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Robert Armin

2007-07-23T00:36:18Z

STBotD: robot Adding: es:Robert Armin

[[Image:Robert Armin title page..jpg|frame|right|Title page of Armin's ''The History of the two Maids of More-Clacke'', 1609. The woodcut shows Armin onstage.]]

'''Robert Armin''' (c. [[1563]] – [[1612]]) was an [[England|English]] [[actor]], a member of the [[Lord Chamberlain's Men]]. He became the leading [[comedy]] actor with the troupe associated with [[William Shakespeare]] following the departure of [[William Kempe|Will Kempe]] around 1600. Also a popular comic author, he wrote a comedy, ''The History of the Two Maids of More-clacke'', as well as ''Foole upon Foole'', ''A Nest of Ninnies'' (1608) and ''The Italian Taylor and his Boy''.

Armin changed the part of the clown or fool from the rustic servingman turned [[comedian]] to that of a high-comedy domestic wit. He drew upon the history of the [[clown]], the home-grown stock of natural idiots in [[England]], and on his education to help create [[motley fool]]s which surpass anything in that kind before or since.

==Early Life==
:“…the clown is wise because he plays the fool for money, while others have to pay for the same privilege.” – [[Leslie Hotson]] in ''Shakespeare’s Motley''

Armin was one of three children born to John Armyn II of [[King's Lynn]], a successful [[tailor]] and friend to John Lonyson, a [[goldsmith]] of the same place. His brother, John Armyn III, was a merchant tailor in [[London]]. Armin did not take up his father’s craft; instead, his father [[apprentice]]d him to Lonyson in the [[Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths|Goldsmiths' Company]] in 1581. Lonyson was the Master of Works at the [[Royal Mint]] in the [[Tower of London]], a position of great responsibility. The arrangement moved Armin to a life and a social circle quite different from what he might have expected as a Norfolk tailor. Lonyson died in 1582, and the apprenticeship was transferred to another master. According to a tale preserved in ''Tarlton's Jests'', Armin came to the attention of the Queen's famous jester [[Richard Tarlton]]. In the course of his duties, the story contends, Armin was sent to collect money from a lodger at Tarlton's inn. Frustrated by the man's refusal to pay, Armin wrote verses in chalk on the wall; Tarlton noticed and, aprroving their wit, wrote an answer in which he expressed a desire to take Armin as his apprentice. Though not corroborated, this anecdote is far from the least plausible in ''Tarlton's Jests''. Influenced by Tarlton or not, Armin already had a literary reputation before he finished his apprenticeship in 1592. In 1590, his name is affixed to the preface of a religious tract, ''A Brief Resolution of the Right Religion''. Two years later, both [[Thomas Nashe]] (in ''Strange News'') and [[Gabriel Harvey]] (in ''Pierce's Supererogation'') mention him as a writer of [[ballad]]s; none of his work in this vein, however, is known to have survived.

==The Chandos company==
At some point in the [[1590s]], Armin joined a company of players patronized by [[William Brydges, 4th Baron Chandos|Baron Chandos]]. With this company, about which little is known, he is presumed to have traveled from the western [[Midlands]] to [[East Anglia]]. The nature of his work for the company may be estimated from his parts in ''The History of the Two Maids of More-clacke''. The preface to the [[1609 in literature|1609]] [[book size|quarto]] indicates that he played Blue John, a clown in the vein of Tarlton and Kempe; he also seems to have doubled in the role of Tutch, a witty fool of the type he later played in London. The late quarto is associated with a revival by the [[Children of the King's Revels]], a short-lived troupe of [[boy player]]s led by [[Nathan Field]], but it was almost certainly written around 1597.

Little else is known precisely of Armin's time with [[Chandos's Men]]. A dedication to his patron's widow in 1604 suggests some personal acquaintance with the Brydges family; on the other hand, a reference in another work suggests he may have spent some time, like Kempe, as a solo performer. The pair of books Armin published around the turn of the century demonstrate a performer with an interest in his craft. ''Fool Upon Fool'' (1600, 1605; reissued in 1608 as ''A Nest of Ninnies''), offers the wit of assorted natural fools, some of whom Armin knew personally. The same year he published ''Quips upon Questions'', a collection of seemingly extemporaneous dialogues with his [[marotte]], named by him Signor Truncheon. In this he demonstrates his style; instead of having a conversation with the audience, as Tarlton did, and entering into a battle of wits, he jests using multiple [[persona]]s, improvised song, or by commenting on a person or event. Rather than exchange words, he gave words freely.

The first editions of these two books were credited to "Clonnico de Curtanio Snuffe"--that is, to the Clown of the [[Curtain Theatre|Curtain]]". The 1605 edition changes "Curtain" to "Mundo" (that is, [[Globe Theatre|Globe]]); only in 1608 was he credited by name, though the earlier title pages would have sufficed to identify him for Londoners.

Another work of uncertain date (it was published in 1609) is ''The Italian Tailor and his Boy''. A translation of a tale from [[Gianfrancesco Straparola]], the subject matter may reflect his family background of tailors. He was a tailor’s son, who paralleled in the [[Italian people|Italian]] tailor’s apprentice, and the [[ruby]] ring of the play’s lore parallels the goldsmith apprentice.

Sutcliffe argues that Armin wrote a pamphlet published in 1599, ''A Pil to Purge Melancholie'', on the grounds that it was published by the same press, mentions a clown with Armin’s nickname, and contains verbal echoes of ''Two Maids of More-clacke''.

==Lord Chamberlain's Men==
The timing of Armin's joining the Chamberlain's Men is as mysterious as its occasion. That it was connected to Kempe's departure has been generally accepted; however, the reasons for that departure are not clear. One traditional view--that the company in general or [[Shakespeare]] specifically had begun to tire of Kempe's old-fashioned clowning--is still current, though the main evidence for this view consists of Kempe's departure and the type of comic roles Shakespeare wrote after 1600. Armin played on the Globe stage by August 1600; Wiles theorizes that he may have joined the Chamberlain’s Men in 1599, but continued to perform solo pieces at the Curtain; however, he may also have played with the company at the Curtain, while Kempe was still a member.

Armin is generally credited with all the "licensed fools" in the repertory of the Chamberlain's and [[King's Men (playing company)|King's Men]]: Touchstone in ''[[As You Like It]]'', Feste in ''[[Twelfth Night (play)|Twelfth Night]]'', the Fool in ''[[King Lear]]'', Lavatch in ''[[All's Well That Ends Well]]'', and perhaps Thersites in ''[[Troilus and Cressida]]'', the Porter in ''[[Macbeth]]'', the Fool in ''[[Timon of Athens]]'', and Autolycos in ''[[The Winter's Tale]]''. Touchstone is the fool of these three about which there is the most critical debate. [[Harold Bloom]] describes him as “rancidly vicious,” and writes that “this more intense rancidity works as a [[touchstone]] should, to prove the true gold of Rosalind’s spirit”. [[John Palmer]] disagrees and writes that “he must be either a true [[cynic]] or one that affects his cynicism to mask a fundamentally genial spirit”. Obviously, as Palmer continues, a true cynic does not belong in [[Arden]], so the clown “must be a thoroughly good fellow at heart”. Touchstone affects the front of a malcontented cynic, thus serving as proof of Rosalind’s quick wit. When she confronts both Jaques and Touchstone, she exposes their silliness and prevents the fools from making Arden out to be worse than it really is.

Feste was almost certainly written for Armin, as he is a scholar, a singer, and a wit. Feste’s purpose is to reveal the foolishness of those around him. Lear’s fool differs from both Touchstone and Feste as well as from other clowns of his era. Touchstone and Feste are philosopher-fools; Lear’s fool is the natural fool of whom Armin studied and wrote. Armin here had the opportunity to display his studies. The fool speaks the prophecy lines, which he tells—largely ignored—to [[Lear]] before disappearing from the play altogether. Lear’s fool is hardly around for entertainment purposes; rather, he is present to forward the plot, remain loyal to the king, and perhaps to stall his madness.

In non-Shakespearean roles, he probably played Pasarello in [[John Marston]]'s ''[[The Malcontent]]''; indeed, Marston may have added the part for him when the play was produced by the King's Men. Armin appears in the cast list for [[Ben Jonson]]'s ''[[The Alchemist (play)|The Alchemist]]''; he may have played Drugger. He is also presumed to have been the clown in [[George Wilkins]]'s ''The Miseries of Inforst Marriage''.

He is not named in the cast list for Jonson's ''Catiline'' (1611), and other evidence suggests that he retired in 1609 or 1610. The preface to the ''Two Maids'' quarto confides, “I would have again enacted John myself, but ''tempora mutantur in illis'', and I cannot do as I would”. He was buried in late 1615.

In London, he resided in the parish of St. Bishops [[Aldgate]]; three of his children named in the parish register appear to have died before adulthood. Fellow King's Man [[Augustine Phillips]] bequeathed him twenty [[shilling]]s as a "fellow"; [[John Davies of Hereford]] wrote Armin a complimentary [[epigram]].

==A New Fool==
“If any player breathed,” Hotson tells us, “who could explore with Shakespeare the shadows and fitful flashes of the borderland of insanity, that player was Armin”. Robert Armin explored every aspect of the clown, from the natural idiot to the philosopher-fool; from serving man to retained jester. In study, writing, and performance, Armin moved the fool from rustic zany to trained motley. His characters—those he wrote and those he acted—absurdly point out the absurdity of what is otherwise called normal. Instead of appealing to the identity of the English commoner by imitating them, he created a new fool, a high-comic jester for whom wisdom is wit and wit is wisdom.

==The Shakespeare Stealer==
Robert Armin is a significant character in [[Gary Blackwood]]'s [[historical fiction]] ''The Shakespeare Stealer''.

==References==
*Bloom, Harold. ''Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human''. New York: Riverhead Books, 1998.
*Felver, Charles S. "Robert Armin, Shakespeare's Fool: a Biographical Essay." ''Kent State University Bulletin'' 49(1) January 1961.
*Gray, Austin. "Robert Armine, the Foole." ''PMLA'' 42 (1927), 673-685.
*Hotson, Leslie. ''Shakespeare’s Motley''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1952.
*Lippincott, H. F. "King Lear and the Fools of Armin." ''Shakespeare Quarterly'' 26 (1975), 243-253.
*Palmer, John. ''Comic Characters of Shakespeare''. London: Macmillan and Co., Limited, 1953.
*Suttcliffe, Chris. ''Robert Armin: Apprentice Goldsmith.''Notes & Queries December 1994: 503-504.
*Suttcliffe, Chris. ''The Canon of Robert Armin's Work: An Addition.'' Notes & Queries June 1996: 171-175.
*Wiles, David. ''Shakespeare's Clown''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

[[es:Robert Armin]]

Peabody Institute

2007-07-21T14:41:45Z

STBotD: robot Adding: es:Peabody Institute

[[Image:PeabodyInstitute.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Peabody Institute, c. 1902]]
[[Image:088.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Peabody Library]]

'''The Peabody Institute of the [[Johns Hopkins University]]''' is a [[music school|conservatory]] and [[University-preparatory school|preparatory school]] located in the [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore|Mount Vernon]] area of [[Baltimore, Maryland]]. The Peabody Conservatory of Music, one of the divisions of the Institute, is considered one of the leading music conservatories in the world, boasting a renowned faculty and students from across the globe.

==History==
Founded in [[1857]] by [[philanthropist]] [[George Peabody]], it was the first academy of music to be established in the [[United States]]. Under the direction of well-known musicians, composers, conductors, and Peabody alumni, the Institute grew from a local academy to an internationally renowned cultural center throughout the late 19th and the 20th centuries.

Since [[1977]], the Institute has operated as a division of the Johns Hopkins University, which [[U.S. News & World Report]] cites as one of America’s top dozen universities. Because of this affiliation, Peabody students are exposed to a liberal arts curriculum that is more extensive than those of other leading conservatories; likewise, Hopkins students have access to a world-class musical education and experience that they normally would not have access to at another university of such stature.

Peabody is one of 156 schools in the U.S. that offer a Doctorate of Musical Arts Degree. It houses two important libraries: the historical [[Peabody Institute Library|George Peabody Library]] and the Arthur Friedheim Library, established when the institute opened in [[1866]], a music library includes more than 100,000 books, scores, and sound recordings.

It is most mentioned in pop culture due to the expulsion of pop pianist [[Tori Amos]].

==Peabody Children's Chorus==
The Peabody Children's chorus is for children ages 6-19. It is divided into 3 groups:-Training Choir, Choristers, and Chamber Singers-grouped by age in ascending order. They practice every week, and sing in concerts biannually, under the instruction of Doreen Falby, Bradley Permenter, and Chris Chadderton. The Chamber Singers, ages 12-18, often perform with other music groups, such as the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra and the Baltimore Choral Arts Society.

==Notable alumni==
*[[Tori Amos]]
*[[Dominick Argento]] - A leading composer of lyric opera and choral music.[http://music.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/0210_argento/dateline.shtml]
*[[Awadagin Pratt]] - Renowned concert pianist and violinist; Winner of the prestigious Walter W. Naumburg Foundation Competition.
*[[Virgil Fox]] - Organist.[http://www.virgilfoxlegacy.com/biography.html]
*[[Ellis Larkins]] - First African American to attend.[http://www.npr.org/programs/jazzprofiles/archive/larkins.html]
*[[Tommy Newsom]] - Saxophonist for [[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson]][http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/04/30/arts/NA-A-E-CEL-US-Obit-Tommy-Newsom.php]
*[[Lillian Smith (author)|Lillian Smith]] - Author and social critic. (two stints, not a degree)[http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-463]
*[[Jessica Williams]] - Grammy nominated pianist in jazz.[http://www.jessicawilliams.com/introduction.html]
*[[James Morris]] - World famous Wagnerian Baritone, Grammy winner and Metropolitan Opera Star.
*[[Theodora Hanslowe]] - Famous Rossini singer and Metropolitan Opera Star.
*[[Phillip Glass]] - (Prep.) World famous composer of opera and contemporary music.
*[[Andre Watts]] - World renowned Concert Pianist, Grammy winner and Professor of Music at Indiana University Jacobs School of Music.
*[[Marguerite Krull]] - Renowned Soprano and champion of contemporary opera.
*[[Richard Cassilly]] - His generations leading interpreter of Wagnerian Tenor repertoire.
*[[Dr.Nathan Carter]] - Renowned Choral Conductor.

==Faculty==
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/2386 Nasar Abadey], jazz
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/381 Clinton Adams], piano
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/382 Suhnne Ahn], musicology
* [[Marin Alsop]] [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/2870], conducting
* [[Manuel Barrueco]] [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/384], guitar
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/385 Steven Barta], clarinet
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/211 Carol Bartlett], dance
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/1178 Paul Bollenback], jazz
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/387 McGregor Boyle], computer music/composition
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/2137 Risa Browder], violin/early music
* [[Garnett Bruce]] [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/2620], opera
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/388 Roger Brunyate], opera
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/phyllisbrynjulson Phyllis Bryn-Julson], voice
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/390 Marianna Busching], voice
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/215 Wayne Cameron], trumpet
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/391 Randall Campora], brass
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/392 Jeanne Chalifoux], harp
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/393 Ray Chester], guitar/pedagogy
* [http://victoriachiang.com Victoria Chiang] [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/394], viola
* [[Jay Clayton]] [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/2138], jazz
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/395 Wayne Conner], voice
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/396 Eileen Cornett], ensemble arts/vocal accompanying/opera
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/397 Stanley Cornett], voice
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/398 Mark Cudek], early music
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/399 Victor Danchenko], strings
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/400 Vera Danchenko-Stern], voice/diction
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/402Vern Falby], music theory
* [[David Fedderly]] [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/dfedderly], brass
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/davidfetter David Fetter], brass
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/403 Richard Field], strings
* [[Leon Fleisher]] [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/405], piano
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/406 Michael Formanek], jazz/ensembles
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/407 Sidney Forrest], clarinet
* [[Pamela Frank]] [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/408], violin
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/409 Brian Ganz], piano
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/410 Shirley Givens], strings
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/411 Linda Goodwin], ensemble office
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/2126 Franca Gorraz], language/diction
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/412 Patricia Sayre Graham], music theory
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/413 Julian Gray]; guitar
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/414 Herbert Greenberg], strings
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/415 Thomas Grubb], French language and diction/voice
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/416 Jonathan Haas], percussion
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/417 Michael Habermann], keyboard
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/418 Marian Hahn], piano
* [[Asger Hamerik]] Director (1871-1898)
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/419 Thompson Hanks], brass
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/420 David Hardy], strings
* [[Michael Hersch]] [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/mhersch], composition
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/422 Edward Hoffman], brass
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/1905 Ah Hong], voice
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/423 John Hood], strings
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/424 Ruth Inglefield], harp/pedagogy
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/425 Mark Janello], music theory
* [[Ingrid Jensen]] [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/1180], jazz/trumpet
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/426 Ken Johansen], music theory
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/pauljohnson Paul Johnson], strings/preparatory strings
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/427 Michael Kannen], chamber music/jazz
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/429 Alan Kefauver], recording arts
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/430 Steven Kellner], brass
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/432 Seth Knopp], piano/chamber music
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/242 Phillip Kolker], bassoon
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/433 JoAnn Kulesza], opera
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/435 Maria Lambros], chamber music
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/landgren Peter Landgren], brass
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/746 Ron Levy], liberal arts/humanities/writing
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/slevy Sharon Levy], music theory
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/439 Ernest Ligon] voice/coach
* [http://www.parkerartists.com/NewPages/louie.html Gary Louie] [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/440], saxophone
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/2821 A. T. Michael MacDonald], recording arts
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/442 Ellen Mack], vocal accompanying/ensemble arts
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/444 Jane Marvine], oboe/woodwinds
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/2646 Stacey Mastrian], voice/Italian language and diction
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/mathews Paul Mathews], music theory
* [[Nicholas Maw]] [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/446], composition
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/1496 Ursula McLean], library
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/448 Gustav Meier], conducting
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/449 Violaine Melancon], chamber music/strings
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/450 Yong-Hi Moon], piano
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/451 John Moran], viola da gamba & baroque cello
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/451 Robert Muckenfuss], vocal accompanying
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/pmunds Philip Munds], brass
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/453 Hajime Teri Murai], conductor/orchestra/ensembles
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/454 Timothy Murphy], jazz
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/katherineneedleman Katherine Needleman], oboe
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/jolin James Olin], trombone
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/456 Paul Oorts], French
* [http://www.alarmwillsound.com/about/members/orlando.html Courtney Orlando], [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/1399], ear training/sight singing, violin
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/457 Edward Palanker], clarinet
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/harlanparker Harlan Parker], [http://www.naxos.com/conductorinfo/1916.htm], conducting/ensembles/music education
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/lauraparker Laura Parker], music education/pedagogy
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/460 Benjamin Pasternack], piano
* [http://www.amitpeled.com/ Amit Peled], [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/461], strings
* [http://www.colbertartists.com/ArtistBio.asp?ID=56&DT=Bio Marina Piccinini], [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/piccinini], flute
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/463 Edward Polochick], [http://www.cabalto.org/cab/artistic.html]director of choral activities/ensembles
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/464 Pamela Poulin], music theory
* [http://www.kevinputs.com/ Kevin Puts], [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/kputs], composition
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/466 Steven Rainbolt], voice
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/hrobbins Hollis Robbins], [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/2684], humanities/liberal arts
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/467 Gwyn Roberts], early music
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/468 Nancy Roldan], piano special studies
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/471 Neil Thompson Shade], recording arts
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/473 William Sharp], [http://www.herbertbarrett.com/artist.php?id=wsharp], voice
* [[John Shirley-Quirk]], [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/474], [http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Shirley-Quirk-John.htm], voice
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/475 Alexander Shtarkman], piano
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/476 Emily Skala], woodwinds
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/477 Boris Slutsky], piano
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/2645 Tracey Smyser], language
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/478 Sarah Snyder], humanities/language
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/502 Laurie Sokoloff], woodwinds
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/479 Eileen Soskin], associate dean for academic affairs
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/481 Elam Sprenkle], music theory/musicology
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/469 Colin St. Martin], early music
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/cheriestellaccio Cherie Stellaccio], music education
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/483 Alan Stepansky], cello/strings
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/1398 Stephen Stone],music theory
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/484 Donald Sutherland], organ
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/1397 Andrew Talle], musicology
* [http://www.markandthakar.com/ Mark Thakar], [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/485], conducting
* [[Chris Theofanidis]], [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/486], composition
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/487 Gary Thomas], jazz
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/cthompson Charles Thompson], recording arts
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/488 Elizabeth Tolbert], musicology
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/ctsay Chai-Jung Tsay], music education/humanities
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/489 Keng-Yuen Tseng], violin/strings
* [[Robert van Sice]] [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/492], percussion
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/494 Sebastian Vogt], German
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/johnwalker John Walker], organ
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/1850 Dame Gillian Weir], organ
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/weisner Jeffrey Weisner], double bass/strings
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/2136 Barbara Weiss], early music
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/495 Piero Weiss], musicology
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/496 Weiss, Susan], musicology
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/awells Alison Wells], strings
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/wile Kip Wile], music theory
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/500 Geoffrey Wright], computer music/composition
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/501 Stephen Wyrczynski], viola/strings
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/syoo Shirley Yoo], music theory/keyboard studies
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/293 Gene Young], conductor/preparatory

==External links==
* [http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/ Official site]

{{JHU}}
[[Category:Johns Hopkins University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Baltimore]]
[[Category:Music schools in the United States]]

{{US-university-stub}}

[[es:Peabody Institute]]
[[ru:Консерватория Пибоди]]

Jean Armand de Maillé-Brézé

2007-07-18T12:10:44Z

STBotD: robot Adding: es:Jean Armand de Maillé-Brézé

'''Jean Armand de Maillé-Brézé''' ([[18 October]] [[1619]]-[[14 June]] [[1646]]) was a [[France|French]] [[admiral]].

{{France-mil-bio-stub}}

[[Category:French Navy officers|Maillé-Brézé]]
[[Category:French sailors|Maillé-Brézé]]

[[es:Jean Armand de Maillé-Brézé]]
[[fr:Jean Armand de Maillé-Brézé]]

Charles Blondin

2007-07-13T14:04:54Z

STBotD: robot Adding: es:Charles Blondin

[[Image:Charles.Blondin.jpg|thumb|right|220px|]]

'''Jean François Gravelet-Blondin''' ([[28 February]] [[1824]] – [[19 February]] [[1897]]), [[France|French]] [[Tightrope walking|tight-rope walker]] and [[acrobatics|acrobat]], was born at [[St Omer]], France.

His real name was '''Jean-François Gravelet''', and was known also by the names Charles Blondin or Jean-François Blondin, or more simply “The Great Blondin”. When five years old he was sent to the École de Gymnase at [[Lyon]] and, after six months training as an acrobat, made his first public appearance as "The Little Wonder". His superior skill and grace as well as the originality of the settings of his acts, made him a popular favorite.

Blondin especially owed his celebrity and fortune to his idea of crossing the gorge below [[Niagara Falls]] on a tightrope, 1100 feet (335 m) long, 160 feet (50 m) above the water. This he accomplished, first on [[June 30]] [[1859]], a number of times, always with different theatric variations: blindfold, in a sack, trundling a wheelbarrow, on stilts, carrying a man (his manager, Harry Colcord) on his back, sitting down midway while he cooked and ate an omelette.

In [[1861]] Blondin first appeared in [[London]], at [[the Crystal Palace]], turning somersaults on stilts on a rope stretched across the central transept, 70 feet (20 m) from the ground. In 1862 he again gave a series of performances at [[the Crystal Palace]], and elsewhere in England, and on the continent.

In [[1873]], Blondin crossed [[Edgbaston Reservoir]] in [[Birmingham]]. A statue built in [[1992]] on the nearby ''[[Ladywood]] Middleway'' marks his feat.

After a period of retirement Blondin reappeared in 1880, his final performance being in [[Belfast]] in 1896. He died of [[diabetes]] in [[Ealing]], London at the age of 73 and is buried in [[Kensal Green Cemetery]].

==External links==
*[http://www.peopleplayuk.org.uk/guided_tours/circus_tour/circus_performers/blondin.php Biography]
*[http://www.bplphoto.co.uk/imagefiles/F23/pages/F23-056.html Birmingham statue]
* [http://www.nfpl.library.on.ca/nfplindex/Search.asp?search=1&db=5&idx=ti&query=blondin Images from the Historic Niagara Digital Collections at Niagara Falls Public Library]

==References==
*{{1911}}

[[Category:French stunt performers|Blondin, Charles]]
[[Category:History of Birmingham, England|Blondin, Charles]]
[[Category:Niagara Falls|Blondin, Charles]]
[[Category:1824 births|Blondin, Charles]]
[[Category:1897 deaths|Blondin, Charles]]
[[Category:Niagara Falls, Ontario]]

[[es:Charles Blondin]]
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Belgrano-II-Station

2007-07-12T15:51:47Z

STBotD: robot Modifying: it:Base dell'esercito generale Belgrano II

{{placebox-begin}}
{{city-header-ar|General Belgrano II|General Belgrano II Base}}
{{placebox-begin-data}}
{{placebox-location|base=AntartidaArgentina.png|x=135|y=175}}
{{city-poli-ar|[[Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica, and South Atlantic Islands Province|Tierra del Fuego Province]]|[[Antártida Argentina]]}}
{{placebox-coor|77|52|S|34|37|W|}}
{{placebox-elevation|50}}
{{placebox-pop|21}}
{{placebox-end-data}}
{{placebox-end}}
'''General Belgrano II''' is an [[Argentine_Antarctica|Argentine Antarctic]] base located at {{coor dm|77|52|S|34|37|W|}}.

In [[1955]] General Hernan Pujato founded the first ''Belgrano'' station, remaining for years as the southernmost base. On [[February 5]], [[1979]] the ''Belgrano II'' was opened as replacement of the previous base. A third base, ''Belgrano III'' worked from [[1980]] to [[1984]], but the second one is the only one running, and its [[as of 2006]] the Argentine southernmost permanent base on the continent.

For more detailed info see: [http://www.comnap.aq/comnap/comnap.nsf/P/StationsByName/ARbelg Council Of Managers Of National Antarctic Programs: Belgrano II Base]

{{ArgentineAntarctica}}
{{Antarctica-geo-stub}}
{{Argentina-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Argentine Antarctica|Belgrano II]]

[[es:Base Belgrano II]]
[[it:Base dell'esercito generale Belgrano II]]

Abu Nasr Mansur

2007-07-10T19:32:59Z

STBotD: robot Adding: es:Abu Nasr Mansur

'''Abu Nasr Mansur ibn Ali ibn Iraq''' (c. [[960]] - [[1036]]) was a [[Islamic mathematics|Muslim mathematician]]. He is well known for discovering the [[sine law]].

Abu Nasr Mansur was born in [[Gilan]], [[History of Iran|Persia]], to the ruling family of the Banu [[Iraq]]. He was thus a prince within the political sphere. He was a teacher of [[Al-Biruni]] and also an important colleague of the mathematician. Together they were responsible for great discoveries in mathematics and dedicated many works to one another.

Most of Abu Nasr's work focused on math, but some of his writings were on [[astronomy]]. In mathematics, he had many important writings on [[trigonometry]], which were developed from the writings of [[Ptolemy]]. He also preserved the writings of [[Menelaus of Alexandria]] and reworked many of the Greeks theorems.

He died in modern-day [[Afghanistan]] near the city of [[Ghazna]].

==External link==
* {{MacTutor|id=Mansur|title=Abu Nasr Mansur ibn Ali ibn Iraq}}

[[Category:Islamic mathematics]]
[[Category:Islamic astronomy]]
[[Category:10th century mathematicians]]
[[Category:11th century mathematicians]]
[[Category:960 births]]
[[Category:1036 deaths|Abu Nasr Mansur]]
[[Category:Persian mathematicians]]

[[es:Abu Nasr Mansur]]
[[fr:Abu Nasr Mansur]]
[[id:Abu Nashr Mansur]]
[[sl:Abu Nasr Mansur]]

Antonin Raymond

2007-06-21T13:49:40Z

STBotD: robot Adding: ja:アントニン・レーモンド

'''Antonin Raymond''' (Antonín Reinman) [[10 May]] [[1888]], [[Kladno]] – [[21 November]] [[1976]] [[New Hope]], [[Pennsylvania]], Czech architect, who lived and worked in the [[USA]] and [[Japan]]. He is recognized as the founder of [[modern architecture]] in [[Japan]].

==Life==
Raymond studied at the Czech Technical University in [[Prague]] completing his course in [[1909]]. He left for the United States in [[1910]]. From [[1916]] he worked for [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] at [[Taliesin]] in [[Spring Green]] and was invited to work on the construction of Wright’s Imperial Hotel in [[Tokyo]]. Raymond decided to stay in [[Japan]] where he designed several pioneering modern buildings in [[reinforced concrete]]. During the war Raymond returned to the [[USA]] where he founded an architectural practice in [[New York]] with another Czech architect [[Ladislav Leland Rado]] (1909-1993) – Raymond & L. L. Rado – in [[1945]]. After [[1948]] Raymond travelled to Japan again where he remained till [[1973]] subsequently coming back to the States. In [[1956]] Raymond received a Medal of Honour from [[AIA]] and in [[1964]] an Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon from the Japanese.

==Selected works==
* Reinanzaka House, Tokyo (1924)
* Embassy Villa, Nikko (1929)
* Troedsson Villa, Nikko (1931)
* Tokio Golf Club, Asaka (1932)
* Summer House, Karuizawa (1933)
* Morinosuke Kawasaki House, Tokyo (1934)
* Tetsuma Akaboshi House, Tokyo (1934)
* Raymond Farm, New Hope (1939)
* Raymond House and Studio, Azabu (1951)
* Reader’s Digest Offices, Tokyo (1951)
* Cunningham House, Tokyo (1954)
* St. Anselm Church, Tokyo (1954)
* Hayama Villa, Hayama (1958)
* New Studio, Karuizawa (1962)
* St. Paul Church, Shiki (1963)

==Literature==
* The Japan Architect 33, Spring 1999: Antonin Raymond

[[Category:Czech architects|Raymond, Antonin]]
[[Category:American architects|Raymond, Antonin]]
[[Category:1888 births|Raymond, Antonin]]
[[Category:1976 deaths|Raymond, Antonin]]

[[cs:Antonín Raymond]]
[[ja:アントニン・レーモンド]]

Vinsastenen

2007-06-20T19:13:16Z

STBotD: robot Adding: fi:Käymäjärven kivi

The '''Käymäjärvi Inscriptions''' refers to [[inscription]]s on a stone approximately 52.5 cm high and 105 cm wide, engraved with some variety of [[runic alphabet]]. The stone is today so degraded, it is no longer possible to compare it with other scripts such as [[Orkhon script]]. It is located near Lake Käymäjärvi, about 26 km northeast of [[Pajala Municipality|Pajala municipality]], Northern [[Sweden]].

It was first reported by [[Olof Rudbeck|Olof Rudbeck, Sr.]] (1630-1702) in the second volume of ''Atlantica'' (1689). The local inhabitants, especially the [[Sami people|Saami]], considered the stone to carry a very important message from their ancestors.

The second author to report it is [[Eric Brunnius]] (1706-83) in a dissertion about [[Tornio]] (''De urbe Torna''; 1731) from [[Uppsala University]] where he states that the stone has rune characters and the engraving of a triple crown but which by that time had been degraded and is now absent. The [[physicist]] [[Anders Celsius]] (1701-44), also an early [[runologist]], concluded that the inscriptions were not of runic character.

Celsius and [[Pierre Louis Maupertuis]] (1698-1759) visited the stone around [[April 11]], [[1737]], during their Earth meridian measurement expedition. The tale of this travel and stone, at that time considered to be very exotic in nature, was presented in his application to the [[French Academy of Sciences|Académie des Sciences]], and may have influenced the Academy's decision to elect him to the academy.

==Sources==
Tobé, Erik, "''Maupertius' "Berättelse om en färd till det inre av Lappland för att finna ett gammalt minnesmärke"''", Oknytt No. 1-4, 1999, Vol. 20

[[Category:Inscriptions|Kaymajarvi Inscriptions]]
[[Category:Lapland|Kaymajarvi Inscriptions]]

[[fi:Käymäjärven kivi]]

Natriumthiopental

2007-06-17T16:44:02Z

STBotD: robot Modifying: sv:Tiopentalnatrium

{{drugbox |
| IUPAC_name = sodium 5-ethyl-5-(2-methylpentyl)-4,6-dioxo- -1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-2-thiolate
| image = tiopental.png
| image2 = Sodium-thiopental-3D-vdW-2.png
| width = 113
| CAS_number = 76-75-5
| ATC_prefix = N01
| ATC_suffix = AF03
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|N05|CA19}}
| PubChem = 3000714
| DrugBank = APRD00660
| C = 11 | H = 17 | N = 2 | Na = 1 | O = 2 | S = 1
| molecular_weight = 264.321 g/mol
| bioavailability =
| metabolism =
| elimination_half-life = 5.89<ref>Russo H, Bres J, Duboin MP, Roquefeuil B. "Pharmacokinetics of thiopental after single and multiple intravenous doses in critical care patients." ''Eur J Clin Pharmacol'' 1995; 49(1-2):127-37. PMID: 8751034</ref>-26 hours<ref>Morgan DJ, Blackman GL, Paull JD, Wolf LJ. "Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of thiopental. II: Studies at cesarean section." ''Anesthesiology'' 1981 Jun;54(6):474-80. PMID 7235275</ref>
| excretion =
| pregnancy_category =
| legal_US = Schedule III
| routes_of_administration = Oral, intravenous
}}
'''Sodium thiopental''', better known as '''Sodium Pentothal''' (a [[trademark]] of [[Abbott Laboratories]]), '''thiopental''', '''thiopentone''' '''sodium''', or '''trapanal''', is a rapid-onset short-acting [[barbiturate]] [[general anaesthetic]]. Sodium thiopental is a depressant and is sometimes used during interrogations not to cause pain (in fact it may have just the opposite effect) but to weaken the resolve of the subject and make it more compliant to pressure.


==Barbiturates==
{{main|Barbiturate}}
Barbiturates are a class of drugs that act on the [[GABA A receptor|GABAA receptor]] in the brain and spinal cord. The GABAA receptor is an inhibitory channel which decreases neuronal activity and the barbiturates enhance the inhibitory action of the GABAA receptor. Barbiturates, [[benzodiazepine]]s, and alcohol all bind to the GABAA receptor, yet the barbiturates bind with the highest affinity with longer receptor binding half-lives. This explains why overdoses of barbiturates may be lethal whereas overdoses of benzodiazepines alone are typically not lethal. Another explanation is that barbiturates can activate GABA receptors in the absence of the GABA molecule, whereas benzodiazepines require GABA to be present to have an effect: this may explain the more widespread effects of barbiturates in the central nervous system. Barbiturates have anesthetic, [[sedative]], and [[hypnotic]] properties. Barbiturates do not have [[analgesic]] effects.<ref>http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/ccm/Anesth/aneshome.cfm</ref>

==Uses==
===Anesthesia===
Thiopental is an ultra-short acting barbiturate and is most commonly used in the induction phase of [[general anaesthesia|general anesthesia]]. Following [[intravenous therapy|intravenous]] [[Injection (medicine)|injection]] the drug rapidly reaches the brain and causes unconsciousness within 30–45 seconds. At one minute, the drug attains a peak concentration of about 60% of the total dose in the brain. Thereafter, the drug distributes to the rest of the body and in about 5–10 minutes the concentration is low enough in the brain such that consciousness returns.

Thiopental is not used for the maintenance of anesthesia in surgical procedures because, in infusion, it displays [[Biological half-life#Zero-order elimination|zero-order elimination kinetics]], leading to a prolonged period before consciousness is regained. Instead, anesthesia is usually maintained with an [[Inhalational anaesthetic|inhaled anesthetic]] agent. This class of drugs has a relatively rapid elimination, so that stopping the inhaled anesthetic will allow rapid return of consciousness. Thiopental would have to be given in large amounts to maintain an anesthetic plane, and because of its 11.5–26 hour half-life, consciousness would take a long time to return.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7235275</ref>

In veterinary medicine, thiopental is also used for the induction of anesthesia. Since thiopental is redistributed to fat, certain breeds of dogs, primarily the [[sight hounds]] can have prolonged recoveries from thiopental due to their lack of body fat and lean body mass. Thiopental is always administered intravenously as it can be fairly irritating; severe tissue necrosis and sloughing can occur if the drug is injected incorrectly into the tissue surrounding the vein rather than into the bloodstream.

===Medically induced coma===
In addition to anesthesia induction, thiopental can be used to induce medical comas. Even though the drug is described as an ultra-short acting barbiturate, the drug's half-life is much longer and giving a larger dose ensures adequate concentrations in the brain to maintain anesthesia. Patients with brain swelling, causing elevation of the intracranial pressure, either secondary to trauma or following surgery may benefit from this drug. Thiopental, and the barbiturate class of drugs, decrease neuronal activity and therefore decrease the production of osmotically active metabolites which in turn decrease swelling. Patients with significant swelling have improved outcomes following the induction of coma. Reportedly, thiopental has been shown to be superior to [[pentobarbital]]<ref>Pérez-Bárcena J, Barceló B, Homar J, Abadal JM, Molina FJ, de la Peña A, Sahuquillo J, Ibáñez J. "Comparison of the effectiveness of pentobarbital and thiopental in patients with refractory intracranial hypertension. Preliminary report of 20 patients]" [Article in Spanish] ''Neurocirugia (Astur).'' 2005 Feb;16(1):5-12; discussion 12-3. PMID 15756405 [http://www.revistaneurocirugia.com/web/artics/v16n1/1.pdf Fulltext]</ref> in reducing intracranial pressure.

===[[Euthanasia]]===
Thiopental is sometimes used intravenously for the purposes of euthanasia. The Belgians and the Dutch have created a protocol that recommends sodium thiopental as the ideal agent to induce coma followed by [[pancuronium bromide]].<ref>http://www.wweek.com/html/euthanasics.html</ref>

:Intravenous administration is the most reliable and rapid way to accomplish euthanasia and therefore can be safely recommended. A coma is first induced by intravenous administration of 20 mg/kg thiopental sodium (Nesdonal) in a small volume (10 ml physiological saline). Then a triple intravenous dose of a non-depolarizing neuromuscular muscle relaxant is given, such as 20 mg pancuronium dibromide (Pavulon) or 20 mg [[vecuronium bromide]] (Norcuron). The muscle relaxant should preferably be given intravenously, in order to ensure optimal availability. Only for [[pancuronium dibromide]] (Pavulon) are there substantial indications that the agent may also be given intramuscularly in a dosage of 40 mg.[http://www.wweek.com/html/euthanasics.html]

===Lethal injection===
Along with [[pancuronium bromide]] and [[potassium chloride]], thiopental is used in 37 states of the [[United States|U.S.]] to execute prisoners by [[lethal injection]]. A megadose is given which places the subject into a rapidly induced coma. Executions using the three drug combination are usually effective in approximately 10 minutes, but have been known to take several times this length. The use of thiopental alone is hypothesized to cause death in approximately 45 minutes.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-morales21feb21,0,246025.story?coll=la-home-headlines]</ref>

===Truth serum===
Thiopental is still used in some places as a [[truth serum]].<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/truth-serum-used-on-serial-child-killers/2007/01/12/1168105166282.html Sydney Morning Herald], Truth serum used on 'serial child killers', January 12, 2007, Reuters.</ref> The barbiturate drugs as a class decrease higher cortical brain functioning. Psychiatrists hypothesize that because lying is more complex than the truth, suppression of the higher cortical functions may lead to the uncovering of the "truth." However the reliability of confessions made under thiopental is dubious; the drug tends to make subjects chatty and cooperative with interrogators, but a practiced liar or someone who has a false story firmly established would still be quite able to lie while under the influence of the drug.

===Psychiatry===
Psychiatrists have used thiopental to desensitize patients with phobias,[http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/137/12/1580] and to "facilitate the recall of painful, repressed memories."[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,863001,00.html] One psychiatrist who worked with thiopental is Professor Jan Bastiaans, who used this procedure to help release trauma in victims of the Nazis.[http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v08n1/08118sne.html]

==Metabolism==
As with all lipid soluble anaesthetic drugs, the short duration of action of STP is almost entirely due to its redistribution away from central circulation towards muscle and fat tissue. Once redistributed the free fraction in the blood is metabolised in the liver. Sodium thiopental is mainly metabolized to [[pentobarbital]],<ref>WINTERS WD, SPECTOR E, WALLACH DP, SHIDEMAN FE. "Metabolism of thiopental-S35 and thiopental-2-C14 by a rat liver mince and identification of pentobarbital as a major metabolite." ''Journal of Pharmacology Experimental Therapeutics.'' 1955 Jul;114(3):343-57. PMID 13243246</ref> 5-ethyl-5-(1'-methyl-3'-hydroxybutyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid, and 5-ethyl-5-(1'-methyl-3'-carboxypropyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid.<ref>Bory C, Chantin C, Boulieu R, Cotte J, Berthier JC, Fraisse D, Bobenrieth MJ. "[Use of thiopental in man. Determination of this drug and its metabolites in plasma and urine by liquid phase chromatography and mass spectrometry]" [Article in French] ''C R Acad Sci III.'' 1986;303(1):7-12. PMID 3093002</ref>

==Dosage==
The usual dose range for induction of anesthesia using thiopentone is from 3 to 7 mg/kg, however, there are many factors which alter this. Premedication with sedatives such as [[benzodiazepines]] or [[clonidine]] will reduce requirements, as do specific disease states and other patient factors.

==Side effects==
As with nearly all [[anesthesia|anesthetic]] [[Medication|drug]]s, thiopental causes cardiovascular and respiratory depression resulting in [[hypotension]], [[apnea]] and [[airway]] obstruction. For these reasons, only suitably trained medical personnel should give thiopental in an environment suitably equipped to deal with these effects. Side effects include headache, [[delirium|emergence delirium]], prolonged [[somnolence]] and [[nausea]]. The hangover effects may last up to 36 hours.

==History==
Sodium thiopental was discovered in the early 1930s by [[Ernest H. Volwiler]] and [[Donalee L. Tabern]], working for [[Abbott Laboratories]]. It was first used in human beings on March 8, 1934, by Dr. [[Ralph M. Waters]]<ref>[http://www.anes.uab.edu/march.htm This Month in Anesthesia History: March]</ref> in an investigation of its properties, which were short-term anesthesia and surprisingly little analgesia.<ref>Steinhaus, John E. [http://www.asahq.org/Newsletters/2001/09_01/steinhaus.htm The Investigator and His ‘Uncompromising Scientific Honesty’] American Society of Anesthesiologists. ''NEWSLETTER.'' September 2001, Volume 65, Number 9.</ref> Three months later,<ref>[http://www.aana.com/archives/imagine/1997/08imagine97.asp Imagining in Time—''From this point in time: Some memories of my part in the history of anesthesia -- John S. Lundy, MD''] August 1997, AANA Archives-Library</ref> Dr. [[John S. Lundy]] started a clinical trial of thiopental at the [[Mayo Clinic]] at the request of Abbott.<ref>[http://www.aana.com/archives/pdf/0008CHP7.pdf History of Anesthesia with Emphasis on the Nurse Specialist] ''Archives of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists.'' 1953</ref>

It is famously associated with a number of anesthetic deaths in victims of the attack on [[Pearl Harbor]]. These deaths, relatively soon after its discovery, were due to excessive doses given to shocked trauma patients. Evidence has however become available through freedom of information legislation and has been reviewed in the "British Journal of Anaesthesia" (1995;75:366-8). Thiopentone anaesthesia was in its early days, but nevertheless only 13 of 344 wounded admitted to the Tripler Army Hospital did not survive.

Thiopental is still rarely encountered as a [[recreational drug]], usually stolen from veterinarians or other legitimate users of the drug, however more common sedatives such as [[benzodiazepines]] are usually preferred, and abuse of thiopental tends to be uncommon and opportunistic.

== External links ==
{{ChemicalSources}}

==References and end notes==
* [http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=149220 PubChem Substance Summary: Thiopental]
* [http://www.hospira.com/Files/PDF/Pentothal-PI.pdf Pentothal] Abbott Laboratories. 1993.

<references/>

{{Barbiturates}}
{{General anesthetics}}


[[Category:Anesthetics]]
[[Category:Barbiturates]]
[[Category:Lethal injection components]]
[[Category:Sodium compounds]]



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Update (SQL)

2007-06-15T20:58:48Z

STBotD: robot Adding: ja:UPDATE (SQL)

{{Mergeto|Data Manipulation Language|date=May 2007}}

An [[SQL]] '''UPDATE''' statement changes the data of one or more records in a table. Either all the rows can be updated, or a subset may be chosen using a [[condition (SQL)|condition]].

The <code>UPDATE</code> statement has the following form:

:'''<code>UPDATE</code>''' ''table_name'' '''<code>SET</code>''' ''column_name'' = ''value'' [, ''column_name'' = ''value ...''] ['''<code>WHERE</code>''' ''condition'']

For the <code>UPDATE</code> to be successful, the user must have data manipulation privileges (<code>UPDATE</code> privilege) on the table or column, the updated value must not conflict with all the applicable constraints (such as [[primary key]]s, unique indexes, [[Check Constraint|<code>CHECK</code> constraints]], and [[Null (SQL)|<code>NOT NULL</code>]] constraints).

==Examples==

Set the value of column ''C1'' in table ''T'' to 1, only if in those rows where the value of column ''C2'' is "a".

UPDATE T SET C1 = 1 WHERE C2 = 'a'

Increase value of column ''C1'' by 1 if the value in column ''C2'' is "a".

UPDATE T SET C1 = C1 + 1 WHERE C2 = 'a'

Prepend the value in column ''C1'' with the string "text" if the value in column ''C2'' is "a".

UPDATE T SET C1 = 'text' || C1 WHERE C2 = 'a'

Set the value of column ''C1'' in table ''T1'' to 2, only if the value of column ''C2'' is found in the sub list of values in column ''C3'' in table ''T2'' having the column ''C4'' equal to 0.

UPDATE T1
SET C1 = 2
WHERE C2 in ( SELECT C3
FROM T2
WHERE C4 = 0)

You may also update multiple columns in a single update statement:

UPDATE T SET C1 = 1, C2 = 2

Complex conditions are also possible:

UPDATE T SET A = 1 WHERE C1 = 1 AND C2 = 2

The [[SQL:2003]] standard does not support updates of a joined table. Therefore, the following method needs to be used. Note that the subselect in the SET clause must be a scalar subselect, i.e. it can return at most a single row.

UPDATE T1
SET C1 = ( SELECT T2.C2
FROM T2
WHERE T1.ID = T2.ID )
WHERE EXISTS ( SELECT 1
FROM T2
WHERE T1.ID = T2.ID )

==References==
* [http://beginner-sql-tutorial.com SQL UPDATE Statement]
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2007}}

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[[Category:SQL keywords]]

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[[nl:Update (SQL)]]
[[ja:UPDATE (SQL)]]

Edmund Tilney

2007-03-07T16:40:36Z

STBotD: robot Modifying: es:Edmund Tilney

'''Edmund Tilney''' (c. 1536-1610) was a courtier best known now as [[Master of the Revels]] to [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] and [[James I of England|James I]].

He was the son of Phillip Tilney, an usher to [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], and Malyn Chambre, who had served [[Catherine Howard]], and was briefly imprisoned after that queen's downfall. The Tilneys' ties to the [[Duke of Norfolk|Howard family]] remained strong; mother and son may have stayed with Agnes Howard after Phillip's death in 1541. No record of his education survives, but he evidently learned Latin, French, Italian, and Spanish, and may have visited Europe.

In [[1568 in literature|1568]] he published ''The Flower of Friendship'', a [[Renaissance humanism|humanist]] dialogue on marriage that went through five editions in the century. In 1572, he represented [[Gatton]], [[Surrey]] in [[Parliament]]. One of his fellows, [[Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham|Charles Howard]] secured for him the post of Master of the Revels, which he retained from 1578 until his death.

Tilney occupied this position as it underwent a significant change in focus. When he began his work, it consisted principally of planning and conducting royal entertainments, as a unit of the [[Lord Chamberlain]]'s office. This charge remained unchanged; in fulfilling it, though, Tilney relied more heavily on the developing public, commercial theater of the period. He extended his power to review plays for royal performance into the public arena, in effect becoming the official [[censor]] of the period's drama. The duties of his office required him to examine and approve all plays for performance before they could be staged. Unlike those of [[Henry Herbert]], Tilney's records have not survived, but evidence of Elizabethan censorship (for instance, in the manuscript of ''[[Sir Thomas More (play)|Sir Thomas More]]'') indicates the same types of concerns as his successors that the playwrights avoid politically sensitive topics and matter that could arouse popular passion or aristocratic resentment.

But if Tilney's censorship restricted the writers, his support protected them from generally hostile civic authorities. The polite fiction of aristocratic patronage did not obscure the reality that the troupes were commercial enterprises; however, that fiction brought the theaters under royal protection; in [[1592]], the [[Lord Mayor of London]] named Tilney as one of the obstacles to ending public drama in the city. Tilney also worked to regularize the acting companies. In [[1583]], when rivalry between the various nobles with companies had grown acute, he aided [[Francis Walsingham]] in selecting actors for the new [[Queen's Men]], a sort of supergroup that was supposed to end such competition.

Tilney's successors, [[George Buck]] and Herbert, regularized and expanded his operations to include licensing companies and playhouses, and (most lucratively) licensing plays for printing. That Tilney worked at a time when the acting world was still largely chaotic is demonstrated by the failure of the Queen's Men, who by the 1590s had all but disappeared from London.

In the movie [[Shakespeare in Love]], he is portrayed by the actor [[Simon Callow]].

He lived in the Town of [[Leatherhead]], [[Surrey]], living in the building known as in the Mansion house. In the 1990's a new [[Wetherspoons]] Pub in the Leatherhead High Street was named after him.

[[Category:Theatre in England|Tylney, Edmund]]
[[Category:Tudor people|Tylney, Edmund]]
[[Category:British drama|Tylney, Edmund]]
[[Category:1536 births|Tylney, Edmund]]
[[Category:1610 deaths|Tylney, Edmund]]

He is buried in St.Leonard's Church, Streatham, London. A rather fine monument, mentioned in Pevsner.

[[es:Edmund Tilney]]

Dera Ismail Khan Airport

2007-03-04T22:22:11Z

STBotD: robot Removing: ur:ڈیرہ اسماعیل خان ہوائی اڈا

{{Airport frame}}
{{Airport title|name=Dera Ismail Khan Airport|}}
{{Airport infobox|
IATA=DSK|
ICAO=OPDI|
type=Public|
run by=[[Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority]]|
closest town=Dera Ismail Khan|
elevation_ft=594|
elevation_m=181|
coordinates={{coor dms|31|54|33|N|70|53|47|E|type:airport}}
}}
{{Runway title}}
{{Runway|
runway_angle=12/30|
runway_length_f=5,000|
runway_length_m=1,524|
runway_surface=[[Asphalt]]|
}}
{{Airport end frame}}

'''Dera Ismail Khan Airport''' {{Airport codes|DSK|OPDI}} is situated 10 km away from the city centre of [[Dera Ismail Khan]]. It is not as large as the other airports in [[Pakistan]], as it caters mainly to the population of Dera Ismail Khan.

==Airlines and destinations==

*[[Pakistan International Airlines]] (Peshawar) [http://www.piac.com.pk/destination/destination_domestic.asp]

==See also ==
* [[List of airports in Pakistan]]
* [[Airlines of Pakistan]]
* [[Transport in Pakistan]]
* [[Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority]]

==External link==
*[http://www.farecompare.com/flights/Dera_Ismail_Khan-DSK/city.html Destinations from Dera Ismail Khan]
*{{WAD|OPDI}}

[[Category:Airports in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Dera Ismail Khan District]]
{{asia-airport-stub}}

Der Friede sei mit dir

2007-03-04T22:11:09Z

STBotD: robot Removing: fr:BWV158 - Der Friede sei mit dir

'''''"Der Friede sei mit dir"''''' ("Peace be with you") ([[BWV]]158) is a [[cantata]] for [[bass (vocal range)|bass]] soloist believed to have been composed around [[1730]] by [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]. Only fragments of the work survive; these were found among Bach's papers after his death. They suggest that initially there were more parts extant than simply than that for bass.

{{classical-composition-stub}}
[[Category:Bach Cantatas]]
[[Category:BWV catalogue]]

Benutzerin:Emmy Sophie/Kishori Amonkar

2007-02-26T09:48:55Z

STBotD: robot Modifying: hi:किशोरी आमोनकर

{{Infobox musical artist
|Name = Kishori Amonkar
|Img = BestOfKishoriAmonkar.jpg
|Img_capt = The Best of Kishori Amonkar (CD Cover)
|Img_size =
|Background = solo_singer
|Birth_name = Kishori
|Alias =
|Born = [[April 10]], [[1931]]
|Died =
|Origin = [[Bombay]], [[India]]
|Instrument = [[Vocal]]
|Genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]
|Occupation =
|Years_active =
|Label =
|Associated_acts =
|URL =
|Current_members =
|Past_members =
}}
'''Kishori Amonkar''' ('''किशोरी आमोणकर''') (born [[April 10]], [[1931]]) is a noted [[Hindustani music]] performer who sings [[khyal]] in the Jaipur [[gharana]] style. She is the daughter of the another well-known vocalist, Smt. [[Mogubai Kurdikar]], a distinguished disciple of the late Gayan Samrat [[Ustad Alladiya Khan]] Saheb and and Kesarbai Kerkar.

==Early life==
Kishori Amonkar was born on 10th April 1931 in [[Bombay]] (now, [[Mumbai]]) to parents Madhavdas Bhatiya and Monghubai Kurdikar. Traditionally, her family was oriented towards music. Kishori Amonkar’s early training in music began under her mother.She studied in Elphinstone College. She quickly imbibed the nuances of the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana of music, one of the oldest gharanas of Hindustani Classical Music.

==Awards and recognition==
===Recognitions===
* Popularly known as “Gana Saraswati”, (translation: the [[Saraswati]] of Singing).
* Rare combination of being part of the mother-daughter pair to receive the [[Padma Vibhushan]] Award. Her mother won this award in [[1989]]

===Awards===
* Padma Vibhushan (2002)
* [[Rashtrapati Award]]
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1985)
* [[Sangeet Samragni Award]] (Translation: Queen of Singing) (1997).

{{Wikiquote}}

==External links==

*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/world/reviews/amonkar_sampradaya.shtml BBC World Music Review - Kishori Amonkar, Sampradaya]
*[http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=21461 Allaboutjazz.com - Kishori Amonkar: A Beauty Personified]
*[http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~navin/india/songs/isongs/indexes/music/kishori_amonkar.html ITRANS Song Book - Kishori Amonkar]
*{{imdb name|id=0025163|name=Kishori Amonkar}}

{{India-singer-stub}}

[[Category:Hindustani singers|Amonkar, Kishori]]
[[Category:1931 births|Amonkar, Kishori]]
[[Category:Living people|Amonkar, Kishori]]
[[Category:Padma Vibhushan recipients|Amonkar, Kishori]]
[[Category:Sangeet Natak Akademi Award recipients|Amonkar, Kishori]]

[[hi:किशोरी आमोनकर]]
[[mr:किशोरी आमोणकर]]
[[sa:किशोरी आमोणकर]]

Joe Hahn

2007-02-25T17:56:57Z

STBotD: robot Adding: ca:Joseph Hahn

{{Unreferenced|date=January 2007}}
'''Joe Hahn''', a.k.a. '''Mr. Hahn''' (born Joseph Hahn, [[15 March]] [[1977]]), is the [[Disc jockey|DJ]] for the [[United States|American]] [[nu-metal]]/[[rapcore]] [[band (music)|band]] [[Linkin Park]].

Born in [[Dallas, Texas]], Hahn is a second-generation [[Korean American]]. He was raised in [[Glendale, California]]. He attended [[Herbert Hoover High School (Glendale)|Hoover High School]]. After graduation, he took interest in [[visual arts]] and attended the [[Art Center College of Design]] in [[Pasadena, California]] with soon to be fellow Linkin Park bandmate, [[Mike Shinoda]]. His intended field of study was [[illustration]] but he decided to drop out to pursue a career overseeing [[special effects]] in [[film]] and [[television shows]] such as ''[[The X-Files]]'', ''[[Sphere (movie)|Sphere]]'' and ''[[Dune (TV miniseries)|Dune]]''.

He joined Linkin Park (then called [[Xero (rock band)|Xero]]) in 1996 as the band's DJ. Since then, he has directed [[music video]]s for most [[single (music)|singles]] of his band, with the exceptions of "[[One Step Closer (Linkin Park song)|One Step Closer]]", "[[Crawling (song)|Crawling]]" and "[[Faint (song)|Faint]]". He has also directed videos for [[Static-X]], [[Story of the Year]], [[Xzibit]], [[X-ecutioners]] and [[Alkaline Trio]].

Hahn is known for his sarcastic and dry sense of humor during interviews.

Joe has an alter-ego named Remy, who can be heard at the beginning of "Cure for the Itch".
As bandmates [[Chester Bennington]] and [[Mike Shinoda]] are currently busy with [[side project]]s, Hahn is busy doing his own side projects. Recently, he shot a mini-film called ''The Seed'' in [[Los Angeles, California]] and has premiered it at the [[Pusan International Film Festival]]. Hahn also appeared with a minor role in a short film by Filip Engström called ''Little Pony''.

In 2005, Hahn opened a retail concept store and brand [[Suru (store)|Suru]], located on the infamous [[Melrose Avenue]] in Los Angeles.

Hahn also featured in "Slip Out the Back" and "Move On" (FM Militia exclusive) by [[Fort Minor]], playing along with his Linkin Park bandmate Shinoda.

==External links==
* [http://www.slamxhype.com/index.php?cat=45/ Mr Hahn at SlamXHype]
* [http://joehahn.co.nr/ Joe Hahn Fansite]

{{Linkin Park}}

[[Category:1977 births|Hahn, Joe]]
[[Category:Living people|Hahn, Joe]]
[[Category:DJs|Hahn, Joe]]
[[Category:Korean Americans|Hahn, Joe]]
[[Category:People from Dallas|Hahn, Joe]]

[[ar:جو هان]]
[[bg:Джоузеф Хан]]
[[ca:Joseph Hahn]]
[[cs:Joe Hahn]]
[[es:Joe Hahn]]
[[fr:Joe Hahn]]
[[it:Joseph Hahn]]
[[he:ג'ו האן]]
[[nl:Joseph Hahn]]
[[no:Joseph Hahn]]
[[pl:Joseph Hahn]]
[[pt:Joe Hahn]]
[[sv:Joseph Hahn]]

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Georgian mythology

2007-02-19T19:40:38Z

STBotD: robot Modifying: ru:Грузинская мифология

The article is about the [[mythology]] of the country of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].

Georgian myths and legends are preserved mainly as popular tales. Many of them have eventually fused with [[Christian]] legends.

The most known Georgian mythic characters include:

*[[Ali (Goddess)|Ali]] was a beautiful and temptress goddess of rivers and woods.

*[[Amirani]], was a mythic hero, son of Dali and the hunter Darjelani. Prototype of Greek Prometheus.

*[[Armazi]], god of gods..., the great gods, conquerors of the world, lighters of the sun, givers of rain, who cause the fruits of the earth to grow, was the main god in Kartli’s (Iberia) official religion established by King Parnavaz of Iberia (4th century, BC). According to the legend, an immense statue of Armazi was crushed by the lighting after St Nino’s pray. Armazi is also the name of an ancient fortress near Mtskheta that dates from the same period.

*[[Baaduri]], was a warrior, son of the Gods, enemy of all evil.

*[[Dali (Goddess)|Dali]], Deyla or Dalila, was the hunt goddess and ‘lady of stones and animals’. She was believed to be a temptress and to have many love affairs with hunters brutally killing the traitors.

*[[Devi]], giants, usually believed to be evil beings.

*[[Dilis Varskvlavi]] (the Morning Star), the winter god, was a servant of Tamar(i).

*[[Gats]], and [[Gaem]], were gods in Iberian official pantheon established by Parnavaz I.

*[[Iakhsari]], mythic hero, was a son of Morige and a close friend of Baaduri.

*[[Kopala]], was a mythic hero, mighty warrior (archer) and a demon killer.

*[[Lamara]], goddess, was called ‘eye of the earth’.

*[[Leucothenia]] (the White Goddess), was a Greek name for Georgian (Kolkheti) goddess of sea.

*[[Morige]], was creator, the Lord of the Sky sitting on a golden throne.

*[[Mzekhala]] (Sun-woman) was the Sun goddess, patroness of grape growing. Later identified with St Barbara (Barbare, Barbale in Georgian).

*[[Pirkhusha]], was a smith, making Kopala’s arrows.

*[[Tamar (goddess)|Tamar]], goddess of sky, riding on a snake, is identified with Lamara.

*[[Tetri Giorgi]] (White George), popular character in Georgian mythology, was a warrior and a moon god. Later Tetri Giorgi became one of the names of St George (Tsminda Giorgi) in the mountainous eastern Georgia.

*[[Zadeni]], was the goddess of fertility in Iberian official pantheon established by Parnavaz I.

{{unreferenced|date=December 2006}}

[[Category:Georgian mythology|!]]
[[Category:Georgian culture|Mythology]]

{{Euro-myth-stub}}
{{asia-myth-stub}}

[[he:מיתולוגיה גאורגית]]
[[ru:Грузинская мифология]]

Benutzer:Snackroeg/Kernreaktoren der Generation 5

2007-02-19T17:30:26Z

STBotD: robot Modifying: fi:Reaktorisukupolvet

{{mergefrom|Generation II reactor|date=December 2006}}
{{mergefrom|Generation III reactor|date=December 2006}}
'''Generation IV reactors''' (Gen IV) are a set of theoretical nuclear reactor designs currently being researched. These designs are generally not expected to be available for commercial construction before 2030. Current reactors in operation around the world are generally considered second- or third-generation systems, with the first-generation systems having been retired some time ago. Research into these reactor types was officially started by the Generation IV International Forum (GIF) based on eight technology goals. The primary goals being to improve [[nuclear safety]], improve proliferation resistance, minimize waste and natural resource utilization, and to decrease the cost to build and run such plants.

An Integrated Nuclear Energy Model is central to standardized and credible economic evaluation of Generation IV nuclear energy systems. The innovative nuclear systems considered within Generation IV require new tools for their economic assessment, since their characteristics differ significantly from those of current [[generation II reactor|generation II]] and [[generation III reactor|III]] nuclear power plants. The current economic models were not designed to compare alternative nuclear technologies or systems but rather to compare nuclear energy with fossil alternatives.
[[Image:GenIVRoadmap.jpg|left|480px|Nuclear Energy Systems Deployable no later than 2030 and offering significant advances in sustainability, safety and reliability, and economics]]

== Reactor types ==

Many reactor types were considered initially; however, the list was downsized to focus on the most promising technologies and those that could most likely meet the goals of the Gen IV initiative. Three systems are nominally thermal reactors and three fast reactors. The VHTR is also being researched for potentially providing high quality process heat for hydrogen production. The fast reactors offer the possibility of burning actinides to further reduce waste and of being able to breed more fuel than they consume. These systems offer significant advances in sustainability, safety and reliability, economics, proliferation resistance and physical protection.

=== Thermal reactors ===
[[Image:Vhtr.gif|right|thumb|Very-High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR)]]
==== Very-High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR) ====
{{Main|Very high temperature reactor}}

The '''Very High Temperature Reactor''' concept utilizes a [[graphite]]-moderated core with a once-through [[uranium]] fuel cycle. This reactor design envisions an outlet temperature of 1,000 °C. The reactor core can be either a prismatic-block or a [[pebble bed reactor]] design. The high temperatures enable applications such as process heat or [[hydrogen]] production via the thermo-chemical [[Sulfur-iodine cycle|iodine-sulfur]] process. It would also be passively safe.
[[Image:Scwr.gif|right|thumb|Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor (SCWR)]]

==== Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor (SCWR) ====
{{Main|Supercritical water reactor}}

The '''Supercritical water reactor''' (SCWR) is a concept that uses [[Supercritical fluid|supercritical water]] as the working fluid. SCWRs are basically [[light water reactor]]s (LWR) operating at higher pressure and temperatures with a direct, once-through cycle. As most commonly envisioned, it would operate on a direct cycle, much like a Boiling Water Reactor ([[BWR]]), but since it uses supercritical water (not to be confused with [[Critical mass (nuclear)|critical mass]]) as the working fluid, would have only one phase present, like the Pressurized Water Reactor ([[Pressurized water reactor|PWR]]). It could operate at much higher temperatures than both current PWRs and BWRs.

Supercritical water-cooled reactors (SCWRs) are promising advanced nuclear systems because of their high [[thermal efficiency]] (i.e., about 45% vs. about 33% efficiency for current LWRs) and considerable plant simplification.

The main mission of the SCWR is generation of low-cost [[electricity]]. It is built upon two proven technologies, LWRs, which are the most commonly deployed power generating reactors in the world, and supercritical [[fossil fuel]] fired [[boiler]]s, a large number of which are also in use around the world. The SCWR concept is being investigated by 32 organizations in 13 countries.

[[Image:Msr.gif|right|thumb|Molten Salt Reactor (MSR)]]
==== Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) ====
{{Main|Molten salt reactor}}
A '''molten salt reactor''' is a type of [[nuclear reactor]] where the [[coolant]] is a molten salt. There have been many designs put forward for this type of reactor and a few prototypes built. The early concepts and many current ones had the [[nuclear fuel]] dissolved in the molten [[fluoride]] salt as [[uranium]] tetrafluoride (UF4), the fluid would reach [[Critical mass (nuclear)|criticallity]] by flowing into a [[graphite]] core which also served as the [[neutron moderator|moderator]]. Many current concepts rely on fuel that is dispersed in a graphite matrix with the molten salt providing low pressure, high temperature cooling.

=== Fast reactors ===
[[Image:Gfr.gif|right|thumb|Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor (GFR)]]
==== Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor (GFR) ====
{{Main|Gas cooled fast reactor}}
The '''Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor''' (GFR) system features a fast-neutron spectrum and closed [[Nuclear fuel cycle|fuel cycle]] for efficient conversion of [[Fertile material|fertile uranium]] and management of [[actinide]]s. The reactor is [[helium]]-cooled, with an outlet temperature of 850 °C and using a direct [[Brayton cycle]] [[gas turbine]] for high thermal efficiency. Several fuel forms are being considered for their potential to operate at very high temperatures and to ensure an excellent retention of [[Nuclear fission|fission]] products: composite [[ceramic]] fuel, advanced fuel particles, or ceramic clad elements of actinide compounds. Core configurations are being considered based on pin- or plate-based fuel assemblies or prismatic blocks.

[[Image:Sfr.gif|right|thumb|Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR)]]
==== Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) ====
{{main|Sodium-cooled fast reactor}}

The SFR is a project that builds on two closely related existing projects, the [[LMFBR]] and the [[Integral Fast Reactor]].

The goals are to increase the efficiency of uranium usage by [[breeder reactor|breeding]] plutonium and eliminating the need for [[transuranic]] isotopes ever to leave the site. The reactor design uses an unmoderated core running on [[fast neutron]]s, designed to allow any transuranic isotope to be consumed (and in some cases used as fuel). In addition to the benefits of removing the long [[half-life]] transuranics from the waste cycle, the SFR fuel expands when the reactor overheats, and the chain reaction automatically slows down. In this manner, it is passively safe.

The IFR is a design for a nuclear reactor with a specialized [[nuclear fuel cycle]]. A prototype of the reactor was built, but the project was cancelled before it could be copied elsewhere.

The SFR reactor concept is cooled by liquid [[sodium]] and fueled by a metallic alloy of [[uranium]] and [[plutonium]]. The fuel is contained in steel cladding with liquid sodium filling in the space between the fuel and the cladding.
[[Image:Lfr.gif|right|thumb|Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor (LFR)]]

==== Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor (LFR) ====
{{Main|Lead cooled fast reactor}}
The '''Lead-cooled Fast Reactor''' features a fast-neutron-spectrum [[lead]] or [[lead]]/[[bismuth]] [[eutectic]] ([[Lead-bismuth eutectic|LBE]]) liquid-metal-cooled reactor with a closed [[Nuclear fuel cycle|fuel cycle]]. Options include a range of plant ratings, including a "battery" of 50 to 150 MW of electricity that features a very long refueling interval, a modular system rated at 300 to 400 MW, and a large monolithic plant option at 1,200 MW. (The term ''battery'' refers to the long-life, factory-fabricated core, not to any provision for electrochemical energy conversion.) The fuel is metal or nitride-based containing [[Fertile material|fertile uranium]] and [[transuranic]]s. The LFR is cooled by natural [[convection]] with a reactor outlet coolant temperature of 550 °C, possibly ranging up to 800 °C with advanced materials. The higher temperature enables the production of hydrogen by thermochemical processes.

==See also==

* [[Nuclear reactor]]
* [[Nuclear material]]
* [[Atomic physics]]
* [[Generation II reactor]]
* [[Generation III reactor]]

==External links==

* [http://www.gen-4.org/ Generation IV International Forum (GIF)]
* [http://nuclear.energy.gov/genIV/neGenIV1.html U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology]
* [http://www.engr.utk.edu/nuclear/colloquia/slides/Gen%20IV%20U-Tenn%20Presentation.pdf Gen IV presentation]

== Participating countries ==

* {{USA}} [http://gen-iv.ne.doe.gov]
* {{UK}} [http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/sources/nuclear/technology/fission/page17924.html]
* {{SUI}} [http://www.psi.ch/index_e.shtml]
* {{KOR}} [http://www.most.go.kr/index.html] (''Korean-only Web site'')
* {{RSA}} [http://www.eskom.co.za/live/index.php]
* {{JPN}} [http://www.jaeri.go.jp/]
* {{FRA}} [http://www.cea.fr/] (''French-only Web site'')
* {{CAN}} [http://www.aecl.ca/]
* {{BRA}} [http://www.cnen.gov.br/default2.asp] (''Portuguese-only Web site'')
* [[Image:Flag of Argentina.svg|25x15px|Flag of Argentina]] [[Argentina]] [http://www.cnea.gov.ar/] (''Spanish-only Web site'')
* [[Image:European flag.svg|25x15px]] [[European Union]] [http://www.euronuclear.org/info/generation-IV.htm]

{{Nuclear Technology}}

[[Category:Nuclear power reactor types]]

[[fr:Forum International Génération IV]]
[[it:Reattori nucleari di IV generazione]]
[[pt:Reatores Nucleares de Quarta Geração]]
[[fi:Reaktorisukupolvet]]

Falealupo

2007-02-18T17:00:41Z

STBotD: robot Modifying: la:Falealupo

[[Image:Samoa - Savaii Western tip.JPG|right|300px|thumb|Looking west at the western tip of Savai'i]]
'''Falealupo''' is a village situated on the northwestern [[peninsula]] of [[Savai'i]], 20 miles from the dateline. In the sea at the farthest point of the peninsula, the Fafā, an outcropping of volcanic rocks, is said in legend to be the gateway to the underworld, where [[aitu]], the spirits of deceased persons, reside. Rock pools, caves, and beaches contribute to the natural beauty of the area.

{{coor title dm|13|30|S|172|48|W|region:WS_type:city}}

[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in Samoa]]
{{Samoa-geo-stub}}

[[la:Falealupo]]

English breakfast tea

2007-02-18T03:11:11Z

STBotD: robot Modifying: id:Teh sarapan Inggris

'''English Breakfast tea''' is a [[black tea]] blend usually described as full-bodied, robust, and/or rich, and blended to go well with [[milk]] and [[sugar]], in a style traditionally associated with a hearty [[Full English breakfast|English breakfast]].

The black teas included in the blend vary, with [[Assam tea|Assam]], [[Ceylon tea (black)|Ceylon]] and Kenyan teas, and [[Keemun tea|Keemun]] common. Common brands of English Breakfast tea include [[Twinings]], [[Taylors_of_Harrogate|Taylor's of Harrogate]], [[PG Tips]], [[Stash Tea Company]], [[Lipton]], [[Celestial Seasonings]], [[Ringtons Tea]] and [[Dilmah]].

==Origins==
Accounts of its origins vary. Many<ref>http://www.mrbreakfast.com/ask.asp?askid=22</ref><ref>http://www.stashtea.com/teatypes.htm</ref> attribute its origins to a man named Drysdale in [[Edinburgh]]:
:Over a hundred years ago in Scotland a man named Drysdale went into the specialty tea business within sight of the [[Edinburgh Castle|castle of Edinburgh]] and offered a tea called Breakfast....[ [[1982|As of 1982]] ] they still sell the only tea on the market called simply Breakfast and nothing more, probably reasoning that Scots ... at that time of day want to be told nothing more than which blend of teas makes a good eye-opener. <ref>http://www.holymtn.com/tea/blendedtea.htm</ref><ref>J. N. Pratt. ''Tea Lover's Treasury'' (ISBN 0-89721-178-2)</ref>

Another explanation of its origin<ref>http://www.logoi.com/notes/english_breakfast_tea.html</ref> cites a ''[[Journal of Commerce]]'' article which dates the blend to [[1843]] and a tea merchant named Richard Davies in [[New York City]]. Davies, an [[English American|English immigrant]], started with a base of [[Congou]] and added a bit of [[Pekoe]] and [[Pouchong]]. It sold for 50 cents a pound, and its success led to imitators, helping to popularize the name.

==See also==
* [[Irish Breakfast tea]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Tea]]

[[id:Teh sarapan Inggris]]

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Dongyin, Lienchiang

2007-02-17T07:49:58Z

STBotD: robot Adding: ja:東引郷

'''Dongyin''' ({{zh-t|t=東引}}) is an [[list of islands of the Republic of China|island]] in the [[Taiwan Strait]] off the coast of [[Fujian]]. The '''Dongyin Township''', composed of Dongyin and [[Siyin]], is a [[Political divisions of the Republic of China|township]] of the [[Matsu Islands|Lienchiang County]], [[Fukien Province]], [[Republic of China|Republic of China (Taiwan)]].

The township was originally part of the [[Luoyuan|Loyüan County]] before the ROC government evacuated to [[Taiwan]] in [[1949]] following the [[Chinese civil war]].

It is claimed by the [[People's Republic of China]] government as part of the [[Luoyuan|Luoyuan County]] of its [[Fuzhou]] [[prefecture-level city|prefecture]].

== See also ==
*[[List of islands of the Republic of China]]

[[Category:Islands of the Republic of China]]
[[Category:Townships in the Republic of China]]

{{taiwan-geo-stub}}

[[ja:東引郷]]
[[zh:東引鄉]]

Devanampiya Tissa

2007-02-16T22:02:48Z

STBotD: robot Adding: pl:Devanampiyatissa

[[Image:Lk200602060079.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The [[Sri Maha Bodhi]], said to have been brought to Sri Lanka during Devanampiya Tissa's reign. It is a sapling of the bo tree under which the [[Buddha]] attained enlightenment, and is symbolic of the most significant event of Tissa's reign - his conversion to Buddhism]]'''Tissa''', later '''Devanampiyatissa''', c. [[247 BC]] - [[207 BC]], was one of the earliest rulers of Sri Lanka based at the ancient capital of Anuradhapura. His reign was notable for the arrival of [[Buddhism]] in Sri Lanka under the aegis of Mauryan Emperor [[Ashoka]]. The primary source for his reign is the [[Mahavamsa]], which in turn is based on the more ancient [[Dipavamsa]].

==Reign==

Tissa was the second son of Mutasiva, king of Anuradhapura. The [[Mahavamsa]] describes him as being 'foremost among all his brothers in virtue and intelligence'[http://www.vipassana.com/resources/mahavamsa/mhv11.php]. He ascended to the throne of the northern kingdom based at [[Anuradhapura]] sometime around 247 BCE. The majority of his subjects were Hindu, as they had been since the arrival of the first Sinhala colonists on the island around 300 years previously.

The Mahavamsa mentions an early friendship with [[Mauryan]] Emperor Ashoka. Chapter IX of the chronicle mentions that '...the two monarchs, Devanampiyatissa and Dhammasoka, already had been friends a long time, though they had never seen each other', 'Dhammasoka' being an alternate way of saying 'Ashoka'. The chronicle also mentions Tissa sending gifts to the mighty emperor of the Maurya; in reply Ashoka sent not only gifts but also the news that he had converted to Buddhism, and a plea to Tissa to adopt the faith as well. The king does not appear to have done this at the time, instead adopting the moniker 'Devanam' ('Beloved of the God') and having himself consecrated King of Lanka in a lavish celebration.

Devanampiyatissa is traditionally said to have been succeeded by his younger brothers Uttiya and Mahasiva.

==Conversion to Buddhism==

[[Image:Mihintale-vista3.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Mihintale, the traditional location of Devanampiya Tissa's conversion]]Emperor Ashoka took a keen interest in the propagation of Buddhism across the known world, and it was decided that his son, [[Mahinda]], would travel to Sri Lanka and attempt to convert the people there. The events surrounding Mahinda's arrival and meeting with the king form one of the most important legends of Sinhala history.

According to the Mahavamsa king Devanapiyatissa was out enjoying a hunt with some 40,000 of his soldiers near a mountain called [[Mihintale|Missaka]]. The date for this is traditionally associated with the full moon day of the month of Poson.

Having come to the foot of Missaka, Devanampiyatissa chased a stag into the thicket, and came across Mahinda (referred to with the honorific title Thera); amusingly the Mahavamsa has the great king 'terrified' and convinced that the Thera was in fact a 'yakka', or demon. However, Thera Mahinda declared that 'Recluses we are, O great King, disciples of the King of Dhamma (Buddha) Out of compassion for you alone have we come here from [[Jambudvipa|Jambudipa]]'. Devanampiyatissa recalled the news from his friend Ashoka and realised that these are missionaries sent from India. Thera Mahinda went on to preach to the king's company and preside over the king's conversion to Buddhism.

==Notable locations==

[[Image:Anuradhapura25.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Thuparama in Anuradhapura, believed to have been constructed in Devanampiya Tissa's reign]]
Given the extremely early date of Devanampiyatissa's reign, the dearth of sources, and the impossibility of archeological inquiry due to current political instability, it is difficult to discern what impact this conversion had, in practical terms, on Devanampiyatissa's reign. For example whilst there are references to a Tissamahavihara and various other temples constructed by the king, none can be reliably located.

What is fairly certain however is that the site of his initial meeting with Thera Mahinda is one of Sri Lanka's most sacred sites today, going by the name Mihintale. The sacred precint features the Ambasthala, or 'Mango tree stupa', where the Thera Mahinda asked Mahinda a series of riddles to check his capacity for learning[http://www.vipassana.com/resources/mahavamsa/mhv14.php], the cave in which Thera Mahinda lived for over forty years, and the Maha Seya, wherein is contained a relic of the Buddha.

The other major site associated with Devanampiyatissa's reign is the [[Sri Maha Bodhi]] in Anuradhapura. The tree was yet another of Emperor Ashoka's gifts to the island and was planted within the precincts of Anuradhapura, and is regarded as one of the oldest trees in the world.

==Significance==

Devanampiyatissa remains one of early Sri Lanka's most significant monarchs, given that his conversion to Buddhism set the kingdoms of the island down a religious and cultural route quite distinct from that of the subcontinent to the north. Later monarchs were to refer back to Devanampiyatissa's conversion as one of the cornerstones of the Anuradhapuran polity. The city itself was to remain capital of a powerful kingdom until the early middle ages, when it was eventually subsumed under a Chola invasion and then superseded by Polonnaruwa.

{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of rulers of Sri Lanka|Ruler of Sri Lanka]]|before= Mutasiva|after= Regent Uttiya|years=[[247 BC]]–[[207 BC]]}}
{{end box}}

==See also==

*[[Buddhism in Sri Lanka]]
*[[Mahinda]]
*[[Asoka]]
*[[Mihintale]]

==External links==

*[http://kataragama.org/sacred/mihintale.htm Mihintale]
*[http://www.srimahabodhiya.lk/run%20vate/about%20ran%20veta.htm the Maha Bodhi]

[[Category:history of Sri Lanka]]

[[fr:Devanampiya Tissa]]
[[pl:Devanampiyatissa]]

Dazzle camouflage

2007-02-15T00:25:47Z

STBotD: robot Modifying: de:Tarnschemata der United States Navy

[[Image:USS Charles S. Sperry.jpg|thumb|300px|[[USS Charles S. Sperry (DD-697)|USS ''Charles S. Sperry'' (DD-697)]] shown here in dazzle camouflage, June [[1944]].]]
[[Image:HMS Argus (1917).jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[HMS Argus (I49)|HMS ''Argus'']] displaying a coat of dazzle camouflage in 1918]]
'''Dazzle camouflage''', also known as '''Razzle Dazzle''' or '''Dazzle painting''', was a [[camouflage]] paint scheme used on [[ship]]s, mainly during [[World War I]]. It consisted of a complex pattern of geometric shapes in contrasting colours, interrupting and intersecting each other. At first glance it seems like an unlikely form of camouflage, drawing attention to the ship rather than hiding it. Dazzle camouflage had a very specific purpose, however, which was to make it difficult to estimate the target ship's speed and heading and so disrupt the performance of the visual [[rangefinder]]s used for [[naval artillery]] at the time.

The rangefinders were based on the co-incidence principle with an [[optics|optical mechanism]], operated by a human being to compute the range. The operator adjusted the mechanism until two half-images of the target displayed lined up into a complete picture. Dazzle camouflage was intended to make it hard to do this job because the clashing patterns wouldn't look "right" even when the two halves were correctly aligned. This became even more important when [[submarine]] [[periscope]]s were developed which included similar rangefinders. As an additional feature the dazzle pattern usually included a "false [[bow wave]]" painted on which was intended to make a true estimation of the ship's speed difficult.

The invention of dazzle camouflage is credited to artist [[Norman Wilkinson (artist)|Norman Wilkinson]], who was on [[Royal Navy]] patrol duty in the [[English Channel]]. Dazzle camouflage was first implemented on the merchant ship SS Industry, and [[HMS Alsatian]] became the first dazzle painted Navy ship in August [[1917]]. The [[United States Navy|US Navy]] adopted the technique the next year.

Dazzle camouflage's effectiveness is not entirely certain. The British [[Admiralty]] came to the conclusion that the scheme had no material effect on submarine attacks, but proved to be a [[morale]] boost for crews. American naval leadership expressed the dissenting opinion that dazzle camouflage was effective. Dazzle camouflage continued to be used until the end of [[World War II]].

[[William MacKay]], the creator of a popular scheme of camouflage approved by the Naval Consulting Board during World War I, wrote:
:''The structural and characteristic lines and angles of a ship can be either softened or destroyed. According as the ship is viewed through [a] red or green or blue filter the ship presents three different images and through none of them an image so definite as a ship painted with a flat pigment gray.''

However effective the scheme was in WWI, it eventually became completely obsolete as rangefinders became more advanced, and, by the time it would have been put to use again in WWII, the advance of widespread naval aviation and [[radar]] made it useless. The airplanes could observe the ships from the sky, and the radar could aim guns much farther than the eye could see.
==See also==
*[[Everett Warner]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.shipcamouflage.com/1_4.htm The Development of Naval Camouflage 1914 — 1945 - Part I]
* [http://web.mac.com/gesamtkunstwerk/iWeb/The_Poetry_of_Sight/Dazzle%20Camouflage.html DazZLe CaMOuFlage: High Difference Camouflage (Hodge Podge)]
* [http://www.gotouring.com/razzledazzle/articles/dazzle.html Razzle Dazzle Camouflage]

‘Dazzle’ camouflage is related to ‘Measure 32 ‘crazy quilt’ camouflage pattern’, of Pale Grey, Haze Grey, Navy Blue and Ocean Grey. [ref. Elliot, P. American Destroyer Escorts of WW2, Almark, ISBN 0-85524-161-6, 1974]

[[Category:Military camouflage]]
[[Category:Naval warfare]]

[[de:Tarnschemata der United States Navy]]

Benutzer:Rogi.Official/Artikel/Werkstatt/Missachtung des Gerichts

2007-02-12T19:25:10Z

STBotD: robot Modifying: ur:توہین عدالت, zh:藐視法庭

'''Contempt of court''' is a court ruling which, in the context of a court trial or hearing, deems an individual as holding [[contempt]] for the court, its process, and its invested powers. Often stated simply as "in contempt," or a person "held in contempt," it is the highest remedy of a judge to impose sanctions on an individual for acts which wantonly or excessively disrupt the normal process of a court hearing.

A finding of contempt of court may result from a failure to obey a lawful order of a [[court]], showing disrespect for the [[judge]], disruption of the proceedings through poor behavior, or publication of material deemed likely to jeopardize a fair trial. A judge may impose sanctions such as a [[fine]] or [[prison|jail]] for someone found guilty of contempt of court. Typically judges in [[common law]] systems have more extensive power to declare someone in contempt than judges in [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] systems.

In civil cases involving relations between private citizens, the intended victim of the act of contempt is the party for whose benefit the ruling was implemented, rather than the court itself.
==England and Wales==
In [[England|English]] law (a [[common law]] jurisdiction) the law on contempt is partly set out in case law, and partly specified in the [[Contempt of Court Act 1981]]. Contempt may be a [[Crime|criminal]] or [[civil]] offence.

All courts are protected by the law on contempt, but only [[Court of record|courts of record]] have a power at [[common law]] to punish for contempt.

Contempt of court is not a [[criminal offence]] in English law.

===Criminal contempt of court===

The [[Crown Court]] is a court of record under [[Supreme Court Act 1981]] and accordingly has power to punish for contempt of its own motion. The Divisional Court has stated that this power applies in three circumstances:

# Contempt "in the face of the court" (not to be taken literally; the judge does not need to see it, provided it took place within the court precincts or relates to a case currently before that court);
# Disobedience of a court order; and
# Breaches of undertakings to the court.

Where it is necessary to act quickly the judge (even the trial judge) may act to sentence for contempt.

Where it is not necessary to be so urgent, or where indirect contempt has taken place the [[Attorney General]] can intervene and the [[Crown Prosecution Service]] will institute criminal proceedings on his behalf before the Divisional Court of the [[Queen's Bench Division]] of the [[High Court of Justice of England and Wales]] (Criminal Division).

[[Magistrates' Court]]s are not courts of record, but nonetheless have powers granted under the Contempt of Court Act 1981. They may detain any person who insults the court or otherwise disrupts its proceedings until the end of the sitting. Upon the contempt being either admitted or proved the court may imprison the offender for a maximum of one month, fine them up to �2500, or do both.

It is contempt of court to bring an audio recording device or picture-taking device of any sort into an English court without the consent of the court.

It is not contempt of court (under section 10 of the Act) for a journalist to refuse to disclose his sources, unless the court has considered the evidence available and determined that the information is "necessary in the interests of justice or national security or for the prevention of disorder or crime."

===Strict liability contempt===

Under the Contempt of Court Act 1981 it is criminal contempt of court to publish anything which creates a real risk that the course of justice in proceedings may be seriously impaired. It only applies where proceedings are active, and the [[Attorney-General]] has issued guidance as to when he believes this to be the case, and there is also statutory guidance. The clause prevents the newspapers and media from publishing material that is too extreme or sensationalist about a criminal case until the trial is over and the jury has given its verdict.

Section 2 of the Act limits the [[common law]] presumption that conduct may be treated as contempt regardless of intention: now only cases where there is a substantial risk of serious prejudice to a trial are affected.

===Civil contempt===

In civil proceedings there are two main ways in which contempt is committed:

# Failure to attend at court despite a [[subpoena]] requiring attendance. In respect of the High Court, historically a [[writ]] of [[Latitat]] would have been issued, but now a [[Bench Warrant]] issued, authorizing [[Tipstaff|The Tipstaff]] to arrange for the arrest of the individual, and imprisonment until the date and time the court appoints to next sit. In practice a groveling letter of apology to the court is sufficient to ward off this possibility, and in any event the warrant is generally 'backed for bail' i.e. [[bail]] will be granted once the arrest has been made and a location where the person can be found in future established.
# Failure to comply with a court order. A copy of the order, with a "penal notice" i.e. notice informing the recipient that if they do not comply they are subject to imprisonment is served on the person concerned. If, after that, they breach the order, proceedings can be started and in theory the person involved can be sent to prison. In practice this never happens as the cost on the claiming of bringing these proceedings is immense and in practice imprisonment is never ordered as an apology or fine are usually considered appropriate.

==United States==
Under American jurisprudence, acts of contempt are divided into two types.

"Direct" contempt is that which occurs in the presence of the presiding judge (''in facie curiae''), and may be dealt with summarily: the judge notifies the offending party that he or she has acted in a manner which disrupts the tribunal and prejudices the administration of justice, and after giving the person the opportunity to respond, may impose the sanction immediately.

"Indirect" contempt occurs outside the immediate presence of the court, and consists of disobedience of a court's prior order. Generally a party will be accused of indirect contempt by the party for whose benefit the order was entered. A person cited for indirect contempt is entitled to notice of the charge and an opportunity for hearing of the evidence of contempt, and to present evidence in rebuttal.

Sanctions for contempt may be criminal or civil. If a person is to be punished criminally, then the contempt must be proven beyond a [[Burden of proof|reasonable doubt]], but once the charge is proven, then punishment (such as a [[fine]] or, in more serious cases, imprisonment) is imposed unconditionally. The civil sanction for contempt (which is typically incarceration in the custody of the sheriff or similar court officer) is limited in its imposition for so long as the disobedience to the court's order continues: once the party complies with the court's order, the sanction is lifted. The contemnor is said to "hold the keys" to his own cell, thus conventional due process is not required. The [[burden of proof]] for civil contempt, however, is a preponderance of the evidence, and punitive sanctions (punishment) can only be imposed after due process.

==Books about Contempt of Court==
*Scarce, Rik. "Contempt of Court: A Scholar's Battle for Free Speech from behind Bars" (2005) (ISBN 0759106436).
{{Unreferenced|date=January 2007}}

==See also==

*[[Contempt of Congress]] - in the United States, the same crime but against the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] or a [[state legislature]].
*[[Contempt of Parliament]] - a similar concept to Contempt of Congress, but a power of [[Parliament]]
*[[Perjury]] - lying to the court is a separate criminal offence in most jurisdictions, but is analogous to contempt in many ways.
*[[Perverting the course of justice]] - A criminal offence in [[common law]] [[jurisdiction]]s outside the [[United States]] where a person seeks to subvert court proceedings.

[[Category:Common law]]
[[Category:Civil law]]

[[no:Rettergangsstraff]]
[[ur:توہین عدالت]]
[[zh:藐視法庭]]

Biphobie

2006-12-28T10:32:47Z

STBotD: robot Removing: de:Biphobie

{{Sexual orientation}}{{Portal|LGBT|Gay flag.svg|50px}}'''Biphobia''' is the fear of, discrimination against, or hatred of [[bisexuality|bisexuals]] (although in practice it extends to [[pansexual]] people too). It need not include [[homophobia]] or [[heterophobia]], because there are [[stereotype]]s that are specific to bisexuals.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eliason, MJ|title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students.|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=26|issue=3|year=1997|pages=317-26}} PMID 9146816</ref>

==Biphobic stereotypes==
{{weasel}}
{{gay rights}}

Some bisexual stereotypes include, but are not limited to: [[promiscuity]], [[polygamy]], living the [[swinging]] lifestyle, and being "confused."<ref>http://www.glaad.org/programs/cim/birepresentations.php</ref> In some cases, bisexuals are accused of bringing [[sexually transmitted disease]] into the heterosexual community or into the lesbian community. A related stereotype is one in which a bisexual is presumed to be willing to have sex with just about anyone. This stereotype leads to unwanted attention of a sexual nature directed at bisexual [[female]]s by swingers and heterosexual males while often stereotyping bisexual males as walking [[AIDS]] risks.

Often, however, heterosexuals and homosexuals will add more stereotypes based on homophobia or heterophobia. Homophobes may think that bisexuals are gender nonconformist. Heterophobes will often think of bisexuals as maintaining privilege and collaborating with the homophobes while simultaneously enjoying the LGBT lifestyle. Some consider the belief that people are either heterosexual or homosexual (a somewhat common belief among both heterosexuals and homosexuals, both of which fall under the category of [[monosexual]]s), and thus that bisexuality does not truly exist, to be biphobic.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Dworkin, SH | title=Treating the bisexual client|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|volume=57|issue=5|year=2001|pages=671-80}} PMID 11304706</ref>

A 2002 study claimed that a sample of men self-identifying as bisexual did not respond equally to pornographic material involving only men, and to pornography involving only women, but instead showed four times more arousal to one than the other. However, bisexuality does not imply equal attraction towards both genders. In addition, opponents claim that genital arousal to homosexual pornographic material is not a good indicator of orientation. They also point out that the study showed a third of men had no arousal, and ask why this doesn't mean that one third of men are really asexual.<ref>http://www.thetaskforce.org/media/NYTBiArt/LettersFromTheCommunity.cfm</ref> The study, and the New York Times article which reported it in 2005<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.</ref>, were subsequently criticized as flawed and biphobic.<ref>http://zzz.pridesource.com/article.shtml?article=15015</ref> [[Lynn Conway]] criticised the author of the study, [[J. Michael Bailey]], citing his controversial history, and pointing out that the study has not been scientifically repeated and confirmed by any independent researchers.<ref>http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Bisexuality/Bisexuality-NYT%207-05-05.html</ref>

One common motive for negative attitudes toward bisexuality among [[lesbian]]s is the fear that a bisexual [[woman]] will leave a woman for a [[man]]; and vice versa with gay males fearing that they would be dumped for a woman. The heterosexual male is seen as having an unfair systemic advantage both due to [[sexism]] and due to homophobia. Bisexual persons may also be the target of homophobia from those who consider only heterosexuality appropriate. The reverse can also apply in that bisexual persons may be targets of heterophobia or discrimination by some gays/homosexuals - this is especially prevalent amongst bisexual men.<ref>Weiss, Jillian T., ''GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community'', Journal of Bisexuality (Haworth Press 2004), available at [http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm]</ref>

Many anti-bisexuals also believe that bisexuality is a trend, especially a teenage one, popularised by bisexual musicians, actors, etc. (i.e. the term, he built a window in his closet): some also believe it is a stage in adolescence which happens to everyone which people grow out of and that therefore bisexuals are worse people for making an issue out of it. Some also believe bisexuals are just seeking attention for comfort or sex.

Some [[radical feminism|radical]] [[Lesbian feminism|lesbian feminists]] think that bisexual women are giving in to [[patriarchy]]. Others say that people against bisexuals are insecure about their sexuality themselves, similarly to homophobia. It is fair to note many anti-bisexuals are also [[Anti-homosexualism|anti-homosexual]], while maintaining there are only heterosexual and homosexual as sexual preferences, and a common stereotype is that female bisexuals are attention seeking heterosexuals, while male ones are just self-denying homosexuals too afraid to acknowledge their true orientation.

==See also==
*[[Bigotry]]
*[[Prejudice]]
*[[Bisexual erasure]]
*[[Sexual hierarchy]]
*[[Homophobia]]
*[[Monosexism]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[[Kenji Yoshino|Yoshino, Kenji]] (2000). ''The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure'' [http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf]. ''[[Stanford Law Review]]'', 52 (2).
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/BiMHP/ Association of Bi Mental Health Professionals]
*[http://www.bialogue.org/index.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality [[Bialogue]] ]
*[http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0] [[Loraine Hutchins | Hutchins, Loraine]]; ''Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media''; American Sexuality Magazine, Volume 3, No. 4 (2005)
*[http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]

[[Category:bisexual community]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Prejudices]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]

[[da:Bifobi]]
[[fr:Biphobie]]
[[hr:Bifobija]]
[[he:ביפוביה]]
[[nl:Bifobie]]
[[zh:雙性戀恐懼症]]

Benutzer:Thomas R. Schwarz/Baustelle/Basispunkt

2006-12-28T03:09:17Z

STBotD: robot Removing: de:Basispunkt

A '''basis point''' (bp or {{unicode|‱}} ([[Unicode]] U+2031), also '''per[[myriad]]''') is '''0.01%''' and is often used in the context of [[interest rates]].

100bps is 1 [[percentage point]], and 10,000 basis points is 100.00%.

When comparing two [[percentage]] values using basis points, a simple arithmetic difference is taken. For instance, the difference between 5.01% and 5.00% is 1 basis point.

Basis points are used among other things to measure changes in the [[yield (finance)|yield]] of a [[Bond (finance)|bond]] or moves in the [[money market]]. The smallest possible change in the [[exchange rate]] between two currencies, which is often called a '''bip''' in financial jargon, is usually one basis point.

The type of interest rate has to be specified (''e.g.'', [[Bond (finance)|bond]] yield, [[Zero coupon bond|zero-coupon]] yield, [[Act/360]] money market rate, [[Act/365]] money market rate, etc).

== Related notation ==
* [[Percentage]] (%) 1 part in 100.
* [[Percentage point]].
* [[permille|Per mille]] (‰) 1 part in 1,000.
* [[Parts per million]] (ppm).
* [[Parts per billion]] (ppb).
* [[Parts per trillion]] (ppt).
* [[Baker percentage]]

[[Category:Credit]]
[[Category:Fixed income market]]

{{econ-stub}}

[[fr:Point de base]]
[[no:Basispunkt]]
[[sv:Baspunkt]]

Ave (Gruß)

2006-12-23T05:48:37Z

STBotD: robot Removing: tr:Ave

:''This article is about the Roman salutation. See [[AVE (disambiguation)]] for other meanings.''
{{wiktionarypar|ave}}
'''''Ave!''''' or '''''aue!''''' is a [[Latin]] phrase, used by the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]]s as a [[salutation (greeting)|salutation]] and [[greeting]], meaning 'hail'. It is the singular [[imperative mood|imperative]] form of the verb ''avēre'', which meant "to be well"; thus, one could translate it literally as "be well!" or "farewell!" [http://catholic.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/lookup.pl?stem=aveo&ending=]

The Latin pronunciation of ''ave'' or ''aue'' was {{IPA2|'awe:}}. In English, it tends to be pronounced {{IPA2|'ɑ:vei}}.

The term was notably used to greet the [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]] or other authorities. [[Suetonius]] recorded that [[gladiator]]s before combat addressed Caesar with the words ''Ave Caesar! Morituri te salutant!'' ("Hail, Caesar! Those who are about to die salute you!")

The [[Vulgate]] version of the [[Annunciation]] translates the salute of the angel to [[Mary, Mother of Jesus]] as ''[[Hail Mary|Ave Maria]], gratia plena'' ("Hail Mary, full of grace").
''Ave Maria'' is a Catholic Marian prayer that has inspired authors of religious music.

[[Fascist]] regimes during the [[20th century]] also adopted the greeting. It was used during [[Nazi Germany]] in the direct [[German language|German]] translation, ''heil''.

== See also==
*[[Roman salute]]

[[Category:Greetings]]

[[fr:Ave]]
[[sr:Ave]]
[[sv:Ave]]

Atua

2006-12-23T03:33:47Z

STBotD: robot Removing: fr:Atua

[[Image:Samoa-Atua.png|right|Map of Samoa showing Atua district.]]
'''Atua''' is the most ancient [[districts of Samoa|district]] of [[Samoa]], now consisting of most of the eastern half of Upolu but also traditionally incorporates Tutuila and once all of Upolu and Savaii. The capital is [[Aleipata]] at Saleaaumua. The district has a population (2001 Census) of 21,168.
The highest title of Atua is the TuiAtua, or supreme king of Atua. While there are two ancient branches of this title, the highest of these lives in Aleipata and is called the Ao o Atua or supreme head of Atua.
The TuiAtua kings are the most ancient line of Samoa and are direct lineage heirs of the Tagaloalagi line of kings. In Samoa, all claims to royalty or nobility trace or attempt to trace a connection to the TuiAtua lineage.

{{Samoa}}
{{Samoa-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Districts of Samoa]]

Anju (Nordkorea)

2006-12-20T02:35:06Z

STBotD: robot Removing: ko:안주시

{{korean district|context= north|
hangul=안주시|
hanja=安州市|
mr=Anju-si|
rr=Anju-si|}}
'''Anju-si''' is a city in the [[South Pyongan]] province of [[North Korea]] at the coordinates of 39.62 N, 125.66 E. Its current population is unknown, but judging by its size, it contains at least 100,000 people. The [[Ch'ongch'on River]] passes through Anju.

{{korea-geo-stub}}
{{South Pyongan}}

[[Category:Cities in North Korea]]
[[Category:South Pyongan]]

All Is Full of Love

2006-12-18T09:32:25Z

STBotD: robot Modifying: de:All Is Full of Love, nl:All Is Full of Love

{{Infobox Single
| Name = All Is Full of Love
| Cover = All_is_full_of_love.jpg
| Artist = Björk
| from Album = Homogenic
| Released = [[1999]]
| Format = 2 [[CD]]s, [[DVD]], Boxset (2 CDs & Video), 2 [[vinyl record]]s (12")
| Recorded =
| Genre =
| Length = 04:50 (Video Version) 04:32 (Album Version)
| Label = [[One Little Indian]]
| Writer = Björk
| Producer = Björk
| Chart position =
* #8 (US Dance)
* #24 ([[United Kingdom|UK]])
| Reviews =
| Last single = "[[Alarm Call]]" (1998)
| This single = "All Is Full of Love" (1999)
| Next single = "[[Hidden Place]]" (2001)
}}

"'''All Is Full of Love'''" was the fifth and final single by [[Iceland]]ic singer [[Björk]] from her album ''[[Homogenic]]''. The version of the song used in the video is actually the originally intended mix, while the version on ''Homogenic'' is a remix (the Choice Mix) originally released on the [[Jóga]] single. The [[video]] was directed by [[Chris Cunningham]] and featured two intimate [[robot]]s.

The video won multiple awards, including an [[MTV]] music video award for Breakthrough Video and was nominated for a [[Grammy]] for Best Short Form Music Video (it lost to [[Korn]]'s [[Freak on a Leash]]). It is on permanent exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, and is widely considered the standard in CGI effects. The song itself was also critically acclaimed, winning numerous awards.
[[Image:AllIsFullOfLoveSShot.JPG|left|thumb|Screenshot from "All Is Full Of Love"]]
In the video, a robotic Björk lies on a white platform in the centre of a sterile room and is operated on by two mechanical instruments. Later on, two Björk robots kiss passionately as machines work on electronics in their backs.

The music for "All Is Full of Love" features sounds inspired by machines, and is accompanied by orchestral instruments and harps.

The single was an [[alternative rock]] hit as well as a [[dance]] hit in [[United States|America]]. It peaked at #8 on the dance charts. Meanwhile, in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], the single peaked at #24. It is the first track on Björk's ''Greatest Hits'' album.

==Track listings==
===CD1===
#"All Is Full of Love" - 04:50
#"All Is Full of Love" (Funkstörung Exclusive mix) - 04:36
#"All Is Full of Love" (Strings) - 04:46

===CD2===
#"All Is Full of Love" (Album version) - 04:32
#"All Is Full of Love" (Plaid remix) - 04:15
# All Is Full of Love" (Guy Sigsworth mix) - 04:22

===DVD===
#"All Is Full of Love" (Video edit) - 04:50
#"All Is Full of Love" (Funkstörung Exclusive mix) (audio) - 04:36
#"All Is Full of Love" (Strings) (audio) - 04:46

===12" vinyl record 1===
#"All Is Full of Love" (μ-ziq 7 minute mix) - 03:46
#"All Is Full of Love" (μ-ziq 1 minute mix) - 01:05
#"All Is Full of Love" (Funkstörung Exclusive mix) - 04:36

===12" vinyl record 2===
#"All Is Full of Love" (Plaid remix) - 04:15
#"All Is Full of Love" (Guy Sigsworth mix) - 04:22

==Remixes==

*All Is Full of Lies mix
*Choice mix
*[[Funkstörung]] Exclusive mix
*Guy Sigsworth mix
*In Love With Funkstörung
*[[Mike Paradinas|µ-ziq]] 1 minute mix
*µ-ziq 7 minute mix
*[[Plaid (band)|Plaid]] mix
*Secondotted by Funkstörung
*Strings/[[Mark Stent]] & Marius Defries with added strings
*Video version/Mark Stent & Marius Defries radio mix

==Chart performance==

{| class="wikitable"
!align="center" bgcolor="white" colspan="38"|UK Top 100 Singles [http://www.polyhex.com/music/chartruns/chartruns.php]
|- style="background-color: #white;"
!align="center"|Week
!01
!02
|-
!align="center" style="background-color: #white;"|Position
|<center>24
|<center>51
|}

==Trivia==
[[Image:RobotComparison.jpg|frame|right|Comparison between robot designs in "All Is Full of Love" and "I, Robot"]]
It's been suggested by some critics that the design of the robots in the 2004 film [[I, Robot (film)|I, Robot]] was inspired by or copied from this video.[http://www.eonline.com/News/Items/0,1,14531,00.html]

The indie rock band [[Death Cab for Cutie]] released a cover of the song on [[The Stability E.P.]].

==External links==
*[http://www.director-file.com/cunningham/bjork.html Quicktime of the video, plus detailed info at director-file.com]
*[http://www.ifilm.com/ifilmdetail/2676789 The video at Film.com]

{{Bjork}}

[[Category:1999 singles]]
[[Category:Björk songs]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Chris Cunningham]]

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Benutzer:Sophekles/Abigail (biblische Person)

2006-12-17T01:02:26Z

STBotD: robot Adding: fr:Abigail, nl:Abigail (band), sw:Abigaili

:{{dablink|For the [[Australia|Australian]] actress, see [[Abigail (actress)]]. For the [[King Diamond]] album, see [[Abigail (album)]]. For the Eurodance singer, see [[Abigail (singer)]].}}

'''Abigail''' ('''אֲבִיגַיִל''' / '''אֲבִיגָיִל''' "her Father's joy or, fountain of joy" ;leader of/is dance/, [[Standard Hebrew]] '''Avigáyil''', [[Tiberian Hebrew]] '''ʾĂḇîḡáyil''' / '''ʾĂḇîḡāyil'''), once Abigal ({{bibleverse|Samuel|2|3:3}}), is a female character in the [[Bible]]. She is described as the wife of [[Nabal|Nabal the Carmelite]], whose life she saves when David wishes to kill him. On his death she became the 3rd wife of [[David]] ({{bibleverse|Samuel|1|25}}). By her David had a son, whose name appears in the Hebrew of 2 Samuel 3:3 as Chileab, in the [[Septuagint]] as Daluyah, and in {{bibleverse|Chronicles|1|3:1}} as [[Daniel (son of David)|Daniel]].

* The name Abigail was also borne by a sister of David ({{bibleverse|Samuel|2|17:25}}; {{bibleverse|Chronicles|1|2:16}} and following).
* From the former (self-styled ''handmaid'' {{bibleverse|Samuel|1|25:25}} and following) is derived the colloquial use of the term for a waiting-woman (cf. Abigail, the ''waiting gentlewoman'', in [[Beaumont and Fletcher]]'s ''Scornful Lady'').

==References==
*{{1911}}

[[Category:Biblical prophets]]
[[Category:Given names]]

[[da:Abigail]]
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[[es:Abigail]]
[[eo:Abigail]]
[[fr:Abigail]]
[[he:אביגיל]]
[[sw:Abigaili]]
[[nl:Abigail (band)]]
[[pl:Abigail]]
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