrived in this country at least 100 years ago and settled in the United States. This family used the family coat of arms and crest that the Silverthorn family in England had used for years.

When Markland Woods was developed in the early 1960's, the Board of Education for the Township of Etobicoke decided to build a secondary school for the area. The school was to be named Silverthorn Collegiate Institute after the family who had first settled the area. The cornerstone was laid in 1963 and the school opened in [[September]] [[1964]] with a teaching staff of 24 and a support staff of 7. Murray Young was the first principal. The school had only grades 9, 10, and 11 in 1964. In the next two years it added grades 12 and 13. In 1968-69 a massive new addition was added to the school effectively doubling its size. An auditorium, the present library, science labs and technical and business areas were added at that time. A second gym was added later on.

SCI is a semestered school. Days run from 8:45 am to 3:10 pm. There is a two day cycle, with Day 1 falling on any date of odd number, and Day 2 falling on any date of even number.

Silverthorn's school colours are Garnet, Green, and Silver and its mascot is a Spartan. The school's motto is "Nil Veretur Veritas" which is Latin for "The Truth Fears Nothing".

== Alumni ==
* [[Estella Warren]], model/actress
* [[Daryn Jones]], radio and television personality

== External Links ==

*[http://schools.tdsb.on.ca/silverthornci/ School Website]
*[http://www.tdsb.on.ca/libraries/links.asp?schoolNo=2811 Library Website]

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]
[[Category:High schools in Toronto]]
[[Category:Schools in the TDSB]]

----

Ferdinando Gorges

2007-06-07T18:13:00Z

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[[Sir]] '''Ferdinando Gorges''' ([[1565]]-[[1647]]) was an early [[England|English]] colonial entrepreneur in [[North America]] and founder of the [[Province of Maine]] in [[1622]] although Gorges himself never set foot in the New World.

Gorges was born in [[Ashton Phillips]], [[Somerset]], [[England]]. In [[1601]], he became involved in the [[Essex Conspiracy]] and later testified against its leader, [[Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex|Robert Devereux]].

In [[1605]], he helped sponsor the expedition of [[George Weymouth]] to the mouth of the [[Kennebec River]] along the coast of the present day State of [[Maine]] in the United States. In [[1607]], as a shareholder in the [[Plymouth Company]], he helped fund the failed [[Popham Colony]], near present-day [[Phippsburg, Maine]].

In [[1622]], Gorges received a land patent, along with [[John Mason]], from the [[Plymouth Council for New England]] for the Province of Maine, the original boundaries of which were between the [[Merrimack River|Merrimack]] and Kennebec rivers. In [[1629]], he and Mason divided the colony, with Mason's portion south of the [[Piscataqua River]] becoming the [[Province of New Hampshire]]. Gorges and his nephew established Maine's first court system.

He died a destitute man in [[1647]]. Maine later fell under the control of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].

==See also==
*[[Fort Gorges]]

[[Category:1565 births|Gorges, Ferdinando]]
[[Category:1647 deaths|Gorges, Ferdinando]]
[[Category:People from Somerset|Gorges, Ferdinando]]
[[Category:People from Maine|Gorges, Ferdinando]]
[[Category:People from New Hampshire|Gorges, Ferdinando]]!

Wareham

2007-05-28T15:10:24Z

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{{infobox UK place|

|country = England
|official_name= Wareham
|latitude= 50.685
|longitude= -2.108
|map_type=Dorset
|civil_parish=Wareham Town
|civil_parish1=Wareham St Martin
|population = 8,417
|shire_district= [[Purbeck]]
|shire_county= [[Dorset]]
|region= South West England

|constituency_westminster=[[Mid Dorset and North Poole (UK Parliament constituency)|Mid Dorset and North Poole]]
|post_town= Wareham
|postcode_district = BH20
|postcode_area= BH
|dial_code= 01929
|os_grid_reference= SY923873
}}

'''Wareham''' is a historic [[market town]] in the [[Purbeck]] district of [[Dorset]], [[England]]. The town is situated on the [[River Frome, Dorset|River Frome]] eight [[mile]]s south west of [[Poole]]. The population of Wareham is 8,417 and the town has 1,146 dwellings.<ref>Figure obtained by combining the populations of Wareham town parish (5,665) and Wareham St Martin parish (2,752) from the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|Census 2001]].</ref>

==Situation and geography==
The town is built on a strategic [[dry point]] between the River Frome and the [[River Piddle]] and beside [[Poole Harbour]]. The Frome valley runs through an area of unresistant sand, clay and gravel rocks, and much of its valley has wide [[flood plain]]s and [[marsh]] land. At its [[estuary]] the river has formed the wide shallow [[ria]] of Poole Harbour. Wareham is built on a low dry island between the marshy river plains.

The town is situated on the A351 Poole-[[Swanage]] road and at the eastern terminus of the A352 road to [[Dorchester]] and [[Sherborne]], both roads now [[Bypass route|bypass]]ing the town centre. The town has a station on the [[South Western Main Line]] railway, and was formerly the junction station for services along the branch line to Swanage, now preserved as the [[Swanage Railway]]. The Steam Railway has ambitions to extend its service, currently from Swanage to near Corfe Castle, to Worgret Junction and into Wareham again.

To the north-west of the town a large conifer plantation, [[Wareham Forest]] stretches several miles to the [[A35 road]] and the southerm foothills of the [[Dorset Downs]]. To the south east is [[Corfe Castle]] and the heathland that borders Poole Harbour, including [[Wytch Farm]] oil field and [[Studland]] & Godlingstone Heath Nature Reserve. Five miles to the south is a Chalk ridge, the [[Purbeck Hills]], and ten miles to the south is the [[English Channel]].

==History==
The town's strategic setting has made it an important settlement throughout its long history. The older streets in the town follow a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] grid pattern, though the current town was founded by the [[Saxons]]. The town's oldest features are the town Walls, ancient earth [[ramparts]] surrounding the town, which were built by [[Alfred the Great]] in the [[9th century]] to defend the town from [[Norsemen]]. The town was a Saxon royal burial place, notably that of [[King Beorhtric]] ([[800]] [[Common Era|CE]]); also in the town is the coffin of [[Edward the Martyr]], dating from [[978]], his remains now to be found in [[Shaftesbury Abbey]] in north Dorset. The River Frome serves as a small harbour and the town was a port in centuries when boats were smaller and before the river silted up.

After the [[Monmouth Rebellion]] of [[1685]], Wareham was one of a number of towns in Dorset where [[George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys|Judge Jeffreys]] held the [[Bloody Assizes]], with traitors being hanged from the town walls.

[[Image:Dorset Wareham Frome Estuary.jpg|thumb|200px|The Frome estuary in the east of the parish]]
In [[1762]] a fire destroyed two thirds of the town, which has been rebuilt in [[Georgian architecture]] with red brick and [[Purbeck limestone]], following the Roman street pattern. The town is divided into four quarters by the two main roads, which cross at right-angles. The [[medieval]] [[Almshouse]]s escaped the fire, and some of the Georgian facades are in fact disguising earlier buildings which also survived. Because of the constraints of the rivers and marshland Wareham grew little during the [[20th century]], while nearby towns, such as Poole, grew rapidly.

In the [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] St Martin's Church, there is an recumbent effigy of [[T. E. Lawrence]] (Lawrence of Arabia) in [[Arab]] clothing. He is buried at [[Moreton, Dorset|Moreton]] churchyard where every year a quantity (decreases by one each year) of red roses are left. Near the town is [[Clouds Hill]] and [[Bovington]] army camp where Lawrence died after a motorcycle accident.

[http://www.wtm.org.uk Wareham Town Museum], in East Street, has an interesting section on T. E. Lawrence and in 2006 produced an hour long DVD entitled ''T. E. Lawrence - His Final Years in Dorset'', including a reconstruction of the fatal accident. The Museum also contains many artefacts on all aspects of the history of the town.

Since the [[15th century]] Wareham has been a market town, and still holds a market on Thursdays and Saturdays.

==Footnotes==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www1.dorsetcc.gov.uk/LIVING/FACTS/Census2001.nsf/6cadf4da179fc19500256663004afece/30a70bdf84ea7e7380256ec5004f3f0f?OpenDocument Census data]
* [http://www.wtm.org.uk Wareham Town Museum]
* [http://www.viewscenes.co.uk Images of Wareham and Dorset]

==References==
* Pitt Rivers, Michael, 1970. ''Dorset''. London: Faber & Faber.

[[Category:Towns in Dorset]]
[[Category:Market towns in England]]

[[br:Wareham]]
[[it:Wareham]]
[[no:Wareham]]
[[sv:Wareham]]

Castlemartyr

2007-04-30T20:44:52Z

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'''Castlemartyr''' ([[Irish language|Irish]]: ''Baile na Martra'') is a village near [[Midleton]], in east [[County Cork]], [[Ireland]].

Castlemartyr is a thriving village in Co. Cork, Ireland, located 25 minutes east of Cork city, six
miles east of Midleton, 10 miles west of Youghal and four miles from the coast. About 500 people
live in the village with a further 2,000 in its immediate hinterland.

It is located on the busy N25 route and has an expanding network of community and sporting organisations.

Castlemartyr is also a historical village with a range of sites of
archaeological and socio-cultural interest, reflecting virtually every era in the country's history and pre-history.

==Trivia==
The village also played its part in the more recent rock 'n' roll history. While on tour in Ireland in January 1965, the Rolling Stones breezed into the village on their way to play the Savoy Theatre in Cork where they played one of their last gigs before embarking on their third tour of the U.S. (the one on which they wrote and recorded "Satisfaction"). While Bill and Charlie took tea at Mrs. Farrell's eating house, Mick, Keith and Brian nipped across the street to Barry's Bar for slightly stronger refreshments before they set off for the city. The documentary "Charlie Is My Darling" directed by Peter Whitehead (limited release in 1966) depicts a very brief sequence of the band getting out of their car, an Austin Princess, by the Bridge, outside what was then Shaugnessy's, now the Village Greengrocer.

==See also==
* [[List of towns in the Republic of Ireland]]
* [[List of Irish Towns with a Market House]]
* [[Castlemartyr (Parliament of Ireland constituency)]]

==External links==
* http://www.cork-guide.ie/castlemartyr/index.html
* http://homepage.eircom.net/~rickprendergast/castlemartyr/Page_1x.html
* http://www.castlemartyrgaa.com/pages/home.asp

{{cork-geo-stub}}

{{coor title dm|51|55|N|8|03|W|region:IE_type:city}}

[[Category:Towns in Cork]]

[[pl:Castlemartyr]]
[[sv:Castlemartyr]]

Castlemartyr

2007-04-30T20:34:15Z

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Genevieve Nnaji

2007-04-25T15:46:29Z

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{{Infobox actor
| name = Genevieve Nnaji
| image = Replace this image1.svg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birthname = Genevieve Nnaji
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1979|5|3}}
| death =
| location = {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Imo State]], [[Nigeria]]
| deathdate =
| deathplace =
| height =
| othername =
| homepage = http://aboutgenevieve.com/
| notable role =
| academyawards =
| emmyawards =
}}

'''Genevieve Nnaji''' is a [[Nollywood]] actress and singer. In 2004 she became the face for [[Lux (soap)|Lux]] soap in a highly lucrative sponsorship deal. In 2005 she released her first album titled "No More".

Ms. Nnaji has been dubbed "the Nigerian [[Sharon Stone]],"{{Fact|date=April 2007}} for her ability to transcend the roles she plays by sheer force of personality.

==Filmography==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*30 Days[http://www.30daysthemovie.com]
*Above Death
*Above the Law
*Agbako
*Age Of My Agony
*Agony
*Battleline
*Blood Sisters 1 & 2
*Break Up 1 & 2
*Bumper To Bumper 1 & 2
*Butterfly
*By His Grace
*Camourflage
*Church Business 1 & 2
*Confidence
*Could This Be Love
*Critical Decision 1 & 2
*Dangerous Sisters
*Deadly Mistake
*Death Warrant
*Emergency Wedding
*For Better For Worse 1 & 2
*Formidable Force
*Games Women Play 1 & 2
*Girls Court 1, 2 & 3
*Goodbye Newyork 1 & 2
*He Lives In Me 1 & 2
*Honey 1 & 2
*Into Temptation
*Jack Knife
*Jealous Lovers 1 & 2
*Keeping Faith
*Last Weekend 1 & 2
*Late Marriage
{{col-2}}
*Love
*Love Affair 1 & 2
*Love Boat
*More Than Sisters
*Never Die For Love 1 & 2
*Not Man Enough
*Passion And Pain
*Passions
*Player
*Power Of Love1 & 2
*Power Play 1 & 2
*Private Sin 1 & 2
*Prophecy 1 & 2
*Rip Off 1 & 2
*Rising Sun
*Runs
*Secret Evil 1 & 2
*Sharon Stone1 & 2
*Sharon Stone In Abuja
*Stand By Me 1 & 2
*Super Love
*Sympathy 1 & 2
*The Chosen One 1 & 2
*The Day Of Doom 1 & 2
*The Wind
*Treasure 1 & 2
*Two Together
*U Or Never
*Unbreakable
*Games Women Play
*Valentino
*Women Affair
*The Coming of Amobi
*Ijele
*The Boy is Mine

{{col-end}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nigeriansinamerica.com/articles/365/1/Is-Genevieve-Nnaji-Nigerias-First-Movie-Superstar.html Is Genevieve Nnaji Nigeria's First Movie Superstar?]
*[http://www.naijarules.com/vb/forumdisplay.php?f=66 Genevieve Nnaji Fan Club]
*[http://aboutgenevieve.com/ Gene's Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nnaji, Genevieve}}

[[Category:Nigerian actors]]
[[Category:Pop singers]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Igbo people]]

Pierre Bouvier

2007-03-23T20:28:56Z

Semperf: Reverted to revision 117061155 by Sry85. using TW

{{Infobox musical artist
|Name = Pierre Bouvier
| Img = Pierre Bouvier.JPG
| Img_capt = at MTV Asia Aid, Bangkok, Thailand
|Born = {{birth date and age|1979|5|9}}<br> [[Quebec]], [[Canada]]
|Instruments = [[Guitar]], [[bass guitar]], [[vocals]]
}}

'''Pierre Charles Bouvier''' (May 9 1979 in Montréal,Quebec) is the lead singer of the Canadian pop/punk band [[Simple Plan]]. Before and partly during his musical career, Bouvier worked as a youth in a barbecue restaurant in his hometown of Montréal as a cook. At age 15, he founded the punk/rock band [[Reset]] with his schoolmate [[Chuck Comeau]], in which he was the lead singer and bassist. Dissatisfied with the artistic direction of the band, Bouvier helped to found [[Simple Plan]], of which he is the frontman and lead singer and is, along with Comeau, a principal songwriter for the band. The band's originial bassist (a position he yielded to [[David Desrosiers]] when the latter joined the band), in live performance, he sometimes plays guitar (electric and acoustic) for certain songs.

He also hosted a show on [[MTV]] called ''[[Damage Control (TV series)|Damage Control]]'', which has since ended its run as originally planned.

'''*External Resources:'''
MySpace Profile: http://www.myspace.com/officialpierre.

{{Simple Plan}}

{{Canada-musician-stub}}

[[Category:Canadian rock singers|Bouvier, Pierre Charles]]

Braune Einsiedlerspinne

2007-03-21T14:32:11Z

Semperf: rvv

{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Brown recluse spider
| image = Brown recluse spider, Loxosceles_reclusa.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Arachnida]]
| ordo = [[Araneae]]
| familia = [[Sicariidae]]
| subfamilia =
| genus = ''[[Loxosceles]]''
| species = '''''L. reclusa'''''
| binomial = ''Loxosceles reclusa''
| binomial_authority = [[Willis J. Gertsch|Gertsch]] & [[Mulaik]], [[1940]]
| range_map = Distribution.loxosceles.reclusa.png
| range_map_width = 250px
}}

The '''brown recluse spider''' is a venomous [[spider]], ''[[Loxosceles]] reclusa'', of the family [[Sicariidae]] (formerly of the family ''[[Loxoscelidae]]''). It is usually between ¼ and ¾ inch (6-20mm) but may grow larger. It is brown and usually has markings on the [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] side of its [[cephalothorax]], with a black line coming from it that looks like a [[violin]] with the neck of the violin pointing to the rear of the spider, resulting in the nickname "fiddleback spider" or "violin spider". Coloring varies from light tan to brown and the violin marking may not be visible. Since the "violin pattern" is not diagnostic, and other spiders may have similar marking (i.e. cellar spiders ([[Pholcidae]] family) and pirate spiders ([[Mimetidae]] family)), for purposes of identification it is far more important to examine the eyes. Differing from most spiders, which have 8 eyes, recluse spiders have 6 eyes arranged in pairs ([[dyad]]s) with one [[median]] pair and 2 [[lateral]] pairs. Only a few other spiders have 3 pairs of eyes arranged this way (e.g., [[Scytodidae|scytodids]]), and recluses can be distinguished from these as recluse abdomens have no coloration pattern nor do their legs, which also lack spines.<ref name="DermatolOnlineJ1999-Vetter">{{cite journal | author = Vetter R | title = Identifying and misidentifying the brown recluse spider | journal = Dermatol Online J | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 7 | year = 1999 | id = PMID 10673460 | url=http://dermatology.cdlib.org/DOJvol5num2/special/recluse.html}}</ref> [[Recluse spiders]] build irregular webs that frequently include a shelter consisting of disorderly threads. These spiders frequently build their webs in woodpiles and sheds, closets, garages, and other places that are dry and generally undisturbed. Unlike most web weavers, they leave these webs at night to hunt. Males will move around more when hunting while females don't usually stray far from their web.

==Distribution==
The brown recluse spider is native to the [[United States]] from the southern [[Midwest]] south to the [[Gulf of Mexico]] <ref>{{cite web | author=Jone SC | title=Ohio State University Fact Sheet: Brown Recluse Spider | url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2061.html | accessdate=2006-09-02}}</ref> The native range lies roughly south of a line from southeastern [[Nebraska]] through southern [[Iowa]], [[Illinois]], and [[Indiana]] to southwestern [[Ohio]]. In the southern states, it is native from central [[Texas]] to western [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. They are generally not found west of the [[Rocky Mountains]].<ref name="NEJM2005-Vetter">{{cite journal | author = Swanson D, Vetter R | title = Bites of brown recluse spiders and suspected necrotic arachnidism. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 352 | issue = 7 | pages = 700-7 | year = 2005 | id = PMID 15716564}}</ref> A related species, the '''[[brown violin spider]]''' (''Loxosceles rufescens''), is found in [[Hawai'i]].<ref name="">{{cite web | last = Kuwaye | first = Todd T. | title = Case Based Pediatrics for Medical Students and Residents | url = http://www.hawaii.edu/medicine/pediatrics/pedtext/s21c05.html | accessdate = 2006-12-10}}</ref>

==Venomous bite==
[[Image:brown_recluse.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Brown Recluse on a quarter (Photo courtesy of the University of Nebraska)]]

As indicated by its name, this spider is not aggressive and usually bites only when pressed against human skin, such as when tangled up within clothes, bath towels, or in bedding.<ref name="AnnEmergMed2002-Vetter">{{cite journal | author = Vetter R, Bush S | title = The diagnosis of brown recluse spider bite is overused for dermonecrotic wounds of uncertain etiology | journal = Ann Emerg Med | volume = 39 | issue = 5 | pages = 544-6 | year = 2002 | id = PMID 11973562}}</ref>. In fact, many wounds that are necrotic and diagnosed as brown recluse bites can actually be [[methicillin]] resistant ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' (MRSA). Actual brown recluse bites are rare. Brown recluse bites may produce a range of symptoms known as [[loxoscelism]]. There are two types of loxoscelism: [[cutaneous]] (skin) and systemic (viscerocutaneous).

Most bites are minor with no [[necrosis]]. However, a small number of bites produce severe dermonecrotic lesions, and, sometimes, severe systemic symptoms, including organ damage. Rarely, the bite may also produce a systemic condition with occasional fatalities. Most fatalities are in [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6209004/ children under 7] or those with a weaker than normal immune system. For a comparison of the toxicity of several kinds of spider bites, see the list of [[spiders having medically significant venom]].)

A minority of bites form a necrotizing [[ulcer]] that destroys soft tissue and may take months and very rarely years to heal, leaving deep [[scar]]s. There have been no known cases of actual brown recluse bites sites taking years to heal and can usually be attributed to a systemic infection or disease such as diabetes. The damaged tissue will become [[gangrene|gangrenous]] and eventually slough away. The initial bite frequently cannot be felt and there may be no pain, but over time the wound may grow to as large as 10 inches (25 cm) in extreme cases. Bites usually become painful and itchy within 2 to 8 hours, pain and other local effects worsen 12 to 36 hours after the bite with the necrosis developing over the next few days.<ref name="ClinTox-Wasserman">{{cite journal | author = Wasserman G, Anderson P | title = Loxoscelism and necrotic arachnidism | journal = J Toxicol Clin Toxicol | volume = 21 | issue = 4-5 | pages = 451-72 | year =1983-1984 | id = PMID 6381752}}</ref> If the wound is weepy or moist and red looking, it is likely not a recluse bite because the venom actually seals off the capillaries and produces a dry wound. If the wound develops a lump or swelling this is usually indicative of another arachnid or insect as the venom of a recluse does not produce swelling.

Serious systemic effects may occur before this time, as the venom spreads throughout the body in minutes. Mild symptoms include [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[fever]], [[rash]]es, and muscle and joint pain. Rarely more severe symptoms occur including [[hemolysis]], [[thrombocytopenia]], and [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]].<ref name="NEJM2005-Wasserman">{{cite journal | author = Wasserman G | title = Bites of the brown recluse spider. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 352 | issue = 19 | pages = 2029-30; author reply 2029-30 | year = 2005 | id = PMID 15892198}}</ref> Debilitated patients, the elderly, and children may be more susceptible to systemic loxoscelism. Deaths have been reported for both the brown recluse and the related South American species ''L. laeta'' and ''L. intermedia.'' Other "Recluse" species such as the Desert Recluse (found in the desert southwestern United states) are reported to have caused necrotic bite wounds.

Numerous other spiders have been associated with necrotic bites in the medical literature. A partial list includes the [[hobo spider]], the [[white-tailed spider]], and the [[yellow sac spider]]. However, the bites from these spiders are not known to produce the severe symptoms that often follow from a recluse spider bite, and the level of danger posed by each has been called into question. <ref>
{{cite journal|
author=Bennett, R. G. and R. S. Vetter.|
title=An approach to spider bites: erroneous attribution of dermonecrotic lesions to brown recluse and hobo spider bites in Canada|
journal=Canadian Fam Physician|
date=2004|
volume=50|
pages=1098-1101
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|
author=James H. Diaz, MD|
title=Most necrotic ulcers are not spider bites|
url=http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/full/72/4/364|
journal=American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|
volume=72|
issue=4|
date=2005|
pages=364-367
}}</ref> So far, no known necrotoxins have been isolated from the venom of any of these spiders, and some arachnologists have disputed the accuracy of many spider identifications carried out by bite victims, family members, medical responders, and other non-experts in arachnology. There have been several studies questioning danger posed by some of these spiders. In these studies, scientists examined case studies of bites in which the spider in question was positively identified by an expert, and found that the incidence of necrotic injury diminished significantly when "questionable" identifications were excluded from the sample set. <ref name="WhiteTail">

{{cite journal|
author=Ibister, Goeffrey K. and Gray, Michael R|
title=White-tail spider bite: a prospective study of 130 definite bites by Lampona species|
journal=Medical Journal of Australia|
volume=179|
issue=4|
pages=199-202|
url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/179_04_180803/isb10785_fm.html
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|
author=Isbister, Goeffrey K, Hirst D.|
title=A prospective study of definite bites by spiders of the family Sparassidae (huntsmen spiders) with identification to species level|
journal=[[Toxicon]]|
volume=42|
issue=2|
date=2003-08|
pages=163-71|
url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12906887&dopt=Abstract|
type=abstract
}}</ref>

==Bite Treatment==

First aid involves the application of an ice pack to control [[inflammation]], the application of aloe vera to soothe and help control the pain, and prompt medical care. If it can be easily captured, the spider should be brought with the patient in a clear, tightly closed container so it may be identified. However, by the time the bite is noticed any spider found nearby is not likely to be the culprit.

There is no established treatment for necrosis. Routine treatment should include elevation and immobilization of the affected limb, application of ice, local wound care, and tetanus prophylaxis. Many other therapies have been used with varying degrees of success including [[hyperbaric oxygen]], [[dapsone]], antihistamines (e.g., [[cyproheptadine]]), [[antibiotics]], [[dextran]], [[glucocorticoids]], vasodilators, [[heparin]], [[nitroglycerin]], [[electric shock]], [[curettage]], [[surgery|surgical excision]], and [[antivenom]]. None of these treatments have been subjected to controlled, randomized trials to conclusively show benefit. In almost all cases, bites are self-limited and typically heal without any medical intervention.<ref name="NEJM2005-Vetter"/>

===Specific treatments===
[[Dapsone]] is commonly used in the [[USA]] and [[Brazil]] for the treatment of necrosis. There have been conflicting reports about its efficacy and some have suggested it should no longer be used routinely, if at all.<ref name="AmJEmergMed2003-Bryant">{{cite journal | author = Bryant S, Pittman L | title = Dapsone use in Loxosceles reclusa envenomation: is there an indication? | journal = Am J Emerg Med | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 89-90 | year = 2003 | id = PMID 12563594}}</ref>

Wound infection is rare. Antibiotics are not recommended unless there is a credible diagnosis of infection.<ref name="MoMed1998-Anderson">{{cite journal | author = Anderson P | title = Missouri brown recluse spider: a review and update | journal = Mo Med | volume = 95 | issue = 7 | pages = 318-22 | year = 1998 | id = PMID 9666677}}</ref>

Studies have shown surgical intervention is ineffective and may worsen outcome. Excision may delay wound healing, cause [[abscesses]], and lead to objectional scarring.<ref name="AnnSurg1985-Rees">{{cite journal | author = Rees R, Altenbern D, Lynch J, King L | title = Brown recluse spider bites. A comparison of early surgical excision versus dapsone and delayed surgical excision | journal = Ann Surg | volume = 202 | issue = 5 | pages = 659-63 | year = 1985 | id = PMID 4051613}}</ref>

[[Anecdotal evidence]] suggests benefit can be gained with the application of [[Glyceryl trinitrate#Uses|nitroglycerin]] patches.<ref>{{cite web | author=Burton K |title=The Brown Recluse Spider: Finally stopped in its tracks | url=http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/Forest/2021/recluse/intro.html | accessdate=2006-09-02}}</ref> The brown recluse venom is a vasoconstrictor, and nitroglycerin causes [[vasodilation]], allowing the venom to be diluted into the bloodstream, and fresh blood to flow to the wound. Theoretically this prevents necrosis, as vasoconstriction may contribute to necrosis. However, one scientific animal study found no benefit in preventing necrosis, with results showing it increased inflammation and it caused symptoms of systemic envenoming. The authors concluded the results of the study did not support the use of topical nitroglycerin in brown recluse envenoming.<ref name="AnnEmergMed2001-Lowry">{{cite journal | author = Lowry B, Bradfield J, Carroll R, Brewer K, Meggs W | title = A controlled trial of topical nitroglycerin in a New Zealand white rabbit model of brown recluse spider envenomation | journal = Ann Emerg Med | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 161-5 | year = 2001 | id = PMID 11174233}}</ref>

Antivenom, available in South America, appears to be the most promising therapy. However, antivenoms are most effective if given early and because of the painless bite patients do not often present until 24 or more hours after the event, possibly limiting the effect of this intervention.<ref name="ClinTox2003-Isbister">{{cite journal | author = Isbister G, Graudins A, White J, Warrell D | title = Antivenom treatment in arachnidism | journal = J Toxicol Clin Toxicol | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 291-300 | year = 2003 | id = PMID 12807312}}</ref>

==Misdiagnoses==
It is estimated that 80% of reported brown recluse bites may be misdiagnoses. The misdiagnosis of a wound as a brown recluse bite could delay proper treatment of serious diseases.<ref name="NEJM2005-Vetter"/> There is now a [[ELISA]]-based test for brown recluse venom that can determine if a wound is a brown recluse bite, although it is not commercially available and not in routine use.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Gomez H, Krywko D, Stoecker W | title = A new assay for the detection of Loxosceles species (brown recluse) spider venom | journal = Ann Emerg Med | volume = 39 | issue = 5 | pages = 469-74 | year = 2002 | id = PMID 11973553}}</ref> <ref name="NEJM2005-Vetter">{{cite journal | author = Swanson D, Vetter R | title = Bites of brown recluse spiders and suspected necrotic arachnidism. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 352 | issue = 7 | pages = 700-7 | year = 2005 | id = PMID 15716564}}</ref>

There are numerous documented infectious and noninfectious conditions (including [[pyoderma gangrenosum]], bacterial infections by ''[[Staphylococcus]]'' and ''[[Streptococcus]]'', [[herpes]], diabetic ulcer, fungal infections, chemical burns, [[toxicodendron]] dermatitis, [[squamous cell carcinoma]], localized [[vasculitis]], [[syphilis]], [[toxic epidermal necrolysis]], [[sporotrichosis]], and [[Lyme disease]]) that produce wounds that have been initially misdiagnosed as recluse bites by medical professionals; many of these conditions are far more common and more likely to be the source of mysterious necrotic wounds, even in areas where recluses actually occur.<ref name="NEJM2005-Vetter"/>

Reported cases of bites occur primarily in [[Arkansas]], [[Texas]], [[Kansas]], [[Missouri]], [[Colorado]], and [[Oklahoma]]. There have been many reports of brown recluse bites in [[California]] (and elsewhere outside the range of the brown recluse); however the brown recluse is not found in California<ref>{{cite web | author=Vetter R |title=Myth of the Brown Recluse: Fact, Fear, and Loathing | url=http://spiders.ucr.edu/myth.html | accessdate=2006-09-02}}</ref> (though a few related species may be found there, none of which have been shown to bite humans). Many arachnologists believe that many bites attributed to the brown recluse in the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] are not spider bites at all, or possibly instead the bites of other spider species; for example, the bite of the [[hobo spider]] has been reported to produce similar symptoms, and is found in the northwestern [[United States]] and southern [[British Columbia]] in Canada. However, the toxicity of the hobo spider has been called into question as bites have not been proven to cause necrosis, and the spider is not considered a problem in its native [[Europe]].<ref name="AnnEmergMed2004-Isbister">{{cite journal | author = Vetter R, Isbister G | title = Do hobo spider bites cause dermonecrotic injuries? | journal = Ann Emerg Med | volume = 44 | issue = 6 | pages = 605-7 | year = 2004 | id = PMID 15573036}}</ref>

== Footnotes ==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>

==External links==
{{commons|Loxosceles reclusa}}

* [http://spiders.ucr.edu/myth.html Myth of the Brown Recluse] (Fact, Fear, and Loathing)
*[http://www.ext.vt.edu/departments/entomology/factsheets/brownrec.html Description of brown recluse]
*[http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic547.htm Emedicine datasheet]
*[http://department.monm.edu/biology/recluse-project/index.htm Illinois and Iowa Brown Recluse Project requesting specimens from public]

[[Category:Sicariidae]]
[[Category:Dangerous spiders]]

[[es:Araña reclusa parda]]
[[fr:Loxosceles reclusa]]

Muriwai Beach

2007-03-06T02:05:05Z

Semperf: ←Undid revision 112962881 by 203.89.172.127 (talk)

[[Image:Muriwai_Beach_02.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Muriwai Beach]]
[[Image:MuriwaiEnergy2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|'Muriwai Energy' The dangerous seas at the flat rock]]
[[Image:MuriwaiExtremeFishing3b.jpg|thumb|200px|right|'Muriwai Extreme Fishing' ]]
[[Image:MuriwaiExtremeFishing1b.jpg|thumb|200px|right|'Muriwai Extreme Fishing' ]]
[[Image:GannetColony2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|'Muriwai Gannet Colony with Maori Bay behind' ]]
[[Image:MuriwaiExtremeFishing4.jpg|thumb|200px|right|' Extreme Fishing' ]]
[[Image:MuriwaiExtremeSurfin.jpg|thumb|200px|right|'Extreme Surfin' ]]
[[Image:MuriwaiConcretion.jpg|thumb|200px|right|'Concretion - Marine fossil' ]]
[[Image:MuriwaiBlowhole.jpg|thumb|200px|right|'Blowhole' ]]

'''Muriwai''', also called '''Muriwai Beach''', is a coastal community located on the west coast of [[North island]], [[New Zealand]].

==Location==
It is approximately 17km West of [[Kumeu]], 42 kilometres Northwest of Auckland city, at the southern end of an unbroken 50 kilometre stretch of beach which extends up the [[Tasman Sea]] coast to the mouth of the [[Kaipara Harbour]].
One of several popular resorts in the area (others include [[Piha]] and [[Karekare, New Zealand|Karekare]]), it experiences a population explosion in summer when Aucklanders head to the sea.

== Statistics ==
At the 2001 Census of Population and Dwellings: The census usually resident population count for Muriwai Beach was 2,037, a change of 14.3 percent since 1996. The median income of people in Muriwai Beach is $24,500, compared with $19,500 for Rodney District and $18,500 for all of New Zealand. The unemployment rate in Muriwai Beach was 5.3 percent, compared with Rodney District percent for 5.1 and 7.5 percent for all of New Zealand.
[http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/Web/CommProfiles.nsf/htmldocs/Muriwai%20Beach+Community+Profile]

== Activity ==
* Surfing is the main pastime at Maori Bay / Muriwai. Other pastimes enjoyed at Maori Bay include parasailing and hang gliding, for which the prevailing westerly wind often provides favourable conditions.
* Fishing is also popular, although dangerous in many places.
* Bush Walking is encouraged, with boardwalks in place.
* Driving along the beach is popular, especially at fishing contest time, vehicles have been mass stranded in past years.
* Sand Yachts are available for hire at the local beach store.
* There is also many Mountain bike trails up in the pines, mainly Downhill and freeride trails.

== Geology==
Sand and Rock, Older volcanic material, with many concretions and layers in the cliff walls. A blowhole plays often.

== Black sand beach==
It is also unique because of its black sand, caused by the iron content derived from the ancient volcanoes in the area. The majority of the black mineral sand is carried up the west coast from Mt Taranaki through the process of longshore drift. This sand is igneous material that was eroded from the volcanic area. Despite this, the area has retained much of its natural beauty and isolation.

==Muriwai Beach Regional Park==
Much of the land at the southern end of the beach is part of the Muriwai Beach Regional Park. Maori Bay (to the south) is separated from Muriwai Beach by a steep cliffs and rocky nesting areas that are home to the regions only gannet colony.

.

==External links==
* [http://www.muriwai.com/ Muriwai website]
* [http://www.arc.govt.nz/arc/auckland-regional-parks/western-parks/muriwai.cfm Muriwai Beach Regional Park]

[[Category:Auckland Region]]
[[Category:Coastline of New Zealand]]

{{Auckland-geo-stub}}

Crispus Attucks

2007-03-01T02:52:58Z

Semperf: revert vandalism

[[Image:Crispus Attucks.jpg|thumb|right|Crispus Attucks]]

'''Crispus Attucks''' (''circa'' 1723 - March 5, 1770), was the first of five people killed in the [[Boston Massacre]]. He has been frequently named as the first [[martyr]] for the cause of [[American Revolutionary War|American Independence]] and was the only person of the five killed in the event whose name is commonly remembered.

Described as [[mulatto]] in contemporary accounts, Attucks was of [[Africa|African]] and [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] ancestry.

In the early 1800s, as the [[Abolitionism|Abolitionist]] movement gained momentum in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], Attucks was lauded as an example of an [[black people|African American]] who played a heroic role in the history of the [[United States]]. In 1858, Boston-area Abolitionists established "Crispus Attucks Day." In 1888, a monument honoring him was erected on [[Boston Common]].

Since [[slavery]] and [[racial discrimination]b]hi were conditions of life in the 1700's, few accounts of Black American heroes from that era survive to the present. Therefore, though little is known about Crispus Attucks’ personal life or motives, he remains an important and inspirational figure in [[African American history]].

As Crispus Attucks may have possessed [[Wampanoag|Wampanoag Indian]] ancestry as well, his story also holds special significance for many Native Americans. Controversy remains over whether Attucks was a revolutionary leader or simply a rabble rouser; it is possible he was both.

==What is known==

On March 5, 1770, a crowd of colonists gathered and confronted a group of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] soldiers about an incident earlier that day in which a soldier struck a boy who confronted him over non-payment of a [[barber]] bill.
[[Image:Boston massacre2.gif|thumb|300px|left|This chromolithograph by John Bufford after William L. Champey, ca. 1856, of the [[Boston Massacre]] prominently features a black man believed to be Crispus Attucks.]]

As anger escalated, a [[Church bell|churchbell]] was struck (as it would in case of fire or other emergency), drawing people out of their homes. The British soldiers of the Twenty-ninth Regiment were called to duty in response. Townspeople began hurling snowballs and debris at the soldiers. A group of men led by Attucks approached the vicinity of the government building (now known as the [[Old State House (Boston)|Old State House]]) with clubs in hand.

Violence soon erupted and a soldier was struck with a thrown piece of wood. Some accounts named Attucks as the person responsible. Others witnesses stated that Attucks was "leaning upon a stick" when the soldiers opened fire.

Three Americans were killed and two were mortally wounded. Court documents state that Attucks was the first one killed and that he took two bullets in the chest. Attucks’ body was carried to [[Faneuil Hall]] where it lay in state until March 8 when he and the other victims were buried together.

Based on the premise of self-defense, [[John Adams]] successfully defended the British soldiers against a charge of murder. Two of the soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter. In his arguments, Adams called the crowd: <blockquote>
"a motley rabble of saucy boys, [[negro]]s and molattoes, [[Taig|Irish teagues]] and outlandish [[jack tar]]rs"<ref>[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr046.html The Murder of Crispus Attucks]</ref>
</blockquote>
Although Adams was considered a progressive thinker in his day, his negative characterization of the crowd based upon the ethnicity of some of its members seems odious and [[bigotry|bigoted]] by modern standards.

[[Samuel Adams]], a cousin of John Adams who held [[civil disobedience]] in higher regard, gave the event the name of the Boston Massacre two years later and helped assure that it would not be forgotten. Boston artist Henry Pelham (half-brother of the celebrated portrait painter [[John Singleton Copley]]) created an image of the event. [[Paul Revere]] made a copy of the image from which prints were made and distributed. Some copies of the print show a man with two chest wounds and dark face who is assumed to be Crispus Attucks. Other copies of the print show no difference in the skin tone of the victims.

The five who were killed were buried as heroes in the [[Granary Burying Ground]]. Law and custom of the period prohibited the burial of black people and white people together, which suggests that Attucks was considered mulatto rather than black.

==Clues that may be relevant ==

As mentioned above, few facts are known about Crispus Attucks prior to his involvement with the Boston Massacre. The name “Crispus” is mentioned in some records from the period that might be relevant, but this was a fairly common name and to connect these records to Crispus Attucks of the Boston Massacre is speculation.

An October 2, 1750, advertisement placed in the ''[[Boston Gazette]]'' read: <blockquote>
...ran away from his Master William Brown on the 30th of Sept. last, a mulatto Fellow, about 27 years of age, named Crispus, 6 Feet two inches high, short curl'd Hair, his Knees near together than common: had on a light colour'd Bearskin Coat.<ref name="aw">[http://www.africawithin.com/bios/crispus_attucks.htm Africa Within]</ref>
</blockquote>
Master William Brown offered a reward of £10 for his return. Given the lack of evidence to the contrary, this passage is often associated with Crispus Attucks of the Boston Massacre.<ref name="aw"/>

An Indian named John Attucks was executed for [[treason]] in 1676 during [[King Philip's War]]. In the 1700s, the [[surname]] “Attucks” was used by some [[Praying Indians]] around [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] and [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]. This surname is believed to be an [[Anglicisation]] of the [[Wampanoag language|Wôpanââk]] word ''ahtuk'' meaning ''[[deer]''<ref>[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/scripts/data/database.cgi?file=Data&report=SingleArticle&ArticleID=0017353] This site mentions the origin of the name "Attucks" based upon a 19th century source. Many supposed [[etymology|entymologies]] based on Native American languages from around this period have since proven unfounded.</ref>

Indians and Black people frequently interbred in [[Colonial America|Colonial times]] as evidenced by accounts from the period and by the prevalence today of African [[phenotype]]s among Indian tribal groups in [[New England]] and other long-established multiracial groups in the Eastern United States. This leads to speculation that Attucks was a mixture of black and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]].<ref>[http://www.africawithin.com/bios/crispus_attucks.htm Africa Within]</ref>

==His legend==

The above-mentioned clues and other circumstantial evidence of the period have given rise to speculation which has, over many decades, become much-repeated [[legend|folk-history]].

In popular versions of his narrative, Attucks was born to an Africa-born black slave father named Prince Yonger and a Native American mother named Nancy Attucks who was from either the Natick-Framingham area of [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]] just west of Boston or from the island of [[Nantucket]] south of [[Cape Cod]]. He grew up in the household of Colonel Buckminster, his father’s master, until sold to Deacon William Brown of Framingham. Unhappy with his situation, he escaped and became a ropemaker, a manual laborer and/or a [[whaler]]. His quarrel with the British soldiers on March 5, 1770 was righteous indignation regarding the effect of the [[Townshend Acts]] on the local economy as well as the incidents that had taken place earlier that day.

==His legacy==

Besides the recognition given to Attucks by the abolitionists described above, Attucks has often been praised in writing meant to inspire Americans to work towards the ideals of freedom and [[racial equality]].

In the poetry of [[John Boyle O'Reilly]] he was described as "leader and voice that day; The first to defy, and the first to die...riot or revolution, or mob or crowd as you may, such deaths have been seeds of nations."

[[Martin Luther King, Jr.]], referred to Crispus Attucks in the introduction of ''Why We Can't Wait'' (1964) as an example of a man whose contribution to history, though much-overlooked by standard histories, could be revered as a source of moral courage.

One author wrote this stirring testimony to Attucks’ significance:

<blockquote>"He is one of the most important figures in African-American history, not for what he did for his own race but for what he did for all oppressed people everywhere. He is a reminder that the African-American heritage is not only African but American and it is a heritage that begins with the beginning of America."<ref>Neyland, James, ''Crispus Attucks, Patriot'', Holloway House Pub Co., 1995</ref></blockquote>

== Trivia ==

* John Adams went on to become the 2nd [[President of the United States]]. His son, [[John Quincy Adams]], who served as the 6th President of the United States, was an abolitionist, an opponent of [[slave power|slaveholders]] and the lawyer who successfully defended the black Africans claimed as property by owners of the [[Spain|Spanish]] schooner [[Amistad (1841)|Amistad]].

* In 1888, leaders of both the [[Massachusetts Historical Society]] and the [[New England Historic Genealogical Society]] opposed the creation of the Crispus Attucks memorial on Boston Common. Today, both organizations use Crispus Attucks’ name to foster interest in black history and [[genealogy]].

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2p24.html Africans in America biography]
*[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr046.html The Murder of Crispus Attucks] Library of Congress exhibit, including trial documents.
* [http://www.framingham.com/history/profiles/crispus/trial.htm Trial Documents at Framingham.com]
* [http://www.africawithin.com/bios/crispus_attucks.htm Crispus Attucks at AfricaWithin.com]
* [http://www.crispusattucks.org/crispus_attucks.html Crispus Attucks Association, Inc.]
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2p24.html Africans in America at PBS.org]

[[Category:1770 deaths|Attucks, Crispus]]
[[Category:African Americans|Attucks, Crispus]]
[[Category:African Americans in the American Revolution|Attucks, Crispus]]
[[Category:American slaves|Attucks, Crispus]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm|Attucks, Crispus]]
[[Category:People from Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Attucks, Crispus]]
[[Category:African-American history]]
[[Category:Massachusetts colonial people|Attucks, Crispus]]
[[Category:People of Massachusetts in the American Revolution|Attucks, Crispus]]

James Marsh (Regisseur)

2007-02-10T21:51:10Z

Semperf: fix

James Marsh is best known for directing cult film Wisconsin Death Trip starring Marcus Monroe and Sir Ian Holm.
{{film-stub}}

James Marsh (Regisseur)

2007-02-10T21:50:58Z

Semperf: Ian Holm

James Marsh is best known for directing cult film Wisconsin Death Trip starring Marcus Monroe and Sir Ian Holm.
{{movies-stub}}

Anna Maria Bennett

2007-02-10T21:14:42Z

Semperf:

'''Anna Maria Bennett''' (c. [[1760]] - [[1808]]) was an [[England|English]] [[novel]]ist. Some sources give her name as '''Agnes Maria Bennett'''.

Her best-known work is the [[epistolary novel]] ''[[Agnes de Courci]]: a Domestic Tale'' ([[1789]]).

{{UK-writer-stub}}

[[Category:1760 births|Bennett, Anna Maria]]
[[Category:1808 deaths|Bennett, Anna Maria]]
[[Category:English novelists|Bennett, Anna Maria]]

Simca Alvorada

2006-12-30T01:08:25Z

Semperf: sp

{{Infobox Automobile
| image = [[Image: Simca_Alvorada.jpg|thumb|258px|right|Simca Alvorada]]
| name = Simca Alvorada
| manufacturer = [[Simca do Brasil]]
| production = 1963–1964
| predecessor = [[Simca Chambord]]
| successor =
| class = Large car
| layout = [[FR layout]]
| body_style = 4-door [[saloon car|saloon]]<br>5-door [[estate car|estate]]
| engine = 2.4 L ''[[Ford Flathead engine|Aquillon]]'' [[V8]]
| transmission = 3-speed [[manual transmission|manual]]<ref name="bellu">{{cite book |last=Bellu |first=René |title=Toutes les Simca |publisher= Studio Gernot |location=[[Le Conquet]]}} ''(published and distributed privately, no ISBN)''</ref>
| wheelbase = 2690 mm<ref name="bellu"/>
| length = 4520 mm<ref name="bellu"/>
| width = 1750 mm<ref name="bellu"/>
| height = 1480 mm<ref name="bellu"/>
| weight = 1150 kg<ref name="bellu"/>
| fuel_economy =
| fuel_capacity = 60 L<ref name="bellu"/>
| related = [[Ford Vedette]]<br>[[Simca Vedette]]<br>[[Simca Chambord]]
| similar = [[Ford Zodiac]]<br>[[Renault Frégate]]<br>[[Vauxhall Cresta]]<br>[[Opel Kapitän]]<br>[[Aero Willys]]| designer =
}}
The '''Simca Alvorada''' was a stripped version of the [[Simca Chambord]], the first model to be build by [[Simca do Brasil]].

The Chambord, which was a direct copy of the French built [[Simca Vedette]], had first left the production line in March of 1959 and featured an 84 hp engine, 3 speed gearbox with the shifter located on the steering column and was assembled with parts imported from France. It was a large [[automobile|car]], manufactured until 1969 in different versions (including the Alvorada) and styled by the Brazilian subsidiary of French [[automaker]] [[Simca]] at their factory in [[São Bernardo do Campo]], [[Brazil]].

==Alvorada - a name with a vengeance==
The Simca Alvorada was a radically stripped down version based of the posh [[Simca Chambord]] as a result of a demand by the Brazilian government of president [[Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira|Juscelino Kubitcheck]] that every car manufacturer must offer an affordable basic version within their range. The idea was to give as many Brazilians as possible the possibility to own a car.

While this was welcome news for [[Volkswagen]], for example, Simca do Brasil was not exactly pleased with the idea as the brand had established itself comfortably in the luxury car sector in a way that Simca back in Europe never managed. However, despite having no plans to launch a cheap car and with no other options left, Simca do Brasil decided reluctantly to create an entry level version of their succesful Simca Chambord.

The Simca Alvorada appeared in 1963 with just two colours as option (grey and a faded yellow), no chrome, no trimmings and a very simple interior. As a silent protest the car was named after the place the order to create this model came from: The [[Palácio da Alvorada]], the presidential palace in the capital [[Brasilia]].

===Production figures===
* 1963 - 1964 = 378 units

== References ==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
* "Automóveis Brasileiros" by author [[Enio Brandenburg]], [[FBVA]], [[Rio de Janeiro]] – [[Brasil]]
*"The Automobile in South America - The Origins ([[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Paraguay]] , [[Uruguay]])" by author [[Álvaro Casal Tatlock]], FBVA, Rio de Janeiro – Brasil
*"Automóveis de São Paulo" by author [[Malcolm Forest]], FBVA, Rio de Janeiro – Brasil
</div>

==External links==
*[http://www.simca.com.br / Simca Club Brazil]

[[Category:Simca vehicles|Alvorado]]
[[Category:1960s automobiles]]

[[af:Simca]]
[[de:Simca]]
[[fr:Simca]]

John List (Massenmörder)

2006-08-07T02:00:29Z

Semperf:

:''This page is about the mass murderer John List, not the economist [[John A. List]] of the [[University of Chicago]].''

'''John Emil List''' (born [[September 17]], [[1925]] in [[Bay City, Michigan|Bay City]], [[Michigan]]) is a [[mass murder]]er who, on [[November 9]], [[1971]], murdered his mother, three children and his wife in their sparsely furnished 18-room mansion in [[Westfield, New Jersey]], and then disappeared. He had planned everything so meticulously that nearly a month had passed before anyone noticed that anything was amiss. A [[fugitive]] from justice for nearly eighteen years, he was finally apprehended on [[June 1]], [[1989]] while living under the pseudonym Robert Peter "Bob" Clark, after the story of the murders was broadcast on the [[television program]] ''[[America's Most Wanted]]''.

==Motive==
Investigations revealed that he had been suffering from financial problems due to losing his job as an [[accountant]], heavy expenses related to his fancy house and family problems caused by his wife's [[mental illness]] brought on by advanced [[syphilis]].

After killing his family, List wrote a letter to his [[pastor]], Eugene Rehwinkel of Redeemer Lutheran Church, explaining his motives: He felt that the [[1970s]] were a sinful time, and that his family was beginning to succumb to temptation, especially his daughter, who expressed interest in an acting career, an occupation that List viewed as being particularly corrupt and linked to [[Satan]]. He told his pastor that by killing his family before they had the opportunity to renounce their religion, he was saving their souls and sending them directly to [[Heaven]]. Most criminal profilers asked to analyze List--including [[John E. Douglas]]-- have concluded that List came up with this motive in order to put his own mind at ease and rationalize murdering his own family to lessen his own stress.

==Family history==
List was described as an aloof, cold man with few friends. He was the only child of strict [[German people|German]] parents. His mother in particular was very domineering and overprotective. He was a devout member of the [[Lutheran]] church and taught Sunday school. List served in the Army during [[World War II]] and later was given an [[ROTC]] commission as an Army [[Lieutenant]]. He attended the [[University of Michigan]] in [[Ann Arbor]], where he earned a bachelors degree in [[business administration]] and a masters degree in [[accounting]]. List's lack of social skills, however, caused him many problems. He had a history of losing jobs.

==Crime==
He killed his family members - his wife, Helen, 45; his teenage children, Patricia, 16, John Jr., 15, and Frederick, 13; and his 85-year-old mother, Alma - one by one and dragged their bodies on sleeping bags into the [[ballroom]] of the house. He left his mother's body in her apartment in the attic and stated in a postscript in the letter to his pastor that “Mother is in the attic. She was too heavy to move.” List claimed he even prayed over them before leaving and beginning his life as a fugitive. The List case quickly became the most infamous in the history of the state of [[New Jersey]] and a nationwide manhunt was launched. The bodies were not discovered for a month, giving List a headstart. The police checked out hundreds of leads without results.

==''America's Most Wanted''==
The authorities approached the producers of the show because many fugitives had been captured due to viewer's telephone calls. It was the oldest case they had ever featured. The television program included an age-rendered clay [[bust]] which looked very similar to List, even though he had been missing for 18 years.

The man who created the bust of the aging fugitive was forensic artist Frank Bender. Bender had previously had great success in helping to capture aging fugitives and identify decomposed bodies by creating these sculptures. Bender's work was part art and part [[forensic science]]. To imagine what an aging List would look like, he consulted a forensic psychologist and created a psychological profile of this man. He looked at photographs of List's parents and predicted what he would look like as he aged. He gave him a receding hairline and sagging jaws. Bender was particularly lauded for one final touch he added to his completed artwork— a pair of glasses. Bender professed that List would not be vain enough to wear [[contact lenses]]. However, he said List would have worn a pair of glasses different from those he wore before the murders. He said they would be a pair with dark thick frames. Bender and the psychologist theorized that List would do this to "hide" in a sense. He would want to disguise the fact that he was a failure and appear more important than he really was. When List was arrested, he was wearing the exact type of glasses.

==Arrest==
On [[June 1]], [[1989]], 11 days after his case was broadcast on AMW, List was arrested while living under the pseudonym Robert "Bob" Peter Clark, a name he adopted based on one of his college classmates, who later strangely stated that he never knew of John List. He was identified by a friend who had seen the television feature. In the 18 years since List committed his crimes he had been living in [[Denver, Colorado]] and [[Richmond, Virginia]], where he remarried and started a new life and a career as an accountant. On [[April 12]], [[1990]] he was convicted in a New Jersey court of five counts of [[first-degree murder]], and on [[May 1]] was sentenced to five life terms in [[prison]]. List has never expressed any remorse for his crimes, even during an interview with [[Connie Chung]] in 2002, and has said he believes he will go to heaven.

==Epilogue==
[[John Walsh]], the host of ''America's Most Wanted'', called Bender's work the most brilliant example of detective work that he had ever seen. To this day, Walsh keeps Bender's bust in a place of honor in his office.

==Trivia==
* List is the basis for the elusive character of [[Keyser Soze]] in the [[1995 in film|1995]] [[film]] ''[[The Usual Suspects]]''.
* Jerry Blake, the title character in ''[[The Stepfather]]'', is also based on List.
* [[Robert Blake (actor)|Robert Blake]] played List in the 1993 film Judgment Day: The John List Story.
* The original scene of the crime, the List home, burned to the ground under mysterious circumstances on [[August 30]], [[1972]], almost a year after the murders. Along with the fire went perhaps the biggest irony of all: the glass ceiling in the empty [[ballroom]] was a signed [[Tiffany & Co.]] original. That alone would likely have paid off all of John List’s debts.
* In 1971, List was considered a suspect in the "[[DB Cooper]]" hijacking, which occurred just after his family's murders. List's age, facial features, and build were similar to the mysterious skyjacker's. "Cooper" parachuted from the hijacked airliner with $200,000, the same amount as List's debts. From prison, List has strenously denied being "DB Cooper", and the FBI no longer considers him a suspect.

==Books==
* ''Righteous Carnage: The List Murders'' Timothy B. Benford and James P. Johnson, iUniverse, 332 pp., ISBN 0595007201
* ''Death Sentence: The Inside Story of the John List Murders'' Joe Sharkey, Signet, 305 pp., ISBN 0451169476

==External links==
*[http://www.goleader.com/list/ Newspaper articles on John List]
*[http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/family/list/1.html John List, famous murder - The Crime Library]

[[Category:1925 births|List, John]]
[[Category:Living people|List, John]]
[[Category:American mass murderers|List, John]]
[[Category:German-Americans|List, John]]