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Henry FitzRoy, 12. Duke of Grafton

2012-04-02T22:48:08Z

SD5bot: BOT: replacing template(s) per discussion about misleading template name

{{Infobox Peer
| name= The Duke of Grafton
| title=[[Duke of Grafton]]
| predecessor=[[Hugh FitzRoy, 11th Duke of Grafton]]
| image=
| tenure=7 April 2011 – present
| birth_date= {{birth date and age|1978|4|6|df=yes}}
| spouse = Olivia Sladen
| issue=
| parents=James Fitzroy, Earl of Euston Lady Claire Kerr
}}
'''Henry Oliver Charles FitzRoy, 12th Duke of Grafton''' (born 6 April 1978) is an [[Peerage of England|English]] [[peerage|peer]]. He inherited the [[Duke of Grafton|Dukedom of Grafton]] from his grandfather, the [[Hugh FitzRoy, 11th Duke of Grafton|11th Duke]], on 7 April 2011.

==Biography==
Grafton is the son of James Oliver Charles FitzRoy, Earl of Euston (1947–2009) and his wife, Lady Claire Amabel Margaret Kerr, the daughter of [[Peter Kerr, 12th Marquess of Lothian]].<ref name=burke>Charles Mosley, ed., ''Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage'', 107th edition, vol. II (2004), ISBN 0-9711966-2-1, pp. 1616–1619</ref><ref name=rhodes>Michael Rhodes posting to [http://groups.google.com/group/peerage-news Peerage News message list], 15 April 2010</ref> He was known as Viscount Ipswich from his birth until he succeeded to the dukedom. On his father's death in 2009 he could have taken the title of Earl of Euston, but did not do so.

Educated at [[Harrow School]] and the [[University of Edinburgh]], he spent a post-graduate year at the [[Royal Agricultural College]], [[Cirencester]].

From 2003 to 2005 he lived in [[Nashville, Tennessee]], and worked for the music business management firm FBMM, was a part-time radio show host on 91.1 [[WRVU]], and played drums with a band called 'The Squibs'. He also plays the guitar. From 2005 to 2007 he worked for the [[Rolling Stones]] as merchandising co-ordinator for their "[[A Bigger Bang Tour]]".

In 2007 he moved to [[London]] and in 2009 due to the death of his father returned to Suffolk to help manage the Euston estate.<ref>[http://thesinglepeer.blogspot.com/ The Single Peer], Henry Oliver Charles FitzRoy, Viscount Ipswich, 5 December 2010</ref> He currently promotes live music events at The Apex in [[Bury St Edmunds]], Suffolk, under the business name of How the East was Won Promotions.

On 14 August 2010 Lord Ipswich, as he was then known, married Olivia Margaret M. Sladen at [[Snowshill]], [[Gloucestershire]].<ref>[http://thepeerage.com/p7049.htm#i70490 Henry Oliver Charles FitzRoy] at thepeerage.com, accessed 11 April 2011</ref> Their engagement had been announced 15 April 2010.<ref name=rhodes/>

The Duke's seat is [[Euston Hall]], at [[Euston, Suffolk|Euston]] in [[Suffolk]], near [[Thetford]] in [[Norfolk]].

==Titles and styles==
*6 April 1978{{spaced ndash}}7 April 2011: Viscount Ipswich
*Since 7 April 2011: ''[[His Grace]]'' The Duke of Grafton

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg|en}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Hugh FitzRoy, 11th Duke of Grafton|Hugh FitzRoy]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Grafton]]|years=2011– }}
{{s-aft|after=Incumbent}}
{{end}}

{{Dukes of Grafton}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Grafton, Henry Fitzroy, 12th Duke of
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 6 April 1978
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grafton, Henry Fitzroy, 12th Duke of}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:House of Stuart]]
[[Category:Dukes of Grafton|12]]
[[Category:FitzRoy family]]
[[Category:Old Harrovians]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Agricultural College]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Menios Koutsogiorgas

2012-04-02T22:45:22Z

SD5bot: BOT: replacing template(s) per discussion about misleading template name

'''Agamemnon Koutsogiorgas''' ({{lang-el|Αγαμέμνων Κουτσόγιωργας}}), commonly known as '''Menios Koutsogiorgas''' (Μένιος Κουτσόγιωργας) (1922{{spaced ndash}}April 18, 1991), was a [[Greece|Greek]] lawyer and politician. As a close associate of [[Andreas Papandreou]], the founder and leader of the [[Panhellenic Socialist Movement]] (PASOK), Koutsogiorgas emerged as the most powerful cabinet member during PASOK's 1981–1989 government, and was widely regarded as Papandreou's heir apparent. Embroiled in the [[George Koskotas]] scandal however, he was brought before a Special Tribunal. During the procedure he collapsed in the court room on 11 April 1991 and died a week later.

==Early life and professional career==
Koutsogiorgas was born in May 1922 in the village of Rodini in the [[Achaea Prefecture]]. He studied at the Law School of the [[University of Athens]], and continued his studies in the Law Faculty of the [[University of Paris]] in 1957–1958. During the [[Axis Occupation of Greece]] in the [[Second World War]], Koutsogiorgas was active in the ''Omiros'' [[Greek Resistance|resistance group]], and was arrested and imprisoned by the Italian occupation authorities.

In the post-war era, he became a prominent Athens lawyer, and was closely associated with [[Georgios Papandreou]], the leader of the [[Liberal Party (Greece)|Liberal Party]] and later of the [[Centre Union]]. During the [[ASPIDA scandal]] of 1965, he was defence attorney to the Georgios Papandreou's son, [[Andreas Papandreou]]. During the [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974]], Koutsogiorgas participated in attempts to organize armed resistance against the regime as early as 1967, and was arrested and imprisoned after arms and radio transmitters were discovered at his home. He was later released, but re-arrested in 1970 and held for a while, undergoing interrogation by the infamous [[Greek Military Police|EAT-ESA]].

== Political career ==

As a close associate of Andreas Papandreou, Koutsogiorgas became a founding member of the [[Panhellenic Socialist Movement]] (PASOK) during the ''[[metapolitefsi]]''.

He was elected Member of Parliament in the first national election that took place in November 1974 after the fall of the military government. He held a parliament seat for the perfecture of Achaea in all successive national elections until 1989. In the first PASOK cabinet, Koutsogiorgas was appointed Minister to the Presidency of the Government on 21 October 1981, a post he held until 17 January 1984, when he was named [[Minister for the Interior (Greece)|Minister for the Interior]]. He held the post until resigning on 9 May 1985 before the [[Greek legislative election, 1985|parliamentary elections]], with the exception of the period 22 May – 21 June 1984, when he was replaced by an acting minister for the [[European Parliament election, 1984 (Greece)|European Parliament election]].<ref name="Papandreou1981-85">{{cite web | url = http://www.ggk.gov.gr/?p=1287 | title = ΚΥΒΕΡΝΗΣH ΑΝΔΡΕA ΠΑΠΑΝΔΡΕΟΥ - Από 21.10.1981 έως 5.6.1985 | language=Greek | publisher = General Secretariat of the Greek Government | accessdate = 17 March 2011}}</ref> During this time he played a major role in the March 1985 political crisis over the issue of the re-nomination of then-[[President of Greece]] [[Constantine Karamanlis]] for a second term. Papandreou had promised it several times, but the PASOK party base and Koutsogiorgas himself fiercely opposed it. Eventually, largely through Koutsogiorgas insistence PASOK proposed the judge [[Christos Sartzetakis]] for the post.<ref name="Lakopoulos">{{cite news | url = http://www.tovima.gr/politics/article/?aid=112749 | date = 18 July 1999 | title = Απολύστε την Αεροσυνοδό | language= Greek | author = Giorgos Lakopoulos | publisher = ''[[To Vima]]'' | accessdate = 17 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://archive.enet.gr/online/online_print?id=76714276,91612836 | title = «Ο Μένιος ξεγέλασε Ανδρέα - Καραμανλή» | date = 9 December 2001 | | language= Greek | publisher = ''[[Eleftherotypia]]'' | accessdate = 17 March 2011}}</ref>

Following PASOK's electoral victory in the 1985 election, Koutsogiorgas was re-appointed Interior Minister on 5 June 1985. In the reshuffle of 26 July 1985, he assumed the [[Minister for Public Order (Greece)|Public Order]] portfolio as well, keeping it until 25 April 1986.<ref name="Papandreou1985-89">{{cite web | url = http://www.ggk.gov.gr/?p=1291 | title = ΚΥΒΕΡΝΗΣH ΑΝΔΡΕA ΠΑΠΑΝΔΡΕΟΥ - Από 5.6.1985 έως 2.7.1989 | language=Greek | publisher = General Secretariat of the Greek Government | accessdate = 17 March 2011}}</ref> He remained Interior Minister until 5 February 1987, and on 23 September 1987, he was appointed [[Deputy Prime Minister of Greece|Vice-President of the Government]] and [[Minister for Justice (Greece)|Minister for Justice]].<ref name="Papandreou1985-89"/> While popular with the broader PASOK electorate but lacking a strong party base, this appointment made him the ''de facto'' number two in the government. During Papandreou's illness in 1988 and his absence from Greece in August-September for a [[heart bypass]] operation in the [[United Kingdom]] Koutsogiorgas functioned as the virtual Prime Minister.<ref name="Lakopoulos"/>

At the same time however, he came under increasing criticism from the press and from within PASOK for his handling of the [[George Koskotas]] and his [[Bank of Crete]] scandal, in particular over a [[bank secrecy]] law that according to some critics would allow Koskotas to evade scrutiny. He continued to enjoy the support of Papandreou: although he was forced to quit the posts of Vice-President of the Government and Justice Minister on 18 November 1988, he was re-appointed as Minister to the Presidency of the Government.<ref name="Lakopoulos"/><ref name="Papandreou1985-89"/> The mounting crisis peaked in March 1989, when audio tapes of conversations between Koskotas's wife and an associate of Koskotas were released by Koskotas's side which purported to show that Koutsogiogras had received 2 million US dollars in a Swiss bank account for "tailoring" the bank secrecy law for Koskotas. Koutsogiorgas, denied these claims and accused Koskotas for attempting to blackmail the government at a time he was a fugitive from Greek law and government actions caused his fraudulent empire to crumble. Papandreou survived a vote of confidence in parliament, but Koutsogiorgas submitted his resignation on 16 March 1989.<ref name="Lakopoulos"/><ref name="Papandreou1985-89"/>

On 18 May, the PASOK Central Committee voted against him standing as a candidate during the [[Greek legislative election, June 1989|June 1989 parliamentary elections]] until the investigation on the Bank of Crete case was complete.<ref name="Lakopoulos"/> On 27 September, in a Parliament vote Koutsogiorgas along with [[Andreas Papandreou]], [[Dimitris Tsovolas]] and [[Giorgos Petsos]] were sent to a Special Tribunal set up to investigate the Koskotas scandal. Alone among the accused, 68 years old Koutsogiorgas was placed into pre-trial custody at [[Korydallos prison]] on 2 October 1990 by the new Mitsotakis (ND) government who had been elected just a few months before on a ticket of battling alleged corruption by the Socialist party. The trial began in a heavily politicized atmosphere on 11 March 1991. On 11 April, while examining a witness, Koutsogiorgas collapsed in the courtroom and died seven days later. His funeral gathered large crowds in the center of Athens and developed into a political protest against the continuing proceedings of the Special Tribunal. The later was seen by a large part of the press and the population as politically motivated and a result of partizan politics.

== Family ==
Menios Koutsogiorgas was married with Aliki Koutsogiorga and had three children.

== Honours & Decorations ==
* Grand Officier of the ''[[Ordre national du Mérite]]'', French Republic
* Grand [[Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria|Decoration of Honour]] in Gold with Sash (''Großes Goldenes Ehrenzeichen am Bande''), Republic of Austria
* Knight of the [[Order of Prince Henry]] (''Ordem do Infante Dom Henrique''), Republic of Portugal
* Commandery with Star of the [[Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland|Order of Merit]] of the People's Republic of Poland
* [[Order of the Nile]], Arab Republic of Egypt
* Grand Cross of the Republic of Cyprus
* Grand Cross of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
* Medal for the National Resistance (1941-44), Hellenic Republic

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://mam.avarchive.gr/portal/digitalview.jsp?get_ac_id=1733 National Audiovisual Archive: Funeral of former Minister Agamemnon Koutsogiorgas, Εθνικό Οπτικοακουστικό Αρχείο, «Τεκμήριο D1733, Θέμα Τ4170: Κηδεία του πρώην Υπουργού Αγαμέμνονα Κουτσόγιωργα»]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Konstantinos Stephanopoulos]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Minister to the Presidency of the Government|years= 21 October 1981 – 17 January 1984}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Apostolos Lazaris]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Georgios Gennimatas]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister for the Interior (Greece)|Minister for the Interior]]|years= 17 January – 22 May 1984}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister for the Interior (Greece)|Minister for the Interior]]|years= 5 June 1985 – 5 February 1987 }}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister for Public Order (Greece)|Minister for Public Order]]|years= 26 July 1985 – 25 April 1986}}
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{{s-bef | before= [[Ioannis Charalambopoulos]]}}
{{s-ttl | title= [[Deputy Prime Minister of Greece|Deputy Prime Minister]] of [[Greece]] | years=23 September 1987 – 18 November 1988 (with [[Ioannis Charalambopoulos]])}}
{{s-aft | after= [[Tzannis Tzannetakis]] and [[Athanasios Kanellopoulos]] (in the 1990–1993 [[Konstantinos Mitsotakis|Mitsotakis]] cabinet)}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister for Justice (Greece)|Minister for Justice]]|years= 23 September 1987 – 18 November 1988}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vasileios Rotis]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=Minister to the Presidency of the Government|years= 18 November 1988 – 16 March 1989}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Anastasios Peponis]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Βικιπαίδεια|Μένιος Κουτσόγιωργας}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME =Koutsogiorgas, Menios
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1922
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 18 April 1991
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Koutsogiorgas, Menios}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Greece]]
[[Category:Panhellenic Socialist Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Deputy Prime Ministers of Greece]]
[[Category:People from Achaea]]
[[Category:Greek Resistance members]]
[[Category:National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni]]
[[Category:Ministers of the Interior of Greece]]

[[el:Μένιος Κουτσόγιωργας]]

Jack Hunter (Filmreihe)

2012-04-02T22:17:58Z

SD5bot: BOT: replacing template(s) per discussion about misleading template name

'''''Jack Hunter and the Lost Treasure of Ugarit''''' is a 2008 [[United States|American]] [[miniseries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1069207/|title=Jack Hunter and the Lost Treasure of Ugarit (TV mini-series 2008)|accessdate=22 October 2010}}</ref> It consists of three parts: ''Jack Hunter and the Lost Treasure of Ugarit'', ''Jack Hunter and the Quest for Akhenaten's Tomb'' and ''Jack Hunter and the Star of Heaven''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1069207/episodes|title=Episode list for "Jack Hunter and the Lost Treasure of Ugarit"|accessdate=22 October 2010}}</ref>

==Plot==
'''Part 1:'''
The film begins with Jack stealing a stone tablet from a French museum...
Young archaeologist Jack Hunter planned only to take a picture of a cuneiform tablet from once unsurpassed Mesopotmian metropolis Ugarit in present Syria, but is caught and has to steal it from a private museum in France. He refuses to join his mentor, professor Frederic "Freddie" Shaffer, who believes the poem is a coded treasure map, on a relic hunt, until his friend is murdered to steal it. Obvious suspect is Syrian artifact trader Ali, so Jack flies to Damascus. There he must accept working with local, US-educated colleague Nadia and her driver Tariq. Their lives are threatened during the long relic quest, for one by common nemesis Albert Littman, but another secret lurks too.

'''Part 2:'''
Akhenaten, a pharoah who raided Ugarit, stole its treasure and the second piece of the Star of Heaven. If Jack and his team find the tomb, they will find the treasure and the Star. Loads of action and mystery await.

'''Part 3:'''
The final piece of the puzzle and final chapter in the mini-series. It seems the Romans got to Akhenaten's Tomb first. The race is onto see if Jack and his friends can find the treasure and recover the Iris back from Littmann and the Russians.

==Cast==
'''Part 1:''' '''Jack Hunter and the Lost Treasure of Ugarit'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1069207|title=Main Page for "Jack Hunter and the Lost Treasure of Ugarit"|accessdate=26 March 2011}}</ref> (Original Air Date: 23 December 2008)

[[Ivan Sergei]]{{spaced ndash}}Jack Hunter

[[Joanne Kelly]]{{spaced ndash}}Nadia Ramadan

[[Thure Riefenstein]]{{spaced ndash}}Albert Littmann

[[Susan Ward]]{{spaced ndash}}Liz

[[Mario Naim Bassil]]{{spaced ndash}}Tariq

[[Mehmet Polat]]{{spaced ndash}}Doridanov

'''Part 2:''' '''Jack Hunter and the Quest for Akhenaten's Tomb'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1412093/|title=Main Page for "Jack Hunter and the Quest for Akhenaten's Tomb"|accessdate=26 March 2011}}</ref> (Original Air Date: 30 December 2008)

[[Ivan Sergei]]{{spaced ndash}}Jack Hunter

[[Joanne Kelly]]{{spaced ndash}}Nadia Ramadan

[[Thure Riefenstein]]{{spaced ndash}}Albert Littmann

[[Alaina Huffman]]{{spaced ndash}}Lena Halstrom

[[Susan Ward]]{{spaced ndash}}Liz

[[Mario Naim Bassil]]{{spaced ndash}}Tariq

[[Tuncel Kurtiz]]{{spaced ndash}}Said

[[Sinan Tuzcu]]{{spaced ndash}}Mustafa

[[Savas Özdemir]]{{spaced ndash}}Riyad

[[Alper Kul]]{{spaced ndash}}Eyhab

[[Mehmet Polat]]{{spaced ndash}}Doridanov

[[Orbay Sayu]]{{spaced ndash}}Boat captain

[[Volga Sorgu]]{{spaced ndash}}Truck driver

[[Emre Cosar]]{{spaced ndash}}Egyptian soldier

'''Part 3:''' '''Jack Hunter and the Star of Heaven'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1412094|title=Main Page for "Jack Hunter and the Star of Heaven"|accessdate=26 March 2011}}</ref> (Original Air Date: 6 January 2009)

[[Ivan Sergei]]{{spaced ndash}}Jack Hunter

[[Joanne Kelly]]{{spaced ndash}}Nadia Ramadan

[[Thure Riefenstein]]{{spaced ndash}}Albert Littmann

[[Alaina Huffman]]{{spaced ndash}}Lena Halstrom

[[Susan Ward]]{{spaced ndash}}Liz

[[Mario Naim Bassil]]{{spaced ndash}}Tariq

[[Mert Yavuzcan]]{{spaced ndash}}Fuad Antaki

[[Teoman Kumbaracibasi]]{{spaced ndash}}Petrovsky

[[Fatih Haciosmanoglu]]{{spaced ndash}}Inspector Fatih

[[Mehmet Polat]]{{spaced ndash}}Doridanov

[[Michael Halphie]]{{spaced ndash}}Armen Antaki

[[Esin Eden]]{{spaced ndash}}Widow

[[Tansu Biçer]]{{spaced ndash}}Monk

[[Silay Ünal]]{{spaced ndash}}Young woman

[[Lilie Lossen]]{{spaced ndash}}Nun

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.thetreasureofugarit.com}}
* {{IMDB title|1069207}}
* [http://www.adanx.com/imm/posters/j/jack-hunter-and-the-lost-treasure-of-ugarit/jackhunterandthelosttreasureofugarit1.jpg Movie Poster]

{{US-film-stub}}
[[Category:2008 in film]]

[[fr:Jack Hunter et le trésor perdu d'Ugarit]]
[[it:Jack Hunter]]
[[pl:Jack Hunter i zaginiony skarb Ugaritu]]
[[pt:Jack Hunter and the Lost Treasure of Ugarit]]

Agnes Zimmermann

2012-04-02T22:15:23Z

SD5bot: BOT: replacing template(s) per discussion about misleading template name

'''Agnes Zimmermann''' (5 July 1847{{spaced ndash}}14 November 1925) was a [[Germany|German]] concert [[pianist]] and [[composer]] who lived in [[England]].

==Biography==
Agnes Marie Jacobina Zimmermann was born in [[Cologne]], [[Germany]]. Her family moved to [[England]], and she was enrolled at the [[Royal Academy of Music]] at the age of nine, where her teachers were [[Reginald Steggall]] and [[Cipriani Potter]]. Later she studied under [[Ernst Pauer]] and [[Sir George Macfarren]]. Zimmermann received the Kings Scholarship from 1860 to 1862 and made her public debut 1863 at [[The Crystal Palace]] playing Beethoven's ''Emperor Concerto''.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=USMuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA366&dq=Agnes+Zimmermann&hl=en&ei=44jcTLa2LoKB8gazxZn4CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Agnes%20Zimmermann&f=false|title=Celebrated pianists of the past and present: A collection|author=Ehrlich, A.|year=1894|accessdate=11 November 2010}}</ref>

After ending her studies, Zimmermann went on a tour of Germany, followed by concert tours in 1879, 1880, 1882 and 1883. She published her own editions of Sonatas by [[Beethoven]] and [[Mozart]] and compositions by [[Robert Schumann]].<ref name="Baker's Bio">{{cite book|last=Slonimsky|first=Nicolas|title=Baker's Biographical dictionary of musicians.|year=1978|publisher=Schirmer Books|location=New York|isbn=0028702409|edition=6th|page=1947|chapter=Zimmermann, Agnes}}</ref> Zimmermann died in England in 1925.<ref name=bio>{{cite web |url=http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Lib/Zimmermann-Agnes.htm|title=Agnes Zimmermann (Composer, Arranger)|accessdate=27 September 2010|publisher=Grove’s Dictionary of Music and Musicians (1952 Edition; Author: Sir George Grove)|author=Oron, Aryeh|date=August 2007| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100818055548/http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Lib/Zimmermann-Agnes.htm| archivedate= 18 August 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

==Works==
Zimmermann composed music for chamber orchestra, piano solos, and vocal pieces.

Selected works include:
*Three Sonatas for Piano and Violin, Opp. 16, 21 and 23
*Trio for piano, violin and cello, Op. 19
*Presto alla Tarantella, Op. 15<ref name=bio />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMSLP|id=Zimmermann, Agnes}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Zimmermann, Agnes
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Composer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1847
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Cologne]], [[Germany]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 1925
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[England]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zimmermann, Agnes}}
[[Category:1847 births]]
[[Category:19th-century composers]]
[[Category:German music educators]]
[[Category:Women classical composers]]
[[Category:1925 deaths]]
[[Category:German pianists]]
[[Category:German composers]]
[[Category:Jewish musicians]]
[[Category:Jewish composers]]

[[ca:Agnes Zimmermann]]

Violet Gordon-Woodhouse

2012-04-02T19:33:08Z

SD5bot: BOT: replacing template(s) per discussion about misleading template name

'''Violet Gordon-Woodhouse''' (23 April 1872{{spaced ndash}}January 1948<ref>Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th ed., 1954, [[Eric Blom]] ed.</ref>) was an acclaimed British [[harpsichord]]ist and [[clavichord]]ist, highly influential in bringing both instruments back into fashion.

==Family==
'''Violet Kate Eglinton Gwynne'''<ref>[http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101067845/ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]</ref> was the sister of [[Rupert Gwynne]], [[Member of Parliament|MP]] for [[Eastbourne]] from 1910 to 1924, and [[Roland Gwynne]], Mayor of Eastbourne from 1929 to 1931, who is thought to have been the lover of suspected [[serial killer]] Dr [[John Bodkin Adams]].<ref>Cullen, Pamela V., "A Stranger in Blood: The Case Files on Dr John Bodkin Adams", London, Elliott & Thompson, 2006, ISBN 1-904027-19-9.</ref> Among her nieces was the renowned cookery writer, [[Elizabeth David]].<ref>Cooper, Artemis., Writing at the Kitchen Table: The authorised biography of Elizabeth David</ref>

==Life==
Originally, Violet played the piano but rose to fame playing the harpsichord and clavichord, after meeting [[Arnold Dolmetsch]], a great pioneer of early instruments, in 1910. She was close to many of the leading artists of her day, including, amongst others; [[Ethel Smyth]], [[Siegfried Sassoon]], [[Poldowski]] (Lady Dean Paul) and [[George Bernard Shaw]].

She did however scandalise much of society with her private life. She married Gordon Woodhouse on 31 July 1895 on the understanding that they would not sleep in the same room. Violet took lovers and in 1899, much to Gordon's humiliation, [[William Barrington, 10th Viscount Barrington|William "Bill" Barrington, 10th Viscount Barrington]] moved into the marital house. He was later joined in 1903 by Max Labouchere, and then, a little time later, by Dennis Tollemache. Barrington was once asked about this arrangement by Violet's niece, Katherine Ayling, and whether the 'ménage-à-cinq' ever argued. He answered: "Yes, Denis and Max once - about a cricket match". This [[open marriage]] arrangement was referred to in society circles as the 'Woodhouse circus'.

==Later years==
As Violet aged, she took on more extreme views. During the 1930s she was often heard making [[Antisemitism|anti-semitic]] rants and admiring [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref>Ayling, Katharine, "My Father's Family", 1979</ref>
Shortly before her death in 1948, Violet asked her chauffeur, C.F. Law, to promise that he would remain in service with Bill Barrington, by then the 10th Viscount Barrington, until his death.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} Gordon and Bill Barrington remained at Lypiatt Manor until Gordon’s death in 1951 at which time he bought a house in East Grinstead, Sussex where he lived until his death in 1960.

==In popular culture==
Sir [[Osbert Sitwell]] mentions her often in his autobiography. [[Radclyffe Hall]], the lesbian novelist, dedicated a book of erotic poems to her.<ref>Douglas-Home, Jessica, "Violet : The Life and Loves of Violet Gordon Woodhouse", 1997</ref> In 2005 [[Roger Scruton]] premiered the opera "Violet", based on her life.

==See also==
[[Contemporary harpsichord]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2010}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Gordonwoodhouse, Violet
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 23 April 1872
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1948
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gordonwoodhouse, Violet}}
[[Category:British harpsichordists]]
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:British performers of early music]]

[[fr:Violet Gordon-Woodhouse]]

Maria Canals International Music Competition

2012-04-02T14:33:33Z

SD5bot: BOT: replacing template(s) per discussion about misleading template name

The '''Maria Canals International Music Competition''' ({{lang-ca|Concurs Internacional de Música Maria Canals Barcelona}}, {{IPA-ca|kuŋˈkurs intərnəsiuˈnaɫ də ˈmuzikə məɾi.ə kəˈnaɫz βərsəɫonə|IPA}}) is a music competition held yearly in the [[Palau de la Música Catalana]], [[Barcelona]]. It was founded as a [[piano]] competition in 1954, but in 1964 it was expanded so other modalities could be held occasionally.<ref>{{citenews|title=Competició pianística de primera |author=Ana Maria Davila|date=2007-05-04 |publisher=El Mundo|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/2007/05/04/catalunya/2118185.html }}</ref><ref>{{citenews|title=Un total de 114 pianistas aspiran a darse a conocer al mundo desde Barcelona en el Concurso Maria Canals |author=Lourdes Morgades|date=2007-05-02|publisher=El País|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cataluna/total/114/pianistas/aspiran/darse/conocer/mundo/Barcelona/Concurso/Maria/Canals/elpepuespcat/20070502elpcat_19/Tes}}</ref>

It was founded in 1954 by the [[Catalan people|Catalan]] pianist Maria Remei Canals i Cendrós (born 1913) and her husband, the composer and writer Rossend Llates (1899{{spaced ndash}}1973).<ref>[http://www.grec.net/cgibin/hecangcl.pgm?&USUARI=&SESSIO=&NDCHEC=0037566&PGMORI=E L'Enciclopèdia]</ref> Since 1954, the Competition has welcomed over 7,000 participants from 100 countries and 180 jury members from all over the world.<ref>[http://www.barcelonayellow.com/component/option,com_eventlist/Itemid,357/func,details/did,554/ Barcelona Yellow]</ref>

The Maria Canals competition, for which artists such as [[Joan Miró]], [[Antoni Tàpies]] and [[Joan Clavé]] have made publicity posters, was declared to be of public utility by the Spanish [[Interior Ministry]] in 1996.

== Commentaries on the competition ==

* ''Of the multitude of international piano competitions, it is comforting to note that a competition like the Maria Canals at Barcelona, in which the piano is judged purely on a musical level, in which the player cannot forget the essential thing, interpretation, that such a competition takes on greater importance every year. Musicians can only praise and thank Maria Canals for her initiative. For my part, I can only warmly salute not only the longevity of this competition, but its ever more important participation in that magnificent combat in which, nobly and with exemplary probity, the artists of the future - those who will pick up the baton from their elders - face each other.'' - [[Vlado Perlemuter]], 1964.<ref>{{citenews|title=Dans la multiplicité des Concours Internationaux de Piano... |author=Vlado Perlemuter|url=http://www.mariacanals.org/esp/32_evolucio.asp|quote=''Dans la multiplicité des Concours internationaux de Piano, il est réconfortant de constater qu’un Concours comme celui de Maria Canals à Barcelona, où le Piano n’est jugé qu’à l’échelle de la Musique, où l’instrumentiste ne peut pas oublier l’essentiel, l’interprète, qu’un tel Concours prend chaque année une ampleur grandissante. Les musiciens ne peuvent que louer et remercier Maria Canals de son initiative. Je ne peut, pour ma part, que souhaiter chaleureusement non seulement la longévité de ce Concours, mais une participation toujours plus importante à cette magnifique joute, où s’affrontent noblement et avec une probité exemplaire, les futurs artistes, qui prendront la relève de leurs aînés.'' }}</ref>

* ''Those of us who follow the Barcelonan musical life can't forget the ascendant evolution of the Maria Canals International Music Competition, initiated in 1954, which has turned into one of the most important European competitions. In celebrating its 40th anniversary we can state that many performers of the highest level have arisen from the competition, such a thing having contributed to expand the prestige of Barcelona as an artistic city.'' - [[Xavier Montsalvatge]], 2004.<ref>{{citenews|title=Els que ja fa temps que seguim... |author=Xavier Montsalvatge|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070108152138/www.mariacanals.org/esp/30_opinions.asp |quote=''Els que ja fa temps que seguim la vida musical barcelonina no podem oblidar l’ascendent evolució del Concurs Internacional d’Execució Musical Maria Canals, iniciat el 1954 per convertir-se en un dels certàmens més imporrtants d’Europa. En celebrar el seu 40 aniversari, podem afirmar que, del concurs, han sorgit molts intèrprets de primera categoria, cosa que ha contribuït a expandir arreu el prestigi de la realitat artística barcelonina.''}}</ref>

== Palmares ==
{| border="1"
|+ '''Prize winners''' <ref>{{citenews|title=The winners of the competition |author=|url=http://www.mariacanals.org/en/concurs/historia/guanyadors.html }}</ref>
! Year
|-
!1954 !! 1st prize (men) !! 1st prize (women)
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Spain|1945}} '''Miquel Farré''' || {{flagicon|Spain|1945}} '''Maria Neus Miró'''
|-
!1956 !! Grand prize !! 1st prize (men) ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])'' !! 1st prize (women) ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])''
|-
|| || ''Not awarded'' || {{flagicon|West Germany}} Klaus Börner || {{flagicon|Switzerland}} Aline Demierre
|-
|| || || {{flagicon|Italy}} Giorgio Radicula || {{flagicon|Spain|1945}} Núria Escofet
|-
!1957 !! Grand prize !! 1st prize (men) !! 1st prize (women)
|-
|| || ''Not awarded'' || {{flagicon|Italy}} Alberto Colombo || {{flagicon|France}} Thérèse Castaigne
|-
!1958 !! 1st prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|France}} '''Françoise Thinat'''
|-
!1959 !! First prize !! 2nd prize (men) !! 2nd prize (women)
|-
|| || ''Not awarded'' || {{flagicon|Switzerland}} Jean-Jacques Hauser || {{flagicon|Japan}} Yoko Ikeda
|-
!1960 !! 1st prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Poland}} '''[[Andrzej Jasiński]]'''
|-
!1961 !! 1st prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|France}} '''Catherine Silie'''
|-
!1962 !! 1st prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Uruguay}} '''[[Dinorah Varsi]]'''
|-
!1963 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize (men) !! 2nd prize (women)
|-
|| || ''Not awarded'' || {{flagicon|Poland}} Jerzy Vajek || {{flagicon|France}} Françoise Parrot
|-
!1964 !! 1st prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Sweden}} '''[[Dag Achatz]]'''
|-
!1965 !! 1st prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|United States}} '''James Tocco'''
|-
!1966 !! 1st prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Spain|1945}} '''Leonora Milà'''
|-
!1967 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])''
|-
|| || ''Not awarded'' || {{flagicon|Italy}} Franco Angeleri
|-
|| || || {{flagicon|France}} Jacques Rouvier
|-
!1968 !! 1st prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''Christina Viñas'''
|-
!1969 !! 1st prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|United States}} '''Joseph W. Fennimore'''
|-
!1970 !! 1st prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Peru}} '''Lupe Parrondo'''
|-
!1971 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])''
|-
|| || ''Not awarded'' || {{flagicon|Poland}} Ewa Bukojemska
|-
|| || || {{flagicon|France}} Yves Noack
|-
!1972 !! 1st prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Hungary}} '''Klára Barányi'''
|-
!1973 !! 1st prize !! Primera medalla
|-
|| || {{flagicon|United States}} '''Jonathan M. Purvin''' || {{flagicon|Romania}} Petru Florian
|-
!1974 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize by unanimity !! 2nd prize ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])''
|-
|| || ''Not awarded'' || {{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} Blanca Bodalla || {{flagicon|Japan}} Akira Imai
|-
|| || || || {{flagicon|France}} Pierre Réach
|-
!1975 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize (men) ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])'' !! 2nd prize (women)
|-
|| || ''Not awarded'' || {{flagicon|Italy}} Raimondo Campisi || {{flagicon|United States}} Marioaran Trifan
|-
|| || || {{flagicon|Italy}} Roberto Capello
|-
|| || || {{flagicon|Italy}} Andrea Bonatta
|-
!1976 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Japan}} '''Yasuto Sugimoto''' || {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Elza Kolodin]]
|-
! 1977 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])'' !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|West Germany}} '''[[Arnulf von Arnim]]''' || {{flagicon|South Korea}} Chung-Myung Kim || {{flagicon|Argentina}} Silvia Natiello
|-
|| || || {{flagicon|Israel}} Carmen Or
|-
!1978 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|France}} '''Bernard d'Ascoli''' || {{flagicon|France}} Erik Berchot || {{flagicon|Japan}} Ruriko Kikuchi
|-
!1979 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])''
|-
|| || ''Not awarded'' || {{flagicon|Hungary}} Eva Tihány || {{flagicon|Italy}} Gabriela Mazza
|-
|| || || || {{flagicon|Japan}} Kuniko Taguchi
|-
!1980 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} '''Yuri Rosum''' || {{flagicon|France}} Cathérine Joly || {{flagicon|Hungary}} Akos Hernadi
|-
!1981 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])'' !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || ''Not awarded'' || {{flagicon|Japan}} Kazuoki Fujii || {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[José Carlos Cocarelli]]
|-
|| || || {{flagicon|France}} Michel Gal ||
|-
!1982 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Japan}} '''Hiromi Okada''' || {{flagicon|Hungary}} Karoly Mocsari || {{flagicon|Japan}} Yuki Matsuzawa
|-
!1983 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])'' !! 3rd prize !! Special prize
|-
|| || ''Not awarded'' || {{flagicon|West Germany}} [[Bernd Glemser]] || {{flagicon|Italy}} Antonella Vignali || {{flagicon|Spain}} Marcelino López
|-
|| || || {{flagicon|Japan}} Kyoko Koyama
|-
!1984 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])'' !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || '' Not awarded'' || {{flagicon|Japan}} Rie Konishi || {{flagicon|Bulgaria|1967}} Galina Vratcheva
|-
|| || || {{flagicon|France}} Pascal Le Corre
|-
!1985 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])'' !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || ''Not awarded'' || {{flagicon|West Germany}} Detlef Kaiser || {{flagicon|Romania|1965}} Constantin Sandu
|-
|| || || {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Ian Munro (pianist)|Ian Munro]]
|-
!1986 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize !! Special prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Japan}} '''Chiharu Sakai''' || {{flagicon|France}} Carole Carniel || {{flagicon|Japan}} Nobuyuki Nagaoka || {{flagicon|Spain}} Ignacio Marín
|-
!1987 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])''
|-
|| || ''Not awarded'' || {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Christopher Oakden || {{flagicon|Japan}} Keiko Nakai
|-
|| || || || {{flagicon|France}} Alexandre Tharaud
|-
!1988 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize !! Special prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|China}} '''Zhong Xu''' || {{flagicon|France}} [[Olivier Cazal]] || {{flagicon|Japan}} Junko Saito || {{flagicon|Spain}} José Ramón Méndez
|-
!1989 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize !! Special prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''Gerardo Vila''' || {{flagicon|France}} Christophe Simonet || {{flagicon|Japan}} Yukiko Hori || {{flagicon|Spain}} Miquel Jorba
|-
!1990 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])''
|-
|| || {{flagicon|France}} '''Mathieu Papadiamandis''' || ''Not awarded'' || {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Jovianney Emmanuel Cruz|Jovianney E. Cruz]]
|-
|| || || || {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} Andrei Fadeev
|-
!1991 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} '''Yuri Martinov''' || {{flagicon|Japan}} Yuko Nakamichi || {{flagicon| Germany}} Eva-Maria Rieckert
|-
!1992 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Latvia}} '''[[Armands Ābols]]''' || {{flagicon|Japan}} Akiko Kato || {{flagicon|Japan}} Tomoko Doi
|-
!1993 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Israel}} '''Amir Katz''' || {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Gustavo Díaz-Jerez]] || {{flagicon|Poland}} Rafal Luszczewski
|-
!1994 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])''
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Russia}} '''Sviatoslav Lips''' || {{flagicon|Belarus}} Dmitri Morozov || {{flagicon|France}} Frederik Lagarde
|-
|| || || || {{flagicon|Japan}} Yoko Takemura
|-
!1995 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])''
|-
|| || {{flagicon|South Korea}} '''Won Kim''' || {{flagicon|Japan}} Keiji Serizawa || {{flagicon|Russia}} Yulia Botchkovskaia
|-
|| || || || {{flagicon|Germany}} Birgita Wollenweber
|-
!1996 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])''
|-
|| || ''Not awarded'' || {{flagicon|Germany}} Jan Gottlieb Jiracek || {{flagicon|Israel}} Saar Ahuvia
|-
|| || || || {{flagicon|Japan}} Kiyo Wada
|-
!1997 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])'' !! 3rd prize !! Special prize
|-
|| || ''Not awarded'' || {{flagicon|Japan}} Elina Hata || {{flagicon|Canada}} Li Wang || {{flagicon|South Korea}} Young-Ha Chung
|-
|| || || {{flagicon|Japan}} Ayako Kawai
|-
!1998 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])'' !! Special prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Hungary}} '''Peter Koczor''' || {{flagicon|Japan}} Takahiro Mita || {{flagicon|Japan}} Miwako Takeda || {{flagicon|France}} Vicent Larderet
|-
|| || || || {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Anthony Zerpa-Falcon
|-
!1999 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Russia}} '''[[Kirill Gerstein]]''' || {{flagicon|Japan}} Ayako Kimura || {{flagicon|South Korea}} Sung-Hoon Hwang
|-
!2000 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])''
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Japan}} '''Yusuke Kikuchi''' || {{flagicon|Romania}} Ferenc Vizi || {{flagicon|Poland}} Piotr Kupka
|-
|| || || || {{flagicon|France}} Fabrice Lanoë
|-
!2001 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])'' !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Yurie Miura]] || {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Mel Adkins || {{flagicon|Japan}} Mayako Asada
|-
|| || || {{flagicon|Russia}} Ekaterina Krivokochenko
|-
!2002 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize ''([[Ex aequo et bono|ex-a.]])'' !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''Viv McLean''' || {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Alexandre Moutouzkine]] || {{flagicon|China}} Yun-Yang Lee
|-
|| || || {{flagicon|South Korea}} Kook Hee Hong
|-
!2003 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Ukraine}} {{flagicon|Israel}} '''Inesa Synkevich''' || {{flagicon|Japan}} Yosuke Niino || {{flagicon|South Korea}} Sowon Hwang
|-
!2004 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Poland}} '''Piotr Machnik''' || {{flagicon|China}} Yi-Chih Lu || {{flagicon|Romania}} Matei Varga
|-
!2005 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|China}} '''[[Jue Wang]]''' || {{flagicon|Japan}} Yukiko Akagi || {{flagicon|Japan}} Fumiyo Kawamura
|-
!2006 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Spain}} '''José Enrique Bagaría''' || {{flagicon|France}} Marie Vermeuil || {{flagicon|New Zealand}} Mi-Yeon I
|-
!2007 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Serbia}} '''[[Mladen Čolić]]''' || {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} Veronika Böhmova || {{flagicon|United States}} Marisa Gupta
|-
!2008 !! 1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Croatia}} '''[[Martina Filjak]]''' || {{flagicon|Russia}} Ilya Maksimov || {{flagicon|Japan}} Jun Ishimura
|-
!2009 !!1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Latvia}} '''[[Vestards Šimkus]]''' || {{flagicon|South Korea}} Jong Yun Kim || {{flagicon|Italy}} Scipione Sangiovanni
|-
!2010 !!1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Ukraine}} '''Denis Zhdanov''' || {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Olga Kozlova]] || {{flagicon|Finland}} Marko Hilpo
|-
![[LVII Maria Canals International Music Competition|2011]] !!1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|Poland}} '''Mateusz Borowiak''' || {{flagicon|Russia}} Alexey Lebedev || {{flagicon|Russia}} Alexey Chernov
|-
!2012 !!1st prize !! 2nd prize !! 3rd prize
|-
|| || {{flagicon|South Korea}} '''Soo Jung Ann''' || {{flagicon|Japan}} Nozomi Nakagiri || {{flagicon|Ukraine}} Vadym Kholodenko
|-
|}

==References==
{{refs}}

[[Category:Music competitions]]
[[Category:Piano competitions]]

[[ca:Concurs Internacional de Música Maria Canals]]
[[es:Concurso Internacional de Música María Canals]]
[[fr:Concours international de musique Maria Canals]]
[[ja:マリア・カナルス・バルセロナ国際音楽演奏コンクール]]
[[pl:Międzynarodowy Konkurs Muzyczny im. Marii Canals]]

Fredonian Rebellion

2012-04-02T07:13:11Z

SD5bot: BOT: replacing template(s) per discussion about misleading template name

[[File:Fredonian Rebellion Flag of 1826.svg|300px|thumb|right|Flag of the Fredonian Rebellion of 1826.]]

The '''Fredonian Rebellion''', between December 21, 1826 – January 31, 1827, was the first attempt by [[Anglo]] settlers in [[Texas]] to secede from [[Mexico]]. The settlers, led by [[Empresario]] [[Haden Edwards]], declared independence from [[Mexican Texas]] and created the '''Republic of Fredonia''' near [[Nacogdoches, Texas|Nacogdoches]]. The short-lived republic encompassed the land the Mexican government had granted to Edwards in 1825 and included areas that had been previously settled. Edwards's actions soon alienated these established residents, and the increasing hostilities between them and settlers recruited by Edwards led the Mexican government to revoke Edwards's contract.

In late November 1826, a group of Edwards's supporters took control of the region by arresting and removing from office several municipality officials affiliated with the established residents. A month later, the Edwards supporters declared their independence from Mexico. Although the nearby [[Cherokee]] tribe initially signed a treaty to support the new republic, overtures from Mexican authorities and respected Empresario [[Stephen F. Austin]] convinced tribal leaders to repudiate the rebellion. On January 31, 1827, a force of over 100 Mexican soldiers and 250 [[militia]]men from Austin's colony marched into Nacogdoches to restore order. Many of the participants, including Edwards, fled to the United States. A local merchant was arrested and sentenced to death, but later paroled.

The rebellion led Mexican President [[Guadalupe Victoria]] to increase the military presence in the area. As a result, several hostile tribes in the area halted their raids on settlements and agreed to a peace treaty. The [[Comanche]] abided by this treaty for many years. Fearing that through the rebellion the United States hoped to gain control of Texas, the Mexican government severely curtailed immigration to Texas. This new immigration law was bitterly opposed by colonists and caused increasing dissatisfaction with Mexican rule. Some historians consider the Fredonian Rebellion to be the beginning of the [[Texas Revolution]]. Although "''premature ... [the Fredonian Rebellion] sparked the powder for later success.''"<ref name=bates794>Bates (1956), p. 794.</ref>

==Background==
After winning independence in 1821, several of Spain's colonies in America joined together to create a new country, Mexico. The country divided itself into several states, and the area known as Mexican Texas became part of the border state [[Coahuila y Tejas]]. To assist in governing the large area, the state created several departments; all of Texas was included in the Department of Béxar. This department was further subdivided into municipalities, which were governed by [[alcalde]], similar to a modern-day [[mayor]].<ref name=ericson33>Ericson (2000), p. 33.</ref> A large portion of [[East Texas]], ranging from the [[Sabine River (Texas-Louisiana)|Sabine]] to the [[Trinity River (Texas)|Trinity]] Rivers and from the [[Gulf Coast]] to the [[Red River (Mississippi watershed)|Red River]], became part of the municipality of [[Nacogdoches, TX|Nacogdoches]].<ref name=ericson33/><ref name=ericson35>Ericson (2000), p. 35.</ref> Most residents of the municipality were Spanish-speaking families who had occupied their land for generations.<ref name=davis70>Davis (2006), p. 70.</ref> An increasing number were English-speaking residents who had immigrated illegally during the [[Mexican War of Independence]]. Many of the immigrants were adventurers who had arrived as part of various military [[filibuster (military)|filibustering]] groups which had attempted to create independent republics within Texas during Spanish rule.<ref name=mcdonald/><ref group=Note>The most prominent of the filibustering groups were the [[Long Expedition]] and the [[Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition]].</ref>

To better control the sparsely populated border region, in 1824 the Mexican federal government passed the [[General Colonization Law]] to allow legal immigration into Texas. Under the law, each state would set its own requirements for immigration. After some debate, on March 24, 1825, Coahuila y Tejas authorized a system granting land to empresario, who would recruit settlers for their particular colony.<ref name=ericson35/> During the state government's deliberations, many would-be empresarios congregated in Mexico to lobby for land grants. Among these was [[Haden Edwards]], an American land speculator known for his quick temper and aggressiveness.<ref name=ericson37>Ericson (2000), p. 37.</ref> Despite his abrasiveness, Edwards was granted a colonization contract on April 14<ref name=mcdonald>{{citation|last=McDonald|first=Archie P.|title=Fredonian Rebellion|journal=Handbook of Texas online|publisher=Texas Historical Association|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/FF/jcf1.html|accessdate=April 20, 2009}}</ref> allowing him to settle 800 families in East Texas. The contract contained standard language requiring Edwards to recognize all pre-existing Spanish and Mexican land titles in his grant area, to raise a militia to protect the settlers in the area, and to allow the state land commissioner to certify all deeds awarded.<ref name=davis70/><ref name=ericson37/>

Edwards's colony encompassed the land from the [[Navasota River]] to 20 [[League (unit)|leagues]] west of the Sabine River, and from 20 leagues north of the Gulf of Mexico to 15 leagues north of the town of Nacogdoches.<ref name=ericson37/> To the west and north of the colony were lands controlled by several [[Native Americans in the United States|native tribes]] which had recently been driven out of the United States. The southern boundary was a colony overseen by [[Stephen F. Austin]], the first empresario in Texas. East of Edwards's grant was the former [[Sabine Free State]], a neutral zone which had been essentially lawless for several decades.<ref name=ericson36>Ericson (2000), p. 36.</ref> The boundaries of the new colony and the municipality of Nacogdoches partially overlapped, leading to uncertainty over who had jurisdiction over which function.<ref name=ericson37/> The majority of the established settlers lived outside the eastern boundary of the Edwards colony.<ref name=ericson37/>

==Prelude==
Edwards arrived in Nacogdoches in August 1825.<ref name=ericson37/> Mistakenly believing that he had the authority to determine the validity of existing land claims,<ref name=ericson38>Ericson (2000), p. 38.</ref> Edwards, in September, demanded written proof of ownership, or their land would be forfeited and sold at auction.<ref name="ericson38" /><ref name=samora79/> His action was at least partially driven by prejudice; Edwards scorned those who were poorer or of a different race than himself. By removing less-prosperous settlers, he could to assign their lands to wealthy planters, like himself, from the southern United States.<ref name="ericson38"/>

Very few of the English-speaking residents had valid titles. Those who had not arrived as [[filibuster]]s had been duped by fraudulent land speculators.<ref name=samora79>Samora ''et al.'' (1993), p. 79.</ref> Most of the Spanish-speaking landowners lived on grants made to their families 70 or more years previously and were unable to produce any paperwork.<ref name=davis70/> Anticipating the potential conflict between the new empresario and the long-time residents of the area, the acting ''alcalde'' of the municipality, Luis Procela, and the municipality clerk, Jose Antonio Sepulveda, began validating old Spanish and Mexican land titles, a function legally assigned to the state land commissioner. In response, Edwards accused the men of forging deeds, further angering the residents.<ref name=ericson38and39>Ericson (2000), pp. 38–39.</ref>

By December 1825, Edwards had recruited 50 families to emigrate from the United States.<ref name=bates493/> As required under his contract, Edwards organized a local militia open to his colonists and established residents. When militia members elected Sepulveda as their captain, Edwards nullified the results and proclaimed himself head of the militia. Following this debacle, Edwards, acting outside his authority, called for elections for a new alcalde.<ref name=ericson39>Ericson (2000), p. 39.</ref> Two men were nominated for the position—Edwards's son-in-law, Chichester Chaplin, seen as the representative for the newly arrived immigrants,<ref name=mcdonald/> and Samuel Norris, an American who had married the daughter of a long-time resident and was sympathetic to the more established residents.<ref name=ericson39/> After Chaplin's victory, many settlers alleged vote-stacking in an appeal to [[José Antonio Saucedo|Juan Antonio Saucedo]], the political chief of the Department of Bexar. In March, Saucedo overturned the election results and proclaimed Norris the winner. Edwards refused to recognize Norris's authority.<ref name=davis70/>

Shortly after Saucedo's ruling, Edwards left to recruit more settlers from the United States, leaving his younger brother [[Benjamin W. Edwards|Benjamin]] in charge of the colony. Benjamin could not maintain stability in the colony, and the situation deteriorated rapidly. A vigilante group of earlier settlers harassed many newcomers, and Benjamin Edwards made several complaints to state authorities. Unhappy with Benjamin's tone and the increasing tension, Mexican authorities revoked the land grant in October and instructed the Edwards brothers to leave Mexico.<ref name=davis70/><ref name=ericson40>Ericson (2000), p. 40.</ref> Rumors that Haden Edwards had returned to the United States to raise an army and not just to recruit settlers likely influenced the government action.<ref name=everett43>Everett (1995), p. 43.</ref> Unwilling to abandon his $50,000 (${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|50000|1826|r=-3}}}} as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}) investment in the colony, Haden Edwards rejoined his brother in Nacogodoches in late October, continuing their business affairs despite the cancellation of his colonization contract.<ref name=mcdonald/><ref name=bates493>Bates (1956), p. 493.</ref><ref name=everett44>Everett (1995), p. 44.</ref>

==Conflict==
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0em; font-size: 85%; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="0"
| style="text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; padding:0px 5px; vertical-align: top; font-size: large; color: gray;" | “
| It appears as tho. the people in your quarter have run mad or worse.
| style="text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; padding:0px 5px; vertical-align: bottom; font-size: large; color: gray" | ”
|-
| colspan=3 style="text-align: center;" |{{spaced ndash}}excerpt from a letter [[Stephen F. Austin]] wrote to [[Haden Edwards]], after some of Edwards's men invaded Nacogdoches<ref name=davis71>Davis (2006), p. 71.</ref>
|}
In October, Norris ruled that Edwards had improperly taken land from an existing settler to give to a new immigrant. Norris evicted the immigrant, angering many of the colonists. Later that month, another new immigrant was arrested and ordered to leave the country after refusing to purchase a merchant license before trading with the Indian tribes.<ref name=jackson62>Jackson (2005), p. 62.</ref> On November 22, 1826, local militia colonel [[Martin Parmer]] and 39 other Edwards colonists entered Nacogdoches and arrested Norris, Sepulveda, and the commander of the small Mexican garrison, charging them with oppression and corruption.<ref name=davis70/><ref name=everett44/> Haden Edwards was also arrested for violating his expulsion order but was immediately paroled, possibly as a ploy to disguise his own involvement in the plot.<ref name=mcdonald/><ref name=everett44/> A [[kangaroo court]] found the other men guilty, removed them from their positions, and banned them from ever holding another public office. The court disbanded after appointing a temporary ''alcalde''.<ref name=ericson41>Ericson (2000), p. 41.</ref> These actions benefitted Parmer personally; several weeks before, after Parmer killed a man in a dispute, Norris had issued a warrant for Parmer's arrest. With Norris removed from office, the arrest warrant was voided.<ref name=jackson71>Jackson (2005), p. 71.</ref>

Throughout the fall, Benjamin Edwards had tried to gather support from the Edwards colonists for a potential armed revolt against Mexican authority. Largely unsuccessful, he approached the nearby [[Cherokee]] tribe for assistance.<ref name=everett44/> Several years previously, the tribe had applied for title to the lands they occupied in northern East Texas. They were promised but never given a deed from the Mexican authorities. Benjamin Edwards offered the tribe clear title to all of Texas north of Nacogdoches in exchange for armed support for his plans.<ref name=everett45>Everett (1995), p. 45.</ref>

On December 16, the Edwards brothers invaded Nacogdoches with only 30 settlers, seizing one building in town, the [[Old Stone Fort Museum (Texas)|Old Stone Fort]].<ref name=samora80>Samora ''et al.'' (1993), p. 80.</ref> On December 21, they declared the former Edwards colony to be a new republic named Fredonia.<ref name=davis72/> Within hours of the announcement, the Fredonians signed a peace treaty with the Cherokee, represented by Chief [[Richard Fields (Cherokee)|Richard Fields]] and [[John Dunn Hunter]].<ref name=everett45/> Fields and Hunter claimed to represent an additional 23 other tribes and promised to provide 400 warriors.<ref name=jackson65>Jackson (2005), pp. 65, 67.</ref> In recognition of the agreement, above the Old Stone Fort flew a new flag containing two stripes–one red, one white–representing the two races.<ref name=weaver69>Weaver (1997), p. 69.</ref> Inscribed on the banner was the motto, "Independence, Liberty, and Justice".<ref name=davis72/> Haden Edwards also sent messengers to Louisiana to request aid from the United States military, which refused to intervene.<ref name=davis72/> Another emissary sent to invite Austin and his colonists to join the rebellion garnered the rebuke, "You are deluding yourselves and this delusion will ruin you."<ref name=davis71/>

[[File:Old Stone Fort in Nacogdoches, Texas.jpg|300px|thumb|left|The [[Old Stone Fort Museum (Texas)|Old Stone Fort]] was seized during the Fredonian Rebellion.]]

Edwards's actions disturbed many of his colonists due to either their loyalty to their adopted country<ref name=davis72/> or fear of his alliance with the Cherokee.<ref name=bates493/> Mexican authorities were also concerned with the Cherokee alliance, and both [[Peter Ellis Bean]], the Mexican [[Indian agent]], and Saucedo, the political chief, began negotiations with Fields. They explained to the Cherokee that the tribe had not followed proper procedures to attain a land grant and promised that if they reapplied through official channels the Mexican government would honor their land request. These arguments and a planned Mexican military response convinced many Cherokee to repudiate the treaty with Edwards.<ref name=everett46>Everett (1995), p. 46.</ref>

On news of the November arrest of the ''alcalde'', the Mexican government began preparing to retaliate.<ref name="ericson41"/> On December 11, Lieutenant Colonel Mateo Ahumada, the military commander in Texas, marched from [[San Antonio de Béxar]] with 110 infantry,<ref name="ericson41" /> and initially stopped in Austin's colony to assess the loyalty of his settlers. On January 1, Austin announced to his colonists that "infatuated madmen at Nacogdoches have declared independence."<ref name=davis72>Davis (2006), p. 72.</ref> Much of his colony immediately volunteered to assist in quelling the rebellion.<ref name=davis72/> When the Mexican army left for Nacogdoches on January 22, they were joined by 250 militiamen from Austin's colony.<ref name="ericson41"/>

Impatient with the army response time, Norris led 80 men to retake the Old Stone Fort. Although Parmer had fewer than 20 supporters with him, his men routed Norris's force in less than ten minutes.<ref name=jackson75>Jackson (2005), p. 75.</ref> On January 31, Bean, accompanied by 70 militiamen from Austin's colony, rode into Nacogdoches.<ref name=jackson76>Jackson (2005), p. 76.</ref> By this time, Parmer and Edwards had learned that the Cherokee had abandoned any intention of waging war against Mexico.<ref name=everett46/> When not a single Cherokee warrior had appeared to reinforce the revolt, Edwards and his supporters fled.<ref name=everett46/> Bean pursued them to the Sabine River, but most, including both Edwards brothers, safely crossed into the United States.<ref name=jackson76/><ref name=ericson42>Ericson (2000), p. 42.</ref> Ahumade and his soldiers, accompanied by political chief Saucedo, entered Nacogdoches on February 8 to restore order.<ref name=jackson77>Jackson (2005), p. 77.</ref>

Although the Cherokee had not raised arms against Mexico, their treaty with the Fredonian revolutionaries caused Mexican authorities to question the tribe's loyalty. To demonstrate their loyalty to Mexico, the Cherokee council ordered both Fields and Hunter to be executed. Under tribal law, certain offenses such as aiding an enemy of the tribe were punishable by death. By sentencing Fields and Hunter to death for this reason, the Cherokee affirmed that Edwards and his cohorts were their enemies.<ref name=everett47>Everett (1995), p. 47.</ref> Both men fled, but were soon captured and executed. When the executions were reported to Mexican authorities on February 28, the [[Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas|commandant general of the Eastern Interior Provinces]], [[Anastasio Bustamante]], praised the Cherokee for their prompt action.<ref name="everett47" />

Bustamante ultimately offered a general amnesty for all who participated in the conflict except for Haden and Benjamin Edwards, Martin Parmer, and [[Adolphus Sterne]], a local merchant who had provided supplies to the rebel force. Like the Edwards brothers, Parmer escaped into Louisiana. Sterne remained and was sentenced to death for treason but was paroled on the condition that he swear allegiance to Mexico and never again take up arms against the Mexican government.<ref name=ericson43>Ericson (2000), p. 43.</ref><ref group=Note>Sterne technically upheld his oath to the Mexican government; during the [[Texas Revolution]], he did not personally fight against Mexico, but he did provide funds to raise two companies of soldiers for the [[Texian Army]]. Ericson (2000), p. 43.</ref>

==Aftermath==
The rebellion changed the dynamic between settlers and local tribes. Although the Cherokee repudiated the rebellion, their initial support caused many settlers to distrust the tribe.<ref name=everett48>Everett (1995), p. 48.</ref> The rebellion, and subsequent Mexican army response, also changed the settlers' relationships with other tribes. In preceding years, the [[Towakoni]] and [[Waco tribe]]s, allied with various Comanche bands, had regularly raided Texas settlements. Fearing that these tribes, like the Cherokee, could ally with other groups against Mexican control, Bustamante began preparations to attack and weaken all hostile tribes in East Texas. On learning of the imminent invasion, in April 1827 the Towakoni and Waco [[Suing for peace|sued for peace]].<ref name=smith121>Smith (2000), p. 121.</ref> In June, the two tribes signed a peace treaty with Mexico, promising to halt all raids against Mexican settlers. The Towakoni then assisted their allies, the Penateka Comanche, in reaching a treaty with Mexico. When Bustamante's troops left Texas later that year, the Towakoni and Waco resumed their raiding. The Comanche tribe upheld their treaty for many years and often assisted Mexican soldiers in recovering livestock stolen by the other tribes.<ref name=smith122>Smith (2000), p. 122.</ref>

The failed rebellion also affected Mexican relations with the United States.<ref name=morton33>Morton (1947), p. 33.</ref> Even before the revolt, many Mexican officials had worried that the United States was plotting to gain control of Texas.<ref name=morton34>Morton (1947), p. 34.</ref> Once the rebellion came to light, officials suspected that Edwards had been an agent of the United States. To help protect the region, a new, larger, garrison was established in Nacogdoches, to be commanded by Colonel Jose de las Piedras.<ref name=morton33/> As a direct result of Edwards's actions, the Mexican government authorized an extensive expedition, conducted by General [[Manuel Mier y Teran]], to inspect the Texas settlements and recommend a future course of action. Mier y Teran's reports led to the [[Laws of April 6, 1830]], which severely restricted immigration into Texas.<ref name=morton34/> Within Texas, the laws were widely denounced by both recent immigrants and native-born Mexicans and led to further armed conflict between Mexican soldiers and Texas residents.<ref name=davis77and85>Davis (2006), pp. 77, 85.</ref>

Some historians regard the Fredonian Rebellion as the beginning of the Texas Revolution. Historian W.B. Bates remarked that the revolt was "premature, but it sparked the powder for later success".<ref name="bates794" /> The people of Nacogdoches played instrumental roles in other rebellions in Texas over the next few years; in 1832 they expelled Piedras and his troops from Nacogdoches, and many Nacogdoches residents participated in the Texas Revolution.<ref name="bates794"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
{{Portalbox|Texas|Military history}}
*{{citation|last=Bates|first=W.B.|title=A Sketch History of Nacogdoches|journal=Southwestern Historical Quarterly|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/shqonline/apager.php?vol=059&pag=499|accessdate=2009-01-29|volume=59|issue=4|date=April 1956}}
*{{citation|last=Davis|first=William C.|authorlink=William C. Davis (historian)|title=Lone Star Rising|date=2006|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|location=College Station, TX|isbn=978-1-58544-532-5}} originally published 2004 by New York: Free Press
*{{Citation|last=Ericson|first=Joe E.|title=The Nacogdoches story: an informal history|publisher=Heritage Books|date=2000|isbn=978-0-7884-1657-6}}
*{{citation|last=Everett|first=Dianna|title=The Texas Cherokees: A People between Two Fires, 1819–1840|series=Civilization of the American Indian Series, v. 203|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman, OK|date=1995|isbn=978-0-585-16884-5}}
*{{citation|last=Jackson|first=Jack|date=2005|title=Indian Agent: Peter Ellis Bean in Mexican Texas|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|location=College Station, TX|isbn=978-1-58544-444-1}}
*{{citation|last=Morton|first=Ohland|title=Life of General Don Manuel de Mier y Teran|journal=Southwestern Historical Quarterly|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|volume=47|issue=1|date=July 1943|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/shqonline/apager.php?vol=047&pag=035|accessdate=2009-01-29}}
*{{citation|last=Samora|first=Julian|last2=Simon|first2=Patricia Vandel|last3=Candelaria|first3=Cordelia|last4=Pulido|first4=Alberto L.|title=A History of the Mexican-American People|publisher=University of Notre Dame Press|date=1993|location=Notre Dame, IN|isbn=978-0-585-33332-8}}
*{{citation|last=Smith|first=F. Todd|title=The Wichita Indians: Traders of Texas and the Southern Plains, 1540–1845|series=Centennial Series of the Association of Former Students, Texas A&M University, No. 87|location=College Station, TX|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|date=2000|isbn=978-0-585-37704-9}}
*{{citation|last=Weaver|first=Jace|title=That the People Might Live: Native American Literatures and Native American Community|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|date=1997|isbn=978-0-19-512037-0}}

{{Mexican Texas}}

{{featured article}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1826]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1827]]
[[Category:Mexican Texas]]
[[Category:Texas border disputes]]
[[Category:Wars fought in Texas]]
[[Category:1826 in Texas]]
[[Category:1827 in Texas]]

[[es:Rebelión de Fredonia]]
[[fr:République de Fredonia]]
[[ru:Фредонский мятеж]]
[[tr:Fredonia İsyanı]]

Marie von Nassau

2012-04-02T05:51:47Z

SD5bot: BOT: replacing template(s) per discussion about misleading template name

{{Infobox royalty|princess
| name =Princess Marie of Nassau
| title =Princess of Wied
| image =
| imgw =
| caption =
| spouse = [[Hermann, Prince of Wied]]
| issue = [[Elisabeth of Wied|Elisabeth, Queen of Romania]] [[William, Prince of Wied]] Prince Otto
| full name ={{lang-de|Marie Wilhelmine Friederike Elisabeth}}
| house =[[House of Nassau-Weilburg]] [[Wied-Neuwied (state)|House of Wied-Neuwied]]
| father =[[William, Duke of Nassau]]
| mother =[[Princess Louise of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
| birth_date ={{birth date|1825|1|29|df=y}}
| birth_place =[[Biebrich, Rhineland Palatinate|Biebrich]], [[Duchy of Nassau]]
| death_date ={{death date and age|1902|3|24|1825|1|29|df=y}}
| death_place =[[Neuwied]], [[Duchy of Nassau]]
|}}

'''Princess Marie of Nassau''' ({{lang-de|Prinzessin Marie Wilhelmine Friederike Elisabeth von Nassau}}; 29 January 1825{{spaced ndash}}24 March 1902) was the eighth child and fourth daughter of [[William, Duke of Nassau]] and wife of [[Hermann, Prince of Wied|Hermann, 4th Prince of Wied]]. She was the mother of [[Elisabeth of Wied|Queen Elisabeth of Romania]].

==Early life==
Marie was born at [[Biebrich, Rhineland Palatinate|Biebrich]], [[Duchy of Nassau]] the eighth child and fourth daughter of [[William, Duke of Nassau]] (1792–1839) by his first wife, [[Princess Louise of Saxe-Hildburghausen]] (1794–1825), daughter of [[Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg]].

She was sister of:
*[[Princess Therese of Nassau-Weilburg|Duchess Therese of Oldenburg]] (1815–1871)
*[[Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg]] (1817–1905)
And half sister of:
*[[Princess Helena of Nassau|Helena, Princess of Waldeck and Pyrmont]] (1831–1888) who married [[George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont]].
*[[Sophia of Nassau|Queen Sophia of Sweden and Norway]] (1836–1913), queen consort of [[Oscar II of Sweden]].

==Marriage and family==
Marie married on 20 June 1842 in [[Biebrich, Rhineland Palatinate|Biebrich]], [[Hermann, Prince of Wied]] (1814–1864), elder son of Johann August Carl, Prince of Wied and Princess Sophie Auguste of Solms-Braunfels.
They had three children:
*[[Elisabeth of Wied|Princess Elisabeth of Wied]] (29 December 1843 – 3 March 1916) married [[Carol I of Romania]], had issue.
*[[William, Prince of Wied]] (22 August 1845 – 22 October 1907) married [[Princess Marie of the Netherlands]], had issue.
*Prince Otto of Wied (22 November 1850 – 18 February 1862)

==Private Life==
According to the German writer and socialite [[Marie von Bunsen]] (1860–1941), Princess Marie is reported to have had a relationship with the Baden politician [[Franz von Roggenbach]] (1825–1907) to whom she even might have been married [[Morganatic marriage|morganatically]] after her husband's death.<ref>Marie von Bunsen: ''Die Welt, in der ich lebte''. Koehler & Amelang, Leipzig 1930.</ref>

==Titles and styles==
*'''29 January 1825 – 20 June 1842''': ''Her Ducal Serene Highness'' Princess Marie of Nassau
*'''20 June 1842 – 5 March 1864''': ''Her Ducal Serene Highness'' The Princess of Wied
*'''5 March 1864 – 24 March 1902''': ''Her Ducal Serene Highness'' The Dowager Princess of Wied

==Sources==
<references/>

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel top|width=100%}}
{{ahnentafel-compact5
|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
|border=1
|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1=1. '''Princess Marie of Nassau'''
|2= 2. [[William, Duke of Nassau]]
|3= 3. [[Princess Louise of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
|4= 4. [[Frederick William, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg]]
|5= 5. [[Burgravine Louise Isabelle of Kirchberg]]
|6= 6. [[Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg]]
|7= 7. [[Duchess Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
|8= 8. [[Charles Christian, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg]]
|9= 9. [[Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau]]
|10= 10. Wilhelm Georg, Count of Sayn-Hachenburg, Burgrave of Kirchberg
|11= 11. Princess Isabella Auguste Reuss of Greiz
|12= 12. [[Ernest Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
|13= 13. Princess Ernestine of Saxe-Weimar
|14= 14. [[Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg|Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
|15= 15. [[Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
|16= 16. Charles Augustus, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg
|17= 17. Princess Auguste Friederike Wilhelmine of Nassau-Idstein
|18= 18. [[William IV, Prince of Orange]]
|19= 19. [[Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange|Anne, Princess Royal]]
|20= 20. Wilhelm Ludwig, Burgrave of Kirchberg
|21= 21. Countess Louise of Salm-Dhaun
|22= 22. Henrich XI, Prince Reuss of Greiz
|23= 23. Countess Konradine Reuss of Köstritz
|24= 24. [[Ernst Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
|25= 25. Countess Caroline of Erbach-Fürstenau
|26= 26. [[Ernest Augustus I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]]
|27= 27. Margravine Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
|28= 28. [[Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg, Prince of Mirow|Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince of Mirow]]
|29= 29. [[Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
|30= 30. [[Landgrave George William of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
|31= 31. Countess Marie Luise Albertine of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Heidesheim
}}</center>
{{ahnentafel bottom}}

==Notes and sources==
*[http://www.thepeerage.com/p10885.htm#i108847 thePeerage.com - Marie Prinzessin von Nassau-Weilburg]
*[http://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00010346&tree=LEO Genealogics - Leo van de Pas - Princess Marie von Nassau]
*The Royal House of Stuart, London, 1969, 1971, 1976 , Addington, A. C., Reference: 351The Royal House of Stuart, London, 1969, 1971, 1976 , Addington, A. C., Reference: page 336
*L'Allemagne dynastique , Huberty, Giraud, Magdelaine, Reference: vol III page 454.
{{Princesses of Nassau by birth}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Marie Of Nassau, Princess
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 29 January 1825
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Biebrich, Rhineland Palatinate|Biebrich]], [[Duchy of Nassau]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 24 March 1902
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Neuwied]], [[Duchy of Nassau]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Marie Of Nassau, Princess}}
[[Category:1825 births]]
[[Category:1902 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Duchy of Nassau]]
[[Category:House of Nassau-Weilburg]]
[[Category:House of Wied-Neuwied]]
[[Category:Princesses of Nassau-Weilburg]]

[[nl:Marie van Nassau-Weilburg]]
[[pt:Maria de Nassau]]

Carter G. Woodson

2012-04-02T01:36:02Z

SD5bot: BOT: replacing template(s) per discussion about misleading template name

{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Carter Godwin Woodson
|image = Carter G Woodson portrait.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Carter G. Woodson
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1875|12|19}}
|birth_place = [[New Canton, Virginia]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1950|4|3|1875|12|9}}
|death_place = [[Washington, DC]]
|other_names =
|known_for = Founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, Established Negro History Week. Now called Association for the Study of African American Life and History.
|occupation = [[Historian]]
|nationality =
|education = B.Litt, [[Berea College]] (1903) M.A., [[University of Chicago]] (1908) Ph.D., [[Harvard University]] (1912)
}}
'''Carter Godwin Woodson''' (December 19, 1875{{spaced ndash}}April 3, 1950)<ref>{{cite book |title=The correspondence of W. E. B. Du Bois, Volume 3 |last=Du Bois |first=William Edward Burghardt |authorlink=W. E. B. Du Bois |publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]] |location= |isbn=1558491058 |page=282 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HrGNkNrkEVEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s |accessdate=May 30, 2011}}</ref> was an [[African-American]] [[historian]], [[author]], [[journalist]] and the founder of the [[Association for the Study of African American Life and History]]. Woodson was one of the first scholars to study [[African American history]]. A founder of ''[[The Journal of Negro History|Journal of Negro History]]'' (now titled ''The Journal of African-American History''), Dr. Woodson has been cited as the [[List of people known as the father or mother of something|father of black history]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.america.gov/st/diversity-english/2005/June/20080207153802liameruoy0.1187708.html |title=Carter G. Woodson, Father of Black History |first=Lerone |last=Bennett, Jr. |work=[[United States Department of State]] |year=2005 |accessdate=May 30, 2011}}</ref>

==Background==
{{African American topics sidebar|right}}
Carter G. Woodson was born December 19, 1875, the son of former enslaved Africans, James and Eliza Riddle Woodson. His father helped [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] soldiers during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], and he moved his family to [[West Virginia]] when he heard that [[Huntington, West Virginia|Huntington]] was building a high school for blacks. Coming from a large, poor family, Carter Woodson could not regularly attend school. Through self-instruction, Woodson mastered the fundamentals of common school subjects by age 17.

Wanting more education, Carter went to [[Fayette County, West Virginia|Fayette County]] to earn a living as a miner in the coal fields. He was able to devote only a few months each year to his schooling. In 1895, at age 20, Woodson entered [[Douglass Junior and Senior High School|Douglass High School]], where he received his diploma in less than two years. From 1897 to 1900, Woodson taught in Fayette County. In 1900 he was selected as the principal of Douglass High School. He earned his Bachelor of Literature degree from [[Berea College]] in [[Kentucky]] in 1903 by taking classes part-time between 1901 and 1903.

From 1903 to 1907, Woodson was a school supervisor in the [[Philippines]]. Later, he attended the [[University of Chicago]], where he was awarded an A.B. and A.M. in 1908. He was a member of the first black fraternity [[Sigma Pi Phi]] and a member of [[Omega Psi Phi]].<ref>[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_11_59/ai_n6158341 1904-2004: the Boule at 100: Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity holds centennial celebration | Ebony | Find Articles at BNET.com]</ref>
He completed his Ph.D. in history at [[Harvard University]] in 1912, where he was the second African-American (after [[W.E.B. DuBois]]) to earn a doctorate.<ref>http://www.newsweek.com/id/232818</ref> His doctoral dissertation,''The Disruption of Virginia'', was based on research he did at the [[Library of Congress]] while teaching high school in Washington, D.C. After earning the doctoral degree, he continued teaching in the public schools, later joining the faculty at [[Howard University]] as a professor, where he served as Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences.

==Career==
Convinced that the role of his own people in American history and in the history of other cultures was being ignored or misrepresented among scholars, Woodson realized the need for research into the neglected past of African Americans. Along with Alexander L. Jackson and three aswas the year Woodson published ''The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861''. His other books followed: ''A Century of Negro Migratiinues to be published by the [[Association for the Study of African American Life and History]] (ASALH).

His final professional appointment in West Virginia was as the Dean of the West Virginia Collegiate Institute, now West Virginia State University, from 1920–22.

He studied many aspects of African-American history. For instance, in 1924, he published the first survey of free white slaveowners.

==NAACP==
Woodson became affiliated with the [[Washington, D.C.]] branch of the [[NAACP]], and its chairman [[Archibald Grimké]]. On January 28, 1915, he wrote a letter to Grimké expressing his dissatisfaction with activities. Woodson made two proposals:
#That the branch secure an office for a center to which persons may report whatever concerns the black race may have, and from which the Association may extend its operations into every part of the city; and
#That a canvasser be appointed to enlist members and obtain subscriptions for ''[[The Crisis]]'', the NAACP magazine edited by [[W. E. B. Du Bois]].

W. E. B. Du Bois added the proposal to divert "patronage from business establishments which do not treat races alike," that is, boycott businesses. Woodson wrote that he would cooperate as one of the twenty-five effective canvassers, adding that he would pay the office rent for one month. Grimke did not welcome Woodson's ideas.

Responding to Grimke's comments about his proposals, on March 18, 1915, Woodson wrote,
:"I am not afraid of being sued by white businessmen. In fact, I should welcome such a law suit. It would do the cause much good. Let us banish fear. We have been in this mental state for three centuries. I am a radical. I am ready to act, if I can find brave men to help me."{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}}

His difference of opinion with Grimké, who wanted a more conservative course, contributed to Woodson's ending his affiliation with the NAACP.
[[File:CGWoodson roadside marker.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Roadside historical marker biography of Woodson]]

==Black History Month==
After leaving Howard University because of differences with its president,{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} Dr. Woodson devoted the rest of his life to historical research. He worked to preserve the history of African Americans and accumulated a collection of thousands of artifacts and publications. He noted that African American contributions "were overlooked, ignored, and even suppressed by the writers of history textbooks and the teachers who use them."<ref>''Current Biography 1944'', p.742</ref> Race prejudice, he concluded, "is merely the logical result of tradition, the inevitable outcome of thorough instruction to the effect that the Negro has never contributed anything to the progress of mankind."<ref>Ibid.</ref>

In 1926, Woodson pioneered the celebration of "Negro History Week", designated for the second week in February, to coincide with marking the birthdays of [[Abraham Lincoln]] and [[Frederick Douglass]].<ref>Delilah L. Beasley, "Activities Among Negroes, ''Oakland Tribune'', February 14, 1926, pX-5</ref> The week of recognition became accepted and has been extended as the full month of February, now known as [[Black History Month]].

==Colleagues==
Woodson believed in self-reliance and racial respect, values he shared with [[Marcus Garvey]], a [[Jamaican]] activist who worked in New York. Woodson became a regular columnist for Garvey's weekly ''Negro World''.

Woodson's political activism placed him at the center of a circle of many black intellectuals and activists from the 1920s to the 1940s. He corresponded with [[W. E. B. Du Bois]], [[John Edward Bruce|John E. Bruce]], [[Arturo Alfonso Schomburg]], [[Hubert Harrison|Hubert H. Harrison]], and [[Timothy Thomas Fortune|T. Thomas Fortune]] among others. Even with the extended duties of the Association, Woodson made time to write academic works such as ''The History of the Negro Church'' (1922), ''[[The Mis-Education of the Negro]]'' (1933), and others which continue to have wide readership.

Woodson did not shy away from controversial subjects, and used the pages of ''Black World'' to contribute to debates. One issue related to West Indian/African American relations. Woodson summarized that "the West Indian Negro is free." He observed that West Indian societies had been more successful at properly dedicating the necessary amounts of time and resources needed to educate and genuinely emancipate people. Woodson approved of efforts by West Indians to include materials related to Black history and culture into their school curricula.

Woodson was ostracized by some of his contemporaries because of his insistence on defining a category of history related to ethnic culture and race. At the time, these educators felt that it was wrong to teach or understand African-American history as separate from more general American history. According to these educators, "Negroes" were simply Americans, darker skinned, but with no history apart from that of any other. Thus Woodson's efforts to get Black culture and history into the curricula of institutions, even historically Black colleges, were often unsuccessful. Today African-American studies have become specialized fields of study in history, music, culture, literature and other areas; in addition, there is more emphasis on African-American contributions to general American culture. The United States celebrates Black History Month.

==Woodson's legacy==

That schools have set aside a time each year, to focus upon African American history, is Dr. Woodson's most visible legacy. His determination to further the recognition of the Negro in American and world history, however, inspired countless other scholars. Woodson remained focused on his work throughout his life. Many see him as a man of vision and understanding. Although Dr. Woodson was among the ranks of the educated few, he did not feel particularly sentimental about elite educational institutions.{{Citation needed|reason=April 2008|date=April 2008}} The Association and journal which he started in 1915 continue, and both have earned intellectual respect.

Woodson's other far-reaching activities included the founding in 1920 of the Associated Publishers, the oldest African-American publishing company in the United States. This enabled publication of books concerning blacks which may not have been supported in the rest of the market. He founded Negro History Week in 1926 (now known as Black History Month). He created the ''Negro History Bulletin'', developed for teachers in elementary and high school grades, and published continuously since 1937. Woodson also influenced the Association's direction and subsidizing of research in African-American history. He wrote numerous articles, monographs and books on Blacks. ''The Negro in Our History'' reached its eleventh edition in 1966, when it had sold more than 90,000 copies.

[[Dorothy Porter Wesley]] stated that "Woodson would wrap up his publications, take them to the post office and have dinner at the YMCA." He would teasingly decline her dinner invitations saying, "No, you are trying to marry me off. I am married to my work". Dr. Woodson's most cherished ambition, a six-volume ''Encyclopedia Africana'', lay incomplete at his death on April 3, 1950 at the age of 74. He is buried at Lincoln Memorial Cemetery in [[Suitland, Maryland]].

==Legacy and honors==
In 1992, the [[Library of Congress]] held an exhibition entitled "Moving Back Barriers: The Legacy of Carter G. Woodson". Woodson had donated his collection of 5,000 items from the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries to the Library.

His [[Washington, D.C.]] home has been preserved and designated the [[Carter G. Woodson Home National Historic Site]].

In 2002, scholar [[Molefi Kete Asante]] named Carter G. Woodson on his list of [[100 Greatest African Americans]].<ref>Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). ''100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia''. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.</ref>

==Selected bibliography==
[[File:History of the Negro Church.jpg|right|thumb|Second edition of ''The History of the Negro Church'' (1921)]]
* ''The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861'' (1915)
* ''A Century of Negro Migration'' (1918)
* ''The History of the Negro Church'' (1921)
* ''The Negro in Our History'' (1922)
* ''Free Negro Owners of Slaves in the United States in 1830, Together With Absentee Ownership of Slaves in the United States in 1830'' (1924)
* ''Free Negro Heads of Families in the United States in 1830, Together With a Brief Treatment of the Free Negro'' (1925)
* ''Negro Orators and Their Orations'' (1925)
* ''The Mind of the Negro as Reflected in Letters Written During the Crisis, 1800-1860'' (1927)
* ''Negro Makers of History'' (1928)
* ''African Myths, Together With Proverbs'' (1928)
* ''The Rural Negro'' (1930)
* ''The Negro Wage Earner'' (1930)
* ''The Mis-Education of the Negro'' (1933)
* ''The Negro Professional Man and the Community, With Special Emphasis on the Physician and the Lawyer'' (1934)
* ''The Story of the Negro Retold'' (1935)
* ''The African Background Outlined: Or, Handbook for the Study of the Negro'' (1936)
* ''African Heroes and Heroines'' (1939)
* ''The Works of Francis J. Grimké'' (1942)
* ''Carter G. Woodson's Appeal: The Lost Manuscript Edition'' (2008)

==Places named after Woodson==
[[File:carter woodson.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Carter Woodson biographical cartoon by [[Charles Alston]], 1943]]
*Carter G. Woodson Charter School in Winston Salem, North Carolina
* The Carter G. Woodson Institute for African-American and African Studies at the [[University of Virginia]], [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville]], [[Virginia|VA]] [http://artsandsciences.virginia.edu/woodson/]
* [[Woodson K-8 School]] in [[Houston]], [[Texas]]
* [[Carter G. Woodson Regional Library|Woodson Regional Library]] in [[Chicago]] [http://www.chipublib.org/002branches/woodson/woodson.html]
* Carter G. Woodson Middle School in [[Chicago]]
* Carter G. Woodson Elementary, [[Crisfield, MD]] [http://www.somerset.k12.md.us/WES/]
* Dr. Carter G. Woodson Elementary, [[Baltimore, MD]] [http://www.bcps.k12.md.us/]
* Carter G. Woodson Elementary, [[Atlanta, GA]]
* Carter G. Woodson Middle School in [[New Orleans]]
* Carter G. Woodson Elementary School in [[Los Angeles]].
* Woodson Institute for Student Excellence [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota|MN]].
* Carter G. Woodson Middle School in [[Hopewell, Virginia|Hopewell]], [[Virginia|VA]]
* C.G. Woodson Road in his home town of [[New Canton, Virginia]]
* Friendship Collegiate Academy in [[Washington, DC]] is located on the Carter G. Woodson Campus
* Carter G. Woodson Park, in [[Oakland Park, Florida]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oaklandparkfl.org/index.asp?Type=B_EV&SEC={5BD110B8-7DD4-4AE1-A07C-043D46927297}&DE={4225AAD7-7EF2-4FD3-BF09-F068949400E4} |title=Dr. Carter G. Wilson Festival |publisher=The City of Oakland Park |accessdate=2008-12-15}}</ref>
* Carter G. Woodson Elementary School was a former school located in [[Oakland Park, Florida]]. It was closed in 1965 when the [[Broward County Public Schools]] system was desegregated.
* Dr. Carter G. Woodson African American Museum in [[St. Petersburg, Florida]] [http://www.woodsonmuseum.org]
* Carter G. Woodson Elementary School in [[Jacksonville, Florida]] [http://www.duvalschools.org/woodson/]
* PS 23 Carter G. Woodson School in [[Brooklyn, New York]] [http://www.ps23woodson.org/home]
Carter G. Woodson Library in Gary, Indiana.
Carter G. Woodson Library in Chicago, Illinois.

==References==

{{Ibid|date=December 2010}}
[http://www.ps23woodson.org/home]
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [http://www.asalh.org/ The Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)]
* [http://www.themiseducationofthenegro.net/ Audiobook version of "The Mis-Education of the Negro"]
* [http://www.lostmanuscript.com/ Homepage for Carter G. Woodson's Appeal]
* [http://www.asalh.net/blackhistorymonthorigins.html/ The History of Black History Month by Daryl Michael Scott on ASALH's website]
* [http://www.woodsonmuseum.org/ Dr. Carter G. Woodson African American History Museum]

===Woodson's writings===
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Carter Godwin Woodson}}
* {{gutenberg author|id=Carter+Godwin+Woodson |name=Carter G. Woodson}}
* {{cite book|title=The History of the Negro Church |isbn=0-87498-000-3}}
* {{cite book|title=Mis-Education of the Negro |isbn=0-9768111-0-3}}

===Other information about Woodson===
* [http://www.unia-acl.org/archive/Dr.htm/ Dr. Carter G. Woodson]
* [http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/woodson.html/ "Dr. Carter Godwin Woodson & the Observance of African History"]
* [http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/1993/93-083.html/ Library of Congress Initiates Traveling Exhibits Program]
* [http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/1993/93-123.html/ Library of Congress Traveling Exhibit re Dr. C.G. Woodson]
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?faid/faid:@field(DOCID+ms000014) Carter G. Woodson Collection of Negro Papers and Related Documents]
* [http://www.ngbiwm.com/Exhibits/Carter%20GWoodson.htm/ Carter G. Woodson Wax Figure at the National Great Blacks in Wax Museum]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Woodson, Carter G.
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American historian
| DATE OF BIRTH =December 19, 1875
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[New Canton, Virginia]]
| DATE OF DEATH =April 3, 1950
| PLACE OF DEATH =[[Washington, DC]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Woodson, Carter G.}}
[[Category:American historians]]
[[Category:American journalists]]
[[Category:African American history]]
[[Category:African American writers]]
[[Category:Negro World contributors]]
[[Category:People from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:People from Huntington, West Virginia]]
[[Category:People from Fayette County, West Virginia]]
[[Category:People from Buckingham County, Virginia]]
[[Category:Writers from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Writers from West Virginia]]
[[Category:Journalists from West Virginia]]
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:Spingarn Medal winners]]
[[Category:Berea College alumni]]

[[tl:Carter G. Woodson]]