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Kinescope

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SQL: Reverted 1 edit by 173.63.70.217 (talk) to last revision by Bumm13. (TW)

{{Distinguish|Kinetoscope}}
{{merge|telerecording|date=October 2013}}
[[File:Kinescope at the Canada Museum of Science & Technology -Ottawa-.jpg|thumb|A PA-302 General Precision Laboratories (GPL) kinescope (c.1950–1955). Its [[movie camera|movie film camera]], bolted to the top of the cabinet, used [[Kodak]] optics.]]

'''Kinescope''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɪ|n|ɨ|s|k|oʊ|p}}, shortened to '''kine''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɪ|n|iː}}, also known as '''telerecording''' in Britain, is a recording of a television program made by filming the picture from a [[Display device|video monitor]].

Typically, the term can refer to the process itself, the equipment used for the procedure (a [[16 mm film|16 mm]] or [[35 mm film|35 mm]] [[movie camera]] mounted in front of a video monitor, and synchronized to the monitor's scanning rate), or a film made using the process. Kinescopes were the only practical way to preserve [[live television]] broadcasts prior to the introduction of [[videotape]] in 1956. A small number of theatrically released feature films have also been produced as kinescopes.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}

The term originally referred to the [[cathode ray tube]] used in [[television receiver]]s, as named by inventor [[Vladimir K. Zworykin]] in 1929.<ref>Albert Abramson, ''Zworykin, Pioneer of Television'', University of Illinois Press, 1995, p. 84. ISBN 0-252-02104-5.</ref> Hence, the recordings were known in full as '''kinescope films''' or '''kinescope recordings'''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UdwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA227&lpg=PA227& Popular Mechanics] April 1953  Page 227</ref><ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/news/1960-series-game-found-in-bing-crosbys-wine-cellar/ www.cbsnews.com] September 24, 2010;  paragraph 4;  Retrieved October 29, 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.aes.org/training/?ID=19 Audio Engineering Society, Inc.] Retrieved October 29, 2015</ref>  RCA was granted a trademark for the term (for its cathode ray tube) in 1932; it voluntarily released the term to the public domain in 1950.<ref>"RCA Surrenders Rights to Four Trade-Marks," Radio Age, October 1950, p. 21.</ref>

== History ==

The [[General Electric]] laboratories in [[Schenectady, New York]] experimented with making still and motion picture records of television images in 1931.<ref>"Schenectady-to-Leipzig Television a Success; Movie Also Made of Images Sent by Radio", ''[[The New York Times]]'', Feb. 13, 1931, p. 15.</ref>

There is some evidence to suggest that the [[BBC]] experimented with filming the output of the television monitor before its television service was suspended in 1939 due to the outbreak of [[World War II]]. BBC executive Cecil Madden later recalled filming a production of ''[[The Scarlet Pimpernel]]'' in this way, only for film director [[Alexander Korda]] to order the burning of the negative as he owned the film rights to the book, which he felt had been infringed. However, the evidence for this is purely anecdotal, and indeed there is no written record of any BBC Television production of ''The Scarlet Pimpernel'' during the 1936–1939 period. Some of the surviving live transmissions of the Nazi German television station [[Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow]], dating as far back as the 1930s, were recorded by pointing a 35mm camera to a receiver's screen, although most surviving Nazi live television programs such as the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] (not to confuse with the cinematic footage made during the same event by [[Leni Riefenstahl]] for her film ''[[Olympia (1938 film)|Olympia]]''), a number of [[Nuremberg Rally|Nuremberg Rallies]], or official state visits (such as [[Benito Mussolini]]'s) were shot directly on 35mm instead and transmitted over the air as a television signal, with only a two minutes' delay from the original event, by means of the so-called ''Zwischenfilmverfahren'' (see [[intermediate film system]]) from an early [[production truck|outside broadcast van]] on the site.

According to a 1949 film produced by [[RCA]], silent films had been made of early experimental telecasts during the 1930s. The films were shot off television monitors at a speed of eight frames per second, resulting in somewhat jerky reproductions of the images. By the mid-1940s, RCA and [[NBC]] were refining the filming process and including sound; the images were less jerky but still somewhat fuzzy.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uC-g-eB6Rjs {{wayback|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uC-g-eB6Rjs |date=20150707075015 }}</ref>

By early 1946, television cameras were being attached to American guided missiles to aid in their remote steering.<ref>James L. H. Peck, "[http://books.google.com/books?id=2yADAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA84 Doom on the Wing]", ''[[Popular Science]]'', February 1946, p. 84, 86.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=hCQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA108 Transatlantic Roller Coaster Designed to Bomb U.S.A.], ''Popular Science'', October 1947, p. 111.</ref> Films were made of the television images they transmitted for further evaluation of the target and the missile's performance.<ref>Albert Abramson, ''The History of Television, 1942 to 2000'', McFarland, 2003, p. 9. ISBN 978-0-7864-1220-4.</ref>

The first known surviving example of the telerecording process in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] is from October 1947, showing the singer [[Adelaide Hall]] performing at the RadiOlympia event.<ref name=Shagawat>{{cite web|last=Shagawat|first=Robert|title=Television recording - The origins and earliest surviving live TV broadcast recordings|url=http://www.earlytelevision.org/tv_recordings_the_origins.html|work=Early Electronic Television|publisher=Early Television Museum|accessdate=20 April 2011}}</ref> From the following month, the [[wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh|wedding of Princess Elizabeth to Prince Philip]] also survives, as do various early 1950s productions such as ''It is Midnight, Dr Schweitzer'', ''[[The Lady from the Sea (1953 TV film)|The Lady from the Sea]]'' and the opening two episodes of ''[[The Quatermass Experiment]]'', although in varying degrees of quality. A complete 7-hour set of telerecordings of Queen Elizabeth II's 1953 [[Coronation of the British monarch|coronation]] also exists. {{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}

=== Worldwide program distribution ===

In the era before satellite communications, kinescopes were used to distribute live events such as a Royal Wedding as quickly as possible to other countries of the Commonwealth that had started a television service. A [[Royal Air Force]] aircraft would fly the telerecording from the UK to Canada, where it would be broadcast over the whole North American network; for Australia, a second kinescope would be made in San Francisco and flown to Sydney for transmission. After being originally televised in 405 lines, telerecorded, scanned in 525 lines, telerecorded again, and then rescanned in 625 lines for local transmission, the quality would be terrible, but it could be broadcast only 18 hours after the event.

Even after the introduction of videotape, the BBC and the [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] companies made black and white kinescopes of selected programs for international sales, and continued to do so until the early 1970s by which time programs were being videotaped in color. Most, if not all, videotapes from the 405-line era have long since been wiped as have many from the introduction of 625-line video to the early days of color. Consequently, the majority of British shows that still exist before the introduction of color, and a number thereafter, do so in the form of these telerecordings. A handful of shows, including some episodes of ''[[Doctor Who]]'' and most of the first series of ''[[Adam Adamant Lives!]]'', were deliberately telerecorded for ease of editing rather than being videotaped.

=== Eastman Television Recording Camera ===

In September 1947, [[Eastman Kodak]] introduced the Eastman Television Recording Camera, in cooperation with [[Allen B. DuMont|DuMont Laboratories, Inc.]] and [[National Broadcasting Corporation|NBC]], for recording images from a television screen under the trademark "Kinephoto". Prior to the introduction of [[videotape]] in 1956, kinescopes were the only way to record television broadcasts, or to distribute [[network television]] programs that were broadcast live from [[New York City|New York]] or other originating cities, to stations not connected to the network, or to stations that wished to show a program at a different time than the network broadcast. Although the quality was less than desirable, [[television program]]s of all types from prestigious dramas to regular news shows were handled in this manner.

NBC, [[CBS]], and [[DuMont Television Network|DuMont]] set up their main kinescope recording facilities in New York City, while [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] chose [[Chicago]]. By 1951, NBC and CBS were each shipping out some 1,000 16mm kinescope prints each week to their [[affiliate]]s across the United States, and by 1955 that number had increased to 2,500 per week for CBS.<ref>Wesley S. Griswold, "[http://books.google.com/books?id=LiYDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA115 Why TV Is Going Movie-Mad]", ''[[Popular Science]]'', February 1955, p. 118.</ref> By 1954 the television industry’s film consumption surpassed that of all of the [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] studios combined.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvhandbook.com/History/History_recording.htm |title=tvhandbook.com/History (recording) |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20040603152849/http://www.tvhandbook.com/History/History_recording.htm |archivedate=2004-06-03}}</ref><ref name="racetovideo">Wolpin, Stewart. "[http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/1994/2/1994_2_52.shtml The Race to Video]". ''Invention & Technology'', Fall 1994.</ref>

=== "Hot kinescope" ===

After the network of [[coaxial cable]] and [[Microwave radio relay|microwave relay]]s carrying programs to the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] was completed in September 1951,<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,889197,00.html Coast to Coast]", ''Time'', August 13, 1951.</ref> CBS and NBC instituted a "hot kinescope" process in 1952, where shows being performed in New York were transmitted west, filmed on two kinescope machines in 35 mm negative and 16 mm [[reversal film]] (the latter for backup protection) in Los Angeles, rushed to film processing, and then transmitted from Los Angeles three hours later for broadcast in the [[Pacific Time Zone]].<ref>Arthur Schneider, ''Jump Cut!: Memoirs of a Pioneer Television Editor'', McFarland, 1997, p. 23–32. ISBN 0-7864-0345-4. To save the time to make a print, the 35 mm negative was broadcast, and electronically converted to a positive image. The soundtrack for the 35 mm film was recorded on a separate 16 mm filmstrip, and synchronized at playback. The soundtrack for the 16 mm reversal film version was recorded on the same filmstrip as the image.</ref><ref>Albert Abramson, ''The History of Television, 1942 to 2000'', McFarland, 2003, p. 48. ISBN 0-7864-1220-8.</ref>

In September 1956, NBC began making color "hot kines" of some of its color programs using a [[Kodacolor (motion picture)|lenticular film process]] which, unlike color negative film, could be processed rapidly using standard black-and-white methods.<ref>Showcase Productions, Inc.: ''[[Producers' Showcase]]'', [http://www.showcaseproductions.com/tech.htm Technical Considerations].</ref><ref>Abramson, ''The History of Television, 1942 to 2000'', p. 67.</ref>

=== Double system editing ===

Even after the introduction of [[Quadruplex videotape]] machines in 1956 removed the need for "hot kines", the television networks continued to use kinescopes in the "double system" method of videotape editing. It was impossible to slow or [[freeze frame television|freeze frame]] a videotape at that time, so the unedited tape would be copied to a kinescope, and edited conventionally. The edited kinescope print was then used to conform the videotape master. More than 300 videotaped network series and specials used this method over a 12-year period, including the fast-paced ''[[Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In]]''.<ref>Arthur Schneider, ''Jump Cut!: Memoirs of a Pioneer Television Editor'', McFarland, 1997, p. 105–106, 134–135. ISBN 0-7864-0345-4.</ref>

{{Further|Film recorder}}

== Alternatives to kinescoping ==

With the variable quality of Kinescopes, networks looked towards alternative methods to replace them with a higher degree of quality.

=== Change to 35 mm film broadcasts ===

Programs originally shot with film cameras (as opposed to kinescopes) were also used in television’s early years, although they were generally considered inferior to the big-production "live" programs because of their lower budgets and loss of immediacy.

In 1951, the stars and producers of the Hollywood-based television series ''[[I Love Lucy]]'', [[Desi Arnaz]] and [[Lucille Ball]], decided to film the show directly onto 35 mm film using the [[Multicamera setup|three-camera system]], instead of broadcasting it live. Normally, a live program originating from Los Angeles would be performed live in the late afternoon for the Eastern Time Zone, and seen on a kinescope three hours later in the Pacific Time Zone. But as an article in ''[[American Cinematographer]]'' explained,
:In the beginning there was a very definite reason for the decision of [[Desilu Productions]] to put ''I Love Lucy'' on film instead of doing it live and having kinescope recordings carry it to affiliate outlets of the network. The company was not satisfied with the quality of kinescopes. It saw that film, produced especially for television, was the only means of ensuring top quality pictures on the home receiver as well as ensuring a flawless show.<ref>Leigh Allen, "[http://www.lucyfan.com/filmingthe.html Filming the 'I Love Lucy' Show]", ''American Cinematographer'', January 1952.</ref>

The ''I Love Lucy'' decision introduced [[reruns]] to most of the American television audience, and set a pattern for the [[Television syndication|syndication]] of TV shows after their network runs (and later, for first-run airings via syndication).

=== Electronicam ===
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2011}}

The program director of the [[DuMont Television Network]], James L. Caddigan, devised an alternative — the [[Electronicam]]. In this, all the studio TV cameras had built-in 35 mm film cameras which shared the same optical path. An Electronicam technician threw switches to mark the film footage electronically, identifying the camera "takes" called by the director. The corresponding film segments from the various cameras then were combined by a film editor to duplicate the live program. The "Classic 39" syndicated episodes of ''[[The Honeymooners]]'' were filmed using Electronicam (as well as the daily five-minute syndicated series '' [[Les Paul & Mary Ford|Les Paul & Mary Ford At Home]]'' in 1954–55), but with the introduction of a practical [[videotape]] recorder only one year away, the Electronicam system never saw widespread use. The DuMont network did not survive into the era of videotape, and in order to gain clearances for its programs, was heavily dependent on kinescopes, which it called Teletranscriptions.

===Electronovision===
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2013}}

Attempts were made for many years to take television images, convert them to film via kinescope, then project them in theaters for paying audiences. In the mid-1960s, Producer/entrepreneur H. William "Bill" Sargent, Jr. used conventional analog Image Orthicon video camera tube units, shooting in the B&W 819-line interlaced 25fps French video standard, using modified high-band quadruplex VTRs to record the signal. The promotors of [[Electronovision]] (not to be confused with Electronicam) gave the impression that this was a new system created from scratch, using a high-tech name (and avoiding the word kinescope) to distinguish the process from conventional film photography. Nonetheless, the advances in picture quality were, at the time, a major step ahead. By capturing more than 800 lines of resolution at 25 frame/s, raw tape could be converted to film via kinescope recording with sufficient enhanced resolution to allow big-screen enlargement. The 1960s productions used Marconi image orthicon video cameras, which have a characteristic white "glow" around black objects (and a corresponding black glow around white objects), which was a defect of the pickup. Later vidicon and plumbicon video camera tubes produced much cleaner, more accurate pictures.

=== Videotape ===

In 1951, singer [[Bing Crosby]]’s company [[Bing Crosby Enterprises]] made the first experimental magnetic [[video recording]]s; however, the poor picture quality and very high tape speed meant it would be impractical to use. In 1956, [[Ampex]] introduced the first commercial [[Quadruplex videotape|Quadruplex]] [[videotape]] recorder,<ref name="racetovideo"/> followed in 1958 by a color model. Offering high quality and instant playback at a much lower cost, Quadruplex tape quickly replaced kinescope as the primary means of recording television broadcasts.<ref name="racetovideo"/>

== Decline ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2011}}

U.S. television networks continued to make kinescopes of their daytime dramas available (many of which still aired live into the late 1960s){{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} as late as 1969 for their smaller network [[affiliates]] that did not yet have videotape capability but wished to time-shift the network programming. Some of these programs aired up to two weeks after their original dates, particularly in [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]]. Many episodes of programs from the 1960s survive only through kinescoped copies. The last 16 mm kinescopes of television programs ended in the late 1970s, as video tape recorders became more affordable.

In Australia, kinescopes were still being made of some evening news programs as late as 1977, if they were recorded at all. A recording of a 1975 episode of Australian series ''[[This Day Tonight]]'' is listed on the National Archives of Australia website as a kinescope,<ref>http://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/DetailsReports/ItemDetail.aspx?Barcode=8483962</ref> suggesting the technology was still being used by [[ABC Television|ABC]] well into the 1970s.

In later years, film and television producers were often reluctant to include kinescope footage in anthologies because of its inherent inferior quality. While it is true that kinescopes did look inferior to live transmissions in the 1950s, it was due to the industry's technical limitations at that time. Even the best live transmission could look hazy by the time it reached the home viewer. Advances in broadcast technology soon allowed for a wider gray scale in black-and-white, and a fuller spectrum of colors, making kinescopes a perfectly viable commodity. This was demonstrated in the feature film ''Ten from Your Show of Shows'', a compilation of [[Sid Caesar]] kinescopes released to theaters. Reviewers were astonished at how good the kinescoped image looked on a large screen. Kinescopes have since lost their stigma of inferiority,{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} and are commonly consulted today for archival purposes.

In the UK, telerecordings continued to be made after the advent of commercial broadcast videotape from 1958 as they possessed several distinct advantages, particularly for overseas program sales. Firstly, they were cheaper,{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} easier to transport and more durable than video. Secondly, they could be used in any country regardless of the television broadcasting standard, which was not true of videotape. Thirdly, the system could be used to make black and white copies of color programs for sale to television stations who were not yet broadcasting in color.

The telerecording system could be of a very high quality, easily reproducing the full detail of the television picture. One side effect of the system was that it removed the 'fluid' look of interlaced video and '[[filmizing|filmized]]' the picture.

The system was largely used for black and white reproduction. Although some color telerecordings were made, they were generally in the minority as by the time color programs were widely needed for sale, video standards conversion was easier and higher quality and the price of videotape had become much reduced. Before videotape became the exclusive transmission format during the early to mid-1980s, any (color) video recordings used in documentaries or filmed program inserts were usually transferred onto film.

Up until the early 1960s, much of the BBC and British television in general's output was broadcast live, and telerecordings would be used to preserve a program for repeat showings, which had previously required the entire production being performed live for a second time.

In the 1950s a home telerecording kit was introduced in Britain, allowing enthusiasts to make [[16 mm film]] recordings of television programs {{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}. The major drawback, apart from the short duration of a 16 mm film magazine, was that a large opaque frame had to be placed in front of the TV set in order to block out any stray reflections, making it impossible to watch the set normally while filming. It is not known if any recordings made using this equipment still exist.

British broadcasters used telerecordings for domestic purposes well into the 1960s, with [[35 mm film|35 mm]] being the film gauge usually used as it produced a higher quality result. For overseas sales, 16 mm film would be used, as it was cheaper. Although domestic use of telerecording in the UK for repeat broadcasts dropped off sharply after the move to color in the late 1960s, 16 mm [[black and white]] film telerecordings were still being offered for sale by British broadcasters well into the 1970s.

Telerecording was still being used internally at the [[BBC]] in the 1980s too, to preserve copies for posterity of programs which were not necessarily of the highest importance, but which nonetheless their producers wanted to be preserved. If there were no videotape machines available on a given day, then a telerecording would be made. There is evidence to suggest that the children's magazine program ''[[Blue Peter]]'' was occasionally being telerecorded as late as 1985. After this point, however, cheap domestic videotape formats such as [[VHS]] could more easily be used to keep a back-up reference copy of a program.

Another occasional use of telerecording into the late 1980s was by documentary makers working in 16 mm film who wished to include a videotape-sourced excerpt in their work, although such use was again rare.

In other territories, film telerecordings were stopped to be produced after introduction of videotape. In Czechoslovakia, first videotape recorders Machtronics MVR-15 were introduced in 1966, but soon were replaced by Ampex 2" Quadruplex in 1967. Most of the programs, like TV dramas, were recorded on video, but only few programms were continued to be telerecorded onto 16mm film. Last telerecording was produced in 1969 and soon after all programms were recorded on video only.

== Legacy ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2011}}
[[Image:Screenshot from 1949 Kinescope Recording (Fireball Fun for All).png|thumb|right|255px|Screenshot from 1949 kinescope]]
Kinescopes were intended to be used for immediate rebroadcast, or for an occasional repeat of a prerecorded program; thus, only a small fraction of kinescope recordings remain today. [[List of lost television broadcasts|Many television shows are represented by only a handful of episodes]], such as with the early television work of comedian [[Ernie Kovacs]], and the original version of ''[[Jeopardy!]]'' hosted by [[Art Fleming]].

Another purpose of Kinescopes involved satisfying show sponsors. Kinescopes sometimes would be sent to the advertising agency for the sponsor of a show so that the ad agency could determine whether or not the sponsor's ads appeared properly. Due to this practice, some kinescopes have actually been discovered in the storage areas of some of these older advertising agencies or in the storage areas of the program sponsors themselves.

Kinescopes were also used for some live television programs, like ''[[Captain Kangaroo]]'', when back-to-back episodes were made in a day for different time zones. As performers never went three times in a day, kinescopes were made for the West Coast at a later date.{{clarify|date=June 2014}}

== Technology ==

[[NTSC]] television images are [[raster scan|scanned]] at roughly 60 [[Hertz|Hz]], with two [[interlaced]] [[field (video)|fields]] per frame, displayed at 30 [[frames per second]].

A kinescope must be able to:
#Convert the 30 frame/s image to 24 frame/s, the standard sound speed of film cameras,
#Do so in a way so that the image is clear enough to then re-broadcast by means of a [[film chain]] back to 30 frame/s.

In kinescoping an NTSC signal, 525 lines are broadcast in one frame. A 35 mm or 16 mm camera exposes one frame of film for every one frame of television (525 lines), and moving a new frame of film into place during the time equivalent of one field of television (131.25 lines). In the British [[405-line television system]], the French [[Analog high-definition television system#French 819-line system|819-line television system]] and the European [[576i|625-line television system]], television ran at 25 frames—or more correctly, 50 fields—per second, so the film camera would also be run at 25 frames per second rather than the cinematic film standard of 24 frames.

Therefore, in order to maintain successful kinescope photography, a camera must expose one frame of film for ''exactly'' 1/30th or 1/25th of a second, the time in which one frame of video is transmitted, and move to another frame of film within the small interval of 1/120 of a second. In some instances, this was accomplished through means of an electronic shutter which cuts off the TV image at the end of every set of visible lines.

Most U.S. kinescope situations, however, utilized a mechanical shutter, revolving at 24 revolutions per second. This shutter had a closed angle of 72° and an open angle of 288°, yielding the necessary closed time of 1/120 of a second and open time 1/30 of a second. Using this shutter, in 1 second of video (60 fields equaling 30 frames), 48 television fields (totaling to 24 frames of video) would be captured on 24 frames of film, and 12 additional fields would be omitted as the shutter closed and the film advanced.

Because television is a field rather than frame-based system, however, not all the information in the picture can be retained on film in the same way as it can on videotape. The time taken physically to move the film on by one frame and stop it so that the gate can be opened to expose a new frame of film to the two [[field (video)|fields]] of television picture is much longer than the [[vertical blanking interval]] between these fields—so the film is still moving when the start of the next field is being displayed on the television screen. It is not possible to accelerate the film fast enough to get it there in time without destroying the [[film perforations|perforations]] in the [[film stock]]—and the larger the [[film gauge]] used, the worse the problem becomes.

The problem of adapting the way the image is either displayed or captured on film, to get around the above, was solved in various different ways as time went on—improving the quality of the image.

=== Shutter bar and banding problems ===

The 72°/288° shutter and the systematic loss of 12 fields per second were not without its side effects. In going from 30 frame/s to 24 frame/s, the camera photographed ''part'' of some fields. The juncture on the film frame where these part-fields met was called a "splice".

If the timing was accurate, the splice was invisible. However, if the camera and television were out of phase, a phenomenon known as "shutter bar" or "banding" took place. If the shutter was slow in closing, overexposure resulted where the part-fields joined and the "shutter bar" took the form of a white line. If the shutter closed too soon, underexposure took place and the line was black. The term "banding" referred to the phenomenon occurring on the screen as two bars.

This obstacle could be overcome by brushing a thin coat of lacquer on the edge of the shutter according to the phasing between the camera shutter and the television impulses.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

=== Suppressed field ===

A simpler system less prone to breakdown was to suppress one of the two fields in displaying the television picture. This left the time in which the second field was displayed for the film camera to advance the film by one frame, which proved enough. This method was also called 'Skip field' recording.

This method had several disadvantages. In missing out every second field of video, half the information of the picture was lost on such recordings. The resulting film consisted of fewer than 200 lines of picture information and as a result the line structure was very apparent; the missing field information also made movement look very 'jerky'.

=== Stored field ===

A development on the suppressed field system was to display the image from one of the fields at a much higher intensity on the television screen during the time when the film gate was closed, and then capture the image as the second field was being displayed. By adjusting the intensity of the first field, it was possible to arrange it so that the luminosity of the phosphor had decayed to exactly match that of the second field, so that the two appeared to be at the same level and the film camera captured both.This method came to be preferred.

Another technique developed by the [[BBC]] known as 'spot wobble' involved the addition of an extremely high frequency but low voltage sine wave to the vertical deflection plate of the television screen, which changed the moving 'spot' through which the television picture was displayed into an elongated oval. While this made the image slightly blurred, it removed the visible line structure and resulted in a better image. It also prevented [[moiré pattern]]s appearing when the resulting film was re-broadcast on television and the lines of the recording did not match the scan lines.

=== Moye-Mechau film recording ===

The first successful procedure was to use the Mechau film projector mechanism in reverse. The Mechau system used a synchronised rotating mirror to display each frame of a film in sequence without the need for a [[Movie projector#Film gate and single image|gate]]. When reversed, a high-quality television monitor was set up in place of the projection screen, and unexposed film stock is run through at the point where the lamp was illuminating the film.

This procedure had the advantage of capturing both fields of the frame on a film, but it was difficult to keep the mirrors running at the right speed and all the equipment adjusted correctly, which often resulted in poor quality output. An additional problem was that the whole procedure took place in an open room and it was known for insects to settle on the screen which were then permanently present on the film recording. The Mechau film magazine only held enough for nine minutes so two recorders were needed to run in sequence in order to record anything longer.

=== Lenses for kinescoping ===

Lenses did not need a great depth of field, but had to be capable both of producing a very sharp image with high resolution of a flat surface and of doing so at high speed. In order to keep from light fall-off on the perimeter of the lens, a coated lens was preferable. 40 mm or 50 mm lenses were usually used with 16mm in calibrated mounts. Focus was checked by examining a print yielded under a microscope.

=== Magazines and film length ===

In order to record half-hour programs without interruption, magazines were designed which accommodated a load of 1,200 feet for 16 mm film. Stations recording on 35 mm utilized 6,000 foot magazines for one hour of continuous recording.

=== Sound recording ===

The camera could be equipped with sound recording to place the soundtrack and picture on the same film for single system sound recording. More commonly, the alternative double system, whereby the soundtrack was recorded on an optical recorder or magnetic dubber in sync with the camera, yielded a better quality sound track and greatly facilitated editing.

=== Kinescope image ===

Kinescope tubes intended for photographic use were coated with phosphors rich in blue and ultra-violet radiations. This permitted the use of positive type emulsions for photographing in spite of their slow film speeds. The brightness range of kinescope tubes were about 1 to 30.

Kinescope images were capable of great flexibility. The operator could make the image brighter or darker, adjust contrast, width and height, turn left, right or upside down, and positive or negative.

Since kinescopes were able to produce a negative picture, direct positive recordings could be made by simply photographing a negative image on the kinescope tube. When making a negative film, in order for final prints to be in the correct emulsion position, the direction of the image was reversed on the television. This applied only when double system sound was used.

=== Film stock used ===

For kinescopes, 16 mm film was the common choice by most studios because of the lower cost of stock and film processing, but in the larger network markets, it was not uncommon to see 35 mm kinescopes, particularly for national rebroadcast. By law, all film supplied to TV stations, both 16 mm and 35 mm had to be on a non-flammable, safety film base.

For U.S. video recording, fine grain positive stock was the most common used because of its low cost and high resolution yield. Of the fine grain stocks, the following were recommended by film manufacturers:
* [[Ansco]]: Fine Grain Positive for Television Purposes, for making direct positive recordings with 16 mm kinescope cameras.
* [[DuPont]]: Fine Grain Master Positive Film Type 628A (16 mm) and 628B (35 mm). Difference in contrast can be controlled in development.
* [[Eastman Kodak]]: Eastman Fine Grain Sound Recording Film, Type 5373 (low-contrast) for negative stock where other prints would be made. Fine Grain Release Positive Film, Type 7302 (high-contrast) for direct positive recordings and single system sound recordings using variable area sound.

=== Common issues with kinescopes ===

Videotape engineer Frederick M. Remley<ref>[http://www.lib.umd.edu/NPBA/papers/remley.html Papers of Frederick M. Remley], University of Maryland Libraries.</ref> wrote of kinescope recordings,
:Because of the many variables in the combined electronic/photographic process, the quality of such recordings often leaves much to be desired. Defects often encountered in photographic recording include relatively poor image resolution; a compressed brightness range often limited by kinescope display technology to a brightness ratio of about 40:1; nonlinearity of recordings, as exemplified by lack of gradation in both the near-white and near-black portions of the reproduced pictures; and excessive image noise due to film grain and video processing artifacts. The final [[signal-to-noise ratio]] is often less than 40 [[decibel|dB]], especially in the case of 16 mm film.<ref>In ''Magnetic Recording: The First Hundred Years'', IEEE Press, 1998, p. 128. ISBN 978-0-7803-4709-0.</ref>

Because each field is sequential in time to the next, a kinescope film frame that captured two interlaced fields at once often showed a ghostly fringe around the edges of moving objects, an artifact not as visible when watching television directly at 50 or 60 fields per second.<ref>[http://neuron2.net/LVG/interlacing.html Illustration of interlace fringing].</ref>

Some kinescopes filmed the television pictures at the same [[frame rate]] of 30 full frames{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}} per second, resulting in more faithful picture quality than those that recorded at 24 frames per second. The standard was later changed for color TV to 59.94 fields/s. or 29.97 frame/s. when color TV was invented. {{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}<ref>If electrical interference was present in the old 30 frame/s, 60 fields/s black-and-white format, a shutter bar would appear horizontally across the screen and not move due to U.S. electrical standards having the same Hertz rate as the fields refresh rate in the picture. When color TV was standardized, the frame rate was shifted to 29.97 and the field rate shifted to 59.94 to allow a frequency shift not only to introduce the luminance/chrominance delay needed to share the information on the screen, but also to move the hum bar from a stationary position.</ref>

In the era of early color TV, the [[chrominance|chroma]] information included in the video signal filmed could cause [[chroma dots|visible artifacts]]. It was possible to filter the chroma out, but this was not always done. Consequently, the color information was included (but not in color) in the black & white film image. Using modern computing techniques, the color may now be recovered, a process known as [[Colour recovery|color recovery]].

In recent years, the [[BBC]] has introduced a video process called ''[[VidFIRE]]'', which can restore kinescope recordings to their original frame rate by interpolating video fields between the film frames.

Certain performers or production companies would require that a kinescope be made of every television program. Such is the case with performers [[Jackie Gleason]] and [[Milton Berle]], for whom nearly complete program archives exist. As Jackie Gleason’s program was broadcast live in New York, the show was kinescoped for later rebroadcast for the West Coast. Per his contract, he would receive one copy of each broadcast,which he kept in his vault, and only released them to the public (on home video) shortly before his death in 1987.

Milton Berle sued [[NBC]] late in his life, believing the kinescopes of a major portion of his programs were lost. However, the programs were later found in a warehouse in Los Angeles.

[[Mark Goodson-Bill Todman Productions]], the producers of such TV game shows as ''[[What's My Line?]]'', had a significant portion of their output recorded on both videotape and kinescopes. These programs are rebroadcast on the American cable TV’s [[Game Show Network]].

All of the [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]] telecasts with [[Arturo Toscanini]], from 1948 to 1952, were preserved on kinescopes and later released on VHS and [[laser disc]] by [[RCA]] and on DVD by [[Testament Records (UK)|Testament]]. The original audio from the kinescopes, however, was replaced with [[high fidelity]] sound that had been recorded simultaneously either on transcription discs or [[magnetic tape]].

In the mid-90s, [[Edie Adams]], wife of Ernie Kovacs, claimed that so little value was given to the kinescope recordings of the [[DuMont Television Network]] that after the network folded in 1956 its entire archive was dumped into upper New York bay. Today however, efforts are made to preserve the few surviving DuMont kinescopes, with the [[UCLA Film and Television Archive]] having collected over 300 for preservation.

Telerecordings form an important part of British television heritage, preserving what would otherwise have been lost. Nearly every pre-1960s British television programme in the archives is in the form of a telerecording, along with the vast majority of existing 1960s output. Videotape was expensive and could be [[Wiping (magnetic tape)|wiped]] and re-used; film was cheaper, smaller, and in practice more durable. Only a very small proportion of British television from the black and white era survives at all; perhaps 5% from the 1953–58 period and 8–10% from the 1960s.

Many recovered programmes, particularly those made by the [[BBC]], have been returned as telerecordings by foreign broadcasters or private film collectors from the 1980s onwards, as the BBC has taken stock of the large gaps in its archive and sought to recover as much of the missing material as possible. Many of these surviving telerecorded programmes, such as episodes of ''[[Doctor Who]]'', ''[[Steptoe and Son]]'' and ''[[Till Death Us Do Part]]'' continue to be transmitted on [[satellite television]] stations such as [[UKTV Gold]], and many such programmes have been released on [[VHS]] and [[DVD]].

In late 2008 the BBC transmitted an episode of ''[[Dad's Army]]'' after the original color had been restored to the only surviving [[Room at the Bottom#Colour restoration of the original television recording|monochrome film recording]] of ''[[Room at the Bottom]]''.

In September 2010, a kinescope of game 7 of the [[1960 World Series]] was found in the wine cellar of Bing Crosby. The game was thought lost forever, but was preserved due to Crosby's superstition about watching the game live. The film was transferred to DVD and is planned to be broadcast on the [[MLB Network]].

Because [[videotape]] records at fifty [[interlaced]] fields per second and telerecordings at twenty-five progressive frames per second, videotaped programmes that exist now only as telerecordings look more "jerky" than the originals. One solution to this problem is [[VidFIRE]], an electronic process to restore video-type motion.

Early Australian television drama series were recorded as kinescopes, such as ''[[Autumn Affair]]'' and ''[[Emergency (1959 TV series)|Emergency]]'', along with variety series like ''[[The Lorrae Desmond Show]]''. Kinescopes continued to be made after video-tape was introduced to Australia; most existing episodes of the 1965-1967 children's series ''[[Magic Circle Club]]'' are kinescopes (per listings for episodes on National Film and Sound Archive website)

== See also ==

* [[Electronovision]]
* [[Intermittent mechanism]]
* [[VidFIRE]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{refimprove|date=October 2011}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wiktionary}}
* [http://www.museum.tv/eotv/kinescope.htm The kinescope page of the TV museum archives]
* [http://www.tvhistory.tv/KinescopeMachine.JPG RCA Kinephoto equipment (early 1950s)]
* [http://www.google.com/patents?id=cT9mAAAAEBAJ Device for recording television programs], U.S. patent application, 1945.
* [http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=0T5VAAAAEBAJ Synchronization of camera and television receiver tubes], U.S. patent application, 1946.
* [http://www.totalrewind.org/ The 'Total Rewind' museum of Vintage VCRs]
* [http://www.televisiontape.tv/ Kinescope ca. 1964 of a program promoting the use of video for television commercial production]
* [http://bp2.blogger.com/_UfF0-tl2t28/RY0bAsTVnOI/AAAAAAAAAEI/UQVN57TykF0/s1600-h/405telerectvmirror.jpg "Telerecording", article from ''TV Mirror'' (1955)]

{{Video storage formats}}

[[Category:Film and video technology]]
[[Category:Lost television programs]]
[[Category:Television preservation]]
[[Category:Television terminology]]
[[Category:History of television]]
[[Category:Obsolete technologies]]

Cat Deeley

2011-07-18T03:12:44Z

SQL: Reverted 1 edit by Friedpenny (talk) identified as vandalism to last revision by And1987. (TW)

{{Infobox person
| image = Cat Deeley.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Catherine Elizabeth Deeley
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|10|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sutton Coldfield]], [[Birmingham]], [[England]], UK
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress, model, TV presenter, celebrity
| years_active = 1994–present
}}
'''Catherine Elizabeth "Cat" Deeley''' (born 23 October 1976){{cn|date=May 2011}} is an [[English people|English]] [[celebrity]], [[television presenter|TV presenter]], [[actor|actress]] and former [[Model (person)|model]]. She is {{m to ft in|1.75|precision=0|abbr=yes}} tall. From 1998 until 2001, she co-hosted the children's series ''[[SMTV Live]]'' alongside [[Ant & Dec]] and continued alone until 2002. She also hosted ''[[Stars in Their Eyes]]'' from 2004 until 2006. Since 2006, Deeley has also been the host of ''[[So You Think You Can Dance (U.S. TV series)|So You Think You Can Dance]]'' in the [[United States]], for which she received a nomination for the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program]],<ref>[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/awards/2011/07/emmys-cat-deeley-is-having-an-absolutely-amazing-time.html Emmys: Cat Deeley is having an 'absolutely amazing' time]</ref> and she is the face of ''[[Pantene]]'' [[shampoo]] in the UK.

==Early life==
Deeley was born in [[Sutton Coldfield]], [[Birmingham]].{{cn|date=April 2011}} She is the step-sister of television personality [[Richard Blackwood]], She attended Grove Vale Junior School in [[Great Barr]] [[Sandwell]], followed by Dartmouth High School in Great Barr, where she played the [[clarinet]] in the [[Sandwell]] Youth Concert Band.{{cn|date=April 2011}} She then joined the sixth form at [[Bishop Vesey's Grammar School]].{{cn|date=April 2011}}

At age 14, Deeley entered a regional edition of a [[BBC]] competition for ''[[The Clothes Show]],'' in which she reached the national finals. Spotted by an agent for [[Storm Model Management|Storm]] [[modeling agency]], she was quickly signed as a [[Model (person)|model]] under her [[nickname]] of Cat to make it easier for clients to re-book her.<ref name="AskMen">{{cite web|url=http://uk.askmen.com/celebs/women/models_100/103_cat_deeley.html|title=Cat Deeley|publisher=askmen.com|accessdate=2008-11-13}}</ref>

Storm tried to persuade her to leave school at age 16, when she had gained nine A-grade [[General Certificate of Secondary Education|GCSEs]]; however, cautious Deeley continued her A-level studies at [[Bishop Vesey's Grammar School]] [[Sixth Form]], where she gained four [[Advanced Level (UK)|A-levels]].<ref name="AskMen"/>

==Career==
At 18, Cat Deeley became a full-time [[Model (person)|fashion model]] but left full-time modelling in 1997 following her contract with Storm changing, and became an [[MTV]] UK presenter, usually with [[Edith Bowman]]. From 1998 until 2002, she was host with [[Ant & Dec]] on the Saturday morning children's programme ''[[SMTV Live]]'' and hosted its spin-off programmes [[CD:UK]] (1998–2005) and ''CD:UK Hotshots''. In 2001, she won a Children's [[BAFTA]] award and appeared in an episode of the [[BBC]]'s [[Happiness (TV series)|''Happiness'']]. In 2002, Deeley appeared in a television advert for [[Marks and Spencer]]. Other programmes she hosted include ''[[The Record of the Year]]'', ''[[Fame Academy]]'', ''The [[2004 BRIT Awards]]'' and ''[[Stars in Their Eyes]]'', as well as a weekly broadcast on London's [[Capital Radio|Capital FM]] and [[BBC Choice]] series ''Roadtripping'', both with former MTV colleague [[Edith Bowman]]. In 2003 she became patron of [[Great Ormond Street Hospital]], and in 2005 she played herself in an episode of ''[[Little Britain]]'' and provided the voice of "Loretta Geargrinder" in the UK version of the film ''[[Robots (film)|Robots]]'', replacing [[Natasha Lyonne]].

In 2006, she began hosting the second season of American [[reality show]] ''[[So You Think You Can Dance (US)|So You Think You Can Dance]]'', replacing [[Lauren Sánchez]], who was pregnant. Deeley interviewed [[Kylie Minogue]] for a television special which was broadcast in the United Kingdom on [[Sky One]] on 16 July 2006, in Australia on [[Nine Network|Channel Nine]] on 17 July 2006 and BBC America on 9 September 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5093926.stm|work=BBC News|title=Sky to show first Kylie interview|date=19 June 2006|accessdate=28 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Statham|first=Larine|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,19533629-1702,00.html|title=Breaking News | Latest news from The Australian | The Australian |publisher=Theaustralian.news.com.au|date=|accessdate=2010-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bbcamerica.com/index.jsp |title=BBC America |publisher=BBC America |date= |accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref> Deeley was a guest reporter on [[NBC]]'s ''[[Tonight Show]]''. She has presented [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]'s ''New Year's Eve special'' from [[Times Square]] in 2006 and 2007.<ref>[http://community.tvguide.com/blog-entry/TVGuide-News-Blog/Todays-News/Cat-Deeley-Does/800028352 "Cat Deeley Does New Year's"]</ref>

In 2007, she presented the UK coverage of the sixth season of ''[[American Idol]]'' for [[ITV2]]. She filmed segments and interviews with guests and eliminated contestants for UK audiences that were shown just before and after advertising breaks. However, this was not popular with viewers who saw Deeley's role as "unnecessary". {{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} She did not return for the seventh season of ''[[American Idol]]'' in 2008. Deeley was the face of [[Shape]] ''Water'' and a number of [[Garnier]] [[Fructis]] products, appearing in print and television advertising in the UK and [[Ireland]].

On 1 July 2007, Deeley was one of many speakers at the [[Concert For Diana]]. The event, watched by an estimated 500 million people, was at the new [[Wembley Stadium]]. In September 2007, Deeley presented ''Soundtrack To My Life'', a music series produced by Hamma & Glamma Productions for ITV London that looks at the work and influences of an eclectic band of musicians. In January 2006, a new season of ''[[So You Think You Can Dance (US)|So You Think You Can Dance]]'' started its auditions, with Deeley in the role of host. She has been the host of the show ever since. In 2011, Deeley was nominated for a [[Primetime Emmy Award]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program|Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program]].<ref>[http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/07/14/emmy-nominations-2011/ Emmy nominations 2011: 'Boardwalk Empire,' 'Game of Thrones' score drama series nods]</ref>

Other projects of Deeley's include presenting the third season of ''Soundtrack To My Life'', playing herself as host of [[Peter Kay]]'s ''[[Britain's Got The Pop Factor... And Possibly A New Celebrity Jesus Christ Soapstar Superstar Strictly On Ice]]'', guest hosting the United States syndicated version of ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire]]'' (for [[Meredith Vieira]]), and appearing on BBC America's broadcast of ''Gordon Ramsay's F Word'' where she was served up to hungry customers. In 2009, Deeley added hosting duties for the television version of the electronic game ''[[20Q (game show)|20Q]]'' for [[Game Show Network|GSN]]. In January and February 2010, Deeley hosted ''[[So You Think You Can Dance (UK)|So You Think You Can Dance]]'' in UK. Also, in February 2010, Cat filled in for a vacationing Meredith Viera as host on the morning TV show ''Today''. On 31 March 2010, Deeley filled in for actress [[Kelly Ripa]] on the U.S. morning talk show ''[[Live with Regis and Kelly]]''.

On 9 January 2011, Deeley made a small guest appearance in the Disney Channel sitcom, ''[[Shake It Up (TV series)|Shake It Up]]'' where she portrays a [[vice principal]] who is, in secret, a dancer.<ref>{{cite web|author=Česky |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Shake_It_Up_episodes#Season_1:_2010 |title=List of Shake It Up episodes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |publisher=En.wikipedia.org |date= |accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref>

In April 2011 Deeley appeared on [[CNN]]'s ''Icon''<ref>{{cite news| url=http://edition.cnn.com/CNNI/Programs/icon/ | title=Icon: Style, design, culture and visual arts on CNN | date=2 June 2011}}</ref> and spoke to [[Nancy Cartwright]]. Together they did The Bartman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jN-hV54XXt8 |title=‪Cat Deeley - So you think you can rap‬‏ |publisher=YouTube |date= |accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Cat has a strong football (soccer) background. She is the granddaughter of the late [[Wolverhampton Wanderers]] and [[Leyton Orient]] winger [[Norman Deeley]] (1933 – 2007) and the niece of former [[New Zealand national football(soccer) team|New Zealand]] forward [[Andy Deeley]]. She supports [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]], the only member of her family to do so; the majority of them support Wolverhampton Wanderers due to Norman Deeley's affiliation with the club.<ref>{{cite news |last=Munro |first=Jim |url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/sport/top10s/2212905/Top-10-Famous-Female-Football-Fans-Cameron-Diaz-Keira-Knightley-Rene-Zellweger-Victoria-Beckham-Kirsty-Gallacher-and-more.html?offset=3|title=Top 10 Famous Female Football Fans: 8 Cat Deeley - West Bromwich Albion |work=[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]] |date= 2009-02-08 |accessdate=2010-08-19 |location=London}}</ref>

She has been a supporter of [[UNICEF]] since 2008; she has visited UNICEF projects in the [[Philippines]] and [[Brazil]]. In December 2009 she was made a UNICEF UK ambassador.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/people/people_nationalambassadors.html |title=People - National |publisher=UNICEF |date= |accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite video |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/13117869 |title=Cat Deeley on presenting the royal wedding for CNN |format=[[Flash Video]] |date=18 April 2011 |work=[[Newsbeat]] |publisher=[[BBC Radio 1]] |accessdate=29 May 2011}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0214299}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Davina McCall]]
| title = Host of ''[[Stars in their Eyes]]''
| years = 2004–2006
| after = Programme ended
}}
{{s-end}}

{{So You Think You Can Dance}}
{{So You Think You Can Dance (UK)}}
{{Fame Academy}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Cat Deeley
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Catherine Elizabeth Deeley
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=English television host and presenter
|DATE OF BIRTH=23 October 1976
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Birmingham]], England
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Deeley, Cat}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:American Idol participants]]
[[Category:English television presenters]]
[[Category:English radio personalities]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English female models]]
[[Category:So You Think You Can Dance]]
[[Category:People from Sutton Coldfield]]
[[Category:People from West Bromwich]]
[[Category:People from Birmingham, West Midlands]]
[[Category:British expatriates in the United States]]

[[fr:Cat Deeley]]
[[is:Cat Deeley]]
[[it:Cat Deeley]]
[[ja:キャット・ディーリー]]
[[no:Cat Deeley]]
[[sv:Cat Deeley]]

9/11 Truth Movement

2008-09-05T21:18:50Z

SQL: Converting bare references using web reflinks

[[Image:9-11 Truth 1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Members of the 9/11 Truth Movement at a [[Los Angeles]] demonstration, October 2007]]
{{911tm}}
{{Sep11}}
The '''9/11 Truth Movement''' is the name adopted by organizations and individuals that [[9/11 conspiracy theories|question the mainstream account]] of the [[September 11 attacks]] against the [[United States]]. Movement members communicate primarily through the Internet<ref>{{cite web| url = http://911blogger.com/|title=Paying Attention to 9/11 Related Alternative News}}</ref> and regularly convene for local meetings,<ref name="911meetup">{{cite web| url = http://9-11.meetup.com/|title=Concerned Citizens, 9/11 Questions Meetups, events, clubs and groups in your area}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://wearechange.org/|title=WE ARE CHANGE}}</ref><ref name="wearechangela">{{cite web| url =http://wearechangela.org/|title=We Are Change LA: News}}</ref> national and international conferences,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.americanscholarssymposium.org/|title=American Scholars Symposium: 9/11 + The Neo-Con Agenda}}</ref>
and public demonstrations.<ref name="wearechangela"/>

==Characteristics==
===Viewpoints===
Frequently expressed propositions among movement supporters are that the mainstream account of the events of 9/11 is false and that the perceived anomalies in the [[9/11 Commission Report|official account]] can better be explained by the theory that a "rogue network,"<ref>{{cite web| first=Webster G. |last=Tarpley|date=2005-07-12|authorlink=Webster Tarpley|url=http://www.rense.com/general66/eed.htm|title=The London Bombs, The Rogue Network And Iran|accessdate=2007-10-31}}</ref>
including individuals in the [[US government]], planned, carried out, and covered up the attack or deliberately allowed the attacks to take place. There is a wide range of alternative theories about how and why the attacks were carried out, including belief that US air defenses ([[NORAD]]) were deliberately rendered ineffective,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://911research.wtc7.net/planes/defense/wargames.html| title=War Games on 9/11 Research}}</ref> that the two [[World Trade Center]] Towers and [[WTC 7]] were demolished in a controlled fashion, and that the motives for the attacks were to justify overseas wars and to increase domestic control.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://911review.com/motive/index.html| title=Motives for the 9/11 Attacks}}</ref>

Lt. Col [[Robert M. Bowman]], [[Ph.D]]. ([[U.S. Air Force|USAF]], ret) expressed the one common belief: "The truth about 9/11 is that we don’t know the truth about 9/11, and we should."<ref>{{cite web|
url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,203415,00.html|title='H & C' Update: Supporter Defends Controversial Univ. Lecturer's Theories About 9/11|date=2006-07-12|publisher=Fox News|accessdate=2007-10-25}}</ref>

===Goals===
Proponents of the 9/11 Truth Movement describe their primary goals as evidence gathering, research and promotion of the proposition that government insiders were [[complicit]] in the attacks. Many international, national and local organizations have been created to pursue these goals such as research groups, Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice (STJ911.org).

The group and website [http://www.911truth.org 911truth.org] was formed in June 2004 to coordinate the efforts of the various regional 9/11 Truth Alliances.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.911truth.org/article.php?story=20061014120445472#about| title=911truth.org: About Us}}</ref> This organization describes a two-step approach to what it refers to as "9/11 Truth": first, to understand the official account and the numerous objections raised against it, and second, to confront the implications of that understanding.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.911truth.org/article.php?story=20050204132153814#2step| title=The "Two-Step" Approach}}</ref> Several other groups and organizations also exist which involve activism, such as [http://truthaction.org truthaction.org] and [http://www.truthmove.org/ truthmove.org].

===Media===

The movement is most often discussed on the [[Internet]] and in the [[alternative media]], including [[talk radio]] hosts like [[Alex Jones (radio)|Alex Jones]]. Some individuals in the movement come together through regional and national meetings, events and demonstrations, but the internet is the main discussion forum.

Movement members have produced such books as [[Webster Tarpley]]'s ''9/11 Synthetic Terror: Made in USA'' (2005), [[David Ray Griffin]]'s ''[[The New Pearl Harbor]]'' (2004), [[Michael Ruppert]]'s ''Crossing the Rubicon'', [[Paul Thompson]]'s ''[[The Terror Timeline]],'' Eric Hufschmid's ''Painful Questions'' (2002) and [[Nafeez Ahmed]]'s ''The War on Freedom'' (2002).

Some of the movement's popular videos have been ''The Great Deception'' (2002) and ''The Great Conspiracy'' (2004) by [[Barrie Zwicker]], ''9/11 and the American Empire'' (2005) by [[David Ray Griffin]], ''9/11 Mysteries'' (2006), ''[[Loose Change (2007 film)|Loose Change]]'' (first released in 2005), ''[[9/11 Press for Truth]]'' (2006), and ''[[Terrorstorm]]'' (2006).

Films such as Loose Change and others have consistently ranked highly among the most viewed on Google Video.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Most viewed at Google Video
| accessdate = 2008-03-24
| url =
http://video.google.com/videorankings?hl=en&type=viewed&range=m2008-03-24&cr=usa}}</ref>

==History==
===The 9/11 Families Movement===

In the weeks and months that followed the attacks, questions were raised about the official account:

*Why didn't [[NORAD]] protect the [[World Trade Center]] and [[the Pentagon]], two known [[terrorist]] targets?
*Why did the [[intelligence]] and [[security]] services fail to prevent the attacks from taking place despite numerous apparent warnings?
*Why was [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] allowed to stay in a [[Florida]] school classroom for over 10 minutes after being told that America was under attack?
*No previous steel-framed [[skyscrapers]] had ever totally collapsed due to anything except controlled demolition, so why did it happen three times on [[September 11]]?

The Bush administration was [[9/11 Commission#Claims of lack of cooperation from the White House|reluctant to carry out an official investigation]]. Feeling that the mainstream media were failing to demand answers to these questions,<ref>Film: Press for Truth</ref> some family members of victims of the attacks, most notably the [[Jersey Girls]], along with survivors such as [[William Rodriguez]], agitated through interaction with the [[mass media|media]] for a full investigation, beginning what became known as the "Families Movement."

In June 2002, the group Unanswered Questions held an event at the [[Washington, DC|Washington]] [[National Press Club]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060106045529/http://www.unansweredquestions.org/june10.shtml |publisher=UnansweredQuestions.Org |title=Unanswered Questions: Thinking of Ourselves}}</ref> Various officials and some 9/11 family members used the event to call for an investigation of the events of 9/11. On [[November 27]], [[2002]], the [[9/11 Commission]] was set up to prepare "a full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, including preparedness for and the immediate response to the attacks."<ref>[http://www.9-11commission.gov/ 9/11 Commission Report Homepage]</ref>

The [[9/11 Family Steering Committee]] and [[9/11 Citizens Watch]] were formed to monitor the work of the commission. They submitted hundreds of questions for the public hearings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.911independentcommission.org/questions.html |publisher=9/11 Independent Commission |title=9/11 Independent Commission: Questions}}</ref> The 9/11 families were told by the 9/11 Commission that their questions would be used as a "road map" by the Commission, and would be answered in their [[9/11 Commission Report|final report]].<ref>[http://www.commondreams.org/news2004/0322-02.htm 9/11 Watchdog Group Demands End to Stonewalling and Cover-up and Launches D.C. Advertising Campaign Calling for Sworn Public Testimony from President Bush and Clinton and Advisor Rice]March 22, 2004</ref>

===The beginnings of the 9/11 Truth Movement===

Even before the commission formed, a minority of people took the view that the only reasonable explanation for the supposed anomalies in the official account, and the perceived cover-up, was that (a faction of) the government either deliberately allowed the attacks to take place, or were actively involved in the planning and carrying out of the attacks.

On [[January 8]], [[2002]], a rally and march on [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Dianne Feinstein]]'s [[San Francisco]] office demanded a Congressional investigation of 9/11. A delegation of activists from peace and human rights organizations met with Feinstein's and Senator [[Barbara Boxer]]'s staff and raised key questions about 9/11.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.communitycurrency.org/9-11.html |publisher=Community Currency. Org |title=Questioning the War on Terrorism}}</ref> That month, President Bush and [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Dick Cheney]] asked [[Senate Majority Leader]] [[Tom Daschle]] to limit the investigations to "intelligence failures."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/01/29/inv.terror.probe/ |publisher=CNN |date=2002-01-29 |title= CNN.com - Bush asks Daschle to limit Sept. 11 probes |author=Dana Bash, Jon Karl & John King}}</ref>

This was the beginning of what has become known as the ''9/11 Truth Movement''. In 2002, U.S. [[United States House of Representatives|Congresswoman]] [[Cynthia McKinney]] ([[United States Democratic Party|D]]-[[Georgia (U.S. state)|GA]]) became closely identified with the movement when she questioned whether Bush had foreknowledge of 9/11.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rise4news.net/McKinney.html| title=Transcript of appearance of REP. CYNTHIA ANN MCKINNEY (D-Ga.) on KPFA's Flashpoints with Dennis Bernstein. March 25, 2002}}</ref>
Before the 9/11 Commission Report, there were questions about the official account published. Alex Jones claims to have predicted the attacks in July 2001, on his syndicated radio show at infowars.com, even mentioning the World Trade Center as a potential target and that [[Osama bin Laden]], a known [[Central Intelligence Agency]] asset, might be used as a "[[patsy|scapegoat]]".<ref>{{Google video | id = -1222445722544874066 | title = Alex Jones Predicts 9/11-like Terrorist attack in U.S. on his July 25, 2001 Show }}</ref> Jones has been referred to as the progenitor of the movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanscholarssymposium.org |publisher=American Scholars Symposium |title=American Scholars Symposium: 9/11 & The Neo-Con Agenda}}</ref> [[Michael Ruppert]], [[Canadian]] journalist [[Barrie Zwicker]], and President of [[Voltaire Network]] [[Thierry Meyssan]] all published criticisms or pointed out purported anomalies of the mainstream account of the attacks. [[French people|French]] author [[Jean-Charles Brisard]] and [[German people|German]] authors [[Mathias Bröckers]] and [[Andreas von Bülow]] published books critical of media reporting and advancing the controlled demolition thesis of the destruction of the World Trade Center towers.

To reach a wider audience, there were a number of campaigns and demonstrations. In September 2002, the first "Bush Did It!" rallies and marches were held in [[San Francisco]] and [[Oakland, California]] organized by The All People's Coalition.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.communitycurrency.org/historicaloverview.html| title=An Overview of the Truth Movement, Carol Brouillet}}</ref> In October 2002 an anti-Bush parody of the dollar bill that includes addresses of websites which say they prove that 9/11 was an inside job, began being produced and handed out at protests and rallies.

The 911 Visibility Project was formed in 2003 and in January 2004 they organized a demonstration at [[Ground Zero]]; activists stood behind a large banner that read "The Bush Regime Engineered 9/11," and held signs reading "Support the Families: Stop 9/11 Cover-Up" and "Bush Knew". Leaflets were handed out pointing out supposed inconsistencies in the official account.<ref>[http://septembereleventh.org/newsarchive/2004-01-16-build.php Group Calls For "9/11 Solidarity Actions" Around the World] Jan 16, 2004</ref> On March 20, 2004, more than 100,000 people turned out for an [[anti-war]] demonstration in New York. 9/11 truth activists distributed thousands of "Stop the 9-11 Cover-Up" signs and the movement received national press exposure.<ref>[http://www.septembereleventh.org/newsarchive/2004-03-20-antiwar.php 9/11 Truth Contingent Marches at NYC Antiwar Demo] March 20, 2004</ref>

===Truth Movement reaction to the 9/11 Commission Report===

To the consternation of the families and the "9/11 skeptics" in general, many of the questions that the Family Steering Committee put to the 9/11 Commission were allegedly not asked in either the hearings or in the Commission Report.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://justicefor911.org/Appendix4_FSCQuestionRatings_111904.php |publisher=Justice for 9/11 |title=Justice for 9/11: Complaint & Petition}}</ref> [[Lorie Van Auken]], one of the "[[Jersey Widows]]", estimates that only 30% of their questions were answered in the final 9/11 Commission Report, published [[July 22]], [[2004]]. The story of the Families Movement and their monitoring of the commission is documented in the film ''[[9/11: Press for Truth]]'' (2006).

The 9/11 Family Steering Committee produced a [http://www.911truth.org/images/resources/Family%20Steering%20Cmte%20review%20of%20Report.pdf 25-page report] summarizing the questions they had raised to the Commission, indicating which they believe had been answered satisfactorily, which they believe had been addressed but not answered satisfactorily, and which they believe had been generally ignored in or omitted from the Report.

In addition, the 339-page book ''The 9/11 Commission Report: Omissions and Distortions'' by [[David Ray Griffin]], claimed that the report had either omitted information or distorted the truth, providing 115 examples. He summarizes his book in the article ''The 9/11 Commission Report: A 571-page lie'', claiming that "the entire Report is constructed in support of one big lie: that the official story about 9/11 is true."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.911truth.org/article.php?story=20050523112738404| title=David Ray Griffin's "The 9/11 Commission Report: A 571-page Lie"}}</ref>

On [[May 26]], [[2008]] college professor Blair Gadsby began a protest and a hunger strike outside the offices of Presumptive Republican Nominee for President [[John McCain|John McCain's]] office demanding to see McCain. Arizona Republican State Senator Karen Johnson joined the protest in support. On [[June 10]] Johnson with Gadsby as her guest and other 9/11 truth movement members in the audience spoke before the [[Arizona State Senate]] espousing the [[Controlled demolition hypothesis for the collapse of the World Trade Center|controlled demolition theory]] and supporting a reopening of the 9/11 investigation.<ref>[http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/0604johnson0604.html Lawmaker asks McCain to talk with 9/11 theorists Arizona Republic June 3, 2008]</ref><ref>[http://www.azcapitoltimes.com/story.cfm?id=8833 State senator: WTC destroyed by bombs, not just planes Arizona Capital Times June 10, 2008]</ref> In response to a questioner McCain who wrote the forward to a [[Popular Mechanics]] book aimed at debunking the theories<ref>[http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military_law/3491861.html?page=3 Forward to '' Debunking 9/11 Myths: Why Conspiracy Theories Can't Stand Up to the Facts'' by Senator John McCain]</ref> said he did not meet Gadsby "Because I don't take well to threats".<ref>[http://rawstory.com/news/2008/McCain_doesnt_want_to_impeach_Bush_0626.html McCain doesn't want to impeach Bush The Raw Story June 26, 2008]</ref>

===Truth Movement reaction to the NIST Report===
Immediately after the collapses of the Towers and Building 7, eyewitness testimony referring to explosions, along with features of the collapses caught on film that resembled footage of controlled demolitions, led many people, including some news anchors and engineers, to suspect that explosives had been pre-planted within the buildings.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://911research.wtc7.net/disinfo/retractions/romero.html#ref1| title=The opinion of demolition expert Van Romero on September 11 2001}}</ref> Within hours, the explanation that the impact damage and fires had led to a "progressive collapse" was presented in the mainstream media. And in weeks and months that followed, articles in scientific journals explained that the global collapses of the World Trade Center's Twin Towers were inevitable, with most asserting that the impact damage and intense heat of the fires caused the floor trusses and the vertical columns to weaken and fail, and the "pancake" effect of floors crashing down on top of one another brought down the entire structure.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://web.archive.org/web/20011031095744/http://www.tam.uiuc.edu/news/200109wtc/| title=Why did the World Trade Center collapse? - A simple analysis}}</ref> The initial government investigation, the [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] (FEMA) Report (May 2002), reached similar conclusions, but recommended a more thorough investigation.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.fema.gov/rebuild/mat/wtcstudy.shtm| title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study (FEMA)}}</ref> The full Report into the collapses of the Twin Towers by the official investigators, [[NIST]], was published in June 2005.

Following the [http://wtc.nist.gov/reports_october05.htm NIST Report], numerous responses were written by members of the 9/11 truth movement. Many of these responses claimed that it ignored key evidence suggesting an explosive demolition, "distorted reality" by using deceptive language and diagrams, and attacked [[straw man]] arguments. The popular truth movement article by [[Jim Hoffman]] is entitled: ''Building a better mirage: NIST's 3-year $20,000,000 Cover Up of the Crime of the Century'' (December 2005).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://911research.wtc7.net/essays/nist/index.html| title=Building a better mirage: NIST's 3-year $20,000,000 Cover Up of the Crime of the Century| author=Jim Hoffman}}</ref>

In the Fall of 2005, then-[[Brigham Young University]] [[Physics]] professor Steven Jones announced a paper criticizing the NIST Report and describing his hypothesis that the WTC towers had been intentionally demolished by explosives. This paper garnered a small amount of mainstream media attention, including an appearance by Jones on [[MSNBC]]. This was the first such programming on a major cable news station. Jones has to date failed to get his paper published in any established, peer reviewed mainstream science journal, other than publications produced by fellow truth movement members. Although Jones has been criticized by his university for publicizing his claims before vetting them through the approved peer review process and has since been placed on paid leave,<ref name=DMorning_pleave>{{cite news |first = Tad |last = Walch|title = BYU places "9/11 truth" professor on paid leave|url = http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,645199800,00.html |work = |publisher = Deseret Morning News|date = 2006-09-08}}</ref><ref name=USNW_BYUtakes>{{cite news |first = Will |last = Sullivan|title = BYU takes on a 9/11 conspiracy professor|url = http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/060911/11conspiracy.htm |publisher = US News & World Report |date = 2006-09-11}}</ref> he continues to remain a focus of public interest for his 9/11 research.

In March 2007, members of [http://911scholars.org Scholars for 9/11 Truth], Dr. Judy Wood, Dr. [[Morgan Reynolds]], and attorney Jerry V. Leaphart submitted several requests for corrections to the NIST with the Department of Commerce.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ocio.os.doc.gov/ITPolicyandPrograms/Information_Quality/PROD01_002619| title=FY 2007 Information Quality Request for Corrections
}}</ref> However, the majority of researchers and activists in the movement have rejected the claims in these submissions and those who submitted them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stj911.org/actions/NIST_DQA_Petition.pdf |title=Scholars and Family Members Submit Request for Correction to 9/11 NIST Report |accessdate=2007-04-14 |author= [http://stj911.org/press_releases/NIST.html Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice]|date=2007-04-10|format=pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://journalof911studies.com/letters.html |title=Journal of 9/11 Studies |accessdate=2007-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.911blogger.com/node/6531 |title=9/11 Truth and Disinformation: Definitions and Examples |accessdate=2007-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.911research.wtc7.net/essays/patriots_question/index.html |title=Discrediting By Association: Undermining the Case for Patriots Who Question 9/11 |accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref> Accordingly, in April 2007, some 9/11 victims' family members and some members of the new [http://stj911.org/press_releases/NIST.html Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice] submitted an additional request for correction to NIST, containing their own views on the defects in the report.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.journalof911studies.com/volume/200704/RFCtoNISTbyMcIlvaineDoyleJonesRyanGageSTJ.pdf| title=Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice request for correction to NIST}}</ref> NIST responded to this request in September 2007 supporting their original conclusions;<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.911proof.com/NIST.pdf| title=NIST response to request for correction}}</ref> the originators of the request wrote back to them in October 2007, asking them to reconsider their response.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://journalof911studies.com/volume/2007/AppealLetterToNISTGourleyEtAl.pdf| title=Appeal Letter to NIST}}</ref>

===Criticism===

The movement has attracted the attention of some major mainstream media publications.

On [[September 3]], [[2006]]: ''[[Time (magazine)|Time Magazine]]'' published a lead article, "Why the 9/11 Conspiracies Won't Go Away", noting that:
:"The population of world No. 2 [the 9/11 Truth Movement] is larger than you might think. A [[Scripps-Howard]] poll of 1,010 adults last month found that 36% of Americans consider it "very likely" or "somewhat likely" that government officials either allowed the attacks to be carried out or carried out the attacks themselves. Thirty-six percent adds up to a lot of people. This is not a fringe phenomenon. It is a mainstream political reality."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1531304,00.html |publisher=Time Magazine |date=2006-09-03 |title=Why the 9/11 Conspiracy Theories Won't Go Away |author=Lev Grossman}}</ref>
The same article concluded that:
:"The [conspiracy] theories prompt small, reasonable questions that demand answers that are just too large and unreasonable to swallow."
The movement receives criticism from a variety of sources. [[Matt Taibbi]] of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' wrote that he has "two basic gripes with the 9/11 Truth Movement":
:"The first is that it gives supporters of [[George W. Bush|Bush]] an excuse to dismiss critics of this administration. I have no doubt that every time one of those [[Loose Change (film)|Loose Change]] dickwads opens his mouth, a [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] somewhere picks up five votes.... Secondly, it's bad enough that people in this country think [[Tim LaHaye]] is a prophet and [[Sean Hannity]] is an objective newsman. But if large numbers of people in this country can swallow 9/11 [[conspiracy theory]] without puking, all hope is lost."<ref>{{cite web| last = Taibbi| first = Matt| authorlink = Matt Taibbi| year = 2006| url = http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/11818067/the_low_post_the_hopeless_stupidity_of_911_conspiracies/1 |title = The Low Post: I, Left Gatekeeper| work = Politics| publisher = Rolling Stone| accessdate = 2006-09-29}}</ref>

[[MIT]] engineering professor Thomas W. Eagar was at first unwilling to acknowledge the concerns of the movement, saying "if (the argument) gets too mainstream, I'll engage in the debate." In response to physicist [[Steven E. Jones|Steven Jones]] publishing a hypothesis that the World Trade Center was destroyed by controlled demolition, Eager stated:
:"These people (in the 9/11 truth movement) use the "reverse scientific method"… they determine what happened, throw out all the data that doesn't fit their conclusion, and then hail their findings as the only possible conclusion."<ref>{{cite web|last = Walch|first = Tad|year = 2006|url = http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,645200098,00.html|title = Controversy dogs Y.'s Jones|work = Utah news|publisher = Deseret News Publishing Company|accessdate = 2006-09-09}}</ref>

At a political rally for [[Hillary Clinton|his wife]], [[Bill Clinton]] responded to a heckler by saying, "Nine-eleven was NOT an inside job, it was an Osama Bin Laden job with 19 people from [[Saudi Arabia]], they murdered 3,000 Americans and others foreigners including [[Muslim]]s and we look like idiots, that the people who murdered our fellow citizens did it, when they are continuing to murder other people around the world."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalradar/2008/01/bill-clinton-un.html |title=Bill Clinton Undeterred By 9/11 Hecklers date=2008-01-31}}</ref>

==Truth Movement organizations==

Since the publication of the official reports, a number of interconnected truth movement organizations have been formed to research the events of the day, to promote the 9/11 truth movement and [[9/11 conspiracy theories]] to the general public, and to try and force a new investigation.

===911truth.org===
{{seealso|9/11 opinion polls}}

This organization was launched in June 2004 and has become the central portal for all the 9/11 truth movement organizations. It is run by Janice Matthews<ref name="washingtonpost">{{cite news|url=http://blog.washingtonpost.com/earlywarning/2006/05/911_truth_i_dont_think_so.html |date=2006-05-26 |publisher=The Washington Post |title=9/11 Truth? I Don't Think So |author=William M. Arkin}}</ref> (Executive Director), David Kubiak<ref name="ID=855">{{cite web|url=http://www.zogby.com/news/ReadNews.dbm?ID=855 |title=Half of New Yorkers Believe US Leaders Had Foreknowledge of Impending 9-11 Attacks and "Consciously Failed" To Act... |publisher=Zogby International |date=2004-08-30}}</ref>(International Campaign Advisor) and Mike Berger<ref name="CNN">{{cite news|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0603/22/sbt.01.html |publisher=CNN |title=Charlie Sheen Questions Official 9/11 Explanations; "Young and Restless" Star Weighs in on Political Topics |date=2006-03-22}}</ref> (Media Coordinator), among others, and its advisory board includes Steven Jones, Barrie Zwicker and Faiz Khan.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web| url=http://www.911truth.org/article.php?story=20061014120445472#about| title=911truth.org "About Us"}}</ref>

The organization co-sponsored the Zogby Polls that have shown an increasing number of people believing the government has covered-up the real story of 9/11.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.911truth.org/article.php?story=20040830120349841 |date=2004-08-30 |title=Poll: 50% of NYC Says U.S. Govt Knew |author=Zogby International |publisher=9/11 Truth. Org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zogby.com/features/features.dbm?ID=231 |publisher=Zogby International |title=American Thinking Toward The 9/11 Terrorist Attacks |date=2006-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.zogby.com/features/features.dbm?ID=231| title= Zogby Poll (May 2006)}}</ref> A few of its sister and spin-off organizations include the [http://www.septembereleventh.org/ 9/11 Visibility Project] and [http://justicefor911.org Justice For 9/11]. It also organizes gatherings and events, promotes "scholarly" research, warns about the discrediting effect of extreme alternative theories, and attempts to affect mainstream media coverage.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

In October 2004, an alliance of over 114 prominent Americans, and 48 family members of those killed on 9/11, signed the 911Truth.org statement, in which they demand a new and "deeper" investigation into the events of 9/11.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.911truth.org/article.php?story=20041026093059633 |date=2004-10-26 |title=Respected Leaders and Families Launch 9/11 Truth Statement Demanding Deeper Investigation into the Events of 9/11 |publisher=9/11 Truth. Org}}</ref>

===Scholars for 9/11 Truth===
The original [http://www.st911.org Scholars for 9/11 Truth] was a group of people of varying backgrounds and expertise who rejected the mainstream media and government account of the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] and offered a wide range of alternative hypotheses in its stead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scholarsfor911truth.org/WhoAreWe.html |title=Scholars for 9-11 Truth: Who Are We? |publisher=Scholars for 9-11 Truth}}</ref> It was founded by Dr. [[James H. Fetzer]] and Dr. [[Steven E. Jones|Steven Jones]] on [[December 15]], [[2005]].

At first, the group invited many ideas and hypotheses to be considered; however, leading members soon came to feel that the inclusion of some theories advocated by Fetzer — such as the use of directed energy weapons or small nuclear bombs to destroy the Twin Towers — were insufficiently supported by evidence and were exposing the group to ridicule.

In December 2006, Jones wrote to all members explaining that he, and several others who shared his opinion, no longer wanted to be associated with Fetzer and intended to help set up a new scholars group with a committee for decision making, which became known as the [[9/11 truth movement#Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice|Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice]], whose interest was in the use of the scientific method in analysis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stj911.org/index.html |title=Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice |publisher=Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice}}</ref> The original group took a vote and members decided on which group to join; out of 226 members, 10 members voted to stay with the original group run by Fetzer, while 168 members voted to move to the new group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stj911.org/faq.html#quest7| title=Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice}}</ref>

Fetzer remains the head of the original group. During 2007, he has maintained his view that "If we don't consider the full range of possible alternative explanations, we may arrive at false conclusions by eliminating the true hypothesis from serious consideration because it seems farfetched or even absurd."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scholarsfor911truth.org/OpenLetterToJones.html |date=2006-11-16 |author=James H. Fetzer |title=An Open Letter about Steven Jones |publisher=9/11 Scholars for Truth}}</ref> Judy Wood and [[Morgan Reynolds]], leading proponents of the ideas that directed energy weapons were used to bring down the World Trade Center buildings and that no [[Boeing]] 757's nor 767's were used on 9/11, were invited to rejoin the group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nomoregames.net/index.php?page=911&subpage1=trouble_with_jones#NPT |publisher=NoMoreGames.Net |title=Why Indeed Did the WTC Buildings Disintegrate?}}</ref>

The organization has expressed an interest in staging a protest march at the 2008 [[Republican National Convention]].<ref>[http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2008/06/25/protestfactions/ Come one, come all, ye Republican protester Minnesota Public Radio June 25, 2008]</ref>

===Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice===
[http://www.stj911.org Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice] is the group that formed when a majority of members of the original scholars group chose to leave and form their own group in January 2007. Among its more than 500 current members are:<ref>[http://stj911.org/members/index.html STH911 Members]</ref>
[[American Institute of Architects]] architect Richard Gage, former physics professor and co-founder of the original group [[Steven E. Jones]], [[Jim Hoffman]], [[David Ray Griffin]], [[Peter Phillips (activist)|Peter Phillips]], chemist Kevin Ryan, Lon Waters and Canadian journalist, writer and political activist [[Barrie Zwicker]].

Many members of Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice believe the evidence suggests the World Trade Center Towers were destroyed through explosive demolition. Members of STJ along with two 9/11 family members submitted a Request for Correction to the NIST in April 2007, citing, "the NIST Final Report violates information quality standards, draws inferences that are inconsistent with its own computer simulations and physical tests, and exhibits a significant bias toward a preordained conclusion while ignoring available evidence contrary to it."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://stj911.org/press_releases/NIST.html| title=Scholars and Family Members Submit Request for Correction to 9/11 NIST Report}}</ref> In December of 2007, members Richard Gage, AIA, and attorney James Gourley participated in the NIST/NCST Advisory Committee Meeting Teleconference<ref>{{cite web| url=http://wtc.nist.gov/media/NCSTACmeetingDec18_2007.htm| title=NCST Advisory Committee Meeting, December 18, 2007}}</ref> to comment on the ongoing investigation of World Trade Center Building 7.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.911blogger.com/node/13078| title=NIST/NCST Advisory Committee Meeting: video with slides and speaker names}}</ref>

Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice also emphasize the importance of perception and [[propaganda]] in discussions about 9/11.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.stj911.org/perception/index.html| title=Perception and Propaganda}}</ref> In particular they claim misinformation, straw man arguments, and the label of 'conspiracy theorist' are used to discredit skeptics of the official account. They also have critiqued some theories within the movement as untenable, such as the mini-nuke claims<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scholarsfor911truth.org/MiniNukeHypoth_Jones_300906.html |title=Testing the Hypothesis that Mini-Nukes Were Used on the WTC Towers |date=2006-09-28 |last=Jones |first=Steven E.|authorlink=Steven E. Jones|publisher=9/11 Scholars for Truth}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://911research.wtc7.net/wtc/analysis/theories/nuclear.html |publisher=9/11 Research |title=(Debunking) Theories that Nuclear Weapons Destroyed the Twin Towers}}</ref> and the issue of the directed energy weapon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://911research.wtc7.net/wtc/analysis/theories/energybeam.html |publisher=9/11 Research |title=(Debunking) Theories that Directed Electromagnetic Energy Weapons Destroyed the Twin Towers}}</ref>

===9-11 Research===
[http://www.911research.wtc7.net/index.html 9-11 Research] is a documentary website of the 9/11/01 attack and its aftermath and body of original analysis based on that evidence, created by [[Jim Hoffman]] and supported by a consortium of volunteer researchers.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://911research.wtc7.net/re911/about.html#who| title=9/11 Research - Who we are}}</ref> The main site explores the background to the attacks, the evidence of the attacks themselves, perceived anomalies in the official account, mainstream media coverage, and responses from scientific journals.

A related site, [http://911review.com/ 911review.com], discusses the means of attack, examines motives, and describes historical examples of "[[false flag]]" operations. It also identifies misinterpretations of evidence, untenable alternative theories and hoaxes found in research articles and websites.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://911review.com/errors/index.html| title=Parade of Errors}}</ref> Another related site, [http://wtc7.net/ wtc7.net], focuses exclusively on [[7 World Trade Center]].

===9/11 Citizens Watch===

[[9/11 Citizens Watch]] is a "citizen-led watchdog network established to support independent investigation, research and analysis into the attacks of September 11th and its political and economic aftermath."<ref>[http://www.911citizenswatch.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=7&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 About 9/11 CitizensWatch]</ref> The group was formed in 2002 by John Judge and Kyle Hence and, along with the [[9/11 Family Steering Committee|Family Steering Committee]], played an active role in calling for the establishment of the [[9/11 Commission]], and monitoring the commission closely.<ref name="csmonitor">[http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0325/p03s01-usgn.htm The Christian Science Monitor - A key force behind the 9/11 commission]</ref>

Since the [[9/11 Commission Report]] was published in 2004, 9/11 Citizens Watch has produced its own commentary, "The 9/11 Omission Report", and co-sponsored the [[#The 9-11 Citizens Commission|9/11 Citizens Commission]] and [[Zogby|Zogby Polls]] surveying public opinion on the subject.<ref>[http://www.zogby.com/search/ReadNews.dbm?ID=855 Half of New Yorkers Believe US Leaders Had Foreknowledge of Impending 9-11 Attacks and "Consciously Failed" To Act; 66% Call For New Probe of Unanswered Questions by Congress or New York's Attorney General, New Zogby International Poll Reveals] August 30, 2004</ref>

===Hispanic Victims Group===
{{Refimprove|date=August 2008}}
The Hispanic Victims Group is a group created after the 9/11 attacks and headed by William Rodriguez, who is now an outspoken member of the 9/11 truth movement. The group was a key force behind the 9/11 Commission,<ref name="csmonitor" /> and was among the Families Advisory Council for the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation.<ref name="renewnyc">{{cite web|url=http://www.renewnyc.com/displaynews.aspx?newsid=5a791121-7404-4553-92ec-19c9b64237ad |publisher=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation |date=2002-01-31 |title=Chairman Whitehead Announces LMDC Advisory Councils}}</ref> The group helped secure an [[amnesty]] for [[Hispanic]] [[illegal immigration|illegal immigrants]] who died in the attacks.

===We Are Change===
We Are Change is a group of citizen activists who characterize the September 11th attacks as [[false flag]] events. Started in [[New York City]] in 2006, the group's members are known for their street actions and confrontations of allegedly corrupt officials, whom they accuse of lying about the events of 9/11. There are over 20 chapters of the group internationally.<ref name= "wearechange">[http://www.wearechange.org We Are Change]</ref>

We Are Change hosted a five-day event for the sixth anniversary of 9/11 on [[September 11]], [[2007]] in New York City. They raised over $11,000 for sick and dying first responders of the attacks{{Fact|date=May 2008}}

The organization staged a protest march at the [[2008 Democratic National Convention]]. The group filmed protests in an effort to catch illegal action by protesters or police.<ref>[http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2008/aug/26/afternoon-march-focuses-911-attacks/ Afternoon march focuses on 9/11 attacks Rocky Mountain News August 25, 2008] </ref>

===The NYC 9/11 Ballot Initiative (2008)===
The NYC 9/11 Ballot Initiative is an effort undertaken by certain segments of the "911 truth movement" to create a citizens' commission "staffed by competent, professional individuals of the highest caliber" with [[subpoena]] powers to re-investigate the 9/11 attacks.<ref>[http://www.nyc911initiative.org./mission_statement.htm NYC Ballot Initiative Mission Statement]</ref> The group is currently running a petition drive to get on the 2008 General Election ballot in [[New York City]] a [[referendum]] mandating the creation of this "citizens' commission". In mid June, 2008, the group reported to have amassed 12,000 signatures with a goal of reaching 40,000 signatures by July. In early August, 2008, the group reported to have amassed 20,000 signatures.<ref>[http://www.nyc911initiative.org./index.html NYC Ballot Initiative Home Webpage]</ref>

The NYC 9/11 Ballot Commission Initiative cites a $10,000,000 annual budget for the citizens' commission, the source of which has not been disclosed but which is not to come from public funds. It further calls for base annual salaries for each of its 15 commissioners (most unnamed to date) of $100,000, plus reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses, lodging, and transportation expenses to and from a commissioner’s residence outside of New York City (noting that commissioners may live anywhere in the world and are not required to maintain a residence in New York City, New York State, or even the United States of America). The proposal states that commissioners are not required to work full time hours at these positions and sets out no minimum time/hours.

Two former [[United States Senate|United States Senators]] [[Mike Gravel]] and [[Lincoln Chafee]] have been suggested as members of the commission, in the event that enough signatures are gathered.<ref>[http://www.nyc911initiative.org./commissioners.htm NYC Ballot Initiative Commission WebPage]</ref> Former government officials who have endorsed the initiative include [[Paul Craig Roberts]], assistant [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] under President [[Ronald Reagan]], [[Catherine Austin Fitts]], an Assistant Secretary of Housing/[[Federal Housing Administration|Federal Housing]] Commissioner at the [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development]] under President [[George H.W. Bush]] and William Christison, a retired National Intelligence Officer and Director of the Office of Political and Regional Affairs of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA).<ref>[http://www.nyc911initiative.org./endorsements.htm NYC Ballot Initiative Endorsement Webpage]</ref> Christison believes that the hole created in the Pentagon was too small to have been made by American Airlines Flight 77.<ref>[http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Aug06/Christison14.htm Stop Belittling the Theories About September 11]</ref>

Several have been critical of the groups' claim of "competent, professional individuals of the highest caliber," in part due to the inclusion of Commissioner [[Edgar Mitchell]], a former NASA astronaut, consultant for the science-fiction TV series ''[[The X Files]]'',<ref>[http://www.drboylan.com/emtchl2.html Yes, Aliens Really Are Out There, Says the Man on the Moon]</ref> and co-founder of the [[Institute of Noetic Sciences]], who has stated beliefs supporting various [[UFO conspiracy theory|UFO Conspiracy Theories]]<ref>[http://truthaction.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=3724&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=0 Top reasons why 9/11 Truth activists will NOT support the current ballot initiative], truthaction.org</ref><ref>[http://www.911blogger.com/node/16191#comment-190075 Put Les aside for a moment], 911blogger forum</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.virtuallystrange.net/ufo/updates/1998/oct/m12-010.shtml | title = Edgar Mitchell On The UFO Cover-Up |work=UFO UpDates | format=subscription fee required | date = [[1998-10-11]] | accessdate = 2007-02-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Edgar Mitchell, Ph.D. - UFO Researchers & People | url = http://www.etcontact.net/Researchers/Detail44.htm | publisher = UFOEvidence.org | accessdate = 2007-02-07 }}</ref><ref name=spbtimes>{{cite web | url = http://www.sptimes.com/2004/02/18/Neighborhoodtimes/Astronaut__We_ve_had_.shtml | title = Astronaut: We've had visitors | date = [[2004-02-18]] | accessdate = 2007-10-14 | author = Waveney Ann Moore | work = [[St. Petersburg Times]] }}</ref> In a July 22, 2008 discussion on the Kerrang Radio Talk Show,<ref>[http://www.kerrangradio.co.uk/Article.asp?id=804160&spid= Astronaut Says Aliens Are Real]</ref> a blogger reports that:

:"Mitchell made the startling... claim that the U.S., U.K., and other global governments have been involved in a vast cover-up conspiracy about UFOs... going into details about the intentions of the "aliens" that he claims are from other planets in the galaxy. ..."<ref>[http://redstarfilms.blogspot.com/2008/07/edgar-mitchells-disclosure-lunacy-truth.html Edgar Mitchell's "Disclosure": Lunacy, Truth, or Advertising?]</ref>

Activists have also questioned the reliability of individuals charged with overseeing the effort due to a history of disruptions and the repeated inclusion of discrediting speakers at public events.<ref>[http://truthaction.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=3724 Top reasons why 9/11 Truth activists will NOT support the current ballot initiative]</ref>

===Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth===
[http://www.ae911truth.org Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth] is a non-partisan association of architects, engineers, and affiliates, which will be asking the United States Congress to launch an independent investigation with subpoena power to investigate the collapses of the [[World Trade Center]] buildings One, Two, and Seven. The organization is running a petition drive toward that end that has gathered the signatures of over four hundred architects and engineers as well as over two thousand affiliates (affiliates are other petition signers, including architect and engineering students). The organization’s website uses various media and technical resources to argue for the controlled demolition hypothesis. The organization was formed in 2007 by Richard Gage, member of [[American Institute of Architects]].

Richard Gage, on behalf of AE911Truth, submitted written public comments to the National Construction Safety Team (NCST) Advisory Committee Meeting on December 18, 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wtc.nist.gov/media/NCSTACmeetingDec18_2007.htm |title=NIST and the World Trade Center |publisher=Wtc.nist.gov |date= |accessdate=2008-09-05}}</ref>

In August 2008 NIST released their final report on the collapse of [[7 World Trade Center]] concluding that the collapse was caused by fires originating from burning debris falling from the other towers and rejecting the Controlled Demolition Theory. In reaction to [http://wtc.nist.gov/media/NIST_NCSTAR_1A_for_public_comment.pdf NIST Final Report on WTC7], Richard Gage stated, “How much longer do we have to endure the coverup of how Building 7 was destroyed?”<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/22/nyregion/22wtccnd.html?_r=2&bl&ex=1219464000&en=920506ca2f959545&ei=5087%0A&oref=slogin&oref=slogin
Fire, Not Explosives, Felled 3rd Tower on 9/11, Report Says]</ref>

==Conferences==

Members of the 9/11 truth organizations, such as the [[Scholars for 9/11 Truth]] and Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice, regularly hold meetings and conferences to discuss alternative theories about 9/11 and to strategize about how best to achieve their goals. Many of these conferences are organized by 911truth.org and some have been covered by the international media.<ref name="nationalpost1">[http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=2bcf9f07-6407-4b2c-9f4e-7d4a15afcb98&k=46273 Canada National Post: A theory that just won't die]</ref><ref>[http://911truth.org/911rtt/ 9/11:Revealing the Truth, Reclaiming Our Future. Chicago, June 2-4, 2006]</ref>

===The 9-11 Citizens Commission and other conferences===

The 9-11 Citizens Commission was held in New York on [[September 9]] [[2004]]. This was a meeting by a group of United States citizens who were skeptical of the findings of the 9/11 Commission Report, and who purported to launch their own investigation into the attacks.

The event was billed as being modeled after the [[United States Congress]]ional [[Hearing (law)|hearings]] which were conducted by the 9/11 Commission. A group of citizens heard testimony provided by witnesses, authors, experts and [[whistle blower]]s. The witnesses gave their [[testimony]] after having been sworn in, and were then questioned by the citizen panel. An audience and representatives from the press were also present.

Panelists included Congresswoman [[Cynthia McKinney]], local [[Imam]] Dr. Faiz Khan, and Bob McIlvaine, father of one of the victims of the 9/11 attacks. Other participants included Barry Zelman (who lost his brother in the attack), [[Mindy Kleinberg]], [[Barrie Zwicker]], [[Paul Thompson (researcher)|Paul Thompson]], former [[Diplomat]] Michael Springmann, [[Michael Ruppert]] and former [[blink-182]] guitarist/vocalist [[Tom DeLonge]].

Other conferences have been held throughout the United States and [[Europe]]. On July 22, 2005 [[Cynthia McKinney]] convened an all-day briefing on [[Capitol Hill]] focusing on 9/11. Several members of the 9/11 truth movement took part, including [[Michael Ruppert]], [[Peter Dale Scott]], [[David Ray Griffin]] and [[Barrie Zwicker]]. US Representative [[Carolyn C. Kilpatrick]] also attended.<ref>[http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ww3/072905_mckinney_911_briefing.shtml Cynthia McKinney Brings 9/11 Back to Congress] 2005-07-29</ref> On the Sixth Anniversary of the 9/11 attacks "Let's Make History 2007" was held in New York City.<ref>[http://wearechange.org/91107 Let's Make History 2007 Buy Tickets- Online Box Office]</ref> On Sept 11 2003, a 9/11 Truth Movement conference was held in Berlin.<ref>[http://www.communitycurrency.org/historicaloverview.html Historical Overview of 9-11 Truth Movement]</ref>

Smaller conferences have taken place in New York,<ref>[http://www.ny911truth.org/ New York 9/11 Truth Events]</ref> across America and in Europe.<ref>[http://www.nineeleven.co.uk British 9/11 Truth Campaign Calendar]</ref>

===Critique within the Truth Movement===

While there is general agreement within the movement that individuals within the United States government (but not necessarily the government as a whole) are responsible for the attacks, alternative theories differ about what may have happened. There have been a number of articles and responses written by members critiquing the methods and theories of other members, often in a scholarly format, as in the Journal of 9/11 Studies. There are also website articles reviewing some of the papers, books and films produced by other researchers. Several reviews have been produced including Jeremy Baker's ''In Plane Site: A Critical Review'',<ref>[http://911research.wtc7.net/essays/baker1.html In Plane Site: A Critical Review]</ref> Michael Green's analysis of [[Loose Change]] in 2004<ref>[http://911research.wtc7.net/essays/green/loose_change.html 'Loose Change' An analysis, by Michael B. Green]</ref> and Eric Salter's examination of conspiracy theories that don't involve any planes in 2006.<ref>[http://911research.wtc7.net/essays/salter/review.html Critcal Review of WTC "No Plane" Theories]</ref>

While [[9/11 Truth Movement#Scholars_for_9.2F11_Truth_and_Justice|Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice]] advocates the use of the scientific method and engaging in civil research activities over public debate,<ref>[http://stj911.org/about.html STJ911 - About Page]</ref> Jim Fetzer's group, [[9/11 Truth Movement#Scholars_for_9.2F11_Truth|Scholars for 9/11 Truth]], has said that the scientific method is unnecessary and that any imaginable event is worthy of advocating to the public as a potential cause for the attacks. Reporting on a conference involving Fetzer's group, a ''[[Madison Times]]'' article stated: "By Sunday the conference had covered weather control, weapons from space, and the idea that the planes that struck the towers never existed at all."<ref>[http://www.madison.com/tct/news/stories/204531 9/11 doubters doubt each other,too] by Ben Popper, Madison Times</ref> Members of Scholars for 9/11 Truth have written papers on topics such as the idea that mininukes were used to destroy the WTC towers, or that energy weapons from space may have been used.<ref>[http://911research.wtc7.net/essays/reynolds/index.html Morgan Reynolds' Encumbered Case for Controlled Demolition]</ref><ref>
http://www.journalof911studies.com/volume/200702</ref>

==Major media==
===Books===

One of the best known authors of 9/11 truth movement literature is theologian [[David Ray Griffin]]. His two books, ''[[The New Pearl Harbor|The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions about the Bush Administration and 9/11]]'' (March 2004), which outlined a methodical, deductive framework for researching 9/11, and ''The 9/11 Commission Report: Omissions and Distortions'' (October 2004), became best-sellers. His most recent work ''Debunking 9/11 Debunking'' (May 2007) looks at the way magazines such as ''Popular Mechanics'' have sought to debunk the alternative 9/11 theories.

In September 2004, the interactive "[http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/project.jsp?project=911_project Complete 9/11 Timeline]" website by Paul Thompson, which is a collection of mainstream media reports presented chronologically, was made into the book ''[[The Terror Timeline]]''.

[[Michael Ruppert]]'s ''Crossing the Rubicon: The Decline of the American Empire at the End of the Age of Oil'' (October 2004) identified potential key insider suspects in the 9/11 attacks and provide an examination of their context: [[petroleum]], [[geopolitics]], [[illegal drug trade|narco-traffic]], [[intelligence]] and [[militarism]]. [[Webster Tarpley]]'s ''Synthetic Terror: Made in USA'' (2005) described a link between 9/11 and previous accusations of [[false flag]] [[state-sponsored terrorism]] such as [[Gladio]] or the [[Red Brigades]].

[[Barrie Zwicker]]'s ''Towers of Deception'' (October 2006) provides twenty-six "exhibits" of evidence proving "beyond a reasonable doubt" that 9/11 was an inside job. Zwicker also presents case histories of [[de facto]] [[censorship]] by mainstream media and examines the psychological phenomenon of denial, false flag operations, [[psychological warfare]], and an "invisible government" that secretly manipulates events.

===Films===

Popular films made by the 9/11 truth movement include:
''[[Loose Change (2007 film)|Loose Change:Final Cut]]'' (2007) by [[Korey Rowe]],
''Martial Law 9/11: Rise of the Police State'' (2005) by [[Alex Jones (radio)|Alex Jones]],
''911 Mysteries: Demolitions'' (2006),
''The Great Conspiracy: The 9/11 News Special You Never Saw'' (2004) by [[Barrie Zwicker]],
and ''9/11: Blueprint for Truth'' (2007) by Richard Gage.

These documentaries present a range of alternate theories about how the attacks might have been carried out. In some cases, these theories have been rejected by other movement members.<ref>[http://911research.wtc7.net/essays/green/loose_change.html "Loose Change" An analysis] August 3, 2005</ref> In this case most objections raised against the movie were taken into consideration while creating the "Final Cut" version.

''[[9/11 Press for Truth]]'' (2006) documents the struggle by the [[Jersey Widows]] to open a full investigation of the events, and their frustration while monitoring the 9/11 Commission as part of the [[9/11 Family Steering Committee|Family Steering Committee]]. The film, partly based on ''[[The Terror Timeline]]'' by Paul Thompson, also looks at warnings received by the US government prior to September 11 and instances during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|US invasion of Afghanistan]] where [[Osama Bin Laden]] and [[Al Qaeda]] managed to escape from US forces and flee into [[Pakistan]].

Alex Jones has made a number of films about perceived historical instances of [[false flag]] terrorism and points out similarities between them and the 9/11 attack. He also promotes the view that the US government has used 9/11 to increase domestic control via the [[Patriot Act]], [[Homeland Security Bill]] and [[militarization]] of police forces.

==Mainstream media coverage==
*[[2002]] [[September 15]] — ''[[New York Magazine]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newyorkmetro.com/nymetro/news/sept11/features/n_7691/index1.html |author=Jennifer Senior |title=The Memorial Warriors |date=2006-09-15 |publisher=New York Magazine}}</ref>
*[[2004]] [[March 25]] — ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''<ref name="csmonitor" />
*[[2006]] [[July 28]] — ''[[National Post]]'' (Toronto, Canada)<ref name="nationalpost1"/>
*2006 August — ''[[Vanity Fair]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/ontheweb/features/2006/08/loosechange200608 |author=Nancy Jo Sales |title=Click Here for Conpiracy |date=August, 2006 |publisher=Vanity Fair}}</ref>
*[[2006]] [[September 3]] — ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/09/03/INGR0KRCBA1.DTL |publisher=San Francisco Gate |author=Jonathan Curiel |title=The Conspiracy To Rewrite 9/11 |date=2006-09-03}}</ref>
*[[2006]] [[September 5]] — ''[[The Guardian]]'' (United Kingdom)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/worldwide/story/0,,1864657,00.html |date=2006-09-05 |title=Who really blew up the twin towers? |publisher=The Guardian}}</ref>
*[[2006]] [[September 6]] — ''[[Daily Mail]]'' (United Kingdom)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=403757&in_page_id=1770 |author=Jaya Narain |title=Fury as academics claim 9/11 was "inside job" |publisher=Daily Mail |date=2006-09-06}}</ref>
*[[2008]] [[June 7]] — ''[[The Financial Times|Financial Times Magazine]]''<ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/a3e2879e-342c-11dd-869b-0000779fd2ac,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fa3e2879e-342c-11dd-869b-0000779fd2ac.html&_i_referer=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ft.com%2Fsearch%3FqueryText%3D9%252F11%2Btruth%26x%3D0%26y%3D0%26aje%3Dtrue%26dse%3D%26dsz%3D The Truth Is Out There - Part I Financial Times Magazine June 7, 2008]</ref><ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/e46f11d8-342c-11dd-869b-0000779fd2ac,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fe46f11d8-342c-11dd-869b-0000779fd2ac.html&_i_referer=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ft.com%2Fsearch%3FqueryText%3D9%252F11%2Btruth%26x%3D0%26y%3D0%26aje%3Dtrue%26dse%3D%26dsz%3D The Truth Is Out There - Part II Financial Times Magazine June 7, 2008]</ref><ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8a580372-342b-11dd-869b-0000779fd2ac.html The Truth Is Out There - Part III Financial Times Magazine June 7, 2008]</ref>

==See also==
{{Commonscat|9/11 Truth Movement}}
* [[2001 anthrax attacks#Amateur investigators|Amateur investigators researching the 2001 anthrax attacks]]
* [[Casualties of the September 11, 2001 attacks]]
* [[Collapse of the World Trade Center]]
* [[Controlled demolition hypothesis for the collapse of the World Trade Center]]
* [[Criticisms of the 9/11 Commission Report]]
* [[Cults and governments]]
* [[Health effects arising from the September 11, 2001 attacks]]
* [[Project for a New American Century]]
* [[USA PATRIOT Act]]
* [[War games in progress on September 11, 2001]]
* [[World Trade Center bombing]] (1993)

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{911ct}}

[[Category:Activism]]
[[Category:Groups challenging the official account of 9/11]]
[[Category:September 11, 2001 attacks]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories]]

[[bg:Движение за истината за 11 септември]]
[[es:Movimiento por la verdad del 11-S]]
[[fr:9/11 Truth Movement]]
[[pt:9/11 Truth Movement]]

SS.10

2008-08-30T18:10:12Z

SQL: +reflist

{{Infobox Weapon
|is_missile=yes
|image=[[Image:Ss10 Anti Tank Missile 29mar61 rsa 01.jpg|300px]]
|caption=SS.10 Missile at the US Redstone testing ground on [[29 March]] [[1961]]
|name=SS.10
|type=anti-tank
|origin=France
|era=Cold War
|launch_platform=Individual, Vehicle
|target= armoured vehicle
|manufacturer=Nord Aviation
|design_date=1950s
|production_date= 1955 - 1962
|service= 1955 -
|used_by=France, US
|spec_type=anit-tank guided missile
|diameter= 0.16 m
|wingspan=0.75 m
|length= 0.86 m
|weight= 15 kg
|speed=80 m/s
|vehicle_range= 500 to 1600 m
|ceiling= n/a
|filling= 5 kg [[HEAT]]
|detonation=contact
|engine=solid-fuel rocket
|steering= control surfaces
|guidance= wire
|variants=
|number=30,000 missiles
}}

'''SS.10''' is the designation of the [[Nord Aviation]] [[MCLOS]] [[Wire-guided missile|wire-guided]] [[Anti-tank missile]]. In [[United States|American]] service the missile was called the '''MGM-21A'''. The missile entered service in [[1955]] with the French army. It was used briefly by the US army in the early [[1960s]]. The missile ceased production in January [[1962]] after approximately 30,000 missiles had been built.

==Development==
Development began in [[France]] in 1948, when the Arsenal de l'Aéronautique in Châtillon sous Bagneux began looking at the possibility of developing the [[Germany|German]] [[X-4 missile#X-7 anti-tank missile|X-7 missile]] further. The missile was designed to be cheap: In 1955 the missile cost 340 Francs, the control box 1,750 Francs. The first rounds where test fired in 1952. Development was completed in 1955 and the missile entered service with the French Army under the designation '''SS-10''' (Surface to Surface).

The US army procured 500 missiles and three sets of launching equipment to evaluate a prototype version of the missile between early 1952 and October 1953, but concluded that the missile was not currently ready for use, but that the continued development should be monitored <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/pdf/shill/shillelagh.pdf|title=Development of the Shilleagh Missile|author=US Army}}</ref>. After development of the missile was completed the US successfully re-evaluated the missile in mid-1958, and the later SS-11 and Entac missiles were procured for Army use.

==History==
The missile was used by [[Israel]] in the [[1956]] [[Suez Crisis]] against [[Egypt]]ian tanks.

The US army was interested in the missile from an early stage, but pursued development of their own missile - the '''SSM-A-23''' ''Dart'' missile. However after the '''SSM-A-23''' was cancelled in 1958 they began to consider procuring the '''SS.10''' and '''SS.11''' missiles. In February of 1959 they decided to buy the '''SS.10''' as a stopgap. The missile was delivered in January 1960. The missile was phased out in 1963 in favour of the [[MGM-32 Entac]]. The missile received the designation '''MGM-21A'''.

It is probable this missile was used as the basis for the [[Soviet]] [[AT-1 Snapper]] missile.

==Description==
In flight the missile is steered by an unusual arrangement of electrically powered vibrating [[spoiler_(aeronautics)|spoilers]], the power for these spoilers is transmitted to the missile along the guidance wires from the operator's station. Since the missile spins in flight, a [[gyroscope]] is needed to determine which spoilers are currently up/down or left/right. Guiding the missile to the target is very demanding and requires a high level of operator skill and concentration - this is typical with [[MCLOS]] guided missiles.

==General characteristics==
* '''Length''': 860 mm
* '''Wingspan''': 750 mm
* '''Diameter''': 165 mm
* '''Launch weight''': 15 kg
* '''Speed''': 80 m/s
* '''Range''': 500 to 1600 m
* '''Guidance''': [[Wire-guided missile|wire-guided]] [[MCLOS]]
* '''Warhead''': 5 kg Hollow-charge 400 mm versus [[Rolled homogeneous armour|RHA]]

==Models==
===Prototypes===
* '''Nord-5201''' - Two winged prototype.
* '''Nord-5202''' - Four winged prototype.
* '''Nord-5203''' - Final production version.

===Production versions===

* '''SS-10''' / '''MGM-21A'''

==Users==
;{{flag|France}}
;{{flag|Israel}}
;{{flag|United States}}

==External links==
* http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/ss10.htm
* http://waronline.org/IDF/Articles/firstATGM.htm ''in Russian''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{US missiles}}

[[Category:Cold War anti-tank missiles]]
[[Category:Anti-tank missiles of France]]
[[Category:Cold War weapons of the United States]]

[[it:Nord SS-10]]
[[ja:SS.10 (ミサイル)]]

Nicola Griffith

2008-08-30T17:48:37Z

SQL: /* External links */ +reflist

{{Infobox Writer 
| name = Nicola Griffith
| image = NicolaGriffith.png
| imagesize = 200px
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birthdate = [[30 September]], [[:Category:1960 births|1960]]
| birthplace = [[Yorkshire]], [[England]]
| deathdate =
| deathplace =
| occupation = [[Novelist]], [[short story]] author, [[essayist]]
| nationality = [[England]]
| period = 1987 -
| genre = [[Fantasy]], [[Science fiction]], [[Crime fiction]]
| subject =
| movement =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website = http://www.nicolagriffith.com
}}
'''Nicola Griffith''' (born [[30 September]], [[:Category:1960 births|1960]] in [[Yorkshire]], [[England]]) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[science fiction]] author, editor and essayist. Griffith is a 1988 alum of the [[Michigan State University]] [[Clarion Workshop|Clarion]] science fiction writing workshop and has won a [[Nebula Award]], the [[James Tiptree, Jr. Award]], the [[World Fantasy Award]] and six [[Lambda Literary Award]]s.

== Personal life ==
Nicola Griffith was born in Yorkshire, England, the fourth of five sisters. The youngest, Helena, died in a police-chase in Australia in 1988, and one of her older sisters, Carolyn, died in 2001. Griffith has stated in interviews that grief and rage over her sisters' deaths have played a large part in the writing process for her novels.

Griffith is currently living with her partner, writer [[Kelley Eskridge]], in [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]], in the United States.

== Career ==
Nicola Griffith published her first novel ''[[Ammonite (novel)|Ammonite]]'' in 1993. It won both the [[James Tiptree, Jr. Award]] and the [[Lambda Literary Award|Lambda Award]]. Her second novel, ''[[Slow River]]'' (1994), won the [[Nebula Award]], for best novel, and another Lambda.

Together with [[Stephen Pagel]], Griffith has edited a series of three anthologies, ''Bending the Landscape: Fantasy'' (1997), ''Bending the Landscape: Science Fiction'' (1998) and ''Bending the Landscape: Horror'' (2001). These explore [[gay]] and [[lesbian]] issues in fantastic settings.

''The Blue Place'' (1998), ''[[Stay (novel)|Stay]]'' (2002), and ''Always'' (2007) are [[crime fiction|crime novels]]. Her collection of stories, ''[[With Her Body]]'' (2004) is science fiction and fantasy. Her most recent work, And Now We Are Going to Have a Party: Liner Notes to a Writer's Early Life (2007) won the Lambda Literary Award in the Women's Memoir/Biography category. It is a multi-media memoir, a "do-it-yourself Nicola Griffith home assembly kit."<ref>Gary Wolfe, in Locus magazine</ref> Griffith is currently working on an historical novel.

== Bibliography ==
=== Novels ===
* ''[[Ammonite (novel)|Ammonite]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Slow River]]'' (1995)
* ''The Blue Place'' (1998)
* ''[[Stay (novel)|Stay]]'' (2002)
* ''Always'' (2007)

=== Anthologies ===
* ''Bending the Landscape: Fantasy'' (1997, with Stephen Pagel)
* ''Bending the Landscape: Science Fiction'' (1998, with Stephen Pagel)
* ''Bending the Landscape: Horror'' (2001, with Stephen Pagel)

=== Short fiction ===
{{div col}}
* ''An Other Winter's Tale'' (1987)
* ''Mirrors and Burnstone'' (1988)
* ''The Other'' (1989)
* ''We Have Met the Alien'' (1990)
* ''The Voyage South'' (1990)
* ''Down the Path of the Sun'' (1990)
* ''Song of Bullfrogs, Cry of Geese'' (1991)
* ''Wearing My Skin'' (1991)
* ''Touching Fire'' (1993)
* ''Yaguara'' (1994)
* ''A Troll Story'' (2000)
* ''With Her Body'' (2004, a collection containing ''Touching Fire'', ''Songs of Bullfrogs, Cry of Geese'', and ''Yaguara'')
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.nicolagriffith.com/ Author's website]
* {{isfdb name|id=Nicola_Griffith|name=Nicola Griffith}}
* [http://www.wpr.org/book/070107a.html NPR interview]

{{UK-writer-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Griffith, Nicola}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:British science fiction writers]]
[[Category:British short story writers]]
[[Category:British crime fiction writers]]
[[Category:Lesbian writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nebula Award winning authors]]

[[nl:Nicola Griffith]]

Nicole Pratt

2008-08-30T17:47:49Z

SQL: /* External links */ +reflist

{{Infobox Tennis player
|playername= Nicole Pratt
|image= [[Image:Nicole Pratt.jpg|150px]]
|country= {{AUS}}
|residence= [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], USA
|datebirth= {{birth date and age|1973|03|05}}
|placebirth= [[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]], Australia
|height= {{height|m=1.63}}
|weight = {{convert|54|kg|lb st|abbr=on|lk=on}}
|turnedpro= 1989
|retired=2008
|plays= Right; one-handed backhand
|careerprizemoney= [[United States dollar|US$]]2,404,547
|singlesrecord= 456-441
|singlestitles= 1 WTA, 5 ITF
|highestsinglesranking= No. 35 ([[June 17]], [[2002]])
|AustralianOpenresult= 4r ([[2003 Australian Open|2003]])
|FrenchOpenresult= 2r (5 times)
|Wimbledonresult= 3r ([[2006 Wimbledon Championships|2006]])
|USOpenresult= 3r ([[2003 US Open|2003]])
|doublesrecord= 348-347
|doublestitles= 9 WTA, 9 ITF
|highestdoublesranking= No. 18 ([[September 17]], [[2001]])
| grandslamsdoublesresults = y
| AustralianOpenDoublesresult = QF ([[2000]], [[2001]] & [[2005]])
| FrenchOpenDoublesresult = QF ([[2005]])
| WimbledonDoublesresult = 2r ([[1990]], [[2004]], [[2005]] & [[2007]])
| USOpenDoublesresult = SF ([[2002]])
|updated=
}}

''' Nicole Pratt''' (born [[March 5]], [[1973]] in [[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]]) is a professional female [[tennis]] player from [[Australia]].

She is the middle sibling of five children of cane farmers and was taught to play by her father, George, who was a top junior player. She attended school in [[Calen]] and received a tennis scholarship to the [[Australian Institute of Sport]] in [[Canberra]]. She turned professional at 18.

She became Australia's no. 1 ranked player in January of 2001. She won the Indian Open and reached the third round of the [[Australian Open]] in 2004.

In August 2006, at age 33, Pratt reached her first ever [[WTA Tier I Events|Tier I]] quarterfinal at [[Canada Masters|Toronto]]. Soon after this she rose back up into the top 100.
In 2007, Pratt entered the [[N.S.W Open/Medibank International|Sydney Medibank International]] where she reached the 2nd round after defeating [[Dinara Safina]] in the 1st round. She was then beaten by [[Kim Clijsters]] in straight sets. At the [[2007 Australian Open]], she was beaten in 1st round by [[Virginie Razzano]] of France.

At the [[2008 Australian Open]], after losing her first match to [[Nadia Petrova]], a tearful Pratt announced her retirement from professional tennis.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.smh.com.au/news/tennis/thats-that-for-pratt/2008/01/15/1200159444103.html|title= That's that for Pratt|accessdate= 2008-01-15|date= 2008-01-15|publisher= Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>
==WTA Tour titles (10)==
===Singles wins (1)===
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|'''Legend (Singles)'''
|- bgcolor="#0099CC"
| Grand Slam (0)
|- bgcolor="#FF9999"
| Tour Championships (0)
|- bgcolor="#FF6699"
| Tier I (0)
|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF"
| Tier II (0)
|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
| Tier III (0)
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| Tier IV (1)
|}

=== Singles wins (1) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|'''No.'''
|'''Date'''
|'''Tournament'''
|'''Surface'''
|'''Opponent in the final'''
|'''Score'''
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 1.
| [[22 February]] [[2004]]
| [[Bangalore Open|Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Maria Kirilenko]]
| 7-6(3), 6-1
|}

=== Singles runners-up (1) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|'''No.'''
|'''Date'''
|'''Tournament'''
|'''Surface'''
|'''Opponent in the final'''
|'''Score'''
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 1.
| [[14 October]] [[2001]]
| [[China Open (tennis)|Shanghai]], [[China]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Monica Seles]]
| 6-2, 6-3
|}

=== Doubles wins (9) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|'''No.'''
|'''Date'''
|'''Tournament'''
|'''Surface'''
|'''Partner'''
|'''Opponents in the final'''
|'''Score'''
|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
| 1.
| [[25 June]] [[2000]]
| [[Ordina Open|'s-Hertogenbosch]], [[Netherlands]]
| Grass
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Erika De Lone]]
| {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Karina Habsudova]]<br />{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Catherine Barclay-Reitz]]
| 7-6(6), 4-3 ret.
|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
| 2.
| [[5 November]] [[2000]]
| [[Bell Challenge|Quebec]], [[Canada]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Meghann Shaughnessy]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Kimberly Po-Messerli]]<br />{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Els Callens]]
| 6-3, 6-4
|- bgcolor="#FF6699"
| 3.
| [[19 August]] [[2001]]
| [[Canada Masters|Toronto]], [[Canada]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Kimberly Po-Messerli]]
| {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Katarina Srebotnik]]<br />{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Tina Krizan]]
| 6-3 6-1
|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF"
| 4.
| [[21 September]] [[2003]]
| [[China Open (tennis)|Shanghai]], [[China]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Emilie Loit]]
| {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Tamarine Tanasugarn]]<br />{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Ai Sugiyama]]
| 6-3 6-3
|- bgcolor="#CCCCFF"
| 5.
| [[18 July]] [[2004]]
| [[Bank of the West Classic|Stanford]], [[USA]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Eleni Daniilidou]]
| {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Claudine Schaul]]<br />{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Iveta Benesova]]
| 6-2 6-4
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 6.
| [[15 May]] [[2005]]
| [[ECM Prague Open|Prague]], [[Czech Republic]]
| Clay
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Emilie Loit]]
| {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Barbora Zahlavova Strycova]]<br />{{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Jelena Kostanic Tosic]]
| 6-7(6) 6-4 6-4
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 7.
| [[13 January]] [[2006]]
| [[Moorilla Hobart International|Hobart]], [[Australia]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Emilie Loit]]
| {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Jelena Kostanic Tosic]]<br />{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jill Craybas]]
| 6-2 6-1
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 8.
| [[11 February]] [[2007]]
| [[Pattaya Women's Open|Pattaya City]], [[Thailand]]
| Carpet (i)
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Mara Santangelo]]
| {{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Chuang Chia-jung]]<br />{{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Chan Yung-jan]]
| 6-4 7-6(4)
|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
| 9.
| [[24 February]] [[2007]]
| [[Regions Morgan Keegan Championships and the Cellular South Cup|Memphis]], [[USA]]
| Carpet (i)
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Bryanne Stewart]]
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Akiko Morigami]]<br />{{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Jarmila Gajdosova]]
| 7-5 4-6 10-5
|}

=== Doubles runners-up (4) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|'''No.'''
|'''Date'''
|'''Tournament'''
|'''Surface'''
|'''Partner'''
|'''Opponents in the final'''
|'''Score'''
|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
| 1.
| [[24 May]] [[1998]]
| [[Open de España Madrid 2012|Madrid]], [[Spain]]
| Clay
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Rachel McQuillan]]
| {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Dominique Monami]]<br />{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Florencia Labat]]
| 6-3 6-1
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2.
| [[16 September]] [[2001]]
| [[Waikoloa Championships|Waikoloa]], [[USA]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Els Callens]]
| {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Katarina Srebotnik]]<br />{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Tina Krizan]]
| 6-2 6-3
|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
| 3.
| [[14 September]] [[2003]]
| [[Wismilak International|Bali]], [[Indonesia]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Emilie Loit]]
| {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Angelique Widjaja]]<br />{{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Maria Vento-Kabchi]]
| 7-5 6-2
|- bgcolor="#FFFFCC"
| 4.
| [[3 March]] [[2007]]
| [[Abierto Mexicano Telcel|Acapulco]], [[Mexico]]
| Clay
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Emilie Loit]]
| {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Arantxa Parra Santonja]]<br />{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Lourdes Dominguez Lino]]
| 6-3 6-3
|}

==ITF Circuit titles==
=== Singles Winner (5) ===
* 2000 - $75k [[Midland, Michigan|Midland]], [[USA]]
* 1998 - $25k [[Rockford, Illinois|Rockford]], [[USA]]
* 1995 - $25k [[Port Pirie]], [[Australia]]
* 1995 - $25k [[Mount Gambier]], [[Australia]]
* 1993 - $25k [[Nuriootpa]], [[Australia]]

=== Doubles Winner (9) ===
* 2006 - $75k [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], [[USA]] (w/ [[Casey Dellacqua]])
* 1997 - $50k [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]] (w/ [[Erika De Lone]])
* 1996 - $50k [[Wilmington]], [[USA]] (w/ [[Erika De Lone]])
* 1993 - $10k [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] (w/ [[Suzanna Wibowo]])
* 1992 - $10k [[Burgdorf]], [[Switzerland]] (w/ [[Kristin Godridge]])
* 1992 - $50k [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] (w/ [[Angie Woolcock]])
* 1991 - $25k [[Mount Gambier]], [[Australia]] (w/ [[Kristin Godridge]])
* 1990 - $10k [[Bournemouth]], [[United Kingdom]] (w/ [[Kirrily Sharpe]])
* 1990 - $10k [[Swansea]], [[United Kingdom]] (w/ [[Kirrily Sharpe]])

==Year End Singles Ranking==
* 2007-70
* 2006-78
* 2005-127
* 2004-51
* 2003-53
* 2002-49
* 2001-52
* 2000-55
* 1999-58
* 1998-113
* 1997-102
* 1996-198
* 1995-297
* 1994-182
* 1993-204
* 1992-177
* 1991-241
* 1990-218
* 1989-447

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{wta|id=160078|name=Nicole Pratt}}
*[http://www.nicolepratt.com Nicole Pratt - Official Site]
*{{ITF female profile|number=20000403}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pratt, Nicole}}
[[Category:Australian tennis players]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic tennis players of Australia]]

[[fr:Nicole Pratt]]
[[it:Nicole Pratt]]
[[nl:Nicole Pratt]]
[[pl:Nicole Pratt]]
[[sk:Nicole Prattová]]
[[tr:Nicole Pratt]]

UnrealIRCd

2008-08-08T02:30:25Z

SQL: +irc-related footer

{{AfDM|page=UnrealIRCd (2nd nomination)|date=2008 August 6|substed=yes|origtag=afdx}}
{{Rescue|page=UnrealIRCd (2nd nomination)}}

{{Infobox Software
| name = UnrealIRCd
| logo = [[Image:UnrealIRCd Logo.png|270px]]
| screenshot = [[Image:Unreal IRCd 3.2.7.png|270px]]
| caption = A screenshot of UnrealIRCd running on [[Windows XP]]
| author =
| developer =
| released =
| latest release version = 3.2.7 <ref name="strategy change">{{cite web|url=http://forums.unrealircd.com/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=4366|title=Strategy Change, Unreal3.2.7 Release, New Website|accessdate=2008-05-21|author=Stskeeps|format=HTML|work=UnrealIRCd Forums}}</ref>
| latest release date = [[July 14]], [[2007]]
| latest preview version = 3.3 <ref name="Unreal3.3">{{cite web|url=http://forums.unrealircd.com/viewtopic.php?t=5078|title=Unreal 3.3|accessdate=2008-05-23|author=nate|format=HTML|work=UnrealIRCd Forums}}</ref>
| latest preview date =
| operating system =
| platform = [[Linux]], [[Berkeley_Software_Distribution#Significant_BSD_descendants|BSD]], [[Mac OS X]], [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]], [[HP-UX]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] <ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.unrealircd.com/about.php|title=About UnrealIRCd|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=UnrealIRCd's official website}}</ref>
| language =
| status =
| genre = [[IRCd]]
| license = [[GNU General Public License|GPL]] <ref name="license">{{cite web|url=http://www.unrealircd.com/files/license.txt|title=UnrealIRCd License|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=TEXT|work=UnrealIRCd}}</ref>
| website = [http://www.unrealircd.com/ www.unrealircd.com]
}}
'''UnrealIRCd''' is an [[open source]] [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]] [[IRC daemon|daemon]] which was originally a [[Software fork|fork]] off of [[DALnet]]'s [[DreamForge IRCd]] and [[EliteIRCd]].<ref name="about" /><ref name="Dalnet">{{cite web|url=http://docs.dal.net/docs/history.html|title=DALnet History|accessdate=2008-05-21|author=Dalila|coauthors=drosdow|date=2006-12-15|format=HTML|work=DALnet's website}}</ref><ref name="IRCd:DreamForge">{{cite web|url=http://anope.info/wiki/IRCd:DreamForge|title=IRCd:DreamForge|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=Anope wiki}}</ref><ref name="EliteIRCd">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/boards/post-10893.html#10893|title=codemastr on the origins of UnrealIRCd|accessdate=2008-05-23|author=codemastr|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC Forums}}</ref> Since development started on UnrealIRCd, around May 1999,<ref name="about" /> many new features have been added, modified, some of which include advanced security features<ref>{{cite book
| last = Piccard
| first = Paul
| authorlink = Paul L. Piccard
| coauthors = Baskin, Edwards, Spillman
| editor = Sachs
| title = Securing IM and P2P Applications for the Enterprise
| publisher = [[Syngress]]
| year = 2005
| month = November
| id = ISBN 1-59749-017-2 }}</ref> and bug fixes.

UnrealIRCd is one of the most popular and full-featured ircds<ref name="IRC hacks">{{cite book|last=Mutton|first=Paul|authorlink=Paul Mutton|title=IRC Hacks: 100 Industrial-Strength Tips & Tools|publisher=[[O'Reilly]]|year=2004|isbn=059600687X|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MbHAnBh9AqQC&pg=PA360&dq=%22One%20of%20the%20most%20popular%20and%20full-featured%20ircds%20is%20Unreal%22&ei=s2ybSKOHJ5yMjAGHlaX6BA&sig=ACfU3U1C2fKNPvzjH-HgGtUkpLFNr0MJ6Q|pages=p. 360|quote=One of the most popular and full-featured ircds is Unreal.|accessdate=2008-08-07}}</ref> and is used on the largest number of IRC servers.<ref name="ircd-versions">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/ircd-versions|title=IRCD version overview|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> The largest IRC networks,<ref name="largest-irc-networks">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/largest-irc-networks|title=The largest IRC networks|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> however, do not use it.<ref name="quakenet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/QuakeNet|title=QuakeNet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="undernet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/Undernet|title=Undernet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="ircnet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/IRCNet|title=IRCNet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="efnet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/EFnet|title=EFnet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="freenode">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/freenode|title=freenode|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref>

== History ==
UnrealIRCd was originally based on EliteIRCd,<ref name="EliteIRCd" /> which was founded from DALnet's DreamForge IRCd.<ref name="stskeeps">Stskeeps, Lead Developer. [irc://irc.unrealircd.com/unreal-support irc.unrealircd.com, #unreal-support] (IRC). ''UnrealIRCd's IRC Support Channel.'' Retrieved on 2008-[[May 23|05-23]].</ref> However, since the UnrealIRCd team rewrote most, if not all, of the EliteIRCd code,<ref name="stskeeps" /> it is commonly referred to as a fork of DreamForge<ref name="about" /><ref name="IRCd:DreamForge" /> rather than EliteIRCd. UnrealIRCd started out as the IRCd for the mp3fans.net IRC network.<ref name="stskeeps" /> Later it was also used on the global-irc.net IRC network.<ref name="stskeeps" />

About a year later, codemastr, currently an UnrealIRCd developer,<ref name="staff">{{cite web|url=http://www.unrealircd.com/staff.php|title=UnrealIRCd Staff/Contributers|work=UnrealIRCd website|accessdate=2008-05-29|format=HTML}}</ref> joined the UnrealIRCd developer team.<ref name="stskeeps" />


Later, Syzop, also currently a developer,<ref name="staff" /> joined the developer team.<ref name="stskeeps" />


As of [[May 24]], [[2008]], nearly a [[decade]] after development first started, in May 1999, UnrealIRCd has come from EliteIRCd, a 15-year-old's IRCd,<ref name="stskeeps" /> to being in use on more than 1,500 servers, more than any other IRCd.<ref name="stskeeps" /><ref name="ircd-versions" />

== Future ==

On [[July 13]], [[2007]] Stskeeps announced that the future Unreal4.0 would be a fork of [[InspIRCd]].<ref name="strategy change" />

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== See also ==
{{portal|Free software|Free Software Portal Logo.svg}}

* [[Internet Relay Chat]]
* [[Comparison of IRC daemons]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.unrealircd.com/ UnrealIRCd site]

{{IRC footer}}

[[Category:Internet Relay Chat daemons]]

[[fr:UnrealIRCd]]
[[it:UnrealIRCd]]
[[pl:UnrealIRCd]]

Ircu

2008-08-08T02:30:09Z

SQL: +irc-related footer

{{Refimprove|date=May 2008}}
{{lowercase}}
'''ircu''' is the name of the [[IRC daemon]] software written for and used on the [[Undernet]] [[IRC network]].

ircu is one of the few servers that is based on the irc2.7 codebase of the original [[ircd]].

At the time the irc2.8 codebase was being forked due to abuse prevention, ircu implemented "TS" or "time stamping", which stored a unique time stamp with each channel or nickname on the network to decide which was the 'correct' one to keep. Later versions of ircu implemented the protocol [[P10 (IRC protocol)|P10]].

Several other IRC daemons are derived from ircu, including but not limited to Nefarious<ref>[http://evilnet.sourceforge.net/ evilnet development - Home]</ref>, DreamForge (formerly used by [[DALnet]]), [[UnrealIRCd]], Asuka (used by [[QuakeNet]]).

==See also==
* [[Comparison of IRC daemons]]

==External links==
* [http://coder-com.undernet.org/ Undernet Coder Committee]

==References==
<references/>

{{IRC footer}}

[[Category:Internet Relay Chat daemons]]

{{Internet-stub}}
{{unix-stub}}

UnrealIRCd

2008-08-07T20:12:13Z

SQL: fix rescue template

{{Unreferenced|date=Aug 2008}}

{{AfDM|page=UnrealIRCd (2nd nomination)|date=2008 August 6|substed=yes|origtag=afdx}}
{{Rescue|page=UnrealIRCd (2nd nomination)}}

{{Infobox Software
| name = UnrealIRCd
| logo = [[Image:UnrealIRCd Logo.png|270px]]
| screenshot = [[Image:Unreal IRCd 3.2.7.png|270px]]
| caption = A screenshot of UnrealIRCd running on [[Windows XP]]
| author =
| developer =
| released =
| latest release version = 3.2.7 <ref name="strategy change">{{cite web|url=http://forums.unrealircd.com/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=4366|title=Strategy Change, Unreal3.2.7 Release, New Website|accessdate=2008-05-21|author=Stskeeps|format=HTML|work=UnrealIRCd Forums}}</ref>
| latest release date = [[July 14]], [[2007]]
| latest preview version = 3.3 <ref name="Unreal3.3">{{cite web|url=http://forums.unrealircd.com/viewtopic.php?t=5078|title=Unreal 3.3|accessdate=2008-05-23|author=nate|format=HTML|work=UnrealIRCd Forums}}</ref>
| latest preview date =
| operating system =
| platform = [[Linux]], [[Berkeley_Software_Distribution#Significant_BSD_descendants|BSD]], [[Mac OS X]], [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]], [[HP-UX]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] <ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.unrealircd.com/about.php|title=About UnrealIRCd|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=UnrealIRCd's official website}}</ref>
| language =
| status =
| genre = [[IRCd]]
| license = [[GNU General Public License|GPL]] <ref name="license">{{cite web|url=http://www.unrealircd.com/files/license.txt|title=UnrealIRCd License|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=TEXT|work=UnrealIRCd}}</ref>
| website = [http://www.unrealircd.com/ www.unrealircd.com]
}}
'''UnrealIRCd''' is an [[open source]] [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]] [[IRC daemon|daemon]] which was originally a [[Software fork|fork]] off of [[DALnet]]'s [[DreamForge IRCd]] and [[EliteIRCd]].<ref name="about" /><ref name="Dalnet">{{cite web|url=http://docs.dal.net/docs/history.html|title=DALnet History|accessdate=2008-05-21|author=Dalila|coauthors=drosdow|date=2006-12-15|format=HTML|work=DALnet's website}}</ref><ref name="IRCd:DreamForge">{{cite web|url=http://anope.info/wiki/IRCd:DreamForge|title=IRCd:DreamForge|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=Anope wiki}}</ref><ref name="EliteIRCd">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/boards/post-10893.html#10893|title=codemastr on the origins of UnrealIRCd|accessdate=2008-05-23|author=codemastr|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC Forums}}</ref> Since development started on UnrealIRCd, around May 1999,<ref name="about" /> many new features have been added, modified, some of which include advanced security features<ref>{{cite book
| last = Piccard
| first = Paul
| authorlink = Paul L. Piccard
| coauthors = Baskin, Edwards, Spillman
| editor = Sachs
| title = Securing IM and P2P Applications for the Enterprise
| publisher = [[Syngress]]
| year = 2005
| month = November
| id = ISBN 1-59749-017-2 }}</ref> and bug fixes.

According to [http://www.searchirc.com SearchIRC]'s statistics, UnrealIRCd is used on the largest number of IRC servers.<ref name="ircd-versions">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/ircd-versions|title=IRCD version overview|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> The largest IRC networks,<ref name="largest-irc-networks">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/largest-irc-networks|title=The largest IRC networks|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> however, do not use it.<ref name="quakenet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/QuakeNet|title=QuakeNet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="undernet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/Undernet|title=Undernet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="ircnet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/IRCNet|title=IRCNet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="efnet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/EFnet|title=EFnet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="freenode">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/freenode|title=freenode|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref>

== History ==
UnrealIRCd was originally based on EliteIRCd,<ref name="EliteIRCd" /> which was founded from DALnet's DreamForge IRCd.<ref name="stskeeps">Stskeeps, Lead Developer. [irc://irc.unrealircd.com/unreal-support irc.unrealircd.com, #unreal-support] (IRC). ''UnrealIRCd's IRC Support Channel.'' Retrieved on 2008-[[May 23|05-23]].</ref> However, since the UnrealIRCd team rewrote most, if not all, of the EliteIRCd code,<ref name="stskeeps" /> it is commonly referred to as a fork of DreamForge<ref name="about" /><ref name="IRCd:DreamForge" /> rather than EliteIRCd. UnrealIRCd started out as the IRCd for the mp3fans.net IRC network.<ref name="stskeeps" /> Later it was also used on the global-irc.net IRC network.<ref name="stskeeps" />

About a year later, codemastr, currently an UnrealIRCd developer,<ref name="staff">{{cite web|url=http://www.unrealircd.com/staff.php|title=UnrealIRCd Staff/Contributers|work=UnrealIRCd website|accessdate=2008-05-29|format=HTML}}</ref> joined the UnrealIRCd developer team.<ref name="stskeeps" />


Later, Syzop, also currently a developer,<ref name="staff" /> joined the developer team.<ref name="stskeeps" />


As of [[May 24]], [[2008]], nearly a [[decade]] after development first started, in May 1999, UnrealIRCd has come from EliteIRCd, a 15-year-old's IRCd,<ref name="stskeeps" /> to being in use on more than 1,500 servers, more than any other IRCd.<ref name="stskeeps" /><ref name="ircd-versions" />

== Future ==

On [[July 13]], [[2007]] Stskeeps announced that the future Unreal4.0 would be a fork of [[InspIRCd]].<ref name="strategy change" />

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== See also ==
{{portal|Free software|Free Software Portal Logo.svg}}

* [[Internet Relay Chat]]
* [[Comparison of IRC daemons]]
== External links ==
* [http://www.unrealircd.com/ UnrealIRCd site]

[[Category:Internet Relay Chat daemons]]

[[fr:UnrealIRCd]]
[[it:UnrealIRCd]]
[[pl:UnrealIRCd]]

Ircu

2008-05-23T17:52:31Z

SQL: ugh. needs refs

{{refimprove}}
{{lowercase}}
'''ircu''' is the name of the [[IRC daemon]] software written for and used on the [[Undernet]] [[IRC network]].

ircu is one of the few servers that is based on the irc2.7 codebase of the original [[ircd]].

At the time the irc2.8 codebase was being forked due to abuse prevention, ircu implemented "TS" or "time stamping", which stored a unique time stamp with each channel or nickname on the network to decide which was the 'correct' one to keep. Later versions of ircu implemented the protocol [[P10 (IRC protocol)|P10]].

Several other IRC daemons are derived from ircu, including but not limited to Nefarious<ref>[http://evilnet.sourceforge.net/ evilnet development - Home]</ref>, DreamForge (formerly used by [[DALnet]]), [[UnrealIRCd]], Asuka (used by [[QuakeNet]]).

==See also==
* [[Comparison of IRC daemons]]

==External links==
* [http://coder-com.undernet.org/ Undernet Coder Committee]

==References==
<references/>

{{Internet-stub}}
{{unix-stub}}

[[Category:IRC daemons]]

UnrealIRCd

2008-05-22T11:14:32Z

SQL: /* External links */ spacing

{{Infobox Software
| name = UnrealIRCd
| logo =
| screenshot =
| caption =
| author =
| developer =
| released =
| latest release version = 3.2.7 <ref name="strategy change">{{cite web|url=http://forums.unrealircd.com/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=4366|title=Strategy Change, Unreal3.2.7 Release, New Website|accessdate=2008-05-21|author=Stskeeps|format=HTML|work=UnrealIRCd Forums}}</ref>
| latest release date = [[July 14]], [[2007]]
| latest preview version = 3.3 {{fact}}
| latest preview date =
| operating system =
| platform = [[Linux]], [[Berkeley_Software_Distribution#Significant_BSD_descendants|BSD]], [[MacOS X]], [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]], [[HP-UX]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] <ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.unrealircd.com/about.php|title=About UnrealIRCd|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=UnrealIRCd's official website}}</ref>
| language =
| status =
| genre = [[IRCd]]
| license = [[GNU General Public License|GPL]]
| website = [http://www.unrealircd.com/ www.unrealircd.com]
}}
'''UnrealIRCd''' is an [[open source]] [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]] [[IRC daemon|daemon]] based off of [[DALnet]]'s [[DreamForge IRCd]].<ref name="about" /><ref name="Dalnet">{{cite web|url=http://docs.dal.net/docs/history.html|title=DALnet History|accessdate=2008-05-21|author=Dalila|coauthors=drosdow|date=2006-12-15|format=HTML|work=DALnet's website}}</ref><ref name="IRCd:DreamForge">{{cite web|url=http://anope.info/wiki/IRCd:DreamForge|title=IRCd:DreamForge|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=Anope wiki}}</ref>. Since development started on UnrealIRCd, around May [[1999]],<ref name="about" /> many new features have been added, modified, some of which include advanced security features<ref>{{cite book
| last = Piccard
| first = Paul
| authorlink = Paul L. Piccard
| coauthors = Baskin, Edwards, Spillman
| editor = Sachs
| title = Securing IM and P2P Applications for the Enterprise
| publisher = [[Syngress]]
| year = 2005
| month = November
| id = ISBN 1-59749-017-2 }}</ref> and bug fixes.

According to [http://www.searchirc.com SearchIRC]'s statistics, UnrealIRCd is used on the largest number of servers.<ref name="ircd-versions">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/ircd-versions|title=IRCD version overview|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> The largest IRC networks,<ref name="largest-irc-networks">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/largest-irc-networks|title=The largest IRC networks|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> however, do not use it<ref name="quakenet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/QuakeNet|title=QuakeNet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="undernet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/Undernet|title=Undernet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="ircnet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/IRCNet|title=IRCNet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="efnet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/EFnet|title=EFnet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="freenode">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/freenode|title=freenode|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> because they have their own IRCd's which they maintain themselves,{{fact}} so it may not necessarily be the IRC daemon with the largest number of users.{{fact}}

== Future==

On [[July 13]], [[2007]] Stskeeps announced that the future Unreal4.0 would be a fork of [[InspIRCd]].<ref name="strategy change" />

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== See also ==
{{portal|Free software|Free Software Portal Logo.svg}}

* [[Internet Relay Chat]]
* [[Comparison of IRC daemons]]
== External links ==
* [http://www.unrealircd.com/ UnrealIRCd site]

{{Internet-stub}}
{{unix-stub}}

[[Category:IRC daemons]]

[[fr:UnrealIRCd]]
[[it:UnrealIRCd]]
[[pl:UnrealIRCd]]

UnrealIRCd

2008-05-22T11:14:05Z

SQL: +stub tags

UnrealIRCd

2008-05-22T11:09:58Z

SQL: Erm, I was previewing that, when I found something else to change instead. Mea culpa, forgot to take it out.

{{Infobox Software
| name = UnrealIRCd
| logo =
| screenshot =
| caption =
| author =
| developer =
| released =
| latest release version = 3.2.7 <ref name="strategy change">{{cite web|url=http://forums.unrealircd.com/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=4366|title=Strategy Change, Unreal3.2.7 Release, New Website|accessdate=2008-05-21|author=Stskeeps|format=HTML|work=UnrealIRCd Forums}}</ref>
| latest release date = [[July 14]], [[2007]]
| latest preview version = 3.3 {{fact}}
| latest preview date =
| operating system =
| platform = [[Linux]], [[Berkeley_Software_Distribution#Significant_BSD_descendants|BSD]], [[MacOS X]], [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]], [[HP-UX]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] <ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.unrealircd.com/about.php|title=About UnrealIRCd|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=UnrealIRCd's official website}}</ref>
| language =
| status =
| genre = [[IRCd]]
| license = [[GNU General Public License|GPL]]
| website = [http://www.unrealircd.com/ www.unrealircd.com]
}}
'''UnrealIRCd''' is an [[open source]] [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]] [[IRC daemon|daemon]] based off of [[DALnet]]'s [[DreamForge IRCd]].<ref name="about" /><ref name="Dalnet">{{cite web|url=http://docs.dal.net/docs/history.html|title=DALnet History|accessdate=2008-05-21|author=Dalila|coauthors=drosdow|date=2006-12-15|format=HTML|work=DALnet's website}}</ref><ref name="IRCd:DreamForge">{{cite web|url=http://anope.info/wiki/IRCd:DreamForge|title=IRCd:DreamForge|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=Anope wiki}}</ref>. Since development started on UnrealIRCd, around May [[1999]],<ref name="about" /> many new features have been added, modified, some of which include advanced security features<ref>{{cite book
| last = Piccard
| first = Paul
| authorlink = Paul L. Piccard
| coauthors = Baskin, Edwards, Spillman
| editor = Sachs
| title = Securing IM and P2P Applications for the Enterprise
| publisher = [[Syngress]]
| year = 2005
| month = November
| id = ISBN 1-59749-017-2 }}</ref> and bug fixes.

According to [http://www.searchirc.com SearchIRC]'s statistics, UnrealIRCd is used on the largest number of servers.<ref name="ircd-versions">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/ircd-versions|title=IRCD version overview|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> The largest IRC networks,<ref name="largest-irc-networks">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/largest-irc-networks|title=The largest IRC networks|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> however, do not use it<ref name="quakenet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/QuakeNet|title=QuakeNet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="undernet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/Undernet|title=Undernet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="ircnet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/IRCNet|title=IRCNet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="efnet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/EFnet|title=EFnet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="freenode">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/freenode|title=freenode|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> because they have their own IRCd's which they maintain themselves,{{fact}} so it may not necessarily be the IRC daemon with the largest number of users.{{fact}}

== Future==

On [[July 13]], [[2007]] Stskeeps announced that the future Unreal4.0 would be a fork of [[InspIRCd]].<ref name="strategy change" />

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== See also ==
{{portal|Free software|Free Software Portal Logo.svg}}

* [[Internet Relay Chat]]
* [[Comparison of IRC daemons]]
== External links ==
* [http://www.unrealircd.com/ UnrealIRCd site]

[[Category:IRC daemons]]

[[fr:UnrealIRCd]]
[[it:UnrealIRCd]]
[[pl:UnrealIRCd]]

UnrealIRCd

2008-05-22T11:08:46Z

SQL: /* References */ reflist is longer than the article right now :) I like {{reflist|2}}, when reading articles w/ more than 6 refs :)

{{Infobox Software
| name = UnrealIRCd
| logo =
| screenshot =
| caption =
| author =
| developer =
| released =
| latest release version = 3.2.7 <ref name="strategy change">{{cite web|url=http://forums.unrealircd.com/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=4366|title=Strategy Change, Unreal3.2.7 Release, New Website|accessdate=2008-05-21|author=Stskeeps|format=HTML|work=UnrealIRCd Forums}}</ref>
| latest release date = [[July 14]], [[2007]]
| latest preview version = 3.3 {{fact}}
| latest preview date =
| operating system =
| platform = [[Linux]], [[Berkeley_Software_Distribution#Significant_BSD_descendants|BSD]], [[MacOS X]], [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]], [[HP-UX]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] <ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.unrealircd.com/about.php|title=About UnrealIRCd|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=UnrealIRCd's official website}}</ref>
| language =
| status =
| genre = [[IRCd]]
| license = [[GNU General Public License|GPL]]
| website = [http://www.unrealircd.com/ www.unrealircd.com]
}}
'''UnrealIRCd''' is an [[open source]] [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]] [[IRC daemon|daemon]] based off of [[DALnet]]'s [[DreamForge IRCd]].<ref name="about" /><ref name="Dalnet">{{cite web|url=http://docs.dal.net/docs/history.html|title=DALnet History|accessdate=2008-05-21|author=Dalila|coauthors=drosdow|date=2006-12-15|format=HTML|work=DALnet's website}}</ref><ref name="IRCd:DreamForge">{{cite web|url=http://anope.info/wiki/IRCd:DreamForge|title=IRCd:DreamForge|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=Anope wiki}}</ref>. Since development started on UnrealIRCd, around May [[1999]],<ref name="about" /> many new features have been added, modified, some of which include advanced security features<ref>{{cite book
| last = Piccard
| first = Paul
| authorlink = Paul L. Piccard
| coauthors = Baskin, Edwards, Spillman
| editor = Sachs
| title = Securing IM and P2P Applications for the Enterprise
| publisher = [[Syngress]]
| year = 2005
| month = November
| id = ISBN 1-59749-017-2 }}</ref> and bug fixes.

According to [http://www.searchirc.com SearchIRC]'s statistics, UnrealIRCd is used on the largest number of servers.<ref name="ircd-versions">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/ircd-versions|title=IRCD version overview|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> The largest IRC networks,<ref name="largest-irc-networks">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/largest-irc-networks|title=The largest IRC networks|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> however, do not use it<ref name="quakenet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/QuakeNet|title=QuakeNet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="undernet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/Undernet|title=Undernet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="ircnet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/IRCNet|title=IRCNet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="efnet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/EFnet|title=EFnet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="freenode">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/freenode|title=freenode|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> because they have their own IRCd's which they maintain themselves,{{fact}} so it may not necessarily be the IRC daemon with the largest number of users.{{fact}}

== History ==

== Future==

On [[July 13]], [[2007]] Stskeeps announced that the future Unreal4.0 would be a fork of [[InspIRCd]].<ref name="strategy change" />

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== See also ==
{{portal|Free software|Free Software Portal Logo.svg}}

* [[Internet Relay Chat]]
* [[Comparison of IRC daemons]]
== External links ==
* [http://www.unrealircd.com/ UnrealIRCd site]

[[Category:IRC daemons]]

[[fr:UnrealIRCd]]
[[it:UnrealIRCd]]
[[pl:UnrealIRCd]]

UnrealIRCd

2008-05-22T11:07:53Z

SQL: ...And, Completely broke it :(

{{Infobox Software
| name = UnrealIRCd
| logo =
| screenshot =
| caption =
| author =
| developer =
| released =
| latest release version = 3.2.7 <ref name="strategy change">{{cite web|url=http://forums.unrealircd.com/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=4366|title=Strategy Change, Unreal3.2.7 Release, New Website|accessdate=2008-05-21|author=Stskeeps|format=HTML|work=UnrealIRCd Forums}}</ref>
| latest release date = [[July 14]], [[2007]]
| latest preview version = 3.3 {{fact}}
| latest preview date =
| operating system =
| platform = [[Linux]], [[Berkeley_Software_Distribution#Significant_BSD_descendants|BSD]], [[MacOS X]], [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]], [[HP-UX]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] <ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.unrealircd.com/about.php|title=About UnrealIRCd|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=UnrealIRCd's official website}}</ref>
| language =
| status =
| genre = [[IRCd]]
| license = [[GNU General Public License|GPL]]
| website = [http://www.unrealircd.com/ www.unrealircd.com]
}}
'''UnrealIRCd''' is an [[open source]] [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]] [[IRC daemon|daemon]] based off of [[DALnet]]'s [[DreamForge IRCd]].<ref name="about" /><ref name="Dalnet">{{cite web|url=http://docs.dal.net/docs/history.html|title=DALnet History|accessdate=2008-05-21|author=Dalila|coauthors=drosdow|date=2006-12-15|format=HTML|work=DALnet's website}}</ref><ref name="IRCd:DreamForge">{{cite web|url=http://anope.info/wiki/IRCd:DreamForge|title=IRCd:DreamForge|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=Anope wiki}}</ref>. Since development started on UnrealIRCd, around May [[1999]],<ref name="about" /> many new features have been added, modified, some of which include advanced security features<ref>{{cite book
| last = Piccard
| first = Paul
| authorlink = Paul L. Piccard
| coauthors = Baskin, Edwards, Spillman
| editor = Sachs
| title = Securing IM and P2P Applications for the Enterprise
| publisher = [[Syngress]]
| year = 2005
| month = November
| id = ISBN 1-59749-017-2 }}</ref> and bug fixes.

According to [http://www.searchirc.com SearchIRC]'s statistics, UnrealIRCd is used on the largest number of servers.<ref name="ircd-versions">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/ircd-versions|title=IRCD version overview|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> The largest IRC networks,<ref name="largest-irc-networks">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/largest-irc-networks|title=The largest IRC networks|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> however, do not use it<ref name="quakenet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/QuakeNet|title=QuakeNet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="undernet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/Undernet|title=Undernet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="ircnet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/IRCNet|title=IRCNet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="efnet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/EFnet|title=EFnet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="freenode">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/freenode|title=freenode|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> because they have their own IRCd's which they maintain themselves,{{fact}} so it may not necessarily be the IRC daemon with the largest number of users.{{fact}}

== History ==

== Future==

On [[July 13]], [[2007]] Stskeeps announced that the future Unreal4.0 would be a fork of [[InspIRCd]].<ref name="strategy change" />

== References ==
<references />
== See also ==
{{portal|Free software|Free Software Portal Logo.svg}}

* [[Internet Relay Chat]]
* [[Comparison of IRC daemons]]
== External links ==
* [http://www.unrealircd.com/ UnrealIRCd site]

[[Category:IRC daemons]]

[[fr:UnrealIRCd]]
[[it:UnrealIRCd]]
[[pl:UnrealIRCd]]

UnrealIRCd

2008-05-22T11:07:05Z

SQL: moved the bit about it's history around a bit, worked pretty well in the lead sentance, I think. Moved the bit about stable and preview versions to the infobox.

{{Infobox Software
| name = UnrealIRCd
| logo =
| screenshot =
| caption =
| author =
| developer =
| released =
| latest release version = 3.2.7 <ref name="strategy change">{{cite web|url=http://forums.unrealircd.com/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=4366|title=Strategy Change, Unreal3.2.7 Release, New Website|accessdate=2008-05-21|author=Stskeeps|format=HTML|work=UnrealIRCd Forums}}
| latest release date = [[July 14]], [[2007]]
| latest preview version = 3.3 {{fact}}
| latest preview date =
| operating system =
| platform = [[Linux]], [[Berkeley_Software_Distribution#Significant_BSD_descendants|BSD]], [[MacOS X]], [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]], [[HP-UX]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] <ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.unrealircd.com/about.php|title=About UnrealIRCd|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=UnrealIRCd's official website}}</ref>
| language =
| status =
| genre = [[IRCd]]
| license = [[GNU General Public License|GPL]]
| website = [http://www.unrealircd.com/ www.unrealircd.com]
}}
'''UnrealIRCd''' is an [[open source]] [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]] [[IRC daemon|daemon]] based off of [[DALnet]]'s [[DreamForge IRCd]].<ref name="about" /><ref name="Dalnet">{{cite web|url=http://docs.dal.net/docs/history.html|title=DALnet History|accessdate=2008-05-21|author=Dalila|coauthors=drosdow|date=2006-12-15|format=HTML|work=DALnet's website}}</ref><ref name="IRCd:DreamForge">{{cite web|url=http://anope.info/wiki/IRCd:DreamForge|title=IRCd:DreamForge|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=Anope wiki}}</ref>. Since development started on UnrealIRCd, around May [[1999]],<ref name="about" /> many new features have been added, modified, some of which include advanced security features<ref>{{cite book
| last = Piccard
| first = Paul
| authorlink = Paul L. Piccard
| coauthors = Baskin, Edwards, Spillman
| editor = Sachs
| title = Securing IM and P2P Applications for the Enterprise
| publisher = [[Syngress]]
| year = 2005
| month = November
| id = ISBN 1-59749-017-2 }}</ref> and bug fixes.

According to [http://www.searchirc.com SearchIRC]'s statistics, UnrealIRCd is used on the largest number of servers.<ref name="ircd-versions">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/ircd-versions|title=IRCD version overview|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> The largest IRC networks,<ref name="largest-irc-networks">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/largest-irc-networks|title=The largest IRC networks|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> however, do not use it<ref name="quakenet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/QuakeNet|title=QuakeNet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="undernet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/Undernet|title=Undernet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="ircnet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/IRCNet|title=IRCNet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="efnet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/EFnet|title=EFnet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="freenode">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/freenode|title=freenode|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> because they have their own IRCd's which they maintain themselves,{{fact}} so it may not necessarily be the IRC daemon with the largest number of users.{{fact}}

== History ==

== Future==

On [[July 13]], [[2007]] Stskeeps announced that the future Unreal4.0 would be a fork of [[InspIRCd]].<ref name="strategy change" />

== References ==
<references />
== See also ==
{{portal|Free software|Free Software Portal Logo.svg}}

* [[Internet Relay Chat]]
* [[Comparison of IRC daemons]]
== External links ==
* [http://www.unrealircd.com/ UnrealIRCd site]

[[Category:IRC daemons]]

[[fr:UnrealIRCd]]
[[it:UnrealIRCd]]
[[pl:UnrealIRCd]]

UnrealIRCd

2008-05-22T11:02:52Z

SQL: Added platforms, moved ref "about" up, to the platform box.

{{Infobox Software
| name = UnrealIRCd
| logo =
| screenshot =
| caption =
| author =
| developer =
| released =
| latest release version = 3.2.7
| latest release date = [[July 14]], [[2007]]
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date =
| operating system =
| platform = [[Linux]], [[Berkeley_Software_Distribution#Significant_BSD_descendants|BSD]], [[MacOS X]], [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]], [[HP-UX]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] <ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.unrealircd.com/about.php|title=About UnrealIRCd|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=UnrealIRCd's official website}}</ref>
| language =
| status =
| genre = [[IRCd]]
| license = [[GNU General Public License|GPL]]
| website = [http://www.unrealircd.com/ www.unrealircd.com]
}}
'''UnrealIRCd''' is an [[open source]] [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]] [[IRC daemon|daemon]] for [[Amiga]], [[Linux]], [[BSD]], [[Mac OS X]], [[Solaris]], [[HP-UX]] and [[Windows]] (NT4/2K/XP/2003). <ref name="about" />

UnrealIRCd is an IRC server based off of [[DALnet]]'s old [[DreamForge IRCd]].<ref name="about" /><ref name="Dalnet">{{cite web|url=http://docs.dal.net/docs/history.html|title=DALnet History|accessdate=2008-05-21|author=Dalila|coauthors=drosdow|date=2006-12-15|format=HTML|work=DALnet's website}}</ref><ref name="IRCd:DreamForge">{{cite web|url=http://anope.info/wiki/IRCd:DreamForge|title=IRCd:DreamForge|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=Anope wiki}}</ref> Since development started on UnrealIRCd, around May [[1999]],<ref name="about" /> many new features have been added, modified, some of which include advanced security features<ref>{{cite book
| last = Piccard
| first = Paul
| authorlink = Paul L. Piccard
| coauthors = Baskin, Edwards, Spillman
| editor = Sachs
| title = Securing IM and P2P Applications for the Enterprise
| publisher = [[Syngress]]
| year = 2005
| month = November
| id = ISBN 1-59749-017-2 }}</ref> and bug fixes.

Version 3.2.7, released [[July 14]], [[2007]], is the latest ''stable'' version.<ref name="strategy change">{{cite web|url=http://forums.unrealircd.com/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=4366|title=Strategy Change, Unreal3.2.7 Release, New Website|accessdate=2008-05-21|author=Stskeeps|format=HTML|work=UnrealIRCd Forums}}</ref> The current ''development'' tree is 3.3*.{{fact}} UnrealIRCd is released under the [[GNU General Public License]].<ref name="license">{{cite web|url=http://www.unrealircd.com/files/license.txt|title=UnrealIRCd License|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=TEXT|work=UnrealIRCd}}</ref>

According to [http://www.searchirc.com SearchIRC]'s statistics, UnrealIRCd is used on the largest number of servers.<ref name="ircd-versions">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/ircd-versions|title=IRCD version overview|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> The largest IRC networks,<ref name="largest-irc-networks">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/largest-irc-networks|title=The largest IRC networks|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> however, do not use it<ref name="quakenet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/QuakeNet|title=QuakeNet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="undernet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/Undernet|title=Undernet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="ircnet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/IRCNet|title=IRCNet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="efnet">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/EFnet|title=EFnet|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref><ref name="freenode">{{cite web|url=http://searchirc.com/network/freenode|title=freenode|accessdate=2008-05-21|format=HTML|work=SearchIRC}}</ref> because they have their own IRCd's which they maintain themselves,{{fact}} so it may not necessarily be the IRC daemon with the largest number of users.{{fact}}

== Future==

On [[July 13]], [[2007]] Stskeeps announced that the future Unreal4.0 would be a fork of [[InspIRCd]].<ref name="strategy change" />

== References ==
<references />
== See also ==
{{portal|Free software|Free Software Portal Logo.svg}}

* [[Internet Relay Chat]]
* [[Comparison of IRC daemons]]
== External links ==
* [http://www.unrealircd.com/ UnrealIRCd site]

[[Category:IRC daemons]]

[[fr:UnrealIRCd]]
[[it:UnrealIRCd]]
[[pl:UnrealIRCd]]

UnrealIRCd

2008-05-21T07:43:57Z

SQL: moved UnrealIRCd to User:Cobi/UnrealIRCd: Restore to userspace per request

{{dated prod|concern = {{{concern|Non-notable.}}}|month = December|day = 27|year = 2007|time = 20:57|timestamp = 20071227205734}}
{{Infobox Software
| name = UnrealIRCd
| logo =
| screenshot =
| caption =
| author =
| developer =
| released =
| latest release version = 3.2.7
| latest release date = [[July 14]], [[2007]]
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date =
| operating system =
| platform =
| language =
| status =
| genre = [[IRCd]]
| license = [[GNU General Public License|GPL]]
| website = [http://www.unrealircd.com/ www.unrealircd.com]
}}
'''UnrealIRCd''' is an [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]] [[IRC daemon|daemon]] for Amiga, Linux, BSD, MacOS X, Solaris, HP-UX and Windows (NT4/2K/XP/2003)

UnrealIRCd is an IRC server. Since development started on it, around May [[1999]], many new features have been added, modified, some of which include advanced security features<ref>{{cite book
| last = Piccard
| first = Paul
| authorlink = Paul L. Piccard
| coauthors = Baskin, Edwards, Spillman
| editor = Sachs
| title = Securing IM and P2P Applications for the Enterprise
| publisher = [[Syngress]]
| year = 2005
| month = November
| id = ISBN 1-59749-017-2 }}</ref>, and bug fixes.

Version 3.2.7, released [[July 14]], [[2007]], is the latest ''stable'' version. The current ''development'' tree is 3.3*. UnrealIRCd is released under the [[GNU General Public License]].

[http://searchirc.com/ircd-versions searchirc.com statistics] list it as the IRC daemon which has the largest number of separate installations. The largest IRC networks, however, do not use it because they have their own IRCd's which they maintain themselves, so it may not necessarily be the IRC daemon with the largest number of users.

== Future==

On [[July 13]], [[2007]] Stskeeps announced that the future Unreal4.0 would be a fork of InspIRCd.

== References ==
<references />
== See also ==
{{portal|Free software|Free Software Portal Logo.svg}}

* [[Internet Relay Chat]]
* [[Comparison of IRC daemons]]
== External links ==
* [http://www.unrealircd.com/ UnrealIRCd site]

[[Category:IRC daemons]]

[[fr:UnrealIRCd]]
[[it:UnrealIRCd]]
[[pl:UnrealIRCd]]

Owen Sound

2007-12-09T07:05:51Z

SQL: Reverted edits by 64.148.145.64 (talk) to last version by PKT

{{Coor title d|44.566667|N|80.933333|W}}
{{Infobox City
|official_name = City of Owen Sound
|native_name =
|nickname = The Scenic City
|motto =
|image_skyline = OwenSoundHarbour.JPG
|imagesize =
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|image_map = Owen Sound, Ontario Location.png
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Canada]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Canada|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Ontario]]
|subdivision_type2 = County
|subdivision_name2 = [[Grey County, Ontario|Grey County]]
|subdivision_type3 =
|subdivision_name3 =
|subdivision_type4 =
|subdivision_name4 =
|government_type =
|leader_title = City Mayor
|leader_name = [[Ruth Lovell]]
|leader_title1 = Governing Body
|leader_name1 = [[Owen Sound City Council]]
|leader_title2 = MPs
|leader_name2 = [[Larry Miller]]
|leader_title3 = MPPs
|leader_name3 = [[Bill Murdoch]]
|established_title =
|established_date =
|established_title2 =
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|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 24.22
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|area_water_percent =
|area_urban_km2 = 25.98
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|area_metro_km2 = 627.8
|area_metro_sq_mi =
|population_as_of = 2006
|population_note = 
|settlement_type =
|population_total = 21753
|population_density_km2 = 898.1
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_metro = 32259
|population_density_metro_km2 = 51.4
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban = 22649
|population_density_urban_km2 =
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|timezone = Eastern (EST)
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST =
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|latd=44 |latm=34 |lats= |latNS=N
|longd=80 |longm=56 |longs= |longEW=W
|elevation_m =  307
|elevation_ft = 1007
|postal_code_type = Postal Code
|postal_code = N4K
|area_code = [[Area code 519/226|519/226]]
|website = [http://www.city.owen-sound.on.ca/ City of Owen Sound]
|footnotes = Dwellings: 9,532 dwellings<br/>[[Agglomeration|Agglomerated]] area: 627.30 km² (242.2 sq mi)
}}

'''Owen Sound''' ([[Canada 2006 Census|2006 City]] population 21,753; [[Urban Area|UA Population]] 22,649; [[Census Agglomeration|CA Population]] 32, 259), the county seat of [[Grey County, Ontario|Grey County]], is a city in south-western [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]. Owen Sound is located at the mouth of the [[Sydenham River (Lake Huron watershed)|Sydenham River]] on an inlet of [[Georgian Bay]] also named Owen Sound.

Owen Sound is one of many cities in Ontario that are well known for receiving large amounts of snowfall because of a phenomenon known as [[lake effect snow]].

Located at the junctions of Ontario Highways [[Highway 6 (Ontario)|6]], [[Highway 10 (Ontario)|10]], [[Highway 21 (Ontario)|21]], and [[Highway 26 (Ontario)|26]], it serves as a gateway to the [[Bruce Peninsula]].

The city's downtown is located in a deep valley in the [[Niagara Escarpment]].

As home port of the [[Owen Sound Transportation Company Limited]], the inner harbour is where the [[MS Chi-Cheemaun]] car ferry from [[Tobermory, Ontario|Tobermory]] to [[South Baymouth, Ontario|South Baymouth]] is docked during the winter months.

== History ==
This area of the upper [[Great Lakes]] was first formally surveyed in 1815 by [[William Fitzwilliam Owen]] and Lieutenant Henry W. Bayfield. The inlet was named "Owen's Sound" in honour of Admiral Sir Edward William Campbell Rich Owen, the explorer Owen's older brother.

Owen Sound is home of [[Summerfolk (festival)|SummerFolk]]. A very popular folk festival that takes place annually in August.

The city of Owen Sound was originally known as Sydenham when it was first settled in 1841 by [[Charles Rankin]]. Prior to that the area had been inhabited by the [[Ojibwa]]y people. The city gained its current name in 1851 and was incorporated in 1857. For much of its history, Owen Sound was a major port city, known as the "[[Chicago]] of the North". Its location on [[Georgian Bay]] gave it access to the upper Great Lakes, and major rail lines moved cargo south from there. Port duties have declined dramatically since the opening of the [[St. Lawrence Seaway]] allowed shipping directly to the lower lakes and dramatically lowered costs compared to [[transshipment]] via Owen Sound. Being both the gateway to [[cottage country]], and in the heart of Ontario's beef, apple and corn region, farming and tourism are still integral parts of the local economy.

At one time, Owen Sound's roaring seaport made it a rowdy town that was known to sailors as "Little [[Liverpool]]". ''Louis' Steakhouse'', a popular upscale restaurant just outside of town, was opened by the Gavaris family in the [[1880s]] and the historic building has changed hands several times since. It was originally a [[brothel]] where the [[madam]] would stand from its castle-like tower and watch the [[port]] for a ship to come in, and she would ready her [[prostitute]]s to excite the [[sailor]]s. This reputation for vice and villainy, and the problems that came with it, caused the city to ban all drinking establishments for several decades.

[[Image:BillyBishopMuseum.JPG|thumb|left|Billy Bishop Home/Museum]]One of the city's most famous sons was [[World War I]] [[flying ace]] and [[Victoria Cross]] winner [[Billy Bishop|William Avery "Billy" Bishop]], Canada's leading pilot in the war and a veteran of [[Vimy Ridge]]. Bishop is also one of the few to have tangled with the [[Red Baron]] and survived, forcing the [[Germany|German]] pilot to retreat in a damaged aircraft. The ''[[Owen Sound/Billy Bishop Regional Airport|Billy Bishop Regional Airport]]'' in the nearby Municipality of [[Meaford]] was named after him. His modest gravesite can be visited in the city's Greenwood [[Cemetery]] by those willing to take the time to locate the stone. His boyhood home is now a museum dedicated to his life and to Canada's aviation history. The town was also the home of [[NHL]] Hall-of-Fame goaltender [[Harry Lumley (hockey player)|Harry Lumley]] and the artist [[Tom Thomson]] (buried in the nearby village of [[Leith, Ontario|Leith]]). Surgeon [[Dr. Norman Bethune]], an avowed communist and pioneer of public medicine who gained notoriety in his innovative medical work with the [[China|Chinese]] army during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] is an alumnus of [[OSCVI|The Owen Sound Collegiate and Vocational Institute]]. Legendary hockey broadcaster [[Bill Hewitt]] was once sports director of the local AM radio station, [[CFOS (AM)|CFOS]]. Tommy Holmes, another Victoria Cross winner, was also from Owen Sound, and the city's [[armoury]] bears his name.

In 2005 Owen Sound became the National [[Communities in Bloom]] champion in the cities of 20,001-50,000 category in Canada for its beauty, natural landscape, and strong sense of community.

==Culture and Events==

The City of Owen Sound was a 2004 Cultural Capital of Canada and is home to a number of cultural events and facilities. It is home to the famous [http://www.summerfolk.org Summerfolk Music and Crafts Festival], held every August, and the [http://www.festivallights.ca Festival of Northern Lights], a large Christmas lights festival with many displays along the Sydenham River, downtown, and in Harrison Park, held from November until January every Winter.

In 2007 Owen Sound celebrates its 150th year since incorporation, with special events throughout the year highlighted by the 10-day [http://www.owensound150.com Homecoming 2007] celebrations July 27 to August 5.

Theatrically, the city's 400-seat Roxy Theatre is used for the city's professional live theatre performances, as well as some concerts. In the summer of 2007 the Roxy plays host for the first time to the long-running [http://www.geotheatre.org Georgian Theatre Festival].

The city is also home to a good number of museums and cultural attractions, including:

[[Image:TomThomsonGallery.JPG|thumb|right|Tom Thomson Art Gallery]]
* Grey Roots Museum - showcasing the history of the city of Owen Sound and Grey County
* Tom Thomson Memorial Art Gallery - featuring a large collection of memorabilia and works from [[Tom Thomson]], one of Canada's most famous artists who grew up in the Owen Sound area.
* Owen Sound Marine and Rail Museum - showcasing the city's rich history in rail and water transportation and its role in the growth of Ontario.
* Billy Bishop Heritage Museum - located in the former Billy Bishop home, dedicated to the life and times of [[Billy Bishop]] and Canada's history in aviation.
* Black History Cairn - located in historic Harrison Park, celebrating Owen Sound's status as a northern terminus of [[Underground Railroad|the Underground Railroad]].
* Owen Sound Farmer's Market - occupying the same location since 1868, the Market is open every Saturday morning throughout the year and hosts a wide variety of growers and artisans.
* Today Owen Sound's Beth Ezekiel Synagogue, a designated building under Ontario's Heritage Act, remains the last example of the early small town synagogue

==Recreation==
The city is one of two (the other being [[Barrie, Ontario]]) that are home to [[The Grey and Simcoe Foresters]] [[Primary Reserve]] [[Infantry]] regiment, as well as various cadet corps.

Southwest of the city are two popular Ontario ski resorts, [http://www.talisman.ca Talisman] and Beaver Valley. The city and area also have numerous snowmobile trails.

===Sports===

Owen Sound is the smallest city in Ontario (and one of the smallest in Canada) to boast an OHL [[Canadian Hockey League|Major Junior Hockey]] Team, in the [[Owen Sound Attack]] who play at the [[Bayshore Community Centre]] arena.

*[[Owen Sound Attack]] - [[Ontario Hockey League]]
*[[Owen Sound Greys]] - [[Mid-Western Junior Hockey League]]
*[[Owen Sound Woodsmen]] - [[OLA Senior B Lacrosse League]]
*[[Owen Sound Rams]] - [[OLA Junior B Lacrosse League]]

Owen Sound is also known for producing many highly skilled soccer players.

===Former teams===
*[[Owen Sound Mercurys]] - [[OHA Senior A Hockey League (1929-1979)|OHA Senior A Hockey League]]
*[[Owen Sound Crescents]] - OHA Senior A Hockey League
*[[Owen Sound Trappers]] - [[OHA Intermediate A Hockey League]]
*[[Owen Sound Platers]] - [[Ontario Hockey League]] (became Attack)
*[[Owen Sound North Stars]] - [[Major Series Lacrosse]]
*[[Owen Sound Crescents (OLA)|Owen Sound Crescents]] - Major Series Lacrosse

==Media==
===Radio===
* AM 560 - [[CFOS (AM)|CFOS]], [[Oldies]]
* FM 90.1 - [[CJLF-FM|CJLF-1]], [[contemporary Christian music|Christian]]
* FM 93.7 - [[CKYC-FM|CKYC]] Country 93, [[country music|country]]
* FM 97.1 - [[CBL-FM|CBL-4]], [[CBC Radio Two]] ([[Wiarton, Ontario|Wiarton]])
* FM 98.7 - [[CBLA-FM|CBCB]], [[CBC Radio One]]
* FM 106.5 - [[CIXK-FM|CIXK]] Mix 106.5, [[adult contemporary]]

===Television===
* Channel 2: [[CKCO-TV|CKCO-2]] - [[CTV Television Network]] - (Transmitter at [[Wiarton, Ontario]] and a rebroadcaster of CKCO-TV from [[Kitchener, Ontario]])
* Channel 4: [[CIII-TV|CIII-4]], [[Global Television Network]]
* Channel 12: [[CICA-TV|CICA-12]], [[TVOntario]]
* Channel 20: [[CBLT-TV|CBLN-5]], [[CBC Television]] (Wiarton, Ontario)
* Channel 53 Rogers Television Grey-Bruce

===Print===
*[[Owen Sound Sun Times]] - Newspaper [http://www.owensoundsuntimes.com/ (The Sun Times)]

==Statistics==

{{Canada_CP_2006|pop=21,753|popDelta=+1.4%|popRank=174th|
landArea=24.22|popDensity=898.1|medianAge=40.9|medianAgeM=38.9|medianAgeF=42.7|
privateDwell=9,736|privateDwellusual=9,381|medianHHIncome=20,126 per person aged 15+}}

<br />

{{Canadian City Geographic Location (8-way)
| Northwest = [[Wiarton, Ontario|Wiarton]]
| North = ''[[Georgian Bay]]''
| Northeast =
| West = [[Georgian Bluffs, Ontario|Georgian Bluffs]]
| Centre = Owen Sound, Ontario
| East = [[Meaford, Ontario|Meaford]]
| Southwest =
| South = [[Chatsworth, Ontario (town)|Chatsworth]]
| Southeast =
| image =
}}

==Notable Residents==
*[[Billy Bishop]]
*[[Agnes MacPhail]]
*[[Tom Thompson]]
*[[Norman Bethune]]
* NHLer [[Hap Day]]
*NHLer [[Harry Lumley (hockey player)|Harry Lumley]]
* NHLer [[Alvin "Buck" Jones]]
*[[Thomas William Holmes]]
*[[Butchart Gardens|Robert Pim Butchart]]
*[[Nathan Perrott]]
*[[Eddie Sargent]]
*[[Heather Hiscox]][http://www.cbc.ca/morning/hiscox.html]
*[[Cheryl Hickey]] (Entertainment Tonight Canada)

== Trivia ==
{{trivia|date=September 2007}}
[[Image:OwenSoundCityHall.JPG|thumb|right|Owen Sound City Hall]]
*Owen Sound was one of the filming locations for the filming of the [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] movie ''[[One Magic Christmas]]'' along with [[Meaford]], most notably with its [[city hall]] serving as the town hall in the film.
*The city was [[prohibition|"dry"]] until 1972.
*There is evidence (from his personal writings) that [[Samuel de Champlain]] travelled through the region and made camp on the eastern hills overlooking what would become the harbour.
*Some of the largest [[rainbow trout]] in the world have been caught in the sound, and annual fishing derbies draw large participation from all over North America.
*The sister city of Owen Sound is [[Miamisburg, Ohio]].
*On the [[October 18]], [[2006]], episode of ''[[The Colbert Report]]'', host [[Stephen Colbert]] asked his viewers to send in suggestions for bad things to say about Owen Sound, being unable to think of any himself.

== External links ==
*[http://www.city.owen-sound.on.ca The City of Owen Sound (Official Website)]
*[http://www.terraserver.com/imagery/image_gx.asp?cpx=-80.93794561&cpy=44.57398101&res=15&provider_id=340&t=pan&dat= Satellite view of Owen Sound]
*[http://www.mapquest.com/maps/map.adp?formtype=address&country=CA&popflag=0&latitude=&longitude=&name=&phone=&level=&addtohistory=&cat=&address=&city=Owen+Sound&state=ON&zipcode= Map of Owen Sound and surrounding area]
*[http://www.owensound.ca Vacation Owen Sound website]
*[http://www.theowen.com Owen Sound Community Website]
*[http://www.osblackhistory.com Owen Sound Black History website]

[[Category:Cities on the Great Lakes]]
[[Category:Owen Sound, Ontario|*]]
[[Category:Communities in Grey County, Ontario]]
[[Category:Miamisburg, Ohio]]

[[fr:Owen Sound]]
[[pl:Owen Sound (Ontario)]]
[[pt:Owen Sound]]
[[sv:Owen Sound]]
[[vo:Owen Sound]]

Anne Carson

2007-09-12T20:30:38Z

SQL: /* References */ rm dupe

{{Infobox Writer
| name = Anne Carson
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|6|21}}
| birth_place = {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Toronto, Ontario]], [[Canada]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = poet
| nationality = [[Canadian]]
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| debut_works = [[Eros the Bittersweet]]
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Anne Carson''' is a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[poet]], essayist, and translator, as well as a [[professor]] of [[Classics]] and [[comparative literature]] at the [[University of Michigan]]. For many years she lived in [[Montreal]] and taught at [[McGill University]]. Reticent about her private life, the biography published in current editions of her books reads, simply, "Anne Carson lives in Canada."

Though distinguished, Carson's academic training did not run a straight path. The fascination with classical literature which dominates her work began to take root in high school. There, a Latin instructor offered to initate her into the world and language of Ancient Greece and tutored the future poet privately <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=758|title=Anne Carson, online biography}}</ref>. Enrolling at [[University of St. Michael's College|St. Michael's College]] at the [[University of Toronto]], she left twice--at the end of her first and second years. Carson, disconcerted by curricular constraints (particularly by a required course on [[Milton]]), defected to the world of graphic arts for a short time <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=758|title=Anne Carson, online biography}}</ref>. She did eventually return to the University of Toronto where she completed her B.A. in 1974, her M.A. in 1975 and her Ph.D. in 1981 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/01spring/carson.asp|title=University of Toronto Magazine}}</ref>.

A professor of the classics, with background in [[classical language]]s, comparative literature, [[anthropology]], history, and [[commercial art]], Carson blends ideas and themes from many fields in her writing. She frequently references, modernizes, and translates [[Greek mythology]]. She has published ten books [[as of 2006]], all of which blend the forms of [[poetry]], [[essay]], [[prose]], [[criticism]], [[translation]], [[dramatic dialogue]], [[fiction]], and [[non-fiction]].

Anne Carson is a '''Anna-Maria Kellen Fellow''' at the [http://www.americanacademy.de American Academy in Berlin], Germany, for Fall 2007.

==Selected works==
Odi et Amo Ergo Sum, PhD Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1986.
*''Eros the Bittersweet'' (1986) [[Princeton University Press]]
*''Glass, Irony, and God'' (1992) [[New Directions]] Publishing Company
*''Short Talks'' (1992) Brick Books
*''Plainwater'' (1995) [[Knopf]]
*''[[Autobiography of Red]]: A Novel in Verse'' (1998) Knopf
*''Economy of the Unlost: Reading [[Simonides of Ceos]] with [[Paul Celan]]'' (1999) Princeton University Press
*''Men in the Off Hours'' (2001) Knopf
*''The Beauty of the Husband'' (2002) Knopf
*''If Not, Winter: Fragments of [[Sappho]]'' (2002) Knopf
*''Decreation: Poetry, Essays, [[Decreation/Fight Cherries|Opera]]'' (2005) Knopf
*''Grief Lessons: Four Plays by [[Euripides]]'' (translation) (2006) [[New York Review Books Classics]]

==Selected awards and honors ==
*[[Lannan Literary Award]] (1996)
*[[Pushcart Prize]] (1997)
*[[Guggenheim Fellowship]] (1998)
*[[MacArthur Fellowship]] (2000)
*[[Griffin Poetry Prize]] (2001)
*[[T.S. Eliot Poetry Prize]] (2001)

==External links==
* [http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=1114 Poems by Anne Carson at PoetryFoundation.org]
* [http://www.griffinpoetryprize.com/shortlist_2001.php?t=1#a1 Griffin Poetry Prize biography]
* [http://www.griffinpoetryprize.com/see_hear_poetry.php?t=10 Griffin Poetry Prize reading, including audio clip]
* [http://www.slate.com/id/2095317/ Hermetic Hotties/What is Anne Carson doing on The L Word? by Meghan O'Rourke, ''Slate'']
* [http://www.poetrymagazines.org.uk/magazine/record.asp?id=14974# Criticism of Carson's poetry in "Subduing the reader" by Laurie Smith in ''Magma'', No. 23, Summer 2002]
* [http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=758 Anne Carson Biography by Ian Rae.]
* [http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/01spring/carson.asp Classic Carson by Val Ross in U of T Magazine, Spring 2001.]
* [http://www.kcrw.com/etc/programs/bw/bw970807anne_carson Anne Carson interview on KCRW's "Bookworm," August 7, 1997, discussing the roots of her writing, particularly in "Plainwater" and "Glass, Irony and God"]

== References ==
{{reflist}}


{{Persondata
|NAME= Carson, Anne
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Canadian poet
|DATE OF BIRTH= [[June 21]], [[1950]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Toronto, Ontario]], [[Canada]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carson, Anne}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian literary critics]]
[[Category:Canadian poets]]
[[Category:Translators to English]]
[[Category:MacArthur Fellows]]
[[Category:McGill University faculty]]
[[Category:Ontario writers]]
[[Category:People from Toronto]]
[[Category:Canadian women writers]]
[[Category:University of Michigan faculty]]

[[es:Anne Carson]]
[[fr:Anne Carson]]
[[ru:Карсон, Энн]]

Anne Carson

2007-09-12T20:30:04Z

SQL: /* References */ Fixing category

{{Infobox Writer
| name = Anne Carson
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|6|21}}
| birth_place = {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Toronto, Ontario]], [[Canada]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = poet
| nationality = [[Canadian]]
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| debut_works = [[Eros the Bittersweet]]
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Anne Carson''' is a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[poet]], essayist, and translator, as well as a [[professor]] of [[Classics]] and [[comparative literature]] at the [[University of Michigan]]. For many years she lived in [[Montreal]] and taught at [[McGill University]]. Reticent about her private life, the biography published in current editions of her books reads, simply, "Anne Carson lives in Canada."

Though distinguished, Carson's academic training did not run a straight path. The fascination with classical literature which dominates her work began to take root in high school. There, a Latin instructor offered to initate her into the world and language of Ancient Greece and tutored the future poet privately <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=758|title=Anne Carson, online biography}}</ref>. Enrolling at [[University of St. Michael's College|St. Michael's College]] at the [[University of Toronto]], she left twice--at the end of her first and second years. Carson, disconcerted by curricular constraints (particularly by a required course on [[Milton]]), defected to the world of graphic arts for a short time <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=758|title=Anne Carson, online biography}}</ref>. She did eventually return to the University of Toronto where she completed her B.A. in 1974, her M.A. in 1975 and her Ph.D. in 1981 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/01spring/carson.asp|title=University of Toronto Magazine}}</ref>.

A professor of the classics, with background in [[classical language]]s, comparative literature, [[anthropology]], history, and [[commercial art]], Carson blends ideas and themes from many fields in her writing. She frequently references, modernizes, and translates [[Greek mythology]]. She has published ten books [[as of 2006]], all of which blend the forms of [[poetry]], [[essay]], [[prose]], [[criticism]], [[translation]], [[dramatic dialogue]], [[fiction]], and [[non-fiction]].

Anne Carson is a '''Anna-Maria Kellen Fellow''' at the [http://www.americanacademy.de American Academy in Berlin], Germany, for Fall 2007.

==Selected works==
Odi et Amo Ergo Sum, PhD Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1986.
*''Eros the Bittersweet'' (1986) [[Princeton University Press]]
*''Glass, Irony, and God'' (1992) [[New Directions]] Publishing Company
*''Short Talks'' (1992) Brick Books
*''Plainwater'' (1995) [[Knopf]]
*''[[Autobiography of Red]]: A Novel in Verse'' (1998) Knopf
*''Economy of the Unlost: Reading [[Simonides of Ceos]] with [[Paul Celan]]'' (1999) Princeton University Press
*''Men in the Off Hours'' (2001) Knopf
*''The Beauty of the Husband'' (2002) Knopf
*''If Not, Winter: Fragments of [[Sappho]]'' (2002) Knopf
*''Decreation: Poetry, Essays, [[Decreation/Fight Cherries|Opera]]'' (2005) Knopf
*''Grief Lessons: Four Plays by [[Euripides]]'' (translation) (2006) [[New York Review Books Classics]]

==Selected awards and honors ==
*[[Lannan Literary Award]] (1996)
*[[Pushcart Prize]] (1997)
*[[Guggenheim Fellowship]] (1998)
*[[MacArthur Fellowship]] (2000)
*[[Griffin Poetry Prize]] (2001)
*[[T.S. Eliot Poetry Prize]] (2001)

==External links==
* [http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=1114 Poems by Anne Carson at PoetryFoundation.org]
* [http://www.griffinpoetryprize.com/shortlist_2001.php?t=1#a1 Griffin Poetry Prize biography]
* [http://www.griffinpoetryprize.com/see_hear_poetry.php?t=10 Griffin Poetry Prize reading, including audio clip]
* [http://www.slate.com/id/2095317/ Hermetic Hotties/What is Anne Carson doing on The L Word? by Meghan O'Rourke, ''Slate'']
* [http://www.poetrymagazines.org.uk/magazine/record.asp?id=14974# Criticism of Carson's poetry in "Subduing the reader" by Laurie Smith in ''Magma'', No. 23, Summer 2002]
* [http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=758 Anne Carson Biography by Ian Rae.]
* [http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/01spring/carson.asp Classic Carson by Val Ross in U of T Magazine, Spring 2001.]
* [http://www.kcrw.com/etc/programs/bw/bw970807anne_carson Anne Carson interview on KCRW's "Bookworm," August 7, 1997, discussing the roots of her writing, particularly in "Plainwater" and "Glass, Irony and God"]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*Ian Rae, University of British Columbia. "[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=758 Carson, Anne.]" The Literary Encyclopedia. [[27 December]] [[2001]]. The Literary Dictionary Company. [[8 December]] [[2005]].


{{Persondata
|NAME= Carson, Anne
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Canadian poet
|DATE OF BIRTH= [[June 21]], [[1950]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Toronto, Ontario]], [[Canada]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carson, Anne}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian literary critics]]
[[Category:Canadian poets]]
[[Category:Translators to English]]
[[Category:MacArthur Fellows]]
[[Category:McGill University faculty]]
[[Category:Ontario writers]]
[[Category:People from Toronto]]
[[Category:Canadian women writers]]
[[Category:University of Michigan faculty]]

[[es:Anne Carson]]
[[fr:Anne Carson]]
[[ru:Карсон, Энн]]

Anne Carson

2007-09-12T20:29:40Z

SQL: /* External links */ Fixing links

{{Infobox Writer
| name = Anne Carson
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|6|21}}
| birth_place = {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Toronto, Ontario]], [[Canada]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = poet
| nationality = [[Canadian]]
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| debut_works = [[Eros the Bittersweet]]
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Anne Carson''' is a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[poet]], essayist, and translator, as well as a [[professor]] of [[Classics]] and [[comparative literature]] at the [[University of Michigan]]. For many years she lived in [[Montreal]] and taught at [[McGill University]]. Reticent about her private life, the biography published in current editions of her books reads, simply, "Anne Carson lives in Canada."

Though distinguished, Carson's academic training did not run a straight path. The fascination with classical literature which dominates her work began to take root in high school. There, a Latin instructor offered to initate her into the world and language of Ancient Greece and tutored the future poet privately <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=758|title=Anne Carson, online biography}}</ref>. Enrolling at [[University of St. Michael's College|St. Michael's College]] at the [[University of Toronto]], she left twice--at the end of her first and second years. Carson, disconcerted by curricular constraints (particularly by a required course on [[Milton]]), defected to the world of graphic arts for a short time <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=758|title=Anne Carson, online biography}}</ref>. She did eventually return to the University of Toronto where she completed her B.A. in 1974, her M.A. in 1975 and her Ph.D. in 1981 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/01spring/carson.asp|title=University of Toronto Magazine}}</ref>.

A professor of the classics, with background in [[classical language]]s, comparative literature, [[anthropology]], history, and [[commercial art]], Carson blends ideas and themes from many fields in her writing. She frequently references, modernizes, and translates [[Greek mythology]]. She has published ten books [[as of 2006]], all of which blend the forms of [[poetry]], [[essay]], [[prose]], [[criticism]], [[translation]], [[dramatic dialogue]], [[fiction]], and [[non-fiction]].

Anne Carson is a '''Anna-Maria Kellen Fellow''' at the [http://www.americanacademy.de American Academy in Berlin], Germany, for Fall 2007.

==Selected works==
Odi et Amo Ergo Sum, PhD Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1986.
*''Eros the Bittersweet'' (1986) [[Princeton University Press]]
*''Glass, Irony, and God'' (1992) [[New Directions]] Publishing Company
*''Short Talks'' (1992) Brick Books
*''Plainwater'' (1995) [[Knopf]]
*''[[Autobiography of Red]]: A Novel in Verse'' (1998) Knopf
*''Economy of the Unlost: Reading [[Simonides of Ceos]] with [[Paul Celan]]'' (1999) Princeton University Press
*''Men in the Off Hours'' (2001) Knopf
*''The Beauty of the Husband'' (2002) Knopf
*''If Not, Winter: Fragments of [[Sappho]]'' (2002) Knopf
*''Decreation: Poetry, Essays, [[Decreation/Fight Cherries|Opera]]'' (2005) Knopf
*''Grief Lessons: Four Plays by [[Euripides]]'' (translation) (2006) [[New York Review Books Classics]]

==Selected awards and honors ==
*[[Lannan Literary Award]] (1996)
*[[Pushcart Prize]] (1997)
*[[Guggenheim Fellowship]] (1998)
*[[MacArthur Fellowship]] (2000)
*[[Griffin Poetry Prize]] (2001)
*[[T.S. Eliot Poetry Prize]] (2001)

==External links==
* [http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=1114 Poems by Anne Carson at PoetryFoundation.org]
* [http://www.griffinpoetryprize.com/shortlist_2001.php?t=1#a1 Griffin Poetry Prize biography]
* [http://www.griffinpoetryprize.com/see_hear_poetry.php?t=10 Griffin Poetry Prize reading, including audio clip]
* [http://www.slate.com/id/2095317/ Hermetic Hotties/What is Anne Carson doing on The L Word? by Meghan O'Rourke, ''Slate'']
* [http://www.poetrymagazines.org.uk/magazine/record.asp?id=14974# Criticism of Carson's poetry in "Subduing the reader" by Laurie Smith in ''Magma'', No. 23, Summer 2002]
* [http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=758 Anne Carson Biography by Ian Rae.]
* [http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/01spring/carson.asp Classic Carson by Val Ross in U of T Magazine, Spring 2001.]
* [http://www.kcrw.com/etc/programs/bw/bw970807anne_carson Anne Carson interview on KCRW's "Bookworm," August 7, 1997, discussing the roots of her writing, particularly in "Plainwater" and "Glass, Irony and God"]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*Ian Rae, University of British Columbia. "[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=758 Carson, Anne.]" The Literary Encyclopedia. [[27 December]] [[2001]]. The Literary Dictionary Company. [[8 December]] [[2005]].


{{Persondata
|NAME= Carson, Anne
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Canadian poet
|DATE OF BIRTH= [[June 21]], [[1950]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Toronto, Ontario]], [[Canada]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carson, Anne}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian literary critics]]
[[Category:Canadian poets]]
{{Category:Translators to English]]
[[Category:MacArthur Fellows]]
[[Category:McGill University faculty]]
[[Category:Ontario writers]]
[[Category:People from Toronto]]
[[Category:Canadian women writers]]
[[Category:University of Michigan faculty]]

[[es:Anne Carson]]
[[fr:Anne Carson]]
[[ru:Карсон, Энн]]

Queenborough Castle

2007-09-08T07:11:01Z

SQL: SQL/Reflist cleanup project; you can help!

{{infobox UK place|
|country = England
|latitude= 51.4183
|longitude= 0.7450
|official_name= Queenborough
|population = 3,471
|shire_district= [[Swale]]
| shire_county = [[Kent]]
|region= South East England
|constituency_westminster= [[Sittingbourne and Sheppey (UK Parliament constituency)|Sittingbourne and Sheppey]]
|post_town= SHEERNESS
|postcode_district = ME11
|postcode_area= ME
|dial_code= 01795
|os_grid_reference= TQ908724
}}
'''Queenborough''' is a small town on the [[Isle of Sheppey]] in the [[Swale]] borough of [[Kent]] in [[South East England]].

Queenborough is two miles (3.2 km) south of [[Sheerness]]. It grew as a port near the [[Thames Estuary]] at the westward entrance to [[The Swale]] where it joins the [[River Medway]]. It is in the [[Sittingbourne and Sheppey (UK Parliament constituency)|Sittingbourne and Sheppey]] parliamentary constituency.

Queenborough Harbour offers moorings between the Thames and Medway. It is possible to land at Queenborough on any tide and there are boat builders and chandlers in the marina. [[Admiral Lord Nelson]], is reputed to have learnt much of his seafaring skills in these waters, and also shared a house near the small harbour with his mistress, the [[Lady Hamilton]].

Queenborough today still reflects something of its original [[18th century]] seafaring history, from which period most of its more prominent buildings survive. The church is the sole surviving feature from the medieval period. The town was first represented by two Members of Parliament in [[1572]].

==History==
===Medieval===
A fortress, called Sheppey or Queenborough Castle, was built to guard the passage of ships along the Swale upon the command of King [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] between 1361-1377, during the [[Hundred years war]] with [[France]]. Before then, only a small fishing [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] called [[Bynne]] existed at the location. This fortress was a round symmetrical one with 70 rooms, modelled on French-style [[chateau]]x of the period, and regained importance in the [[16th century]] under [[Thomas Cheney]], when it is thought to have influenced nearby [[Deal Castle]] and [[Walmer Castle]].

In those days north Kent was divided by open waters and marshes stretching inland. The safest navigation to the open sea was then the route from the [[Thames]] into the [[Yantlet]] creek (separating the [[Isle of Grain]] from the rest of [[Hoo Peninsula]]), and thus into the Swale from the [[Medway]] estuary, around the leeward side of the Isle of Sheppey into the [[Wantsum Channel]], navigating past the [[Isle of Thanet]] to [[Sandwich, Kent|Sandwich]] and only then into the open waters of the [[English Channel]]. It was thus an easily defensible planned-town centre for the wool trade.

King Edward III had the town renamed after his Queen, [[Philippa of Hainault]], and conferred upon it the rights of a free [[borough]], with a governing body of a mayor and two bailiffs. He granted Queenborough a [[charter]] in [[1366]] and two years later bestowed the duties of a royal borough upon it.

During this period, Queenborough, on the Isle of Sheppey was an important town for the export of wool, a significant crown revenue. From 1368: "By Royal decree, the [[the staple|Wool Staple]] was transferred from [[Canterbury]] to Queenborough, which, together with Sandwich, became one of the only two places in Kent through which all the exported wool was compulsorily directed."

The castle was dug in 2005 by [[Time Team]][http://www.channel4.com/history/timeteam/thisweek.html].

===17th century===
King [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] had the town re-incorporated under the title of the "mayor, jurats, bailiffs and burgesses of Queenborough", during which time the population was chiefly employed in the local oyster fishery. However the fort having protected the Swale and Medway estuaries for 300 years was never in fact to realise its function as a garrison, and recorded no active military history. After being seized by Parliamentarians in [[1650]], and being considered unsuitable for repair, being of "no practical use" it was demolished during the [[interregnum]].

Not long after this in 1667, the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] captured the new Sheerness fort (then under construction) and invaded Queenborough. The occupation lasted only a few days; the Dutch having caused widespread panic, were unable to maintain their offensive, and withdrew having captured the [[Royal Charles]] and burnt numerous other ships in the Thames and Medway. Following the [[raid on the Medway]] much-needed attention was given to the improvement of the naval defences of the Medway, which at length helped strengthen the economy of Queenborough and Sheppey. Some 300 years later in 1967, The Queenborough and [[Brielle]] (the [[Netherlands]]) twinning project was established.

===19th century to date===
[[Image:QueenboroughSheppey.jpg|360px|thumb|View of Queenborough ca. 1830.]]
The parish church was overhauled during 1690 to 1730, and a number of houses added to the growing town during the [[18th century]]. With the general prosperity of the colonial and mercantile trades of the age, Queenborough thrived. However early in the [[19th century]], change was again visited upon the ancient settlement. "Queenborough in the 1850s was a very sorry place indeed; broken down and almost lawless."

With the silting up of the Yantlet creek and the Wantsum channel and improved navigation through the Thames estuary to [[London]], Queenborough began to lose its importance, becoming something of a backwater. [[Daniel Defoe]] described it as "a miserable and dirty fishing town (with) the chief traders ... alehouse keepers and oyster catchers".

The [[Royal Navy]] eventually became less prominent on the River Medway as other dockyards developed and ships grew in size, so that they were largely replaced by prison hulks which would frequently dispose of their dead charges on a salt marsh at the mouth of the Swale, which was subsequently to become known as Dead man's Island, and can still be found as such, on local maps today. The new fort and harbour developments completed at Sheerness by this time further replaced Queenborough by being better positioned at the mouth of the Medway.

It is all the same worth noting as evident from records between 1815-20 that the [[Corporation]] of Queenborough was in some financial difficulties, owing some £14,500 that could not hope to pay. It appears that the mayor and other officials had been less than honest in their duties toward the community, with the use of the public money at their disposal. This fraud caused a great financial burden upon the fisherman and oystermen who were driven to "unlawful and riotous assembly", in protest against unwarranted charges made upon them in the course of their trade.

So serious had this deterioration in conditions become, that by the middle of the 19th century the Corporation was bankrupt, and Parliament was called upon to act, vesting by an [[Act of Parliament]] much of the town's business in the hands of trustees who were able to refinance the economy by selling land, property and the ancient oyster fishery. The [[oyster]] trade having been corrupted by smuggling and the bribery of the island's members of Parliament, it lost its franchise in the [[Reform Act 1832|Reform Act of 1832]].

A Borough Charter granted in 1885 gave some renewed impetus to the struggling borough council, but it was not until 1937 that the Charity Commissioners were at last able to appoint a borough council, but the town and its fisheries never fully recovered. The present trustees are Swale Borough Council, which incorporated the old borough council in the reorganisation of 1974. Queenbrough now has a town council, which includes a mayor.

Modern unsightly sea wall defences have hindered the character of the beaches but were deemed necessary, a large yachting harbour exists, where the pirate ship [[Radio Caroline]] (in the river Medway 2003-4) anchored for a while. Tourism is today a major feature of the island, with Queenborough enjoying some of the fruits of local investment.

Matthias Falconer of Brabant established the first [[copperas]] factory in England at Queenborough in the year 1579.

The economy of Queenborough was boosted significantly by the establishment of a branch line from [[Sittingbourne]] by the South-Eastern & Chatham Railway which operated in conjunction with a mail and passenger service by steamer to [[Flushing, Netherlands|Flushing]] in the [[Netherlands]]. The Swale was bridged when the railway was built in 1860.

From the town's depression in the 1850s there began a process of recovery. New industries came to Queenborough including a glass works and a company engaged in coal washing. Besides these many other small industries developed, including potteries, the Sheppy Fertilizer company (which used the old spelling of Sheppey) and the glue works. The [[Portland cement]] works opened in 1890, and there is still a considerable trade in timber.

==Government==
Queenborough is in the [[parliamentary constituency]] of [[Sittingbourne and Sheppey (UK Parliament constituency)|Sittingbourne and Sheppey]]. Since 1997, the constituency's [[Member of Parliament]] has been [[Derek Wyatt]] of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Derek Wyatt | publisher = Guardian.co.uk| url = http://politics.guardian.co.uk/person/0,9290,-5704,00.html | accessdate = 2007-04-29 }}</ref>

Queenborough is within the [[Swale]] [[Districts of England|local government district]] and its electoral [[Ward (politics)|ward]] of Queenborough and Halfway. This ward has three of the forty seven seats on the Swale Borough Council. As of the [[United Kingdom local elections, 2007|2007 Local Elections]], two of those seats were held by the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] and one by the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].<ref>{{cite web | title = List Councillors By Ward | publisher = Swale Borough Council | url = http://www.swale.gov.uk/dso/CouncillorsBy.asp?SortOrder=Ward | accessdate = 2007-03-29 }}</ref>

The town council at one point had an [[Official Monster Raving Loony Party]] mayor.

==Demographics==
{| id="toc" style="float: right; margin-left: 2em; width: 40%; font-size: 90%;" cellspacing="3"
!colspan="3"|'''Queenborough Compared'''
|-
|'''[[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 UK Census]]'''||'''Queenborough'''||'''Swale District'''||'''England'''
|-
|Total population||3,471||122,801||49,138,831
|-
|Foreign born||2.8%||3.6%||9.2%
|-
|White||99%||98%||91%
|-
|Asian||0.4%||0.7%||4.6%
|-
|Black||0.3%||0.3%||2.3%
|-
|Christian||78%||76%||72%
|-
|Muslim||0.1%||0.4%||3.1%
|-
|No religion||15%||15%||15%
|-
|Over 65 years old||13%||16%||16%
|-
|Bachelor's degree or higher||7%||12%||20%
|}
As of the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 UK census]], the parish of Queenborough had a population of 3,471.<ref name="Statistics.gov.uk">{{cite web | title = Neighbourhood Statistics | publisher = Statistics.gov.uk | url = http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadAreaSearch.do?a=3&i=1001&m=0&enc=1&areaSearchText=Queenborough+and+Halfway&areaSearchType=14&extendedList=false&searchAreas=Search | accessdate = 2007-03-29 }}</ref>

For every 100 females, there were 94.5 males. The age distribution was 7% aged 0-4 years, 18% aged 5-15 years, 10% aged 16-24 years, 28% aged 25-44 years, 23% aged 45-64 years and 13% aged 65 years and over.<ref name="Statistics.gov.uk">{{cite web | title = Neighbourhood Statistics | publisher = Statistics.gov.uk | url = http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadHome.do;jsessionid=ac1f930bce6a711447e60ba4446bb56c21648d42c51.e38PbNqOa3qRe38OaNeKahqMai1ynknvrkLOlQzNp65In0?bhcp=1 | accessdate = 2007-03-29 }}</ref>

The [[ethnicity]] of the Queenborough and Halfway electoral [[Ward (politics)|ward]], which includes the neighbouring villages of Minster-on-Sea, [[Rushenden]] and Halfway Houses, was 98.6% [[White people|white]], 0.7% [[mixed race]], 0.3% [[Black people|black]], 0.2% non-Chinese [[Asia]]n and 0.3% [[Chinese people|Chinese]] or other.<ref name="Statistics.gov.uk">{{cite web | title = Neighbourhood Statistics | publisher = Statistics.gov.uk | url = http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadHome.do;jsessionid=ac1f930bce6a711447e60ba4446bb56c21648d42c51.e38PbNqOa3qRe38OaNeKahqMai1ynknvrkLOlQzNp65In0?bhcp=1 | accessdate = 2007-03-29 }}</ref>

The place of birth of Queenborough and Halfway residents was 97.2% United Kingdom, 0.6% [[Republic of Ireland]], 0.4% [[Germany]], 0.3% other [[Western Europe]] countries, 0.3% [[Far East]], 0.3% [[Africa]], 0.3% [[North America]], 0.2% [[South Asia]], 0.2% [[Oceania]] and 0.1% [[Middle East]].<ref name="Statistics.gov.uk">{{cite web | title = Neighbourhood Statistics | publisher = Statistics.gov.uk | url = http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadHome.do;jsessionid=ac1f930bce6a711447e60ba4446bb56c21648d42c51.e38PbNqOa3qRe38OaNeKahqMai1ynknvrkLOlQzNp65In0?bhcp=1 | accessdate = 2007-03-29 }}</ref>

Religion was recorded as 77.6% [[Christian]], 0.1% [[Muslim]] and 0.1% [[Jewish]]. 14.7% were recorded as having no religion, 0.3% had an alternative religion and 7.7% didn't state their religion.<ref name="Statistics.gov.uk">{{cite web | title = Neighbourhood Statistics | publisher = Statistics.gov.uk | url = http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadHome.do;jsessionid=ac1f930bce6a711447e60ba4446bb56c21648d42c51.e38PbNqOa3qRe38OaNeKahqMai1ynknvrkLOlQzNp65In0?bhcp=1 | accessdate = 2007-03-29 }}</ref>

7% of Queenborough and Halfway residents aged 16-74 had a Bachelor's degree or higher, compared to 20% nationally.<ref name="Statistics.gov.uk">{{cite web | title = Neighbourhood Statistics | publisher = Statistics.gov.uk | url = http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadHome.do;jsessionid=ac1f930bce6a711447e60ba4446bb56c21648d42c51.e38PbNqOa3qRe38OaNeKahqMai1ynknvrkLOlQzNp65In0?bhcp=1 | accessdate = 2007-03-29 }}</ref>

==Economy==
A modern pharmaceutical factory and laboratories, and a steel rolling mill are among the more recent developments, but the mill has suffered greatly as a result of the restrictions in place by the American steel trade. Considerable unemployment is expected locally.

As of the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 UK census]], the economic activity of residents aged 16–74 of Queenborough and its neighbouring villages of Minster-on-Sea, [[Rushenden]] and Halfway Houses was 42.0% in [[Full time|full-time]] employment, 12.7% in [[Part time|part-time]] employment, 7.1% [[self-employed]], 3.4% [[unemployed]], 1.5% [[student]]s with jobs, 3.0% students without jobs, 14.6% retired, 8.0% [[Homemaker|looking after home or family]], 5.3% permanently sick or [[disabled]] and 2.4% economically inactive for other reasons. The unemployment rate of 3.40% was similar to the national rate of 3.35%.<ref name="Statistics.gov.uk"/>

The industry of employment of residents was 24% manufacturing, 16% retail, 9% construction, 9% real estate, 10% transport & [[communications]], 7% health & [[social work]], 7% [[public administration]], 5% education, 4% hotels & restaurants, 2% finance, 1% agriculture and 3% other community, social or personal services. Compared to national figures, the town had a relatively high percentage of workers in manufacturing, construction, public administration and transport & communications, and a relatively low percentage in agriculture, health & social work, education, finance and real estate.<ref name="Statistics.gov.uk"/>

==Sources==
*J C Varker (www)
*'Queenborough and its oysters', Geoffrey Hufton. (Bygone Kent Vol.3, No 7)
*''Sheppey Gazette''
*[http://www.swale.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=3142 Population figures]

==See also==
[[Queenborough (UK Parliament constituency)]]

==External link==
*[http://queenborough.freeservers.com/ Queenborough]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Swale}}
{{Kent}}
[[Category:Towns in Kent]]

[[nl:Queenborough]]

Boston Post Road

2007-09-08T06:18:17Z

SQL: SQL/Reflist cleanup project; you can help!

The '''Boston Post Road''' was a system of roads from [[New York City]] to [[Boston, Massachusetts]], containing some of the first major highways in the [[United States]]. It began as a path to deliver the post using [[post riders]] (the first ride to lay out the Upper Post Road starting [[January 22]], [[1673]]), and developed into a wagon, or [[stagecoach|stage]] [[road]] in later colonial times. During the 19th century, pieces of the road were taken over and improved by [[turnpike]] companies. In the 1910s and 1920s, the Lower Post Road alignment (and realignments made to the route) was a [[National Auto Trail]] known as the Boston Post Road. Large sections of the various routes are still given the name Boston Post Road, much of it is now [[U.S. Route 1]].

Mileposts were measured from the intersection of [[Broadway (New York City)|Broadway]] and [[Wall Street]] in New York (one block west of [[Federal Hall]]) and from the old Boston border on [[Washington Street (Boston)|Washington Street]] near the [[Massachusetts Turnpike]].

The three major alignments were the Lower Post Road (now [[U.S. Route 1]] along the shore and through [[Providence, Rhode Island]]), the Upper Post Road (now [[U.S. Route 5|US 5]] and [[U.S. Route 20|US 20]] from [[New Haven, Connecticut]] via [[Springfield, Massachusetts]]), and the Middle Post Road (which split from the Upper Road in [[Hartford, Connecticut]], and ran diagonally to Boston via [[Pomfret, Connecticut]]).

In some towns, the area near the Boston Post Road has been placed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]], since it was often the first road in the area, and buildings sprung up along it. The [[Boston Post Road Historic District|Boston Post Road Historic District, including part of the road in Rye, New York]] has been designated a National Historic Landmark.

[[Image:Upper Post Road MP 8.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Milestone 8 on the Upper Post Road in [[Harvard Square]]]]
The Post Road is also famous for its [[milestone]]s from the 18th century, some installed as late as the time of [[Benjamin Franklin]] and many remaining to this day.

==New York==
[[Image:BPR NY map.png|thumb|right|300px|The Post Road in New York]]
===Manhattan===
Much of the route in [[Manhattan]], where it was known as Eastern Post Road, was abandoned between 1839 and 1844, when the current [[street grid]] was laid out as part of the [[Commissioners' Plan of 1811]].<ref>[http://www.forgotten-ny.com/streetnecrology/AveA/declassified.html Declassified 4-A: Fourth Avenue and Avenue A], accessed [[May 22]], [[2006]]</ref>The following sections of the road still exist:
*[[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]-Park Row -[[Bowery, Manhattan|The Bowery]]-[[Park Avenue (Manhattan)|Fourth Avenue]]-Broadway from [[Wall Street]] (the southern end of the Post Road) to [[Madison Square Park]]
*large gap through [[Midtown Manhattan]]
*[[St. Nicholas Avenue (Manhattan)|St. Nicholas Avenue]]-Broadway from [[110th Street (Manhattan)|110th Street]] to 228th Street (with a realignment near 145th Street)
*228th Street-Kingsbridge Avenue from Broadway to the old [[Kings Bridge]] over the [[Harlem River]]

These [[milestone]]s were once present in Manhattan:
*1 - [[Bowery (Manhattan)|The Bowery]], west side, south of [[Canal Street (Manhattan)|Canal Street]]
*2 - southwest corner of [[Astor Place (Manhattan)|Astor Place]] and [[Park Avenue (Manhattan)|Fourth Avenue]]
*3 - [[Madison Avenue (Manhattan)|Madison Avenue]] and [[26th Street (Manhattan)|26th Street]]
*4 - east side of [[Third Avenue, Manhattan|Third Avenue]], halfway between [[45th Street (Manhattan)|45th Street]] and [[46th Street (Manhattan)|46th Street]]
*5 - west side of [[Second Avenue, Manhattan|Second Avenue]] at [[62nd Street (Manhattan)|62nd Street]]
*6 - northwest corner of [[Third Avenue (Manhattan)|Third Avenue]] and [[81st Street (Manhattan)|81st Street]]
*7 - in [[Central Park]], west of [[Fifth Avenue (Manhattan)|Fifth Avenue]], between [[97th Street (Manhattan)|97th Street]] and [[98th Street (Manhattan)|98th Street]]
*8 - [[St. Nicholas Avenue (Manhattan)|St. Nicholas Avenue]], west side, between [[115th Street (Manhattan)|115th Street]] and [[116th Street (Manhattan)|116th Street]]
*9 - [[St. Nicholas Avenue (Manhattan)|St. Nicholas Avenue]], west side, opposite north line of [[133rd Street (Manhattan)|133rd Street]]
*10 - southwest corner of [[St. Nicholas Avenue (Manhattan)|St. Nicholas Avenue]] and [[153rd Street (Manhattan)|153rd Street]]
*11 - [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]], west side, near [[170th Street (Manhattan)|170th Street]] or [[171st Street (Manhattan)|171st Street]]
*12 - [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]], west side, at or near [[190th Street (Manhattan)|190th Street]]
*13 - at a point east of [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] between [[Academy Street (Manhattan)|Academy Street]] and [[204th Street (Manhattan)|204th Street]]
*14 - [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]], west side, in what is now the [[Harlem Ship Canal]]

===The Bronx===
In southwestern Westchester County, now [[The Bronx]], the Boston Post Road came off the [[Kingsbridge, Bronx|Kings Bridge]] and quickly turned east, with the [[Albany Post Road]] continuing north to [[Albany, New York]]. It passed over the [[Bronx River]] on the [[Williamsbridge, Bronx|Williams Bridge]], and left The Bronx on Bussing Avenue, becoming Kingsbridge Road in [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]]. In more detail, it used the following roads:
*Kingsbridge Avenue-230th Street-Broadway-231st Street
**[[Albany Post Road]] continued north on Albany Crescent
*Albany Crescent-Kingsbridge Terrace-Heath Avenue
*gap across [[Jerome Park Reservoir]]
*Van Cortlandt Avenue
*gap at [[Williamsbridge Reservoir]]
*Reservoir Place-Gun Hill Road-White Plains Road (southbound lanes)
*gap from near 217th Street to near 231st Street
*Bussing Avenue
*gap from Grace Avenue to De Reimer Avenue
*Bussing Place-Bussing Avenue

===Westchester County===
The Boston Post Road entered the modern [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]] on Kingsbridge Road, and turned north on Third Avenue-Columbus Avenue ([[New York State Highway 22|Route 22]]), forking off onto Colonial Place. It continued across Sandford Boulevard (Sixth Street) where there is no longer a road, and curved east and southeast around the hill, hitting Sandford Boulevard-Colonial Avenue at the [[Hutchinson River Parkway]] interchange. It then continued east on Colonial Avenue-Kings Highway, merging with [[U.S. Route 1]]. From there to the [[Connecticut]] border, the Post Road used US 1, except for several places, where Post Road used the following roads:
*The southbound side of US 1 through [[New Rochelle, New York|New Rochelle]]
*Old Boston Post Road north of downtown New Rochelle
*Old Post Road-Orienta Avenue south of downtown [[Mamaroneck (village), New York|Mamaroneck]]
*Mamaroneck Avenue-Prospect Avenue-Tompkins Avenue north of downtown Mamaroneck
*Old Post Road at [[Playland Parkway]]

==Upper Post Road==
[[Image:Boston Post Road map.png|400px|thumb|right|Routes of the Boston Post Road]]
The '''Upper Post Road''' was the most traveled of the three routes, being the furthest from the shore and thus having the fewest and shortest river crossings. It was also considered to have the best [[tavern]]s, which helped it remain the most popular. The Upper Post Road roughly corresponds to the alignment of [[U.S. Route 5]] from [[New Haven, Connecticut]], to [[Hartford]]; [[Connecticut Route 159]] from Hartford to [[Springfield, Massachusetts]]; [[U.S. Route 20]] from Springfield to [[Warren, Massachusetts|Warren]] (via [[Route 67 (Massachusetts)|Route 67]]); [[Massachusetts Route 9]] from Warren through [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] to [[Shrewsbury, Massachusetts|Shrewsbury]]; and [[U.S. Route 20]] from Shrewsbury to Boston.

===Connecticut===
;[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]]
;[[Wallingford, Connecticut|Wallingford]]
;[[Berlin, Connecticut|Berlin]]
;[[Wethersfield, Connecticut|Wethersfield]]
;[[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]]
;[[Windsor, Connecticut|Windsor]]
;[[Suffield, Connecticut|Suffield]]

===Massachusetts===
;[[Agawam, Massachusetts|Agawam]]
;[[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]]
;[[Palmer, Massachusetts|Palmer]]
;[[Warren, Massachusetts|Warren]]
;[[Brookfield, Massachusetts|Brookfield]]
;[[Leicester, Massachusetts|Leicester]]
;[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
;[[Shrewsbury, Massachusetts|Shrewsbury]]
;[[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]]
;[[Sudbury, Massachusetts|Sudbury]]
;[[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
;[[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]]
;[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
;[[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]]
;[[Roxbury, Massachusetts|Roxbury]]
;[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]

==Lower Post Road==
The '''Lower Post Road''' stayed near [[Long Island Sound]] into [[Rhode Island]], and then turned north through [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]] to Boston. This is now the best-known of the routes, though newer [[turnpike]] alignments are often known as the Boston Post Road. The Lower Post Road roughly corresponds to the original alignment of [[U.S. Route 1]] in eastern Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts.

===Connecticut===

;[[Stamford, Connecticut|Stamford]]
;[[Norwalk, Connecticut|Norwalk]]
;[[Bridgeport, Connecticut|Bridgeport]]
;[[Milford, Connecticut|Milford]]
;[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]]
;[[Old Saybrook, Connecticut|Old Saybrook]]
;[[New London, Connecticut|New London]]

===Rhode Island===
;[[Kingston, Rhode Island|Kingston]]
;[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]

===Massachusetts===
In [[Massachusetts]], the [[Norfolk and Bristol Turnpike]] was established in 1803 to build a straighter route between [[Pawtucket, Rhode Island|Pawtucket]] and [[Roxbury, Massachusetts|Roxbury]], mostly west of the Post Road. It is known as Washington Street in many of the towns it passes through. [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&hl=en&saddr=Washington+St+Plainville,+MA&daddr=Washington+St++South+Walpole,+MA+to%3AWashington+St+Norwood,+MA+to%3AWashington+St+Dedham,+MA+to%3AWashington+Str,+Boston,+ma&mrcr=0&sll=42.018182,-71.277237&sspn=0.329033,0.641327&ie=UTF8&ll=42.167475,-71.207199&spn=0.32826,0.641327&z=11&om=1] Due to its avoidance of built-up areas, the southern half of this road was little-used. In addition, another well-used route passed west of this turnpike along current [[Massachusetts Route 1A|Route 1A]].

;[[South Attleboro, Massachusetts|South Attleboro]]
The Post Road entered Massachusetts into the town of [[Attleboro, Massachusetts|Attleboro]] along Newport Avenue ([[Massachusetts Route 1A|Route 1A]]) through the settlement of South Attleboro. It continued northeast on Newport Avenue along [[Massachusetts Route 123|Route 123]], splitting to the north (staying with Newport Avenue) to cross into North Attleborough.

;[[North Attleborough, Massachusetts|North Attleborough]]
South of North Attleborough center, the old road is known as Old Post Road. The old road crossed the turnpike (now [[US 1]]) just south of the intersection with [[Massachusetts Route 120|Route 120]], forming a small curve before merging with the turnpike north of the intersection. This curved alignment is now gone, so traffic must use US 1. Additionally, US 1 leaves the turnpike at the [[Massachusetts Route 120|Route 120]] intersection to bypass North Attleborough center on [[East Washington Street (North Attleborough)|East Washington Street]].

The Lower Post Road passed through North Attleborough Center on [[Washington Street (North Attleborough)|Washington Street]], later used as part of the turnpike. Another short curved alignment still exists to the west of Washington Street north of the center. Just north of this, the route crosses the [[Ten Mile River]] and then enters a complicated five-way intersection with [[US 1]] and [[Massachusetts Route 1A|Route 1A]]. US 1 straight ahead is the old turnpike, and US 1 to the right was built in the 1930s. The Post Road went to the right onto Elmwood Street. The fork to the left onto Route 1A through [[Plainville, Massachusetts|Plainville]] center was an alternate route to Boston.

Elmwood Street enters the town of [[Plainville, Massachusetts|Plainville]], where it becomes Messenger Street. The road merges with [[Massachusetts Route 106|Route 106]] before crossing [[Massachusetts Route 152|Route 152]] at [[Wilkins Four Corners, Massachusetts|Wilkins Four Corners]] and entering [[Foxborough, Massachusetts|Foxborough]].

There is a road passing from the town of [[Sharon, Massachusetts|Sharon]] into [[Walpole, Massachusetts|East Walpole]] which is known as Old Post Road, which continues north as Pleasant Street into [[Norwood, Massachusetts|Norwood]]. [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&hl=en&saddr=Washington+Str,+North+Attleboro,+MA&daddr=Washington+St++South+Walpole,+MA+to%3AWashington+St+Norwood,+MA+to%3AWashington+St+Dedham,+MA+to%3AWashington+Str,+Boston,+ma&mrcr=3&sll=42.134386,-71.244278&sspn=0.328431,0.641327&ie=UTF8&om=1&ll=42.169511,-71.205826&spn=0.328249,0.641327&z=11]

;[[Sharon, Massachusetts|Sharon]]
;[[East Walpole, Massachusetts|East Walpole]] (part of [[Walpole, Massachusetts|Walpole]])
;[[Norwood, Massachusetts|Norwood]]
;[[Islington, Massachusetts|Islington]] (part of [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]])
;[[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]]
;[[Roxbury, Massachusetts|Roxbury]]
;[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]

==Middle Post Road==
The '''Middle Post Road''' was the shortest and fastest route, but was less populated and thus less traveled. It split from the Upper Post Road in Hartford roughly along current [[U.S. Route 44]] and [[Route 31 (Connecticut)|Route 31]] to [[Willimantic, Connecticut|Willimantic]] (this was the original alignment of [[U.S. Route 6 (Connecticut)|U.S. Route 6]]). It continues northeast along [[Route 66 (Connecticut)|Route 66]] and [[U.S. Route 6 (Connecticut)|U.S. Route 6]], then along [[Route 198 (Connecticut)|Route 198]] and [[Route 244 (Connecticut)|Route 244]] to [[Pomfret, Connecticut|Pomfret]]. From Pomfret, it headed into Massachusetts via the town of [[Thompson, Connecticut|Thompson]], along Thompson Road. In Massachusetts, the Middle Post Road runs along sections of modern [[Route 16 (Massachusetts)|Route 16]] to [[Mendon, Massachusetts|Mendon]], then through [[Bellingham, Massachusetts|Bellingham]], and then via [[Route 109 (Massachusetts)|Route 109]] from [[Medway, Massachusetts|Medway]] to [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]] where it meets with the Lower Post Road (old U.S. Route 1) heading into Boston.

===Connecticut===
;[[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]]
;[[Manchester, Connecticut|Manchester]]
;[[Bolton, Connecticut|Bolton]]
;[[Coventry, Connecticut|Coventry]]
;[[Willimantic, Connecticut|Willimantic]]
;[[Phoenixville, Connecticut|Phoenixville]]
;[[Pomfret, Connecticut|Pomfret]]
;[[Putnam, Connecticut|Putnam]]
;[[Thompson, Connecticut|Thompson]]

===Massachusetts===
;[[Douglas, Massachusetts|Douglas]]
Crosses the MA state line into the town of Douglas as Southwest Main Street. This section passes through Douglas State Forest and is one of the most remote sections of the route that is still open as a public road. A 1 mile section here was still unpaved until around 2002, when the last part was finally paved. At the center of Douglas, the Post Road follows [[Route 16 (Massachusetts)|MA Route 16]] east to East Douglas. Where Route 16 turns south, the Post Road continues east as Northeast Main Street, which leads to the Uxbridge town line.

;[[Uxbridge, Massachusetts|Uxbridge]]
Entering Uxbridge, the name of the road changes to Hartford Avenue. Hartford Avenue is a major cross-town road and follows the route of the Post Road for its entire length. From the Douglas town line to the intersection of [[Route 122 (Massachusetts)|MA Route 122]] it is known as Hartford Avenue West, from Route 122 to the Mendon town line, it is known as Hartford Avenue East. The original stone arch bridge over the Blackstone Canal is still in use today.

;[[Mendon, Massachusetts|Mendon]]
Enters the town from Uxbridge as Hartford Avenue West. Follow that road to Route 16, which follows the route of the Post Road for approx 1/2 mile east to Maple Street, which follows the route into Mendon town center. From there the Post Road followed a Providence-Worcester post road south out of the village. This section is now part of Providence Street. About 1 mile south of the town center the roads split. The Post Road heads east, now known as Hartford Avenue East. This road follows the original Post Road route to the Bellingham town line.
Historic milestone 37 is still located along the route.[http://www.preserveamerica.gov/6-25-04PAcommunity-mendonMA.html]

;[[Bellingham, Massachusetts|Bellingham]]
Enters from Mendon as Hartford Avenue. [[Route 126 (Massachusetts)|MA Route 126]] joins the road shortly before crossing over [[Interstate 495 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 495]]. Route 126 follows the Post Road route the remainder of the way to the Medway town line.

;[[Medway, Massachusetts|Medway]]
;[[Millis, Massachusetts|Millis]]
;[[Medfield, Massachusetts|Medfield]]
;[[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]]

==See also==
*[[National Auto Trail]]
*[[Albany Post Road]]
*[[List of roads and highways]]

==External links==
{{commons|Boston Post Road}}
*[http://www.westbrookfield.org/oldpostroad.htm West Brookfield milestones] (upper 67-69)
*[http://www.samnet.net/esso/Fmm.htm Warren milestones] (upper 70-75)
*[http://www.marion.ohio-state.edu/fac/schul/trails/national/bostpost.html North American Auto Trails]
*[http://nypress.com/15/42/news&columns/oldsmoke.cfm New York Press - Post Road]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*''From Path to Highway: The Story of the Boston Post Road'' by Gail Gibbons, ISBN 0-690-04514-X, HarperCollins 1986
*''Horseback on the Boston Post Road'', by Laurie Lawlor, ISBN 0-7434-3626-1, Aladdin, 2002
*[[commons:Boston Post Road#Maps|1789 strip map from New York to Stratford]] (0-73)

[[Category:Auto trails in the United States]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in the United States]]
[[Category:History of Connecticut]]
[[Category:History of Massachusetts]]
[[Category:History of New England]]
[[Category:History of New York]]
[[Category:New England Interstate Routes]]
[[Category:Roads in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Roads in New York]]
[[Category:Transportation in Connecticut]]
[[Category:U.S. Route 1]]
[[Category:U.S. Route 20]]
[[Category:Transportation in Fairfield County, Connecticut]]

Booti-Booti-Nationalpark

2007-09-08T06:17:21Z

SQL: SQL/Reflist cleanup project; you can help!

'''Booti Booti''' is a national park in [[New South Wales]] ([[Australia]]), 222 km northeast of [[Sydney, Australia|Sydney]].

The first European to inhabit the area was a Captain J. Gogerly who sailed from [[Forster, New South Wales|Forster]] to [[Sydney]] with loads of timber. He and some of his family are buried in the park. The park was declared a state recreation area from [[30 September]] [[1977]], then a national park in [[1992]].<ref>[http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/parks.nsf/ParkContent/N0081?OpenDocument&ParkKey=N0081&Type=Xk Booti Booti National Park Culture and History page] at the [[National Parks and Wildlife Service (New South Wales)|]] website</ref>

====Fact sheet====
*''Area:'' 16 km²
*''[[geographic coordinates|Coordinates]]'': {{coor dms|32|14|40|S|152|32|36|E|type:landmark_region:AU}}
*''Date of establishment:'' April 24, 1992
*''Managing authorities:'' [[National Parks and Wildlife Service (New South Wales)|National Parks and Wildlife Service]]
*''[[World Conservation Union|IUCN]] category:'' II

==See also==
* [[Cape Hawke]], which lies within the park
* [[Protected areas of New South Wales (Australia)]]

== External links ==

*[http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/parks.nsf/ParkContent/N0081?OpenDocument&ParkKey=N0081&Type=Xk Booti Booti National Park page] at the [[National Parks and Wildlife Service (New South Wales)|National Parks and Wildlife Service]] website
[[Category:National parks of New South Wales]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{NewSouthWales-protected-area-stub}}

[[es:Parque Nacional Booti Booti]]
[[nl:Nationaal park Booti Booti]]

L.F. Wade International Airport

2007-09-08T05:43:27Z

SQL: SQL/Reflist cleanup project; you can help!

{{Infobox Airport
| name = Bermuda International Airport
| nativename = L.F. Wade International Airport
| nativename-a =
| nativename-r =
| image = BDA_logo3.jpg
| image-width =
| caption =
| IATA = BDA
| ICAO = TXKF
| type = Public
| owner =
| operator = Department of Airport Operations
| city-served = [[Bermuda]]
| location = [[St. David's Island, Bermuda|St. David's Island]]
| elevation-f = 12
| elevation-m = 4
| coordinates = {{Coord|32|21|51|N|064|40|43|W|type:airport|display=inline}}
| website = [http://www.bermudaairport.com/ www.bermudaairport.com]
| metric-elev =
| metric-rwy =
| r1-number = 12/30
| r1-length-f = 9,713
| r1-length-m = 2,961
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt]]
| stat-year =
| stat1-header =
| stat1-data =
| stat2-header =
| stat2-data =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bermuda International Airport''' {{airport codes|BDA|TXKF}}, also known as '''L.F. Wade International Airport''', is an [[airport]] in [[Bermuda]], an [[British overseas territory|overseas territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]] in the [[North Atlantic Ocean]].[[Image:BDA aerial.jpg|thumb|left|250px| Aerial view of Airport]]

==History==
The airfield began life as [[USAAF, Fort Bell 1941-1948|Kindley Field]], a joint [[United States Army Air Forces|US Army Air Forces]] (USAAF)/[[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) base, during the [[Second World War]]. The [[Royal Air Force, Bermuda, 1939-1945|RAF forces in Bermuda]] were withdrawn at the end of the War. The local RAF Commander, however, stayed on, on loan to the Bermuda Government, and converted the RAF facilities into the '''Civil Air Terminal''', operated by the local government. When the pre-War airport, a flying boat facility on [[Darrell's Island, Bermuda|Darrell's Island]], closed in 1948, Bermuda's air routes were taken over by land planes operating through the airfield, which by then was operated by the [[United States Air Force]], as [[Kindley Air Force Base]]. In 1970, the field was transferred to the [[United States Navy]], which operated it as [[USN NAS Bermuda, Kindley Field, 1970-1995|US Naval Air Station, Bermuda]] until 1995 when the US Navy terminated its 99-year lease and the field was transferred to the Bermuda Government, which now operates the airport as part of the Ministry of Tourism & Transport.

The US Navy was not required to meet international civil air standards, despite the operation of civil airlines to the base. The Bermuda Government, however, was required to meet these standards very quickly on assuming control, and at some expense. This involved changes to the airfield lighting, erecting new fences, levelling anything over a certain height and within a certain distance of the runway (including the former base commander's residence, and the hill it stood on), and other changes.

The airport is located at the west of [[St. David's Island, Bermuda|St. David's Island]], and to the south of [[Ferry Reach, Bermuda|Ferry Reach]]. This places it in the ''East End'' of the archipelago, several miles from the current capital, [[Hamilton, Bermuda|Hamilton]].

The airfield was constructed between 1941 and 1943 by levelling Longbird Island and several smaller islands, and filling in the waterways between them and St. David's Island. This created a landmass contiguous with St. David's, and the airfield is typically described as being in, or on, St. David's. The field originally had three runways, but only the longest is still in use. One of the others, most of which lies on a narrow peninsula, which juts into [[Castle Harbour, Bermuda|Castle Harbour]], has been blocked by munitions bunkers that were built at the harbor end. There are further bunkers on the west side of the peninsula, and the US Navy had referred to the area as the ''Weapons Pier''. Airport workers, today, refer to it as ''The Finger''. The other former runway is used today as a taxiway to connect aprons one and two to the active runway, and the taxiway which parallels it. This was last used as a runway in 1978. It has its own former taxiway parallelling it, which now serves as a dispersal area for visiting aircraft.

On [[16 April]], [[2007]], the airport was formally renamed "The L.F. Wade International Airport" in honour of L. Frederick Wade, a past leader of the incumbent Governing party (the [[Progressive Labour Party (Bermuda)|Progressive Labour Party]]) when it was in opposition.<ref>[http://www.theroyalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d748af30030005&sectionId=60]</ref> The name was criticised by the opposition [[United Bermuda Party]] for being politically biased.<ref>[http://www.theroyalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?sectionId=60&articleId=7d7483b3003000e]</ref>
[[Image:BDA Terminal.jpg|thumb|right|250px| Aerial view of Terminal]]

==Current operations==
In 2006, the airport handled almost one million passengers and had 258 airline flight arrivals and departures weekly during the peak June - August summer season.

The former NATO hangar built in the early 1990s is now used for the airport's growing corporate jet traffic. Because of Bermuda's considerable distance from the nearest land mass, the airport's use by General Aviation aircraft is limited to jets and long-range turboprops. Only jet fuel is available.

The airport offers [[United States border preclearance#Caribbean and Atlantic Ocean|U.S. Customs and Immigration preclearance]], which means U.S.-bound passengers clear Customs in Bermuda; flights arriving in the U.S. from Bermuda are thus treated as domestic flights.

Air traffic control service is provided by [[Serco Group|BAS-Serco]] under contract to the DAO. The control tower is located on the north side of the airport (not to be confused with the old tower located at the terminal building) and provides service for most of the day and night. Approach, departure and enroute traffic control in the surrounding Oceanic Sector is provided by [[New York Air Route Traffic Control Center]] (ZNY), under an agreement between the U.S. Government's [[Federal Aviation Administration]] and the United Kingdom. The BDA tower controller and ZNY center controller are always in close contact. Remote radio transmitters and air traffic radar coverage at the airport also link Bermuda and New York Center.

A modern [[Doppler radar|Doppler Weather Radar]] with a 150 mi. range was built by the DAO in 2005.
Navaids at the airport, such as the [[Instrument Landing System]] (ILS) and VOR ([[VHF omnidirectional range]]) are owned by the DAO but maintained by the FAA.
[[Image:BDA ramp.jpg|thumb|right| Terminal ramp]]

==Airport agencies==
* [http://www.bermudaairport.com Department of Airport Operations (DAO)] the airport operating authority - part of the Ministry of Tourism & Transport.
* [http://www.dca.gov.bm Department of Civil Aviation (DCA)] responsible for aircraft registration, safety regulation, and accident investigation - part of the Ministry of Tourism & Transport.
* Bermuda Immigration
* HM Customs
* US Customs and Border Protection, pre-clears passengers on most flights to USA.
* Airport Rescue Firefighting (ARFF), operated by Bermuda Fire Service from 2007
* Bermuda Fire Service, East-end station sits astride perimeter, and provides support to ARFF.
* [[Airport Security Police (Bermuda)|Airport Security Police]], enforces ''airside'' regulations and security under contract to the DAO.
* [[Bermuda Police Service]], enforces ''landside'' parking and traffic regulations, and holds arrested persons.
* [http://www.weather.bm Bermuda Weather Service], operated by Serco under contract to the DAO.

==Airlines and destinations==
*[[Air Canada]] (Halifax, Toronto-Pearson)
*[[American Airlines]] (Miami, New York-JFK)
*[[British Airways]] (London-Gatwick)
*[[Continental Airlines]] (Newark)
*[[Delta Air Lines]] (Atlanta, Boston, New York-LaGuardia)
*[[JetBlue Airways]] (Boston [seasonal], New York-JFK)
*[[United Airlines]] (Chicago-O'Hare) [seasonal]
*[[US Airways]] (Boston [seasonal], Charlotte [seasonal], Orlando [seasonal], Philadelphia, Washington-Reagan)
*[[USA 3000 Airlines]] (Baltimore/Washington)
*[[Zoom Airlines Limited]] (London-Gatwick, New York-JFK)

==See also==
*[[Royal Air Force, Bermuda, 1939-1945]]
*[[Hurricane Fabian|Hurricane Fabian, Sept. 5, 2003]]
*[[Transport in Bermuda]]
*[[The Causeway, Bermuda|The Causeway]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.bermudaairport.com/ Bermuda International Airport] (official site)
* {{WAD|TXKF}}
*[http://www.bermuda-online.org/milquit.htm Bermuda Online: American military bases in Bermuda 1941 to 1995.]
* [http://www.weather.bm/radarLarge.asp Bermuda International Airport weather radar] – real-time display
* Satellite image from [http://terraserver.com/imagery/image_gx.asp?provider_id=340&res=15&cpx=-64.678703&cpy=32.364042 TerraServer]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Airports in Bermuda]]

[[nl:Internationale luchthaven Bermuda]]
[[ja:バミューダ国際空港]]

Ben Nighthorse Campbell

2007-09-08T05:28:55Z

SQL: SQL/Reflist cleanup project; you can help!

{{Infobox Senator | name=Ben Nighthorse Campbell
| nationality=American
| image name=BenNCampbell.jpg
| jr/sr=United States Senator
| state=[[Colorado]]
| party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] 1987–1995<br> [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] 1995–present
| term_start=[[January 3]], [[1993]]
| term_end=[[January 3]], [[2005]]
| preceded=[[Tim Wirth]]
| succeeded=[[Ken Salazar]]
| state2=[[Colorado]]
| district2=[[Colorado's 3rd congressional district|3rd]]
| term_start2=[[January 3]], [[1987]]
| term_end2=[[January 3]], [[1993]]
| preceded2=[[Michael Strang]]
| succeeded2=[[Scott McInnis]]
| date of birth={{birth date|1933|4|13|mf=y}}
| place of birth= [[Auburn, California|Auburn]], [[California]]
| dead=alive
| date of death=
| place of death=
| spouse=Linda Price
| religion=Unspecified<ref>http://adherents.com/people/pc/Ben_Nighthorse_Campbell.html</ref>
}}
'''Ben Nighthorse Campbell''' (born [[April 13]], [[1933]]) is an [[Politics of the United States|American politician]]. He was a [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] from [[Colorado]] from [[1993]] until [[2005]] and was for some time the only [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] serving in the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]]. Campbell was a [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] from [[1987]] to 1993, when he was sworn into office as a Senator following his election on [[November 3]], [[1992]]. Campbell also serves as one of forty-four members of the Council of Chiefs of the [[Cheyenne|Northern Cheyenne]] Nation, which enrolled him in [[1980]].

Originally a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], Campbell [[party switching|switched]] to the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] in [[1995]]. Reelected in [[U.S. Senate election, 1998|1998]], Campbell announced in [[March 2004]] that he would not run for reelection to a third term in November of that year. He expressed interest in running for [[Governor of Colorado]] in [[2006]]. However, on [[January 4]], [[2006]], he announced that he would not enter the race. His Senate seat was won by Democrat [[Ken Salazar]] in the [[U.S. Senate election, 2004|November 2004 election]].

==Early life, military service and family==
[[Image:Airman Campbell.png|100px|left|thumb|Airman Campbell.]]
Campbell was born in [[Auburn, California|Auburn]], [[California]]. His mother, Mary Vierra, was a [[Portugual|Portuguese]] immigrant who had come to the U.S. at age six (according to Campbell, his maternal grandfather had entered the United States illegally: [http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/1690263/detail.html], accessed at 2300 UTC on 18 May 2007). There Vierra's family settled in the large Portuguese community near [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]]. When Vierra contracted [[tuberculosis]] in her youth, she met Albert Campbell at the hospital. Campbell was at the hospital for [[alcoholism]] treatment. The couple married in [[1929]], and Ben Nighthorse Campbell was born in 1933.

During Campbell's childhood, his father continued to have problems with alcoholism, often leaving the family for weeks and months at a time. His mother continued to have health problems, with [[tuberculosis]], a highly contagious disease that limited the contact she could have with her children. These problems led to Ben's and his sister Alberta's (who died an apparent suicide at age 44) spending much of their early lives in [[orphanage]]s.

Campbell attended [[Placer High School]], dropping out in [[1951]] to join the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]]. He was stationed in [[Korea]] during the [[Korean War]]; he left the Air Force in [[1953]] with the rank of Airman Second Class, as well as the [[Korean Service Medal]] and the [[Air Medal]].

Campbell was married and divorced before he married the former Linda Price in [[1966]]. The couple have two children, Colin Campbell and Shanan Longfellow.

==Education and Olympic competition==
After returning to the [[United States]], Campbell attended [[San Jose State University|San Jose State College]] (now San Jose State University), where he joined the [[Yosh Uchida]] coached [[judo]] team, a sport he first participated in as a teenager. He received a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[physical education]] and [[fine arts]] in [[1957]]. Campbell later studied [[Culture of Japan|Japanese culture]] at [[Meiji University]] in [[Tokyo]] as a special research student from [[1960]] to [[1964]]. While in [[Japan]], Campbell continued to return to the United States to compete in judo competitions, winning three U.S. national championships and a gold medal at the [[Judo at the 1963 Pan American Games|1963 Pan American Games judo competition]].

Campbell was the captain of the U.S. judo team in the [[1964 Summer Olympics]], competing in the open weightclass. Campbell won his first round match, but seriously injured his knee during his second round match, ending his judo career. Campbell was chosen to carry the [[Flag of the United States|American flag]] during the closing ceremonies, after swimmer [[Don Schollander]] was unable to attend. Campbell remained involved in judo as an instructor, and wrote the judo training manual ''Championship Judo Training Drills'', published in [[1974]].

==Political career==

Campbell later became a self-employed jewelry designer, as well as a rancher and horse trainer, in his adopted hometown of [[Ignacio, Colorado|Ignacio]], Colorado. His jewelry has been displayed at the [[National Museum of the American Indian]].

In [[1982]], he ran for and won a surprise victory to the [[Colorado General Assembly]], where he served for four years. In November [[1986]], Campbell was elected to the [[U.S. House of Representatives]]. He took office in January 1987 and held the seat until he was sworn in as Senator six years later. In 1995, he switched his affiliation from the Democratic to the Republican party. He retired in [[2004]], and [[Ken Salazar]] was elected to replace him in the US Senate.

In March 2006, Campbell was mentioned as a potential replacement as [[Secretary of Interior]], replacing [[Gale Norton]]. If appointed, Campbell would have been the first Native American to serve in the [[United States Cabinet]], overseeing the agency that oversees the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] and the [[National Park Service]]. Instead, [[Idaho]] Governor [[Dirk Kempthorne]] received the nomination.

Cambell said he would return campaign contributions but did not and Phil Perrington called him a liar at a meeting in Pueblo, CO.{{fact|date=August 2007}}

==Quotations==
*"A lot of senators are so worried about convention and how they look that they wouldn't let their hair down if they had any."
*"No longer will Native American culture be bottled up in collections and hidden from so many people in the world who wish to share them." — ''Speaking at a groundbreaking ceremony for the [[National Museum of the American Indian]]''
*"The recognition they're given now is richly deserved and long overdue." — ''Referring to the Navajo [[Code talker|Code Talkers]] who created and employed the famously unbreakable code used by the [[U.S. Marine Corps]] during [[World War II]]''

==External links==
*[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000077 Congressional biography]
*[http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/olympics/article/0,1299,DRMN_261_3088124,00.html Games were bittersweet memory — ''Rocky Mountain News'' article]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{start box}}
{{USRepSuccessionBox
| state=Colorado
| district=3
| before=[[Michael Strang]] (R)
| after=[[Scott McInnis]] (R)
|years=1987–1993}}
{{U.S. Senator box
| state=Colorado
| class=3
| before=[[Tim Wirth]] (D)
| after=[[Ken Salazar]] (D)
| years=1993–2005
| alongside=[[Hank Brown]] (R), [[Wayne Allard]] (R)}}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Campbell, Ben Nighthorse}}
[[Category:United States Senators from Colorado]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Colorado]]
[[Category:Native American leaders]]
[[Category:Judoka at the 1964 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic judoka of the United States]]
[[Category:American judoka]]
[[Category:United States Air Force airmen]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Korean War]]
[[Category:American ranchers]]
[[Category:Cheyenne tribe]]
[[Category:People from Placer County, California]]
[[Category:People from Colorado]]
[[Category:San José State University alumni]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[ca:Ben Nighthorse Campbell]]
[[es:Ben Nighthorse Campbell]]

Anne Carson

2007-09-07T19:49:08Z

SQL: Article had <ref> tags, but, no reflist. Fixing, see User:SQL/Reflist.

{{Infobox Writer
| name = Anne Carson
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|6|21}}
| birth_place = {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Toronto, Ontario]], [[Canada]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = poet
| nationality = [[Canadian]]
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| debut_works = [[Eros the Bittersweet]]
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Anne Carson''' is a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[poet]], essayist, and translator, as well as a [[professor]] of [[Classics]] and [[comparative literature]] at the [[University of Michigan]]. For many years she lived in [[Montreal]] and taught at [[McGill University]]. Reticent about her private life, the biography published in current editions of her books reads, simply, "Anne Carson lives in Canada."

Though distinguished, Carson's academic training did not run a straight path. The fascination with classical literature which dominates her work began to take root in high school. There, a Latin instructor offered to initate her into the world and language of Ancient Greece and tutored the future poet privately <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=758|title=Anne Carson, online biography}}</ref>. Enrolling at [[University of St. Michael's College|St. Michael's College]] at the [[University of Toronto]], she left twice--at the end of her first and second years. Carson, disconcerted by curricular constraints (particularly by a required course on [[Milton]]), defected to the world of graphic arts for a short time <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=758|title=Anne Carson, online biography}}</ref>. She did eventually return to the University of Toronto where she completed her B.A. in 1974, her M.A. in 1975 and her Ph.D. in 1981 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/01spring/carson.asp|title=University of Toronto Magazine}}</ref>.

A professor of the classics, with background in [[classical language]]s, comparative literature, [[anthropology]], history, and [[commercial art]], Carson blends ideas and themes from many fields in her writing. She frequently references, modernizes, and translates [[Greek mythology]]. She has published ten books [[as of 2006]], all of which blend the forms of [[poetry]], [[essay]], [[prose]], [[criticism]], [[translation]], [[dramatic dialogue]], [[fiction]], and [[non-fiction]].

Anne Carson is a '''Anna-Maria Kellen Fellow''' at the [http://www.americanacademy.de American Academy in Berlin], Germany, for Fall 2007.

==Selected works==
Odi et Amo Ergo Sum, PhD Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1986.
*''Eros the Bittersweet'' (1986) [[Princeton University Press]]
*''Glass, Irony, and God'' (1992) [[New Directions]] Publishing Company
*''Short Talks'' (1992) Brick Books
*''Plainwater'' (1995) [[Knopf]]
*''[[Autobiography of Red]]: A Novel in Verse'' (1998) Knopf
*''Economy of the Unlost: Reading [[Simonides of Ceos]] with [[Paul Celan]]'' (1999) Princeton University Press
*''Men in the Off Hours'' (2001) Knopf
*''The Beauty of the Husband'' (2002) Knopf
*''If Not, Winter: Fragments of [[Sappho]]'' (2002) Knopf
*''Decreation: Poetry, Essays, [[Decreation/Fight Cherries|Opera]]'' (2005) Knopf
*''Grief Lessons: Four Plays by [[Euripides]]'' (translation) (2006) New York Review of Books Classics

==Selected awards and honors ==
*[[Lannan Literary Award]] (1996)
*[[Pushcart Prize]] (1997)
*[[Guggenheim Fellowship]] (1998)
*[[MacArthur Fellowship]] (2000)
*[[Griffin Poetry Prize]] (2001)
*[[T.S. Eliot Poetry Prize]] (2001)

==External links==
* [http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=1114] Poems by Anne Carson at PoetryFoundation.org
* [http://www.griffinpoetryprize.com/shortlist_2001.php?t=1#a1] Griffin Poetry Prize biography
* [http://www.griffinpoetryprize.com/see_hear_poetry.php?t=10] Griffin Poetry Prize reading, including audio clip
* [http://www.slate.com/id/2095317/] Hermetic Hotties/What is Anne Carson doing on The L Word? by Meghan O'Rourke, ''Slate''
* [http://www.poetrymagazines.org.uk/magazine/record.asp?id=14974#] Criticism of Carson's poetry in "Subduing the reader" by Laurie Smith in ''Magma'', No. 23, Summer 2002
* [http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=758] Anne Carson Biography by Ian Rae.
* [http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/01spring/carson.asp] Classic Carson by Val Ross in U of T Magazine, Spring 2001.
* [http://www.kcrw.com/etc/programs/bw/bw970807anne_carson] Anne Carson interview on KCRW's "Bookworm," August 7, 1997, discussing the roots of her writing, particularly in "Plainwater" and "Glass, Irony and God"

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*Ian Rae, University of British Columbia. "[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=758 Carson, Anne.]" The Literary Encyclopedia. [[27 December]] [[2001]]. The Literary Dictionary Company. [[8 December]] [[2005]].


{{Persondata
|NAME= Carson, Anne
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Canadian poet
|DATE OF BIRTH= [[June 21]], [[1950]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Toronto, Ontario]], [[Canada]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carson, Anne}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian literary critics]]
[[Category:Canadian poets]]
{{Category:Translators to English]]
[[Category:MacArthur Fellows]]
[[Category:McGill University faculty]]
[[Category:Ontario writers]]
[[Category:People from Toronto]]
[[Category:Canadian women writers]]
[[Category:University of Michigan faculty]]

[[es:Anne Carson]]
[[fr:Anne Carson]]
[[ru:Карсон, Энн]]

Arkaim

2007-09-06T00:16:57Z

SQL: Article had <ref> tags, but, no reflist. Fixing, see User:SQL/Reflist.

{{CoorHeader|52|37|37|N|59|33|40|E|type:landmark}}

'''Arkaim''' is an archaeological site situated in the Southern [[Urals]] steppe, 8.2 km north-to-northwest of Amurskiy, and 2.3 km south-to-southeast of Alexandronvskiy, two villages in the [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], [[Russia]], just to the north from the [[Kazakhstan]]i border. [[Image:Arkaim.jpg|right|frame|General view of Arkaim before excavations. See a scheme [http://lah.ru/fotoarh/megalit/europe/rusural/arkplan.jpg here].]]

==The site==

The site is generally dated on the [[17th century BC]]. Earlier dates, up to the 20th century BC, have been proposed. It was a settlement of the [[Sintashta-Petrovka]] culture, associated with ancient [[Bulgars]] according to Zdanovich.

The site was discovered in [[1987]] by a team of [[Chelyabinsk]] scientists who were preparing the area to be flooded in order to create a [[reservoir (water)|reservoir]], and examined in rescue excavations led by Gennadii Zdanovich. At first their findings were ignored by Soviet authorities, who planned to flood the site as they had flooded [[Sarkel]] earlier, but the attention attracted by news of the discovery forced the Soviet government to revoke its plans for flooding the area. It was designated a cultural reservation in 1991, and in [[May 2005]] the site was visited by [[President Putin]].

Although the settlement was burned and abandoned, much detail is preserved. Arkaim is similar in form but much better preserved than neighbouring [[Sintashta]], where the earliest [[chariot]] was unearthed. The site was protected by two circular walls. There was a central square, surrounded by two circles of dwellings separated by a street. The settlement covered ca. 20,000 square meters. The diameter of the enclosing wall was 160 m. It was built from earth packed into timber frames, and reinforced with unburned clay brick, with a thickness of 4-5 m. and a height of 5.5 m. The settlement was surrounded with a 2-meter-deep moat.

There are 4 entrances into the settlement through the outer and inner wall with the main entrance to the west. The dwellings were between 110 and 180 square meters in area. The outer ring of dwellings number 39 or 40, with entrances to a circular street in the middle of the settlement. The inner ring of dwellings number 27, arranged along the inner wall, with doors to the central square of 25 by 27 meters. The central street was drained by a covered channel. Zdanovich estimates that approximately 1500 to 2500 people could have lived in the settlement.

Surrounding Arkaim's walls, were arable fields, 130 to 140 metres by 45 metres, irrigated by a system of canals and ditches. Remains of [[millet]] and [[barley]] seeds were found.

The 17th century date suggests that the settlement was about co-eval to, or just post-dating, the [[Indo-Aryan migration]] into India and [[Mesopotamia]] (the [[Gandhara grave culture]] appearing in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] from ca. 1600 BC, the Indo-Aryan [[Mitanni]] rulers reached [[Anatolia]] before 1500 BC, both roughly 3,000 km removed from the Sintashta-Petrovka area), and that it was either an early Iranian culture, or an unknown branch of Indo-Iranian that did not survive into historical times.

==Speculations==
[[Image:Arqaim.jpg|thumb|300px|View of the excavated settlement in Arkaim.]]

Since its discovery, Arkaim has attracted public and media attention in Russia, from a broad range of the population, including [[esoteric]], [[New Age]] and [[pseudoscientific]] organizations. It is said to be the most enigmatic archaeological site within the territory of [[Russia]], and as with many archaeological discoveries, many conflicting interpretations have been put forward.

===Swastika City===

In order to gain publicity, the early investigators described Arkaim as "Swastika City", "Mandala City", and "the ancient capital of early [[Aryan]] civilization, as described in the [[Avesta]] and [[Veda]]s". The swastika description refers to the floor plan of the site, which (with some imagination) may appear similar to the [[swastika|swastika symbol]], albeit with rounded arms (similar to the ''[[lauburu]]'') attached to a central ring instead of a cross.

Some have compared it to Vara, the Avestan city of king [[Jamshid|Yima]] reflecting the model of universe. These claims aroused such media interest that [[National mysticism|National mysticism]] organizations (e.g., the [[Dragonland's Aryan Restoration Troops]]) claim Arkaim as an early homestead of the [[Aryan race]].

===Observatory===

The similarity of latitude, date, and size led some [[Archaeoastronomy|archaeoastronomists]] (Bystrushkin 2003) to compare Arkaim with [[Stonehenge]] in England. According to their claims, the Neolithic [[observatory]] at Stonehenge allowed for observation of 15 astronomical phenomena using 22 elements, whereas the contemporaneous observatory at Arkaim allowed for observation of 18 astronomical phenomena using 30 elements. The precision of measurements in Stonehenge is estimated at 10 arc-minutes to a degree, that in Arkaim being put at 1 arc-minute. Such a precision of astronomical observations was not repeated until the compilation of [[Almagest]] about 2 millennia later. The interpretation as an observatory for either Stonehenge or Arkaim is not universally accepted.

==References==
{{reflist}}
<div class="references-small">
*Jones-Bley, K.; Zdanovich, D. G. (eds.), ''Complex Societies of Central Eurasia from the 3rd to the 1st Millennium BC'', 2 vols, JIES Monograph Series Nos. 45, 46, Washington D.C. (2002), ISBN 0-941694-83-6, ISBN 0-941694-86-0.
</div>
<div class="references-small">
*Panel-Philippe, G.; Stone-Peter, G., ''The Constructed Past:Experimental Archeology, Education and the Public'', Routledge (July 1999)ISBN 0-415117-68-2.
</div>

==External links==
*[http://www.usu.ru/frames/?code=eng&whatsdoc=events/1999/Arkaim/ Ural State University invitation for conference]
*[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001123/112397e.pdf Archaeology and ethnic politics: the discovery of Arkaim]
*[http://www.csen.org/koryakova2/Korya.Sin.Ark.html General information]
*[http://www.krasn.ru/geoph/kochnev_228_CD.htm Magnetic phenomena in Arkaim]

[[Category:Archaeoastronomy]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Russia]]
[[Category:Bronze Age Europe]]
[[Category:Indo-Iranian peoples]]
[[Category:Eurasian nomads]]

[[nl:Arkaim]]
[[ru:Аркаим]]

Arkaim

2007-09-06T00:16:42Z

SQL: Article had <ref> tags, but, no reflist. Fixing, see User:SQL/Reflist.

{{CoorHeader|52|37|37|N|59|33|40|E|type:landmark}}

'''Arkaim''' is an archaeological site situated in the Southern [[Urals]] steppe, 8.2 km north-to-northwest of Amurskiy, and 2.3 km south-to-southeast of Alexandronvskiy, two villages in the [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], [[Russia]], just to the north from the [[Kazakhstan]]i border. [[Image:Arkaim.jpg|right|frame|General view of Arkaim before excavations. See a scheme [http://lah.ru/fotoarh/megalit/europe/rusural/arkplan.jpg here].]]

==The site==

The site is generally dated on the [[17th century BC]]. Earlier dates, up to the 20th century BC, have been proposed. It was a settlement of the [[Sintashta-Petrovka]] culture, associated with ancient [[Bulgars]] according to Zdanovich.

The site was discovered in [[1987]] by a team of [[Chelyabinsk]] scientists who were preparing the area to be flooded in order to create a [[reservoir (water)|reservoir]], and examined in rescue excavations led by Gennadii Zdanovich. At first their findings were ignored by Soviet authorities, who planned to flood the site as they had flooded [[Sarkel]] earlier, but the attention attracted by news of the discovery forced the Soviet government to revoke its plans for flooding the area. It was designated a cultural reservation in 1991, and in [[May 2005]] the site was visited by [[President Putin]].

Although the settlement was burned and abandoned, much detail is preserved. Arkaim is similar in form but much better preserved than neighbouring [[Sintashta]], where the earliest [[chariot]] was unearthed. The site was protected by two circular walls. There was a central square, surrounded by two circles of dwellings separated by a street. The settlement covered ca. 20,000 square meters. The diameter of the enclosing wall was 160 m. It was built from earth packed into timber frames, and reinforced with unburned clay brick, with a thickness of 4-5 m. and a height of 5.5 m. The settlement was surrounded with a 2-meter-deep moat.

There are 4 entrances into the settlement through the outer and inner wall with the main entrance to the west. The dwellings were between 110 and 180 square meters in area. The outer ring of dwellings number 39 or 40, with entrances to a circular street in the middle of the settlement. The inner ring of dwellings number 27, arranged along the inner wall, with doors to the central square of 25 by 27 meters. The central street was drained by a covered channel. Zdanovich estimates that approximately 1500 to 2500 people could have lived in the settlement.

Surrounding Arkaim's walls, were arable fields, 130 to 140 metres by 45 metres, irrigated by a system of canals and ditches. Remains of [[millet]] and [[barley]] seeds were found.

The 17th century date suggests that the settlement was about co-eval to, or just post-dating, the [[Indo-Aryan migration]] into India and [[Mesopotamia]] (the [[Gandhara grave culture]] appearing in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] from ca. 1600 BC, the Indo-Aryan [[Mitanni]] rulers reached [[Anatolia]] before 1500 BC, both roughly 3,000 km removed from the Sintashta-Petrovka area), and that it was either an early Iranian culture, or an unknown branch of Indo-Iranian that did not survive into historical times.

==Speculations==
[[Image:Arqaim.jpg|thumb|300px|View of the excavated settlement in Arkaim.]]

Since its discovery, Arkaim has attracted public and media attention in Russia, from a broad range of the population, including [[esoteric]], [[New Age]] and [[pseudoscientific]] organizations. It is said to be the most enigmatic archaeological site within the territory of [[Russia]], and as with many archaeological discoveries, many conflicting interpretations have been put forward.

===Swastika City===

In order to gain publicity, the early investigators described Arkaim as "Swastika City", "Mandala City", and "the ancient capital of early [[Aryan]] civilization, as described in the [[Avesta]] and [[Veda]]s". The swastika description refers to the floor plan of the site, which (with some imagination) may appear similar to the [[swastika|swastika symbol]], albeit with rounded arms (similar to the ''[[lauburu]]'') attached to a central ring instead of a cross.

Some have compared it to Vara, the Avestan city of king [[Jamshid|Yima]] reflecting the model of universe. These claims aroused such media interest that [[National mysticism|National mysticism]] organizations (e.g., the [[Dragonland's Aryan Restoration Troops]]) claim Arkaim as an early homestead of the [[Aryan race]].

===Observatory===

The similarity of latitude, date, and size led some [[Archaeoastronomy|archaeoastronomists]] (Bystrushkin 2003) to compare Arkaim with [[Stonehenge]] in England. According to their claims, the Neolithic [[observatory]] at Stonehenge allowed for observation of 15 astronomical phenomena using 22 elements, whereas the contemporaneous observatory at Arkaim allowed for observation of 18 astronomical phenomena using 30 elements. The precision of measurements in Stonehenge is estimated at 10 arc-minutes to a degree, that in Arkaim being put at 1 arc-minute. Such a precision of astronomical observations was not repeated until the compilation of [[Almagest]] about 2 millennia later. The interpretation as an observatory for either Stonehenge or Arkaim is not universally accepted.

==References==
{{references}}
<div class="references-small">
*Jones-Bley, K.; Zdanovich, D. G. (eds.), ''Complex Societies of Central Eurasia from the 3rd to the 1st Millennium BC'', 2 vols, JIES Monograph Series Nos. 45, 46, Washington D.C. (2002), ISBN 0-941694-83-6, ISBN 0-941694-86-0.
</div>
<div class="references-small">
*Panel-Philippe, G.; Stone-Peter, G., ''The Constructed Past:Experimental Archeology, Education and the Public'', Routledge (July 1999)ISBN 0-415117-68-2.
</div>

==External links==
*[http://www.usu.ru/frames/?code=eng&whatsdoc=events/1999/Arkaim/ Ural State University invitation for conference]
*[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001123/112397e.pdf Archaeology and ethnic politics: the discovery of Arkaim]
*[http://www.csen.org/koryakova2/Korya.Sin.Ark.html General information]
*[http://www.krasn.ru/geoph/kochnev_228_CD.htm Magnetic phenomena in Arkaim]

[[Category:Archaeoastronomy]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Russia]]
[[Category:Bronze Age Europe]]
[[Category:Indo-Iranian peoples]]
[[Category:Eurasian nomads]]

[[nl:Arkaim]]
[[ru:Аркаим]]

Goodies (Lied)

2007-09-04T18:35:05Z

SQL: rm spam

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Goodies
| Cover = Ciara goodies.jpg
| Artist = [[Ciara]] featuring [[Petey Pablo]]
| from Album = [[Goodies (album)|Goodies]]
| Released = {{flagicon|Canada}} {{flagicon|USA}} June 2004<br>{{flagicon|UK}} January 2005
| Format = [[Digital download]], [[CD single]]
| Recorded = Hitco, [[Atlanta, Georgia]] & Circle House Studios, [[Miami]], FL and Sony Music Studios, NYC
| Genre =  [[Crunk & B]]
| Length = 3:43
| Label = [[LaFace Records|LaFace]]
| Writer = [[Lil Jon|Jonathan Smith]], Ciara Harris, [[Sean Garrett]], LaMarquis Jefferson, Craig Love
| Producer = [[Lil Jon]]
| Certification = [[Gold single|Gold]] <small>([[RIAA]])</small>
| Chart position =
* #1 <small>([[Canada]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[United States|U.S.]])</small>
* #4 <small>([[Ireland]])</small>
* #6 <small>([[United World Chart]])</small>
* #10 <small>([[Germany]], [[New Zealand]])</small>
* #19 <small>([[Australia]])</small>
| Misc = {{Extra chronology
| Artist = [[Ciara]]
| Type = singles
| Last single =
| This single = "Goodies" <br />(2004)
| Next single = "[[1, 2 Step]]" <br />(2004)
}}
}}

"'''Goodies'''" is a [[crunk & B]] song written by American singer [[Ciara|Ciara Harris]], [[Sean Garrett]], LaMarquis Jefferson, Craig Love and [[Lil Jon|Jonathan Smith]] for Ciara's debut album ''[[Goodies (album)|Goodies]]'' (2004). It was released as the album's first single in third and fourth quarters of [[2004 in music|2004]] and first quarter of [[2005 in music|2005]]. The song made a successful debut single in many markets. "Goodies" was Ciara's first number one single on the Billboard Hot 100.
==Composition and theme==
After the success of [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]]'s "[[Yeah! (Usher song)|Yeah!]]" and [[Petey Pablo]]'s "Freek-a-Leek", [[LaFace Records|LaFace]] executive [[L.A. Reid]] wanted a female version of Pablo's "Freek-a-Leek". Ciara went in the recording studio with [[Hip hop music|Hip-hop]] producer [[Lil Jon]]. She began writing a demo, but she had difficulty composing lyrics and creating a melody. Reid asked [[songwriter]] [[Sean Garrett]], who was co-writer of Usher's Yeah!, to help Ciara write the song. The process took several days including Ciara and Garrett writing verses over the phone. The demo became "Goodies", which is the [[answer song]] to Pablo's "Freek-a-Leek". [[Lil Jon]] heard the demo and wanted to record the full track and Ciara became the first woman to record a crunk song.

The song's protagonist rejects a male's sexual advances, proclaiming that he will never get her "goodies" because "they stay in the jar". The song is basically about female empowerment and [[virginity]]. The protagonist does not want to an object over a complex instrumental. Reviews of the track included the views that "it's both clever and ironic considering how sexy her image"<ref>[http://www.fazed.com/music/ciara_goodies.html Ciara ''Goodies'' review]</ref> and "singularly disarming combination of an empowering message backed by an intoxicatingly sexy beat".

==Commercial release==
[[Image:Ciaragoodiesvideo.PNG|195px|thumb|left|Ciara in the music video for "Goodies".]]
Its [[music video|video]] shows Ciara and her friends driving along the [[Atlanta, Georgia]] streets and to the local car wash in a [[Oldsmobile 442#1972|Oldsmobile 442 convertible]]. It features cameo appearances by [[BoneCrusher]], [[Monica (singer)|Monica]], [[Jazze Pha]], [[Young Jeezy]], [[Lil Jon]] and among others. Ciara filmed the video for 27 straight hours with director [[Benny Boom]].

She gave her first performance ever of "Goodies" on [[BET]]'s [[106 & Park]].

"Goodies" is featured in the [[2006 in film|2006]] film ''[[Just My Luck]]''.

"Goodies" is Ciara's biggest single in the [[United States]]; it stayed at number one on the U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100]] for seven weeks. It topped several Billboard charts including the [[Hot 100 Airplay]], [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]], [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay]], [[Rhythmic Top 40]] and [[Top 40 Tracks]] charts. The single reached three on the [[Top 40 Mainstream]]. The song replaced "[[Lean Back]]" by [[Terror Squad]], and was subsequently replaced by "[[My Boo (Usher and Alicia Keys song)|My Boo]]" by [[Usher Raymond|Usher]] and [[Alicia Keys]] on both the Hot 100 and R&B/Hip-Hop charts. It reached number one in [[Canada]] and the [[United Kingdom]], In the UK, it replaced "[[One Night/I Got Stung]]" by [[Elvis Presley]] and replaced another Presley re-release single "[[%27O_Sole_Mio]]". The single peaked in the top ten of several European countries and the top twenty in [[Australia]]. The single reached ten in [[New Zealand]] and was ranked number nine on the 2004 U.S. [[Billboard magazine|Billboard]] year-end chart.

In 2005, "Goodies" was nominated for "Best R&B/Soul or Rap Song of the Year" at Soul Train Lady of Soul Music Awards and in 2006 it won the Best Performed Songs in the ASCAP Repertory for the 2005 Survey Year at the [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers|ASCAP Pop Music Awards]], including "[[1, 2 Step]]" and "[[Oh (song)|Oh]]".

==Track listings and formats==
*'''UK CD single'''
#"Goodies" featuring Petey Pablo (main rap)
#"Goodies" (no rap)

*'''UK CD single 2'''
# "Goodies" (main rap - featuring Petey Pablo)
# "Goodies" (Richard X remix - featuring [[M.I.A.]] - UK exclusive)
# "Goodies" (Bimbo Jones remix - UK exclusive)
# "Goodies" (video)
# "Goodies" (ring tone)

==Credits==
*All [[singer|vocals]] — Ciara
*Music performance — Lil Jon
*Engineer — Charles Sanders
*Second engineers — Steve Nowacynski and Brian Stanley
*[[Audio mixing|Mixed]] by Lil Jon, Ray Seay, Brian Stanley

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2004)
!align="center"|Peak <br>position
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[ARC Weekly Top 40]]<ref>[http://www.rockonthenet.com/artists-c/ciara.htm ARC Weekly Top 40]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]]<ref name="Billboard">[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:vi8m965okepf~T51 Ciara - Billboard singles]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks]]<ref name="Billboard"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Rhythmic Top 40]]<ref name="Billboard"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Top 40 Mainstream]]<ref name="Billboard"/>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Top 40 Tracks]]<ref name="Billboard"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Australia [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]] Top 50<ref name="Top 40">[http://top40-charts.com/songs/full.php?sid=10840&sort=chartid "Goodies" Top 40-charts]</ref>
|align="center"|19
|-
!align="left"|Chart (2005)
!align="center"|Peak <br>position
|-
|align="left"|Austria Singles Chart<ref name="Top 40"/>
|align="center"|35
|-
|align="left"|France Singles Chart<ref name="Top 40"/>
|align="center"|29
|-
|align="left"|Germany Singles Chart<ref name="Top 40"/>
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|Ireland Singles Chart<ref name="Top 40"/>
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|Netherlands Singles Chart<ref name="Top 40"/>
|align="center"|35
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[RIANZ]] Top 40<ref name="Top 40"/>
|align="center"|10
|-
|align="left"|Norway Singles Chart<ref name="Top 40"/>
|align="center"|15
|-
|align="left"|[[Official UK Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.everyhit.com/searchsec.php Ciara Everyhit.com Artist Search]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|United World Chart<ref name="Top 40"/>
|align="center"|6
|-
|}

{{start box}}
{{Succession box two to two
| before = "[[Lean Back]]" by [[Terror Squad]]
| title1 = [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (United States)|number-one single]]
| years1 = [[September 11]] [[2004]]- [[October 23]] [[2004]]
| after = "[[My Boo (Usher and Alicia Keys song)|My Boo]]" by [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]] and [[Alicia Keys]]
| title2 = [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks|''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks]] [[List of number-one R&B hits (United States)|number-one single]]
| years2 = [[September 11]] [[2004]]- [[October 16]] [[2004]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[One Night/I Got Stung]]" by [[Elvis Presley]]
| title = [[UK Singles Chart|UK]] number one single<br>
| years = [[January 29]] [[2005]] - [[February 4]] [[2005]]
| after = "[[%27O_Sole_Mio]]" by [[Elvis Presley]]
}}
{{end box}}

==Official versions==
*Alternate version featuring [[T.I.]] and [[Jazze Pha]] (bonus track on ''Goodies'')
*Alternate version featuring [[Mia X]]
*Bimbo Jones full vocal
*Extended version featuring [[Petey Pablo]], [[Lil' Jon]], and [[Ludacris]]
*Richard X Remix (featuring [[M.I.A.]])
*Acapella
*Instrumental
*Johnny Toobad remix

==See also==
*[[Hot 100 number-one hits of 2004 (USA)]]
*[[List of number-one R&B hits (United States)]]
*[[List of number-one singles from the 2000s (UK)]]

==References==
<References/>
* Ciara (2006). BET Official presents ''Ciara: The Evolution'' (BET Exclusive DVD) New York: LaFace Records and Zomba Label Group – Ciara explains the writing process of "Goodies" and filming the music video.

{{Ciara}}

[[Category:2004 singles]]
[[Category:2004 songs]]
[[Category:2005 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles]]
[[Category:Ciara songs]]
[[Category:Debut singles]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Songs with feminist themes]]
[[Category:Songs with sexual themes]]