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Hypocrea

2016-05-27T17:22:52Z

Sasata: fmt

{{Taxobox
| image = Hypocrea sulphurea 87922.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Hypocrea sulphurea]]''
| image_width = 240px
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Ascomycota]]
| subdivisio = [[Pezizomycotina]]
| classis = [[Sordariomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Hypocreales]]
| familia = [[Hypocreaceae]]
| genus = '''''Hypocrea'''''
| genus_authority = [[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]] (1825)
| type_species = ''Hypocrea rufa''
| type_species_authority = ([[Pers.]]) Fr. (1849)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 171, see text
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlMycoBank: Hypocrea"/>
| synonyms = *''Creopus'' Link (1833)
*''Debarya'' [[Stephan Schulzer von Müggenburg|Schulzer]] (1866)
}}

'''''Hypocrea''''' is a [[genus]] of [[fungi]] in the family [[Hypocreaceae]]. The widespread genus is estimated to contain 171 species that grow on rotten wood, and are often associated with other fungi.<ref name=Kirk2008/> [[Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph|Anamorphic]] genera associated with ''Hypocrea'' include ''[[Acremonium]]'', ''[[Gliocladium]]'', ''[[Trichoderma]]'', and ''[[Verticillium]]''.<ref name=Hanlin1990/> ''Hypocrea'' was circumscribed by mycologist [[Elias Fries]] in 1825.<ref name=Fries1825/> Due to changes with in the code of nomenclature, the genus ''[[Trichoderma]]'' has been proposed for conservation over its [[teleomorph]] ''Hypocrea''. This means that all species with both a ''Hypocrea'' and ''Trichoderma'' name will be officially known by their ''Trichoderma'' name, and any species only described as ''Hypocrea'' will be transferred to ''Trichoderma''.<ref name=Rossman2013/>

==Species==
{{Div col|cols=3}}
*''[[Hypocrea americana]]''
*''[[Hypocrea andinensis]]''
*''[[Hypocrea argillacea]]''
*''[[Hypocrea atrogelatinosa]]''
*''[[Hypocrea atroviridis]]''
*''[[Hypocrea aurantia]]''
*''[[Hypocrea aurantiaca]]''
*''[[Hypocrea aureoviridis]]''
*''[[Hypocrea austrokoningii]]''
*''[[Hypocrea carnea]]''
*''[[Hypocrea ceramica]]''
*''[[Hypocrea cerebriformis]]''
*''[[Hypocrea citrina]]''
*''[[Hypocrea colensoi]]''
*''[[Hypocrea coprosmae]]''
*''[[Hypocrea cornea]]''
*''[[Hypocrea corticioides]]''
*''[[Hypocrea crassa]]''
*''[[Hypocrea cremea]]''
*''[[Hypocrea cupularis]]''
*''[[Hypocrea dichromospora]]''
*''[[Hypocrea dorotheae]]''
*''[[Hypocrea egmontensis]]''
*''[[Hypocrea eucorticioides]]''
*''[[Hypocrea gelatinosa]]''
*''[[Hypocrea hunua]]''
*''[[Hypocrea jecorina]]''
*''[[Hypocrea koningii]]''
*''[[Hypocrea lactea]]''
*''[[Hypocrea lacuwombatensis]]''
*''[[Hypocrea lenta]]''
*''[[Hypocrea lixii]]''
*''[[Hypocrea lutea]]''
*''[[Hypocrea macrospora]]''
*''[[Hypocrea manuka]]''
*''[[Hypocrea minutispora]]''
*''[[Hypocrea muroiana]]''
*''[[Hypocrea nebulosa]]''
*''[[Hypocrea neorufa]]''
*''[[Hypocrea nigricans]]''
*''[[Hypocrea novae-zelandiae]]''
*''[[Hypocrea orientalis]]''
*''[[Hypocrea pachybasioides]]''
*''[[Hypocrea pallida]]''
*''[[Hypocrea parapilulifera]]''
*''[[Hypocrea patella]]''
*''[[Hypocrea pezizoides]]''
*''[[Hypocrea phyllostachydis]]''
*''[[Hypocrea pilulifera]]''
*''[[Hypocrea placentula]]''
*''[[Hypocrea poronioidea]]''
*''[[Hypocrea protopulvinata]]''
*''[[Hypocrea pseudokoningii]]''
*''[[Hypocrea psychrophila]]''
*''[[Hypocrea pulvinata]]''
*''[[Hypocrea saccharina]]''
*''[[Hypocrea schweinitzii]]''
*''[[Hypocrea semiorbis]]''
*''[[Hypocrea spinulosa]]''
*''[[Hypocrea splendens]]''
*''[[Hypocrea stellata]]''
*''[[Hypocrea stilbohypoxyli]]''
*''[[Hypocrea strictipilosa]]''
*''[[Hypocrea strobilina]]''
*''[[Hypocrea subalpina]]''
*''[[Hypocrea sublibera]]''
*''[[Hypocrea subsplendens]]''
*''[[Hypocrea sulfurella]]''
*''[[Hypocrea sulphurea]]''
*''[[Hypocrea tawa]]''
*''[[Hypocrea toro]]''
*''[[Hypocrea tremelloides]]''
*''[[Hypocrea vinosa]]''
*''[[Hypocrea virens]]''
*''[[Hypocrea viridescens]]''
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=Fries1825>{{cite book |author=Fries EM. |title=Systema Orbis Vegetabilis |year=1825 |publisher=e Typographia academica |location=Lundin, Sweden |page=104 |language=Latin |url=http://www.archive.org/stream/systemaorbisveg00friegoog#page/n116/mode/2up}}</ref>

<ref name=Hanlin1990>{{cite book |author=Hanlin RT. |title=Illustrated Genera of Ascomycetes |publisher=American Phytopathological Society |location=St. Paul, MN |year=1990 |page=142 |isbn=0-89054-107-8}}</ref>

<ref name=Kirk2008>{{cite book |authors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |page=332 |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref>

<ref name="urlMycoBank: Hypocrea">{{cite web |title=''Hypocrea'' Fr. 1825 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=2432 |work=[[MycoBank]]. International Mycological Association |accessdate=2011-10-12}}</ref>

<ref name=Rossman2013>{{cite journal |authors=Rossman AY, Seifert KA, Samuels GJ. |year=2013 |title=Genera in ''Bionectriaceae'', ''Hypocreaceae'', and ''Nectriaceae'' (''Hypocreales'') proposed for acceptance or rejection |journal=IMA Fungus |pmid=23898411 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=41–51 |doi=10.5598/imafungus.2013.04.01.05 |pmc=3719205}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|2432}}

[[Category:Sordariomycetes genera]]
[[Category:Hypocreaceae]]

{{Hypocreales-stub}}

Rhizopogon parvisporus

2016-01-09T17:44:40Z

Sasata: /* Habitat and distribution */ fix dab

{{Taxobox
| image =
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Boletales]]
| familia = [[Rhizopogonaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Rhizopogon]]''
| species = '''''R. parvisporus'''''
| binomial = ''Rhizopogon parvisporus''
| binomial_authority = Bowerman (1962)
}}

'''''Rhizopogon parvisporus''''' is a small, [[truffle]]-like [[fungus]] in the family [[Rhizopogonaceae]]. Found in Canada, it was [[species description|described]] as new to science in 1962 by Constance Bowerman, from collections made in [[Newfoundland]].

==Description==
The roughly spherical to irregularly shaped [[basidiocarp|fruitbodies]] of the fungus measure {{convert|10|–|21|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in diameter when fresh, although they tend to shrink when dry. They have a hard, wrinkled surface that is yellowish brown or lighter in color. The [[peridium]] is 300–570 [[micrometre|µm]] thick. The [[basidiospore|spores]] have the shape of narrow [[ellipsoid]]s, and rarely exceed 5 µm in length. They often contain two oil droplets, but occasionally have three or four.<ref name="Bowerman 1962"/>

==Habitat and distribution==
The fungus is only known from [[Fort Smith, Northwest Territories|Fort Smith]] ([[Northwest Territories]]), and [[Newfoundland]]. In the former location, it was found along a riverbank in [[spruce]] woods, while in the latter it grew on mossy slopes in thickets of [[alder]] and [[fir]].<ref name="Bowerman 1962"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Bowerman 1962">{{cite journal |author=Bowerman CA, Groves JW. |title=Notes on fungi from northern Canada. V. Gasteromycetes |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |year=1962 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=239–254 |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/b62-022 |doi=10.1139/b62-022}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|338456}}

[[Category:Fungi of Canada]]
[[Category:Rhizopogonaceae]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1992]]

Wurzeltrüffeln

2016-01-09T06:24:16Z

Sasata: /* Species */ + Rhizopogon parvisporus

{{Taxobox
| image = Rhizopogon rubescens.jpg
| image_caption = ''Rhizopogon rubescens''
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Boletales]]
| subordo = [[Suillineae]]
| familia = [[Rhizopogonaceae]]
| genus = '''''Rhizopogon'''''
| genus_authority = [[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]] (1817)
| type_species = ''Rhizopogon luteolus''
| type_species_authority = Fr. & Nordholm (1817)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
}}

'''''Rhizopogon''''' is a [[genus]] of [[ectomycorrhizae|ectomycorrhizal]] [[Basidiomycetes]] in the family [[Rhizopogonaceae]]. Species form [[sporocarp (fungi)|hypogeous sporocarps]] commonly referred to as "[[false truffle]]s". The general [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] characters of ''Rhizopogon'' sporocarps are a [[wikt:simplex|simplex]] or [[wikt:duplex|duplex]] [[peridium]] surrounding a [[locule|loculate]] [[gleba]] that lacks a [[sporangium#Internal structures|columnella]]. [[Basidiospores]] are produced upon [[basidia]] that are borne within the fungal [[hymenium]] that coats the interior surface of gleba locules. The peridium is often adorned with thick mycelial cords, also known as [[rhizomorph]]s, that attach the sporocarp to the surrounding [[substrate (biology)|substrate]]. The scientific name ''Rhizopogon'' is Greek for 'root' (Rhiz-) 'beard' (-pogon) and this name was given in reference to the rhizomorphs found on sporocarps of many species.

''Rhizopogon'' species are primarily found in ectomycorrhizal association with trees in the family [[Pinaceae]] and are especially common [[wikt:symbiont|symbionts]] of [[pine]], [[fir]], and [[Douglas fir]] trees. Through their ectomycorrhizal relationships ''Rhizopogon'' are thought to play an important role in the ecology of [[coniferous forests]]. Recent [[wikt:micromorphological|micromorphological]] and [[molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] study has established that ''Rhizopogon'' is a member of the [[Boletales]], closely related to ''[[Suillus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Manfred Binder & David S. Hibbett |year=2006 |title=Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales |journal=[[Mycologia]] |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=971–981 |doi=10.3852/mycologia.98.6.971 |pmid=17486973}}</ref>

==Taxonomy and diversity==
[[File:2009-09-17 Rhizopogon obtextus 76099.jpg|thumb|left|alt=An image of ''Rhizopogon luteolus'' (''=obtextus'') showing rhizomorphs with attached substrate.|A sporocarp of ''Rhizopogon luteolus'' (''=obtextus'') showing rhizomorphs with adhering substrate]]

===Historical classification===
The genus ''Rhizopogon'' occurs throughout the natural and introduced ranges of family Pinaceae trees. Though this range covers much of the [[temperate climate|northern temperate zones]], the diversity of ''Rhizopogon'' species is well characterized only in [[North America]] and [[Europe]]. There are currently over 150 recognized species of ''Rhizopogon''. The morphology of ''Rhizopogon'' species is highly cryptic and characters vary greatly throughout sporocarp maturity. This has led to the description of multiple species from various developmental stages of a single fungus.

The genus ''Rhizopogon'' was first described from Europe by [[Elias Magnus Fries]] in 1817.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fries |first=Elias Magnus |year=1817 |title=Symbolae Gasteromycorum |location=Lundae |publisher= Ex officina Berlingiana}}</ref> The North American [[monograph#Usage#Taxonomy (systematic biology)|monograph]] was produced by [[Alexander H. Smith]] in 1966<ref>{{cite journal |author= Smith AH, Zeller SM| year=1966 |title=A Preliminary Account of the North American Species of ''Rhizopogon'' |journal=Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=1–178 | url= http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AJN6347.0001.001}}</ref> with second author credits given [[wikt:posthumous|posthumously]] to [[Sanford Myron Zeller]] due to his contributions to the study of the genus. A European monograph of ''Rhizopogon'' has also been published.<ref>{{cite book |last=Martín |first=MP |year=1996 |title=The Genus Rhizopogon in Europe |location=Barcelona, Spain |publisher= BCG | pages= 173 p. | isbn= 8992161700}}</ref> In the recent past, molecular phylogenetic methods have allowed the revision of the taxonomic concepts of the genus ''Rhizopogon''<ref name="grubisha">{{cite journal |author=Grubisha LC, Trappe JM, Molina R, Spatafora JW |year=2002 |title=Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus ''Rhizopogon''. VI. Re-examination of infrageneric relationships inferred from phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequences |journal=[[Mycologia]] |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=607–619| pmid=21156534 |doi=10.2307/3761712}}</ref>

===Modern classification===

Modern taxonomic concepts of the genus ''Rhizopogon'' recognize five subgenera of ''Rhizopogon''.<ref name="grubisha" /> These are subgenus ''[[Rhizopogon subgenus Rhizopogon|Rhizopogon]]'', subgenus ''[[Rhizopogon subgenus Versicolores|Versicolores]]'', subgenus ''[[Rhizopogon subgenus Villosuli|Villosuli]]'', subgenus ''[[Rhizopogon subgenus Amylopogon|Amylopogon]]'', and subgenus ''[[Rhizopogon subgenus Roseoli|Roseoli]]''.

==Ecology==
[[File:2010-05-14 Rhizopogon roseolus 2.jpg|thumb|right|alt=An image of ''Rhizopogon roseolus'' showing a close up of gleba locules.|A sporocarp of ''Rhizopogon roseolus'' in cross section showing a close up of the gleba locules]]

===Mammalian diet and spore dispersal===
''Rhizopogon'' species have been established as a common component in the diet of many small mammals <ref>{{cite journal |author=Maser C, Maser Z |year=1988 |title=Interactions among squirrels, mycorrhizal fungi, and coniferous forests in Oregon |journal=Western North American Naturalist |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=358–369}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= Izzo AD, Meyer M, Trappe JM, North M, Bruns TD |year=2005 |title=Hypogeous ectomycorrhizal fungal species on roots and in small mammal diet in a mixed conifer forest |journal=Forest Science |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=243–254}}</ref> as well as deer<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ashkannehhad S and Horton TR |year=2006 |title=Ectomycorrhizal ecology under primary succession on coastal sand dunes: interactions involving ''Pinus contorta'', suilloid fungi and deer |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |volume=169 |issue=2 |pages=345–354| doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01593.x | pmid=16411937}}</ref> in Western North America. The viability of ''Rhizopogon'' spores is maintained <ref name="colgan">{{cite journal |author=Colgan III W, Claridge AW |year=2002 |title=Mycorrhizal effectiveness of ''Rhizopogon'' spores recovered from faecal pellets of small forest-dwelling mammals |journal=[[Mycological Research]] |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=314–320| doi=10.1017/S0953756202005634}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= Kotter M, Farentinos RC |year=1984 |title=Formations of Ponderosa pine ectomycorrhizae after inoculation with feces of tassel-earred squirrels |journal=[[Mycologia]] |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=758–760 |doi=10.2307/3793237 }}</ref> and may even be increased after mammalian gut passage,<ref name="colgan" /> making mammals an important [[dispersal vector]] for ''Rhizopogon''.

===Disturbance ecology===
''Rhizopogon'' species are common members of the fungal communities that colonize the roots of trees during seedling establishment and persist into old growth stands.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Twieg BD, Durall DM, Simard SW |year=2007 |title=Ectomycorrhizal fungal succession in mixed temperate forests|journal=[[New Phytologist]] |volume=176 |issue=2 |pages=437–447| doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02173.x | pmid=17888121 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Molina |first1=R |last2=Trappe |first2=JM |last3=Grubisha |first3=LC |last4=Spatafora |first4=JW |editor1-last= Cairney |editor1-first=JWG |editor2-last= Chambers |editor2-first=SM |year=1999 |title=Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Key Genera in Profile | chapter=''Rhizopogon'' |location= Heidelberg |publisher= Springer Berlin | pages= 129–161 |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-06827-4_5 |isbn= 978-3-642-08490-4 }}</ref> ''Rhizopogon'' spores are long lived in soil and the spores of some species can persist for at least four years with an increase in viability over time.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Bruns, TD, Peay KG, Boynton PJ, Grubisha LC, Hynson NA, Nguyen NH, Rosenstock NP |year=2009 |title=Inoculum potential of ''Rhizopogon'' spores increases with time over the first 4 yr of a 99-yr spore burial experiment |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |volume=181 |issue=2 |pages=463–470 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02652.x | pmid= 9121040}}</ref> ''Rhizopogon'' seems to be especially common upon the roots of establishing tree seedlings following disturbance such as fire<ref name="baar">{{cite journal |author= Baar J., Horton T.R., Kretzer A.M., Bruns T.D. |year=1999 |title=Mycorrhizal colonization of ''Pinus muricata'' from resistant propagules after a stand-replacing wildfire |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |volume=143 |pages=409–418 |issue=2 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00452.x}}</ref> or logging.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Luoma DL, Stockdale CA, Molina R, Eberhart JL |year=2006 |title=The spatial influence of ''Pseudotsuga menziesii'' retention trees on ectomycorrhiza diversity |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Forest Research]] |volume=36 |issue=10 |pages=2561–2573| doi=10.1139/x06-143 }}</ref> ''Rhizopogon'' are also abundant colonizers of pot cultivated<ref name="baar" /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Taylor DL, Bruns TD|year=1999 |title=Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a ''Pinus muricata'' forest: minimal overlap between the mature forest and resistant propagule communities |journal=[[Molecular Ecology]] |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=1837–1850| doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00773.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kjøller R, Bruns TD |year=2003 |title=''Rhizopogon'' spore bank communities within and among California pine forests |journal=[[Mycologia]] |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=603–613| pmid=21148969 |doi=10.2307/3761936}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Murata M, Kinoshita A, Nara K |year=2013 |title=Revisiting the host effect on ectomycorrhizal fungal communities: implications from host–fungal associations in relict ''Pseudotsuga japonica'' forests |journal=Mycorrhiza |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=641–653| doi=10.1007/s00572-013-0504-0 | pmid=23702643}}</ref> and field cultivated <ref name="baar" /> conifer seedlings growing in soil from conifer stands that lacked observations of ''Rhizopogon'' upon the roots of mature trees. These finding suggest that ''Rhizopogon'' species are an important factor in the recovery of conifer forests following disturbance.

==Species==
{{div col|cols=2}}
*''[[Rhizopogon albidus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon ater]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon amylopogon]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon atroviolaceus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon brunneniger]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon ellenae]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon evadens]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon fulvigleba]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon fuscorubens]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon hawkerae]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon luteolus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon nigrescens]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon occidentalis]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon ochraceorubens]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon parksii]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon parvisporus ]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon pedicellus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon roseolus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon salebrosus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon subareolatus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon subaustralis]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon subcaerulescens]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon subpurpurascens]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon subsalmonius]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon succosus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon togasawariana]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon truncatus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon vesiculosus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon villosulus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon vinicolor]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon vulgaris]]''
{{div col end}}

==[[Ethnomycology]]==

===Forestry===
The first intentional use of ''Rhizopogon'' species in forestry occurred in the early part of the 20th century when ''[[Rhizopogon luteolus]]'' was deliberately introduced into ''[[Pinus radiata]]'' plantations in [[Western Australia]] after it was observed to improve tree growth.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Kessel SL |year=1927 |title=Soil organisms. The dependence of certain pine species on a biological soil factor. |journal=Empire Forestry Journal |volume=6 |pages=70–74}}</ref> Since that time, ''Rhizopogon'' species have been widely studied as a component of managed forests. ''Rhizopogon'' species have been noted as common members of the ectomycorrhizal community colonizing tree roots of pine and Douglas-fir timber plantations.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Molina R, Trappe JM |year=1994 |title=Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus, ''Rhizopogon'' I. Host associations, host-specificity and pure culture syntheses |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |volume=126 |issue=4 |pages=653–675| doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb02961.x}}</ref> Naturally occurring ''Rhizopogon roseolus'' (''=rubescens'') spores have been shown to out-compete the spores of other ectomycorrhizal fungi in pine plantations even when competing spores were directly inoculated onto seedlings.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Karkouri KE, Martin F, Mousain D |year=2002 |title=Dominance of the mycorrhizal fungus ''Rhizopogon rubescens'' in a plantation of ''Pinus pinea'' seedlings inoculated with ''Suillus collinitus'' |journal=Annals of Forest Science |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=197–204| doi=10.1051/forest:2002006}}</ref> The survival rate and performance of pine<ref>{{cite journal |author= Steinfield D, Amaranthus M, Cazares E |year=2003 |title=Survival of Ponderosa pine (''Pinus ponderosa'' Dougl. ex Laws) seedlings outplanted with ''Rhizopogon'' mycorrhizae inoculated with spores at the nursery |journal=Journal of Arborculture |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=4197–208}}</ref> and Douglas-fir<ref>{{cite journal |author= Castellano MA, Trappe JM |year=1985 |title=Ectomycorrhizal formation and plantation performance of Douglas-fir nursery stock inoculated with ''Rhizopogon'' spores |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Forest Research]] |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=613–617 |doi=10.1139/x85-100}}</ref> plantation seedlings are increased after inoculation with ''Rhizopogon'' species.

===Gastronomy===

Though many species of ''Rhizopogon'' are considered edible, most are not held in high culinary esteem.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trappe |first1=M |last2=Evans |first12=F |last3=Trappe |first3=J |year=2007 |title=Field guide to North American Truffles |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher= Ten Speed Press | pages= 136 p. |isbn= 1580088627 }}</ref> A notable exception is ''[[Rhizopogon roseolus]]'' (''=rubescens'') which is considered a delicacy in east Asia and especially in [[Japan]] where it is traditionally known as Shoro.<ref name="yun">{{cite journal |author= Yun W, Hall IR |year=2004 |title=Edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms: challenges and achievements |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Botany]] |volume=82 |issue=8 |pages=1063–1073 |doi=10.1139/b04-051}}</ref> Techniques for the commercial cultivation of this fungus in pine plantations have been developed and applied with successful results in Japan and [[New Zealand]].<ref name="yun" />

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Rhizopogon}}
*[http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/genusrecord.asp?RecordID=19297 Index Fungorum]
*[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=fung1tc;cc=fung1tc;view=toc;idno=AJN6347.0001.001 A preliminary account of the North American species of ''Rhizopogon''] by Alexander H. Smith and S. M. Zeller, 1966. (Full text of monograph.)

[[Category:Rhizopogonaceae]]
[[Category:Boletales genera]]

Rhizopogon parvisporus

2016-01-09T06:23:16Z

Sasata: Created fungal taxon page

{{Taxobox
| image =
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Boletales]]
| familia = [[Rhizopogonaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Rhizopogon]]''
| species = '''''R. parvisporus'''''
| binomial = ''Rhizopogon parvisporus''
| binomial_authority = Bowerman (1962)
}}

'''''Rhizopogon parvisporus''''' is a small, [[truffle]]-like [[fungus]] in the family [[Rhizopogonaceae]]. Found in Canada, it was [[species description|described]] as new to science in 1962 by Constance Bowerman, from collections made in [[Newfoundland]].

==Description==
The roughly spherical to irregularly shaped [[basidiocarp|fruitbodies]] of the fungus measure {{convert|10|–|21|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in diameter when fresh, although they tend to shrink when dry. They have a hard, wrinkled surface that is yellowish brown or lighter in color. The [[peridium]] is 300–570 [[micrometre|µm]] thick. The [[basidiospore|spores]] have the shape of narrow [[ellipsoid]]s, and rarely exceed 5 µm in length. They often contain two oil droplets, but occasionally have three or four.<ref name="Bowerman 1962"/>

==Habitat and distribution==
The fungus is only known from [[Fort Smith]] ([[Northwest Territories]]), and [[Newfoundland]]. In the former location, it was found along a riverbank in [[spruce]] woods, while in the latter it grew on mossy slopes in thickets of [[alder]] and [[fir]].<ref name="Bowerman 1962"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Bowerman 1962">{{cite journal |author=Bowerman CA, Groves JW. |title=Notes on fungi from northern Canada. V. Gasteromycetes |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |year=1962 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=239–254 |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/b62-022 |doi=10.1139/b62-022}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|338456}}

[[Category:Fungi of Canada]]
[[Category:Rhizopogonaceae]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1992]]

Schwefelporlinge

2015-11-05T03:16:41Z

Sasata: added Category:Polyporales genera using HotCat

{{Taxobox
| name =
| image= Laetiporus sulphureus JPG01.jpg
| image_width = 235px
| image_caption = ''L. sulphureus'' in [[Belgium]]
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Polyporales]]
| familia = [[Fomitopsidaceae]]
| genus = '''''Laetiporus'''''
| genus_authority = [[William Alphonso Murrill|Murr.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
''[[Laetiporus ailaoshanensis]]''<ref name=song2014/> 
''[[Laetiporus baudonii]]'' 
''[[Laetiporus cincinnatus]]'' 
''[[Laetiporus conifericola]]'' 
''[[Laetiporus cremeiporus]]'' 
''[[Laetiporus gilbertsonii]]'' 
''[[Laetiporus huroniensis]]'' 
''[[Laetiporus miniatus]]'' 
''[[Laetiporus montanus]]'' 
''[[Laetiporus persicinus]]'' 
''[[Laetiporus portentosus]]'' 
''[[Laetiporus sulphureus]]'' 
''[[Laetiporus versisporus]]'' 
''[[Laetiporus zonatus]]''<ref name=song2014/>
}}

'''''Laetiporus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[edible mushroom]]s found throughout much of the world. Some species, especially [[Laetiporus sulphureus]], are [[common name|commonly]] known as '''sulphur shelf''', '''chicken of the woods''', the '''chicken mushroom''', or the '''chicken fungus''' because many think they [[Tastes like chicken|taste like chicken]]. The name "chicken of the woods" is not to be confused with the edible [[polypore]], ''Maitake'' (''[[Grifola frondosa]]'') known as "hen of the woods", or with ''[[Lyophyllum decastes]]'', known as the "fried chicken mushroom".

==Description==
[[File:Chicken of the woods Fungus JEG7298 Jegan.JPG|thumb|150px|left|Laetiporus sp. from Anamalai Hills, Southern Western Ghats, India]]Individual "shelves" range from 5–25 cm (2"-10" inches) across. These shelves are made up of many tiny tubular filaments (hyphae). The mushroom grows in large [[bracket fungus|brackets]] - some have been found that weigh over 45 kg (100 pounds). It is most commonly found on wounds of trees, mostly [[oak]], though it is also frequently found on [[eucalyptus]], [[Taxus|yew]], [[Castanea sativa|sweet chestnut]], and [[salix|willow]], as well as [[conifer]]s in some species. ''Laetiporus'' species produce brown rot in the host on which they grow.

Young fruiting bodies are characterized by a moist, rubbery, [[sulfur|sulphur]]-yellow to orange body sometimes with bright orange tips. Older brackets become pale and brittle almost chalk like, mildly pungent, and are often dotted with beetle or slug/woodlouse holes. Similar species include ''Laetiporus gilbertsonii'' (fluorescent pink, more amorphous) and ''L. coniferica'' (common in the western [[United States]], especially on red [[fir]] trees).<ref name=burd01/> Edibility traits for the different species have not been well documented, although all are generally considered edible with caution.{{Fact|date=July 2014}}

The sulphur shelf mushroom sometimes comes back year after year when the weather suits its sporulation preferences. From late spring to early autumn, the sulphur shelf thrives, making it a boon to mushroom hunters and a bane to those concerned about the health of their trees. This fungus causes a [[wood-decay fungus|brown cubical rot]] and embrittlement which in later stages ends in the collapse of the host tree, as it can no longer flex and bend in the wind.{{Fact|date=July 2014}}

[[File:Chicken of the Woods Laetiporus sulphureus.jpg|thumbnail|Chicken of the Woods (Laetiporus cincinnatus) in Prospect Park, Brooklyn, New York on October 5, 2012.]]

==Phylogenetics==
[[File:Laetiporus cincinnatus 14060.jpg|thumb|right|''L. cincinnatus'', [[Ohio]], USA]]
[[Phylogenetic]] analyses of [[internal transcribed spacer|ITS]], nuclear large subunit and mitochondrial small subunit [[Ribosomal DNA|rDNA]] sequences from a variety of North American species have delineated five distinct [[cladistics|clades]] within the core ''Laetiporus'' clade: sulphureus clade I contains white-pored ''[[Laetiporus sulphureus|L. sulphureus]]'' isolates, while sulphureus clade II contains yellow-pored ''L. sulphureus'' isolates.<ref name="pmid18751549"/>

In addition, phylogenetic clades have been identified from [[Japan]], [[Hawaii]], [[South America]], [[Europe]], and [[South Africa]].<ref name=banik10/>

==Edibility==
The mushroom can be prepared in most ways that one can prepare chicken meat. It can also be used as a substitute for chicken in a vegetarian diet. Additionally, it can be frozen for long periods of time and retain its edibility. In certain parts of [[Germany]] and [[North America]], it is considered a delicacy.

[[File:Laetiporus sulphureus dish 2010 G1.jpg|thumb|right|''L. sulphureus'' prepared dish]]

In some cases eating the mushroom "causes mild reactions . . . for example, swollen lips" or in rare cases "nausea, vomiting, dizziness and disorientation" to those who are sensitive.<ref name=beug/> This is believed to be due to a number of factors that range from very bad allergies to the mushroom's protein, to toxins absorbed by the mushroom from the wood it grows on (for example, [[eucalyptus]] or [[Cedar wood|cedar]] or [[yew]]) to simply eating specimens that have decayed past their prime. As such, many field guides request that those who eat ''Laetiporus'' exercise caution by only eating fresh, young brackets and begin with small quantities to see how well it sits in their stomach.

''Laetiporus sulphureus'' has potent ability to inhibit staph bacteria (''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''), as well as moderate ability to inhibit the growth of ''[[Bacillus subtilis]]''.<ref name="pmid = 11204765"/>

==See also==
* [[List of meat substitutes]]
* {{portal-inline|Food}}
* {{portal-inline|Fungi}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=beug>{{cite web|url=http://academic.evergreen.edu/projects/mushrooms/phm/s66.htm|title=Poisonous and hallucinogenic mushrooms|author=Michael W. Beug|accessdate=Feb 21, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name=burd01>{{cite journal| title=The genus ''Laetiporus'' in North America| first=Harold H.| last=Burdsall, Jr.| first2=Mark T.| last2=Banik| journal=Harvard Papers in Botany| volume=6| year=2001| pages=43–55| url=http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2001/burds01a.pdf| issue=1}}</ref>

<ref name="pmid18751549">{{cite journal |author=Lindner DL, Banik MT |title=Molecular phylogeny of ''Laetiporus'' and other brown rot polypore genera in North America |journal=Mycologia |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=417–30 |year=2008 |pmid=18751549 |doi= 10.3852/07-124R2|url=}}</ref>

<ref name=banik10>{{cite journal| title=Relationships among North American and Japanese ''Laetiporus'' isolates inferred from molecular phylogenetics and single-spore incompatibility reactions| journal=Mycologia| year=2010| volume=102| pages=911–917| doi=10.3852/09-044| author=Banik, Mark T., Lindner, Daniel L., Ota, Yuko, Hattori, Tsutomu| issue=4| pmid=20648757}}</ref>

<ref name="pmid = 11204765">{{Cite journal| author = Suay I, Arenal F, Asensio FJ, Basilio A, Cabello MA, Díez MT, García JB, del Val AG, Gorrochategui J, Hernández P, Peláez F, Vicente MF.| title = Screening of basidiomycetes for antimicrobial activities| journal = Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek| volume = 78| issue = 2| pages = 129–39 | publisher = | location = |date=Aug 2000| doi = 10.1023/A:1026552024021| pmid = 11204765| postscript = }}</ref>

<ref name=song2014>{{cite journal|last1=Song|first1=Jie|last2=Chen|first2=yuanyuan|last3=Cui|first3=Baokai title=Morphological and molecular evidence for two new species of ''Laetiporus'' (Basidiomycota, Polyporales) from southwestern China|journal=Mycologia| volume=106|issue=5| year=2014| pages=1039-1050|doi=10.3852/13-402}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Laetiporus}}
* [http://mushroom-collecting.com/mushroomchickens.html Mushroom-Collecting.com - ''Laetiporus'']
* [http://www.mushroomexpert.com/laetiporus_sulphureus.html Description of mushroom and key characters]

[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Fungi of North America]]
[[Category:Edible fungi]]
[[Category:Meat substitutes]]
[[Category:Laetiporus|*]]
[[Category:Polyporales genera]]

[[pl:Żółciak siarkowy]]

Schwefelporlinge

2015-11-05T03:16:28Z

Sasata: removed Category:Fomitopsidaceae; added Category:Laetiporus using HotCat

2015-08-28T18:40:04Z

Sasata: cleanup; added year & location cat; Fungorum template

{{Taxobox
| image = 1372212121 VC7660HypocreopsisspNyora7-04WM.jpg
| image_caption = ''Hypocreopsis amplectens''
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Ascomycota]]
| classis = [[Sordariomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Hypocreales]]
| familia = [[Hypocreaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Hypocreopsis]]''
| binomial = '''''Hypocreopsis amplectens'''''
| binomial_authority = [[T.W.May]] & P.R.Johnst. (2007)
}}

'''''Hypocreopsis amplectens''''' is part of the family [[Hypocreaceae]] and genus ''[[Hypocreopsis]]'', fungi that form [[stroma (mycology)|stromata]] on the stems of trees and shrubs. The stromata are orange-brown and consist of radiating, [[Ascocarp|perithecial]] lobes. This species of ''Hypocreopsis'' was only discovered in 1992 in [[Nyora]] (Victoria) during a survey of [[vascular plant]]s.<ref name=johnston>Johnston, P.R., May, T.W., Park, D. and Horak, E. (2007) ''Hypocreopsis amplectens'' sp. nov., a rare fungus from New Zealand and Australia. ''New Zealand Journal of Botany'', '''45''', 715–719.</ref>

==Description==
Found on dead and living branches of [[tea-tree]], [[paperbark]] and [[banksia]] in long-unburnt coastal stands in Victoria. This firm-textured, brown, irregularly shaped species forms a raised mass which clasps dead branches with light brown, finger-like lobes.

Most commonly dead branches of Prickly Tea-tree ([[Leptospermum continentale]]), Silky Tea-tree (L. myrsinoides) and Silver Banksia ([[Banksia marginata]]). It has also been found on dead and living Scented Paperbark ([[Melaleuca squarrosa]]). The immediate substrate is a Brown Paint Fungus.<ref>Fungimap.org.au. Hypocreopsis amplectens. http://fungimap.org.au/index.php/fduonline-home/102/294/crusts/P-hypocreopsis-amplectens</ref>

Fruit body length to 60 mm; a raised mass, strongly lobed; margin irregular. Lobes to 10 mm wide, clasping substrate; brown, tips of lobes paler yellowish-brown; older specimens often have white, powdery areas.

==Taxonomy==
This species of [[Hypocreopsis]] was only discovered in 1992 in Nyora (Victoria) during a survey of [[vascular plants]]. This fungus has previously been referred to as Hypocreopsis sp. and Hypocreopsis sp. ‘Nyora’ in the Australian literature. In Victoria, ''H. amplectens'' has been classified as "vulnerable" under the Victorian [[Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988]], and the Nyora Flora and Fauna Reserve was created partly because of its occurrence there. Despite intensive surveys it is still known from only three sites in [[Australia]], making it a rare fungus eligible for inclusion on national threat status lists in [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|531280}}

[[Category:Fungi described in 2007]]
[[Category:Fungi of Australia]]
[[Category:Hypocreaceae]]

Scheinflechtenpilze

2015-08-28T18:35:57Z

Sasata: cleanup; Fungorum template

Hypomyces completus

2015-08-28T18:29:12Z

Sasata: cleanup

{{Taxobox
| image = Hypomyces completus 102175.jpg
| image_caption = ''Hypomyces completus'' parasitizing the bolete ''[[Suillus spraguei]]''
| image_width = 240px
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Ascomycota]]
| classis = [[Sordariomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Hypocreales]]
| familia = [[Hypocreaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Hypomyces]]''
| species = '''''H. completus'''''
| binomial = ''Hypomyces completus''
| binomial_authority = ([[G.R.W.Arnold]]) [[Clark Thomas Rogerson|Rogerson]] & [[Gary J. Samuels|Samuels]] (1985)
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlFungorum synonymy: Hypomyces papulasporae"/>
| synonyms =
*''Peckiella completa'' G.R.W.Arnold (1971)
}}
'''''Hypomyces completus''''' is a [[parasitism|parasitic]] [[ascomycete]] in the order [[Hypocreales]]. The fungus grows on [[bolete]]s, typically ''[[Suillus spraguei]]'' in North America, although the [[type (biology)|type]] collection was found on growing on ''[[Boletinus oxydabilis]]'' in [[Siberia]]. The color of its subiculum (a crust-like growth of [[mycelium]]) ranges from white initially to yellow-brown to greenish-brown to brown to black; the [[ascocarp|fruitbodies]] (perithecia) range from pale brown to dark brown to black. [[Ascospore|Spores]] measure 35–40 by 4–6 [[micrometre|μm]].<ref name="Rogerson 1989"/>

The species was [[species description|described]] as new to science in 1971 by G.R.W.Arnold, who placed it in ''Peckiella'', a genus segregated from ''[[Hypomyces]]'' by [[Pier Andrea Saccardo]] to contain species having unicellular [[ascospore]]s. In their 1989 review, Rogerson and Samuels did not accept this genus as valid, stating "variations in these features occur, occasionally in a single perithecium", and they reclassified the fungus in ''Hypomyces''. The [[anamorph]] species associated with ''H. papulasporae'' is ''[[Sepedonium]] brunneum'', first described by [[Charles Horton Peck]] in 1887.<ref name="Rogerson 1989"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Rogerson 1989">{{cite journal |author=Rogerson CT, Samuels GJ. |title=Boleticolous species of ''Hypomyces'' |journal=Mycologia |year=1989 |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=413–431 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0081/003/0413.htm}}</ref>

<ref name="urlFungorum synonymy: Hypomyces papulasporae">{{cite web |title=GSD Species Synonymy: ''Hypomyces completus'' (G.R.W. Arnold) Rogerson & Samuels |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/GSD/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=136084 |publisher=Species Fungorum. CAB International |accessdate=2015-06-26}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|136084}}

[[Category:Fungi described in 1971]]
[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Fungi of North America]]
[[Category:Hypocreaceae]]
[[Category:Inedible fungi]]
[[Category:Parasitic fungi]]

{{Hypocreales-stub}}

Hypomyces

2015-08-28T18:27:39Z

Sasata: cleanup

{{expand Japanese|date=November 2011|ヒポミケス属}}
{{Taxobox
| image = Lobster mushrooms.jpg
| image_size= 220px
| image_caption = ''[[Hypomyces lactifluorum|H. lactifluorum]]''
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Ascomycota]]
| classis = [[Sordariomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Hypocreales]]
| familia = [[Hypocreaceae]]
| genus = '''''Hypomyces'''''
| genus_authority = ([[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]) [[Louis René Tulasne|Tul.]] & [[Charles Tulasne|C. Tul.]] (1860)
| type_species = ''Hypomyces lactifluorum''
| type_species_authority = ([[Lewis David de Schweinitz|Schwein.]]) Tul. & C. Tul.
}}
'''''Hypomyces''''' is a [[genus]] of parasitic [[Ascomycete]] fungi found in Europe, North America, Australia, and parts of China. The genus contains 53 species.<ref name=Kirk2008>{{cite book |author=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. |title=Dictionary of the Fungi. |edition=10th |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008|page=373|isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref> Its members include the [[lobster mushroom]] (''Hypomyces lactifluorum'') and the [[bolete eater]] (''Hypomyces chrysospermus'').

==List of noteworthy species==
* ''[[Hypomyces cervinigenus|H. cervinigenus]]'' - on ''[[Helvella lacunosa]]''.<ref name="arora86">{{cite book |last=Arora |first=David|authorlink=David Arora |year=1986 |title=Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi |edition=2nd |location=Berkeley |publisher=Ten Speed Press |isbn=0-89815-169-4| pages=815–16}}</ref>
* ''[[Hypomyces chrysospermus|H. chrysospermus]]'' - Bolete Eater, Cask fungus (Eurasia, Western Australia, North America)
* ''[[Hypomyces hyalinus|H. hyalinus]]'' - Amanita "mold" (North America)
* ''[[Hypomyces lactifluorum|H. lactifluorum]]'' - Lobster mushroom (North America)
* ''[[Hypomyces luteovirens|H. luteovirens]]'' - Yellow-green Russula "mold" (North America)
* ''[[Hypomyces transformans|H. transformans]]'' - Ramaria Eater (North America)

==Species==
{{div col|cols=4}}
*''[[Hypomyces agaricola]]''
*''[[Hypomyces albidus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces albus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces amaurodermatis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces apiculatus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces apiosporus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces arachnoideus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces arecae]]''
*''[[Hypomyces arenaceus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces armeniacus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces asclepiadis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces ater]]''
*''[[Hypomyces aurantiicolor]]''
*''[[Hypomyces aurantius]]''
*''[[Hypomyces auriculariicola]]''
*''[[Hypomyces australbidus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces australiensis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces australis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces badius]]''
*''[[Hypomyces banningiae]]''
*''[[Hypomyces batavus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces biasolettianus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces boleticola]]''
*''[[Hypomyces boletinus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces boletiphagus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces bombacinus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces bresadolae]]''
*''[[Hypomyces bresadolanus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces camphorati]]''
*''[[Hypomyces caulicola]]''
*''[[Hypomyces cervinigenus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces cervinus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces cesatii]]''
*''[[Hypomyces chlorinigenus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces chlorinus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces chromaticus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces chrysospermus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces completus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces conviva]]''
*''[[Hypomyces corticiicola]]''
*''[[Hypomyces dactylarioides]]''
*''[[Hypomyces deformans]]''
*''[[Hypomyces destruens-equi]]''
*''[[Hypomyces ekmanii]]''
*''[[Hypomyces epimyces]]''
*''[[Hypomyces favoli]]''
*''[[Hypomyces flavescens]]''
*''[[Hypomyces flavolanatus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces floccosus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces fulgens]]''
*''[[Hypomyces fusisporus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces galericola]]''
*''[[Hypomyces goroshankianus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces hrubyanus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces hyacinthi]]''
*''[[Hypomyces hyalinus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces inaequalis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces insignis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces javanicus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces khaoyaiensis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces lactifluorum]]''
*''[[Hypomyces laeticolor]]''
*''[[Hypomyces lateritius]]''
*''[[Hypomyces leotiarum]]''
*''[[Hypomyces leotiicola]]''
*''[[Hypomyces linearis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces linkii]]''
*''[[Hypomyces lithuanicus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces macrosporus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces melanocarpus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces melanochlorus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces melanostigma]]''
*''[[Hypomyces microspermus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces miliarius]]''
*''[[Hypomyces mycogones]]''
*''[[Hypomyces mycophilus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces niveus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces novae-zelandiae]]''
*''[[Hypomyces ochraceus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces odoratus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces orthosporus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces paeonius]]''
*''[[Hypomyces pallidus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces pannosus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces papulasporae]]''
*''[[Hypomyces papyraceus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces parvisporus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces parvus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces penicillatus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces pergamenus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces perniciosus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces petchii]]''
*''[[Hypomyces pezizae]]''
*''[[Hypomyces polyporinus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces porphyreus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces pseudocorticiicola]]''
*''[[Hypomyces pseudopolyporinus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces psiloti]]''
*''[[Hypomyces puertoricensis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces purpureus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces robledoi]]''
*''[[Hypomyces rosellus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces rostratus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces rubi]]''
*''[[Hypomyces semitranslucens]]''
*''[[Hypomyces sepulchralis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces sepultariae]]''
*''[[Hypomyces siamensis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces sibirinae]]''
*''[[Hypomyces spadiceus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces stephanomatis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces stereicola]]''
*''[[Hypomyces stuhlmannii]]''
*''[[Hypomyces subaurantius]]''
*''[[Hypomyces subiculosus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces succineus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces sulphureus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces sympodiophorus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces tegillum]]''
*''[[Hypomyces terrestris]]''
*''[[Hypomyces thailandicus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces thiryanus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces tomentosus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces torminosus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces transformans]]''
*''[[Hypomyces trichoderma]]''
*''[[Hypomyces triseptatus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces tubericola]]''
*''[[Hypomyces tuberosus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces tulasneanus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces vanbruntianus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces vandae]]''
*''[[Hypomyces villosus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces viridigriseus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces viridis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces volemi]]''
*''[[Hypomyces vuilleminianus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces xyloboli]]''
*''[[Hypomyces xylophilus]]''
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{IndexFungorum|2446}}

[[Category:Ascomycota genera]]
[[Category:Parasitic fungi]]
[[Category:Hypocreaceae]]
[[Category:Science articles needing translation from Japanese Wikipedia]]

{{Hypocreales-stub}}
{{parasite-stub}}

Podostroma

2015-08-28T18:18:31Z

Sasata: cleanup; Fungorum template

{{Taxobox
| image = Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms - t. 159.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Podostroma alutaceum'', in [[James Sowerby]]'s ''Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms'' (1797)
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Ascomycota]]
| classis = [[Sordariomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Hypocreales]]
| familia = [[Hypocreaceae]]
| genus = '''''Podostroma'''''
| genus_authority = [[Petter Karsten|P.Karst.]] (1892)
| type_species = ''Podostroma leucopus''
| type_species_authority = P.Karst. (1892)
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlMycoBank: Podostroma" />
| synonyms = *''Hypocrea'' subgen. ''Podocrea'' [[Pier Andrea Saccardo|Sacc.]] (1883) 
*''Podocrea'' (Sacc.) [[Gustav Lindau|Lindau]] (1897)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = see text
}}
'''''Podostroma''''' is a [[genus]] of [[fungi]] in the family [[Hypocreaceae]]. It was [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] by the Finnish mycologist [[Petter Karsten]] in 1892.<ref name="Karsten1892"/> The genus contains 11 species that collectively have a widespread distribution.<ref name="Kirk2008"/>

==Species==
* ''[[Podostroma africanum|P. africanum]]''
* ''[[Podostroma alutaceum|P. alutaceum]]''
* ''[[Podostroma brevipes|P. brevipes]]''
* ''[[Podostroma cordyceps|P. cordyceps]]''
* ''[[Podostroma cornu-damae|P. cornu-damae]]''
* ''[[Podostroma daisenense|P. daisenense]]''
* ''[[Podostroma eperuae|P. eperuae]]''
* ''[[Podostroma giganteum|P. giganteum]]''
* ''[[Podostroma grossum|P. grossum]]''
* ''[[Podostroma solmsii|P. solmsii]]''
* ''[[Podostroma zeylanicum|P. zeylanicum]]''

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=Karsten1892>{{cite journal |title=Fragmenta mycologica XXXVIII |journal=Hedwigia |year=1892 |volume=31 |author=Karsten P. |pages=292–96}}</ref>

<ref name=Kirk2008>{{cite book |author=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford |year=2008|page=552|isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref>

<ref name="urlMycoBank: Podostroma">{{cite web |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=4286 |title=''Podostroma'' P. Karst. 1892 |publisher=International Mycological Association |work=MycoBank |accessdate=2010-10-20}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|4286}}

[[Category:Ascomycota genera]]
[[Category:Hypocreaceae]]

{{Hypocreales-stub}}

Acremonium

2015-08-28T18:12:48Z

Sasata: cleanup; added years

{{Taxobox
| image = Acremonium falciforme PHIL 4167 lores.jpg
| image_width = 220px
| image_caption = Plate culture of ''Acremonium falciforme''
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Ascomycota]]
| ordo = [[Hypocreales]]
| familia = [[Hypocreaceae]]
| genus = '''''Acremonium'''''
| genus_authority = Link (1809)
| type_species = ''Acremonium alternatum''
| type_species_authority = Link (1809)
| synonyms = ''Cephalosporium''
}}
'''''Acremonium''''' is a [[genus]] of [[fungi]] in the family [[Hypocreaceae]]; it was previously known as "''Cephalosporium''".

==Description==
''Acremonium'' [[species]] are usually slow-growing and are initially compact and moist. Their [[hyphae]] are fine and [[hyaline]], and produce mostly simple [[phialide]]s. Their [[conidia]] are usually one-celled (i.e. [[ameroconidia]]), hyaline or pigmented, globose to cylindrical, and mostly aggregated in slimy heads at the [[wiktionary:apex|apex]] of each phialide.

==Clinical significance==
The genus ''Acremonium'' currently contains about 100 species, of which most are [[saprophyte|saprophytic]], being isolated from dead plant material and soil. Many species are recognized as opportunistic pathogens of man and animals, causing [[mycetoma]], [[onychomycosis]], and [[hyalohyphomycosis]]. Infections of humans by fungi of this genus are rare,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fincher|first=RM|author2=Fisher, JF|author3= Lovell, RD|author4= Newman, CL|author5= Espinel-Ingroff, A|author6= Shadomy, HJ|title=Infection due to the fungus Acremonium (cephalosporium).|journal=Medicine|date=November 1991|volume=70|issue=6|pages=398–409|pmid=1956281|doi=10.1097/00005792-199111000-00005}}</ref> but clinical manifestations of hyalohyphomycosis caused by ''Acremonium'' may include [[arthritis]], [[osteomyelitis]], [[peritonitis]], [[endocarditis]], [[pneumonia]], [[cerebritis]], and [[Subcutaneous tissue|subcutaneous]] infection.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

The [[cephalosporins]], a class of [[β-lactam]] antibiotics, were originally derived from ''Acremonium'' (which was previously known as "''Cephalosporium''").

==Species==
* ''[[Acremonium strictum]]''

==See also==
* ''[[Chaetomium]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|7028}}
* http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Hyphomycetes_(hyaline)/

[[Category:Ascomycota genera]]
[[Category:Hypocreaceae]]

{{Hypocreales-stub}}

2015-03-13T16:25:55Z

Sasata: rv-unsourced and untrue

Wurzeltrüffelverwandte

2015-01-21T22:44:16Z

Sasata: removed Category:Fungus families; added Category:Basidiomycota families using HotCat

{{Taxobox
| name = Rhizopogonaceae
| image = Rhizopogon rubescens.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''[[Rhizopogon rubescens]]''
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Boletales]]
| familia = '''Rhizopogonaceae'''
| familia_authority = [[Gäum.]] & [[C.W.Dodge]] (1928)
| type_genus = ''Rhizopogon''
| type_genus_authority = [[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]] & Nordholm
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision = ''[[Fevansia]]'' 
''[[Rhizopogon]]'' 
''[[Rhopalogaster]]''
}}
'''''Rhizopogonaceae''''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[fungi]] in the order [[Boletales]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Cannon PF, Kirk PM. |title=Fungal Families of the World |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford |year=2007 |pages=313–14 |isbn=0-85199-827-5}}</ref> The family, first named and described by botanists [[Ernst Albert Gäumann]] and [[Carroll William Dodge]] in 1928,<ref name=Gaumann1928>{{cite book |title=Comparative Morphology of Fungi |author=Gäumann EA, Dodge CW. |year=1928 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Company |location=New York |url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/26604#488 |accessdate=2010-03-23 |page=468}}</ref> contains 3 [[genera]] and 152 species.<ref name=Kirk2008>{{cite book |author=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford |year=2008|page=599|isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rhizopogonaceae| ]]
[[Category:Basidiomycota families|Rhizopogonaceae]]

{{Boletales-stub}}

Acremonium strictum

2014-12-28T17:21:41Z

Sasata: added cats; Fungorum template; tweak layout

{{Taxobox
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Ascomycota]]
| classis = [[Sordariomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Hypocreales]]
| familia = ''[[Incertae sedis]]''
| genus = ''[[Acremonium]]''
| species = '''''A. strictum'''''
| binomial = ''Acremonium strictum''
| binomial_authority = W.Gams (1971)
| synonyms =
*''Cephalosporium acremonium'' [[August Carl Joseph Corda|Corda]] (1839)
*''Haplotrichum acremonium'' (Corda) [[Roscoe Pound|Pound]] & [[Clem.]] (1896)
*''Hyalopus acremonium'' (Corda) M.A.J.Barbosa (1941)
}}

'''''Acremonium strictum''''' is an environmentally wide spread [[saprotroph]] species found in soil, plant debris and rotting mushrooms.<ref name=Guarro1997/> Distribution of this fungus is widespread, and isolates have been collected in North and Central America, Asia, Europe and Egypt.<ref name= Schell1996/>''A. strictum'' is an agent of [[hyalohyphomycosis]], and has also been identified as an increasingly frequent human pathogen in immunosuppressed individuals, causing localized, disseminated and invasive infections.<ref name=Schell1996 /><ref name=Sharma2013 /><ref name=Fincher1991 /> Although extremely rare, ''A. strictum'' can also infect immunocompetent individuals, as well as neonates.<ref name=Sharma2013 /><ref name=Fincher1991 /> Due to the growing number of infections caused by ''A. strictum'' in the past few years, the need for new medical techniques in the identification of the fungus as well as for the treatment of human infections has risen considerably.<ref name=Perdomo2010 />

''A. strictum'' has also been shown to be involved in some myoparasitic relationships, as well as a wide range of plant endophytic and parasitic relationships,<ref name=Rivera2007 /><ref name=Chalfoun2013 /><ref name=Yang2014 /><ref name=Zhou2014 /> and further studies are required to determine ''A. strictum's'' use as a biological control agent and role as a parasite that reduces crop yields. ''A. strictum'' exhibits metabolism of many products that imply future agricultural and pharmaceutical significance.<ref name=Chen2008 /><ref name=Chang2013 />

==General description==

The genus ''[[Acremonium]]'' is a large [[polyphyletic]] genus of approximately 150 species, many of which are derived from a closely related families in the ''Sordariomycetes''.<ref name=Summerbell2011 /> The genus includes many slow growing, simply structured, anamorphic filamentous fungi,<ref name=Sharma2013 /><ref name=Perdomo2010 /><ref name=Summerbell2011 /> typically encountered in wet, cellulose-based building materials suffering form chronic wet conditions.<ref name=Skrobot2014 /> Characteristic morphology in this genus is septate hyphae giving rise to thin, tapered aculeate phialides that are usually unicellular, or weakly branched conidiophores.<ref name=Guarro1997 /><ref name=Perdomo2010 /><ref name=Summerbell2011 /> Human infections, though rare, usually occur in severely immunodeficient individuals.<ref name=Schell1996 />''A. strictum'' is mostly known to be involved with myparasitic relationships, as well as being a plant parasite and endophyte.<ref name=Rivera2007 /><ref name=Leslie2008 /><ref name= Goswami2008 /><ref name= Goswami2008 />

===Morphological Identification===

====Colonial Appearance====

''Acremonium strictum'' grows readily at 30 °C on glucose peptone agar, showing mycelium of approximately 50mm in size in 7 days. Colonies are flat, with smooth, wet, velvety or floccose texture, sometimes resembling thin cottony mounds.<ref name=Campbell2013 /> The colour of mycelia ranges widely from light pink to orange, and sometimes yellow, white or green.<ref name=Perdomo2010 /><ref name=Campbell2013 /> ''A. strictum'' filaments are sometimes bound together into ropes several cells in diameter.<ref name=Guarro1997 />[[Conidium]] grow as wet clusters or dry chains,<ref name=Guarro1997 /> and grains produced are white to pale-yellow, soft and variable in shape.<ref name=Guarro1997 /> Subcultures of the fungus can also be grow within seven days into smooth, moist, pink mycelia that resemble thin cotton.<ref name=Perdomo2010 /><ref name=Novicki2003 />

====Microscopic Appearance====

[[File:Conidia and conidiophores of the fungus Acremonium falciforme PHIL 4168 lores.jpg|thumb|Conidia and conidiophores of the fungus Acremonium falciforme PHIL 4168 lores]]

Under the microscope at 30 °C, ''A. strictum'' shows long slender phialides, and conidia are cylindrical or ellipsoidal, formed in slimy bundles at the tips of the phialides. Lower microscopy shows pin-head spore ball formation.<ref name=Campbell2013 />

Species of ''Acremonium'' are morphologically very similar, making identification difficult. Shown in the image is a microscopic image of ''A. falciforme'', an example showing the morphological similarities to ''A.strictum''. Cases involving different species of ''Acremonium'' are often reported as simply as an ''Acremonium'' species, which reduces the amount of accurate information on the clinical presentation of ''A. strictum''.<ref name=Perdomo2010 /> Isolates of phylogenetically remote species of ''Acremonium'' show considerable convergence.<ref name=Summerbell2011 /> As a human pathogen, diagnosis is made in isolation and identification of the fungus from granules in tissue and the presence of hyphae in microscopic examination of cutaneous biopsy and discharge.<ref name=Guarro1997 /><ref name=Sharma2013 />

Genera that are morphologically similar to ''Acremonium'' include ''[[Fusarium]]'', ''[[Phaeoacremonium]]'', ''[[Verticillium]]'', ''[[Phialemonium]]'', and ''[[Lecanicillium]]''.<ref name=Perdomo2010 />

===Genetic Identification===

Identification of ''A. strictum'' isolates has shown that this fungus is phenotypically diverse, and may also vary genetically.<ref name=Novicki2003 /> Due to phylogenetic ambiguities, an unknown proportion of the literature on ''A. strictum'' is based on studies of ''Acremonium sclerotigenum''.<ref name=Summerbell2011 /> The fungus can generally be successfully identified by the nuclear [[Internal transcribed spacer|ITS]] region sequence analysis.<ref name=Perdomo2010 /><ref name=Guarro2009 /> Analysis of the genes for ribosomal large subunit (LSU) and whole small subunit (SSU) also help to elucidate phylogenetic relationships, since these genes are more conserved and less subject to evolutionary changes.<ref name=Summerbell2011 /> The species ''A. strictum'' is separated into three genogroups. Genogroup I is represented by type strain CBS 346.70, genogroup II by UW836 and genogroup III by UWFP940. These genogroups were determined based on [[GenBank]] entries for ''A. strictum''.

==Pathophysiology==

Human infections of ''Acremonium strictum'' are very rare, and usually develop after traumatic inoculation of the fungus.<ref name=Perdomo2010 /> [[Hyalohyphomycosis|Hyalophomycosis]] may occur in immunodeficient individuals, presented in the infected tissue by hyaline or colourless hyphae.<ref name=Guarro1997 /><ref name=Fincher1991 />[[Peritonitis]] and [[pleuritis]] have also resulted from ''A. strictum'' infections,<ref name=Sener2008 /><ref name=Koc2008 /> but [[Skin infection|cutaneous]] and subcutaneous infections of ''A. strictum'' are rarely reported. Most human infections have been reported to occur in '''[[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised patients]]''', and have been presented as localized or disseminated, [[fungemia]], mycetoma or ocular infections,<ref name=Schell1996 /><ref name=Fincher1991 /> and often result in fatal cases.<ref name=Sharma2013 />''A. strictum'' may also result in invasive infections such as [[pneumonia]], [[arthritis]], [[osteomyelitis]], [[endocarditis]], [[meningitis]] and [[sepsis]] in immunodeficient patients.<ref name=Sharma2013 /><ref name=Sener2008 /> Infections in '''[[Immunocompetence|immunocompetent individuals]]''' usually follows inoculation during penetration of the extremities and cornea, resulting in localized infections.<ref name=Sharma2013 /> The fungus can also cause onychomycosis, ontomycosis and burn wound infection in immunocompetent individuals.<ref name=Sharma2013 /> Patients with prosthetic valves who are infected with ''A. strictum'' in the region of the valve may suffer from severe inflammation, resulting in sepsis and multi-organ failure.<ref name=Guarro2009 /> Infections in '''[[Infant|neonates]]''', although rare, can occur and be fatal.<ref name=Fincher1991 /> Many environmental factors such as the density of fungi in soil, rainfall, temperature, humidity and types of vegetation in close contact are relevant in determining the likelihood of acquiring hyalohypjomycosis infection by ''A. strictum''.<ref name= Sharma2013 /> Frequent exposure to contaminated water along with high temperature and humidity environments increases the risk of infection.<ref name= Sharma2013 />

==Clinical presentation and treatments==

Clinical presentation of an infection is ill-defined, but most individuals may present a skin rash and flu like symptoms, such as elevated body temperature and fatigue.<ref name=Guarro1997 /><ref name=Sharma2013 /> In more severe infections, such as in immunodeficient individuals, [[peritonitis]] and [[pleuritis]], and may lead to multi-organ failure.<ref name=Sener2008 /><ref name=Koc2008 /> In the case of invasive infections, surgical intervention may be required to remove fungal mass from body tissues.<ref name=Fincher1991 /> Due to limited, ill-defined cases and the variance in clinical presentation and species identification, no optimal treatments are available.<ref name=Schell1996 /> ''A. strictum'' and other ''Acremonium'' species are generally resistant to most [[antifungals]], but antifungal susceptibility testing is recommended to select the most appropriate treatment for the strain of ''A. strictum'' that is the infection agent.<ref name=Sharma2013 />[[Amphotericin B]] therapy coupled with [[ketoconazole]] is usually recommended as the best available treatment.<ref name=Schell1996 /><ref name=Sharma2013 />

===Biological Control===

It has been shown that seedlings infected with ''A. strictum'' have high mortality rates, so it would be agriculturally significant to identify biological control agents for this fungus. Aerial parts of ''[[Cymbopogon schoenanthus]]'', ''[[Hyptis|Hyptis spicigera]]'', ''[[Lantana camara]]'' and ''[[Ocimum americanum]]'', collected and air-dried for four days. After drying the plants, essential oils were extracted from the dried materials. A variety of seeds inoculated with different fungi, some cohorts with ''A. strictum''. The oils were applied to the infected seeds, and after allowing seedlings to develop, it was found that the oils in combination inhibited ''A. strictum'' mycelial growth significantly.<ref name=Zida2008 />

==Fungal interactions==

===''Helminthosporium solani''===

''Acremonium strictum'' is generally known as a mycoparasite, as shown in it's antagonistic relationship with ''[[Helminthosporium solani]]''. ''H. solani'' is a potato ([[Potato|''Solanum tuberosum'']]) associated fungus, that has caused extreme and widespread losses in all market classes of potatoes since emerging in the Unites States. Commonly referred to as silver scurf, ''H. solani'' causes blemishes that decreases the quality of the crop, making it unfit for marketing. In more severe cases, ''H. solani'' causes weight loss in potatoes, and creates lesions in the periderm, creating entry points for other tuber pathogens. In pure cultures of ''H. solani'', isolates show white sectoring and rings, differential coloration and reduced sporulation in culture. Upon infection of ''A. strictum'', cultures of ''H. solani'' were uniformly black, without white sectors or rings. ''A. strictum'' was able to significantly reduce sporulation of ''H. solani'' by 30%, spore germination by 20%, and mycelial growth 8% in culture. This evidence suggests that ''A. strictum'' may be used as a biological control agent against ''H. solani'', which would greatly increase potato crop yields.<ref name=Rivera2007 />

==Plant interactions==

===Stalk Rot===

''Acremonium strictum'' is pathogenic to many monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous crops, causing leaf desiccation on one side of the [[Leaf|midrib]] of these plants, plant wilt and abnormal, discoloured [[Vascular tissue|vasculature]] of the stalk near the soil line. Vasculature of the plant forms orange, red and brown bundles, usually resulting in plant death. Infection of ''A. strictum'' is systemic, and the fungus can be isolated from all tissues of the plant. Isolates have been found in plant seeds, which is probably the route of dissemination of the fungus. Crops affected by ''A. strictum'' include ''[[Acacia]]'', [[Alder|''Alnus'']], ''[[Ficus]]'', [[Glycine (plant)|''Glycine'']], ''[[Gossypium]]'', [[Wheat|''Triticum'']] and ''[[Zea (genus)|Zea]]''. Because of it's ubiquitous presence in soils, ''A. strictum'' negatively impacts many agricultural plants, although more research is needed to investigate the parasitic interactions and develop strategies for biological control of ''A. strictum''.<ref name=Leslie2008 />

===Root Knot Nematode===

''[[Meloidogyne incognita]]'' is a polyphagous nematode that severely damages tomato crops by causing lesions in the roots of plants by using a [[Stylet (anatomy)|stylet]], which allows other soil dwelling fungal parasites to infect the host plant and cause complex disease interactions. ''A. strictum'' is reported to be a nematode egg parasite, as the eggs of ''M. incognita'' infested plants were found to be empty under ''A. strictum'' treatment. This treatment of ''A. strictum'' coupled with ''[[Trichoderma harzianum]]'' was found to be a very promising combination in the control of ''M. incognita'' in tomato plants.<ref name= Goswami2008 />

===''Fragaria ananassa''===

It also demonstrates a complicated relationship with strawberry host [[Strawberry|''Fragaria ananassa'']],<ref name=Chalfoun2013 /> in which the fungus may cause lesions and small necrotic, light-brown spots in leaves and petioles which increase as the disease progresses, adversely affecting strawberry crop.<ref name=Racedo2013 /> Eventually the necrotic regions expand and cause the plant to wilt, but crown rot is not observed at any stage of the infection.<ref name=Racedo2013 /> Although it appears to have a parasitic relationship with ''Fragaria ananassa'', it also produces an elicitor protein, AsES which provides systemic protection against [[anthracnose]] disease in strawberry host ''Fragaria ananassa'', which shows a symbiotic relationship between the strawberry plant and ''Acremonium strictum''.<ref name=Chalfoun2013 />

===''Atractylodes lancea''===

''[[Atractylodes lancea]]'' is considered to be a medicinal herb that grows in central China. ''A. strictum'' acts as a fungal endophyte and interacts with ''A. lancea'' in drought conditions and confers tolerance in times of moderate drought. Under mild drought conditions, ''A. strictum'' enhanced leaf soluble sugars, proteins, proline and antioxidant enzyme activity, which decreased the degree of plasmalemma oxidation. This increased ''A. lancea'' abscisic acid level and root:shoot ratio. While ''A. strictum'' may alleviate the effects of a mild to moderate drought, benefits of this endophytic relationship are constrained by drought degree, as there were no significant effects of ''A. strictum'' on ''A. lancea'' during periods of regular watering or severe drought.<ref name=Yang2014 />

===''Maclura cochinchinensis''===
In ''[[Maclura cochinchinensis]]'', ''Acremonium strictum'' acts as an [[Endophyte|endophytic]] fungi that infects primarily the leaves of the plant. In this relationship, ''A. strictum'' was found to provide and mediate a protective response against herbivorous insects.<ref name=Zhou2014 />

==Natural Metabolites==

===Acremostrictin===

Acremostrictin can be isolated from certain strains of ''A. strictum'', and is characterized as a highly oxygenated, tricyclic lactone metabolite.<ref name=Julianti2011 /> This compound exhibits week antibacterial properties against the bacterium ''[[Micrococcus luteus]]'', ''[[Salmonella typhimurium]]'' and ''[[Proteus vulgaris]]''. However, it had no effect on ''[[Bacillus subtilis]]'', ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' and ''[[Escherichia coli]]''.<ref name=Julianti2011 /> Acremostrictin has been shown to have concentration-dependent antioxidant activity, which conferred protection against [[oxidative stress]] induced cell death. Acremostrictin was shown to inhibit H2O2-induced death of human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. When extracted and isolated by filtration, acremostrictin presents as a colorless crystal solid.<ref name=Julianti2011 />

===AsEs===

AsEs protein is an extracellular elicitor protein produced by ''A. strictum'' that provides complete systemic protection against [[anthracnose]], cause by the fungal species ''[[Colletotrichum]]'', in the natural host ''Fragaria ananassa'' as well as the non-natural host ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]''. Anthracnose can affect all plant tissues, and appears as irregular and black leaf spot, flower blight, and fruit and crown rot, which results in serious losses in plant and fruit production. AsEs has [[Proteolysis|proteolytic]] activity that appears to elicit an immune response in these species that results in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and the expression of defence related genes like [[Pathogenesis-related protein|PR1]] and [[Chitinase|Chi2-1]]. Because it has been shown to provide the same systemic protection in non-natural hosts, this natural metabolite of ''A. strictum'' may be considered as a possible strategy for controlling anthracnose disease in plants.<ref name=Chalfoun2013 />

==Industrial Uses==

===BMOs===

Biogenic Mn oxides (BMOs) are naturally occurring Mn oxides that have the ability to oxidize various redox-sensitive elements. ''A. strictum'' is a Mn(II)-oxidizing fungus that forms BMOs through the action of Mn(II) oxidase. In the presence of BMOs in buffer solutions with no additional nutrients, ''A. strictum'' is capable of sequestering high Mn(II) concentrations for at least 8 days, in which the amount of dissolved Mn(II) decreases rapidly within several hours and is converted to oxidized Mn(II). Deaeration of the buffer solution with N2 gas purging suppressed Mn(II) conversion, but this suppression is easily rescued by aeration, implying that dissolved oxygen is required for the Mn(II) sequestration and oxidation process. Adding [[Sodium azide|NaN3]], a toxic substance, also significantly reduces the sequestration rates of the fungal BMOs. Heat treatments revealed that temperatures below 85 °C do not alter the conformation of the Mn(II) oxidase in the BMOs. Freezing the fungal BMOs at -80 °C for 4 weeks did not affect the Mn(II) ability, and the reducible Mn was still dominated in solution. This makes fungal BMOs an effective Mn(II) sequestering material if needed, for example it can be used for the continuous removal of Mn(II) from Mn(II) contaminated water without the need for any other additives other than dissolved oxygen. The product is an oxide phase Mn(II) that would provide additional affinity for other toxic elements and thus prove as an effective method of water cleansing. Enzymatically active fungal BMOs can be harvested under specific cultivation conditions, and remain active even under circumstances that would be unfavourable for fungal growth.<ref name=Chang2013 />

===Ginsenoside Analogs===

Fermentation of ginsenoside Rb(1) with ''A. strictum'' yields three new compounds; 12β-hydroxydammar-3-one-20 (S)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 12β, 25-dihydroxydammar-(E)-20(22)-ene-3-O-β-D -glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D -glucopyranoside, and 12β, 20 (R), 25-trihydroxydammar-3-O-β-D -glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D -glucopyranoside, as well as five known compounds; ginsenoside Rd, gypenoside XVII, ginsenoside Rg, ginsenoside F, and compound K. Many of these compounds are metabolites of ginsenoside Rb(1) in mammals, suggesting that fermentation of ginsenoside Rb(1) in ''A. strictum'' may be similar to mammalian metabolism, and may be a useful agent for generating specific metabolites or related ginsenoside analogs, which can be later isolated for structural elucidation and use in pharmaceutical research.<ref name=Chen2008 />

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Summerbell2011>{{cite journal|last1=Summerbell|first1=R.C.|last2=Gueidan|first2=C.|last3=Schroers|first3=H-J.|last4=de Hoog|first4=G.S.|last5=Starink|first5=M.|last6=Arocha Rosete|first6=Y.|last7=Guarro|first7=J.|last8=James|first8=J.A.|title=Acremonium phylogenetic overview and revision of Gliomastix, Sarocladium, and Trichothecium|journal=Stud Mycol|date=2011|volume=68|pages=139–162}}</ref>

<ref name=Schell1996>{{cite journal|last1=Schell|first1=WA|last2=Perfect|first2=JR|title=Fatal, disseminated Acremonium strictum infection in a neutropenic host|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|date=1996|volume=34|issue=5|pages=1333}}</ref>

<ref name=Fincher1991>{{cite journal|last1=Fincher|first1=RM|last2=Fisher|first2=JF|last3=Lovell|first3=RD|last4=Newman|first4=CL|last5=Espinel-Ingroff|first5=A|last6=Shadomy|first6=HJ|title=Infection due to the fungus Acremonium (cephalosporium). |journal=Medicine|date=1991|volume=70|issue=6|pages=398–409}}</ref>

<ref name=Guarro1997>{{cite journal|last1=Guarro|first1=J|last2=Gams|first2=W|last3=Puhhol|first3=I|last4=Gene|first4=J|title=Acremonium Species: New Emerging Fungal Opportunists—In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibilities and Review |journal=Oxford Journals Medicine and Health Clinical Infectious Diseases|date=1997|volume=25|issue=5|pages=1222–1229}}</ref>

<ref name=Sener2008>{{cite journal|last1=Sener|first1=AG|last2=Yucesoy|first2=M|last3=Senturkun|first3=Seckin|last4=Afsar|first4=Ilhan|last5=Yurtsever|first5=SG|last6=Turk|first6=M|title=A case of Acremonium strictum peritonitis |journal=Oxford Journals Medicine and Health CLinical Infectious Diseases|date=2008|volume=46|issue=5|pages=495–497}}</ref>

<ref name=Koc2008>{{cite journal|last1=Koc|first1=A|last2=Sariguzel|first2=M|last3=Artis|first3=T|title=Pleuritis caused by Acremonium strictum in a patient with colon adenocarcinoma.|journal=Mycoses|date=2008|volume=51|issue=6|pages=554-546}}</ref>

<ref name=Racedo2013>{{cite journal|last1=Racedo|first1=J|last2=Salazar|first2=SM|last3=Castagnaro|first3=P|last4=Diaz Ricci|first4=JC|title=A strawberry disease caused by "Acremonium strictum"|journal=European Journal of Plant Pathology|date=2013|volume=137|issue=4|pages=649–654}}</ref>

<ref name=Chalfoun2013>{{cite journal|last1=Chalfoun|first1=NR|last2=Grellet-Bournonville|first2=CF|last3=Martinez-Zamora|first3=MG|last4=Diaz-Perales|first4=A|last5=Castagnaro|first5=AP|last6=Diaz-Ricci|first6=JC|title=Purification and characterization of AsES protein: a subtilisin secreted by Acremonium strictum is a novel plant defense elicitor|journal=JBiol Chem.|date=2013|volume=288|issue=20|pages=14098–14113}}</ref>

<ref name=Guarro2009>{{cite journal|last1=Guarro|first1=J|last2=Del Palacio|first2=A|last3=Cano|first3=J|last4=Gonzalez|first4=CG|title=A case of colonization of a prosthetic mitrial valve by Acremoniumstrictum|journal=Rev Iberoam Micol.|date=2009|volume=26|issue=2|pages=146–148}}</ref>

<ref name=Novicki2003>{{cite journal|last1=Novicki|first1=TJ|last2=LaFe|first2=K|last3=Bui|first3=L|last4=Geise|first4=R|last5=Marr|first5=K|last6=Cookson|first6=BT|title=Genetic diversity among clinical isolates of Acremonium strictum determined during an investigation of a fatal mycosis|journal=J Clin Microbiol.|date=2003|volume=41|issue=6|pages=2623–8}}</ref>

<ref name=Rivera2007>{{cite journal|last1=Rivera-Varas|first1=VV|last2=Freeman|first2=TA|last3=Gudmestad|first3=NC|last4=Secor|first4=GA|title=Mycoparasitism of "Helminthosporium solani" by "Acremonium strictum"|journal=The American Phytopathological Society|date=2007|volume=97|issue=10|pages=1331–1337}}</ref>

<ref name=Skrobot2014>{{cite journal|last1=Skrobot|first1=F|last2=Aglan|first2=HA|last3=Kitchens|first3=S|last4=Ludwick|first4=A|last5=Amburgey|first5=T|last6=Hamid|first6=B|last7=Diel|first7=SV|title=Fungal populations in air and materials in a flood simulation study. |journal=Wood and Fiber Science|date=2014|volume=46|issue=3|pages=2–15}}</ref>

<ref name=Julianti2011>{{cite journal|last1=Julianti|first1=Elin|last2=Oh|first2=Hana|last3=Jang|first3=Kyoung Hwa|last4=Lee|first4=Jae Kyun|last5=Lee|first5=Sang Kook|last6=Oh|first6=Dong-Chang|last7=Oh|first7=Ki-Bong|last8=Shin|first8=Jongheon|title=Acremostrictin, a highly oxygenated metabolite from the marine fungus ''Acremonium strictum''|journal=Journal of Natural Products|date=2011|volume=74|pages=2592–2594}}</ref>

<ref name=Chalfoun2013>{{cite journal|last1=Chalfoun|first1=N.R.|last2=Grellet-Bournonville|first2=C.F.|last3=Martinez-Zamora|first3=Martin|last4=Diaz-Perales|first4=Araceli|last5=Castagnaro|first5=A.P.|last6=Diaz-Ricci|first6=Juan.C.|title= A subtilisin secreted by ''Acremonium strictum'' is a novel plant defense elicitor|journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry|date=2013|volume=288|pages=14098–14113}}</ref>

<ref name=Perdomo2010>{{cite journal|last1=Perdomo|first1=H.|last2=Sutton|first2=D.A.|last3=Garcia|first3=D.|last4=Fothergill|first4=A.W.|last5=Cano|first5=J.|last6=Gene|first6=J.|last7=Summerbell|first7=R.C.|last8=Rinaldi|first8=M.G.|last9=Guarro|first9=J.|title= Spectrum of clinically relevant ''Acremonium'' species in the united states|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|date=2010|volume=49|issue=1|pages=243–256}}</ref>

<ref name=Zhou2014>{{cite journal|last1=Zhou|first1=Sheng-Liang|last2=Yan|first2=Shu-Zhen|last3=Liu|first3=Qi-Sha|last4=Chen|first4=Shuang-Lin|title= Diversity of endophytic fungi associated with the foliar tissue of a Hemi-Parasitic Plant ''Macrosolen cochinchinensis''|journal=Curr Microbiol|date=2014|DOI=10.1007/s00284-014-0680-y}}</ref>

<ref name=Sharma2013>{{cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Ajanta|last2=Hazarika|first2=N.K|last3=Barua|first3=Purnima|last4=Shivaprakash|first4=M.R.|last5=Chakrabartie|first5=Arunalok|title= ''Acremonium strictum'': report of a rare emerging agent of cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis with review of literatures |journal=Mycopathologia|date=2013|DOI=10.1007/s11046-013-9709-1}}</ref>

<ref name=Chang2013>{{cite journal|last1=Chang|first1=Jianing|last2=Tani|first2=Yukinori|last3=Naitou|first3=Hirotaka|last4=Seyama|first4=Haruhiko|title= Fungal Mn oxides supporting Mn(II) oxidase activity as effective Mn(II) sequestering materials |journal=Environmental Technology|date=2013|volume=34|issue=19|pages=2781–2787|DOI=10.1080/09593330.2013.790066}}</ref>

<ref name=Yang2014>{{cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=T|last2=Ma|first2=S|last3=Dai|first3=CC|title= Drought degree constrains the beneficial effects of a fungal endophyte on ''Atractylodes lancea''|journal=J Appl Microbiol|date=2014|volume=117|issue=5|pages=1435–1449|DOI=10.1111/jam.12615}}</ref>

<ref name=Chen2008>{{cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=G.T.|last2=Yang|first2=M|last3=Song|first3=Y|last4=Zhang|first4=J.Q.|last5=Huang|first5=H.L.|last6=Wu|first6=L.J.|last7=Guo|first7=D.A.|title= Microbial transformation of ginsenoside Rb(1) by ''Acremonium strictum''|journal=J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol|date=2008|volume=77|issue=6|pages=1345–1350}}</ref>

<ref name=Campbell2013>{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=C.K|last2=Johnson|first2=E.M.|date=2013 |title=Identification of Pathogenic Fungi|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |pages=178–179 |isbn= 1118520041|accessdate=November 12, 2014}}</ref>

<ref name=Leslie2008>{{cite book |last1=Leslie|first1=J.F.|date=2008 |title=Sorghum and Millets Diseases|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |pages=188–189|isbn= 0470384700|accessdate=November 12, 2014}}</ref>

<ref name=Zida2008>{{cite journal|last1=Zida|first1=P.E.|last2=Sereme|first2=P|last3=Leth|first3=V|last4=Sankara|first4=P|last5=Somda|first5=I|last6=Neva|first6=A|title=Importance of seed-borne fungi of sorghum and pearl millet in Burkina Faso and their control using plant extracts|journal=Pak J Biol Sci|date=2008|volume=11|issue=3|pages=321–331}}</ref>

<ref name=Goswami2008>{{cite journal|last1=Goswami|first1=Jaideep|last2=Kumar Pandey|first2=Rajesh|last3=Tewari|first3=J.P.|last4=Goswami|first4=B.K.|title=Management of root knot nematode of tomato through application of fungal antagonists, ''Acremonium strictum'' and ''Trichoderma harzianum''|journal=Journal of Environmental Science and Health|date=2008|volume=43|pages=237–240}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|308201}}

[[Category:Hypocreales]]
[[Category:Plant pathogens and diseases]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1839]]

Rhizopogon occidentalis

2014-12-10T02:45:16Z

Sasata: /* top */ full name & profession

{{Taxobox
| image = Rhizopogon occidentalis 63691.jpg
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Boletales]]
| familia = [[Rhizopogonaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Rhizopogon]]''
| species = '''''R. occidentalis'''''
| binomial = ''Rhizopogon occidentalis''
| binomial_authority = [[Sanford Myron Zeller|Zeller]] & [[C.W.Dodge]] (1918)
}}

'''''Rhizopogon occidentalis''''' is a [[truffle]]-like [[fungus]] in the family [[Rhizopogonaceae]]. It is found in western North America, where it grows in coastal [[dune]]s and [[montane forest]]s with two-needle and three-needle [[pine]]s.<ref name="Trappe 2013"/> The fungus was [[species description|described]] as new to science in 1918 by mycologists [[Sanford Myron Zeller]] and [[Carroll William Dodge]].<ref name="Zeller 1918"/> The whitish to yellow outer surface of the [[basidiocarp|fruit body]] stains reddish after bruising or other injury. Its [[basidiospore|spores]] are smooth, [[ellipsoid]], and measure 5.5–7 by 2–3 [[micrometre|μm]]. The fungus is [[edible mushroom|edible]], with a mild odor and taste.<ref name="Trappe 2013"/>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name="Trappe 2013">{{cite book |author=Trappe M, Evans F, Trappe JM. |title=Field Guide to North American Truffles: Hunting, Identifying, and Enjoying the World's Most Prized Fungi |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bxXoWzIH6WEC&pg=PA76 |year=2013 |publisher=Ten Speed Press |isbn=978-0-307-80775-5 |page=76}}</ref>

<ref name="Zeller 1918">{{cite journal |author=Zeller SM, Dodge CW. |title=''Rhizopogon'' in North America |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |year=1918 |volume=5 |pages=1–36 (see p. 14) |url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15991290}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|173425}}

[[Category:Edible fungi]]
[[Category:Fungi of North America]]
[[Category:Rhizopogonaceae]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1918]]

{{Boletales-stub}}

Rhizopogon occidentalis

2014-12-10T02:43:53Z

Sasata: Created fungal taxon page

{{Taxobox
| image = Rhizopogon occidentalis 63691.jpg
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Boletales]]
| familia = [[Rhizopogonaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Rhizopogon]]''
| species = '''''R. occidentalis'''''
| binomial = ''Rhizopogon occidentalis''
| binomial_authority = [[Sanford Myron Zeller|Zeller]] & [[C.W.Dodge]] (1918)
}}

'''''Rhizopogon occidentalis''''' is a [[truffle]]-like [[fungus]] in the family [[Rhizopogonaceae]]. It is found in western North America, where it grows in coastal [[dune]]s and [[montane forest]]s with two-needle and three-needle [[pine]]s.<ref name="Trappe 2013"/> The fungus was [[species description|described]] as new to science in 1918 by [[Sanford Myron Zeller]] and [[C.W.Dodge]].<ref name="Zeller 1918"/> The whitish to yellow outer surface of the [[basidiocarp|fruit body]] stains reddish after bruising or other injury. Its [[basidiospore|spores]] are smooth, [[ellipsoid]], and measure 5.5–7 by 2–3 [[micrometre|μm]]. The fungus is [[edible mushroom|edible]], with a mild odor and taste.<ref name="Trappe 2013"/>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name="Trappe 2013">{{cite book |author=Trappe M, Evans F, Trappe JM. |title=Field Guide to North American Truffles: Hunting, Identifying, and Enjoying the World's Most Prized Fungi |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bxXoWzIH6WEC&pg=PA76 |year=2013 |publisher=Ten Speed Press |isbn=978-0-307-80775-5 |page=76}}</ref>

<ref name="Zeller 1918">{{cite journal |author=Zeller SM, Dodge CW. |title=''Rhizopogon'' in North America |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |year=1918 |volume=5 |pages=1–36 (see p. 14) |url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15991290}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|173425}}

[[Category:Edible fungi]]
[[Category:Fungi of North America]]
[[Category:Rhizopogonaceae]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1918]]

{{Boletales-stub}}