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Straßenbahn Dijon

2012-08-19T10:24:43Z

Sahimrobot: r2.7.1) (robot Ajoute: en:Dijon Tramway

{{Infobox réseau de transport en commun
| image = Tramway de Dijon - essais juillet 2012 - 04.JPG
| nom = Tramway de Dijon
| situation = {{FRA-d}} [[Dijon]], [[Côte-d'Or]], [[Bourgogne]]
| type = [[Tramway]]
| début = T1 : 1{{er}} septembre 2012 T2 : 8 décembre 2012<ref>{{Lien web|titre=Le prix du ticket de bus va augmenter fin mai|url=http://www.bienpublic.com/grand-dijon/2012/01/26/le-prix-du-ticket-de-bus-va-augmenter-fin-mai|date=26 janvier 2012}}</ref>
| fin =
| longueur = {{unité|18.9|km}}
| longueur_additionnée = {{unité|20|km}}
| lignes = 2
| stations = 33
| rame = 33 Alstom Citadis TGA 302
| fréquentation = 87 000 voy/jour (estimations)
| écartement_rails = {{Unité|1435|mm}}
| propriétaire = [[Communauté d'agglomération dijonnaise|Grand Dijon]]
| exploitant = [[Keolis Dijon]] (ex-STRD)
| vitesse_moyenne = {{Unité|20|km/h}}
| vitesse_max = 70 km/h
| lignes_du_réseau = T1 et T2
| réseaux_connexes = [[Transports en commun de Dijon|Réseau de bus Divia]]
}}

Le '''Tramway de [[Dijon]]''' est un réseau de deux lignes de [[tramway]] défini et financé par la [[Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Dijon]] et dont l'exploitation est [[délégation de service public|déléguée]] à [[Keolis Dijon]]. La première ligne sera mis en service le {{1er}} septembre 2012 et la seconde fin 2012.

Ce réseau succède à un ancien réseau de tramway exploité de 1895 à 1961, transformé temporairement en réseau de [[trolleybus]] et qui est l'ancêtre de l'actuel réseau [[transports en commun de Dijon]] (Divia).

== Histoire : l'ancien tramway ==
{{Article détaillé|Compagnie des tramways électriques de Dijon|Chemins de fer départementaux de la Côte-d'Or|Trolleybus de Dijon}}
[[Fichier:MD 315 - DIJON - Place du Théatre.JPG|vignette|gauche|Tramway à un évitement, Place du Théâtre]]
[[Fichier:RG DIJON 90 - DIJON - Place Darcy.JPG|vignette|gauche|Une rame des [[Chemins de fer départementaux de la Côte-d'Or]] circule, au début du {{s|XX}} sur une voie unique, Place Darcy, à côté de la double voie électrifiée des tramways urbains, dont on voit parfaitement l'implantation sur ce cliché]]
Dès 1888, la ville fut desservie par un réseau d'omnibus urbains tractés par des chevaux appelés ''Cars Rippert'', qui desservaient les lignes sivantes :
* Gare — Place Wilson
* Place de la République — Port du canal.

La traction électrique est mise en service dès 1895, dans le cadre d'une [[concession de service public|concession]] accordée en août 1893 à la ''[[Compagnie des Tramways Electriques de Dijon]]'' (TED).

À ce réseau urbain s'ajoute le réseau interurbain départemental, celui des [[chemins de fer départementaux de la Côte-d'Or]], qui exploita plusieurs lignes de [[chemin de fer secondaire]] à [[voie étroite]] au départ de Dijon, avec ses gares spécifiques de ''Dijon - Sévigné'' (près de la [[gare de Dijon-Ville]], de ''Dijon - Porte Neuve'' (près de la [[Gare de Dijon-Porte-Neuve|gare éponyme]] du « grand » chemin de fer) et Dijon - Canal.

Le tramway disparaît de Dijon en 1961, éclipsé par un réseau de [[Trolleybus de Dijon|trolleybus]], qui fonctionna du 7 janvier 1950 au 30 mars 1966, puis par de nombreux [[autobus]]<ref>{{Lien web | url = http://www.letram-dijon.fr/fr/pourquoi-un-tramway/le-retour-du-tram-en-france/histoire-du-tram-a-dijon | titre = Le retour du tram en France | site = http://www.letram-dijon.fr | consulté le = 29 mai 2010}}</ref>{{,}} <ref>{{Lien web
| url = http://www.amtuir.org/03_htu_cp/03_reseau_france_cp/dijon_cp/texte_cp_dijon.htm | titre = Histoire générale des transports - Dijon
| éditeur = AMTUIR | consulté le = 29 mai 2011}}</ref>.

== L'élaboration d'un nouveau réseau ==
=== Contexte ===
Malgré les hautes fréquences réalisées sur les principales lignes de bus de l'agglomération, dites ''LIANES'' (lignes à niveau élevé de service) créées en 2004, le réseau [[Transports en commun de Dijon|Divia]] devinait saturé et celles de certaines lignes comme la Liane 1 ({{unité|33000|voyageurs/jour}} pour {{unité|15|km}}) ou la Liane 5 ({{unité|20000|voyageurs/jour}} pour {{unité|7|km}}) ne pouvait être accrues. On constatait en effet sur les axes les plus chargés du réseau (rue de la Liberté) des passages de bus toutes les 90 secondes, créant d'importantes nuisances et une forte occupation du domaine public, et l'augmentation globale du trafic routier se traduisant par une baisse de la vitesse commerciale et de la régularité des transports en commun. Les solutions d'amélioration techniques du réseau de bus (extension de sites propres bus, amélioration de la priorité des bus aux carrefours) ne pouvait répondre durablement aux besoins<ref>Dossier de candidature Grenelle II, pages 22 et 23, [[#AppelAProjet|op. cit. en bibliographie]]</ref>.

C'est pourquoi, le 15 mai [[2008]], les élus du conseil de communauté du [[Grand Dijon]] ont adopté un projet de transport en commun en site propre constitué de deux lignes<ref name="CC20080515" >{{pdf}} {{Lien web
| url = http://www.grand-dijon.fr/onlinemedia/Upload/CR150508.pdf
| titre = Séance du 15 mai 2008
| série = Compte-rendu du Conseil de Communauté de l'agglomération dijonaise
| jour = 19
| mois = mai
| année = 2008
| site = http://www.grand-dijon.fr
| éditeur =
| page = 4
| consulté le = 15 août 2012
| id =
}}</ref>.

En comparaison d'une ''Lianes'', cette infrastructure devait permettre d'augmenter la [[vitesse commerciale]] et la capacité du service.

Plusieurs choix s'offraient à Dijon :
* le [[bus à haut niveau de service]], qui ne permet pas de transporter beaucoup plus de personnes qu'une ligne actuelle.
* le [[Tramway sur pneumatiques|tramway sur pneus]], qui souffre d'une image plutôt négative à cause des problèmes rencontrés sur les réseaux de [[Transport léger guidé de Nancy|Nancy]] et [[Transport léger guidé de Caen|Caen]].
* le [[Tramway|tramway classique]], plus coûteux mais aussi plus fiable que le tramway sur pneus.

Le choix du mode fut formalisé par un vote d'une large majorité du Conseil communautaire le 12 novembre 2008<ref>{{pdf}} {{Lien web
| url = http://www.grand-dijon.fr/onlinemedia/Upload/CRCC%20121108.pdf
| titre = Séance du 12 novembre 2008
| série = Compte-rendu du Conseil de Communauté de l'agglomération dijonaise
| jour = 16
| mois = décembre
| année = 2008
| site = http://www.grand-dijon.fr
| éditeur =
| page = 8-10
| consulté le = 17 août 2012
| id =
}}</ref> et l'option retenue fut celle d'un tramway classique sur fer.

Un choix important fut alors fait de mutualiser la commande des rames du réseau de tramway de Dijon avec celui du [[tramway de Brest]] afin d'obtenir de meilleures conditions économiques. C'est pourquoi Après avoir reçu le design de ses rames de [[Brest Métropole Océane]], qui envisage également de créer [[Tramway de Brest|son propre réseau de tramway]] à l'horizon [[2012]], les [[Intercommunalité en France|intercommunalités]] de [[Brest Métropole Océane|Brest]] et de [[Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Dijon|Dijon]] ont signé le {{date|27|novembre|2008}} une convention de groupement de commande permettant de passer un appel d'offres commun pour l'acquisition du matériel roulant, permettant ainsi d'envisager un marché de 53 rames en tout au lieu des seules 20 rames du futur réseau brestois ou des 33 du réseau dijonnais<ref>{{Lien web |url=http://www.letelegramme.com/gratuit/generales/regions/finistere/tramway-appel-doffres-commun-pour-brest-et-dijon-20081120-4205516_1539830.php
|titre=Tramway. Appel d'offres commun pour Brest et Dijon
|auteur=Sarah Morio |année=2008 |éditeur=Le Télégramme
|consulté le=19 novembre 2008 }}</ref>{{,}} <ref>{{Lien web
|url=http://www.brest.maville.com/actu/actudet_-Brest-et-Dijon-acheteront-leurs-rames-de-tram-en-commun_-755949--BKN_actu.Htm
|titre=Brest et Dijon achèteront leurs rames de tram en commun
|année=2008
|éditeur=Ouest France
|consulté le=27 novembre 2008}}</ref>{{,}} <ref>{{Lien web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/societes/2008/11/29/04015-20081129ARTFIG00099-dijon-et-brest-font-tramway-commun-.php
|titre=Dijon et Brest font tramway commun
|auteur=Charles Gautier
|année=2008
|éditeur=Le Figaro
|consulté le=28 novembre 2008 }}</ref>.

Les études ont permis de recenser sept corridors majeurs de déplacement sur lesquels la création de sites propres de transport en commun seraient le plus pertinents<ref>{{Lien web
|url=http://www.grand-dijon.fr/decouvrir/deplacements/tcsp-tramway-ou-busway/concertation-prealable/3-axes-prioritaires-16455.jsp
|titre=Le Grand Dijon : 3 axes prioritaires
|date=26 avril 2012}}</ref> :
* Toison d'Or (A)
* [[Saint-Apollinaire (Côte-d'Or)|Saint-Apollinaire]] (B)
* [[Quetigny]] (C)
* [[Longvic]] (D)
* [[Chenôve]] (E)
* Fontaine-d'Ouche (F)
* [[Talant]] (G)

Les corridors A, C et E ont été retenus pour le tracé du réseau de tramway, et d'autres projets restent à l'étude pour les autres auxes ; ainsi les corridors D et B pourraient être desservis par un Bus à Haut Niveau de Service. Les autres zones denses en habitation (Talant, Fontaine-D'ouche) bénéficieraient d'un tramway à moyen terme.

Après une enquête publique qui s'est tenue au printemps 2009 et la prise en compte des réserves et recommandations de la commission d'enquête dans une ''déclaration de projet'' adoptée à l'unanimité par le Conseil communautaire du 19 novembre 2009<ref>{{pdf}} {{Lien web
| url = http://www.grand-dijon.fr/onlinemedia/Upload/CR301109.pdf
| titre = Séance du 19 novembre 2009
| série = Compte-rendu du Conseil de Communauté de l'agglomération dijonaise
| jour = 27
| mois = novembre
| année = 2009
| site = http://www.grand-dijon.fr
| éditeur =
| page = 15
| consulté le = 16 août 2012
}}</ref>, les deux futures lignes ont été [[Déclaration d'utilité publique|déclarées d'utilité publique]] par arrête préfectoral du 17 décembre 2009<ref>{{Lien web
| url = http://www.grand-dijon.fr/archives/tramway/projet-tramway/enquete-publique-25449.jsp
| titre = Enquête publique
| série = Tramway de Dijon
| année = 2009
| site = http://www.grand-dijon.fr
| consulté le = 16 août 2012
| id =
}}</ref>, permettant la réalisations des [[Expropriation pour cause d'utilité publique|expropriations]] indispensables et donc le lancement du projet.

=== Objectifs du projet ===
La réalisation du tramway est destinée à favoriser la mise en œuvre de plusieurs politiques publiques :
* C'est l'un des moyens de la mise en œuvre d'une stratégie urbaine globale, matérialisée par le [[Schéma de cohérence territoriale|SCoT]] à l'échelle des 116 communes du Dijonnais, et comprenant une forte démarche d'imbrication des politiques de transport et d'urbanisme, la création d'un établissement public foncier, la création d'[[écoquartier]]s, la volonté de limiter l'[[étalement urbain]]...
* favoriser le [[report modal]] de la voiture particulière vers les [[transport en commun|transports en commun]], en réalisant également des [[parc relais|parcs relais]], un [[Pôle d'échanges|pôle multimodal]] à la [[gare de Dijon-ville]], développement des [[TER Bourgogne]], et, plus globalement, faciliter le maillage des déplacements.
* assurer une bonne desserte des principaux pôles d'enseignement et d'emploi de l'agglomération. Les deux lignes desservent la [[gare de Dijon-ville]], le centre-ville, l'[[hypercentre]] et les grandes institutions dijonnaises dans le tronc commun, le pôle d'emploi et d'enseignement de l'Est-dijonnais ([[Centre hospitalier universitaire de Dijon|CHU]], [[Université de Bourgogne]], [[Auditorium de Dijon]], Palais des congrès et Parc des Expositions, [[Conservatoire à rayonnement régional de Dijon|Conservatoire Régional]], Cité Judiciaire, [[Stade Gaston-Gérard]], [[Piscine olympique de Dijon]], [[Zénith de Dijon]], ainsi que plusieurs [[Zone d'activité (France)|parcs d’activités]] : Valmy, Mazen-Sully, Mirande...
* favoriser le désenclavement des quartiers prioritaires de la [[Politique de la ville en France|politique de la ville]], et notamment les [[Zone urbaine sensible|zones urbaines sensibles]] (ZUS) que sont le ''quartier du Mail'' à [[Chenôve]], le ''quartier des Grésilles'' à [[Dijon]] et le ''quartier du centre-ville'' à [[Quetigny]], tout en favorisant une dynamique de renouvellement urbain dans des quartiers tels que le Port du Canal, ou le quartier de l’Université<ref>Dossier de candidature Grenelle II, page 15, [[#AppelAProjet|op. cit. en bibliographie]]</ref>.
tout en respectant les possibilités financières de l'agglomération<ref>Dossier de candidature Grenelle II, pages 5 et 6, [[#AppelAProjet|op. cit. en bibliographie]]</ref>.

{{Citation|Au total les deux lignes de tramway desserviront dans un rayon de 500 mètres autour des stations 76 000 habitants, 44 000 emplois et 38 000 étudiants (...) Cela représente environ un tiers des habitants
et des emplois du Grand Dijon et presque deux tiers des étudiants<ref>Dossier de candidature Grenelle II, page 20, [[#AppelAProjet|op. cit. en bibliographie]]</ref>}}. Le système pourra s'ouvrir vers des solutions de type [[tram-train]] pour créer ultérieurement des services de plus longue distance en partenariat avec la Région Bourgogne<ref>Dossier de candidature Grenelle II, page 21, [[#AppelAProjet|op. cit. en bibliographie]]</ref>.

=== Coût et financement ===
Le coût total du projet a été estimé à 20 millions d'euros par kilomètre, un montant faible qui a bénéficié de l'économie permise par le groupement des commandes des rames du tramway de [[Tramway de Brest|Brest]] et de Dijon, estimée de 25 à 30 % sur le matériel roulant.

Il se décompose, en valeur 2008 comme suit<ref>Dossier de candidature Grenelle II, page 42, [[#AppelAProjet|op. cit. en bibliographie]]</ref> :
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poste !! Coût HT 2008
|-
| Études d'avant-projet / projet || Pour mémoire
|-
| Maîtrise d'ouvrage|| align="right" |{{unité|7000000|€}}
|-
| Maîtrise d'œuvre de travaux || align="right" |{{unité|19200000|€}}
|-
| Acquisitions foncières et libérations d'emprises ||align="right" | {{unité|14000000|€}}
|-
| Déviation de réseaux || align="right" |{{unité|23000000|€}}
|-
| Travaux préparatoires ||align="right" | {{unité|12100000|€}}
|-
| Ouvrages d'art || align="right" |{{unité|10100000|€}}
|-
| Plate-forme || align="right" |{{unité|18400000 |€}}
|-
| Voie ferrée || align="right" |{{unité|41500000 |€}}
|-
| Revêtement du site propre ||align="right" | {{unité| 7400000|€}}
|-
| Voirie et espaces publics ||align="right" | {{unité|41000000 |€}}
|-
| Équipements urbains || align="right" |{{unité|14900000 |€}}
|-
| Signalisation routière ||align="right" | {{unité|4300000|€}}
|-
| Stations || align="right" |{{unité|6000000 |€}}
|-
| Alimentation électrique ||align="right" | {{unité|24700000|€}}
|-
| Courants faibles et PCC || align="right" |{{unité| 17400000|€}}
|-
| Dépôt tramway || align="right" |{{unité|24500000|€}}
|-
| Matériel roulant ||align="right" | {{unité|73600000|€}}
|-
| Opérations induites ||align="right" | {{unité|3500000 |€}}
|-
! Sous-total ||align="right" | {{unité| 362600000|€}}
|-
| Aléas (10 %) ||align="right" | {{unité|36300000 |€}}
|-
! Budget prévisionnel ||align="right" | {{unité| 398900000|€}}
|}

Le projet a été financé par emprunt, à hauteur de 288 millions d'euros versés par la [[Banque européenne d'investissement]] et la [[Caisse des dépôts et consignations]]<ref>{{Lien web
| auteur =
| lien auteur =
| coauteurs =
| url = http://www.caissedesdepots.fr/actualite/toutes-les-actualites/toutes-les-actualites-hors-menu/la-caisse-des-depots-partenaire-du-grand-dijon-et-de-luniversite-de-bourgogne.html
| titre = La Caisse des Dépôts partenaire du Grand Dijon et de l’Université de Bourgogne
| jour = 26
| mois = juin
| année = 2009
| site = http://www.caissedesdepots.fr
| éditeur =
| consulté le = 19 août 2012
}}</ref>, et par des subventions obtenues de l'État ({{unité|47|M€}}), la Région [[Bourgogne]] ({{unité|40|M€}}), le [[Département de la Côte-d'Or]] ({{unité|20|M€}}) et le [[Fonds européen de développement régional]] (FEDER - {{unité|5|M€}})<ref name="CDR368-369">Connaissance du Rail, n° spécial « Les tramways français en 2012 », [[#CDR368-369|revue cité en bibliographie]]</ref>.

Le remboursement de l'emprunt et le coût de fonctionnement du réseau seront notamment financés par l'augmentation du [[versement transport]], porté à {{unité|1.8|%}} de la masse salariale des entreprises assujetties à compter du {{date|1|septembre|2008}}<ref name="CC20080515" />

=== Dates clés ===
Les grandes dates du projet ont été les suivantes :
* 2001 : le [[plan de déplacements urbains]] de l'agglomération prévoit la création de trois axes de [[Transport en commun en site propre|transports en commun en site propre]] (TCSP), vers le nord, vers l’est et vers le sud.
* 2004 : restructuration en profondeur du réseau de bus, qui prend le nom de Divia. Mise en place des lignes Lianes.
* 2006 : Lancement des études de faisabilité.
* 27 novembre 2008 : signature d'une convention de groupement de commande avec [[Brest Métropole Océane]].
* 15 mai 2008 : décision de réaliser une infrastructure en site propre, augmentation du [[versement transport]] et engagement de la concertation avec le public.
* 12 novembre 2008 : vote du Conseil communautaire du Grand Dijon décidant la création d'un réseau de tramway.
* 15 septembre 2009 : achat groupé de 32 rames Alstom avec [[Brest Métropole Océane]].
* 17 décembre 2009 : déclaration d'utilité publique du réseau de tramway.
* Octobre 2010 : début des travaux de construction de la plateforme.
* 27-29 janvier 2012 : présentation publique de la première rame du tramway.
* 16 février 2012 : sortie de la première rame de tramway sur l’avenue Jean-Jaurès.
* 1{{er}} septembre 2012 : inauguration de la ligne 1, avant sa mise en service le 2 septembre.
* Décembre 2012 : inauguration de la ligne 2.

=== Le chantier ===
{{...}}
Le chantier a débuté en octobre 2010. Le premier rail a été soudé le 11 mars 2011, boulevard Trimolet à Dijon, et le premier des 2000 arbres plantés le long du tramway l'a été le 17 novembre 2011.

Le revêtement des rues et trottoirs longeant le tramway a été posé entre mai et l'été 2012.

<gallery>
Fichier:Tramway Dijon - Travaux 2011.JPG|Travaux du Tramway - creusement de la chaussée
Fichier:Tramway Dijon - travaux Place de la République.JPG|Confluence des deux lignes Place de la République
Fichier:Tramway Dijon - Rails posés.JPG|Rails posés Avenue Garibaldi
Fichier:Tramway Dijon - Pose des rails.JPG|Pose des rails Avenue du Drapeau
</gallery>

== Infrastructure ==
{{Article détaillé|Écartement des rails|Système d'électrification ferroviaire}}
Le réseau est constitué de deux lignes à [[voie normale]], comprenant un tronc commun, de la Gare à la Place de la République. Il est électrifié sous 750 V continus au moyen d'une [[ligne aérienne de contact]]<ref name="RPHS" />. La plate-forme est en grande partie engazonnée, soit un total de 13 hectares sur les deux lignes<ref>{{Article
| prénom1 = Cloé
| nom1 = Makrides
| lien auteur1 =
| titre = Dijon : le gazon chéri “à l’ancienne”
| périodique = Le bien public
| lien périodique = Le Bien public
| jour = 13
| mois = août
| année = 2012
| pages =
| issn =
| url texte = http://www.bienpublic.com/grand-dijon/2012/08/13/dijon-le-gazon-cheri-a-l-ancienne
| consulté le = 16 août 2012
}}</ref>.
=== Tracé ===
==== Ligne 1 ====
{{Infobox ligne de transport en commun
|couleur_ligne = #CC008E
|couleur_texte = white
|nom_ligne = Ligne T1
|image =
|légende =
|carte =
|réseau = Tramway de Dijon
|année_ouverture =
|date_ouverture = {{date|2|septembre|2012|dans les chemins de fer}}
|dernière_modification =
|dernière_extension =
|suspension_service =
|année_fermeture =
|date_fermeture =
|terminus = ''Dijon Gare'', ''Quetigny Centre''
|exploitant = [[Transports en commun de Dijon|Kéolis Dijon, réseau Divia]]
|type_conduite = Conducteur
|matériel = [[Alstom Citadis|Citadis 302]]
|dépôt =
|nombre_stations = 16
|longueur = 8,5
|temps =
|vitesse_moyenne =
|espacement_station = 566
|nombre_communes = [[Dijon]] [[Quetigny]]
|jours_de_fonctionnement = {{Jour de fonctionnement|l|ma|me|j|v|s|d}}
|nombre_passagers_par_an =
|rang =
|zone =
|lignes_connexes = [[Transports en commun de Dijon|Réseau de bus Divia]]
|schema =
{{BS-table}}
{{BS3bis|LUECKE|||||''[[Ligne de Paris-Lyon à Marseille-Saint-Charles|Ligne Paris - Marseille]]|vers [[Paris-Gare de Lyon|Paris]]|}}
{{BS3bis|BHF|HUB64|||[[Gare de Dijon-Ville]]|||O1=HUB84}}
{{BS3bis|STR|uKBHFa|HUB64||'''Dijon Gare'''|O2=HUB62}}
{{BS5bis|uLUECKEq|uKRZo|uABZlg|HUB26||||''Ligne T2''|vers Chenôve|O2=STR}}
{{BS3bis|STR|uxpBHF|HUB61||Foch Gare|(Ligne T2)|O2=HUB84}}
{{BS3bis|LUECKE|uSTR||||''[[Ligne de Paris-Lyon à Marseille-Saint-Charles|Ligne Paris - Marseille]]|vers [[Gare de Lyon-Part-Dieu|Lyon]]|}}
{{BSbis|uHST||Darcy|}}
{{BSbis|uHST||Godrans|}}
{{BS3bis||uABZlf|uSTRlg|}}
{{BS3bis||uBHF|uBHF||République|O2=HUB84|O3=HUB82}}
{{BS3bis||uSTR|uLUECKE|||''Ligne T2''|vers Valmy|}}
{{BSbis|uHST||Auditorium|}}
{{BS3bis|LUECKEq|umKRZo|LUECKEq|||''[[Ligne de Dijon-Ville à Is-sur-Tille|Ligne de Dijon - Is-sur-Tille]]''|vers [[Gare de Dijon-Ville|Dijon]]/[[Gare de Culmont - Chalindrey|Culmont-Ch.]]}}
{{BSbis|uHST||Poincaré|}}
{{BSbis|uHST||Grésilles|}}
{{BSbis|uBHF||Parc des Sports|}}
{{BSbis|uHST||CHU-Hôpitaux|}}
{{BSbis|uHST||Erasme|}}
{{BSbis|uHST||Université|}}
{{BSbis|uHST||Mazen - Sully|}}
{{BSbis|uAKRZo|||[[Route nationale 274|RN 274]]|}}
{{BSbis|uHST||Piscine Olympique|}}
{{BSbis|uHST||Cap Vert|}}
{{BSbis|uBHF||Grand Marché|}}
{{BSbis|uKBHFe||'''Quetigny Centre'''|}}
{{BS-table-fin}}
}}
[[File:Tramway de Dijon - Station Gare (T1) et raccordement ligne T2 vers Monge.JPG|vignette|La bifurcation de la gare, vue peu avant la mise en service de la ligne T1. On voit au premier plan l'amorce de la ligne T2, et, au second plan, les traversées-jonctions qui donnent accès indifféremment aux deux quais du terminus de la ligne T1]]
La ligne T1 débute place de la [[Gare de Dijon-Ville|gare]], se raccorde immédiatement à la ligne T2, poursuit vers la place de la République, où elle se sépare du tronc commun avec la ligne T2 pour bifurquer vers l'Auditorium, avant d'aller serpenter dans les Grésilles puis à l'université, pour rejoindre la piscine olympique et enfin [[Quetigny]]<ref name="2 lignes TCSP" />.

La liste des 16 arrêts (en moyenne distants de {{unité|530|m}}), ainsi que les correspondances avec les autres lignes Divia en 2012, est la suivante :

{| cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border="0" style="border: 1px solid #999; background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align: center"
|- bgcolor="#CC008E"
! !! !! !! Stations [[Fichier:Handicapped Accessible sign.svg|20px|Accessible aux handicapés]] !! Lat/Long !! Communes desservies !! Correspondances
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''T1'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| '''DIJON Gare'''
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.323296|5.028193|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Dijon Gare}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|T|2}} (station Gare Foch) {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|L|3}}{{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|B|10|12|13|18}}{{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|Express}}
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| [[Place Darcy|Darcy]]
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.323716|5.033910|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Darcy}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|T|2}} {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|L|3|4|5}}{{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|B|10|12|13|18|20}}
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Godrans
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.325353|5.039036|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Godrans}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|T|2}} {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|L|3}}{{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|B|10}}
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| République
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.326595|5.045025|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=République}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|T|2}} {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|L|3|6}}{{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|B|10}}{{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|F|40}}
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Auditorium
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.328514|5.052118|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Auditorium}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|F|40}}
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Poincaré
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.328814|5.058835|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Poincaré}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|F|40}}
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Grésilles
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.328819|5.064402|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Grésilles}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|L|3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Parc des Sports
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.322630|5.065322|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Parc des Sports}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|L|3}}{{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|B|11|19}}{{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|Corol}}
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| CHU-Hôpitaux
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.320091|5.067540|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=CHU-Hôpitaux}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left |
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Erasme
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.315262|5.067295|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Erasme}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left |
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Université
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.311604|5.073135|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Université}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|L|5}}
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Mazen-Sully
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.314527|5.076653|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Mazen-Sully}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left |
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Piscine Olympique
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.314995|5.081765|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Piscine Olympique}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|P|32}}
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Cap Vert<ref>Plan officiel du réseau Divia, [[#PlanDivia|mentionné en lien externe]]</ref>
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.313674|5.094563|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Cap Vert}}
| [[Quetigny]]
| align=left |
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Grand Marché<ref>{{Article
| prénom1 = Cloé
| nom1 = Makrides
| lien auteur1 =
| titre = “GRAND-MARCHÉ”. C’est l'une des trois stations de tramway situées sur le territoire de la commune de Quétigny. Elle desservira notamment la vaste zone commerciale du même nom
| périodique = Le bien public
| lien périodique = Le bien public
| jour = 30
| mois = décembre
| année = 2011
| pages =
| issn =
| url texte = http://www.bienpublic.com/grand-dijon/2011/12/30/quetigny-en-tramway-pour-les-courses
| consulté le = 16 août 2012
| id =
}}</ref>
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.312466|5.103614|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Grand Marché}}
| [[Quetigny]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|L|7}}{{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|B|16}}{{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|P|30|31}}{{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|F|41}}
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''T1'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| '''QUETIGNY Centre'''
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.313913|5.110003|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Quetigny Centre}}
| [[Quetigny]]
| align=left |
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
|}

==== Ligne 2 ====
{{Infobox ligne de transport en commun
|couleur_ligne = #CC008E
|couleur_texte = white
|nom_ligne = Ligne T2
|image =
|légende =
|carte =
|réseau = Tramway de Dijon
|année_ouverture =
|date_ouverture = {{date||décembre|2012|dans les chemins de fer}}
|dernière_modification =
|dernière_extension =
|suspension_service =
|année_fermeture =
|date_fermeture =
|terminus = ''Valmy'', ''Zénith'', ''Chenôve Centre''
|exploitant = [[Transports en commun de Dijon|Kéolis Dijon, réseau Divia]]
|type_conduite = Conducteur
|matériel = [[Alstom Citadis|Citadis 302]]
|dépôt =
|nombre_stations = 21
|longueur = 11,5
|temps =
|vitesse_moyenne =
|espacement_station = 575
|nombre_communes = [[Dijon]] [[Chenôve]]
|jours_de_fonctionnement = {{Jour de fonctionnement|l|ma|me|j|v|s|d}}
|nombre_passagers_par_an =
|rang =
|zone =
|lignes_connexes = [[Transports en commun de Dijon|Réseau de bus Divia]]
|schema =
{{BS-table}}
{{BSbis|uKBHFa||'''Valmy'''|}}
{{BSbis|uHST||Giroud|}}
{{BSbis|uHST||Pôle Santé|}}
{{BSbis|uAKRZu|||[[Route nationale 274|RN 274]]|}}
{{BSbis|uBHF||'''Zénith'''|}}
{{BSbis|uBHF||Toison d'Or|}}
{{BSbis|uvSTRa||}}
{{BSbis|uvHST||Europe|}}
{{BSbis|uvSTR||}}
{{BSbis|uvSTRe||}}
{{BSbis|uHST||Nation|}}
{{BSbis|uHST||Junot|}}
{{BSbis|uHST||Drapeau|}}
{{BS3bis||uSTR|uLUECKE|||''Ligne T1''|vers Quetigny|}}
{{BS3bis||uBHF|uBHF||République|}}
{{BS3bis||uABZrg|uSTRrf|||}}
{{BSbis|uHST||Godrans|}}
{{BSbis|uHST||Darcy|}}
{{BS3bis|HUB63|uBHF|||Foch Gare|O2=HUB82}}
{{BS3bis|uKBHFl|uABZrf|||Dijon Gare|(Ligne T1)|O1=HUB26}}
{{BS5bis|LUECKEq|BHFq|umKRZu|STRlg|||[[Gare de Dijon-Ville]]||vers [[Paris-Gare de Lyon|Paris]]|O2=HUB83}}
{{BS3bis||uHST|STR||Monge|}}
{{BS3bis||uSTR|LUECKE|||''[[Ligne de Paris-Lyon à Marseille-Saint-Charles|Ligne Paris - Marseille]]|vers [[Gare de Lyon-Part-Dieu|Lyon]]|}}
{{BS3bis|WASSERq|uWBRÜCKE|WASSERq|||L'[[Ouche (Côte-d'Or)|Ouche]]}}
{{BSbis|uHST||1{{er}} Mai|}}
{{BS3bis|WASSERq|uWBRÜCKE|WASSERq|||Le [[canal de Bourgogne]]}}
{{BSbis|uHST||Jaurès|}}
{{BSbis|uHST||Bourroches|}}
{{BS3bis||uABZgl+l|uKDSTr|||Dépôt}}
{{BSbis|uHST||Carraz|}}
{{BSbis|uHST||Valendons|}}
{{BSbis|uHST||La Mail|}}
{{BSbis|uKBHFe||'''Chenôve Centre'''|}}
{{BS-table-fin}}
}}
La seconde ligne, la plus longue, parcourra la ville sur un axe nord-sud entre [[Chenôve]] et le Parc Valmy, près du parc d'activité de la Toison d'Or.

Elle desservira notamment le quartier des Bourroches, la place du 1{{er}} Mai, la [[gare de Dijon-Ville]], où débutera le tronçon commun avec la ligne T1, la [[place Darcy]], la place de la République, où elle se séparera de la ligne T1, pour se diriger vers le quartier Junot, la Toison d'Or, le Zénith et enfin le Parc Valmy, son terminus<ref name="2 lignes TCSP">[http://www.grand-dijon.fr/decouvrir/deplacements/tcsp/2-lignes-tcsp-16472.jsp Le Grand Dijon : 2 lignes TCSP]</ref>.

La liste des 21 arrêts (distants en moyenne de {{unité|550|m}}), ainsi que les correspondances avec les autres lignes Divia en 2012, est la suivante :

[[Fichier:LV 17 - DIJON - Place Darcy.JPG|thumb|La Place Darcy était déjà desservie, au début du {{s|XX}}, par les tramways à vapeur des [[Chemins de fer départementaux de la Côte-d'Or]]]]
{| cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border="0" style="border: 1px solid #999; background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align: center"
|- bgcolor="#CC008E"
! !! !! !! Stations [[Fichier:Handicapped Accessible sign.svg|20px|Accessible aux handicapés]] !! Lat/Long !! Communes desservies !! Correspondances
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''T2'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| '''Valmy'''
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.365686|5.046507|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Valmy}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left |
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Giroud
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.365265|5.049422|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Giroud}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left |
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Pôle Santé
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.361426|5.050958|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Pôle Santé}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left |
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''T2'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| '''Zénith'''
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.356808|5.056651|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Zenith}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left |
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Toison d'Or
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.355258|5.052081|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Toison d'Or}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|L|6}}{{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|F|40}}
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Europe
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.353400|5.045983|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Europe}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left |
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Nation
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.346236|5.045299|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Nation}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|L|4}}
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Junot
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.339234|5.044555|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Junot}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|B|17}}{{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|Corol}}
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Drapeau
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.333090|5.043924|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Drapeau}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left |
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| République
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.326595|5.045025|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=République}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|T|1}} {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|L|3|6}}{{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|B|10}}{{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|F|40}}
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Godrans
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.325353|5.039036|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Godrans}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|T|1}} {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|L|3}}{{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|B|10}}
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| [[Place Darcy|Darcy]]
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.323716|5.033910|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Darcy}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|T|1}} {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|L|3|4|5}}{{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|B|10|12|13|18|20}}
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| '''Gare Foch'''
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.323543|5.030371|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Gare Foch}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|T|1}} (station DIJON Gare) {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|L|3}}{{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|B|10|12|13|18}}{{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|Express}}
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Monge
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.317357|5.031356|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Monge}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|L|4|5}}{{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|B|12|18}}{{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|Express}}
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| 1{{er}} Mai
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.314599|5.028685|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=1er Mai}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|Corol}}
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Jaurès
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.310581|5.026395|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Jaurès}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left |
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Bourroches
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.305469|5.023486|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Bourroches}}
| [[Dijon]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|B|14|15}}
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Carraz
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.300810|5.020852|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Carraz}}
| [[Chenôve]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|B|14|15}}
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Valendons
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.301896|5.015019|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Valendons}}
| [[Chenôve]]
| align=left |
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''O'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| Le Mail
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.299757|5.010397|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Le Mail}}
| [[Chenôve]]
| align=left |
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|  || bgcolor="#CC008E" |{{blanc|'''T2'''}} || bgcolor="#ffffff"| 
| '''CHENÔVE Centre'''
| style="font-size:xx-small" | {{coord|47.294427|5.006352|region:FR_type:landmark_scale:1000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Chenôve Centre}}
| [[Chenôve]]
| align=left | {{Correspondances|réseau=Divia2010|L|4}}
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
|}

=== Installations techniques ===
==== Dépôt ====
{{Article détaillé|Gare de triage et ateliers SNCF de Perrigny|Divia}}
Un nouveau centre de maintenance, commun aux bus et aux tramways, conçu par le cabinet Ferrand-Sigal, accessible par un raccordement double situé entre les stations ''Carraz'' et ''Bourroches'' a été aménagé sur le site de l'ancien [[Gare de triage et ateliers SNCF de Perrigny|atelier du matériel de la SNCF de Perrigny]].

Cet équipement, dit ''Tramstore 21'', s'étend sur 14 hectares , le long de la [[Ligne de Paris-Lyon à Marseille-Saint-Charles|ligne Dijon - Lyon]]. Il accueille également le [[Poste de commande centralisée]] (PCC) du réseau de [[transports en commun de Dijon]] et comprend une surface bâtie de 38.860 m² [[SHOB]] (dont 10.000 environ réhabilités) pour un coût de {{unité|38.87|M€ HT}}<ref>{{Lien web
| url = http://www.ferrandsigal.com/urbanisme.htm#
| titre = Ferrand-Sigal, architectes
| consulté le = 16 août 2012
}}</ref>.

Une partie anciens bâtiments des ateliers de Perrigny ont été réhabilités pour être adaptés aux besoins des transports urbains, et visent la certification [[haute qualité environnementale]] (HQE), tout en conservant leur aspect ferroviaire<ref name="CDR368-369" />{{,}} <ref name="RPHS" >{{Article
| prénom1 = Sylvain
| nom1 = Assez
| titre = Dijon, le tram à la rescousse du bus
| périodique = Rail Passion (Hors série ''Les Tramways en France'')
| lien périodique = Rail Passion
| mois = novembre
| année = 2011
| pages = 91
| issn = 1261-3665
| id =
}}</ref>.

La réalisation de ce centre de maintenance a été soutenue par le programme [[Interreg]] IV B de l’Union Européenne consacré à la coopération entre les différentes régions de l’Europe, qui a financé à hauteur de 50 % la réalisation de cet équipement, ainsi que des centres de maintenance de tramway à [[Tramway de Bruxelles|Bruxelles]] (Dépôt Marconi, en Belgique), [[Tramway de Blackpool|Blackpool]] (Dépôt de Starr Gate, en Grande-Bretagne), [[Tramway de Rotterdam|Rotterdam]] (dépôt de Beverwaard, aux Pays-Bas)<ref>{{Lien web
| url = http://www.grand-dijon.fr/archives/tramway/projet-tramway/le-futur-depot-25608.jsp
| titre = Présentation du Centre de Maintenance de Dijon Chenôve
| année =
| site = http://www.grand-dijon.fr
| éditeur =
| consulté le = 16 août 2012
| id =
}}</ref>.

Le ''Tramstore 21'' est destiné à accueillir les 32 rames du tramway ainsi que 215 bus. Il comprend un atelier de maintenance des bus (22 postes) et des tramways (8 voies) où travailleront une cinquantaine d'agents, un bâtiment de remisage, pouvant être étendu à 50 rames en cas d'extension du réseau, et un bâtiment administratif d'environ {{unité|3000|m²}} comprenant le PCC du réseau, ses structures de gestion administrative et technique, ainsi que la prise de poste des 550 conducteurs de Divia<ref>{{Lien web
| url = http://www.letram-dijon.fr/assets/files/savoir_plus/depot_tram/10_11_plaquette_depot_trambus.pdf
| titre = Plaquette de présentation du dépôt
| mois = novembre
| année = 2010
| site = http://www.letram-dijon.fr
| consulté le = 16 août 2012
| id =
}}</ref>.

==== Signalisation ====
[[File:Tramway de Dijon - Signalisation de protection de l'avant-gare de la station Gare.JPG|vignette|upright|Signalisation protégeant le raccordement des lignes T1 et T2 à la Gare. Au premier plan, la gestion de la bifurcation avec son boitier de commande et ses indicateurs de direction, au second plan, la signalisation tramway traditionnelle, protégeant le passage des tramways au carrefour routier]]
{{Article détaillé|Signalisation Tramway}}
{{...}}

== Exploitation ==
L'exploitation du réseau est assurée par l'entreprise [[Keolis Dijon]],qui a vu sa [[délégation de service public]] renouvelée pour la période 2010-2017 par la [[Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Dijon]], [[autorité organisatrice de transport urbain]] du réseau de [[transports en commun de Dijon]] (DIVIA)<ref>{{Lien web
| url = http://www.keolis.com/fr/medias/espace-presse/communiques-de-presse/detail-du-communique/browse/5/article/keolis-renouvele-a-dijo.html?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=3767&cHash=75ec3fc015
| titre = Keolis renouvelé à Dijon
| jour =8
| mois = janvier
| année = 2010
| site = http://www.keolis.com
| éditeur =
| consulté le = 17 août 2012
| id =
}}</ref>.

=== L'offre de transport ===
La ligne T1, de {{unité|8.5|km}} sera parcourue dans un premier temps en 28 minutes, soit une [[vitesse commerciale]] de {{unité|18.2|km/h}}, pour atteindre ensuite les 26 minutes (contre environ 30-35 minutes antérieurement par le bus). Elle reprend globalement la section Gare SNCF — Quetigny de la ligne Liane 1, à l'exception de la desserte de Chevigny et de la branche Quetigny - Europe, reprises par la future Liane 7.

La ligne T2, de {{unité|11.5|km}}, sera parcourue en 35 minutes, soit une vitesse commerciale, plus élevée, de {{unité|19.7|km/h}} (contre environ 45-50 minutes avec les dessertes par autobus). Elle reprendra globalement le tracé des lignes Liane 2 et B 22.

Le service a lieu tous les jours de l'année, de 5h45 (7 heure, le dimanche) à 00h30, avec une fréquence de 5 minutes sur chaque ligne à l'heure de pointe (7h30 – 9h00 / 16h00 – 18h30), et 7 minutes en heure creuse. L'exploitant prévoit de transporter 45.000 voyageurs/jour en 2015 sur la ligne 1 et 42.000 sur la ligne 2<ref>{{Article
| titre = Un projet à 400 millions d'euros
| périodique = Le bien public
| lien périodique = Le bien public
| jour = 15
| mois = juin
| année = 2011
| pages =
| issn =
| url texte = http://www.bienpublic.com/grand-dijon/2011/06/15/un-projet-a-400-millions-d-euros
| consulté le = 16 août 2012
| id =
}}</ref>{{,}} <ref>{{Lien web
| url = http://www.diviabusettram.fr/article/lheure-de-pointe-cest-aux-alentours-de-8h00-le-matin-et-17h00-le-soir
| titre = L’heure de pointe, c’est aux alentours de 8h00 le matin et 17h00 le soir.
| série = 12 idées reçues
| année = 2012
| site =
| éditeur = http://www.diviabusettram.fr
| consulté le = 16 août 2012
| id =
}}</ref>.
{{clr|right}}
=== Matériel roulant ===
[[File:Tramway de Dijon - essais juillet 2012 - 02.JPG|vignette|Rame 1004 en essais, à la station Université]]
{{Article détaillé|Liste des commandes et des livraisons de l'Alstom Citadis}}
Le matériel roulant a été commandé conjointement à celui du [[tramway de Brest]], aux termes d'un appel d'offres, à [[Alstom Transport]]. Le contrat d'acquisition des 53 rames a été signé le {{date|15|septembre|2009}} pour un montant total de {{unité|106.5|M€}}, répartis de la façon suivante<ref>[http://www.rivacom.fr/index.php?page=event&event=letrambrest&article=3116 Communiqué de presse de SemTram], chargée de la mise en place du tramway de Brest</ref> :
* Budget Brest : {{unité|42.7|M€}}
* Budget Dijon : {{unité|63.8M€}}

Le coût unitaire d'une rame est ainsi de {{unité|2.05|M€}}, et le groupement de commande aura permis de faire une économie de plus de {{unité|9|M€}} ; cette économie fait des tramways de Dijon et Brest deux des tramways les moins chers de France<ref>[http://www.ville-transports.com/content/editorial/grand-dijon-un-tramway-pour-2013 Grand-Dijon : un tramway pour 2013] sur www.ville-transports.com</ref>.

Les 33 rames acquises sont des [[Alstom Citadis]] type TGA 302. Leur caractéristiques sont les suivantes :
* Longeur : 32,7 m.
* Largeur : 2,40 m.
* Rames constituées de 5 caisses reposant sur 3 [[bogie]]s, les deux bogies d'extrémité étant moteurs et le bogie central uniquement porteur. Les rames peuvent être allongées par l'adjonction de modules supplémentaires
* Plancher bas intégral
* Capacité : plus de 200 passagers, dont 50 assis
* Rames bidirectionnelles
* Immatriculation : 1001 à 1033
* Vitesse maximale : 70 km/h
* [[voie normale]]
* Courant 750 V continu
* Freinage par trois systèmes distincts, électrodynamique, mécanique et électromagnétique.
* Niveau sonore inférieur de 5 [[Décibel|dB]] à celui du trafic routier.
* Livrée unie couleur cassis
* Recyclable : plus de 98 %
* Possibilité pour un tramway de remorquer une rame en panne<ref>{{pdf}} {{Article
| titre = Un tramway nommé Citadis
| périodique = Le Grand Dijon
| lien périodique =
| numéro = 20
| mois = Février
| année = 2010
| pages = 19
| issn = 1639-6626
| url texte = http://www.letram-dijon.fr/assets/files/savoir_plus/trace_amenagements/GD_20%20materiel%20roulant.pdf
| consulté le = 17 août 2012
| id =
}}</ref>.

Ces rames, dont la consommation est réduite de 10 % par rapport aux générations précédentes, ont été construites par plusieurs usines du groupe [[Alstom]] : La conception, la chaudronnerie et l'assemblage se font dans l'usine de La Rochelle. Celle de Tarbes a fourni les éléments de la chaîne de traction, Ornans les moteurs, le Creusot les bogies et Villeurbanne le système informatique embarqué et l’information voyageurs<ref >{{Article
| titre = Les matériels en service
| périodique = Rail Passion (Hors série ''Les Tramways en France'')
| lien périodique = Rail Passion
| mois = novembre
| année = 2011
| pages = 91
| issn = 1261-3665
| id =
}}</ref>{{,}} <ref>{{Article
| titre = Tramway : la première rame "Citadis" est arrivée à Dijon
| périodique = MaCommune.info
| lien périodique =
| jour = 26
| mois = janvier
| année = 2012
| issn =
| url texte = http://www.macommune.info/article/tramway-la-premiere-rame-citadis-est-arrivee-a-dijon-65900
| consulté le = 16 août 2012
| id =
}}</ref>{{,}} <ref>{{Lien web
| url = http://www.abcbourse.com/marches/alstom-fournira-52-rames-de-tramways-citadis-aux-agglomerations-de-brest-et-de-d_158522_ALOp.aspx
| titre = Alstom fournira 52 rames de tramways Citadis aux agglomérations de Brest et de Dijon pour un montant de plus de 100 millions d’euros
| jour =15
| mois = septembre
| année = 2009
| site =
| éditeur = abcBourse
| consulté le = 16 août 2012
| id =
}}</ref>

=== Aménagement des stations ===
[[File:Tramway de Dijon - Foch-Gare Aménagement de la station.jpg|vignette|gauche|La station Foch-Gare]]
Les stations, [[Accessibilité aux personnes handicapées|accessibles aux personnes à mobilité réduites]], sont équipée d'[[Aubette (abri)|aubette]]s proches d'[[abribus]], dépourvues de publicité et dotées d'un écran vidéo permettant l'information des voyageurs par l'intermédiaire du [[Système de transport intelligent|Système d'aide à l'exploitation et à l'information des voyageurs]] (SAEIV) ''Totem'' de [[Divia]].

Elles sont munies d'un dispositif de [[vidéosurveillance]].
{{clr|left}}

=== Tarification et billetterie ===
La mise en service du tramway s'accompagne d'une nouvelle billettique « sans contact », dite « PASS Divia », qui est utilisée à compter du 18 juin 2012 sur l'ensemble des lignes exploitées par Divia, et en septembre 2012, pour payer les [[parc relais|parcs relais]]. Cette billettique se compose de plusieurs supports : les cartes (5 €, valables 5 ans) nominatives (avec une protection contre la perte et le vol), une carte déclarative (sans cette protection), la carte anonyme, la clé-USB (15 €, valable 5 ans) et le ticket rechargeable (0,30 €, pouvant contenir 60 voyages).

Ces supports peuvent être chargés soit d'abonnements ou de tickets de voyages<ref>{{Lien web
| url = http://www.diviabillettique.fr/no/la-billettique-mode-demploi/les-supports.html
| titre = Les supports
| série = La billettique, mode d'emploi
| site = http://www.diviabillettique.fr
| éditeur =
| consulté le = 16 août 2012
| id =
}}</ref>.

L'offre tarifaire comprend notamment, en 2012, le billet à validité horaire (1,20 €), le carnet 10+1 (12 €), le billet valable 24 h (3,60 €), 48 h 6,30 €) ou 72 h (8,10 €), le pass mensuel à {{unité|33|€}}, ainsi que des titres à tarif réduit<ref>{{Lien web
| url = http://www.diviabillettique.fr/la-billettique-mode-demploi/tarifs.html
| titre = Tarifs
| série = La billettique, mode d'emploi
| site = http://www.diviabillettique.fr
| éditeur =
| consulté le = 16 août 2012
| id =
}}</ref>.

Les titres de transports (supports, abonnements ou tickets) s'achètent hors des véhicules, dans les agences Divia et ses correspondants, en ligne ou sur les quais du tram. Des billets de dépannage sont vendus plus cher à bord des bus.

== Projets ==
{{Projet ferroviaire}}
La ligne T1 pourrait à terme être prolongée vers la Fontaine-d'Ouche ou [[Talant]] et pourra également être prolongée vers le futur Parc d'activités de l'est-dijonnais à [[Quetigny]] et [[Saint-Apollinaire (Côte-d'Or)|Saint-Apollinaire]] ou [[Chevigny-Saint-Sauveur|Chevigny]].

== Notes et références ==
{{Références|colonnes=2}}

== Voir aussi ==
{{Autres projets|commons=Category:Trams in Dijon|commons titre=Tramway de Dijon}}
{{GeoGroup}}
=== Articles connexes ===
* [[Tramway]] • [[Liste des tramways en Europe]]
* [[Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Dijon]] • [[Transports en commun de Dijon]]
* [[Chemins de fer départementaux de la Côte-d'Or]] • [[Réseau interurbain de Côte-d'Or]]
* [[Keolis Dijon]]
* [[Gare de Dijon-Ville]] • [[Gare de Dijon-Porte-Neuve]]

=== Liens externes ===
* {{officiel|http://www.letram-dijon.fr}}
* {{pdf}} {{Lien web
| url = http://www.diviabusettram.fr/sites/default/files/article/plan_geographique.pdf
| titre = Plan officiel géographique du réseau Divia
| année = 2012
| site = http://www.diviabusettram.fr/
| éditeur =
| consulté le = 16 août 2012
| id = PlanDivia
}}
* [http://www.grand-dijon.fr/decouvrir/deplacements/tcsp/qu-est-ce-qu-un-tcsp-16443.jsp Grand Dijon, le tramway]
* {{pdf}} {{Lien web
| auteur = Franklin Jarrier
| lien auteur =
| url = http://carto.metro.free.fr/documents/CartoTramDijon.v1.2.pdf
| titre = Plan détaillé des lignes, voies et atelier du tramway de Dijon
| mois = janvier
| année = 2012
| site =
| éditeur = Carto.métro
| consulté le = 15 août 2012
| id =
}}

=== Bibliographie ===
* {{pdf}} {{Ouvrage
| titre = Concertation préalable à la création de deux lignes de transport en commun en site propre
| sous-titre =
| éditeur = Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Dijon
| lien éditeur = Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Dijon
| lieu = Dijon
| année = 2008
| pages totales = 32
| passage =
| isbn =
| lire en ligne = http://www.grand-dijon.fr/onlinemedia/Upload/TCSP%20Concertation%20220508.pdf
| consulté le = 15 août 2012
| id = Concertation
}}
* {{PDF}} {{Ouvrage
| titre = Réalisation de deux lignes de tramway dans l'agglomération dijonnaise
| sous-titre = Dossier de candidature - Appel à projets « Transports urbains » Hors Île-de-France - Suites du Grenelle Environnement
| éditeur = Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Dijon
| lien éditeur = Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Dijon
| lieu = Dijon
| année = 2009
| pages totales = 68
| lire en ligne = http://www.grand-dijon.fr/onlinemedia/Upload/AppelaprojetsTRAM.pdf
| consulté le = 16 août 2012
| id = AppelAProjet
}}
* {{Article
| titre = Dossier spécial : Grand Dijon - un tramway pour 2013
| périodique = Ville, rail & transport
| lien périodique = La Vie du Rail
| numéro =
| jour =
| mois = Septembre
| année = 2009
| pages = I à XX
| issn =
| url texte = http://www.letram-dijon.fr/assets/files/savoir_plus/projet/sup_ville_rail_transport_dijon.pdf
| consulté le = 17 août 2012
| id = VRT
}}
* {{Ouvrage
| prénom1 = Guy
| nom1 = Louis
| lien auteur1 =
| titre = Dijon : de trams en bus, du bus au tram
| sous-titre = Histoire des transports en commun de l'agglomération dijonnaise
| lien titre =
| éditeur = Éditions LR Presse
| lien éditeur =
| lieu = Auray
| année = 2010
| pages totales = 354
| isbn = 978-290365161-9
| présentation en ligne =
| id = LivreGuyLouis
}}
* {{Article
| langue =
| prénom1 = Guy
| nom1 = Louis
| lien auteur1 =
| titre = Les anciens tramways de Dijon
| périodique = Connaissance du Rail
| lien périodique = Connaissance du Rail
| numéro = 366/367
| mois = Septembre/octobre
| année = 2011
| pages = 21-27
| issn = 0222-4844
}}
* {{Article
| langue =
| prénom1 = L. P. de
| nom1 = Chareil
| lien auteur1 =
| titre = Le nouveau tramway de Dijon en construction
| périodique = Connaissance du Rail
| lien périodique = Connaissance du Rail
| numéro = 366/367
| mois = Septembre/octobre
| année = 2011
| pages = 28-29
| issn = 0222-4844
}}

* {{Article
| titre = Dijon : un exemple à suivre
| périodique = Connaissance du Rail (Numéro spécial : Les tramways français en 2012)
| lien périodique = Connaissance du Rail
| sous-titre =
| numéro = 368/369
| mois = Novembre-Décembre
| année = 2011
| pages = 25-26
| issn = 0222-4844
| id = CDR368-369
}}

{{Palette Transports en commun en Bourgogne}}
{{Palette TC Dijon}}
{{Palette Tramway de France}}

{{Portail|chemin de fer|Transport en commun|Côte-d'Or}}

[[Catégorie:Tramway en France|Dijon]]
[[Catégorie:Transport à Dijon]]
[[Catégorie:Tramway à voie normale]]

[[en:Dijon Tramway]]
[[pl:Tramwaje w Dijon]]

Sprachen in Israel

2012-03-02T22:50:31Z

Sahimrobot: r2.7.1) (robot Modifying: bn:ইসরায়েল#ভাষা

{{Refimprove|date=August 2010}}
[[Image:Languages of Israel.jpeg|thumb|320px|A sign at the Ministry of the Interior/Ministry of Immigrant Absorption at the Government Village, [[Haifa]]. From top to bottom: [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], English, and Russian. English and Russian are the most popular unofficial languages in Israel.]]

The [[Israel]]i population is a linguistically and culturally diverse community. The 15th edition of [[Ethnologue]] lists [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IL 33 languages and dialects] spoken in local communities. The main language used for communication among Israeli citizens is [[Modern Hebrew]], a language that emerged in the late 19th century, based on different dialects of [[ancient Hebrew]] and somewhat influenced by many languages ([[Jewish languages]], [[Slavic languages]], [[Spoken Arabic|Arabic]], [[Aramaic]], [[German language|German]] and others). [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] are the [[official language]]s of Israel.

==Official status of languages==
[[Image:Beit Hashita.jpg|thumb|200px|An Israeli road sign in Hebrew, Arabic, and English. On some road signs, the Arabic and English are [[transliteration]]s of the Hebrew place names. On others, the local Arabic or conventional English names are used.]]

Several laws determine the official status of languages and [[language policy]] in Israel. This confusing situation has led to several appeals to the [[Supreme Court of Israel|supreme court]], whose rulings have enforced the current policies of national and local authorities.

Currently, there are two official languages in Israel: [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. English, which has semi-official status, is used extensively at all levels of society. The main law governing language policy is the 82nd paragraph of the “[[Palestine]] [[Order in Council]]” issued on [http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/361eea1cc08301c485256cf600606959/c7aae196f41aa055052565f50054e656!OpenDocument 14 August 1922], for the [[British Mandate of Palestine]]:
:''All Ordinances, official notices and official forms of the Government and all official notices of local authorities and municipalities in areas to be prescribed by order of the High Commissioner, shall be published in English, Arabic and Hebrew.''
This law, like most other laws of the British Mandate, was adopted in the State of Israel, subject to certain amendments published by the provisional [[legislative branch]] on 19 May 1948. The amendment (paragraph 15-b) states that:
:''Any order in the law which requires the use of the English language is hereby abolished.''

===Hebrew===
The Palestine Mandate articles, issued by the Council of the [[League of Nations]] in 1922, and the 1922 Palestine Order in Council were the first in modern times to acknowledge [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] as an official language of a political entity. This was a significant achievement for the [[Zionist movement]], which sought to establish Hebrew as the national language of the Jewish people and discouraged the use of other [[Jewish languages]], particularly [[Yiddish]],<ref>
{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/belief/2010/mar/05/yiddish-jewish-culture-zionism |title=Yiddish is no joke |author=[[Antony Lerman|Lerman, Anthony]] |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=UK |accessdate=July 12, 2011 |date=5 March 2010}}</ref> just like Hebrew replaced [[Aramaic]] in ancient times.<ref>{{cite book|title=Modern Yiddish culture: the story of the Yiddish language movement|author=Goldsmith, Emanuel S.|ISBN=0823216950|publisher=[[Fordham University Press]]|year=1997|quote=The linguistic dualism between Hebrew and Yiddish was similar to that of Hebrew and Aramaic in former generations.|page=58|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yQU6Rfv1iskC|accessdate=November 26, 2011}}</ref>

The movement for [[Revival of the Hebrew language|the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language]] was particularly popular among new Jewish Zionist immigrants who came to Palestine since the 1880s. [[Eliezer Ben-Yehuda]] (born in the [[Russian Empire]]) and his followers created the first Hebrew-speaking schools, newspapers, and other Hebrew-language institutions. As [[Max Weinreich]] notes in his book, "History of the Yiddish Language, Volume 1", the "very making of Hebrew into a spoken language derives from the will to separate from the [[Jewish diaspora|Diaspora]]".<ref name=History>{{cite book|title=History of the Yiddish Language, Volume 1|ISBN=0300109601|year=2008|author=[[Max Weinreich|Weinreich, Max]]|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|page=311|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dodhJPwxg38C|accessdate=November 26, 2011}}</ref> After Ben Yehuda's immigration to Israel, and due to the impetus of the [[Second Aliyah]] (1905–1914), Hebrew prevailed as the single official and spoken language of the Jewish community of [[British Mandate of Palestine|mandatory Palestine]]. When the State of Israel was formed in 1948, the government viewed Hebrew as the ''de facto'' official language and initiated a [[melting pot]] policy, where every immigrant was required to study Hebrew and often to adopt a Hebrew surname. Use of Yiddish, which was the main competitor prior to World War II, was discouraged,<ref>As described by the Yiddish-speaking actor Nathan Wolfowicz in the Israeli Yiddish newspaper ''Letzte Naies'' on 20 July 1951. [http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArtTower.jhtml?itemNo=410894&contrassID=nl&nl=31_03 A Hebrew translation] of his article by Rachel Rozhenski appeared in ''[[Haaretz]]'' on 31 March 2004.</ref> and the number of Yiddish speakers declined as the older generations died out. However, Yiddish is still commonly used in Ashkenazi [[Haredi Judaism|haredi]] communities worldwide, and is often the first language for the members of such communities.

Today, Hebrew is the official language used in government, commerce, [[Knesset]] debates, court sessions, schools, and universities. Hebrew is a required subject in Arabic-speaking schools from the third grade onwards, and a Hebrew exam is an essential part of the matriculation exams for students of Israeli schools.

The state-affiliated [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]], established in 1953 by a Knesset law, is tasked with researching the Hebrew language and offering standardized rules for the use of the language by the state. Although its decisions are supposed to be mandatory, their application varies from government bureau to bureau, while commercial adoption of the Academy’s rules (such as in the print media) is voluntary.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}

===Arabic===
[[Literary Arabic]], along with Hebrew, is also an official language in Israel. Spoken Arabic dialects are spoken primarily by [[Arab citizens of Israel]] and Israeli [[Druze]], as well as by some [[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahi]] and [[Yemenite Jews]], particularly those of the older generation who immigrated from Arabic-speaking countries. In 1949, 156,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Sarah Ozacky-Lazar, Relations between Jews and Arabs during Israel’s first decade (in Hebrew)|url=http://lib.cet.ac.il/pages/item.asp?item=13336}}</ref> Palestinian Arabs were left inside Israel’s armistice line, most of whom did not speak Hebrew. Today the vast majority of Arab Israelis, who constitute over a fifth of the Israeli population, speak Hebrew fluently.

For many years the Israeli authorities were reluctant to use Arabic, except when explicitly ordered by law (for example, in warnings on dangerous chemicals), or when addressing the Arabic-speaking population. This has changed following a November 2000 supreme court ruling which ruled that although second to Hebrew, the use of Arabic should be much more extensive.<ref>{{cite web|title=The official text of the Israeli supreme court ruling (in Hebrew)|url=http://elyon1.court.gov.il/files/99/120/041/a10/99041120.a10.HTM}}</ref> Since then, all road signs, food labels, and messages published or posted by the government must also be translated into Literary Arabic, unless being issued by the local authority of an exclusively Hebrew-speaking community.

Arabic was always considered a legitimate language for use in the [[Knesset]], but only rarely have Arabic-speaking Knesset members made use of this privilege. This situation can be easily explained: while all Arabic-speaking MKs are fluent in Hebrew, fewer Hebrew-speaking MKs can understand Arabic.

Arabic lessons are widespread in Hebrew-speaking schools from the seventh through ninth grades. Those who wish to do so may opt to continue their Arabic studies through the twelfth grade and take an Arabic matriculation exam.

In March 2007 the Knesset approved a new law calling for the establishment of an Arabic Language Academy similar to the [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]]. This institute was established in 2008, its center is in [[Haifa]] and it is currently headed by Prof. Mahmud Ghanayem<ref>[http://www.knesset.gov.il/Laws/Data/law/2092/2092.pdf The law in Hebrew] in the Israeli official gazette (publication no. 2092 from 28 March 2007).</ref><ref name="Arabic Language Academy - Haifa"> [http://www.arabicac.com/shownews.php?ID=267 Arabic Language Academy – Haifa]</ref>

In 2008 a group of Knesset members proposed a bill to remove Arabic's status as an official language.<ref>http://www.forward.com/articles/13577/</ref><ref>http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/984654.html</ref>

In 2009 [[Israel Katz]], the transport minister, announced that signs on all major roads in Israel, East Jerusalem and possibly parts of the West Bank would be amended, replacing English and Arabic place names with straight transliterations of the Hebrew name. Currently most road signs are in all three languages.<ref name=bbc130709>''[[BBC]]'', 13 July 2009, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8148089.stm Row over 'standard' Hebrew signs]</ref><ref name=cp>''[[CounterPunch]]'', 17 July 2009, [http://www.counterpunch.org/cook07172009.html Israeli Road Signs: Wiping Arabic Names Off the Map]</ref> [[Nazareth]], for example, would become "Natzrat".<ref name=cp/> The Transport Ministry said signs would be replaced gradually as necessary due to wear and tear.<ref name=bbc130709/>

===English===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2010}}
The amendments to the British Mandate's legal system, issued in May 1948 (paragraph 15-b) state:
:''Any order in the law which requires the use of the English language is hereby abolished.''
In practice the use of English decreased dramatically during the state's early years. At first, French was used as a diplomatic language, even though most state officials and civil servants were more fluent in English. During the late 1960s, the Israeli-French alliance was undermined, giving way to a stronger Israeli-United States alliance and paving the way for the English language to regain much of its lost status. Today, English is the primary language for international relations and foreign exchange, but it is not sanctioned for use in Knesset debates or in drafting legislation. Some British Mandate laws are still formulated in English, and the process of their translation into Hebrew has been gradual. English is required as a second language in schools and universities, for both Hebrew- and Arabic-speaking students. Despite the country's history of British mandatory rule, written English in Israel today uses primarily American spelling and grammar.

The usage of the language is influenced by factors related to the birthplace of the speaker or the speaker's ancestors: those who are born to American-descended parentages are more likely to speak American English as their preferred dialect of the language, Western Continental European descendants are more likely to speak with accents heavily influenced by languages such as French, German and Yiddish, and so on. A distinctively-Israeli dialect of the language has been slow in development due to continued migration to Israel, large established communities of persistent speakers of languages and dialects from outside of Israel, and the state's focus upon education in Hebrew; the development of English in Israel may depend upon the future of assimilation and integration of generations of native-born Israeli citizens as well as the status of Israel's relations with English-speaking countries including the United States.

==Other languages==
===Policy towards immigrants' languages===
The [[melting pot]] policy, which governed the Israel language policy in its early days, was gradually neglected during the late 1970s. While in the 1950s Israels law banned Yiddish-language theaters and forced civil servants to adopt Hebrew surnames, the new policy allowed immigrants to communicate with the authorities in their language of origin and encouraged them to keep their original language and culture. This new practice has become evident since the early 1990s with [[Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1990s|massive immigration from the former Soviet Union]] and the additional [[Aliyah from Ethiopia|immigration from Ethiopia]]. Israel authorities began to use Russian and [[Amharic]] extensively when communicating with these new immigrants. During the [[Gulf War|1991 Gulf War]], warnings and instructions were issued in at least seven languages. In 1991, a new radio station was erected, called "REKA", which is a Hebrew acronym for "Aliyah Absorption Network". At first, it broadcast exclusively in Russian, also containing programming aimed at teaching Hebrew, which included veteran Israel radio broadcasters recapping news in "easy Hebrew"; some years later, Amharic and [[Tigrinya]] time slots were introduced. Just as news in Arabic existed on [[Aruze 1]], news programmed appeared in Russian, Amharic and Tigrinya. Several newspapers and magazines were published in Russian and easy Hebrew with [[Niqqud]]. In the beginning of the twenty first century, [[Channel 9 (Israel)|the first Russian-language TV channel]] was created.

===Non-official languages widely spoken in Israel===
Because Israel is a multicultural society, many other languages are used by large sectors of the population. The main ones, after English (covered above), are as follows:
* '''Russian''': Russian is by far the most widely spoken non-official language in Israel after English. As many as 20% of Israelis are fluent in Russian after mass immigration from the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] and its [[Former Soviet Union|successor states]] in the 1970s, 1990s, and 2000s. The government and businesses often provide information in Russian, and it is semi-official in some areas.
* '''[[Romanian language|Romanian]]/[[Moldovan language|Moldovan]]''': It is estimated that there are more than 500,000 Romanian-speakers in Israel (including non-citizen workers), making it the second most common "foreign language" in Israel.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}
* '''[[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]''': The language of [[Ashkenazi]] Jews in the diaspora and the second most widely spoken Jewish language, Yiddish is a Germanic language, but incorporates elements of Hebrew. Banned during Israel’s early statehood, Yiddish has undergone a cultural revival in recent years. Furthermore, Yiddish has always and is still regularly used in some [[Haredi Judaism|haredi]] Ashkenazi communities. However, despite state-sponsored initiatives for preserving Yiddish culture, the number of Yiddish-speaking Israelis is in decline as older generations of Ashkenazi Jews pass away.
* '''German''' is spoken natively by around 100,000 Israelis. In [[Palestine]] during Ottoman rule and the mandate period, as well as during the first decades of Israeli statehood, German was one of the primary languages of Jews living there. Around 1950, the German language [[Israel-Nachrichten]] was the largest newspaper of Israel.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}
* '''[[Amharic]]''': Spoken by most of Israel’s 130,000 [[Beta Israel|Ethiopian Jews]], most of whom arrived in two massive operations transporting tens of thousands of Ethiopian Jews from [[Ethiopia]] to [[Israel]] in [[Operation Moses|1984]] and [[Operation Solomon|1991]], Amharic is often used in government announcements and publications.
* '''[[Georgian language|Georgian]]/[[Judaeo-Georgian]]''': Although most [[Georgian people|Georgian]] immigrants speak Russian, they converse among themselves in Georgian.
* '''[[Ladino language|Ladino]]''': The [[Sephardi]] Jewish language and the third most widely spoken Jewish language, Ladino is a variant of medieval Spanish, intermixed with Hebrew. It is spoken by many [[Sephardi]] Jews. Today there is a state-supported authority for preserving the Ladino culture.
* '''[[Polish language|Polish]]''': Polish was spoken by the large number of [[aliyah|immigrants]] from [[Poland]]. Today, it is somewhat common in Polish ''[[moshav]]ei ovdim'' (workers’ settlements) created during the 1940s and 1950s.
* '''[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]''': While most Ukrainian Jews also speak Russian, there is still a significant segment of Ukrainian speakers.
* '''Spanish''': Spanish is spoken by Jews from [[Argentina]] and other [[Olim (Judaism)|olim]] from other Spanish-speaking countries, as well as by some Sephardi groups. Spanish is not restricted to Sephardim, as most Argentinian Jews are actually Ashkenazim. Spanish has never been part of the curriculum in Israel. Only English, French, Arabic, Russian and Italian<ref>{{cite web|title=Growing Demand for Italian Language Courses in Israel |url=http://www.ambtelaviv.esteri.it/NR/rdonlyres/03680211-B985-457C-9613-19D58E5654C0/0/NI23maggio2003.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=General information on courses at Technion (showing italian language courses)|url=http://humanities.technion.ac.il/general_info.htm}}</ref> are taught, in addition to Hebrew, and Spanish is only taught as a foreign language in schools and universities.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}
[[Image:Sign at entrance to Temple .jpg|thumb|250px|A 1978 notice on the [[Temple Mount]] in Hebrew, English, and French.]]
* '''French''': Spoken by many Moroccan, Algerian, and Tunisian Jews, either as a native or second language of these [[Francization|francized]] [[Maghreb]]i Jews, French is also spoken by the increasing number of new immigrants from France and other French-speaking countries<ref>{{fr}} [http://www.terredisrael.com/ISRAEL_ALYA1.php olim from french speaking countries]</ref>, as well as by foreign workers from [[African French|French speaking Africa]]. For many years French had been the diplomatic language of Israel, and it is still taught in many Israeli schools. The French embassy’s ''Institut Français'' supports French studies in Israeli schools. Israel has tried to join [[La Francophonie]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ambafrance-uk.org/Israel-and-the-OIF-institutions.html | title = Israel and the OIF institutions | accessdate =6 October 2009 }}</ref> but has been rebuffed by its Arab members. [[Tel Aviv University]] is a member of the [[Agence universitaire de la Francophonie]] (AUF).
* '''Italian''': In addition to being spoken by Italian Jews, Italian is also spoken by many Jews from [[Libya]] (a former Italian colony) and immigrants from other former Italian colonies ([[Eritrea]], Ethiopia and [[Somalia]]) as a primary or second language. As a result of growing demand, Italian may be taken as an optional subject in some schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Speaking of Italian Ambassador in Israel about Israeli program for the teaching of Italian language (in italian)|url=http://moked.it/kolhaitalkim/2010/11/24/somposio-%E2%80%9Cperche-in-italiano%E2%80%9D-lintervento-dellambasciatore/}}</ref>
* '''[[Persian language|Persian]]''': Persian is spoken by many [[Persian Jews]] who immigrated from Iran and their children.
* '''[[Kayla language|Kayla]]''' and '''[[Qwara language|Qwara]]''': These languages are spoken by [[Beta Israel|Ethiopian Jews]] in addition to [[Amharic language|Amharic]]. Kayla appears to be extinct.
* '''Chinese''', '''[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]''', and '''[[Thai language|Thai]]''': While spoken by a negligible number of Israeli Jews, Chinese, Tagalog, and Thai have made inroads in Israeli society in recent years due to an influx of non-Jewish immigrants from China, the [[Philippines]], and [[Thailand]]. It is estimated that there are 180,000 such illegal immigrants.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}} Many (though mostly Vietnamese) legally entered the country when Israel opened their doors to “[[boat people]]” from war-torn Southeast Asia in the 1970s.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}
* '''[[Marathi language|Marathi]]''': Marathi is the language of [[Bene Israel]] – Jews from the [[Konkan]] coast of [[India]]. They migrated to Israel beginning in 1948, when the State of Israel was established. In 1977 they numbered about 20,000. Concentrations of Marathi speakers are found in the towns of Dimona and Beersheba.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Weil Shalva |year=1977 |title=Verbal Interaction among the Bene Israeli |journal=Linguistics |volume=15 |issue=193 |pages=71–86 |publisher=de Gruyter, Reference Global |doi=10.1515/ling.1977.15.193.71 |pmid= |pmc= |url=http://www.reference-global.com/doi/abs/10.1515/ling.1977.15.193.71 |accessdate=13 February 2011 }}</ref>
* '''[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]''': [[Judeo-Malayalam]] is the traditional language of the [[Cochin Jews]] (also called Malabar Jews), from [[Kerala]], in [[southern India]].
* '''[[Bukhori]]''': Bukhori is spoken by the [[Bukharian Jews]] who immigrated from Central Asia.
* '''[[Israeli Sign Language]]''' is the main language amongst [[deaf]] Israelis. It comes from Jewish educators of the Deaf from Germany who relocated to start the first school for the deaf in Israel.
* '''[[Syriac|Syriac/Neo-Aramaic]]''': The Syriac language is also spoken by some Iraqi Jews that immigrated to Israel from [[Iraq]] during the 1940s and 1950s.

==References and footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Demographics of Israel]]

==External links==
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IL Languages of Israel] – [[Ethnologue]] entry for Israel.
* [http://www.biu.ac.il/hu/lprc/home Language Policy Research Center], [[Bar Ilan University]], [[Ramat Gan]], Israel.

{{Asia in topic|Languages of}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2011}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Languages Of Israel}}
[[Category:Languages of Israel|*]]

{{Link FA|he}}

[[bn:ইসরায়েল#ভাষা]]
[[es:Idiomas de Israel]]
[[he:מדיניות לשונית בישראל]]
[[ru:Языки Израиля]]

The World’s Most Powerful People

2011-12-19T13:12:45Z

Sahimrobot: r2.7.1) (robot Modifying: it:Lista delle persone più potenti del mondo secondo Forbes

Starting in 2009, ''[[Forbes]]'' Magazine compiles an annual '''list of the world's most powerful people'''. The list has one slot for every 100 million people on [[Earth]], meaning in 2009 there were 67 people on the list, in 2010 there were 68, and in 2011 there were 70. Slots are allocated based on the financial resources an individual controls as well as their influence on world events.<ref>{{cite news |author= Michael Noer and Nicole Perlroth|title=The World's Most Powerful People |work=[[Forbes]] |page= |date=11 November 2009 |accessdate=2009-11-16 |url=http://www.forbes.com/2009/11/09/world-most-powerful-leadership-power-09-intro.html}}</ref> With the age of 87, [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|King Abdullah]] is the oldest person on the list.
__NOTOC__
==2011 list (top 10)<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/powerful-people/list/ | work=Forbes}}</ref>==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! #
! Individual
! Office / Position
|-
| 1 {{Increase}}
| [[Barack Obama]]
| [[President of the United States]]
|-
| 2 {{increase}}
| [[Vladimir Putin]]
| [[Prime Minister of Russia]]
|-
| 3 {{decrease}}
| [[Hu Jintao]]
| [[President of the People's Republic of China]]
|-
| 4 {{increase}}
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| [[Chancellor of Germany]]
|-
| 5 {{Increase}}
| [[Bill Gates]]
| Co-Chair of the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]], founder and chairman of [[Microsoft]]
|-
| 6 {{decrease}}
| [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz al Saud]]
| 6th [[King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|King of Saudi Arabia]] and [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]
|-
| 7 {{decrease}}
| [[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]]
| 265th [[Pope]] of the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]]
|-
| 8 {{Steady}}
| [[Ben Bernanke]]
| 14th [[Chairman of the Federal Reserve]]
|-
| 9 {{Increase}}
| [[Mark Zuckerberg]]
| [[Chief executive officer]] and founder of [[Facebook]]
|-
| 10 {{decrease}}
| [[David Cameron]]
| [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
|}

==2010 list (top 10)==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! #
! Individual
! Office / Position
|-
| 1 {{Increase}}
| [[Hu Jintao]]
| [[President of the People's Republic of China]]
|-
| 2 {{decrease}}
| [[Barack Obama]]
| 44th [[President of the United States]]
|-
| 3 {{Increase}}
| [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz al Saud]]
| 6th [[King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|King of Saudi Arabia]] and [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]
|-
| 4 {{decrease}}
| [[Vladimir Putin]]
| [[Prime Minister of Russia]]
|-
| 5 {{Increase}}
| [[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]]
| 265th [[Pope]] of the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]]
|-
| 6 {{Increase}}
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| [[Chancellor of Germany]]
|-
| 7 {{Increase}}
| [[David Cameron]]
| [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
|-
| 8 {{Decrease}}
| [[Ben Bernanke]]
| 14th [[Chairman of the Federal Reserve]]
|-
| 9 {{Increase}}
| [[Sonia Gandhi]]
| [[President of the Indian National Congress]], [[Member_of_Parliament#India|Member of Parliament, India]]
|-
| 10 {{Steady}}
| [[Bill Gates]]
| Co-Chair of the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]], founder and chairman of [[Microsoft]]
|}

==2009 list (top 10 selection)==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! #
! Individual
! Office / Position
|-
| 1
| [[Barack Obama]]
| 44th [[President of the United States]]
|-
| 2
| [[Hu Jintao]]
| [[President of the People's Republic of China]]
|-
| 3
| [[Vladimir Putin]]
| [[Prime Minister of Russia]]
|-
| 4
| [[Ben Bernanke]]
| 14th [[Chairman of the Federal Reserve]]
|-
| 5
| [[Sergey Brin]] / [[Larry Page]]
| Founders of [[Google]]
|-
| 6
| [[Carlos Slim]]
| [[Chief executive officer|Chief executive]] of [[Telmex]]
|-
| 7
| [[Rupert Murdoch]]
| [[Chairman]] of [[News Corporation]]
|-
| 8
| [[Mike Duke]]
| [[Chief executive officer|Chief executive]] of [[Wal-Mart|Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.]]
|-
| 9
| [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz al Saud]]
| 6th [[King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|King of Saudi Arabia]] and [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]
|-
| 10
| [[Bill Gates]]
| Co-Chair of the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]], founder and chairman of [[Microsoft]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Forbes Magazine's List of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women]]
*[[40 under 40 (Fortune Magazine)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.forbes.com/wealth/powerful-people?boxes=Homepagelighttop#p_1_s_arank Official ''Forbes'' site: The World's Most Powerful People 2010]
*[http://www.forbes.com/2009/11/11/worlds-most-powerful-leadership-power-09-people_land.html Official ''Forbes'' site: The World's Most Powerful People 2009]

{{Forbes Magazine Lists}}

[[Category:Lists of people by magazine appearance]]

[[it:Lista delle persone più potenti del mondo secondo Forbes]]
[[zh:福布斯杂志全球最具影响力人物列表]]

The World’s Most Powerful People

2011-12-19T13:01:03Z

Sahimrobot: r2.7.1) (robot Modifying: it:Lista delle persone più potenti del mondo secondo Forbes

Starting in 2009, ''[[Forbes]]'' Magazine compiles an annual '''list of the world's most powerful people'''. The list has one slot for every 100 million people on [[Earth]], meaning in 2009 there were 67 people on the list, in 2010 there were 68, and in 2011 there were 70. Slots are allocated based on the financial resources an individual controls as well as their influence on world events.<ref>{{cite news |author= Michael Noer and Nicole Perlroth|title=The World's Most Powerful People |work=[[Forbes]] |page= |date=11 November 2009 |accessdate=2009-11-16 |url=http://www.forbes.com/2009/11/09/world-most-powerful-leadership-power-09-intro.html}}</ref> With the age of 87, [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|King Abdullah]] is the oldest person on the list.
__NOTOC__
==2011 list (top 10)<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/powerful-people/list/ | work=Forbes}}</ref>==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! #
! Individual
! Office / Position
|-
| 1 {{Increase}}
| [[Chuck Norris]]
| [[President of Awesomeness]]
|-
| 2 {{increase}}
| [[Voldemort]]
| [[The Dark Lord]]
|-
| 3 {{decrease}}
| [[Oliwer Stenberg]]
| [[Hacker of Wikipedia]]
|-
| 4 {{increase}}
| [[Oliwer Stenberg]]
| [[Just cause he is awesome]]
|-
| 5 {{Increase}}
| [[Aslan]]
| He's a lion, who can argue??
|-
| 6 {{decrease}}
| [[Simba]]
| He's a lion, who can argue??
|-
| 7 {{decrease}}
| [[Gandalf]]
| [[Pope]]
|-
| 8 {{Steady}}
| [[Frodo]]
| We dont know why..
|-
| 9 {{Increase}}
| [[Teemo]]
| [[Chief executive officer]]
|-
| 10 {{decrease}}
| [[Justin Beiber]]
| [[HAHHAAHHA, JUST KIDDIN !!!!]]
|}

==2010 list (top 10)==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! #
! Individual
! Office / Position
|-
| 1 {{Increase}}
| [[Hu Jintao]]
| [[President of the People's Republic of China]]
|-
| 2 {{decrease}}
| [[Barack Obama]]
| 44th [[President of the United States]]
|-
| 3 {{Increase}}
| [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz al Saud]]
| 6th [[King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|King of Saudi Arabia]] and [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]
|-
| 4 {{decrease}}
| [[Vladimir Putin]]
| [[Prime Minister of Russia]]
|-
| 5 {{Increase}}
| [[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]]
| 265th [[Pope]] of the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]]
|-
| 6 {{Increase}}
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| [[Chancellor of Germany]]
|-
| 7 {{Increase}}
| [[David Cameron]]
| [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
|-
| 8 {{Decrease}}
| [[Ben Bernanke]]
| 14th [[Chairman of the Federal Reserve]]
|-
| 9 {{Increase}}
| [[Sonia Gandhi]]
| [[President of the Indian National Congress]], [[Member_of_Parliament#India|Member of Parliament, India]]
|-
| 10 {{Steady}}
| [[Bill Gates]]
| Co-Chair of the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]], founder and chairman of [[Microsoft]]
|}

==2009 list (top 10 selection)==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! #
! Individual
! Office / Position
|-
| 1
| [[Barack Obama]]
| 44th [[President of the United States]]
|-
| 2
| [[Hu Jintao]]
| [[President of the People's Republic of China]]
|-
| 3
| [[Vladimir Putin]]
| [[Prime Minister of Russia]]
|-
| 4
| [[Ben Bernanke]]
| 14th [[Chairman of the Federal Reserve]]
|-
| 5
| [[Sergey Brin]] / [[Larry Page]]
| Founders of [[Google]]
|-
| 6
| [[Carlos Slim]]
| [[Chief executive officer|Chief executive]] of [[Telmex]]
|-
| 7
| [[Rupert Murdoch]]
| [[Chairman]] of [[News Corporation]]
|-
| 8
| [[Mike Duke]]
| [[Chief executive officer|Chief executive]] of [[Wal-Mart|Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.]]
|-
| 9
| [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz al Saud]]
| 6th [[King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|King of Saudi Arabia]] and [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]
|-
| 10
| [[Bill Gates]]
| Co-Chair of the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]], founder and chairman of [[Microsoft]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Forbes Magazine's List of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women]]
*[[40 under 40 (Fortune Magazine)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.forbes.com/wealth/powerful-people?boxes=Homepagelighttop#p_1_s_arank Official ''Forbes'' site: The World's Most Powerful People 2010]
*[http://www.forbes.com/2009/11/11/worlds-most-powerful-leadership-power-09-people_land.html Official ''Forbes'' site: The World's Most Powerful People 2009]

{{Forbes Magazine Lists}}

[[Category:Lists of people by magazine appearance]]

[[it:Lista delle persone più potenti del mondo secondo Forbes]]
[[zh:福布斯杂志全球最具影响力人物列表]]

Madagascar 3: Flucht durch Europa

2011-12-10T23:23:42Z

Sahimrobot: r2.7.1) (robot Modifying: it:Madagascar 3 - Ricercati in Europa

{{Infobox film
|name = Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted
|image = Madagascar3-Poster-Animation Info.jpg
|image size = 215px
|alt = Teaser poster
|caption = Official Teaser poster
|director = [[Eric Darnell]] [[Conrad Vernon]]<ref name=USAToday />
|producer = [[Mireille Soria]] [[Mark Swift]]
|writer = [[Noah Baumbach]]
|starring = [[Ben Stiller]] [[Chris Rock]] [[David Schwimmer]] [[Jada Pinkett Smith]] [[Frances McDormand]] [[Sacha Baron Cohen]] [[Cedric the Entertainer]] [[Andy Richter]] [[Tom McGrath (animator)|Tom McGrath]] [[Chris Miller (animator)|Chris Miller]] [[John DiMaggio]] [[Christopher Knights]] [[Conrad Vernon]] [[Andre Benjamin]] [[Sherri Shepherd]] [[Amy Adams]]

|music = [[Hans Zimmer]]
|studio = [[DreamWorks Animation]]
|distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]]
|released = {{Film date|2012|6|8}}<ref name="slate2014">{{Cite press release | title = DreamWorks Animation Announces Feature Film Release Slate Through 2014 | publisher = DreamWorks Animation SKG, Inc | date = 2011-03-08 | url = http://ir.dreamworksanimation.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=555383 | accessdate = 2011-03-08}}</ref>
|country = {{Film US}}
|language = English
}}
'''''Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted''''' is an upcoming [[computer-animated]] [[comedy film]] and the third installment of the [[Madagascar (franchise)|Madagascar film series]], also the first 3-D film in the series, produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]], distributed by [[Paramount Pictures]] and directed by [[Eric Darnell]] and [[Conrad Vernon]].<ref name="Hollywood Reporter"/> It is a [[sequel]] to ''[[Madagascar (2005 film)|Madagascar]]'' and ''[[Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa]]''. It is set to be released on June 8, 2012.<ref name="slate2014" />

==Plot==
Alex the Lion, Marty the Zebra, Gloria the Hippopotamus, and Melman the Giraffe set out to return to New York after escaping to Africa. Dependent on the mechanical know-how of the notorious monkeys, their plan inevitably goes awry and they find themselves stranded in Monte Carlo, where they try to escape Europe from animal control by joining up with a traveling circus by chance. Led by the venerable tiger Vitali, the animal-centered circus has seen better days. During the course of a tour through a series of European cities that ends in a fabulous big top in the heart of London, Alex, Marty, Gloria, and Melman help Vitaly, Gia the jaguar, and Stefano the sea lion, rediscover their passion for show business and reinvent circus performance.<ref name=Perseus>{{cite web|title=The Art of Madagascar 3|url=http://www.perseusacademic.com/book.php?isbn=9781608870752|work=Perseus Academic|accessdate=November 20, 2011}}</ref>

==Production==
DreamWorks CEO [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] confirmed in 2008 that there will be an additional sequel to ''Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa''. Katzenberg stated, "there is at least one more chapter. We ultimately want to see the characters make it back to New York."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=47990 | title=Katzenberg Planning 3rd Madagascar, 2nd Kung Fu Panda | publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | accessdate=2008-08-14}}</ref> At the [[Television Critics Association]] press tour, in January 2009, Katzenberg was asked if there will be a third film in the series. He replied, "Yes, we are making a ''Madagascar 3'' now, and it will be out in the summer of 2012."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/943/943429p1.html | title=DreamWorks Confirms Madagascar 3 is Coming - Katzenberg comments on when it will be released. | publisher=[[IGN Entertainment]] | date=2009-01-09 | accessdate=2009-04-15}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Ben Stiller]] as Alex<ref name="Hollywood Reporter">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/blogs/heat-vision/frances-mcdormand-animated-evil-madagascar-70983?_r=true |title=EXCLUSIVE: Frances McDormand Gets Animated, and Evil, for 'Madagascar 3' |last=Kit |first=Borys |publisher=HollywoodReporter.com |date=January 12, 2011 |accessdate=February 10, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Chris Rock]] as Marty<ref name="Hollywood Reporter"/>
* [[David Schwimmer]] as Melman<ref name="Hollywood Reporter"/>
* [[Jada Pinkett Smith]] as Gloria<ref name="Hollywood Reporter"/>
* [[Frances McDormand]] as Captain Chantel DuBois<ref name=USAToday>{{cite news|last=Wloszczyna|first=Susan|title='Madagascar' gang reunites for caper in Monte Carlo|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/story/2011-12-07/madagascar-sneak-peek/51706732/1|accessdate=December 8, 2011|newspaper=USA Today|date=December 8, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Sacha Baron Cohen]] as King Julien XIII<ref name="slate2014" />
* [[Cedric the Entertainer]] as Maurice<ref name="slate2014" />
* [[Andy Richter]] as Mort<ref name="slate2014" />
* [[Tom McGrath (animator)|Tom McGrath]] as Skipper<ref name="Film.com">{{cite news|last=Champ|first=Christine|title=Interview: Megamind Director Tom McGrath|url=http://www.film.com/movies/interview-megamind-director-tom-mcgrath|accessdate=October 26, 2011|newspaper=Film.com|date=November 3, 2010}}</ref>
* [[Chris Miller (animator)|Chris Miller]] as Kowalski<ref name="Film.com" />
* [[John DiMaggio]] as Rico<ref name="Film.com" />
* [[Christopher Knights]] as Private<ref name="Film.com" />
* [[Conrad Vernon]] as Mason (Phil is unvoiced)<ref name=USAToday />
* [[Andre Benjamin]] as Zuba
* [[Sherri Shepherd]] as Florrie
* [[Russell Brand]] as Vitaly, a tiger<ref name="Film.com" />
* [[Amy Adams]] as Gia, a jaguar<ref name="Film.com" />
* [[Robin Williams]] as Stefano, a sea lion<ref name="Film.com" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.madagascar-themovie.com/ Official site]
*{{IMDb title|1277953|Madagascar 3}}

{{Madagascar}}
{{DreamWorks animated films}}

[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:American animated films]]
[[Category:Computer-animated films]]
[[Category:Upcoming films]]
[[Category:Animated features released by Paramount Pictures]]
[[Category:Films set in Madagascar]]
[[Category:DreamWorks Animation films]]
[[Category:Sequel films]]
[[Category:Films featuring anthropomorphic characters]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:IMAX films]]

[[es:Madagascar 3]]
[[fa:ماداگاسکار ۳]]
[[fr:Madagascar 3]]
[[it:Madagascar 3 - Ricercati in Europa]]
[[he:מדגסקר 3]]
[[hu:Madagaszkár 3]]
[[pl:Madagaskar 3]]
[[ru:Мадагаскар 3]]
[[sq:Madagascar 3]]
[[zh:荒失失奇兵3]]

Moves like Jagger

2011-09-07T09:35:42Z

Sahimrobot: r2.7.1) (robot Adding: fr:Moves Like Jagger

{{Infobox single
| Name = Moves Like Jagger
| Cover = Moves-Like-Jagger-Official-Single-Cover.jpg
| Border = yes
| Artist = [[Maroon 5]] featuring [[Christina Aguilera]]
| Album = [[Hands All Over (album)|Hands All Over]]
| A-side =
| B-side =
| Recorded = May 2011; Los Angeles<ref name="mtv"/>
| Genre = [[Disco]]-[[pop music|pop]], [[Synthpop#21st century revival|electropop]]
| Released = June 21, 2011
| Format = [[CD single]], [[Music download|digital download]]
| Length = 3:21
| Label = [[A&M/Octone Records|A&M/Octone]]
| Writer = [[Adam Levine]], Benjamin Levin, Ammar Malik, [[Shellback (producer)|Shellback]]
| Producer = Shellback, [[Benny Blanco]]
| Chronology = [[Maroon 5]] singles
| Last single = "[[Never Gonna Leave This Bed]]" (2011)
| This single = "'''Moves Like Jagger'''" (2011)
| Next single =
| Misc = {{Extra chronology
| Artist = [[Christina Aguilera]]
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[You Lost Me]]" (2010)
| This single = "'''Moves Like Jagger'''" (2011)
| Next single =
}}}}

"'''Moves Like Jagger'''" is a song by American band [[Maroon 5]] featuring American pop singer [[Christina Aguilera]]. It was released for [[Music download|digital download]] on June 21, 2011 in conjunction with a live performance of the song on ''[[The Voice (U.S. TV series)|The Voice]]'' the same day. "Moves Like Jagger" was written by [[Adam Levine]], [[Benny Blanco|Benjamin Levin]], Ammar Malik and [[Shellback (producer)|Shellback]], and was produced by Shellback and Benny Blanco.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maratone.se/producers/Shellback|title=Shellback – Discography|publisher=Maratone.se|accessdate=July 19, 2011}}</ref> It was later included on a re-release of the band's third studio album, ''[[Hands All Over (album)|Hands All Over]]'' (2011). The song's lyrics refer to a male protagonist's ability to impress a female with his dance moves, of which he compares to those of [[Rolling Stones]] frontman [[Mick Jagger]]. "Moves Like Jagger" debuted at number eight on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], therefore making it the band's first top-ten single since the number-one hit "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" (2007), and Aguilera's first top-ten since "[[Keeps Gettin' Better]]" (2008). The song was a number-one single in [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Denmark]], [[Ireland]] and [[New Zealand]] and was also a top-five hit in most countries that it charted. The song also marks the first time two former [[Grammy Award for Best New Artist|Best New Artist]] [[Grammy Award]] winners have collaborated on a Hot 100 hit. A music video directed by [[Jonas Akerlund]] was released on August 8, 2011. The video not only features Christina Aguilera, but it also features some old video footage of [[Mick Jagger]] himself and his iconic moves.

==Composition==
"Moves Like Jagger" is a [[disco]]-[[Pop music|pop]]<ref name="idolator">{{cite web|last=Daw|first=Robbie|title=Adam Levine And Christina Aguilera Move Like Jagger On ‘The Voice’|url=http://idolator.com/5910682/adam-levine-christina-aguilera-the-voice|accessdate=July 9, 2011|work=[[Idolator]]|publisher=Buzzmedia|date=July 12, 2011}}</ref> and [[Synthpop#21st century revival|electropop]] song<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/billboard-bits-christina-aguilera-adam-levine-1005243722.story#/news/billboard-bits-christina-aguilera-adam-levine-1005243722.story|title=Billboard Bits: Christina Aguilera & Adam Levine Release 'Jagger' Single, J. Cole Announces Debut Album|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|date=June 21, 2011|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref> with elements of [[Rock music|rock]] and [[Soul music|soul]].<ref name="popcrush"/> It features a "throbbing" [[synth]], [[Pace (speed)|fast-paced]] beat and [[electronic drum]]s.<ref name="idolator"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Ramrakhani|first=Naina|url=http://www.desihits.com/news/view/christina-aguilera-and-maroon-5-have-moves-like-jagger-20110621|title=Christina Aguilera and Maroon 5's Adam Levine Have 'Moves Like Jagger'|publisher=[[DesiHits]]|date=June 21, 2011|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref> Robbie Daw from [[Idolator (website)|Idolator]] wrote that, "Moves Like Jagger" slightly echoes the [[Rolling Stones]]’ chart-topping 1978 classic "[[Miss You (The Rolling Stones song)|Miss You]]", and added that "Levine’s voice is distorted via [[Auto-Tune]] on the chorus."<ref name="idolator"/> Over an infectious whistle [[melody]] and light, funky [[guitar]] [[Strings (music)|strings]],<ref name="about"/> Levine tries his best to impress his female interest with dance moves like Rolling Stones frontman [[Mick Jagger]]: "I don't need to try to control you / Look into my eyes and I'll own you / With the moves like Jagger / I got the moves like Jagger / I got the mooooooves like Jagger."<ref>{{cite web|last=Gayles|first=Contessa|url=http://blog.music.aol.com/2011/06/21/christina-aguilera-adam-levine-moves-like-jagger/|title='Voice' Co-Stars Christina Aguilera and Adam Levine Release 'Moves Like Jagger'|publisher=[[AOL Radio]]. [[AOL]]|date=June 21, 2011|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref> Aguilera appears mid-way through the song's [[Bridge (music)|bridge]], playing her role as a tease before offering her signature soaring vocals: "You want to know how to make me smile / Take control, own me just for the night / But if I share my secret / You gonna have to keep it / Nobody else can see this."<ref name="mtv">{{cite web|last=Dinh|first=James|title=Adam Levine And Christina Aguilera Show Off On ‘Moves Like Jagger’ Collabo|url=http://newsroom.mtv.com/2011/06/22/adam-levine-and-christina-aguilera-show-off-on-%E2%80%98moves-like-jagger%E2%80%99-collabo/|accessdate=July 12, 2011|publisher=[[MTV News]]room. [[MTV Networks]]|date=June 22, 2011}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
Bill Lamb from [[About.com]] gave the song a positive review, giving the single four-and-a-half out of five stars.<ref name="about"/> Lamb wrote that, "The funky, whistle driven melody here is loose, light, and irresistibly funky. The punchy guest vocal from fellow judge Christina Aguilera is simply icing on the cake. There is a real vocal chemistry between Aguilera and Levine."<ref name="about"/> Lamb called the song an "outstanding summer song", writing that "It is light, danceable, and would sound great in the car with the top down."<ref name="about">{{cite web|last=Lamb|first=Bill|title=Maroon 5 -Moves Like Jagger featuring Christina Aguilera|url=http://top40.about.com/od/singles/gr/Maroon-5-Moves-Like-Jagger-Featuring-Christina-Aguilera.htm|publisher=[[About.com]]. [[The New York Times Company]]|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref> Robbie Daw from [[Idolator (website)|Idolator]] wrote that "It takes a full two minutes and 15 seconds for Christina's soulful pipes to being trilling on "Moves Like Jagger." But once she does, she immediately steals the show."<ref name="idolator">{{cite web|last=Daw|first=Robbie|title=Hear Maroon 5 & Christina Aguilera Team Up On "Moves Like Jagger" Singl|url=http://idolator.com/5909141/maroon-5-christina-aguilera-moves-like-jagger|work=[[Idolator]]|publisher=Buzzmedia|date=June 22, 2011|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref> Daw concluded by writing that "this is the best thing from either of these two in years."<ref name="idolator"/> While naming the song "a contender for 2011's song of the summer", James Dinh from [[MTV News]]room wrote that "Adam Levine and Christina Aguilera have turned their friendly rivalry on NBC's ''[[The Voice (U.S. TV series)|The Voice]]'' into some studio chemistry."<ref name="mtv"/> Scott Schelter from Pop Crush awarded "Moves Like Jagger" four-and-a-half out of five stars.<ref name="popcrush"/> Schelter called the song "danceable and fun" and wrote that "the song would've been great even without Aguilera, but her fiery cameo makes it that much better."<ref name="popcrush">{{cite web|last=Schelter|first=Scott|title=Maroon 5, 'Moves Like Jagger' Feat. Christina Aguilera – Song Review|url=http://popcrush.com/maroon-5-moves-like-jagger-christina-aguilera/|publisher=Pop Crush|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref> Robert Copsey wrote for [[Digital Spy]]: "Take me by the tongue and I'll know you/ Kiss me till you're drunk and I'll show you," Ad insists over a funky, finger-clicking bassline and an irresistible whistle hook that immediately burrows deep into the recesses of your brain. "If I share my secret/ You're gonna have to keep it," Xtina says on her short, sweet and perfectly-formed cameo. We've already got your number, love, but our surprise is still 100% genuine."<ref>{{cite news|last=Copsey|first=Robert|title=Maroon 5 ft. Christina Aguilera: 'Moves Like Jagger'|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/singlesreviews/a335161/maroon-5-ft-christina-aguilera-moves-like-jagger.html|accessdate=August 20, 2011|newspaper=[[Digital Spy]]|date=August 14, 2011}}</ref>

==Chart performance==
On the issue dated July 9, 2011, "Moves Like Jagger" debuted at number eight on the United States [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]],<ref name="hotdebut">{{cite web|last=Trust|first=Gary|title=Pitbull's 'Give Me Everything' Powers to No. 1 on Hot 100|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/pitbull-s-give-me-everything-powers-to-no-1005256872.story|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|date=29 June 2011|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref> becoming the band's fourth top-ten hit and Aguilera's ninth.<ref name="yahoo">{{cite web|last=Grein|first=Paul|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/74380/week-ending-june-26-2011-songs-a-twist-at-the-voice/|title=Week Ending June 26, 2011. Songs: A Twist At The Voice|work=[[Yahoo! Music]]|publisher=[[Yahoo! Inc.]]|date=June 29, 2011|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref> "Moves Like Jagger" also debuted at number two on the [[Hot Digital Songs]] chart, with 213,000 copies sold.<ref name="hotdebut"/> Weeks later, the song reached position number three in such country thanks to better radio support and strong digital sales with 219,000 copies sold, thus topping the Hot Digital Songs chart. For the week ending September 10, 2011, it reached number one on the Hot 100 and sold 1,326,000 copies in the US.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/74406/week-ending-aug-28-2011-songs-jagger-as-icon/;_ylt=A0SO0pTMrV9O.x8BwBQPwiUv|title=Week Ending Aug. 28, 2011. Songs: Jagger As Icon|work=''Yahoo! Chart Watch''|publisher=new.music.yahoo.com|date=2011-08-31|accessdate=September 1, 2011}}</ref> It is the band's biggest collaboration to date, surpassing "[[If I Never See Your Face Again]]" (2008) with [[Rihanna]], which peaked at number 51 on the Hot 100.<ref name="yahoo"/>

On August 1, 2011 "Moves Like Jagger" reached number two on the Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Charts, making it Aguilera's highest charting single since "[[Candyman (Christina Aguilera song)|Candyman]]" in 2007.<ref>http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1U50</ref> On the week of August 20, 2011, the song topped the [[Canadian Hot 100]] chart, becoming the band second number-one single and Aguilera's third number-one single, first in almost 9 years (the last one was the 2002 hit "[[Beautiful (Christina Aguilera song)|Beautiful]]").<ref>{{cite news|title=Moves Like Jagger - Maroon 5 - Billboard|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/song/maroon-5-featuring-christina-aguilera/moves-like-jagger/25672830|accessdate=August 11, 2011|newspaper=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> "Moves Like Jagger" made its debut on the [[UK Singles Chart]] at number three and sold 56,000 copies on the issue dated August 27, 2011, becoming Maroon 5's 4th top 10 hit and Christina Aguilera's 15th top 10 hit in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|title=Double firsts for London acts Wretch 32 and Nero|url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/chart-news/double-firsts-for-london-acts-wretch-32-and-nero/|publisher=[[The Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=21 August 2011|date=21 August 2011}}</ref>

"Moves Like Jagger" topped the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, for the week ending September 10, 2011, as the greatest airplay gainer for the third consecutive week. For Maroon 5, this is the first time at the number one position on the Hot 100 chart since their single "Makes Me Wonder" in 2007 and for Aguilera, this is her fifth number one position, her first since "[[Lady Marmalade]]" in 2001. Incidentally, Levine is the first artist to achieve two concurrent singles in the top ten of the Hot 100 − one as a member of a band and another as a solo artist.<ref>{{cite news|title=Maroon 5 and Christina Aguilera's 'Moves Like Jagger' Struts To No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100|url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/record-labels/maroon-5-and-christina-aguilera-s-moves-1005334872.story}}</ref> For Aguilera, "Moves Like Jagger" puts her with an elite group of eight artists to have a number #1 on the Hot 100 in three different decades: in the [[1990s in music|1990s]] ("[[Genie in a Bottle]]"), in the [[2000s in music|2000s]] ("[[What a Girl Wants]]", "[[Come On Over Baby (All I Want Is You)]]" and "Lady Marmalade"), and in the [[2010s in music|2010s]] ("Moves Like Jagger").

The song became the eighteenth #1 single on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 whose title included the name of an actual person.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

==Music video==
[[File:moves-like-jagger-video.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Levine and Aguilera during a scene of the music video from "Moves Like Jagger".]]
The [[music video]] for "Moves Like Jagger" was directed by [[Jonas Åkerlund]] and filmed in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] on July 8, 2011.<ref name="daw">{{cite web|last=Daw|first=Robbie|url=http://idolator.com/5930582/mick-jagger-maroon-5-christina-aguilera-moves-like-jagger-video|title=Mick Jagger To Appear In Maroon 5 & Christina Aguilera's "Moves Like Jagger" Video?|work=[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]]|publisher=Buzzmedia|date=July 8, 2011|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref><ref name="dailymail"/> On July 9, Aguilera posted an image of herself from the video shoot via [[Twitter]], saying, "Always great to see Jonas Akerlund. He created the perfect feel for the song. Expect a fun video."<ref name="wplj">{{cite web|last=Epstein|first=Katherine|url=http://wplj.com/Article.asp?id=2233903&spid=36852|title=TWITPIC: Sneak Peek at the Christina Aguilera/Adam Levine Music Video|publisher=[[WPLJ]]. [[Citadel Broadcasting]]|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref> The image showed Aguilera performing with a band in front of a background of the [[Flag of the United States|American flag]].<ref name="wplj"/> Four shirtless images of Levine from the shoot were also released online the same day.<ref name="popline">{{cite web|last=Faia|first=Amanda|title=Adam Levine desfila sem camisa nos bastidores do videoclipe de "Moves Like Jagger"|url=http://popline.mtv.uol.com.br/adam-levine-desfila-sem-camisa-nos-bastidores-do-videoclipe-de-moves-like-jagger|publisher=[[MTV Brasil{{!}}PopLine]]|date=July 9, 2011|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref> More images from the video shoot were released online on July 11, showing Levine and Aguilera performing in front of an American and British-themed backdrop with confetti falling from the ceiling.<ref name="dailymail">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2013355/Christina-Aguilera-best-shoots-new-music-video-Moves-Like-Jagger.html|title=Christina Aguilera is back to her best as she shoots new music video Moves Like Jagger|work=[[Daily Mail]]|date=July 11, 2011|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref> Another image showed Aguilera performing in front of a black backdrop with her name "Christina" shown in pink.<ref name="dailymail"/> [[Rolling Stones]] frontman [[Mick Jagger]] will make an appearance in the video "via archive footage." The music video premiered on August 8 on E!<ref name="daw"/>

===Inspiration===
For Levine and his bandmates, the song and video are all about exposing a new generation to the rock legend.
"We were lucky enough to get Mick's endorsement [for the video], as far as him giving us access to a bunch of different footage that's so cool," Levine told [[MTV News]] when we visited the video's set last month. "Not many people have seen [it], especially a newer generation of people that don't know so much about how incredible he was."<ref name="mtvvideo"/>

===Synopsis===
The [[Jonas Åkerlund]]-directed clip opens with black-and-white footage of the theater, shots of work crews assembling lighting and equipment onstage and groups of extras getting into costume, warming up for a shoot. This is followed by classic footage of Jagger, during which Michael Parkinson asks the iconic [[Rolling Stones]] frontman how long he plans to make music. "I don't know. I never thought I'd be doing it for two years even," a young Jagger says, as the opening whistles of the Maroon 5 song kick in, throughout which a slew of Jagger look-alikes are shown dancing up to a central microphone, interlaced with archival footage of Jagger himself and shots of bandmembers James Valentine, Jesse Carmichael, Michael Madden and Matt Flynn rocking out on their instruments. Maroon 5 frontman [[Adam Levine]] eventually takes center stage to start singing wearing nothing but snug-fitting polyester pants and his colorful tattoos. The video is mostly a mash-up of people trying to move like Jagger, including Levine. When Aguilera makes her brief appearance, she fits right into the retro feel with mascara-heavy lashes and a floppy hat.<ref name="mtvvideo">{{cite news|last=Warner|first=Kara|title=Maroon 5 Go Retro In New 'Moves Like Jagger' Video Christina Aguilera appears in new clip, along with archival footage of Mick Jagger himself|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1668754/maroon-5-christina-aguilera-moves-like-jagger-video.jhtml|accessdate=August 13, 2011|newspaper=[[MTV News]]|date=August 9, 2011}}</ref>

===Reception===
Becky Bain wrote for [[Idolator]] that "Adam Levine wears a whole lot of ink on his upper torso instead of a shirt, and Christina Aguilera applies an entire bottle of mascara around her eyes."<ref>{{cite news|last=Bain|first=Beck|title=Maroon 5 & Christina Aguilera Premiere "Moves Like Jagger" Video|url=http://idolator.com/5968962/christina-aguilera-maroon-5-moves-like-jagger-video|accessdate=August 13, 2011|newspaper=[[Idolator]]|date=August 8, 2011}}</ref> The [[Huffington Post]] commented "We weren't sure whether Levine and Aguilera would be able to bring it like Mick, but then again, no one can ever touch the original. The best they can do is try to imitate Jagger's greatness--and Levine and Aguilera do a pretty solid job of that."<ref>{{cite news|title=Adam Levine, Christina Aguilera: 'Moves Like Jagger' Music Video Premiere|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/09/adam-levine-christinia-aguilera-moves-like-jagger-video_n_921950.html|accessdate=August 13, 2011|newspaper=[[Huffington Post]]|date=August 9, 2011}}</ref>

==Live performances==
"Moves Like Jagger" was performed for the first time with Aguilera on June 21, 2011, during ''[[The Voice (U.S. TV series)|The Voice]]'', a talent competition show on which both she and Levine are coaches.<ref name="mtv"/> Maroon 5 performed this song without Aguilera on ''[[America's Got Talent]]'' on August 3, 2011 in the results show of the fourth week of the Hollywood performances.<ref>{{cite news|title=Maroon 5 performa "Moves Like Jagger" no America’s Got Talent|url=http://www.maroon5br.com/2011/08/04/maroon-5-performa-moves-like-jagger-no-americas-got-talent/|accessdate=July -6, 2011|newspaper=Maroon 5 Brasil}}</ref> The band also performed it on the ''[[Today Show]]'' on August 5, 2011, causing a rise to #1 on [[iTunes]] later the same day.<ref>{{cite news|title=Maroon 5 se apresenta no Today Show!|url=http://www.maroon5br.com/2011/08/05/maroon-5-se-apresenta-no-today-show/|newspaper=Maroon 5 Brasil|date=July 5, 2011}}</ref> The music video's release also caused the song to stay at #1 on iTunes.

==Track listing==
*;Digital download<ref name="itunes"/>
#"Moves Like Jagger (featuring [[Christina Aguilera]]) – 3:21

*;CD single<ref name=gercd/>
#"Moves Like Jagger (featuring Christina Aguilera) – 3:21
#"Moves Like Jagger (featuring Christina Aguilera) ([[Soul Seekerz]] Radio Edit) – 3:25

==Charts and certifications==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Chart (2011)
! Peak position
|-
{{singlechart|Australia|2|artist=Maroon 5 feat. Christina Aguilera|song=Moves Like Jagger|accessdate=July 31, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|Austria|8|artist=Maroon 5 feat. Christina Aguilera|song=Moves Like Jagger|accessdate=August 11, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|Flanders|5|artist=Maroon 5 feat. Christina Aguilera|song=Moves Like Jagger|accessdate=July 19, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|Wallonia|22|artist=Maroon 5 feat. Christina Aguilera|song=Moves Like Jagger|accessdate=July 19, 2011}}
|-
|Canada ([[Canadian Hot 100]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-hot-100#/song/maroon-5-featuring-christina-aguilera/moves-like-jagger/25672830|title=Canadian Hot 100: Chart History of "Moves Like Jagger"|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|date=July 9, 2011|accessdate=August 10, 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
{{singlechart|Denmark|1|artist=Maroon 5 feat. Christina Aguilera|song=Moves Like Jagger|accessdate=July 17, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|Finland|2|artist=Maroon 5 feat. Christina Aguilera|song=Moves Like Jagger|accessdate=August 11, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|France|43|artist=Maroon 5 feat. Christina Aguilera|song=Moves Like Jagger|accessdate=August 15, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|Germany|3|artist=Maroob 5 feat. Christina Aguilera|song=Moves Like Jagger}}
|-
{{singlechart|Hungary|22|artist=Maroon 5 feat. Christina Aguilera|song=Moves Like Jagger|year=2011|week=34|accessdate=1 September 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|Italy|2|artist=Maroon 5 feat. Christina Aguilera|song=Moves Like Jagger|accessdate=September 2, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|Ireland|1|year=2011|week=33}}
|-
|Japan ([[Japan Hot 100]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Japan Hot 100 chart (Week: July 25, 2011)|url=http://www.billboard-japan.com/system/jp_charts/hot100/11-50/|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=July 20, 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|33
|-
{{singlechart|Dutch40|2|artist=Maroon 5 feat. Christina Aguilera|song=Moves Like Jagger|accessdate=July 30, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|Dutch100|2|artist=Maroon 5 feat. Christina Aguilera|song=Moves Like Jagger|accessdate=July 30, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|New Zealand|1|artist=Maroon 5 feat. Christina Aguilera|song=Moves Like Jagger|accessdate=August 1, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|Norway|2|artist=Maroon 5 feat. Christina Aguilera|song=Moves Like Jagger}}
|-
|Russia ([[Russian Music Charts|EMI]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tophit.ru/cgi-bin/trackinfo.cgi?id=33511|title=Russian Chart- Moves Like Jagger}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|8
|-
{{singlechart|Scotland|1|artist=Maroon 5 feat. Christina Aguilera|song=Moves Like Jagger|date=2011-08-27}}
|-
{{singlechart|Slovakia|11|year=2011|week=27}}
|-
|South Korea ([[Gaon Chart|GAON]])<ref>{{cite web|title=South Korea Gaon International Chart (Week: June 26, 2011 to July 2, 2011)|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/total/list.gaon?mainGbn=CHART&mainCate=1&nationGbn=E&termGbn=week|publisher=[[Gaon Chart]]|accessdate=July 13, 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
{{singlechart|Sweden|4|artist=Maroon 5 feat. Christina Aguilera|song=Moves Like Jagger|accessdate=August 19, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|Switzerland|5|artist=Maroon 5 feat. Christina Aguilera|song=Moves Like Jagger|accessdate=July 13, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|UK|2|artist=Maroon 5 feat. Christina Aguilera|song=Moves Like Jagger|date=2011-08-27}}
|-
|US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name="bbcurrent">{{citeweb|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/maroon-5-featuring-christina-aguilera/486079#/song/maroon-5-featuring-christina-aguilera/moves-like-jagger/25672830|title=Moves Like Jagger - Maroon 5|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard.com]]|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=August 30, 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|US [[Adult Contemporary]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name="bbcurrent"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|26
|-
|US [[Adult Top 40|Adult Pop Songs]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name="bbcurrent"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|6
|-
|US [[Hot Dance Club Songs]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name="bbcurrent"/><ref name="chartbeat">{{citeweb|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/column/chartbeat/chart-highlights-dance-club-play-country-1005332072.story|title=Chart Highlights: Dance/Club Play, Country Songs & More|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|date=2011-08-29|accessdate=August 30, 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|44
|-
|US [[Latin Pop Songs]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name="bbcurrent"/><ref name="chartbeat"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|37
|-
|US [[Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs)|Pop Songs]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name="bbcurrent"/><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat#/column/chartbeat/chart-highlights-kelly-clarkson-debuts-on-1005338812.story|title=Chart Highlights: Kelly Clarkson Debuts On Adult Pop Songs|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|date=2011-09-05|accessdate=September 5, 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|6
|}
{{col-2}}

===Certifications===
{{certification Table Top}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Australia|artist=Maroon 5 Feat. Christina Aguilera|title=Moves Like Jagger|award=Platinum|number=2|certyear=2011|relyear=2011|autocat=yes|certref=<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 50 Singles Chart|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1U50|work=''[[ARIA Charts]]''|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|accessdate=04 September 2011}}</ref>}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Italy|artist=Maroon 5 Feat. Christina Aguilera|title=Moves Like Jagger|award=Gold|certyear=2011|relyear=2011|autocat=yes|certref=<ref>{{cite web|title=Certifications of digital downloads - week 34|url=http://www.fimi.it/temp/cert_Nielsen_week3411.pdf|work=''[[FIMI]]''|publisher=[[FIMI]]|accessdate=04 September 2011}}</ref>}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=single|region=New Zealand|artist=Maroon 5 featuring Christina Aguilera|title=Moves Like Jagger|award=Platinum|certyear=2011|certmonth=8|relyear=2011|autocat=yes}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=single|region=United States|artist=Maroon 5 featuring Christina Aguilera|title=Moves Like Jagger|award=Platinum|certyear=2011|certmonth=8|relyear=2011|autocat=yes}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|format=3col|nounspecified=yes}}
{{col-end}}

== Release history ==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"|Country
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Format
|-
! scope="row"|Canada<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/moves-like-jagger-the-voice/id443177467|title=Moves Like Jagger (The Voice Performance) feat. Christina Aguilera – Single|publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc.|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref>
| rowspan="2"|June 21, 2011
| rowspan="9"| [[Music download|Digital download]]
|-
! scope="row"|United States<ref name="itunes">{{cite web|title=Moves Like Jagger (The Voice Performance) feat. Christina Aguilera – Single|url=http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/moves-like-jagger-the-voice/id443177467|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]. [[Apple Inc.]]|accessdate=June 25, 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|Australia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/au/album/moves-like-jagger-feat.-christina/id445828194|title=Moves Like Jagger (feat. Christina Aguilera) – Single|publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc.|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref>
|rowspan="6"|June 22, 2011
|-
! scope="row"|Denmark<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/dk/album/moves-like-jagger-feat.-christina/id445828194|title=Moves Like Jagger (feat. Christina Aguilera) – Single|publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc.|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|France<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/moves-like-jagger-feat.-christina/id445828194|title=Moves Like Jagger (feat. Christina Aguilera) – Single|publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc.|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|Netherlands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/nl/album/moves-like-jagger-feat.-christina/id445828194|title=Moves Like Jagger (feat. Christina Aguilera) – Single|publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc.|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|New Zealand<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/nz/album/moves-like-jagger-feat.-christina/id445828194|title=Moves Like Jagger (feat. Christina Aguilera) – Single|publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc.|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|Sweden<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/se/album/moves-like-jagger-feat.-christina/id445828194?i=445828290&ign-mpt=uo%3D4|title=Moves Like Jagger (feat. Christina Aguilera) – Single|publisher=iTunes Store. Apple Inc.|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Moves-Like-Jagger/dp/B0059XUHLU/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1310808569&sr=8-1|title=Moves Like Jagger: Maroon 5|publisher=Amazon.co.uk|accessdate=July 16, 2011}}</ref>
|August 14, 2011
|-
! scope="row"|Germany<ref name=gercd>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.de/Moves-Like-Jagger-2-Track-Maroon/dp/B005FTXB3Y/ref=sr_1_1?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1312926161&sr=1-1|title=Moves Like Jagger: Maroon 5|publisher=Amazon.de|accessdate=August 10, 2011}}</ref>
| August 26, 2011
| [[CD single]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Maroon 5}}
{{Christina Aguilera singles}}

[[Category:2011 singles]]
[[Category:Nu-disco songs]]
[[Category:Maroon 5 songs]]
[[Category:Christina Aguilera songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Benny Blanco]]
[[Category:Songs written by Adam Levine]]
[[Category:Songs written by Shellback]]
[[Category:Songs produced by Benny Blanco]]
[[Category:Songs produced by Shellback]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Denmark]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]

[[cs:Moves Like Jagger]]
[[es:Moves Like Jagger]]
[[fr:Moves Like Jagger]]
[[it:Moves Like Jagger]]
[[nl:Moves like Jagger]]
[[pl:Moves Like Jagger]]
[[pt:Moves Like Jagger]]
[[ru:Moves Like Jagger]]
[[vi:Moves Like Jagger]]

Topfreedom

2011-06-05T08:20:45Z

Sahimrobot: r2.7.1) (robot Adding: sk:Topfreedom

{{Refimprove|date=July 2010}}
[[File:Topless woman at the 2008 Oregon Country Fair.jpg|thumb|A topfree woman at the 2008 [[Oregon Country Fair]] in [[Veneta, Oregon]]]]
{{See also|Toplessness}}

'''Topfreedom''' is a [[cultural movement|cultural]] and [[political movement]] seeking to advance [[gender equality]] by the recognition of the right of women and girls to be [[toplessness|topless]] in public on the same basis that men and boys are permitted to be [[barechested]]. In addition, topfreedom advocates seek recognition of the right of nursing mothers to openly [[breastfeeding in public|breastfeed in public]], and of women to [[sun tanning|sun bathe]] topless. The [[Topfree Equal Rights Association]] (TERA) also assists women in Canada who have been charged for being topless, while GoTopless organizes demonstrations in the United States to protest against the legal and public attitude to the inequality. In Sweden, [[Bara Bröst]] is active in advancing topfreedom, as is [[Topless Front]] in Denmark.

==Social and legal attitudes==
{{See also|Indecent exposure|Public indecency}}

As a result of [[social conditioning]], many people feel uncomfortable viewing exposed women's breasts and regard such exposure to be [[indecent]]. Most women do not regard their breasts as indecent. However, at the same time, most women are reluctant to be topfree. This may be due to their own social conditioning, [[social inhibition|social]] or [[sexual inhibition]]s, because of their upbringing or because of the [[social norm]] which traditionally expected women's breasts to be covered.

Legally, many jurisdictions treat the public display of women's breasts as [[indecent exposure]] or as [[public indecency]]. However, in about 2000, the Topfree Equal Rights Association was formed in Canada to challenge the legality of prosecutions in that country. TERA does not itself promote [[toplessness]], but endeavors to help women who are prosecuted merely for being topfree in public, and seeks to change public attitudes to the exposure of women's breasts. TERA seeks the recognition of the right of women to be topfree on an equal basis, should they individually choose to exercise it. TERA claims several successes in persuading courts in North America to overturn prosecutions on the basis of [[sex discrimination]], arguing that a woman should be free to expose her chest in any context in which a man can expose his. Successful cases include the [[District of Columbia]] in 1986, [[New York State]] in 1992, [[Columbus]], [[Ohio]] in 1995, [[Ontario, Canada]] in 1996, [[Moscow, Idaho]] in 1998, and [[Maine]] in 1998.<ref name="topfree">{{cite web |first= |last= |author= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= 10 successful court cases |url= http://www.gotopless.org/news.php?item.3.1 |archiveurl= |work= |publisher= Gotopless.org |location= |trans_title= |page= |pages= |language= |format= |doi= |date= |month= |year= |archivedate= |quote= |accessdate=26 August 2009}}</ref>

GoTopless.org was formed in 2007 in the United States, and claims that women have a constitutional right in the United States to be bare chested in public places on the same basis as men. Unlike TERA, which does not organise demonstrations, GoTopless organises protests in favor of recognition of women's top freedom rights.<ref name="gotopless ">{{cite web |first= |last= |author= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= National GoTopless Protest day |url= http://www.gotopless.org |archiveurl= |work= |publisher= Gotopless.org |location= |trans_title= |page= |pages= |language= |format= |doi= |date= |month= |year= |archivedate= |quote= |accessdate=26 August 2009}}</ref> GoTopless is affiliated with [[Raëlism]]; TERA is not affiliated with any other organization.<ref>[http://www.gotopless.org/index.php Exposing the « cover-up » for what it is !]</ref>

In several countries in [[Europe]] non-sexual toplessness is not illegal. However, private or public establishments can establish a [[dress code]] which requires women to wear tops, and deny access or remove individuals who breach these standards. Topless swimming and sunbathing on beaches have become common in many parts of Europe, though the practice remains controversial in many places, and not common in most places. Many public swimming pools are owned by municipalities, which are treated as private organisations.

===Breastfeeding===
Most US State jurisdictions permit [[breastfeeding in public]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncsl.org/programs/health/breast50.htm |title=Breastfeeding Laws |author= |date=Updated March 2010 |work=Breastfeeding State Laws |publisher=NCSL |accessdate=14 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,200615,00.html |publisher=FOXNews.com |title=Indecent Exposure|first=Lis|last=Wiehl | date=2006-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.llli.org/llleaderweb/lv/lvjunjul05p51.html |title=Breastfeeding Legislation in the United States: A General Overview and Implications for Helping Mothers |author= |date= |work= |publisher=La Leche League International |accessdate= }}</ref> In the United States, for instance, a federal law enacted in 1999<ref>{{cite web|url=http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=106_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ058.106 |title=Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 2000|accessdate=2010-01-14}}</ref> specifically provides that "a woman may breastfeed her child at any location in a Federal building or on Federal property, if the woman and her child are otherwise authorized to be present at the location."

However, these laws generally do not apply to rules imposed by private organisations or on private property, such as restaurants, airlines, shopping malls etc.

===Traditional indigenous cultures===
Many traditional indigenous cultures today consider female toplessness normal and acceptable, such as the [[Himba]] in northern [[Namibia]]. In many indigenous, non-Western cultures it is completely acceptable for both men and women torsos to be unclothed. Female toplessness can also constitute an important aspect of indigenous cultural celebrations. However, this can lead to cross-cultural and legal conflict. During 2004, Australian police banned members of the [[Papunya]] community from using a public park in the city of [[Alice Springs]] to practice a traditional [[Australian Aborigines|Aboriginal]] dance that included topless women.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3493408.stm |publisher=BBC NEWS|title=Aborigines' fury over topless ban|date=27 February 2004}}</ref>

==Attitudes to topfreedom==
A society's attitude to toplessness depends to some extent on the context in which it appears. It may be more readily accepted, for example, in the context of topless sunbathing than, say, walking down the street.

===Europe===
<gallery>
File:Topless body-painted female football fans at World Cup in Germany-24June2006.jpg|Topless body-painted female football fans at World Cup in Germany, 24 June 2006
File:World naked bike ride 8.jpg|World naked bike ride, June 2007
File:October Rebellion topless protest 2.jpg|A demonstration at the World Bank, October 2007
</gallery>

In several countries in Europe non-sexual toplessness is not illegal. However, private or public establishments can establish a [[dress code]] which requires women to wear tops, and deny access or remove individuals who breach these standards.

Topless swimming and sunbathing on beaches have become common in many parts of [[Europe]], though the practice remains controversial in many places, and not common in most places.

==== Sweden ====
In [[Sweden]], toplessness is not illegal. However, private or public establishments are permitted to establish [[dress code]]s which may require women to wear tops, and deny access or remove individuals who breach these standards. In September 2007, "[[Bara Bröst]]" (a pun meaning both "Just Breasts" and "Bare Breasts") appeared to promote topless equality in these semi-public facilities. The group staged several events in public swim baths in September and October 2007, starting in [[Uppsala]] from which they were evicted several times, before succeeding in [[Sundsvall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/weird/article.html?in_article_id=76183&in_page_id=2 |publisher=Metro.co.uk|date=November 19, 2007|title=Swedes fight for topless rights}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thelocal.se/9599/20080108/ Victory for topless bathers] Article from The Local</ref>

The group scored a victory in June 2009 when the [[Malmö]] city's sports and recreation committee approved new rules that, while requiring everybody to wear bathing suits at indoor public swimming pools, did not require women to cover their breasts.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thelocal.se/20250/20090624/ |publisher=[[The Local]] |date=24 June 2009 |title=Malmö win for topless Swedish bathers}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inquisitr.com/27519/swedish-city-legalizes-topless-bathingat-public-swimming-pools/ |title=Swedish city legalizes topless bathing at public swimming pools |publisher=Inquisitr.com |date=2009-06-27 |accessdate=2009-07-23}}</ref> "We don’t decide what men should do with their torso, why then do women have to listen to the men. Moreover, many men have larger breasts than women", said a council spokesman.<ref name="Inquisitr.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.inquisitr.com/27519/swedish-city-legalizes-topless-bathingat-public-swimming-pools/ |title=Swedish city legalizes topless bathing....at public swimming pools |publisher=Inquisitr.com |date=2009-06-27 |accessdate=2009-07-23}}</ref>

====Denmark ====
In [[Denmark]], toplessness is not illegal; however, private or public establishments can establish a dress code which requires women to wear tops, and deny access or remove individuals who breach these standards. In December 2007, a group of women and men swam topless in public swim baths to promote topless equality.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://politiken.dk/indland/article506929.ece |publisher=[[Politiken]] |date=19 December 2009 |title=Topløs svømning har altid været tilladt}}</ref>

In March 2008, after a year-long campaign by [[Topless Front]], [[Copenhagen]]'s Culture and Leisure Committee voted to allow topless bathing in its swimming pools.<ref name="Victory for topless bathers">{{cite news|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/article977650.ece |title= Victory for topless bathers |publisher=TheSun.com |date= 2008-03-29|accessdate=2010-06-14 |location=London}}</ref>

==== United Kingdom ====
[[File:Topless Swimmer at Devon Beach.jpg|thumb|A topless swimmer at a beach in [[Devon]]]]
In the [[United Kingdom]], topless sunbathing is legally permitted in some locations, while in others toplessness has become accepted by custom. At the Kenwood Ladies' Bathing Pond in [[London]]'s [[Hampstead Heath]], the Greater London Council has permitted topless sunbathing and swimming since 1976, although men are not permitted to enter the bathing area.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/dec/10/gender.london | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Heavenly waters | first=Michele | last=Hanson | date=2004-12-10 | accessdate=2010-05-25}}</ref> International hotel chains with properties in multiple locations have evolved a tolerant policy.<ref name="banay"/> Many resort hotels and condominium complexes{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} now allow topless sunbathing at their swimming pools, and some cruise ships have adults-only decks on which women may remove their tops.

==== Poland ====
In [[Poland]], two women, including topless model Dorota Krzysztofek, were reprimanded by city guards and fined for sunbathing topless. The women refused to pay the fine and decided to go to the court, which canceled the fine. Later both guards said that "the whole of Poland was laughing at them".<ref>http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,6232762,Topless_jest_legalny.html</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://attuworld.com/girls/polish-court-reprimands-topless-sunbathers.html|title=Polish court reprimands topless sunbathers|accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20081107-polish-court-reprimands-topless-sunbathers|title=Polish court reprimands topless sunbathers|date=November 7, 2008 |publisher=AFP|accessdate=2009-09-28}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> In contrast to that case many other Polish [[Baltic region|Baltic]] resorts do not object to topless bathing, for example [[Ustka]], [[Gdynia]], [[Mielno]] or [[Szczecin]].<ref>http://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/wydarzenia/artykuly/149396,inwazja-nagich-biustow-w-szczecinie.html</ref><ref>http://www.gp24.pl/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080429/USTKA/291008098</ref>

==== Spain, Italy, Greece ====
[[Image:Two women sunbathing in Ibiza, Spain - 20060922.jpg|thumb|Sunbathers in [[Ibiza]]]]
Female topless bathing and sunbathing is acceptable, tolerated and very common in beaches all over [[Spain]].<ref name="ezine"/> This is also true in certain parts of Italy and Greece,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greeklandscapes.com/travel/seaside_activities.html|title=Swimming in Greece|accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref> Virtually every beach on the Adriatic coast of [[Croatia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.javno.com/en-croatia/photo--swim-suits-on-croatian-beaches_160107|title= PHOTO: Swim Suits on Croatian Beaches?|last=Javno|date=June 29, 2008 |accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.croatia-nudistsbeaches-scubadiving.com/nude-beaches.html#topless|title=Nude beaches frequently asked questions!|accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref> and along Europe's Mediterranean coast permit topless bathing,<ref name="valhouli">{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/2005/01/13/cx_cv_0113feat.html|title=Top Topless Beaches 2005|last=Valhouli |first=Christina |year=2006|accessdate=2009-09-28|work=Forbes}}</ref> as well as on the [[Black Sea]] coast of [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]] and [[Ukraine]]

===United States===
Female [[toplessness]] in public is illegal in most of the [[United States]], on the basis that it is [[indecent exposure]],<ref>{{cite news|url =http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,200615,00.html |title=Indecent Exposure |first=Lis |last=Wiehl|accessdate=2010-01-14 | work=Fox News | date=2006-06-22}}</ref> or as a [[public nuisance]] or [[disorderly conduct]].<ref>[http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/toplessness004.html Topfreedom: The Fundamental Right of Women]</ref> Some states have state laws prohibiting toplessness while others permit local governments to set local standards. A large majority of states as of March 2010 have multiple laws explicitly allowing [[Breastfeeding in public#United States|breastfeeding in public]] and/or exempting it from public indecency laws.<ref>[http://www.ncsl.org/IssuesResearch/Health/BreastfeedingLaws/tabid/14389/Default.aspx Breastfeeding State Laws]</ref> These laws are still in effect even though in 1958 the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] declared that the naked body in and of itself could not be deemed [[Obscenity|obscene]].<ref name=Allyn>David Smith Allyn, ''Make love, not war'', pages 23–29, Taylor & Francis, 2001, ISBN 0415929423</ref>

In February 2005, [[California]] attorney Liana Johnsson contended that under [[Megan's Law]], women convicted of [[indecent exposure]] (for [[breastfeeding]] or [[sun tanning|sunbathing]]) could find themselves listed as [[sex offender]]s alongside [[rape|rapists]] and [[Sexual abuse#Child sexual abuse|child molesters]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Seven women who picnicked topless were charged in 1986 in [[Rochester, New York]] but acquitted in 1992.<ref name=gotopless>{{cite web|url=http://www.gotopless.org/news.php?item.3.1|title=10 successful cases giving women the right to be topless in certain states or cities|publisher=GoTopless.org|accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref>

In December 2007, 50 residents of [[Pittsfield, Massachusetts]] petitioned the City Council requesting a segregated beach for topless sunbathing by both men and women. The petition was rejected by the council, with the Mayor calling it "unacceptable and unnecessary". Proponents of topless sunbathing vowed to continue their fight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jonathanmelleonpolitics.blogspot.com/2007/11/pittsfields-revitalization-via-perverse.html |title=I Publius Ripped from the Headlines Once Again |date=December 8, 2007 |publisher=Berkshire Eagle |accessdate=2009-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PBEB&p_theme=pbeb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=allfields(Katherine%20Gundelfinger%20)%20AND%20date(1/1/2007%20to%201/1/2009)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=1/1/2007%20to%201/1/2009)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(%22Katherine%20Gundelfinger%20%22)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no |title=Berkshire Eagle Archive Search |date=December 8, 2007 |publisher=Berkshire Eagle |accessdate=2009-02-06 | first1=Letters Article | last1=Id}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tera.ca/#September25 |title=Topfree Equal Rights Association - Recent News |date=December 8, 2007 |publisher=TERA |accessdate=2009-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topix.com/forum/city/pittsfield-ma/TTN12JKL1OKEM4OC8 |title=Pittsfield petition calls for topless sunbathing |date=December 7, 2007 |publisher=Topix.com |accessdate=2009-02-06}}</ref> In 2010, 200 residents of [[Pittsfield, Massachusetts]] placed a question on the November ballot asking whether State Laws should be clarified to allow topfreedom rights for both men and women.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-25502650.html |title=Topless Sunbathing Plan on Ballot in Pittsfield |date= August 15, 2010 |publisher=The Boston Globe |accessdate=2010-08-15}}</ref>

[[Daytona Beach, Florida]], which is known for its "most famous beach in the world" status, has tolerated varying levels of nudity during [[Spring Break]] events and at other times.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} In 2007, a Florida court acquitted a woman of indecent exposure for being topless on Daytona Beach because of the political nature of her stand, under the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] right of free speech.<ref>[http://gotopless.org/news.php?item.8.1 On Sept 25, 2007, Daytona Beach, FL loses topless case]</ref>

Some places in North America permit females to be topless in public on an equal basis to males, and limit indecent exposure laws to exposure of genitals. States which permit toplessness for both sexes include the [[California]] coast, including [[Black's Beach]] and [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mail-archive.com/eristocracy@merrymeet.com/msg00089.html|title=Only In Santa Cruz|date=July 2002|accessdate=2009-09-29}} Originally published at [http://www.bayarea.com/mld/bayarea/news/breaking_news/3638480.h Bay Area News]</ref> [[Colorado]],<ref>Colorado law CRS 18-7-302 (Indecent Exposure) prohibits a person from knowingly exposing his/her genitals. See for example, [http://www.bouldercolorado.gov/files/Parks%20and%20Recreation/PRAB/2009_mtg_packets/G.pdf Boulder Reservoir Policies and Regulations]</ref> [[Hawaii]] ,<ref>[http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol14_Ch0701-0853/HRS0707/HRS_0707-0734.htm Hawaii Revised Statutes 707-734]</ref> [[Maine]],<ref>[http://www.seacoastonline.com/2002news/1_31odd.htm Seacoast online: Judge: Streaking legal for Maine women]</ref> [[New York]],<ref>''The People v. Ramona Santorelli and Mary Lou Schloss'', No. 115 COURT OF APPEALS OF NEW YORK July 7, 1992</ref> [[Ohio]]<ref>''State v. Jetter'' (1991), 74 Ohio App. 3d. 535, 599 N.E. 2d 733</ref> and [[Texas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gotopless.org/news.php?item.3.1|title=GoTopless: 10 successful cases giving women the right to be topless in certain states or cities |accessdate=2010-01-14}}</ref>

Toplessness is tolerated during specific events in a few limited locations, like the San Francisco [[Bay to Breakers]] race and the [[Oregon Country Fair]].

;Cities
[[Image:Dyke Match 17th Street.jpg|thumb|[[Dyke March]], 17th Street nearing P Street NW, in Washington, D.C., on 11 June 2005]]

* Some cities, localities and events permit female toplessness, including
**[[Austin, Texas]] (as in the rest of the state)
**[[Eugene, Oregon]]
***[[Oregon Country Fair]]
**Lucy Vincent beach in Chilmark on [[Martha's Vineyard]]
**[[Portland, Oregon]]<ref name="PortlandMercury">{{cite web | url = http://www.portlandmercury.com/portland/tit-for-tat/Content?oid=1453867 | title = Tit for Tat | last = Leonard | first = Paul | publisher = [[Portland Mercury]] | date = 2009-06-25 | accessdate = 2010-01-18 }}</ref>
**[[South Beach]], [[Miami Beach, Florida]]
**[[Key West, Florida]]
***[[Fantasy Fest]]
**[[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]]
***[[Mardi Gras]]
**[[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>''Duvallon v. District of Columbia'', 515 A.2d 724, 728 (D.C.,1986), which held that indecent exposure statute found at DC Code § 22-1312 is limited in application to exposure of human genitalia.</ref>
**[[Columbus, Ohio]] (as in the rest of the state)

Even where topfree is legal, police might still arrest those practicing it for [[disorderly conduct]] or similar charges.<ref name="GoTopless: Laws">{{cite web | url = http://www.gotopless.org/page.php?4 | title = Topless Laws | publisher = GoTopless.org | accessdate = 2010-01-18 }}</ref>

===Canada===
In 1991, Gwen Jacob was arrested for walking in a street in [[Guelph, Ontario]] while topless. She was acquitted in 1996 by the Ontario Court of Appeal on the basis that the act of being topless is not in itself a sexual act or indecent.<ref name="QueenvsJacob">{{Cite document| url = http://www.canlii.org/en/on/onca/doc/1996/1996canlii1119/1996canlii1119.html | title = Judgment C12668, R. vs. Jacob | date = 1996-12-09 | publisher = Province of Ontario Court of Appeal | accessdate = 2009-02-16| postscript = }}</ref> Since then, the court ruling has been tested and upheld several times.

In 2008, the city council in [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], a location of the [[World Naked Bike Ride]], gave women the right to go topless in public, not solely at swimming pools and beaches.<ref name="Is nudity the new normal">{{cite web|url=http://www.straight.com/article-150165/nudity-new-normal |title=Is nudity the new normal?|publisher=TheSun.com |date= |accessdate=2010-06-14}}</ref>

===Other western countries ===
In some regions, female toplessness is acceptable in specific locations, like [[Guadeloupe]], [[French Guiana]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travbuddy.com/Club-Med-v306911|title=Club Med : Read Reviews, Cheap Deals|accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref> [[Saint Barthélemy|St. Barts]], [[Martinique]], and [[Saint Martin|St. Martin]] in the [[Caribbean]];<ref name="ezine">{{cite web|url=http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/sex/Topless-Beaches.html|title=The Top Topless Beaches|accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref> [[Clifton, Cape Town|Cape Town]], [[South Africa]]; Tabah,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962349,00.html|title=Fight Over a Topless Beach|date=September 22, 1986|accessdate=2009-09-28 | work=Time}}</ref> [[Mexico]], [[Venezuela]], and [[Copacabana Beach|Brazil]].<ref name="banay">{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10823891|title=Top topless beaches 2006|last=Banay|first=Sophia |date=Jan. 24, 2006|accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref><ref name="valhouli"/>

In [[Australia]], where topless bathing has mostly become uncontroversial, conservative [[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[Fred Nile]] submitted a bill in late 2008 that would have banned public toplessness to avoid offending visitors from Middle Eastern or Asian countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/niles-bid-to-protect-sydneys-muslims--a-hrefhttpwwwsmhcomaupollsnationalformhtmlbpollba/2008/12/30/1230399185957.html|title=Topless ban to protect Muslims and Asians: Nile|last=Robinson|first=Georgina |date=December 30, 2008|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref> The suggestion has not been heard from since.

===Asia===
[[Image:Thai culture poster.PNG|thumb|A Thai government poster from the Marshal [[Plaek Pibulsonggram]]-era (1938-1945) encouraging Thai women to stop baring their breasts and adopt a "civilized" form of dress.]]

In many Asian and Southwest Asia countries with conservative social norms, women are prohibited from being topfree in any public place. However, they sometimes make exceptions for Western visitors at locations like [[Phuket Province|Phuket]], Samui, and Samet, Thailand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transitionsabroad.com/publications/magazine/0109/topless.shtml|title=Topless in Phuket|last=Shepard|first=Mishelle |accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref><ref name="cummings">{{cite book|last=Cummings|first=Joe|title=Lonely Planet Thailand|publisher=Lonely Planet|edition=10|pages=808 |isbn=1740593561|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jztRligzuDQC|date=2003-07-01}} Toplessness among visitors at a few resorts is accepted, but is not legally permitted.</ref> In China, a female visitor from Bulgaria caused a commotion in August, 2009 when she went topless at Number 1 Seaside Bathing Club in [[Qingdao]]. While local citizens were upset, no law prohibiting toplessness existed, and the woman was allowed to continue sunbathing topless.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mattschiavenza.com/2009/08/24/foreign-woman-removes-top-at-beach-in-qingdao-causes-major-disturbance/|title=Foreign Woman Removes Top At Beach in Qingdao, Causes Major Disturbance|last=Schiavenza|first=Matt|accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.echinacities.com/main/ChinaMedia/ChinaMediaInfo.aspx?n=3600|title=Foreign Woman Caught Sunbathing Topless in Qindao|accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref>

===Israel===
In [[Israel]], toplessness can be spotted occasionally in [[Tel Aviv]] and [[Eilat]] beaches, and also in other places, such as resorts and at the [[Dead Sea]].

===Other middle-east countries===
In July 2008, police in the [[Muslim]] city-state of [[Dubai]] cracked down on foreign visitors who were "indecent" at local beaches, detaining 79 people during the arrests. While tourists in Dubai can wear bikinis on the emirate's beaches and walk its streets in shorts, toplessness is not permitted.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/dubai/line-in-the-sand/2008/07/15/1215887603896.html|title=Dubai crackdown on indecent behaviour on beaches|date=July 15, 2008 |publisher=The Age|accessdate=2009-09-28 | location=Melbourne}}</ref> In Tunisia, where 80% of the population is Muslim, European tourists may sunbathe topless at the hotel's private beaches and pools, while traditional Muslim women wear full [[chador]]ah at public beaches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.habiba.org/culture.html|title=Henna: An Enduring Tradition |last=Cvitanic |first=Marilyn |accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref> Multilingual signs have now been erected on Dubai's beaches warning that women who remove their tops can face criminal prosecution and sentences of up to six months imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/story/0,26058,24023147-5014090,00.html | title=Dubai gets tough on nudity after sex show | date=2008-07-15 | work=news.com.au}}</ref>

==Topfree Equal Rights Association==
The Canadian [http://www.tera.ca Topfree Equal Rights Association (TERA)] assists women in both Canada and the United States who are prosecuted for being topless in situations whereas men are not.<ref>[http://www.tera.ca/general.html#Fem TERA Statement of Purpose and Principles]</ref> It does not advocate toplessness, but promotes the concept of freedom of choice of the individual woman, and the de-sexualisation of breasts.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://lexappeal.org/post/881694257/episode-2-breastfeeding-and-the-right-to-go | title= Episode 2: Breastfeeding and the Right to Go Topless | publisher=Lex Appeal | date=2010-07-31}}</ref>

===Organizations===
*Topfree Equal Rights Association (TERA)
*[[Clothes free organizations]]

===People===
*Judy E. Williams: NAC board member, chief advisor of TERA, chair of Wreck Beach Preservation Society (WBPS) in Vancouver, BC
*Gwen Jacob: test case for topfreedom who won in Ontario, Canada.<ref name="QueenvsJacob"/>
*Linda Meyer: test case for topfreedom for British Columbia. On June 8, 2000, she won in court against [[Maple Ridge, British Columbia]]. She had been arrested at the District of Maple Ridge's indoor public swimming pool. That was after she had provoked arrests for many years, and had gone to jail, in order to win in court and thereby stop official harassment for her topfree public activities.
*Paul Rapoport: topfree activist, writer, editor of ''Going Natural'', a publication of FCN.
*[[Sue Richards (artist)|Sue Richards]]: Publisher of the topfree, breast health calendar Breast of Canada.
*Morley Schloss: NAC board member, topfree activist.
*[[Nikki Craft]]: [[feminist]], past topless-rights activist
*[[Linda Biggs]]: watercolor artist whose lowbrow representation of topfree equality is expressed in her "One of the Boys."

==See also==
*[[Breasts not Bombs]]
*[[Nude & Breast Freedom Parade]]
*[[Public nudity]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}



==External links==
{{Commons category|Female toplessness}}
*[http://lexappeal.org/post/881694257/episode-2-breastfeeding-and-the-right-to-go "Episode 2: Breastfeeding and the Right to Go Topless] from ''Lex Appeal'', July 2010.
*[http://www.gotopless.org/ GoTopless.org], sponsors of the annual August national "GoTopless Day" protests in the United States and around the world to promote gender equality & equal rights.
*[http://www.savecalifornia.com/getpluggedin/latimes_12205.php "Woman Promotes the Right to Go Topless"] from ''Los Angeles Times'', January 2005.

*[http://www.tera.ca/ Topfree Equal Rights Association]
*[http://www.007b.com/topfreedom.php "What is topfreedom?"]
*[http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/jdb%2Dtxt/sc/00/09/s00%2D0902.htm Maple Ridge vs. Meyer 2000 BCSC 902]
*[http://topfreedom.org/ Topfreedom.org] — travel experiences about topfreedom
*[http://www.contra.org/lifestyles/naturist/topfree7.html New York State Court of Appeals Decision overturning the convictions of Rochester, NY's "Topfree 7"]
*[http://barabrost.blogg.se/ "Bara Bröst" (english: Only/Bare Breast)] — Swedish network to promote women's right to be topless] ''(In Swedish and English)''
*[http://www.gotopless.org/ Go Topless Day]


{{Nudity}}

[[Category:Breast]]
[[Category:Civil disobedience]]
[[Category:Nudity]]
[[Category:Sexism]]
[[Category:Women's rights]]
[[Category:Social movements]]
[[Category:Protest tactics]]

[[ca:Topfree]]
[[cs:Topfreedom]]
[[fr:Libération des seins]]
[[it:Topfree]]
[[no:Topfreedom]]
[[pt:Topfreedom]]
[[sk:Topfreedom]]
[[sv:Topfreedom]]
[[zh:上空解放]]

Cradle Mountain

2011-06-04T11:29:18Z

Sahimrobot: r2.7.1) (robot Modifying: es:Monte Cradle

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Cradle Mountain
| photo = Cradle Mountain Behind Dove Lake.jpg
| photo_caption = Cradle Mountain as seen from the north, across [[Dove Lake, Tasmania|Dove Lake]]
| elevation_m = 1545
| elevation_ref = {{AHD}}<ref name="height">{{cite web
| title = LISTmap (Cradle Mountain)
| publisher = Tasmanian Government Department of Primary Industries and Water
| url = http://www.thelist.tas.gov.au/listmap/listmap.jsp?llx=412500&lly=5384500&urx=413800&ury=5385000&layers=17
| accessdate = 2007-06-19 }}</ref>
| prominence =
| location = [[Tasmania]]
| range =
| coordinates = {{coord|41|41|4.72|S|145|57|4.59|E|type:mountain|name=Cradle Mountain|display=inline,title}}
| topo =
| type =
| age =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
}}

'''Cradle Mountain''' is a mountain in the [[Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park]], [[Tasmania]], [[Australia]]. Rising to 1,545 metres above sea level it is one of the principal tourist sites in Tasmania, owing to its natural beauty. The mountain is composed of [[dolerite]] columns, similar to many of the other mountains in the area.

One of the world’s best multi-day walks starts here, the Overland Track,<ref name="overland">{{cite web
| title = Overland Track
| publisher = Tasmanian Parks & Wildlife Service, [[Department of Primary Industries and Water]]
| url = http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=7771
| accessdate = 2011-03-04 }}</ref> that leads up hill and down dale through a variety of extraordinary landscapes to finish 80 km to the south at Lake St.Clair, Australia’s deepest lake.<ref>Tim Dub, '[http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/cradle-mountain-high.htm 'Cradle Mountain: past and present ', Australian Geographic], AG Online, accessed online August 7, 2010</ref>

==Access==
The area around the mountain has a large number of day walks, as well as being one terminus of the [[Overland Track]].<ref name="top10">{{cite web
| author = Megan Holbeck
| title = Top 10 Australian Walks
| publisher = Australian Geographic Online
| url = http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/outdoor/top-10-australian-walks.htm
| accessdate = 2011-04-10 }}</ref> The mountain is frequently climbed by tourists, virtually year round. It is a strenuous (recommended allotted time: 6.5 hours) return hike from the Dove Lake car park. The climb up the rocky part of the mountain involves scrambling over large boulders for several hundred metres. The entire climb is exposed to any bad weather that may arrive quickly and at any time. From the summit, (where there was a [[trig point]] tower) there are spectacular 360° views, encompassing [[Dove Lake, Tasmania|Dove Lake]], [[Barn Bluff]] and [[Mount Ossa (Tasmania)|Mount Ossa]].

==Features==
[[Image:Cradle Mountain And Barn Bluff.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Panorama from west, showing Cradle Mountain and, in the distance, Barn Bluff]]
[[Image:Cradle Mountain Seen From Barn Bluff.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Cradle Mountain seen from the south, from neighbouring mountain Barn Bluff]]

The mountain rises above the glacially formed Dove Lake (934m), [[Lake Wilks]], and [[Crater Lake (Tasmania)|Crater Lake]].

The mountain has four named summits. In order of height they are Cradle Mountain ({{Convert|1545|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}),<ref name="height"/> Smithies Peak ({{Convert|1527|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}),<ref name="height2">{{cite web | title = LISTmap (Cradle Mountain minor peaks) | publisher = Tasmanian Government [[Department of Primary Industries and Water]] | url = http://www.thelist.tas.gov.au/listmap/listmap.jsp?llx=412500&lly=5384850&urx=414200&ury=5385850&layers=17 | accessdate = 2007-06-19 }}</ref> [[Gustav Weindorfer|Weindorfers]] Tower ({{Convert|1459|m|ft|0}}),<ref name="height2"/> and Little Horn ({{Convert|1355|m|ft|0|abbr=on|abbr=on}}).<ref name="height2"/>

The mountain itself is named after its resemblance to a gold mining [[cradle (mining)|cradle]].

==Flora==
The area is covered in a wide variety of alpine and sub-alpine vegetation, most notably including the colourful deciduous [[Nothofagus gunnii]] (Deciduous Beech), itself an anomaly given that most Australian native flora is evergreen, and the [[Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus]] (Button Grass) which dominates the alpine wet sedgelands. Some plants that grow on the mountain include the mountain buzzy, the heart berry, the alpine strawberry, the [[waratah]], the [[athrotaxis selaginoides|King Billy pine]] and the [[Athrotaxis cupressoides|pencil pine]].

==Access to the Park and region==
There is a parking area at Ronny Creek, the outlet of Lake Dove, which is approximately 8 km from the national park visitors’ centre. A shuttle bus runs between the two.

In addition to getting here by private transport or by hiking on the Overland Track, there are also public bus services from Launceston and Devonport to the Cradle Mountain Visitors Centre. Many tour companies also stop here.

== References ==
[[File:Cradle Mountain Dove Lake HDR Stevage.jpg|thumb|300px|Another view over Dove Lake; the boat shed was built in the 1940s<ref>http://contribute.abc.net.au/_Dove-Lake-Boat-Shed/photo/7771171/32422.html?b=</ref>]]
{{reflist}}

==External links==
===The park===
* [http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/natparks/cradle/ Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Page]
* [http://www.pvv.org/~bct/taz/overland_track.html Photojournal] covering Cradle Mountain as part of The Overland Track
* [http://www.discovertasmania.com/activities__and__attractions/popular_attractions/cradle_mountain-lake_st_clair_national_park Cradle Mountain Tourist Attraction]
* [http://cradlemountain.locomotion.id.au/ Webcam]

==Public transport access==
*[http://www.tigerline.com.au Tassielink] have buses to/from Devonport and Queenstown/Strahan.
*[http://www.mcdermotts.com.au/ McDermott's] run buses between Cradle Mountain and Launceston (not every day)

[[Category:Central Highlands (Tasmania)]]
[[Category:Mountains of Tasmania]]

[[es:Monte Cradle]]
[[fr:Mont Cradle]]
[[pl:Cradle Mountain]]
[[ru:Крейдл (гора, Тасмания)]]

CrossFit

2011-06-03T02:31:19Z

Sahimrobot: r2.7.1) (robot Adding: fr:CrossFit

[[Image:2007 CrossFit Trainer certification.jpg|thumb|right|CrossFit Trainer Certification, 2007]]

'''CrossFit''' is a strength and conditioning [[brand]] which combines [[Weight training|weightlifting]], [[Sprint (running)|sprinting]], and [[gymnastics]], [[powerlifting]], [[kettlebell]] training, [[plyometrics]], [[rowing]], and [[medicine ball]] training.<ref name=canada>{{cite news |first=Jill |last=Barker |title=Crossfit is fast and furious |url=http://www.canada.com/topics/lifestyle/fitness/story.html?id=a5a28fa9-2973-47c3-a4cc-60ce020f309e&k=19281 |publisher=Montreal Gazette |date=2006-02-14 |accessdate=2007-11-21
}}</ref> CrossFit contends that a healthy, fit person requires proficiency in each of ten general physical skills: cardiovascular/respiratory endurance, [[endurance|stamina]], [[Physical strength|strength]], [[Flexibility (anatomy)|flexibility]], [[Human power|power]], [[speed]], [[agility]], [[balance]], [[Motor coordination|coordination]], and [[accuracy]].<ref>[http://www.slideshare.net/leeshouse/crossfit-instructor-manual-v4 CrossFit instructor manual]</ref> It defines fitness as increased work capacity across all these domains and says its program achieves this by provoking [[neurologic]] and [[hormonal]] adaptations across all [[metabolic pathway]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://journal.crossfit.com/2009/02/crossfits-new-definition-of-fitness-volume-under-the-curve-1.tpl |title=CrossFit’s New Three-Dimensional Definition of Fitness and Health - 1 |first=Greg |last=Glassman |publisher=CrossFit |year=2009 |month=February}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:NyTel-RQn0IJ:www.quantico.usmc.mil/download.aspx%3FPath%3D./Uploads/Files/CDI_Functional%2520FitnessFinal%2520signed%2520concept.pdf+functional+fitness+usmc&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh8h39gt0R6WhoPifdYAmj9kic2h1zUCpJlpiYMFqyuxtla024E2FviHA9vG5davaAXHZRFAiqrDEP1FAU-ywLAD-557EBvnJKPjx906QvoyxaA8jIBN0WJJS4yYqyX8DsvLROw&sig=AHIEtbR4A6Y6eL6jAuqENf1gVJb7CUr7bA| title=A Concept for Functional Fitness| page=8, footnote 13| publisher=[[United States Marine Corps]]| date=November 9, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/25296001/B-gl-382-003pt-z01-army-Fitness-Manual-Supplement-combat-Fitness-Program-2008-01-01 |publisher=Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defence| page=i, page 1-1| date=January 1, 2008| title=Army Fitness Manual Supplement: Combat Fitness Program}}</ref><ref name="online.wsj.com">{{cite news |url= http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703837004575013350262520066.html?mod=WSJ_Small%20Business_IndustryNews |title=Fitness as a Full-Time Pursuit |first=James |last=Wagner |publisher=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=February 2, 2010
}}</ref>

CrossFit athletes run, row, [[Jumping rope|jump rope]], climb rope and carry odd objects. They frequently move large loads quickly over short distances, and use [[powerlifting]] and [[Olympic weightlifting]] techniques. CrossFit athletes also use [[dumbbells]], [[Rings (gymnastics)|gymnastics rings]], [[Pull-up (exercise)|pull-up bars]], [[kettlebells]], and many [[bodyweight exercise]]s.<ref name="bestlife">{{cite news |url=http://67.192.124.28/cms/publish/health-fitness/Is_Your_Workout_Wasting_Your_Time.shtml |work=Best Life |date=October 23, 2007 |title=A no-nonsense look at the often nonsensical world of fitness clubs |first=Paul |last=Scott
}}</ref> CrossFit is used in nearly 2,000 gyms worldwide and by many fire departments, law enforcement agencies, and military organizations including the [[Canadian Forces]], and the [[Royal Life Guards (Denmark)|Royal Danish Life Guards.]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Run For Life: The Anti-Aging, Anti-Injury, Super Fitness Plan| last=Wallack| first=Roy M.| publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |page=65| year=2009| isbn=978-1-60239-344-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2010/03/airforce_combat_fitness_030710w/ |title=More want combat element in fitness test |first=Michael |last=Hoffman |publisher=AirForce Times |date=March 7, 2010
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/lfwa/feature_physical_training.asp|title=A new approach to physical training |author=2Lt Andrew Hennessey| publisher=LFWA-JTFW, Canadian Forces, National Defense (Canada)| date= June 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://voices.kansascity.com/node/3736 |title=Do you Worship at the "Church" of Crossfit? |first=Grant |last=Martin |publisher= Kansas City Star Midwest Voices |year=2009
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taskforcemountain.com/top-stories/2369-20090126-p1-3 |title=CrossFit conquers physical complacency |first=Josh |last=LeCappelain |publisher=Task Force Mountain |date=January 26, 2009
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.military.com/military-fitness/air-force-fitness/crossfit-workouts-are-rarely-routine |title=CrossFit Workouts are Rarely Routine |first=Jennifer H. |last=Svan |publisher=Military Advantage |date=January 13, 2009
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://forsvaret.dk/lg/om%20livgarden/livgardens%20idrÆtsforening/pages/default.aspx |title=Welcome to The Royal Life Guards Sports Association |publisher=Royal Danish Life Guards Sports Association
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2008/06/marine_crossfit_062208w/ |title=CrossFit workout craze sweeps the Corps |first=Bryan |last=Mitchell |publisher=Marine Corps Times |date=June 25, 2008}}</ref>

==Description==
Classes at affiliated gyms typically include a warm-up, a skill development segment, and a high-intensity workout that lasts around ten to twenty minutes. Affiliates create a new workout each day called the "Workout of the Day" or "WOD".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://health.msn.com/fitness/articlepage.aspx?cp-documentid=100217215 |title=CrossFit: The Fast, Furious Workout Craze |first=Sally |last=Wadyka |publisher=MSN Health and Fitness }}</ref> Affiliates often use scoring and ranking systems to transform workouts into sport. Some affiliates offer additional classes which are not centered around a WOD, such as Olympic weightlifting classes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://prairiecrossfit.com/ |title=Prairie Crossfit |publisher=Prairie Crossfit }}</ref> Free workouts and instructional videos are made available every day at the website blog for people without access to an affiliate.<ref name=[BNN>{{cite news |url=http://broadband.bnn.ca/bnn/?vid=21430 |title=Working Out (CrossFit) |date=November 2, 2007 |format=Video |publisher=Business News Network
}}</ref>

CrossFit Inc. certifies CrossFit trainers and licenses the CrossFit name to gyms. Affiliates are free to develop their own programming, pricing, and instructional methods. Many CrossFit athletes and trainers see themselves as part of a contrarian, insurgent movement that questions conventional fitness wisdom.<ref name=[BNN>{{cite news |url=http://broadband.bnn.ca/bnn/?vid=21430 |title=Working Out (CrossFit) |date=November 2, 2007 |format=Video |publisher=Business News Network
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fgb4.org/2009/07/13/a-day-at-the-crossfit-games/ |title=A Day At The CrossFit Games |author=Scott |publisher=Fight Gone Bad |date=13 July 2009
}}</ref> CrossFit is noteworthy for its use of a [[virtual community]] Internet model.<ref>{{cite book |title=How People Blogging Are Changing The World and How You Can Join Them |last=Walsh |first= Bob| publisher=Apress | year=2007 |isbn= 978-1-59059-691-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Tribes |last=Godin| first=Seth| publisher=Piatkus Books |page=160| year=2009| isbn=0749939753}}</ref> The company says this de-centralized approach shares some common features with [[open source]] software projects and allows [[best practices]] to emerge from a variety of approaches,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0801/is_5_69/ai_n25358358| title=Sweatstorm| last=Velazquez| first=Eric| publisher=Muscle & Fitness|date=May 2008}}</ref> a contention that is disputed by some subject matter experts, competitors, and even affiliates who have parted company with CrossFit.<ref name=Shugart_20081104>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmuscle.com/free_online_article/sports_body_training_performance_investigative/the_truth_about_crossfit |title=The Truth About CrossFit |first=Chris |last=Shugart |publisher=Testosterone Muscle |date=November 4, 2008
}}</ref> CrossFit adaptations include programs for children, pregnant women, seniors, football players, military special forces candidates, and endurance athletes including triathletes, runners, swimmers and rowers.<ref name="bestlife" /> CrossFit has been adopted by U.S. and Canadian high school physical education teachers, high school and college teams, and a major league baseball team.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.sun-sentinel.com/sports_baseball_marlins/2010/03/florida-marlins-cameron-maybins-improved-swingmiss-numbers-encouraging.html |title=Florida Marlins: Cameron Maybin’s improved swing/miss numbers encouraging |first=Juan C. |last=Rodriguez |publisher=South Florida Sun Sentinel |date=March 2, 2010
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UCSC Notebook: Men's rugby getting fit for the season
|first= I.A. |last=Stewart |work=Santa Cruz Sentinel |date=December 14, 2007 |url=http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/story.php?storySection=Sports&sid=51274 |archiveurl=http://www.scsextra.com/story.php?sid=51274 |archivedate=2007-12-23
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.norwalkreflector.com/articles/2010/02/10/sports/doc4b72bd4c221d7022905365.txtref |title=Ashland’s Tinney tops the D-II nation field in 400 |first=Al |last=King |publisher=Norwalk Reflector |date=February 10, 2010
}}</ref><ref name="dcpaleo.org">{{cite news |first=Rebekah |last=Sanderlin |title=Commando-create workout has cult following |publisher=Fayetteville Observer |url=http://www.dcpaleo.org/Leisure/CrossFit.html}}</ref>

==CrossFit Games==

Competitors from around the world have competed in the annual "CrossFit Games" since 2007. In July, 2010, the male and female champions each won $25,000.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://m.dailynews.com/ladn/db_/contentdetail.htm;jsessionid=03DB53FEF20F302A53C569DE884A1534?contentguid=FZXMlruq&src=cat&full=true#display| title=Doing the grunt work| date= March 14, 2010| publisher=Los Angeles Daily News}}</ref> CrossFit asserts that the Games are a laboratory for human performance that may suggest which variants of its methodology work best.

Beginning in 2011 the Games were opened up for competitors all over the world by turning the sectional event into an online format. Athletes will have six different workouts to complete in a week to week manner, with only one workout being released at a time and the next workout being released following the close of the previous workout. Athletes are able to submit their scores by either completing the workout at a registered affiliate, who will then submit the score, or by sending in a video of themselves completing the workout which would then be reviewed.

Thirteen different regional divisions in [[North America]] and [[South America]] (North West, Canada West, Canada East, North Central, Central East, North East, Mid Atlantic, South East, South Central, South West, Socal, Norcal and Latin America) and four regional divisions in the rest of the world ([[Europe]], [[Asia]], [[Africa]] and [[Australia]]), have been setup to find the best in each region to compete in the Games. The top athletes from the sectional event will face off in a regional event, based on the region that they register in, held on a designated weekend. The top athlete(s) from each region will then be eligible to compete in the CrossFit Games. Past winners and the top five athletes of the previous years Games are automatically eligible.

Different divisions are also available in the Games. The divisions include men, women, masters men, masters women and teams. Masters men and women are split up into age groups (45-49, 50-54, 55-59, and 60+). [[Reebok]] is the current sponsor of the CrossFit Games and has upped the total purse to $1,000,000 ($250,000 for male and female champions).
:{| class="wikitable"
!Year!!Male champion!!Female champion!!Affiliate Cup!!Masters Men!!Masters Women
|-
|align=center|2007||James "OPT" Fitzgerald||Jolie Gentry||CrossFit Santa Cruz
|-
|align=center|2008||Jason Khalipa||Caity Matter||CrossFit Oakland
|-
|align=center|2009||Mikko Salo||Tanya Wagner||Northwest CrossFit
|-
|align=center|2010||Graham Holmberg||Kristan Clever||CrossFit Fort Vancouver||Brian Curley||Laurie Carver
|}

==History==

CrossFit was founded by former high-school gymnast Greg Glassman and his ex-wife Lauren Glassman.<ref name="dcpaleo.org"/><ref>{{cite news |author=Stephanie Cooperman| url= http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/22/fashion/thursdaystyles/22Fitness.html?_r=1| date=December 22, 2005| title= Getting Fit, Even if it Kills You| publisher=New York Times}}</ref> The first CrossFit affiliated gym opened in Santa Cruz in 1995, the same year Glassman was hired to train the Santa Cruz police department. In a seven week test conducted in 2005 at the Canadian Infantry School in Gagetown, New Brunswick, CrossFit scored higher in most fitness categories when compared to the previous physical training program. However, in the vertical jump one Crossfit group actually decreased 0.7 cm on average while the control group showed a slight increase, and in another Crossfit group there was no increase in pull-ups while the control group again showed a slight increase.<ref>{{cite book |title=Run For Life: The Anti-Aging, Anti-Injury, Super Fitness Plan| last=Wallack| first=Roy M.| publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |page=68| year=2009| isbn=978-1-60239-344-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/25296001/B-gl-382-003pt-z01-army-Fitness-Manual-Supplement-combat-Fitness-Program-2008-01-01 |publisher=Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defence| page=ii, footnote 1| date=January 1, 2008| title=Army Fitness Manual Supplement: Combat Fitness Program}}</ref> The number of affiliated gyms grew from 18 in 2005 to almost 1,700 in 2010.<ref name="online.wsj.com"/><ref name=Anderson_20100121>{{cite web |url=http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/archives/2010/2010-Jan-21/much-of-crossfits-exploding-global-movement-was-first-flexed-locally/1 |title=Fit for Change |first=Mark C. |last=Anderson |publisher=Monterey County Weekly |date=January 21, 2010
}}</ref> Weightlifting coaches associated with CrossFit include [[Louie Simmons]], Bill Starr, and Mike Burgener. Former NFL player [[John Welbourn]] developed the CrossFit Football program. Other CrossFit subject matter experts include Dr. Nicholas Romanov, inventor of the Pose Method of running and Dr. Barry Sears, originator of the [[Zone diet]]. Fitness experts formerly associated with Crossfit include Mark Twight, [[Dan John]], Mark Rippetoe, Robb Wolf, Garrett Smith and Greg Everett. CrossFit offers speciality certification seminars in gymnastics, Olympic weightlifting, powerlifting, running and endurance, kettlebells, mobility and recovery, CrossFit Kids and CrossFit Football. In the past, Crossfit also offered a [[Jump rope]] certification.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crossfit.com/cf-info/certs.shtml |title=Certifications |publisher=CrossFit
}}</ref>

==Discussion==
==== Support ====
Dr. Tony Webster of the Pacific Institute for Sports Medicine at Camosun College in Victoria, British Columbia suggests CrossFit be used "safely and sensibly" and finds some support for the program in current academic research: "It’s safe to say that a CrossFit-style program performed three-to-five times per week will almost certainly provide a weekly dose of “vigorous” aerobic exercise that will easily satisfy current public-health guidelines. More and more research studies are demonstrating the efficiency of shorter high-intensity exercise bouts in improving not only fitness but also a whole range of health markers. In fact, plenty of scientific evidence suggests vigorous activity has inherently greater health benefits than moderate activity. Used safely and sensibly, I believe CrossFit has potential not just to change people’s lives, but also to change the fitness industry for the better."<ref>''How We Got Here: CrossFit vs. the Fitness Industry'', CrossFit Journal, August 27, 2009</ref>

The editors of PureHealthMD writing for [[Discovery Health Channel]] found CrossFit "equals better fitness and stronger muscles in a more reasonable amount of time" compared to trying to "build muscle and get in shape by spending 60 minutes or more in the gym several days a week..." Their conclusion was that the program "is a different type of exercise routine ...a well-rounded and very efficient way to achieve a higher level of fitness ...that does not need a whole lot of fancy equipment, but does offer a nice variety to keep the interest level up and provide the challenge needed to keep the exercise fun."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/diet-fitness/information/crossfit.htm |title=CrossFit |last=the editors of PureHealthMD |publisher=[[Discovery Health Channel]] |year=2010 |month=June
}}</ref>

==== Criticism ====
A [[United States Navy]] sailor, who had suffered injuries while performing a CrossFit workout at Manassas World Gym in [[Manassas, VA]] under the supervision of an uncertified trainer,<ref name="Jonathan Mummolo"> {{cite news
| last= Mummolo
| first= Jonathan
| url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/06/AR2008100603032.html
| title= Gym's High-Intensity Workout Left Me Disabled, Man Testifies
| publisher= [[The Washington Post]]
| date= October 7, 2008
| accessdate= }} </ref> claimed that CrossFit poses an elevated risk of [[rhabdomyolysis]]. He successfully sued his trainers and was awarded $300,000 in damages.<ref name="MCT_CrossFit">{{cite news |accessdate=2008-08-16 |url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2008/08/marine_crossfit_081608w/ |title=Lawsuit alleges CrossFit workout damaging |first=Bryan |last=Mitchell |work=[[Marine Corps Times]] |date=August 16, 2006
}}
</ref> According to Dr. Stuart McGill, a professor of spine [[biomechanics]] at the [[University of Waterloo]], the risk of injury from some CrossFit exercises outweighs their benefits when they are performed with poor form in timed workouts. He added there are similar risks in other exercise programs but noted that CrossFit's online community enables athletes to follow the program without proper guidance, increasing the risk.<ref name="GlobeMail2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080111.wxlcrossfit11/BNStory/lifeMain/home |title=No puke, no pain - no gain |first=Rebecca |last=Dube |work=Globe and Mail |date=January 11, 2008
}}</ref> Because of the perceived risks of Crossfit, it has been difficult for many trainers and affiliates to get insurance. As a result, Crossfit has established a risk retention group (RRG). An RRG is a form of self-insurance that is common among professionals that engage in high risk activities, such as law enforcement officers, emergency medical workers, and contractors.

Articles on many websites criticize CrossFit for lack of [[Sports periodization|periodization]], illogical or random exercise sequences, and lacking quality-control accreditation standards for trainers and affiliates.<ref>[http://www.macssistance.com/2009/07/01/5-reasons-why-crossfit-is-crap/ 5 Reasons Why CrossFit is Crap] macssistance.com</ref><ref>[http://nunnsperformancetraining.blogspot.com/2010/07/firefighter-strength-and-why-crossfit.html Firefighter Strength and Why Crossfit Sucks!] nunnsperformancetraining.blogspot.com</ref><ref name=Shugart_20081104>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmuscle.com/free_online_article/sports_body_training_performance_investigative/the_truth_about_crossfit |title=The Truth about CrossFit |first=Chris |last=Shugart |publisher=Testosterone Muscle |date=November 4, 2008. Crossfit is hardly random. Conjugate system is widely used in weightlifting such as Westside Barbell and Crossfit Affiliates. The idea of training everything at once is very appealing to LEO/Mil and anyone who does not get paid for a sport because the functionality of fitness is to be ready for anything at anytime. Not a specific event or game, other than the Sport of Crossfit. The sport of Crossfit has to do with the Crossfit games there is a bit more emphasis put into periodization because these athletes are training for an event. GPP (General Physical Preparedness) vs SSP (Sport Specifit Preparedness) Though unlike most sports the sport of Crossfit's Crossfit games the competitors have no idea of the competitions events until the day of. Crossfit is not random its constantly varied.
}}</ref> CrossFit vigorously disputes the criticism of its exercise methodology. Crossfit Level 1 trainers are certified through the American National Standards Institute, however, Level 2 and other specialty seminars are not yet certified.<ref>ANSI website</ref><ref>ANSI [https://www.ansica.org/wwwversion2/outside/ALLdirectoryDetails.asp?menuID=212&prgID=212&orgID=783&status=4 "ANSI Directory Details"]</ref>

==== Response to Criticism ====
CrossFit vigorously disputes the criticism of its exercise methodology. Crossfit Level 1 trainers are certified through the American National Standards Institute, however, Level 2 and other specialty seminars are not yet certified.<ref>ANSI website</ref><ref>ANSI [https://www.ansica.org/wwwversion2/outside/ALLdirectoryDetails.asp?menuID=212&prgID=212&orgID=783&status=4 "ANSI Directory Details"]</ref> Starting in 2005, CFHQ has published numerous free articles in the online CrossFit Journal about [[Rhabdomyolysis]],<ref>http://journal.crossfit.com/2010/01/rhabdo-pdf.tpl</ref><ref>http://journal.crossfit.com/2005/10/crossfit-induced-rhabdo-by-gre.tpl</ref><ref>http://journal.crossfit.com/2005/05/killer-workouts-by-eugene-alle.tpl</ref> three of which are also included in the CF Manual provided to all prospective trainers.<ref>http://www.slideshare.net/leeshouse/crossfit-instructor-manual-v4</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.crossfit.com/ The official website of CrossFit]
*[http://www.t-nation.com/free_online_article/sports_body_training_performance_investigative/crossed_up_by_crossfit 2009 Critical review by Testosterone Nation]

{{crossfit}}

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Pavel Pavel

2011-06-02T04:10:11Z

Sahimrobot: r2.7.1) (robot Adding: sl:Pavel Pavel

[[Image:Pavel.Pavel.jpg|thumb|Pavel Pavel in 2004]]
'''Pavel Pavel''' (March 11, 1957 in [[Strakonice]]) is a [[Czech Republic|Czech]] [[engineer]] and [[Experimental archaeology|experimental archaeologist]] investigating how the ancient civilizations did transport heavy weights.

Pavel Pavel studied electrical engineering at the [[University of West Bohemia|university in Plzeň]] and later worked as a design engineer in Agrostav Strakonice. Solving how the ancient people could move megalithic statues and stone blocks became his hobby for which he became known.

After the [[Velvet revolution]] (1989), as a member of the [[Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)|Civic Democratic Party]], Pavel became involved in local politics. In two elections into the [[Senate of the Czech Republic|Czech Senate]] (in 2002 and again in 2003) he ended as the second. Since the 1990 Pavel works in the field of heavy transportation, his company ''PAVEL PAVEL s.r.o.'' was founded in 2000. <ref>http://www.pavelpavel.cz/historie.html - short history of the company, in Czech.</ref>

==Experimental archaeology==
Inspired by [[Thor Heyerdahl]]'s ''[[Kon-Tiki]]'', Pavel Pavel set out to demonstrate how the monolithic [[Moai]] of [[Easter Island]] might have been moved into place by a small number of people using only rudimentary technologies. He conducted a practice experiment in 1982 in south [[Bohemia]] using a [[concrete]] model (4.5 m, 12 tonnes). In 1986 he was invited by Heyerdahl to Easter Island to test his experiment in its actual setting, where he successfully replicated the experiment. Only 16 people with one leader were needed for relatively fast statue transportation. <ref>http://www.pavelpavel.cz/mystery/reconstruct_1.htm, http://www.pavelpavel.cz/mystery/walking_1.htm Articles by Thor Heyerdal, Arne Skjolsvold and Pavel Pavel about the moai experiments.</ref>

He then performed some further experiments. He and five assistants using only wooden sledges erected and moved a 30-ton [[rocking stone]] at the village of [[Kadov]] (in [[Strakonice District]]) to its original location, from where it had been removed by unknown vandals in the 19th century. <ref>http://www.pavelpavel.cz/Image/foto/29.jpg - photo of the moved Kadov stone.</ref> He estimated that only 160 people with similar simple technology would have been necessary for transportation of the 800 ton stones in [[Baalbek]].

==Books==
* Pavel Pavel: ''Rapa Nui'', České Budějovice, 1989. The book is now publicly available in electronic format: [http://www.palmknihy.cz/www/detail.php?Xid=2607].
* [http://anthrop.sci.muni.cz/page.yhtml?id=221 Jaroslav Malina], Pavel Pavel: ''Jak vznikly největší monumenty dávnověku'' (''How the largest ancient monuments had been built''), Prague 1994, ISBN 80-205-0211-4.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.radio.cz/en/article/35755 Article on Pavel's visit to Easter Island]
*[http://www.svet.czsk.net/clanky/osobnosti/pavel.html Pavel Pavel: Muž, který rozchodil sochy moai] (in Czech)
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20071218092111/http://www.museumsnett.no/kon-tiki/Research/Papers/walking_statue.html The "Walking" Moai of Easter Island] (archived link)

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}}
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Protecteur-Klasse

2011-06-01T14:29:32Z

Sahimrobot: r2.7.1) (robot Adding: fr:Classe Protecteur

{{otheruses|Protector class}}
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|Ship caption=HMCS ''Protecteur''
}}
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|Name='''''Protecteur''-class auxiliary oiler'''
|Builders=[[Saint John Shipbuilding]] in [[Saint John, New Brunswick]]
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|Total ships active=[[HMCS Protecteur (AOR 509)|''Protecteur'']] [[HMCS Preserver (AOR 510)|''Preserver'']]
|Total ships laid up= 2
|Total ships lost= 0
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}}
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|Ship type=AOR
|Ship tonnage=8,380 tons light; 24,700 tons full load
|Ship displacement=24,700 tons
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|Ship range=7,500 miles
|Ship endurance=4100 NM at 20kt; 7500 at 11.5kt
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|Ship armour=
|Ship armor=
|Ship aircraft= 3 × [[H-3 Sea King|CH-124 Sea King]] helicopters
|Ship aircraft facilities=covered hangar for ASW helicopters
|Ship notes= Will be replaced by the [[Joint Support Ship]]
}}
|}
'''''Protecteur''-class [[auxiliary oiler replenishment]]''' (AOR) ships are used by the [[Canadian Forces Maritime Command]] to resupply ships at sea with food, munitions, fuel and spare parts. They have more sophisticated [[medical care|medical]] and [[dental care|dental]] facilities than smaller vessels. At 172 (564 feet) meters the ships are the largest in the Canadian Navy.

==General characteristics==

*Length: 171.9 m
*Beam: 23.2 m
*Displacement: 8,380 tons light; 24,700 tons full load
*Aircraft: 3 x [[H-3 Sea King|CH-124 Sea King]] helicopters
*Complement: 365 (27 of whom are officers) - this includes 45 aircrew
*Cargo Capacity:
** 14,590 tons fuel
** 400 tons aviation fuel
** 1,048 tons dry cargo
** 1,250 tons ammunition
*Armament:
**2 x [[Phalanx CIWS]]
**6 x .50 calibre [[machine guns]]

== Ships in class ==

=== [[HMCS Protecteur (AOR 509)|HMCS ''Protecteur'' (AOR 509)]] ===
* Builders: {{flag|Canada}} ([[Saint John Shipbuilding]] in [[Saint John, New Brunswick]])
* Laid down: 16 December 1966
* Launched: 18 July 1968
* Operator: {{navy|Canada}}
* Stationed: West Coast ([[Esquimalt, British Columbia]])
* Commissioned: 30 August 1969
* Status: In active service
* Modifications:
* Operations: Operation Altair

=== [[HMCS Preserver (AOR 510)|HMCS ''Preserver'' (AOR 510)]] ===
* Builders: {{flag|Canada}} ([[Saint John Shipbuilding]] in [[Saint John, New Brunswick]])
* Laid down: 17 October 1967
* Launched: 1969
* Operator: {{navy|Canada}}
* Stationed: East Coast (Halifax, Nova Scotia)
* Commissioned: 30 July 1970
* Status: In active service
* Modifications:
* Operations:
</div>

==See also==
*[[Provider class auxiliary vessel]], hull 508, which was replaced by the ''Protecteur'' class.
*[[Canadian Forces]]
*[[Joint Support Ship Project]], a design to replace the ships of the ''Protecteur'' class.

==External links==
{{Portal|Canadian Armed Forces}}
*[http://www.navy.dnd.ca/preserver/home/index_e.asp Preserver's official website]
*[http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/canada/current/protect/ Protecteur class overview @ Hazegray.org]

[[Category:Auxiliary ship classes]]
[[Category:Protecteur class auxiliary vessels| Protecteur class auxiliary vessel]]
[[Category:Cold War ships of Canada| Protecteur class auxiliary vessel]]
[[Category:Active auxiliary ships of Canada|Protecteur class auxiliary vessel]]

[[cs:Třída Protecteur]]
[[fr:Classe Protecteur]]

Zamor

2011-05-27T23:10:17Z

Sahimrobot: r2.7.1) (robot Adding: es:Zamor

[[File:Zamor portrait by Lemoine.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Zamor (1785) by [[Jacques-Antoine-Marie Lemoine]]]]
'''Zamor''' ([[infant baptism|christened]] '''Louis Benedict''' or '''Louis Benoit''') (b. 1762? - d. 7 February 1820) was a French revolutionary of [[Bengali people|Bengali]] origin, who as a boy of eleven, was picked from [[Chittagong]] by [[slave traders]] and sold to [[Madame du Barry|Countess du Barry]] who nurtured and educated him. Later, he turned on his mistress and betrayed her to the [[Committee of public safety]].

He participated in the French Revolution and was imprisoned by the [[Girondins]] for six months. He spent his later life in a house in Rue Maître d’Albert, [[Paris]] as a school teacher. He died on 7 February 1820.

== Zamor's early life and upbringing ==

Zamor was born in the town of Chittagong in the [[Nawab of Bengal|state of Bengal]]. In 1773, when he was eleven years old, he was captured by [[English people|English]] [[slave traders]] who trafficked him into [[France]] via [[Madagascar]] and sold him to [[Louis XV of France]] who gifted the young boy to his mistress, [[Madame du Barry|Countess du Barry]]. The boy was christened as Louis Benedict or Louis Benoit. The Countess developed a liking for the boy and educated him.<ref name="queenoffashion">{{cite book | title=Queen of Fashion: What Marie Antoinette Wore to the Revolution| last=Weber| first=Caroline| date=2006| pages=60| publisher=Macmillan| id=ISBN 0805079491, ISBN 9780805079494}}</ref> Zamor developed a taste for [[literature]] and was inspired by the works of [[Rousseau]]. Till her death, the Countess was under the wrong impression that Zamor was [[African]].

Records of the period suggest that Zamor might have been extremely mischievous as a child.<ref name="romancesfrench">{{cite book | title=Romances of the French Revolution: From the French of G. Lenotre [pseud.]| last=Lenotre| first=G.| coauthors=Frederic Lees| date=1908| pages=135| publisher=Brentano's}}</ref> She noted in her [[memoirs]]:

{{quotation|The second object of my regard was Zamor, a young African boy, full of intelligence and mischief; simple and independent in his nature, yet wild as his country. Zamor fancied himself the equal of all he met, scarcely deigning to acknowledge the king himself as his superior}}

== Role in the French Revolution ==

When the [[French Revolution]] broke out, Zamor took the side of the revolutionaries and joined the [[Jacobin (politics)|Jacobins]]. He began to detest Countess du Barry under whom he worked as a page and deplored her lavish lifestyle. He also protested her repeated visits to England with the intention of retrieving her lost jewellery and warned her against protecting [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocrats]]. But the Countess refused to comply. Hence, using his influential position in the [[Committee of public safety]], Zamor got the police to arrest the Countess in 1792 on her return from one of her many visits to England. The Countess, however, secured her release from jail and found out that the arrest was the handiwork of her page. She promptly dismissed Zamor from service. Infuriated, Zamor became more vocal and open in his support to the Revolution. He brought out charges against the Countess eventually leading to her arrest and execution at the [[guillotine]]. At the trial, Zamor gave [[Chittagong]] as his birthplace.

== Imprisonment ==

Soon after the execution of the Countess, Zamor was arrested by the [[Girondins]] on suspicion of being an accomplice of the Countess and on being a Jacobin. He was tried and imprisoned but was able to secure his release after spending six weeks in jail. Zamor fled France re-appearing only in 1815 after the fall of [[Napoleon]]. Zamor bought a house in [[Rue Maître d’Albert]] near the Latin Quarter of Paris and spent the last days of his life as a school teacher.

== Death ==
Zamor died on 7 February 1820<ref name="romancesfrench" /> and was buried in Paris. His funeral, reportedly, had a very little attendance.

==In popular culture==
A short two-page comic strip ''La Rue perdue'' ("The Lost Street") was published in 1978, featuring [[Gil Jourdan]], a detective series created by [[Maurice Tillieux]]. Set in 1953 it has Jourdan trying to find out why a fake [[guillotine]] blade is hanging outside the door of a black African friend. The one responsible turns out to be a man obsessed with Madame du Barry and taking his anger at her death out on Jourdan's friend who looks like Zamor. The action is set in Rue Maître Albert where Zamor lived before his death.

==See also==

* [[Reign of terror]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* {{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080311/jsp/entertainment/story_9006552.jsp|title=Child from Chittagong|first=Abhijit|last=Gupta|work=The Telegraph|date=March 11, 2008}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/yw/2003/01/18/stories/2003011800200300.htm|title=For liberty and fraternity|first=Saroja|last=Sundarrajan|work=The Hindu:Young World|date=January 18, 2003}}

[[Category:1820 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:People of the French Revolution]]

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[[fr:Zamor]]

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2010-07-03T15:56:03Z

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