Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Rape-and-Revenge-Film

2012-10-20T01:06:13Z

SD5: /* References */fix(es), removed stub tag using AWB

'''Rape and revenge films''' ('''aka rape/revenge, rape-revenge''') are a subgenre of [[exploitation film]] that was particularly popular in the 1970s. Rape/revenge movies generally follow the same [[three act structure]]:

* Act I: A woman is raped/[[gang rape]]d, [[torture]]d, and left for dead.
* Act II: The woman survives and [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|rehabilitates]] herself.
* Act III: The woman takes [[revenge]] and kills her rapist(s)

In some cases, the woman is killed at the end of the first act, and the "revenge" is carried out by her family, as in ''[[The Virgin Spring]]'', ''[[I Saw the Devil]]'', and the original ''[[The Last House on the Left (1972 film)|The Last House on the Left]]'', which was inspired by the former movie. ''The Virgin Spring'' is particularly notable as being arguably the first in the genre as well as being directed by [[Ingmar Bergman]].

In 2006, Rogue Pictures finalized a deal to remake ''The Last House on the Left''. [[Wes Craven]] (writer and producer of the original film) produced the [[The Last House on the Left (2009 film)|remake]], starring [[Tony Goldwyn]] and [[Monica Potter]]. The 2009 film ''Run! Bitch Run!'' is set in the late 1970s. In 2010, the controversial film ''I Spit on Your Grave'' was [[I Spit on Your Grave (2010 film)|remade]] starring [[Sarah Butler]] and [[Chad Lindberg]]. It was released worldwide on Halloween by CineTel Films.

In [[Gaspar Noé]]'s 2002 film ''Irréversible'', the structure was reversed, with the first act depicting the revenge before tracing back the events which led to that point. [[Roger Ebert]] argues that by using this structure, as well as a false revenge, ''Irréversible'' cannot be classified as an exploitation film, as no exploitation of the subject matter takes place.<ref>{{cite web | first=Roger | last=Ebert | title=Irreversible :: rogerebert.com :: Reviews | url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20030314/REVIEWS/303140303/1023 | publisher=Rogerebert.suntimes.com |accessdate=2010-01-25}}</ref>

The genre has attracted critical attention.<ref>Clover, Carol J. 1992 ''[[Men, Women, and Chainsaws]]: Gender in the Modern Horror Film.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00620-2.</ref><ref>Creed, B. 1993 ''The Monstrous-Feminine: Film, Feminism, Psychoanalysis.'' New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-05259-9.</ref><ref>King, Claire Sisco 2003. "Review of ''Thelma & Louise'' by Marita Sturken and of ''The New Avengers: Feminism, Femininity, and the Rape-Revenge Cycle'' by Jacinda Read." http://www.scope.nottingham.ac.uk/bookreview.php?issue=aug2003&id=437&section=book_rev (retrieved October 6, 2007)</ref><ref>Read, Jacinda 2000. ''The New Avengers: Feminism, Femininity, and the Rape-Revenge Cycle''. Manchester, UK and New York: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-5905-4.</ref> Much of this critical attention comes from feminist critics examining the complex politics involved in the genre and its impact on cinema more generally. More recently, a broad analysis of the rape-revenge genre and concept was published in ''Rape-Revenge Films: A Critical Study'', by Alexandra Heller-Nicholas. The book argues against a simplistic notion of the term 'rape-revenge' and suggests a film-specific approach in order to avoid generalizing films which may "diverge not over the treatment of sexual assault as much as they do in regards to the morality of the revenge act."<ref>{{cite book | last=Heller-Nicholas | first=Alexandra | title=Rape-Revenge Film: A Critical Study | year=2011 | publisher=McFarland | location=New York | isbn=978-0-7864-4961-3 | pages=230 | url=http://www.rape-revenge.com}}</ref>

In addition to U.S. and French films, rape/revenge films have been made in Japan (e.g., [[Takashi Ishii]]'s ''[[Freeze Me]]''), Finland,<ref>Makela, Anna (no date). ''Political rape, private revenge. The story of sexual violence in Finnish Film and Television''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:0Vk_2922Is0J:media.utu.fi/emy/AnnaMakela.rtf+rape-revenge&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=101&gl=us |title=(viewed as HTML. Retrieved October 6, 2007 |publisher=Google.com |date= |accessdate=2010-01-25}}</ref> Russia, Argentina (e.g., "I'll Never Die Alone" (2008)(original title - No Moriré Sola), and Norway (e.g., "The Whore" (2009)(original title - Hora).

==Examples in film==
{{div col|cols=2}}
*''[[22 Female Kottayam]]''
*''[[Coward_of_the_County#.22Coward_of_the_County.22:_The_movie|Coward of the County]]''
*''[[Death Wish (film)|Death Wish]]''
*''[[Death Wish II]]''
*''[[¡Dispara!]]''
*''[[Extremities (film)|Extremities]]''
*''[[Eye for an Eye (1996 film)|Eye for an Eye]]''
*''[[Gone (2012 film)|Gone]]''
*[[The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009 film)|''The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo'' (2009 film)]]
*[[The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film)|''The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo'' (2011 film)]]
*''[[Hannie Caulder]]''
*''[[Hard Candy (film)|Hard Candy]]
*''[[I Spit On Your Grave]]''
*''[[Irréversible]]''
*''[[Jungle Warriors]]''
*''[[Kill Bill Volume 1]]''
*''[[The Ladies Club]]'' (1986)
*''[[Lady Snowblood]]''
*''[[The Last House on the Left (1972 film)|The Last House on the Left]]''
*''[[Lipstick (film)|Lipstick]]''
*''[[Ms. 45]]''
*''[[Savage Streets]]''
*[[Shutter (2004 film)|''Shutter'' (2004 film)]]
*[[Shutter (2008 film)|''Shutter'' (2008 film)]]
*''[[Straw Dogs (1971 film)|Straw Dogs]]''
*''[[Sudden Impact]]''
*''[[Teeth (film)|Teeth]]''
*''[[The Stranger (1995 film)|The Stranger]]''
*''[[Thriller - A Cruel Picture]]''
*''[[Ticked-Off Trannies with Knives]]''
*''[[Titus (film)|Titus]]'' (1999), a modernized adaptation of Shakespeare's ''[[Titus Andronicus]]''
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Vigilante]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Exploitation film}}

[[Category:Film genres]]
[[Category:Rape in fiction]]
[[Category:Rape and revenge films| ]]
[[Category:Thriller films by genre]]
[[Category:Exploitation films]]

[[fr:Rape and revenge]]
[[it:Revenge movie]]
[[pl:Rape and revenge]]
[[sv:Rape & revenge-film]]

She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)

2012-10-10T00:44:37Z

SD5: sample

{{distinguish|She Wolf (Shakira song)}}
{{Infobox single 
| Name = She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)
| Cover = She Wolf(FallingtoPieces).jpg
| Artist = [[David Guetta]] featuring [[Sia Furler|Sia]]
| Album = [[Nothing but the Beat#2.0|Nothing But the Beat 2.0]]
| Released = August 21, 2012
| Format = [[CD single]], [[12" vinyl]], [[Music download|digital download]]
| Recorded = 2012
| Genre = [[Electro house]]<ref>[http://www.beatport.com/track/she-wolf-falling-to-pieces-feat-sia-extended/3703977 David Guetta - She Wolf (Falling To Pieces) Feat. Sia (Extended) [What A Music] :: Beatport]</ref>, [[Dance music|dance]]
| Length = 3:42
| Label = [[Virgin Records|Virgin]], [[EMI]]
| Writer = David Guetta, [[Chris Braide]], Sia Furler, Giorgio Tuinfort
| Producer = David Guetta, Giorgio Tuinfort
| Chronology = [[David Guetta]] singles
| Last single = "[[LaserLight]]" (2012)
| This single = "'''She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)'''" (2012)
| Next single =
| Misc = {{Extra chronology
| Artist = [[Sia Furler|Sia]]
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Wild Ones (song)|Wild Ones]]" (2011)
| This single = "'''She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)'''" (2012)
| Next single =
}}
{{Extra music sample|Type=single|filename=David Guetta - She Wolf.ogg|title="She Wolf"}}
}}

"'''She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)'''" is a song performed by French DJ and music producer [[David Guetta]], featuring vocals from Australian recording artist [[Sia Furler|Sia]]. It was released as the lead single from the re-release of ''[[Nothing but the Beat]]'', 2.0, and tallies as the album's seventh single overall. It was released via [[Music download|digital download]] on August 21, 2012.<ref>http://itunes.apple.com/au/album/she-wolf-falling-to-pieces/id552097136</ref>

==Background==
Prior to it's official release on August 21, 2012, an EP of remixes of the track, featuring contributions from Michael Calfan and Sandro Silva, was made available for a short time exclusively via [[Beatport]], on August 7, 2012.<ref>http://www.beatport.com/#release/she-wolf-falling-to-pieces/951608</ref> The official release then followed on August 21, 2012, before the track was issued in the form of [[CD single]] and [[12" vinyl]] in [[Germany]] on August 24, 2012.<ref>http://www.amazon.de/Wolf-Falling-Pieces-Vinyl-Single/dp/B008S8B73A/ref=sr_1_3?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1348813581&sr=1-3</ref> The single was released in the [[United Kingdom]] on September 10, 2012, on the date of the album's release. It peaked at #8 on the [[UK Singles Chart]].

==Music video==
[[File:David-Guetta-She-Wolf.png|thumb|left|260px|A still from the music video "She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)".]]
===Background===
On September 21, 2012, a lyric video for the track was uploaded to Guetta's official [[VEVO]] channel.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uweWiCLT8Eg David Guetta - She Wolf (Lyrics Video) ft. Sia]. [[YouTube]]</ref> On September 26, 2012, a trailer for the music video was released, with an official premiere date of October 3, 2012, revealed.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jGoFwhfr0A David Guetta - She Wolf (Falling to Pieces) Trailer ft. Sia]. [[YouTube]]</ref> An official video for the track was uploaded to Guetta's official VEVO channel on September 28, 2012.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVzljDmoPVs She Wolf (Falling to Pieces) (Explicit)]. [[YouTube]]</ref>

===Synopsis===
The video starts off with a shot of a naked woman, then it moves on to a wounded wolf running from a handful of human hunters. It is shown that the wolf is supernatural, as it is able to make the hunters "explode" on every breakdown of the song. At the end of the music video, the canine then transforms back into the naked woman at the end, indicating that she is a [[werewolf]], referring to the song title.

==Critical reception==
Robert Copsey of ''[[Digital Spy]]'' blog gave the song a positive review stating:

<blockquote>
After a global conquering hook-up with Flo Rida she's returned to where it all began with David Guetta, who'll be hoping that lightning strikes twice after the spectacular and chart-topping 'Titanium'. Once again, it's the heartfelt lyrics that shine over the handbag house as she confesses: "You hunted me down like a wolf/ ...I felt like a deer in headlights" with the same inimitable gusto. The result is nothing we haven't heard already, but that's not necessarily a bad thing. {{rating|3|5}}.<ref>[http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/singlesreviews/a406484/david-guetta-ft-sia-she-wolf-falling-to-pieces-single-review.html David Guetta ft. Sia: 'She Wolf (Falling To Pieces)' - Single review]. [[Digital Spy]]</ref>
</blockquote>

==Track listing==
* '''US / EU Digital download'''<ref>http://itunes.apple.com/au/album/she-wolf-falling-to-pieces/id552097136</ref>
# "She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)" – 3:30

* '''Digital download - EP'''<ref>http://www.amazon.de/She-Wolf-Falling-to-Pieces/dp/B008WGJN66/ref=sr_shvl_album_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1348813308&sr=301-2</ref>
# "She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)" (Michael Calfan Remix) – 6:00
# "She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)" (Sandro Silva Remix) – 4:47
# "She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)" (Extended Mix) – 4:59

* '''EU / UK CD single'''<ref>http://www.amazon.de/gp/product/B008S8B74O/ref=dm_dp_cdp?ie=UTF8&qid=1348813308&s=music&sr=301-2</ref>
# "She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)" (Michael Calfan Remix) – 6:00
# "She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)" (Sandro Silva Remix) – 4:47
# "She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)" (Extended Mix) – 4:59
# "She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)" (Album Version) - 3:42

* '''EU / UK 12" vinyl'''<ref>http://www.amazon.de/Wolf-Falling-Pieces-Vinyl-Single/dp/B008S8B73A/ref=sr_1_3?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1348813581&sr=1-3</ref>
# "She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)" (Michael Calfan Remix) – 6:00
# "She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)" (Extended Mix) – 4:59
# "She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)" (Sandro Silva Remix) – 4:47

==Charts and certifications==
===Peak positions===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Chart (2012)
! Peak position
|-
{{singlechart|Australia|11|artist=David Guetta feat. Sia|song=She Wolf (Falling To Pieces)}}
|-
{{singlechart|Austria|3|artist=David Guetta feat. Sia|song=She Wolf (Falling To Pieces)}}
|-
{{singlechart|Flanders|16|artist=David Guetta feat. Sia|song=She Wolf (Falling To Pieces)}}
|-
{{singlechart|Wallonia|29|artist=David Guetta feat. Sia|song=She Wolf (Falling To Pieces)}}
|-
|Canada ([[Canadian Hot 100]])
| style="text-align:center;"|35
|-
{{singlechart|Denmark|7|artist=David Guetta feat. Sia|song=She Wolf (Falling To Pieces)}}
|-
{{singlechart|France|4|artist=David Guetta feat. Sia|song=She Wolf (Falling To Pieces)}}
|-
{{singlechart|Germany|3|artist=David Guetta feat. Sia|song=She Wolf (Falling To Pieces)}}
|-
{{singlechart|Hungarydance|27|year=2012|week=39|artist=David Guetta feat. Sia|song=She Wolf (Falling To Pieces)}}
|-
{{singlechart|Hungary|14|year=2012|week=39|artist=David Guetta feat. Sia|song=She Wolf (Falling To Pieces)}}
|-
{{singlechart|Ireland|6|year=2012|week=37}}
|-
{{singlechart|Israelairplay|2|year=2012|week=39|artist=David Guetta feat. Sia|song=She Wolf (Falling To Pieces)}}
|-
{{singlechart|Dutch40|11|artist=David Guetta feat. Sia|song=She Wolf (Falling To Pieces)}}
|-
{{singlechart|New Zealand|19|artist=David Guetta feat. Sia|song=She Wolf (Falling To Pieces)}}
|-
{{singlechart|Norway|4|artist=David Guetta feat. Sia|song=She Wolf (Falling To Pieces)}}
|-
{{singlechart|Scotland|4|date=2012-10-06}}
|-
{{singlechart|Slovakia|51|artist=David Guetta feat. Sia|song=She Wolf (Falling To Pieces)}}
|-
|Spain ([[PROMUSICAE]])<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.promusicae.org/files/listastonos/top%2050%20canciones%20(publicar)_w34.2012.pdf | publisher = promusicae.com | accessdate = August 29, 2012 | title = Spanish Charts - Simple Plan feat. Sean Paul - Summer Paradise (song) | language = Spanish}}</ref>
|align="center"|13
|-
| Spain Airplay ([[Promusicae]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Promusicae|url=http://www.promusicae.org/files/listasradio/w39-Top%2050.pdf|accessdate=16 September 2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|47
|-
{{singlechart|Sweden|15|artist=David Guetta feat. Sia|song=She Wolf (Falling To Pieces)}}
|-
{{singlechart|Switzerland|4|artist=David Guetta feat. Sia|song=She Wolf (Falling To Pieces)}}
|-
{{singlechart|UKdance|2|date=2012-09-22}}
|-
{{singlechart|UK|8|date=2012-10-06}}
|-
|US [[Hot Dance Club Songs]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat#/column/chartbeat/chart-highlights-christina-aguilera-s-body-1007951072.story Music Chart Analysis, Artist Spotlights, Music Insider, Chart Beat & News | Billboard]</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|19
|}

===Certifications===
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Italy|type=single|artist=David Guetta feat. Sia|title=She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)|autocat=yes|accessdate=9 October 2012|award=Gold|relyear=2012}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|nounspecified=true|noshipments=true}}

==Release history==
{|class=wikitable
! Region
! Date
! Format
! Label
|-
| [[France]]<ref>{{cite web|title=French itunes - David Guetta feat Sia - She Wolf (Falling to Pieces) Digital Single|url=http://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/she-wolf-falling-to-pieces/id552097136|language = French}}</ref>
| rowspan="3"| August 21, 2012
| rowspan="3"|Digital download
| rowspan="8"|[[EMI]]
|-
| [[Norway]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Norwegian itunes - David Guetta feat Sia - She Wolf (Falling to Pieces) Digital Single|url=http://itunes.apple.com/no/album/she-wolf-falling-to-pieces/id552097136|language = Norwegian}}</ref>
|-
| [[United States]]
|-
| [[Germany]]<ref>{{cite web|title=German Amazon Store - David Guetta feat Sia - She Wolf (Falling to Pieces) Maxi CD Single|url=http://www.amazon.de/Falling-Pieces-David-Feat-Guetta/dp/B008S8B74O/ref=sr_1_14?ie=UTF8&qid=1349055475&sr=8-14|language = German}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=German Amazon Store - David Guetta feat Sia - She Wolf (Falling to Pieces) 12" Vinyl Single|url=http://www.amazon.de/Wolf-Falling-Pieces-Vinyl-Single/dp/B008S8B73A/ref=sr_1_3?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1348813581&sr=1-3|language = German}}</ref>
| August 24, 2012
| rowspan=4|[[CD single]], [[12" vinyl]]
|-
| [[France]]<ref>{{cite web|title=French Amazon Store - David Guetta feat Sia - She Wolf (Falling to Pieces) Maxi CD Single|url=http://www.amazon.fr/She-Wolf-Falling-To-Pieces/dp/B008S8B74O/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&qid=1349055791&sr=8-9|language = French}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=French Amazon Store - David Guetta feat Sia - She Wolf (Falling to Pieces) 12" Vinyl EP|url=http://www.amazon.fr/She-Wolf-Falling-To-Pieces/dp/B008S8B73A/ref=sr_1_28?ie=UTF8&qid=1349055810&sr=8-28|language = French}}</ref>
| September 3, 2012
|-
| [[Italy]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Italian Amazon Store - David Guetta feat Sia - She Wolf (Falling to Pieces) Maxi CD Single|url=http://www.amazon.it/Wolf-Falling-Pieces-David-Guetta/dp/B008S8B74O/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1349056225&sr=8-1|language = Italian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Italian Amazon Store - David Guetta feat Sia - She Wolf (Falling to Pieces) 12" Vinyl EP|url=http://www.amazon.it/Wolf-Falling-Pieces-David-Guetta/dp/B008S8B73A/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1349056225&sr=8-2|language = Italian}}</ref>
| September 9, 2012

|-
| [[United Kingdom]]<ref>{{cite web|title=British Amazon Store - David Guetta feat Sia - She Wolf (Falling to Pieces) Maxi CD Single|url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Wolf-Falling-Pieces-David-Guetta/dp/B008S8B74O/ref=sr_1_31?ie=UTF8&qid=1349056415&sr=8-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=British Amazon Store - David Guetta feat Sia - She Wolf (Falling to Pieces) 12" Vinyl EP|url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/She-Wolf-Falling-Pieces-VINYL/dp/B008S8B73A/ref=sr_1_33?ie=UTF8&qid=1349056423&sr=8-33}}</ref>
| September 10, 2012
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{David Guetta singles}}
{{Sia Furler}}
[[Category:2012 singles]]
[[Category:David Guetta songs]]
[[Category:Sia songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by David Guetta]]
[[Category:Songs written by Chris Braide]]

[[es:She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)]]
[[fr:She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)]]
[[it:She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)]]
[[nl:She wolf (Falling to pieces)]]
[[pl:She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)]]
[[pt:She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)]]
[[vi:She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)]]

Der Chaos-Dad

2012-10-06T20:31:58Z

SD5: Reverted edit(s) by 108.35.213.74 identified as test/vandalism using STiki

{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2012}}
{{Infobox film
| name = That's My Boy
| image = That's My Boy poster.jpg
| image_size = 215px
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sean Anders]]
| producer = [[Adam Sandler]] [[Allen Covert]] [[Jack Giarraputo]] [[Heather Parry]]
| writer = [[David Caspe]]
| starring = [[Adam Sandler]] [[Andy Samberg]] [[Leighton Meester]] [[Susan Sarandon]] [[Ciara]]
| cinematography = Brandon Trost
| editing = Tom Costain
| music = [[Rupert Gregson-Williams]]
| studio = [[Happy Madison Productions]] [[Relativity Media]]
| distributor = [[Columbia Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2012|06|15}}
| runtime = 114 minutes<ref>[http://www.bbfc.co.uk/BFF288717/ ''That's My Boy'' (15)] – [[British Board of Film Classification]]</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $70 million<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaufman |first=Amy |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-box-office-rock-ages-my-boy-20120614,0,7431431.story |title=Movie Projector: 'Madagascar 3' to top 'Rock' musical, Sandler comedy|author=Kaufman, Amy |publisher=latimes.com |date=June 14, 2012|accessdate=June 14, 2012}}</ref><ref name="mojo"/>
| gross = $49,471,686<ref name="mojo"/>
}}
{{About|the 2012 film||That's My Boy (disambiguation){{!}}That's My Boy}}

'''''That's My Boy'''''<ref name="title change">{{cite web|url=http://www.movieswithbutter.com/blogs/adam-sandlers-upcoming-comedy-donnys-boy-changed-thats-my-boy-207648|last=Ngo|first=Binh|title=Adam Sandler's Upcoming Comedy 'Donny's Boy' Changed to 'That's My Boy'|work=Movies with Butter|accessdate=February 28, 2012|date=February 3, 2012}}</ref> is a 2012 American [[comedy film]] starring [[Adam Sandler]], [[Andy Samberg]], and [[Leighton Meester]]. The script was written by [[David Caspe]] and directed by [[Sean Anders]].

The film was produced under Sandler's production company [[Happy Madison]], and shot in [[Massachusetts]], around [[Boston]], [[Everett, Massachusetts|Everett]], [[Peabody]], [[Lynn]], [[Brockton]], [[Stoughton]] and [[Cape Cod]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Thursday, July, 21: Filming Locations in NYC, Detroit, Chicago, & more including AWOL, Boss, and SVU |url = http://www.onlocationvacations.com/2011/07/21/thursday-july-21-filming-locations-in-nyc-detroit-chicago-more-including-awol-boss-and-svu/comment-page-1/ |work = On Location Vacations |date = July 9, 2011 |accessdate = July 21, 2011}}</ref> The film was released on June 15, 2012,<ref name="mandc">{{cite web |title = I Hate You, Dad |url = http://www.comingsoon.net/films.php?id=73270 |work = [[CraveOnline]] |accessdate = July 21, 2011}}</ref><ref name="trailer">{{cite web|last=Ng|first=Philiana|title='That's My Boy' Red-Band Trailer With Adam Sandler and Andy Samberg Hits the Web (Video)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/risky-business/thats-my-boy-trailer-adam-sandler-andy-samberg-296333|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|accessdate=March 1, 2012|date=March 1, 2012}}</ref> and is distributed by [[Columbia Pictures]].

The film received negative reviews from critics, some citing it was Sandler's worst and most offensive film to date{{fact|date=August 2012}} (after ''[[Just Go with It]]'' and ''[[Jack and Jill (film)|Jack and Jill]]''), while others said it was a decent R-rated [[Adam Sandler]] film. ''That's My Boy'' was a box office failure, failing to bring back its $70 million budget. It is the sixth Sandler film to be rated R.

The film has been subject of controversy and criticism due to its comedic portrayal of [[pedophilia]], [[incest]] and [[statutory rape]].<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2012/04/30/comedy-about-middle-school-statutory-rape-does-adam-sandlers-thats-my-boy-go/ Comedy about middle school statutory rape? Does Adam Sandler’s 'That’s My Boy' go too far?]. Fox News (2012-04-30). Retrieved on August 15, 2012.</ref>

==Plot==
In 1984, 14-year-old Donny Berger is taken advantage of by his 22-year-old teacher, Mary McGarricle during a pep rally. They are caught having sex, and Mary is arrested. It becomes clear that she is pregnant, and in spite of his age, Donny gains custody of their son, whom he names Han Solo Berger. Donny becomes a celebrity because of what has happened, but is forgotten as he grows up and loses contact with his son.

2012, Donny is a 42-year-old slacker who has squandered all his money. He drinks beer constantly, and spends his time at a local strip club with his friends, bartender Brie and stripper Champale. Donny's son no longer speaks to or associates with him. Angry about Donny's incompetence as a father, so he tells acquaintances that his parents died in an explosion when he was nine years old, has gone on to become a successful businessman, and is about to marry a rich young woman named Jamie. Han has arrived at the Cape Cod house of his boss, Steve Spirou, the site of the wedding; while he doesn't get along well with Jamie's brother Chad, a Marine he has just met for the first time, he is well liked by the other guests.

Donny learns that he owes $43,000 to the [[IRS]] in back-taxes and will be imprisoned for three years if he doesn't repay the money by the end of the weekend. He places a long-odds wager on morbidly obese athlete Tubby Tuke to win an upcoming marathon, but realizes that he needs another plan. He visits TV producer Randall Morgan, who had produced shows for Donny during his brief period of celebrity; Morgan offers him $50,000 if he can organize a reunion with Han and Ms. McGarricle at the women's prison.

Donny arrives at Cape Cod to try to convince Han to participate. Because he had previously told people that his parents had died, Han introduces Donny as an old friend; Donny elaborates with a heroic backstory and, despite his extremely crude behavior, quickly becomes well-liked by the other guests, at the expense of Han's popularity – to the point where Han's best man, co-worker Phil, passes the role of best man on to Donny. Donny tries to convince Han to come to the women's prison to see Ms. McGarricle (not revealing that it is for Morgan's television show), but Han fights constantly with Donny about his father's immaturity, both now and during his childhood. When Donny later hears Jamie yelling at Han, he tries to be fatherly by encouraging him to stand up for himself; he follows this advice the next day at the wedding rehearsal, getting into a fistfight with Father McNally.

Donny joins Han and his other friends at the bachelor party, which is a relaxing, alcohol-free visit to a spa organized by Phil. Donny proceeds to offend everybody at the spa (although it is implied that he eventually has sex with the uptight proprietor, Ms. Ravensdale), before convincing the others to go to the strip club with him, where Han bonds with Brie, and everybody gets drunk and raucous. Donny sends the other guests home, but Phil stays and gets a blowjob from a stripper with a neck brace, then he and Han meet up with [[Vanilla Ice]], a former friend of Donny's from his B-grade celebrity days; once Donny apologizes to Ice for sleeping with his mother (the cause of a long-standing rift between the pair), the three wreak havoc through the night before returning to Steve's house, where both Donny and Ice have sex with Steve's mother and a drunk Han has sex with, then vomits on, Pp the mannequin wearing Jamie's wedding dress. Throughout the night, Donny and Han bond. Han tells Donny that he has given him a present for being best man and Han agrees to visit Ms. McGarricle in prison; Donny, knowing that the meeting is a television set-up, tells him not to go.

The following day, Jamie forces Han to take the dress to the dry cleaner and Han decides to visit his mother anyway. Donny rushes to prison to stop the meeting, but arrives too late; Randall ambushes Han, Donny, and Ms. McGarricle with a film crew and an enraged Han leaves. He refuses to sign a release form for the television appearance, leaving Donny with no money from the stunt.

Donny returns to Steve's home to retrieve his belongings and overhears Jamie on a phone call, indicating that she is cheating on Han with Steve. He tries to tell Han at the rehearsal dinner that night, but Jamie comes up with a story to cover her tracks. Defeated, Donny leaves and returns to the strip club, where his friend Kenny convinces him to return and earn Jamie's forgiveness. Donny heads to the hotel where Jamie is staying, only to find her [[Incest|having sex with Chad, her brother]], whom Donny learns is actually a jazz dancer pretending to be a Marine. Jamie gives Donny the money he needs in exchange for his silence.

Donny opens Han Solo's present to find an oven mitt, which Donny had used as a sockpuppet to comfort Han during his childhood. Touched by Han acknowledgement of their father-son relationship, Donny realizes that he must stop the wedding, in spite of his need for Jamie's hush money. He and Vanilla Ice interrupt the wedding ceremony and Donny reveals that he is Han father. Donny tears up Jamie's check and urges her to whisper the truth to Han – which a newly self-assured Han exposes to the entire crowd. In the ensuing fight, Jamie and Chad are both knocked unconscious. Han accepts Donny.

The following day at the strip club, Han reveals that he is dating Brie. Donny is preparing to go to prison, intending to rekindle his relationship with Ms. McGarricle when both are released in 2015 – when suddenly on television, they see Tubby Tuke complete an unlikely come-from-behind victory in his marathon, winning Donny $160,000 from his earlier wager, enough to keep him out of prison.

==Cast==
* [[Adam Sandler]] as Donny Berger. He became a pop-culture icon after sleeping with his teacher, but now owes $43,000 in back taxes. He also tries to reconnect with his long-lost son, Han, to no avail.
** Justin Weaver as 1984 Donny Berger
** [[Ian Ziering]] as TV Donny
* [[Andy Samberg]] as Han Solo Berger/Todd Peterson, Donny's son
* [[Leighton Meester]] as Jamie, Han's fiancee
* [[Susan Sarandon]] as Mary McGarricle, Donny's middle school teacher and Han's mother.
** [[Eva Amurri|Eva Amurri Martino]] as 1984 Mary McGarricle. Eva is Susan's real-life daughter.
* [[Ciara]] as Brie, a bartender and Donny's friend
* [[Vanilla Ice]] as himself.
* [[Milo Ventimiglia]] as Chad, Jamie's younger brother who is a modern jazz dancer posing as a Marine
* [[Rex Ryan]] as Jim Nance
* [[Luenell]] as Champale, a stripper and Brie's mother.
* [[Peggy Stewart (actress)|Peggy Stewart]] as Grandma Delores
* [[Tony Orlando]] as Steve Spirou, Han's boss
* [[Alan Thicke]] as Donny's father on TV
* [[James Caan]] as Father McNally, a priest
* [[Dan Patrick]] as Randall Morgan
* [[Will Forte]] as Phil
* [[Rachel Dratch]] as Phil's wife
* [[Blake Clark]] as Gerald
* [[Colin Quinn]] as Strip Club DJ
* [[Nick Swardson]] as Kenny
* [[Ana Gasteyer]] as Mrs. Ravensdale
* [[Todd Bridges]] as himself
* [[Baron Davis]] as Gym teacher
* [[Dennis Dugan]] as School janitor
* [[Jackie Sandler]] as Masseuse
* Brad Grunberg as Tubby Tuke

==Production==
The film was originally titled ''I Hate You, Dad''. It was then changed to ''Donny's Boy'' before the producers finally settled on ''That's My Boy''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Eisenberg|first=Eric|title=Adam Sandler Comedy I Hate You, Dad Retitled Donny's Boy, First Image Arrives Online|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Adam-Sandler-Comedy-I-Hate-You-Dad-Retitled-Donny-Boy-First-Image-Arrives-Online-28877.html|work=[[Cinema Blend]]|accessdate=January 19, 2012|date= January 16, 2011}}</ref><ref name="title change" />

==Promotion==
A red-band trailer was released on March 1, 2012.<ref name="trailer" /> A green band trailer was later released on March 5, 2012. On June 1, 2012, the whole cast sat down with MTV on the City Walk stage to discuss the film, their individual upcoming projects and also participated in a Q&A with the audience. The film was also promoted through the [[2012 MTV Movie Awards]], where [[Adam Sandler]], [[Andy Samberg]], and [[Leighton Meester]] were presenters for Best Kiss.

A spoof trailer was posted by Samberg on [[The Lonely Island]]'s [[YouTube]] account on June 1, 2012.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ei6OtJDepN8&feature=relmfu "That's My Boy Trailer – Samberg Cut"] – YouTube</ref>

==Reception==
===Box-office===
The film opened on June 15, 2012 with $4.6 million and was expected to earn $13 million for its whole weekend debut which would be Sandler's worst opening weekend since ''[[Reign Over Me]]'' in 2007,<ref>{{cite web|last=Rosen|first=Christopher|title='That's My Boy' Box Office: Adam Sandler Comedy Bombs, Tom Cruise's 'Rock Of Ages' Disappoints|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/16/thats-my-boy-rock-of-ages-box-office-bombs_n_1602470.html?ref=topbar|work=[[Huffington Post]]|accessdate=June 17, 2012|date=June 16, 2012}}</ref> which had a significantly lower budget.

The film grossed $13,453,714 in its opening weekend, ranking #4 behind the second weekends of ''[[Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted]]'' and ''[[Prometheus (film)|Prometheus]]'', and the opening of ''[[Rock of Ages (2012 film)|Rock of Ages]]''.<ref>[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2012&wknd=24&p=.htm Weekend Box Office Results for June 15–17, 2012]. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved on August 15, 2012.</ref> As of September 1, 2012, the film has grossed $36,931,089 domestically and $49,471,686 worldwide, making it a [[box office bomb]] and failed to recoup its $70 million budget.<ref name="mojo">{{mojo title|ihateyoudad|That's My Boy}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
Reviews have been very negative; [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reports that only 22% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 103 reviews, with the consensus stating, "While it does represent a new foray into raunch for the normally PG-13 Sandler, ''That's My Boy'' finds him repeating himself to diminishing effect – and dragging Andy Samberg down with him."<ref>{{rotten-tomatoes|thats_my_boy|That's My Boy}}</ref> [[Metacritic]] gives it a 30/100 rating, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".<ref>{{metacritic film|thats-my-boy|That's My Boy}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2163186/Mary-Kay-Letourneaus-teen-lover-turned-husband-Adam-Sandlers-movie-us.html Mary Kay Letourneau's teen lover-turned-husband: Adam Sandler's movie is about us!] Dailymail.co.uk (2012-06-22). Retrieved on August 15, 2012.</ref> Online review show [[RedLetterMedia|Half in the Bag]] called the movie "pathetic", it went on to criticize Sandler as a comic, including his inability to create real humor that isn't based on childish jokes.<ref>[http://redlettermedia.com/half-in-the-bag-abraham-lincoln-vampire-hunter-and-thats-my-boy/ Half in the Bag: ABRAHAM LINCOLN: VAMPIRE HUNTER and THAT'S MY BOY] redlettermedia.com (2012-07-28). Retrieved on August 26, 2012.</ref> Bob Fishbach from the ''Omaha World Herald'' gave the film one out of four stars, saying it was "worse than Sandler's previous stinker, ''Jack and Jill''".{{cn | date = July 2012}} Film Critic Richard Roeper gave the movie an "F" rating, and calling it "an ugly, tasteless, deadly and mean-spirited piece of…filmmaking.”

The film has been criticized for its comedic portrayal of statutory rape, pedophilia, and incest.<ref>O'Hehir, Andrew. (2012-06-16) [http://www.salon.com/2012/06/16/sympathy_for_adam_sandler/ Adam Sandler hates you]. Salon.com. Retrieved on August 15, 2012.</ref><ref>Chang, Justin. (2012-06-14) [http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117947751?refcatid=31&printerfriendly=true That's My Boy – Entertainment News, Film Reviews, Media]. Variety. Retrieved on August 15, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.dailymercury.com.au/story/2012/06/21/movie-review-thats-my-boy-adam-sandler/ Movie review: That's My Boy | Mackay Movies | Movie Reviews and Cinemas in Mackay]. Dailymercury.com.au (2012-06-21). Retrieved on August 15, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.qt.com.au/story/2012/06/21/movie-review-thats-my-boy-adam-sandler/ Movie review: That's My Boy | Ipswich Movies | Movie Reviews and Cinemas in Ipswich | Ipswich Queensland Times]. Qt.com.au (2012-06-21). Retrieved on August 15, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://ncfm.org/2012/05/news/discrimination-against-men-news/adam-sandlers-new-movie-thats-my-boy-exploits-child-victims-of-sexual-assault-please-boycott-the-movie/ Adam Sandler’s new movie “That’s My Boy” exploits child victims of sexual assault. Please boycott the movie. | National Coalition For Men]. NCFM (2012-05-02). Retrieved on August 15, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://enewsi.com/reviews/showproduct.php?product=1187&cat=2 Entertainment Reviews – That's My Boy]. ENewsI.com (2012-06-16). Retrieved on August 15, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/christopher-rosen/thats-my-boy-adam-sandler_b_1600054.html Christopher Rosen: 'That's My Boy': Adam Sandler's 'Midnight In Paris'?]. Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved on August 15, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://goodmenproject.com/noseriouslywhatabouttehmenz/thats-my-boy/ That’s My Boy — The Good Men Project]. Goodmenproject.com (2012-06-18). Retrieved on August 15, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://goodmenproject.com/good-feed-blog/adam-sandler-and-rape-culture/ Adam Sandler and Rape Culture — The Good Men Project]. Goodmenproject.com (2012-06-17). Retrieved on August 15, 2012.</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award !! Category !! Recipient(s) !! Result
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[Teen Choice Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Breaking Dawn leads the way at Teen Choice Awards nominations|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/arts-and-life/entertainment/celebrities/breaking-dawn-leads-the-way-at-teen-choice-awards-nominations-159195615.html|work=Winnipeg Free Press|accessdate=June 16, 2012|date=June 15, 2012}}</ref>
| Choice Summer Movie: Comedy/Music
!
| {{nominated}}
|-
| Choice Summer Movie Star: Male
| [[Adam Sandler]]
| {{nominated}}
|-
| Choice Summer Movie Star: Female
| [[Leighton Meester]]
| {{nominated}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1232200|That's My Boy}}
* {{allrovi movie|535472|That's My Boy}}
* {{mojo title|ihateyoudad|That's My Boy}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|thats_my_boy|That's My Boy}}
* {{metacritic film|thats-my-boy|That's My Boy}}
* {{Facebook|ThatsMyBoyMovie}}
* [http://filmovi247.com/tatin-sin-2012/ ''That's My Boy'' (2012)] on Filmovi 24/7

{{DEFAULTSORT:That's My Boy}}
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2010s comedy films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1984]]
[[Category:Films set in 2012]]
[[Category:Films set in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Films shot in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Incest in fiction]]
[[Category:Relativity Media films]]
[[Category:Happy Madison films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]

[[es:That's my boy (película de 2012)]]
[[fr:That's My Boy]]
[[it:Indovina perché ti odio]]
[[hu:Apa ég!]]
[[pl:Spadaj, tato]]
[[zh:爸爸的好儿子]]

Mahindra Electric

2012-03-30T21:20:54Z

SD5: Reverted edit(s) by 122.172.22.145 identified as test/vandalism using STiki

{{other uses|Reva (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox company
| company_name = Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Private Limited
| company_logo = [[Image:Mahindra Reva Logo.jpg|272px]]
| company_type =
| foundation = 1994
| location = [[Bangalore]], [[India]]
| industry = [[Automobile|Automotive]]
| products = [[Electric Vehicles]]
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Mahindra & Mahindra]]
| homepage = [http://www.mahindrareva.com/ www.mahindrareva.com]
| slogan = Earth's Favourite Electric Mobility Solutions Company
}}

'''Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Private Limited''', formerly known as the '''Reva Electric Car Company''', is an Indian company based in Bangalore, involved in designing and manufacturing of compact [[electric vehicle]]s. The company's flagship vehicle is the [[REVAi]] [[electric car]], available in 26 countries with more than 4,000 of its different versions sold worldwide by mid March 2011.<ref name=REVAsales>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_govt-subsidy-may-rev-up-reva-sales_1520820|title=Govt subsidy may rev up Reva sales|publisher=Daily News & Analysis India|author=Praveena Sharma |date=2011-03-17|accessdate=2012-02-25}}</ref><ref name=REVAcountries>{{cite web|url=http://www.petrolfreeworld.com/|title=Mahindra REVA: Petrol-free REVA|publisher=[[REVA Electric Car Company]]|accessdate=2012-02-25}} ''Click on Sales and Service Locator for the list of countries where available''</ref> Reva was acquired by Indian conglomerate [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] in May 2010.

==History==
The Reva Electric Car Company (RECC) was founded in 1994 by Chetan Maini, as a joint venture between the Maini Group of Bangalore and Amerigon Electric Vehicle Technologies (AEVT Inc.) of the USA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.revaindia.com/about.htm|title=About us|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20010107205400/http://www.revaindia.com/about.htm|archivedate=January 7, 2001}}</ref> The company's sole aim was to develop and produce an affordable compact electric car. Several other automakers were also aiming to do so, but in 2001 RECC launched the REVA, its first model, and the world's first mass produced electric car.

[[File:MHV Reva Electric 02.jpg|right|thumb|[[REVAi]] electric vehicle]]

RECC joined up with several automotive experts to develop components for REVA. [[Curtis Instruments Inc.]] of USA developed a Motor Controller specifically for the car. The car had a high-tech power pack for which [[Tudor India Limited]] supplied customized [[Prestolite]] batteries. The Charger for Reva was developed by [[Modular Power Systems]] of USA (a division of [[TDI]]). Later, RECC started manufacturing the charger themselves through a technical collaboration agreement between MPS and the Maini Group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.revaindia.com/collabo.htm|title=Other Collaborators|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20010409050952/http://www.revaindia.com/collabo.htm|archivedate=April 9, 2001}}</ref>

In 2004 GoinGreen of the UK entered into an agreement with RECC to import REVA cars and market them under the G-Wiz moniker.

In 2006 Reva received an additional investment of $20 million from Draper Fisher Jurveston and Global Environment Fund (GEF).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2006/12/07/indian-ev-maker-reva-gets-extra-20-million-investment|title=Indian EV maker Reva gets extra $20 million investment|publisher=Autoblog Green}}</ref>

In 2008 a revamped REVA model was launched called the [[REVAi]]. The company started production of a Lithium-ion variant called the [[REVA L-ion]] in 2009.

In 2009 at the [[Frankfurt Motor Show]], Reva presented its future models [[Reva NXR]] and [[Reva NXG]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2009/09/16/frankfurt-2009-reva-nxg-looks-ready-to-stomp-nxr-is-ready-for|title=Frankfurt 2009: Reva NXG looks ready to stomp, NXR is ready for order|publisher=Autoblog Green}}</ref> During the event Reva and [[General Motors India]] declared a technical collaboration to develop affordable EV for the Indian market.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2009/09/24/gm-india-and-reva-announce-electric-vehicle-partnership|title=GM India and Reva announce electric vehicle partnership|publisher=Autoblog Green}}</ref> As a result of this General Motors India announced an electric version of their hatchback in the New Delhi Auto Expo 2010: named the [[e-Spark]], Reva was to provide battery technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/auto-expo-2010-e-spark-headed-here-in-october/1586/1|title=Auto Expo 2010: e-Spark headed here in October|publisher=Business Standard Motoring}}</ref>

On May 26, 2010, India's largest sports utility vehicles and tractor maker Mahindra & Mahindra bought a 55.2% controlling stake in Reva. Following the deal, the company was renamed Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Private Limited.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5js84m602eFQAY39bjXLeJpA14HIQ|title=India's Mahindra buys majority stake in Reva|publisher=AFP|date=2010-05-26}}</ref> Mahindra’s president of automotive business, Pawan Goenka, became the new company’s chairman. As a result of the ownership change General Motors pulled out of the tie-up with [[Mahindra Reva]] that was to produce the e-spark.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/gm-to-pull-oute-spark-project/2100/1|title=GM to pull out of e-Spark project|publisher=Business Standard Motoring}}</ref>

In Feb 2011 GoinGreen, the UK's exclusive importer of the G-Wiz, announced that it would only sell G-Wiz models until Autumn 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/02/17/report-sales-of-g-wiz-electric-car-to-end-this-fall|title=Report: UK Sales of G-Wiz electric car to end this fall|publisher=Autoblog Green}}</ref>

==REVA and REVAi==
Mahindra Reva currently produces two versions of the [[REVAi]], an urban electric micro-car seating two adults and two children:
[[File:Reva i silver.jpg|thumb|A silver REVAi]]
*''[[REVAi]]'', equipped with [[lead-acid batteries]], which has a nominal range of {{convert|80|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} per charge and a top speed of {{convert|80|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}.
*''[[REVA L-ion]]'', equipped with [[Lithium-ion batteries]], which has faster acceleration and a nominal range of {{convert|120|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} per charge.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yoney |first=Domenick |url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/01/04/reva-electric-car-company-offering-lithium-ion-option/ |title=Reva Electric Car Company offering lithium ion option |publisher=Autobloggreen.com |date=2009-01-04 |accessdate=2010-10-15}}</ref>

The REVA went on sale in India in 2001 and in the UK since 2003. Owners across 26 countries have driven the cars over 180 million kilometers.

In 2005, Reva showcased the [[REVA-NXG]], a two-seater roadster concept car with a nominal range of {{convert|200|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} per charge and a top speed of {{convert|120|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tomw.net.au/technology/transport/reva.shtml |title=Reva NXG Electric Car |publisher=Tomw.net.au |date= |accessdate=2010-10-15}}</ref>

== REVA NXR ==
[[File:Red NXR Intercity REVA model.jpg|thumb|REVA NXR.]]
The 2009 [[Frankfurt Motor Show]] saw the unveiling of a new M1 class vehicle known as the NXR. Export production scheduled for 2012. The NXR will be available with either [[lead-acid]] or [[lithium-ion]] batteries. The NXR Exterior concept was initiated in collaboration with DC Design, and detailed design of production exterior and interior styling was done in-house by Reva's R&D and Styling team.

This new generation NXR is considered as a benchmark for Low cost Low volume Manufacturing Process across the Globe.Their Motto is to be the "Earth's Favourite Electric car company"

Range, speed, safety and interior specifications all fall along the lines of a new generation of [[battery electric vehicles]]. In Europe, the car will fall under [[NCAP]] crash testing regulations. The IC (inter-City) model has a top speed of {{convert|104|km/h|abbr=on}} and a range of {{convert|160|km|abbr=on}}. The interior is of a far higher grade when compared to the earlier [[REVAi]], and the back seats now comfortably fit 2 adults.

The NXR has some unusual features, one being its REVive battery charging system. [[Telematic]] remote access to the car's on-board Energy Management System allows Reva to analyse a near depleted battery upon request. Their support centre can individually determine the battery condition within seconds and allow access to the remaining charge. This serves as a virtual back-up battery while minimising the risk of damage to the powerpack due to depletion.

== REVA NXG ==

The 2009 [[Frankfurt Motor Show]] also saw the unveiling of a show car known as the NXG. The NXG features REVA's patented drivetrain technology and the REVive system. The two-seater sports car is expected to stand out for performance and speed.

== Future ==
[[File:Reva NXG.jpg|thumb|The next Generation of Reva, Reva NXG.]]
A new 30,000 capacity assembly plant in Bangalore has reached completion. It is currently the world's largest operational example of a plant specially dedicated to the assembly of [[battery electric vehicles]]. The entire building is LEED ([[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design]]) accredited allowing the company to boast one of the lowest dirt-to-dust carbon footprints in the automotive world.

Prior to the Mahindra acquisition, Reva had partnered with Bannon Automotive to set up an assembly plant in upstate New York to produce the NXR for the US market.

==Top Gear==
On the British motoring show [[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]], presented by [[Jeremy Clarkson]], [[James May]] and [[Richard Hammond]] on BBC, the G-Wiz (as REVAi is known in the UK) has been the object of much ridicule. Top Gear have, on several instances, tried to destroy the G-Wiz or make fun of it for its poor speed, bad battery life and overall design and safety.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jalopnik.com/337534/the-g+wiz-electric-car-crumples-like-a-tin-can|title=The G-Wiz Electric Car Crumples Like A Tin Can|publisher=Jalopnik}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Reva vehicles}}
* {{Official website|http://www.mahindrareva.com/}}
* [http://www.flickr.com/photos/44781192@N04/4114371562/in/photostream/ Reva images]
{{Mahindra Group}}

[[Category:Electric vehicles]]
[[Category:Automotive companies of India]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Battery electric vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Mahindra Group]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bangalore]]
[[Category:Electric cars]]
[[Category:Green automobiles]]

[[fa:روا (شرکت خودرو)]]
[[kn:REVA ಇಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಿಕ್‌ ಕಾರ್‌ ಕಂಪನಿ]]
[[ml:രെവ]]
[[fi:REVA Electric Car Company]]
[[sv:Reva Electric Car Company]]

The Expendables 2

2012-03-23T02:32:08Z

SD5: /* Cast */ fix

{{Infobox film
| name = The Expendables 2
| image = The-expendables-poster-405x600.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Teaser poster
| director = [[Simon West]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Avi Lerner]]|Danny Lerner|Kevin King Templeton|Les Weldon}}
| writer = [[Sylvester Stallone]]
| based on = Characters by [[David Callaham]]
| starring = [[Sylvester Stallone]] [[Jason Statham]] [[Jet Li]] [[Dolph Lundgren]] [[Chuck Norris]] [[Terry Crews]] [[Randy Couture]] [[Liam Hemsworth]] [[Jean-Claude Van Damme]] [[Bruce Willis]] [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
| music = [[Brian Tyler (composer)|Brian Tyler]]
| cinematography = [[Shelly Johnson (cinematographer)|Shelly Johnson]]
| editing =
| studio = {{ubl|[[Nu Image]]|[[Millennium Films]]}}
| distributor = [[Lions Gate Entertainment|Lionsgate]]
| released = {{Film date|2012|08|17}}
| runtime =
| country = {{FilmUS}}
| language = English
| budget = $100 million<ref name="Budget"/>
| gross =
}}
'''''The Expendables 2''''' is an upcoming 2012 American [[ensemble cast|ensemble]] [[action film]] directed by [[Simon West]], written by [[Sylvester Stallone]] and based on characters created by [[David Callaham]].<ref>[http://www.theexpendables2film.com/ The Expendables 2 | Official Site]</ref> It is a sequel to the 2010 action film ''[[The Expendables (2010 film)|The Expendables]]'', and stars Sylvester Stallone, [[Jason Statham]], [[Jet Li]], [[Dolph Lundgren]], [[Chuck Norris]], [[Randy Couture]], [[Terry Crews]], [[Liam Hemsworth]], [[Jean-Claude Van Damme]], [[Bruce Willis]], and [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]. The film is due to be released on August 17, 2012, by [[Lions Gate Entertainment]].

==Synopsis==
After taking a seemingly simple job for Mr. Church ([[Bruce Willis]]), the Expendables find their plans going awry and one of their own is brutally murdered by rival mercenary Jean Vilain ([[Jean-Claude Van Damme]]).<ref name="VanDam4"/> The Expendables set out into hostile territory — with their new members Billy the Kid ([[Liam Hemsworth]]) and Maggie ([[Yu Nan]]) — to put a stop to a deadly weapon and gain their revenge against the villain who killed their brother.<ref name="Synopsis"/>

==Cast==
*[[Sylvester Stallone]] as Barney Ross
*[[Jason Statham]] as Lee Christmas<ref name="CastGeneral"/>
*[[Jet Li]] as Yin Yang
*[[Dolph Lundgren]] as Gunnar Jensen<ref name="CastGeneral"/>
*[[Chuck Norris]] as Booker <ref name="CastNorris"/><ref name="Budget"/><ref name="CastNorris2"/>
*[[Terry Crews]] as Hale Caesar
*[[Randy Couture]] as Toll Road
*[[Liam Hemsworth]] as Billy the Kid
:A sniper.<ref name="Hemsworth2"/> Hemsworth was confirmed for the role on September 19, 2011.<ref name="Hemsworth1"/> Hemsworth had been cast in the previous film in a similar role as a different character,<ref name="CastHemsworth4"/> but his role was ultimately written out of the script. Stallone remained in contact with Hemsworth and offered him a role in the sequel when production moved forward.<ref name="CastHemsworth3"/>
*[[Jean-Claude Van Damme]] as Jean Vilain<ref name="Budget"/><ref name="VanDam1"/>
:Primary [[antagonist]]<ref name="VanDam4"/> and the leader of an opposing team of mercenaries.<ref>[http://app.streamsend.com/private/cp1A/SOo/F3aLloV/browse/14803503 October edition Newsletter from SCOTTADKINS.COM]</ref> Van Damme had previously been offered a role in ''The Expendables'' but failed to come to an agreement with Stallone and ultimately never took part.<ref name="VanDam2"/> Commenting on the role, Stallone said "We’ll have a big showdown between me and Van Damme, which has been anticipated for a long time, so it should be a good one."<ref name="VanDam1"/>
*[[Bruce Willis]] as Mr. Church
:In late August 2011, Stallone stated his interest in having Willis return for a role in the sequel — expanding upon his brief cameo in the original — potentially as a "super villain".<ref name="Willis1"/> Willis was confirmed to be involved in a "substantial" role on September 6, 2011.<ref name="DeadlineSep6"/><ref name="Willis2"/> Commenting on the film, Willis said "Hopefully, they'll start shooting it while we're young enough to survive."<ref name="TotalFilm"/>
*[[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] as Trent Mauser
:Stallone noted his intention to have Schwarzenegger return for a sequel before the release of ''The Expendables'', stating "If this works, I would love to get him in the next one".<ref name="Schwarz1"/> Schwarzenegger's involvement was confirmed on September 6, 2011, his "substantial" role expanding on his cameo in the original film.<ref name="DeadlineSep6"/> Schwarzenegger filmed his scenes in 4 days.<ref name="Schwarz2"/>
*[[Scott Adkins]] as Hector
:Jean Vilain's right hand man.<ref name="ScottAdkins1"/> Adkins was confirmed on September 22, 2011.<ref name="Cast2"/>

The cast is rounded out by Chinese actress [[Yu Nan]] as Maggie,<ref name="Synopsis"/> [[Charisma Carpenter]] who returns as Christmas's girlfriend Lacy,<ref name="CastCarpenter"/> Swedish actress [[Amanda Ooms]] as Pilar, a sniper,<ref name="CastOoms"/> and Nikolette Noel as Sophia, Billy's wife<ref name="CastNoel1"/>. Professional [[Tennis player]] [[Novak Djokovic]] has a cameo role as himself after being invited to participate by producer [[Avi Lerner]].<ref name="CastNovak"/><ref name="CastNovak2"/>


Several actors were reported to be in talks to appear in the sequel at various stages of it's development. In October 2010, Willis claimed that [[Stone Cold Steve Austin|Steve Austin]] would be returning to the series as villain Dan Paine.<ref name="TotalFilm"/> In November 2010, [[Charlie Sheen]] was reported to be in consideration for the role of a [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) agent hunting down Willis' character.<ref name="Sheen1"/> In August 2011, ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' reported that actor, and expert martial-artist, [[Donnie Yen]] had been offered a role in the film. The role was a condition of a partnership between Nu Image/Millennium Films and an unnamed Chinese distributor that would see the distributor becoming a producer on the film in exchange for a Chinese actor being cast. The partnership was also considered to make a Chinese release of the film easier to achieve.<ref name="YenVariety"/> In September 2011, Stallone confirmed that he was in talks with [[Nicolas Cage]]<ref name="VanDam1"/> and [[John Travolta]],<ref name="Budget"/><ref name="Travolta1"/><ref name="CastGeneral"/> claiming the only obstacle to their involvement would be scheduling.<ref name="VanDam1"/> In July 2011, [[Mickey Rourke]] was stated to be reprising his role as Tool,<ref name="CastGeneral"/> but by late September it was reported that he had dropped out of the film,<ref name="Rourke2"/> and by October 18, 2011 this status was confirmed.<ref name="Rourke3"/> [[Antonio Banderas]] was reportedly offered a role but was unable to participate due to other commitments.<ref name="CastBanderas"/>

On his approach to casting, Stallone explained that he was looking particularly for actors who had not experienced recent significant success in film, saying: "I like using people that had a moment and then maybe have fallen on some hard times and give them another shot. So we’re always looking for actors like [[Michael Biehn]] and [[Michael Paré]]. I like those kinds of guys. Someone did it for me and I like to see if I can do it for them."<ref name="VanDam1"/>

==Production==
===Development===
Prior to release, Stallone stated, "I have an idea ready to go" and "I'm going to try to do something that's quite radical".<ref name="Script2"/> In an interview on August 15, 2010, he said that he does not have a new script yet, but "It's plotted out in my mind's eye."<ref name="Script1"/> On April 18, 2011, Stallone confirmed that he would not be returning to direct or write ''The Expendables 2''.<ref name="Stallone2"/> David Agosto and Ken Kaufman have been hired to write the script based on a story by Stallone. Lionsgate confirmed at CinemaCon that the sequel will be in US theaters on August 17, 2012.<ref name="RelDate"/> A teaser poster for the film was released at the [[2011 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref name="cannes"/> It has been confirmed that [[Simon West]] will direct the sequel.<ref name="SimonWest1"/> On January 19, 2012, Stallone confirmed that the film was being aimed towards a [[PG-13]] audience, meaning the film could be viewed by people above thirteen years of age and children below that age with parental permission, unlike the R-rating of the previous film which restricted the film to those over the age of seventeen. Speaking to [[Ain't It Cool News]] about the change, Stallone said "The PG-13 rumor is true, but before your readers pass judgement, trust me when I say this film is LARGE in every way and delivers on every level."<ref name="PG13"/> It was reported that the change was requested by Norris before he would take part in the film, as he did not appreciate the swearing present in the script.<ref name="PG13B"/>

===Filming===
On a $100M budget,<ref name="Budget"/> principal photography began on September 29, 2011, focusing on stunts with the central stars beginning filming on October 3.<ref name="Rourke2"/> Filming was scheduled to take place over 14 weeks,<ref name="Budget"/> with early filming taking place in [[Bulgaria]] at the [[Nu Boyana Film]] studios in [[Sofia]],<ref name="CastGeneral"/> with additional filming occurring in the city of [[Plovdiv]] and the town of [[Bansko]].<ref name="FilmingLocation1"/> Other filming locations included [[Russia]], [[France]] and [[Hong Kong]].{{cn|date=February 2012}} On October 9, Chuck Norris, Jason Statham and Arnold Schwarzenegger flew to Bulgaria to film their scenes.{{cn|date=October 2011}} Filming was expected to conclude in January 2012, and by February 9, 2012, it was reported that ''The Expendables 2'' had moved into [[post-production]].<ref name="FilmingFeb912"/>

On October 27, 2011, while the 2nd Unit Stunt Team were filming on reservoir Ognyanovo, 15 miles outside of Sofia, stuntman Kun Lieu was killed and another, Nuo Sun, was left in critical condition during a staged explosion on a rubber boat. Sun underwent a five hour operation which left him in stable condition.<ref name="FilmingAcc1"/><ref name="FilmingAcc2"/> Other Bulgarian filming locations included Devetashka Cave in [[Lovech Province]].<ref name="FilmingAcc3"/> As part of filming at the cave, [[Bulgarian lev|BGN]]600,000 (approximately $408,762) being spent to rebuild a 114 meter bridge crossing from the cave over the river [[Osam]]—only the concrete bridge columns remained of the original structure. Nu Boyana Film Studios announced that the bridge would remain after the completion of filming as a gift to Bulgaria.<ref name="FilmingNov25"/>

===Controversy===
On November 16, 2011, the production received a fine (of between $343-$3,440) from the Bulgarian environmental protection agency for unlawfully removing shrubs and small trees from the entrance of Devetashka Cave. Although permits had been obtained, allowing sets to be built in the area, including a bridge directly to the cave, environmentalists complained that filming may damage the cave, the habitat of approximately 40 endangered species. To avoid further problems, the producers agreed to not film explosions, car chases and fires near the cave.<ref name="FilmingAcc3"/>

On November 27, 2011, Bulgarian environmentalists claimed that the bat population in Devetaskha cave had been reduced by up to three quarters-from approximately 30,000 recorded in 2010 to 8,000 in 2011. Nikolay Simov of the Center for Bat Studies and Protection at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences accused the production of the ''The Expendables 2'' of holding responsibility for the reduction, saying "The shooting of the movie harms the bat habitat - with the placement of props, the cutting down of vegetation, as well as disturbance by the presence of large numbers of people and the noise they make". Simov added "The filming was in direct breach of the Bulgarian Law on Biological Diversity, which prohibits disturbing and chasing away protected species".<ref name="FilmingNov2711"/> On January 16, 2012, the Veliko Tarnovo Appellate Prosecutor's Office overturned a ruling by their Lovech equivalent to stop an investigation into an "excessive" number of dead bats found in Devetashka Cave following filming, including several endangered species. The [[European Commission]] contacted the Bulgarian Ministry of Environment and Waters, inquiring information about the dead bats, while the Bulgarian Ministry and the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences conducted their own probe and claimed that the number of deceased creatures was within normal parameters. The Veliko Tarnovo Appellate claimed that the Lovech Appellate had failed in their duty to inspect the cave during filming despite being warned about possible violations made by the filming crew. The decision made the Veliko Tarnovo prosecutors the first state authority to side with environmentalists claims that the Lovech Environmental Ministry had failed in its duty to investigate violations made by ''The Expendables 2''{{'}}s crew.<ref name="FilmingJan1612"/> On February 23, 2012, a Bulgarian court ruled that the crew had violated the law of their filming permit.<ref name="FilmingFeb2312"/>

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Budget">{{cite web|first=Dima| last=Alzayat| url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2011/09/on-location-avi-lerner-brings-movie-action-to-bulgaria-studio.html |title=On Location: Bulgarian studio gets new image under Avi Lerner|publisher=[[Tribune Company]]| work = [[Los Angeles Times]] |date=September 6, 2011 |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="cannes">{{cite web|url= http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2011/05/11/the-expendables-2-plot-synopsis-and-promotional-poster-revealed-at-cannes/|title='The Expendables 2' Plot Synopsis And Promotional Poster Revealed At Cannes|publisher=MTV|first=Josh|last=Wigler|date=2011-05-11|accessdate=2011-05-11}}</ref>

<ref name="Cast2">{{cite web|first=Simon | last=Brew| url=http://www.denofgeek.com/movies/1064329/another_new_recruit_for_the_expendables_2.html |title=Another new recruit for The Expendables 2 |publisher=Dennis Publishing | work=Den of Geek |date=September 22, 2011 |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="CastBanderas">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/antonio_banderas_says_he_was_asked_to_join_the_expendables_2_but_didnt_have|title=Antonio Banderas Says He Was Asked To Join 'The Expendables 2' But Didn't Have Time To Fit It In|date=October 21, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="CastCarpenter">{{cite news|url=http://www.latina.com/entertainment/movies/exclusive-charisma-carpenter-says-shell-reprise-her-role-expendables-2|title=EXCLUSIVE: Charisma Carpenter Says She'll Reprise Her Role in "The Expendables 2" |first=Lee|last=Hernandez|publisher =Latina Media Ventures, LLC |work= [[Latina (magazine)|Latina]]|accessdate=January 10, 2012|archiveurl= |archivedate= | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="CastGeneral">{{cite web|first=Nikola |last=Petrov |url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=130651 |title=Bulgaria: NU Boyana CEO David Varod: Bulgaria Can Become Europe's No 1 Filming Destination |publisher=One Click Media Group|work=[[Novinite.com (Sofia News Agency)|Novinite.com]] |date=July 28, 2011 |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="CastHemsworth3">{{cite web|first=Chris |last=Eggertsen |url=http://www.hitfix.com/articles/liam-hemsworth-talks-the-expendables-2 |title='The Hunger Games' star Liam Hemsworth talks getting a second chance with 'The Expendables 2' |publisher=[[HitFix]] |work= |date=March 12, 2012 |accessdate=March 12, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="CastHemsworth4">{{cite news|first=Fred|last=Toppel|url=http://www.craveonline.com/film/interviews/184629-josh-hutcherson-and-liam-hemsworth-talk-hunger-games |title=Josh Hutcherson and Liam Hemsworth Talk Hunger Games |publisher=[[CraveOnline]] |work= |date=March 13, 2012 |accessdate=March 14, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="CastNoel1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nikolettenoel.com/#!about|title= Nikolette Noel official site |first=Nikolette|last=Noel|accessdate=January 5, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="CastNorris">{{cite web|first=Russ | last=Fischer| url=http://www.slashfilm.com/stallone-confirms-norris-van-damme-the-expendables-2-travolta-cage/ |title=Stallone Confirms Norris and Van Damme For ‘The Expendables 2,’ Still Wants Travolta and Cage |publisher=[[/Film]] |date=September 13, 2011 |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="CastNorris2">{{cite web|url=http://www.expendablespremiere.com/1/post/2011/10/more-actors-arrive-character-names-whats-happenning-with-rourke.html |title=More Actors Arrive, Character Names & What's Happenning with Rourke? - The Expendables |publisher=Expendablespremiere.com |date=2011-10-19 |accessdate=2011-11-19}}</ref>

<ref name="CastNovak">{{cite news|url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=134368 |title=Novak Djokovic Arrives in Sofia, Set to Star in 'Expendables 2' |publisher=One Click Media Group |work=Novinite.com |date=November 29, 2011 |accessdate=November 29, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="CastNovak2">{{cite web|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/11/novak-djokovic-gets-part-in-expendables-2/ |title=Tennis Ace Novak Djokovic To Do Cameo In ‘Expendables 2′ |publisher=PMC |work=Deadline.com |date=November 29, 2011 |accessdate=November 29, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="CastOoms">{{cite web|author=Av Alexander Dunerfors(alexander@moviezine.se) |url=http://www.moviezine.se/artikel/8703 |title=Amanda Ooms blir krypskytt i "Expendables 2" - Aktuellt |publisher=MovieZine.se |date=2011-11-02 |accessdate=2011-11-19}}</ref>

<ref name="DeadlineSep6">{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/09/expendables-2-sets-action-dream-trio-arnold-schwarzenegger-bruce-willis-join-sly-stallone/ |title=‘Expendables 2′ Sets Action Dream Trio: Arnold Schwarzenegger, Bruce Willis Join Sly Stallone |publisher=[[PMC (company)|PMC]] |work=[[Deadline.com]] |date=September 6, 2011 |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingAcc1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sofiaecho.com/2011/10/28/1189640_expendables-2-stuntman-killed-on-ognyanovo-dam |title=Expendables 2 stuntman killed on Ognyanovo dam |publisher=Sofia Echo Media|work=The Sofia Echo| date =October 28, 2011 |accessdate = October 28, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingAcc2">{{cite web|first=Nellie | last=Andreeva| url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/10/stuntman-dies-during-the-filming-of-the-expendables-2/ |title=UPDATE: Stuntmen In ‘Expendables 2′ Fatal Accident Identified |publisher=PMC |work=Deadline.com|date=October 27, 2011 (Updated October 31, 2011)|accessdate=October 31, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingAcc3">{{cite web|first=Nellie | last=Andreeva| url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/11/the-expendables-2-fined-for-damaging-protected-bat-habitat-in-bulgaria/ |title=‘The Expendables 2′ Fined For Damaging Protected Bat Habitat In Bulgaria |publisher=PMC |work=Deadline.com|date=November 16, 2011|accessdate=November 16, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingFeb912">{{cite news|first=Joshua L. |last=Weinstein| url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/08/us-schwarzenegger-idUSTRE8172I620120208 |title=Schwarzenegger re-teams with Stallone on "The Tomb" |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]] |work=[[Reuters]] |date=February 8, 2012 |accessdate=February 8, 2012|archiveurl= |archivedate=|deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingLocation1">{{cite news|url=http://www.sofiaecho.com/2011/10/18/1180024_chuckles-from-sofia-as-expendables-star-norris-snaps-the-sites |title= Chuckles from Sofia as Expendables star Norris snaps the sites|publisher=Sofia Echo Media|work=The Sofia Echo| date =October 18, 2011 |accessdate = October 23, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingNov25">{{cite news|url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=134268 |title=Bulgaria Gets 114m Bridge Rebuilt for Expendables-2 Shooting |publisher=One Click Media Group |work=Novinite.com |date=November 25, 2011 |accessdate=November 29, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingNov2711">{{cite news|url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=134301 |title=Shooting of 'Expendables 2' Chased Away Bats - Researcher |publisher=One Click Media Group |work=Novinite.com |date=November 27, 2011 |accessdate=January 16, 2012|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64jpHTk23 |archivedate=January 16, 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingJan1612">{{cite news|url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=135767 |title=Bulgarian Starts New Probe in 'Hollywood-harmed' Bats Case |publisher=One Click Media Group |work=Novinite.com |date=January 16, 2012 |accessdate=January 16, 2012|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64jpCBa9O |archivedate= January 16, 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingFeb2312">{{cite news|url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=136943 |title=Bulgarian Court Rules in Favor of 'Hollywood-harmed' Bats |publisher=One Click Media Group |work=Novinite.com |date=February 23, 2012 |accessdate=February 23, 2012|archiveurl= |archivedate= |deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="Hemsworth1">{{cite web| url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/09/liam-hemsworth-joins-expendables-2/|title=Liam Hemsworth Joins ‘Expendables 2′ |publisher=PMC |work=Deadline.com|date=September 19, 2011 |accessdate=October 15, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Hemsworth2">{{cite web|first=Brian |last=Gallagher |url=http://www.movieweb.com/news/the-expendables-2-confirms-liam-hemsworth |title=The Expendables 2 Confirms Liam Hemsworth |publisher=MovieWeb, Inc. |date=September 19, 2011 |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="PG13">{{cite news|first=Pietro | last=Filliponi| url=http://www.dailyblam.com/news/2012/01/19/sylvester-stallone-confirms-the-expendables-2-will-be-rated-pg-13 |title=SYLVESTER STALLONE CONFIRMS THE EXPENDABLES 2 WILL BE RATED PG-13 |publisher=The Daily Blam! |work= |date=January 19, 2012 |accessdate=January 19, 2012|archiveurl=|archivedate= |deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="PG13B">{{cite news|first=George | last=Wales | url=http://www.totalfilm.com/news/terry-crews-explains-expendables-2-pg-13-rating |title=Terry Crews explains Expendables 2 PG-13 rating |publisher=[[Future Publishing]] |work=[[Total Film]] |date=February 3, 2012 |accessdate=February 3, 2012|archiveurl=|archivedate= |deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="RelDate">{{cite web|title=Release Date Set for ''The Expendables 2''|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/cinemaconnews.php?id=75812|work= Comingsoon.net|accessdate=2011-04-01}}</ref>

<ref name="Rourke2">{{cite web |url= http://www.sofiaecho.com/2011/09/30/1166153_the-boys-are-back-in-town-for-the-expendables-2 |title=The boys are back in town for The Expendables 2|publisher=Sofia Echo Media|work=[[The Sofia Echo]]| date =September 30, 2011 |accessdate = October 16, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Rourke3">{{cite web|first=Mike|last=Fleming |url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/10/no-expendables-sequel-for-mickey-rourke-hes-in-talks-for-martin-mcdonaghs-seven-psychopaths/ |title=No ‘Expendables’ Sequel For Mickey Rourke; He’s In Talks For Martin McDonagh’s ‘Seven Psychopaths’|publisher=PMC |work= Deadline|date=October 18, 2011 |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Schwarz1">{{cite web|url= http://www.moviehole.net/201025964-schwarzenegger-back-for-expendables-2|title=Schwarzenegger back for Expendables 2|publisher=Moviehole}}</ref>

<ref name="Schwarz2">{{cite web|first=Simon | last = Brew|url= http://www.denofgeek.com/movies/1085879/the_expendables_2_roundup.html |title=The Expendables 2 round-up|publisher=[[Dennis Publishing]]|work=Den of Geek| date =October 10, 2011 |accessdate = October 16, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="ScottAdkins1">{{cite web| title = News about Scott Adkins: The Expendables 2 | publisher = Scott Adkins Official Website| date = November 10, 2010| url =http://www.scottadkins.com/the-expendables-2-news-item.htm| accessdate = October 16, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Script1">{{Cite news|date=2010-08-15|first=Carl|last=DiOrio|title=Sylvester Stallone Talks "Expendables" Sequel|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory?id=11406452|publisher=[[ABC News]]|accessdate=2010-08-17}}</ref>

<ref name="Script2">{{cite web|date=2010-08-11|first=Simon| last=Reynolds|title=Stallone promises "radical" 'Expendables 2'|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/movies/news/a259629/stallone-promises-radical-expendables-2.html|work=[[Digital Spy]]|accessdate=2010-08-16}}</ref>

<ref name="Sheen1">{{cite web| title = Charlie Sheen For Expendables 2? | publisher = [[Cinema Blend]]| date = November 2, 2010| url =http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Charlie-Sheen-For-Expendables-2-21522.html| accessdate = October 16, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="SimonWest1">{{cite web|last=Schaefer|first=Sandy|title=Simon West To Direct ‘The Expendables 2′|url=http://screenrant.com/expendables-2-simon-west-sandy-119792/|publisher=Screen Rant}}</ref>

<ref name="Stallone2">{{cite web|first=Mike|last=Fleming |url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/04/sly-stallone-im-not-directing-expendables-sequel/ |title=Sly Stallone: I’m Not Directing ‘Expendables’ Sequel!|publisher=PMC |work= Deadline|date=April 18, 2011 |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Synopsis">{{cite web|first=Brendan|last=Bettinger|title=First Trailer and Official Synopsis for THE EXPENDABLES 2, Plus New Promo Poster Sequel|url=http://collider.com/the-expendables-2-trailer/132407/|date=December 14, 2011| accessdate=December 15, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="TotalFilm">{{cite web|url=http://www.totalfilm.com/news/bruce-willis-talks-expendables-2|title=Bruce Willis talks Expendables 2|author=Josh Winning}}</ref>

<ref name="Travolta1">{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/john-travolta-on-for-expendables-2-2329936.html |title=John Travolta on for Expendables 2|publisher=Independent Print Limited |work= [[The Independent]]|date=August 1, 2011 |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="VanDam1">{{cite web|last=Chris |first=Nashawaty |url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2011/09/13/sylvester-stallone-expendables-2-exclusive/ |title=Sylvester Stallone talks about who's on board for 'Expendables 2' -- EXCLUSIVE |publisher=[[Time Inc.]] |work= [[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=September 13, 2011 |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="VanDam2">{{cite web|last=Chris|first=Nashawaty |url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2010/04/19/stallone-taps-he-men-pals-willis-and-ah-nuld-for-the-expendables/ |title=Stallone taps he-men pals Willis and Ah-nuld for 'The Expendables'|publisher=Time Inc. |work= Entertainment Weekly|date=April 19, 2010 |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="VanDam4">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2074558/Jean-Claude-Van-Damme-Chuck-Norris-join-Bruce-Willis-Arnold-Schwarzenegger-The-Expendables-2.html?ito=feeds-newsxml |title=This is the hardest movie ever! Jean Claude Van Damme and Chuck Norris join Bruce Willis and Arnold Schwarzenegger in The Expendables 2 |publisher=[[Associated Newspapers]] |work= [[Daily Mail]]|date=December 15, 2010 |accessdate=December 15, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Willis1">{{cite web|date=2010-08-29|first=Jason|last=Barr|title=Sylvester Stallone Wants Bruce Willis to Play a "Super Villain" in THE EXPENDABLES Sequel|url=http://www.collider.com/2010/08/29/the-expendables-sequel-sylvester-stallone-bruce-willis-super-villain/}}</ref>

<ref name="Willis2">{{cite web|url=http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2011/09/07/expendables-2-arnold-schwarzenegger-bruce-willis/ |title=‘Expendables 2′ Recruits Arnold Schwarzenegger And Bruce Willis |publisher=Moviesblog.mtv.com |date= |accessdate=2011-10-07}}</ref>

<ref name="YenVariety">{{cite web|first=Dave|last=McNary|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118041784 |title=China eyes 'Expendables 2' |publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] |work = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date= August 24, 2011|accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.theexpendables2film.com/ Official site]
* {{IMDb title|id=1764651|title=The Expendables 2}}
* [http://www.millenniumfilms.com//ProjectDetails.aspx?projectId=243f343d-7cea-4ea4-b57e-6b8b4e4c0578 Millennium Films page]

{{Simon West}}
{{Sylvester Stallone}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Expendables}}
[[Category:Action films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:American action thriller films]]
[[Category:Lions Gate Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Nu Image films]]
[[Category:War adventure films]]
[[Category:Films_shot_in_Bulgaria]]

[[es:The Expendables 2]]
[[fi:The Expendables 2]]
[[fr:Expendables 2]]
[[nl:The Expendables 2]]
[[ru:Неудержимые 2]]
[[simple:The Expendables 2]]
[[uk:Нестримні 2]]

The Expendables 2

2012-03-23T02:32:08Z

SD5: /* Cast */ fix

The Expendables 2

2012-03-23T02:32:08Z

SD5: /* Cast */ fix

Benutzer:SD5

2012-03-17T16:23:52Z

SD5: Wikimedia-logo.svg Interwiki-Weiterleitung

Lavendamycin

2012-03-17T16:21:16Z

SD5: Interwiki Link Sprache

{{Infobox Chemikalie
| Strukturformel = [[Datei:Lavendamycin.svg|150px|Strukturformel von Lavendamycin]]
| Freiname = Lavendamycin
| Suchfunktion = C22H14N4O4
| Summenformel = C22H14N4O4
| CAS = 81645-09-2
| PubChem = 100585
| Beschreibung = dunkelrote Kristalle<ref name=roempp>{{RömppOnline|Name=Lavendamycin|Datum=18. Juli 2011}}</ref>
| Molare Masse = 398,37 g•[[mol]]−1
| Dichte =
| Schmelzpunkt = >300°C<ref name=roempp />
| Siedepunkt =
| Dampfdruck =
| Löslichkeit =
| Quelle GHS-Kz =
| GHS-Piktogramme = {{GHS-Piktogramme|?}}
| GHS-Signalwort =
| H = {{H-Sätze|?}}
| EUH = {{EUH-Sätze|?}}
| P = {{P-Sätze|?}}
| Quelle P = 
| Quelle GefStKz = NV
| Gefahrensymbole = {{Gefahrensymbole|/}}
| R = {{R-Sätze|/}}
| S = {{S-Sätze|/}}
| MAK =
| LD50 =
}}

'''Lavendamycin''' ist eine natürlich vorkommende [[chemische Verbindung]], die aus der Fermentationsbrühe des Bodenbakteriums ''[[Streptomyces]] lavendulae'' isoliert werden kann.<ref> T. W. Doyle, D. M. Balitz, R. E. Grulich, D. E. Nettleton, S. J. Gould, C. Tann, A. E. Moews, ''Tetrahedron Lett.'' '''1981''', ''22'', 4595–4598.</ref> Es hat [[Antibiotikum|antibiotische]] Eigenschaften und signifikante anti-[[ Zellproliferation |proliferative]] Effekte gegen zahlreiche [[Krebs (Medizin)|Krebs]]-Zelllinien.<ref>D. M. Balitz, J. A. Bush, W. T. Bradner, T. W. Doyle, F. A. O’Herron, D. E. Nettleton, ''J. Antibiot.'' '''1982''', ''35'', 259–265. </ref><ref>J.-F- Riou, P. Helissey, L. Grondard, S. Giorgi-Renault, ''Mol. Pharmacol.'' '''1991''', ''40'', 699–706. </ref><ref>N. Abe, Y. Nakakita, T. Nakamura, N. Enoki, H. Uchida, T. Takeo, M. Munekata, ''J. Antibiot.'' '''1993''', ''46'', 1672–1677. </ref> Der Einsatz von Lavendamycin als [[Zytostatikum]] in der Krebstherapie scheiterte jedoch an der schlechten Wasserlöslichkeit und der unspezifischen Zytotoxizität der Verbindung.

== Entdeckung ==
Lavendamycin wurde erstmals 1981 von Doyle et al. aus ''Streptomyces lavendulae'' isoliert. Da eine [[Kristallisation]] der Verbindung nicht gelang, war eine direkte Aufklärung der [[Molekülstruktur]] durch eine [[Kristallstrukturanalyse]] nicht möglich. Durch sorgfältige Analyse mittels [[Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie|NMR-]], [[Infrarotspektroskopie|IR-]], [[UV/VIS-Spektroskopie]] und [[Massenspektrometrie]] konnte der Verbindung die pentacyclische Struktur, bestehend aus einer [[Beta-Carboline|β-Carbolin]]- und einer Chinolinchinon-Einheit, zugeordnet werden.

== Totalsynthesen ==
Seine attraktiven biologischen Eigenschaften und seine komplexe Struktur haben Lavendamycin zum Ziel zahlreicher [[Totalsynthese]]n gemacht.<ref>G. Bringmann, Y. Reichert, V. V. Kane, Tetrahedron'' '''2004''', ''60'', 3539-3574.</ref> Schon wenige Jahre nach der Strukturzuordnung durch Doyle et al. konnten die Forschungsgruppen von Kende,<ref>A. S. Kende, F. H. Ebetino, ''Tetrahedron Lett. '' '''1984''', ''25'', 923–926.</ref>Hibino,<ref>S. Hibino, M. Okazaki, K. Sato, I. Morita, ''Heterocycles'' '''1983''', ''20'', 1957–1958.</ref> Rao<ref>A. V. R. Rao, S. P. Chavan, L. Sivadasan, ''Indian J. Chem. Sect. B'' '''1984''', ''23B'', 496-497.</ref> und Boger<ref>D. L. Boger, S. R. Duff, J. S. Panek, M. Yasuda, ''J. Org. Chem.'' '''1985''', ''50'', 5790–5795.</ref> unabhängig voneinander Totalsynthesen für diesen [[Naturstoffe|Naturstoff]] entwickeln. Die Entdeckung, dass Analoge des Lavendamycins potente Inhibitoren der HIV-[[Reverse Transkriptase]] sind, führte in den 90er Jahren zu zahlreichen weiteren Versuchen einen effizienten Zugang zu Lavendamycin zu entwickeln.<ref>M. A. Ciufolini, M. J. Bishop, ''J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. '' '''1993''', 1463-1464.</ref><ref> Pedro Molina, Pilar M. Fresneda, Mercedes Cánovas, ''Tetrahedron Lett. '' '''1992''', ''33'', 2891-2894; b) Pedro Molina, F. Murcia, Pilar M. Fresneda, ''Tetrahedron Lett.'' '''1994''', ''35'', 1453-1456.</ref><ref> P. Rocca, F. Marsais, A. Godard, G. Quéguiner, ''Tetrahedron Lett. '' '''1993''', ''34'', 2937-2940.</ref> Viele Reaktionsschritte, geringe Gesamtausbeuten (0.5-2%) oder schlecht verfügbare Ausgangsmaterialien machen diese Synthesen jedoch unattraktiv für eine systematische Weiterentwicklung von Lavendamycin. Hervorzuheben sind daher die Totalsynthesen von Behforouz<ref>M. Behforouz, Z. Gu, W. Cai, M. A. Horn, M. Ahmadian, ''J. Org. Chem. '' '''1993''', ''58'', 7089–7091.</ref> und Nissen<ref>F. Nissen, H. Detert, ''Eur. J. Org. Chem.'' '''2011''', 2845-2853.</ref>, die einen flexiblen Aufbau des Lavendamycin-Gerüsts in hohen Ausbeuten zulassen.

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

[[Kategorie:Alkaloid]]
[[Kategorie:Antibiotikum]]
[[Kategorie:Indol]]
[[Kategorie:Carbonsäure]]
[[Kategorie:Zytostatikum]]
[[Kategorie:Amin]]
[[Kategorie:Bipyridin]]
[[Kategorie:Chinon]]

[[en:Lavendamycin]]

Clarkston (Washington)

2012-03-09T01:13:42Z

SD5: Reverted edit(s) by 67.139.101.138 identified as test/vandalism using STiki

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Clarkston, Washington
|settlement_type = [[City (Washington)|City]]
|nickname =
|motto =


|image_skyline = 04-16-01.jpg
|imagesize = 250px
|image_caption = View of [[Lewiston, Idaho|Lewiston]] and Clarkston from the north
|image_flag =
|image_seal =


|image_map = Asotin_County_Washington_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Clarkston_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location of Clarkston, Washington
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =


|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = United States
|subdivision_type1 = [[US state|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Washington|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Asotin County, Washington|Asotin]]


|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|established_title =
|established_date =


|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 5.3
|area_land_km2 = 5.0
|area_water_km2 = 0.3
|area_total_sq_mi = 2.0
|area_land_sq_mi = 1.9
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.1


|population_as_of = [[2010 United States Census|2010]]
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 7229
|population_density_km2 = 1469.3
|population_density_sq_mi = 3805.4


|timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific (PST)]]
|utc_offset = -8
|timezone_DST = PDT
|utc_offset_DST = -7
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 246
|elevation_ft = 807
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = region:US_type:city
|latd = 46 |latm = 24 |lats = 49 |latNS = N
|longd = 117 |longm = 2 |longs = 55 |longEW = W


|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 99403
|area_code = [[Area code 509|509]]
|area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 53-12630{{GR|2}}
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1512093{{GR|3}}
|website = http://www.clarkston-wa.com/
|footnotes =
}}

'''Clarkston''' is a city in [[Asotin County, Washington|Asotin County]] in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of [[Washington (state)|Washington]]. It is part of the [[Lewiston metropolitan area|Lewiston ID-WA Metropolitan Statistical Area]]. The population was 7,229 in 2010.

In 1993, [[Walla Walla Community College]] opened a Branch Campus in Clarkston that serves the surrounding area, Lewiston, Idaho. It is still a major draw for the surrounding area.

With a [[ZIP code]] of 99403, Clarkston has the highest zip code of any area in the [[contiguous United States]].

==History==
Clarkston was first settled in 1862 by Robert Bracken.<ref name=majors>{{Cite book| last = Majors | first = Harry M. | title = Exploring Washington | publisher = Van Winkle Publishing Co | year = 1975 | page = 142 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CoWrPQAACAAJ| isbn = 9780918664006}}</ref> It was officially incorporated on August 14, 1902. Before becoming an official town, the area was called Jawbone Flats. The name Clarkston is a reference to [[William Clark (explorer)|William Clark]], of Lewis and Clark fame. [[Lewiston, Idaho|Lewiston]], across the Idaho state line from Clarkston, is named for [[Meriwether Lewis]], and is the larger and older of the two cities (ironically Lewis and Clark never even set foot on the Clarkston side of the river).

==Geography==
Clarkston is in the Lewis-Clark Valley, at the confluence of the [[Snake River|Snake]] and [[Clearwater River (Idaho)|Clearwater]] rivers.

Clarkston is located at {{coord|46|24|49|N|117|2|55|W|type:city}} (46.413545, -117.048742).{{GR|1}} Immediately across the Snake River from Clarkston is the town of [[Lewiston, Idaho]].

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 2.0 square miles (5.3 km²), of which, 1.9 square miles (5.0 km²) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km²) of it (4.93%) is water.

==Demographics==
{{USCensusPop
|1910= 1257
|1920= 1859
|1930= 2870
|1940= 3116
|1950= 5617
|1960= 6209
|1970= 6312
|1980= 6903
|1990= 6753
|2000= 7337
|2010= 7229
|footnote=<center>[http://www.census.gov/prod/abs/www/decennial/ U.S. Decennial Census]</center>
}}
As of the census{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 7,337 people, 3,120 households, and 1,790 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,805.4 people per square mile (1,467.8/km²). There were 3,414 housing units at an average density of 1,770.7 per square mile (683.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.43% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.34% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 1.61% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.65% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.03% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.79% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 2.15% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 2.56% of the population.

There were 3,120 households out of which 29.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.1% were married couples living together, 15.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.6% were non-families. 35.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the city the age distribution of the population shows 25.7% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 86.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $25,907, and the median income for a family was $32,093. Males had a median income of $31,434 versus $20,654 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $14,673. About 15.5% of families and 20.6% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 27.6% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over.

==Port==
The Port Of Clarkston is home to one of the largest cranes on a navigable waterway east of [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]]. Agriculture is a major industry in the area and the port handles a lot of barge traffic carrying grains. The paper company [[Clearwater Paper Corporation]] transports wood chips and sawdust via barges for use at a [[Lewiston, Idaho|Lewiston]] manufacturing plant. Due to its inland location on the [[Snake River]], the port handles goods headed out to Portland-[[Vancouver, Washington|Vancouver]], and inland to distributors upstream.

The port's marina has accommodations for personal boats and yachts, many of which travel through the nearby [[Hells Canyon]].

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://www.clarkston.com City website]
* [http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=9947 History of Clarkston] at [[HistoryLink]]

{{Asotin County, Washington}}

[[Category:Populated places in Asotin County, Washington]]
[[Category:Cities in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Lewiston metropolitan area]]

[[bg:Кларкстън]]
[[ca:Clarkston (Washington)]]
[[es:Clarkston (Washington)]]
[[eo:Clarkston (Vaŝingtonio)]]
[[ht:Clarkston, Washington]]
[[nl:Clarkston (Washington)]]
[[pt:Clarkston (Washington)]]
[[vo:Clarkston (Washington)]]

Susie Taylor

2012-03-07T21:22:54Z

SD5: Reverted edit(s) by 205.202.243.60 identified as test/vandalism using STiki

{{refimprove|date=January 2012}}
[[File:Susie King Taylor.jpg|thumb|Susie King Taylor]]
'''Susie Baker King Taylor''' (1848-1912) was the first [[African American]] army nurse. As the author of ''Reminiscences of My Life in Camp with the 33d United States Colored Troops, Late 1st S.C. Volunteers'', she was the only African American woman to publish a memoir of her wartime experiences. She was also the first [[African American]] to teach openly in a [[school]] for former [[Slavery|slave]]s in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].

==Biography== of Susie King Taylor
She was born in [[Liberty County, Georgia|Liberty County]] on August 6, 1848. When she was about seven years old, her owner allowed her to go to [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] to live with her grandmother. Despite Georgia's harsh laws against the formal education of African Americans, she attended two secret schools taught by black women. From them she gained the rudiments of [[literacy]], then extended her education with the help of two white youths, both of whom knowingly violated law and custom.
In April 1862, Baker and many other African Americans fled to [[St. Simons Island]], occupied at the time by Union forces. Within days her educational advantages came to the attention of army officers, who offered to obtain [[book]]s for her if she would organize a school. She thereby became the first black teacher for freed African American students to work in a freely operating freedmen's school in Georgia. She taught forty children in day school and "a number of adults who came to me nights, all of them so eager to learn to read, to read above anything else." She taught there until October 1862, when the island was evacuated.
While at the school on St. Simons Island, Baker married [[Edward King]], a black noncommissioned officer in the Union forces. For three years she moved with her husband's and brothers' regiment, serving as nurse and laundress, and teaching many of the black soldiers to read and write during their off-duty hours. In 1866 she and Edward returned to Savannah, where she established a school for the freed children. Edward King died in September 1866, a few months before the birth of their first child. In 1867 she returned to her native Liberty County to establish another school. In 1868 she again relocated to Savannah, where she continued teaching [[Freedman|freedmen]] for another year and supported herself through small tuition charges, never receiving aid from the northern freedmen's aid organizations.
In the 1870s King traveled to [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] as a domestic servant of a wealthy white family. While there she met and married [[Russell Taylor]]. She remained in Boston for the rest of her life, returning to the South only occasionally. After a trip to Louisiana in the 1890s to care for a dying son, she wrote her ''Reminiscences'', which were privately published in 1902. She died ten years later. She is buried next to her second husband at [[Mount Hope Cemetery (Boston, Massachusetts)|Mount Hope Cemetery]] in [[Roslindale]], Massachusetts.

==Suggested reading==
*Robert C. Morris, Reading, 'Riting, and Reconstruction: The Education of Freedmen in the South, 1861-1870 ([[Chicago]]: [[University of Chicago]] Press, 1981).

== External links ==
* [http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/taylorsu/menu.html Reminiscences of My Life in Camp with the 33d United States Colored Troops Late 1st S. C. Volunteers.] Boston: The author, 1902.
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8255625 Find-A-Grave bio]
* [http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1097 New Georgia Encyclopedia] (entry on Susie King Taylor)
* [http://blackartblog.blackartdepot.com/black-motivational-posters/susie-king-taylor.html 10 Facts About Susie King Taylor, The 1st Black Nurse]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Taylor, Susie
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1848
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1912
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Taylor, Susie}}
[[Category:1848 births]]
[[Category:1912 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Savannah, Georgia]]
[[Category:People from Liberty County, Georgia]]
[[Category:People from Boston, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:American memoirists]]

Loch Lubnaig

2012-03-07T19:11:48Z

SD5: Reverted edit(s) by 82.69.69.3 identified as test/vandalism using STiki

{{Unreferenced stub|auto=yes|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox lake
| lake_name = Loch Lubnaig
| image_lake = Jfader lubnaig.jpg
| caption_lake = The south end of the loch
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Perthshire]], [[Scotland]]
| coords = {{Coord|56|17|30|N|4|18|0|W|region:GB_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[loch]]
| inflow = [[River Balvaig]]
| outflow = [[River leny|River Leny]]
| catchment =
| basin_countries = United Kingdom
| length = 5 km
| width =
| area =
| depth =
| max-depth = 44.5 m
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands =
| cities =
}}
'''Loch Lubnaig''' (Loch Lùbnaig in [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]]) is a small [[loch]] near [[Callander]] in the [[Stirling (council area)|Stirling]] [[council area]], [[Scotland]]. It lies in the former county of Perthshire.

It is around 5 km long, and has depths of up to 44.5 metres. The loch nestles in the space between [[Ben Ledi]] and [[Ben Vorlich (Loch Earn)|Ben Vorlich]]. Fed by the [[River Balvaig]] from the north and drained by the [[River leny|River Leny]] to the south, Loch Lubnaig offers [[fishing]] from the shore while [[canoe]]s can be rented at the north end. Alternatively, two car parking areas on the east shore offer perfect, albeit sometimes busy, [[canoe]] launching points.

The route of the former [[Callander and Oban Railway]] runs along the west shore of the loch. This route has now been converted to a part of the National Cycle Network's 'Route 7' allowing cyclists and walkers to travel the 9 miles between Callander and Strathyre.

The name Lubnaig is a [[Scottish Gaelic language|Gaelic]] one, meaning ''crooked''.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Loch Lubnaig}}

[[Image:Lubnaig and vorlich.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Ben Vorlich rises above Loch Lubnaig]]

{{clearleft}}

[[Category:Lochs of Scotland|Lubnaig]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Stirling|Lubnaig]]
[[Category:Geography of Stirling (council area)]]

{{Stirling-geo-stub}}

[[nn:Loch Lubnaig]]

Hillbilly

2012-03-07T17:53:38Z

SD5: Reverted edit(s) by 75.56.233.29 identified as test/vandalism using STiki

'''Hillbilly''' is a term referring to certain people who dwell in [[rural]], [[mountain]]ous areas of the [[United States]], primarily [[Appalachia]] but also the [[The Ozarks|Ozarks]]. Owing to its strongly [[stereotype|stereotypical]] connotations, the term is frequently considered [[derogatory]], and so is usually offensive to those [[United States|Americans]] of Appalachian heritage.

==History==
[[Image:HillbillyHotDogs.jpg|right|thumb|200px|''Hillbilly Hot Dogs'', a roadside [[hot dog stand]] located near [[Huntington, West Virginia]].]]

Origins of the term "hillbilly" are obscure. According to Anthony Harkins in ''Hillbilly: A Cultural History of an American Icon'', the term first appeared in print in a 1900 ''New York Journal'' article, with the definition: "a Hill-Billie is a free and untrammeled white citizen of Alabama, who lives in the hills, has no means to speak of, dresses as he can, talks as he pleases, drinks whiskey when he gets it, and fires off his revolver as the fancy takes him."

The Appalachian region was largely settled in the 18th century by the [[Scotch-Irish American|Scotch-Irish]], the majority of whom originated in the lowlands of Scotland. Harkins believes the most credible theory of the term's origin is that it derives from the linkage of two older Scottish expressions, "hill-folk" and "billie" which was a synonym for "fellow", similar to "guy" or "bloke".

Although the term is not documented until 1900, a conjectural etymology for the term is that it originated in 17th century Ireland for Protestant supporters of King [[William III of England|William III]] during the [[Williamite War in Ireland|Williamite War]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/immig_emig/northern_ireland/ni_2/article_2.shtml |title=Hillbillies in the White House |publisher=[[BBC online]] }}</ref> The Irish Catholic supporters of James II referred to these northern Protestant supporters of "King Billy", as "Billy Boys". However, Michael Montgomery, in ''From Ulster to America: The Scotch-Irish Heritage of American English'', states "In Ulster in recent years it has sometimes been supposed that it was coined to refer to followers of King William III and brought to America by early Ulster emigrants…, but this derivation is almost certainly incorrect… In America ''hillbilly'' was first attested only in 1898, which suggests a later, independent development."<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Montgomery |title=From Ulster to America: The Scotch-Irish Heritage of American English |publisher=Ulster Historical Foundation |year= 2007 |page=82}}</ref>

Harkins theorizes that use of the term outside the Appalachians arose in the years after the American Civil War, when the Appalachian region became increasingly bypassed by technological and social changes taking place in the rest of the country. Until the Civil War, the Appalachians were not significantly different from other rural areas of the country. After the war, as the frontier pushed further west, the Appalachian country retained its frontier character, and the people themselves came to be seen as backward, quick to violence, and inbred in their isolation. Fueled by news stories of mountain feuds, such as that in the 1880s between the [[Hatfields and McCoys]], the hillbilly stereotype developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The "classic" hillbilly stereotype - the poor, ignorant, feuding family with a huge brood of children tending the family [[moonshine]] still - reached its current characterization during the years of the [[Great Depression]], when many mountaineers left their homes to find work in other areas of the country. It was during these years that comic strips such as ''[[Lil' Abner]]'' and films such as ''[[Ma and Pa Kettle]]'' made the "hillbilly" a common stereotype.

The period of Appalachian out-migration, roughly from the 1930s through the 1950s, saw many mountain residents moving north to the midwestern industrial cities of [[Chicago]], [[Cleveland]], [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]], and particularly [[Detroit]], where jobs in the automotive industry were plentiful. This movement north became known as the "[[Hillbilly Highway]]".

The advent of the [[interstate highway]] system and [[television]] brought many previously isolated communities into mainstream United States culture in the 1950s and 1960s. The [[Internet]] continues this integration.

==Slang use==
The term hillbilly is commonly used outside of Appalachia as a reference in describing socially backward people that fit certain "hillbilly" characteristics. In this context, it is often (though not always) derogatory. Although the described person may reside on completely flat [[terrain]], hillbilly is substituted in place of more disparaging terms, such as [[white trash]]. In urban usage, hillbilly is sometimes used interchangeably for terms like [[hick]].

==Music==
''Hillbilly music'' was at one time considered an acceptable label for what is now known as [[country music]]. However, some artists and fans, notably [[Hank Williams Sr.]], found the term offensive even in its heyday. The label, coined in 1925 by country pianist [[Al Hopkins]],<ref name=Sanjek>{{cite book |first=David |last=Sanjek |title=All the Memories Money Can Buy: Marketing Authenticity and Manufacturing Authorship |pages= 155–172 in Eric Weisbard, ed., ''This is Pop'' |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=2004 |ISBN=0-674-01321-2 (cloth) |ISBN=0-674-01344-1 (paper) |pages=156–157}}</ref> persisted until the 1950s.

Now, the older name is widely deemed offensive, but the term ''hillbilly music'' is still used on occasion to refer to [[old-time music]] or [[bluegrass music|bluegrass]]. An early tune that contained the word ''hillbilly'' was "Hillbilly Boogie" by the [[Delmore Brothers]] in 1946. Earlier, in the 1920s, there were records by a band called the Beverly Hillbillies. In 1927, the [[Gennett Records|Gennett]] studios in [[Richmond, Indiana]], made a recording of black fiddler Jim Booker with other instrumentalists; their recordings were labeled "made for Hillbilly" in the Gennett files, and were marketed to a white audience. Also during the 1920s, an old-time music band known as the Hill Billies featuring [[Al Hopkins]] and [[Charlie Bowman|Fiddlin' Charlie Bowman]], achieved acclaim as recording artists for Columbia Records. By the late forties, radio stations broadcast music described as "hillbilly," originally to describe fiddlers and string bands, but was then used to describe the traditional music of the people of the Appalachian Mountains. The people who actually sang these songs and lived in the Appalachian Mountains never used these terms to describe their own music.

Popular songs whose style bore characteristics of both hillbilly and [[African American]] music were referred to, in the late 1940s and early 1950s as [[Old-time music|hillbilly boogie]], and in the mid-1950s as ''[[rockabilly]]''. [[Elvis Presley]] was a prominent player of the latter genre and was known early in his career as the "Hillbilly Cat". When the Country Music Association was founded in 1958, the term ''hillbilly music'' gradually fell out of use. However, the term ''rockabilly'' is still in common use.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rockabillyhall.com/ |title=Rock a Billy Hall }}</ref>

Later, the music industry merged hillbilly music, [[Western Swing]], and [[Western music (North America)|Cowboy music]], to form the current category C&W, [[Country and Western]].

The famous bluegrass fiddler [[Vassar Clements]] described his style of music as "hillbilly jazz."

==In fiction and popular culture==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2010}}

The stereotypical hillbilly has inspired many fictional accounts in a variety of media, from novels and comic strips to movies and television. These accounts introduced the hillbilly to the general American public as a uniquely American type. Comic strips such as ''[[Li’l Abner]]'' and ''[[Snuffy Smith]]'', and radio programs such as ''[[Lum and Abner]]'' brought the stereotype of lazy, simple-minded hillbillies into American homes.

Film and television have portrayed the hillbilly in both derogatory and sympathetic terms. Films such as ''[[Sergeant York]]'' or the [[Ma and Pa Kettle]] series portrayed the hillbilly as wild but good-natured, and television programs of the 1960s, such as ''[[The Real McCoys]]'', ''[[The Andy Griffith Show]]'', and especially ''[[The Beverly Hillbillies]]'' portrayed the hillbilly as somewhat backward but with a wisdom that always outwitted more sophisticated city folk. The popular 1970s television variety show ''[[Hee Haw]]'' starred several well-known [[country and western]] singers and regularly lampooned the stereotypical hillbilly lifestyle. A darker image of the hillbilly is found in the film ''[[Deliverance]]'' (1972), based on a novel by [[James Dickey]], which depicted the hillbilly as genetically deficient and murderous.

In the Appalachian and Ozark regions, the hillbilly stereotype formed the basis for financially lucrative commercial interpretations of traditional culture through theme parks and theaters, such as [[Dogpatch USA]] in Arkansas, and [[Dollywood]] in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee.

==Local pride==
The [[Springfield, Missouri]] Chamber of Commerce once presented dignitaries visiting the city with an "Ozark Hillbilly Medallion" and a certificate proclaiming the honoree a "hillbilly of the Ozarks." On June 7, 1952, President [[Harry S. Truman]] received the medallion after a breakfast speech<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=2414&st=&st1= |title=Remarks at a Breakfast of the 35th Division Association, Springfield, Missouri |date=June 7, 1952 |accessdate=30 October 2010}}</ref> at the Shrine Mosque for the [[35th Infantry Division (United States)|35th Division]] Association. Other recipients included [[US Army]] generals [[Omar Bradley]] and [[Matthew Ridgeway]], [[James Cash Penny|J. C. Penney]], [[Johnny Olsen]] and [[Ralph Story]].<ref>Dessauer, Phil "Springfield, Mo.-Radio City of Country Music" (April, 1957), ''[[Coronet (magazine)|Coronet]]'', p. 151</ref>

Hillbilly Days<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hillbillydays.com |title=Hillbilly days}}</ref> is an annual festival held in mid-April in [[Pikeville, Kentucky]] celebrating the best of Appalachian culture. The event began by local Shriners as a fundraiser to support the Shriners Children's Hospital. It has grown since its beginning in 1976 and now is the second largest festival held in the state of Kentucky. Artists and craftspeople showcase their talents and sell their works on display. Nationally renowned musicians as well as the best of the regional mountain musicians share six different stages located throughout the downtown area of Pikeville. Want-to-be hillbillies from across the nation compete to come up with the wildest Hillbilly outfit. The event has earned its name as the Mardi Gras of the Mountains. Fans of "mountain music" come from around the United States to hear this annual concentrated gathering of talent. Some refer to this event as the equivalent of a "Woodstock" for mountain music.

==See also==
* [[Cracker (pejorative)|Cracker]]
* [[Hillbilly armor]]
* [[List of ethnic slurs]]
* [[Pikey]]
* [[Redneck]]
* [[Trailer trash]]
* [[Yokel]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* Dessauer, Phil "Springfield, Mo.-Radio City of Country Music" (April, 1957), ''[[Coronet (magazine)|Coronet]]''
* ''Hillbilly, A Cultural History of an American Icon'', by Anthony Harkins
* ''Hillbillyland: What the Movies Did to the Mountains & What the Mountains Did to the Movies'', by J. W. Williamson

{{Ethnic slurs}}

[[Category:American folklore]]
[[Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent]]
[[Category:American regional nicknames]]
[[Category:Appalachia]]
[[Category:Appalachian culture]]
[[Category:Appalachian studies]]
[[Category:Pejorative terms for people]]
[[Category:Social groups]][[Category:Stereotypes]]

[[ar:هيلبيلي]]
[[da:Hillbilly]]
[[es:Hillbilly]]
[[fr:Hillbilly]]
[[he:הילבילי]]
[[nl:Hillbilly]]
[[nn:Hillbilly]]
[[pt:Hillbilly]]
[[fi:Hillbilly]]
[[sv:Hillbilly]]

ANZAC Bridge

2012-03-07T16:55:43Z

SD5: Reverted edit(s) by 122.148.111.50 identified as test/vandalism using STiki

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2012}}
{{Use Australian English|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox Bridge |
|image=Anzac_Bridge_and_Sydney_harbour_Bridge_from_Glebe_Point.jpg
|bridge_name= ANZAC Bridge
|official_name= ANZAC Bridge
|locale= [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]
|carries=[[automobile|Motor vehicles]], [[pedestrians]] and [[bicycles]]
|crosses=Johnstons Bay
|maint= [[Roads and Traffic Authority]]
|open=1995
|below=
|design= [[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable Stayed]]
|mainspan=345m<ref name=structurae>{{cite web|url= http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0001191 |title= ANZAC Bridge |publisher=[[Structurae]] |accessdate=2010-02-03}}</ref>
|length= 805m<ref name=structurae />
|width= 32.2m
|route markers= Metroad 4:Metroad 4
}}

[[File:Anzac bridge sydney.JPG|thumb|275px|right|Anzac Bridge]]

The '''ANZAC Bridge''' or '''Anzac Bridge''' (both forms are used by the [[Roads and Traffic Authority]]), replacing the earlier '''Glebe Island Bridge''', is a large [[cable-stayed bridge]] spanning Johnstons Bay between [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]] and [[Glebe Island]] (part of the suburb of [[Rozelle, New South Wales|Rozelle]]) in proximity to the [[central business district]] of [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]. The bridge forms part of the [[Western Distributor]] freeway leading from the Sydney CBD and [[Sydney Cross City Tunnel|Cross City Tunnel]] to the suburbs of the [[Inner West (Sydney)|Inner West]] and Northern Sydney.

==History==
=== Glebe Island Bridge ===
There have been two bridges over Johnstons Bay prior to the construction of the ANZAC Bridge.

The first bridge was constructed as part of a project to move the abattoirs out of central Sydney, and to construct public abattoirs at Glebe Island.<ref>{{Cite newspaper | newspaper = The Sydney Morning Herald | url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13047525 | date = 22 October 1860 | accessdate = 10 November 2010 | title = REMOVAL OF THE SLAUGHTER HOUSES FROM SYDNEY.}}</ref> The first pile of the original bridge was driven in October 1860.<ref name=smh_first_pile>{{Cite newspaper | date = 11 October 1860 | newspaper = The Sydney Morning Herald | url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13047021 | accessdate = 10 November 2010 | title = COMMENCEMENT OF THE GLEBE ISLAND BRIDGE | accessdate = 10 November 2010 }}</ref> The bridge was opened in 1862 and was a [[beam bridge|timber beam bridge]] 1,045 ft 5 in. (318.6 m) long and {{convert|28|ft}} wide with a {{convert|40|ft|sing=on}} swing section on the eastern side. It replaced a double steam punt crossing.<ref name=smh_first_pile/>

The second Glebe Island bridge was an electrically operated [[swing bridge]] opened in 1903, the year after the opening of the new [[Pyrmont Bridge]] over Sydney's [[Darling Harbour]]. The bridge was designed by [[Percy Allan]] of the New South Wales Public Works Department who also designed the [[Pyrmont Bridge]]. Delays due to increasing traffic which were exacerbated by having to close a major arterial road to allow the movement of shipping into [[Blackwattle Bay]] led to the construction of the present-day ANZAC bridge. The 1903 bridge is still standing (2011), but there is no access to pedestrians or vehicular traffic.

=== ANZAC Bridge ===
[[File:Anzac bridge top.JPG|thumb|left|upright|The point where the stay cables meet the top of the pylon]]
The new bridge was built by [[Valemus|Baulderstone]]<ref>{{structurae|id=s0001191|title=ANZAC Bridge}}</ref> and opened on 3 December 1995,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://member.rivernet.com.au/grove/|title=ANZAC Bridge Sydney |publisher= member.rivernet.com.au |accessdate =2008-04-03}}</ref>{{deadlink|date=February 2010}}.

The bridge was given its current name on [[Remembrance Day]] in 1998 to honour the memory of the soldiers of the [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps]] (ANZAC) who served in [[World War I]]. An [[Flag of Australia|Australian Flag]] flies atop the eastern pylon and a [[Flag of New Zealand|New Zealand Flag]] flies atop the western pylon. A bronze memorial statue of an Australian ANZAC soldier ("digger") holding a [[Lee Enfield]] rifle in the "rest on arms reverse" drill position was placed on the western end of the bridge on [[ANZAC Day]] in 2000. A statue of a [[New Zealand]] soldier was added to a plinth across the road from the Australian Digger, facing towards the east, and was unveiled by [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]] [[Helen Clark]] in the presence of [[Premier of New South Wales]] [[Morris Iemma]] on Sunday 27 April 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/kiwi-joins-his-little-mate-on-anzac-bridge-watch/2008/04/27/1208743317129.html |title= Kiwi joins his little mate on Anzac Bridge watch| date = 27 April 2008| accessdate = 2010-02-03| publisher = Sydney Morning Herald| last = Samandar| first = Lema}}</ref>

== Description ==
The ANZAC Bridge is the longest span cable-stayed bridge in Australia. The bridge is {{convert|32.2|m}} wide and the main span is {{convert|345|m}} long. The reinforced concrete pylons are {{convert|120|m}} high and support the deck by two planes of stay cables. Initially the stay cables were plagued by vibrations which have since been resolved by the addition of thin stabilising cables between the stay cables.

There is a pedestrian path / bikeway that runs along the northern side of the bridge, making possible a leisurely 30-40 minute walk from Glebe Point Road, down Bridge Road, over the Bridge and round Blackwattle Bay back to Glebe Point Road.

The bridge was criticised by some as over-engineered because its size and cost were justified in order to permit shipping into Johnstons Bay. However, this bay ceased to have substantial use for shipping soon after construction was completed.<ref>{{Cite journal | journal = "Inner Sydney Voice" | title = The Bridge Too High | publisher = Inner City Regional Council for Social Development | issue = 112 | page = 17 }}</ref>

The bridge is now regularly patrolled by security guards as a counter-terrorism measure. Security cameras also monitor the walkway.

== Popular culture ==
The original bridge is mentioned in the first line of the [[You Am I]] song "[[Purple Sneakers]]", which was first released in 1995. As it was not named "ANZAC Bridge" at the time, [[Tim Rogers]]' lyric is "Had a scratch only you could itch / underneath the Glebe Point bridge".

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Sydney0009.jpg|ANZAC Bridge at dusk, viewed from the south west (Glebe Point)
File:Sydney 02 11 2008.JPG|Aerial view of Sydney Harbour from the west in 2008. ANZAC Bridge is visible at lower centre right, while the second Glebe Island Bridge is visible to the left of ANZAC Bridge
File:Anzac bridge cable2.JPG|The Bridges stay cables were plagued by vibrations which have since been resolved by the addition of thin stabilizing cables (pictured) between the stay cables.
Image:SAM_0746.JPG|ANZAC Australian soldier statue on the north-western side of the bridge
File:Anzac memorial.JPG|ANZAC New Zealand soldier Statue on the south-western side of the bridge
File:Glebe island bridge.JPG|The second Glebe Island Bridge viewed from water level, with the deck of the ANZAC Bridge visible above
File:Rozelle Bay, Annandale.JPG|ANZAC Bridge viewed from across Rozelle Bay to its south, from Federal Park in Annandale
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of longest cable stayed bridges]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
*[http://www.groveoz.info/ Description and history (with construction photos) of the Anzac Bridge, Sydney]
*[http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/trafficreports/innersydcameras/anzacbr.html Road Traffic Authority Webcam]
* {{structurae|id=s0001191|title=ANZAC Bridge}}

{{Commons|ANZAC Bridge}}{{Commons|Glebe Island Bridge}}
{{Coord|-33.869340|151.185780|format=dms|type:landmark_region:AU-NSW|display=title}}
{{Road infrastructure in Sydney}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anzac Bridge}}
[[Category:Bridges in Sydney]]
[[Category:Cable-stayed bridges in Australia]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1901]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1996]]
[[Category:Road bridges in Australia]]

[[fr:ANZAC Bridge]]
[[id:Jembatan ANZAC]]
[[hu:ANZAC-híd]]
[[pl:ANZAC Bridge]]
[[ru:Анзак (мост)]]
[[uk:Міст Анзак]]

W. W. Norton & Company

2012-03-07T16:32:56Z

SD5: fix(es), typos fixed: Hong kong → Hong Kong, , → , using AWB

{{Infobox publisher
| image =
| parent =
| status = Active
| founded = 1923
| founder = William Warder Norton
| successor =
| country = [[United States]]
| headquarters = [[New York City|New York, New York]]
| distribution =
| keypeople = [[W. Drake McFeely]] President
| publications = Books
| topics =
| genre =
| imprints = Countryman, Liveright
| revenue =
| numemployees = 1,000 (2006)
| nasdaq =
| url = {{URL|http://www.wwnorton.com|www.wwnorton.com}}
}}

'''W. W. Norton & Company''' is an independent American book publishing company based in [[New York City]]. It is well known for its "Norton Anthologies", particularly the ''[[Norton Anthology of English Literature]]'' and the "Norton Critical Editions" series of texts which are frequently assigned in university literature courses.

==History==
W. W. Norton & Company is the largest American book publishing company that has remained independent since its founding. It is the oldest and largest [[employee-owned corporation|employee-owned]] publisher in the United States,<ref name="about">[http://www.wwnorton.com/area4/about.htm About W. W. Norton]</ref> for fiction, nonfiction, poetry, college textbooks, cookbooks, art books, and professional books.<ref name="business week">[http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4269453 The [[Business Week]] Stock Page] for W. W. Norton & Company</ref> The roots of the company date back to 1923.<ref name="about" /> Since the 1950s, Norton's college textbook line has expanded to include leading titles in [[economics]], [[government]], [[history]], [[music]], [[psychology]], [[political science]], [[sociology]], and many other academic subjects. Several of their college textbooks, including ''The Norton Shakespeare'', ''The Enjoyment of Music'', ''A History of Western Music'', and new and revised entries in the Norton Anthology and Norton Critical Edition series, have become bestsellers in the academic fields. The Norton Professional Books division was founded in 1985 with a line of psychotherapy volumes, expanding to include neuroscience, education, architecture and design books.

Norton acquired Liveright (the successor to the famous Boni & Liveright publishing house) in 1974, and Countryman Press (New England travel book publisher) in 1996.

==Bestsellers==
Norton's best-selling trade books{{citation}} include the following titles: ''[[Helter Skelter (book)|Helter Skelter]]'' by [[Vincent Bugliosi]] and Curt Gentry; [[Jared Diamond]]’s [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning best-seller ''[[Guns, Germs, and Steel]]''; [[Pulitzer prize]]-winning historians [[Annette Gordon-Reed]] and [[Edmund S. Morgan]]'s works', [[Patrick O'Brian]]’s critically acclaimed naval adventures; the works of National Book Award-winning fiction author [[Andrea Barrett]]; "Khruschev: The Man and His Era" by William Taubman, "Hitler: Hubris" and "Hitler: Nemesis" by Ian Kershaw, ''[[Liar's Poker]]'', ''[[Moneyball]]'', ''[[The Blind Side: Evolution of a Game|The Blind Side]]'' and ''[[The Big Short]]'' by [[Michael Lewis (author)|Michael Lewis]]; [[Fareed Zakaria]]’s ''[[The Future of Freedom]]''; [[Sebastian Junger]]’s ''[[The Perfect Storm (book)|The Perfect Storm]]''; [[Sam Harris (author)|Sam Harris]]’s ''[[The End of Faith]]''; ''[[The Death of Vishnu]]'' by [[Manil Suri]]; ''[[A Clockwork Orange]]'' by [[Anthony Burgess]]; ''[[Red Book (Jung)|The Red Book]]'' by [[Carl Jung]]; ''[[Robert_Crumb#The_Book_of_Genesis|The Book of Genesis Illustrated by R. Crumb]]'', and others in several subject fields. In the [[social sciences]] and [[science]], Norton has published bestselling books by such authors as [[economist]]s [[Paul Krugman]] and [[Joseph Stiglitz]], [[paleontologist]] [[Stephen Jay Gould]], [[physicist]] [[Richard Feynman]], and [[historian]]s [[Peter Gay]], [[Jonathan Spence]], [[Eric Foner]], [[Christopher Lasch]], and [[George F. Kennan]].

==Distribution==

Norton currently distributes books for several independent publishers,<ref>[http://books.wwnorton.com/books/affiliatecontent.aspx?id=4551 Books.wwnorton.com]</ref> including:
*[[Atlas & Co.]], publisher of contemporary and historical fiction, non-fiction, history and biography.
*[[Blue Guides]], travel and cultural guide books in English.
*[[Countryman Press]], acquired by Norton in 1996, is a publisher of travel guides, New England regional interest and history, and cookbooks.
*[[Dalkey Archive Press]], publisher of the ''Review of Contemporary Fiction'' and literature, memoirs, and criticism from around the globe.
*[[Fantagraphics Books]], which publishes graphic fiction and comics.
*[[Foreign Affairs Books]], Publisher of political science and current affairs books.
*[[George Braziller]] Inc., publisher of art and photography books, poetry, literature and history.
*[[Kales Press]], publisher of nonfiction such as science, history, art, and memoir.
*[[New Directions Publishing]], which focuses on publishing literature in translation, poetry, and recent classics.
*[[Odyssey Publications]], Hong Kong-based publisher of cultural travel guides and history/photo books on unusual and exotic locations around the world.
*[[Ontario Review Books]], Publisher of review books.
*[[Peace Hill Press]], publisher of secular homeschooling books and supplemental materials on history, reading and religion.
*[[Pegasus Books]], publishing non-fiction, history, health, biography and mystery titles.
*[[Persea Books]], publisher of literature including fiction, poetry and memoir from the United States and around the world.
*[[Pushcart Press]], publisher of the annual [[Pushcart Prize]] literary anthologies and other books of literature and memoir.
*[[Quantuck Lane Press]], publisher of "beautiful books of photography, art, and the eccentric, whether illustrated or not."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quantucklanepress.com/qlp.php |title=Quantuck Lane Press; About the Press |accessdate=2010-04-25 |publisher=[[Quantuck Lane Press]] }}</ref>
*[[Skyhorse Publishing]], books on sports, flyfishing, nature, history, narrative nonfiction, military history, gambling, business, and humor titles.
*[[Thames & Hudson]], a publisher of illustrated books in art, architecture, anthropology, fashion, graphic design, photography, and travel.
*[[Verso Books]], the self-described "largest radical publisher in the English-language world".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.versobooks.com/verso_info/about.shtml |title=Verso; Books With a Critical Edge |accessdate=2008-05-17 |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080229160348/http://www.versobooks.com/verso_info/about.shtml  |archivedate = 2008-02-29}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.wwnorton.com/ Official Homepage]
* [http://chronicle.com/weekly/v47/i34/34a01601.htm Making the Cut] - ''[[Chronicle of Higher Education]]''

[[Category:Book publishing companies based in New York]]
[[Category:Employee-owned companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1923]]
[[Category:Companies based in New York City]]

Advertising Standards Authority (Vereinigtes Königreich)

2012-03-06T19:01:02Z

SD5: fix(es), typos fixed: , → , using AWB

{{Other uses|Advertising Standards Authority (disambiguation){{!}}Advertising Standards Authority}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Advertising Standards Authority
| image = Advertising Standards Authority logo.svg
| image_border =
| size = default 200px
| alt = 
| caption =
| abbreviation = ASA
| motto =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| type = [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]
| status = 
| purpose = Advertising regulator
| headquarters =
| location =
| coords = 
| region_served = [[United Kingdom]]
| membership =
| language = 
| general = 
| leader_title = Chief Executive
| leader_name = Guy Parker
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
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}}
The '''Advertising Standards Authority''' ('''ASA''') is the [[self-regulatory organisation]] (SRO) of the [[advertising]] industry in the [[United Kingdom]]. The ASA is a non-statutory organisation and so cannot interpret or enforce [[legislation]]. However, its [[the CAP Code|code of advertising practice]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asa.org.uk/asa/about/|title= About the Advertising Standards Authority |accessdate=2008-10-10 }}</ref> broadly reflects legislation in many instances. The ASA is not funded by the [[Her Majesty's Government|British Government]], but by a levy on the advertising industry.

Its role is to "regulate the content of advertisements, sales promotions and direct marketing in the UK"<ref name="about ASA">{{cite web |url=http://www.asa.org.uk/asa/about/short_guide/|title= A short guide to what we do |accessdate=2008-10-10 }}</ref> by investigating "complaints made about ads, sales promotions or direct marketing",<ref name ="about ASA"/> and deciding whether such advertising complies with its advertising standards codes. These codes stipulate that "before distributing or submitting a marketing communication for publication, marketers must hold documentary evidence to prove all claims, whether direct or implied, that are capable of objective substantiation"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asa.org.uk/asa/codes/cap_code/ShowCode.htm?clause_id=1489|title= The CAP Code: substantiation rule |accessdate=2008-10-10 }}</ref> and that "no marketing communication should mislead, or be likely to mislead, by inaccuracy, ambiguity, exaggeration, omission or otherwise".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asa.org.uk/asa/codes/cap_code/ShowCode.htm?clause_id=1502|title= The CAP Code: truthfulness rule |accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref>

Guy Parker has been Chief Executive of the ASA since June 2009. His salary for this role is £120,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Close-up: Confident Parker settles into the ASA hot seat |newspaper=[[LexisNexis]] |date=2009-07-17 |url=http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing-advertising/marketing-advertising-channels/12603037-1.html |accessdate=2010-09-29}}</ref>

==History==
In 1961 the [[Advertising Association]] established the [[Committee of Advertising Practice]] (CAP) to draft the British Code of Advertising Practice (the [[the CAP Code|CAP Code]]). In 1962 the industry set up the Advertising Standards Authority (so named even though it is not a public authority in the usual sense) to adjudicate on complaints that advertisements had breached the new Code. The ASA operated under an independent chairman who was to have no vested interest within the industry.

Not long after the inception of the ASA the Molony Committee considered but rejected proposals to introduce a system to regulate the advertising industry by statute. The Committee reported that it was satisfied that the industry could be regulated effectively from within by the ASA. A guarded comment within the report, however, warned that the self-regulatory system depended upon the satisfactory working of the ASA and the maintaining of acceptable standards.<ref name="History of ASA">[http://www.asa.org.uk/asa/about/history "History of Ad Regulation"] Information on the history of advertising regulation on the ASA website</ref>

==Remit==
===Printed media===
Typically, advertisements that fall in paid-for spaces in [[newspapers]] (both national and regional) and [[magazine]]s published in the United Kingdom fall within the remit of the ASA. (This category covers reciprocal arrangements not involving actual payments of money.) [[Advertorial]]s are also within the ASA's remit as long as a reciprocal arrangement of some kind is in place and control over the content of the advertorial lies with the advertiser. If the editor of the publication maintains control over the advertorial, however, the piece is likely to be seen as [[editorial]] rather than advertising.

===Broadcast media===
In November 2004 control of the regulation of broadcast advertising, formerly undertaken by state bodies, was handed over to the ASA on a provisional two-year contract. [[Sponsorship credits]] are considered to be part of programming content and therefore fall outside the ASA's remit. Claims on [[shopping channel]]s can generally be considered by the ASA, but complaints about non-delivery of items are unlikely to be taken up by the ASA unless there is evidence that the shopping channel has misled people or that the non-delivery is a widespread problem.

===Direct marketing===
[[Direct Marketing|Direct mailings]], [[Flyer (pamphlet)|circulars]], [[Pamphlet|leaflets]], [[E-mail spam|unsolicited emails]], [[brochure]]s and [[mail-order catalog|catalogues]] are all typically within the ASA's remit. Items such as [[Public transport timetable|timetables]] and price lists are, however, usually outside its remit. Private correspondence, such as a doctor's letter or a [[Bill (payment)|bill]], is also outside its remit, though a leaflet included with the private correspondence would be covered if it promotes a new or different product.

===Internet===
The ASA's remit has since March 2011 covered claims that appear on a company's own [[website]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.cap.org.uk/CAPServices/Digital-remit-advice.aspx
|title=ASA Digital Remit Advice
|date=2011-02-13
|publisher=ASA Committee of Advertiasing Practice
|accessdate=2011-02-13}}
</ref> as well as covering claims that appear in paid-for spaces on the Internet, including [[pop-up ad|pop up ads]], [[web banner|banner ads]] and sponsored links. The non-geographical nature of the Internet can make it hard to determine whether the ASA's remit applies. Online sales promotions (see below) are within the ASA's remit as long as they appear in "British web space".

===Sales promotions===
The [[Institute of Sales Promotion]] (ISP), working to the same Code as the ASA does, can refer complaints to the ASA when it believes that there has been a breach of the rules on sales promotions rules. There has been no clear definition of what a sales promotion is for the purpose of the Code, but examples include:
* [[Buy one, get one free|Buy One Get One Free]] (BOGOF) offers
* 25% extra free offers
* [[Discounts and allowances|Discount]]ed purchase offers
* [[Loyalty program|Loyalty reward schemes]], such as [[Air Miles]]
* [[Scratchcard|Scratch cards]], [[Lottery|lotteries]], [[Sweepstakes|prize draws]].

Not all offers that give the consumer something free with a particular purchase may be considered sales promotion. For example, a [[mobile phone]] deal that offers a free [[Bluetooth]] headset may be considered as part of a package deal rather than a sales promotion.

===Time limit===
The ASA typically considered only advertisements that have appeared within the previous three months, although there are some exceptions to this rule, namely in cases where it was not possible for the complainant to know that the advertisement was misleading at the time it appeared, such as an advertisement for a long-term [[investment]].

==Complaints procedure==
===Data protection===
The ASA needs the full name and address of the complainant in order to ensure that the complaint is legitimate. These details are never disclosed without the complainant's permission, in accordance with the [[Data Protection Act 1984|Data Protection Act 1998]]. The only cases where the ASA might ask the complainant for their permission to be named relate to complaints that a consumer has not yet received goods or wishes to be removed from a marketer's database. Even in these cases the ASA can reveal details only with the express permission of the complainant.

If the complaint comes from a competitor or someone with a trade or vested interest with the advertiser about which they are complaining, the ASA requires the company to agree to be named. This, according to the ASA, limits the number of petty or retaliatory complaints. The ASA proceeds only with the express permission of the complainant for their organisation to be named.

===Investigations===
The ASA begins an investigation by contacting the advertiser for its views on the advertisement and, where appropriate, substantiation of claims made in it. The ASA may on occasion seek advice from industry experts on more complex issues.

Once the investigation is complete, a draft recommendation is sent to both the advertiser and the original complainant for any comments. The draft recommendation is then submitted to the independent Advertising Standards Authority Council, which adjudicates on ASA investigations. The ASA Council then discusses the complaint and the draft recommendation, and votes on whether to uphold the complaint or not. The adjudication in full is subsequently posted on the ASA's website, and made available to the press and the general public.

===Appeals procedure===
If there are grounds for an appeal against an adjudication, the case is reviewed by the Independent Reviewer.

A request for an independent review must be made within 21 days of the adjudication, and in writing direct to the independent reviewer, stating the grounds for appeal. Only the advertiser or the original complainant may request an appeal.

There are two grounds upon which an appeal can be lodged:
* where additional evidence has come to light. If it is the advertiser that has brought additional evidence to bear, it must provide an explanation as to why the evidence was not available during the investigation.
* where there has been a substantial flaw in either the ASA Council's adjudication or the investigation process.

The Independent Reviewer's decision as to whether or not to accept an appeal is final. Similarly, the ASA Council's adjudication on a reviewed case is also final.

==Sanctions==
===Bad publicity===
The ASA publishes weekly adjudications on its website every Wednesday.

===Copy Advice===
The ASA can order advertisers not to advertise unless the CAP Copy Advice team has seen the advertisement first and allowed the advertisement to go ahead. For example, the ASA told [[French Connection (clothing)|French Connection UK Ltd]], which makes the FCUK branded clothing, to have all its advertisements pre-vetted by the CAP Copy Advice team.

===CAP Compliance Team===
The CAP Compliance Team is the enforcement arm of the ASA and CAP. The Compliance Team works to ensure that advertisers remove their problematic claims. The Compliance Team does not report back to complainants, nor does it publish the results of its work. However, part of its work does involve contacting media owners and telling them not to take any advertisements from problematic advertisers until the CAP Copy Advice team has pre-vetted the advertisements.

===Office of Fair Trading===
The [[Office of Fair Trading]] (OFT) has powers to fine companies and bring legal actions against them. If the ASA has trouble with a repeat offender, it can refer the matter to the OFT under the Control of Misleading Advertisements Regulations 1988.

===Ofcom===
The ASA can also refer problematic broadcast advertisers to [[Ofcom]]. Broadcasters have ultimate responsibility for advertisements shown on their channels and are therefore directly answerable to Ofcom, their licensing authority. Ofcom has powers to fine and/or revoke licences. For example, following more than 1,000 complaints to the ASA about the [[shopping channel]] [[Auction World.tv]], the ASA referred the matter to Ofcom, which found the company in breach of its licence and fined it. Auction World.tv ended up in [[administration (insolvency)|administration]] and went out of business.

== Noteworthy rulings ==
===Apple===
[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] has been involved in two major rulings by the ASA; its claim to be selling "the world's fastest personal computer" in 2004, its [[Power Mac G5]] system, were judged to be unsubstantiated. The complaints against two other claims made in advertising for the product were not upheld.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.asa.org.uk/asa/adjudications/non_broadcast/Adjudication+Details.htm?Adjudication_id=38051
|title=ASA Non-broadcast Adjudication: Apple Computer UK Ltd
|date=2004-06-09
|publisher=ASA
|accessdate=2008-10-27}}
</ref> Later in August 2008, an advertisement for the company's [[iPhone]] was banned because of false claims that it could access "all of the Internet"{{emdash}}due to its lack of support of major [[Plug-in (computing)|plug-ins]] such as [[Adobe Flash|Flash]].<ref name="asaiphoneban">{{cite web|url=http://www.tomshardware.co.uk/iPhone-ad-UK-ASA,news-29046.html|title=UK iPhone Ad Banned for False Advertising |date=August 29, 2008|accessdate=2008-12-03}}</ref>

===Atheist Bus Campaign===
{{main|Atheist Bus Campaign}}
On Wednesday 21 January 2009 the ASA ruled that a controversial atheist ad campaign, which sparked the ire of Christian groups for proclaiming "There is probably no God", did not break its code. Religious groups including Christian Voice complained to the Advertising Standards Authority arguing that the Atheist Bus Campaign, which ran on buses with the strapline "There is probably no God. Now stop worrying and enjoy your life", broke the advertising code on the grounds of substantiation and truthfulness.

The ASA, which said that some of the complaints were that the ad was offensive and derogatory to people of faith, faced the prospect of having to decide if God existed in order to rule on Christian Voice's complaint.

However, the watchdog said that the British Humanist Association's campaign did not breach the advertising code or mislead consumers and that it therefore would not launch an investigation.

"The ASA council concluded that the ad was an expression of the advertiser's opinion and that the claims in it were not capable of objective substantiation," said the ASA. "Although the ASA acknowledges that the content of the ad would be at odds with the beliefs of many, it concluded that it was unlikely to mislead or to cause serious or widespread offence."<ref name="ASArulesonAd">{{cite web|url=http://www.asa.org.uk/asa/news/news/2009/Atheist+bus+ad+campaign+not+in+breach+of+advertising+code.htm|title=Atheist bus ad campaign is not in breach of the Advertising Code |date=2009-01-21|publisher=ASA|accessdate=2009-01-21}}</ref><ref name="BBC ASA ruling">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7842769.stm|title=Atheist ads 'not breaking code'|date=2009-01-21|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=2009-01-21}}</ref>

===Israel tourism advertisement===

In July 2009 the ASA banned an [[Israel]]i tourism poster following complaints. [[Palestine Solidarity Campaign]], [[Jews for Justice for Palestinians]] and 442 members of the public complained about how the map on the poster displayed the [[West Bank]], [[Gaza Strip]], and the [[Golan Heights]] as part of Israel. The [[Tourism Minister of Israel|Israeli tourism ministry]] responded to the criticism, saying the map was a "general, schematic tourism and travel information map" and was not meant to be a political statement.<ref>http://asa.org.uk/Complaints-and-ASA-action/Adjudications/2009/7/Israeli-Government-Tourist-Office/TF_ADJ_46568.aspx 'ASA Adjudication on Israeli Government Tourist Office'</ref><ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/jul/15/asa-israel-tourism-poster# Israeli tourism posters banned by watchdog over controversial map</ref>

===Brennan JB7 music player===
3GA's advertisements for a digital [[jukebox]] known as the Brennan JB7, which can import content from CD's and cassette tapes were found to be in violation of ASA guidelines because it implied that it was acceptable to [[Ripping|rip]] music, since "[it] repeatedly made reference to the benefits of the product being able to copy music but did not make clear that it was illegal to do so without the permission of the copyright owner." The ASA's code forbids advertising from glorifying activities that may be illegal.<ref name=reg-3ga>{{cite web|title=Digital player maker 'incited consumers to break the law', says ASA|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/03/31/regulator_says_music_player_ads_must_not_encourage_copying/|publisher=The Register|accessdate=25 April 2011}}</ref>

3GA denied the claims, stating that the copies of music stored on the device were intended to improve accessibility, and are incidental copies without economical significance. Making private copies of audio CDs was illegal under UK law.<ref>[http://www.ippr.org.uk/pressreleases/?id=2404 ''Chancellor urged to decriminalise iPod users'', Institute for Public Policy Research, 29 October 2006]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/click_online/6457369.stm ''Digital lock's rights and wrongs'', Spencer Kelly, BBC Click, Friday, 16 March 2007]</ref>

===Other rulings===
* [[Microsoft]]'s ''[[Get the facts]]'' campaign was [[bias]]ed.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.asa.org.uk/asa/adjudications/non_broadcast/Adjudication+Details.htm?Adjudication_id=38475
|title=ASA Non-broadcast Adjudication: Microsoft Ltd
|date=2004-08-25
|publisher=ASA
|accessdate=2008-10-27}}
</ref>
* [[Nestlé]]’s claim that it markets [[infant formula]] “ethically and responsibly” was found to be unsupported in the face of evidence provided by the campaigning group Baby Milk Action.<ref name="Ferriman_1999">
{{cite journal
|last = Ferriman
|first = Annabel
|title= Advertising Standards Authority finds against Nestlé
|journal=BMJ
|date = 13 February 1999
|pages= 417
|url= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0999/is_7181_318/ai_54031839/
|pmid= 9974443
| pmc = 1114895
|volume= 318
|issue = 7181}}
</ref>
* [[L'Oréal]]'s claims in a [[mascara]] advertisement featuring actress [[Penélope Cruz]] "exaggerated the effect that could be achieved by using the mascara on natural lashes".<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSL2583702620070725
|title=L'Oreal rapped over Penelope Cruz mascara ads
|date=2007-07-25
|publisher=[[Reuters]]
|accessdate=2008-10-27}}
</ref> In 2011, two additional makeup ads for [[L'Oréal]]'s were banned after British Liberal Democrat politician, [[Jo Swinson]], lodged complaints about ads for foundation products made by L'Oreal-owned brands, Lancôme and Maybelline, featuring actress [[Julia Roberts]] and supermodel [[Christy Turlington]]. The 2011 complaints stated that L'Oreal ads were not representative of the results that the products can actually achieve. ASA confirmed that both ads were misleading, without the aid of before and after shots. It ruled that the two ads breached advertising standards code for exaggeration and for being misleading, and banned them from future publication.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/about-face-lanc-me-s-airbrushed-makeup-ads-banned-uk
|title=About Face: Lancôme's Airbrushed Makeup Ads Banned in the UK
|date=2011-08-21
|author=[[Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton]] LLP
|publisher=The [[National Law Review]]
|accessdate=2011-08-21}}
</ref>

==See also==
* [[Advertising regulation]]
* [[Advertising to children]]
* [[Ofcom]], the British telecommunications and broadcasting regulator
* [[Press Complaints Commission]]
* [[Clearcast]], pre-approval for most British television advertising

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.asa.org.uk Advertising Standards Authority]

{{Media in the United Kingdom|comporg}}

[[Category:British media]]
[[Category:Media complaints authorities]]
[[Category:Advertising organizations]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1962]]

Turn Me On (Lied)

2012-03-06T03:07:09Z

SD5: sample

{{Infobox single
| Name = Turn Me On
| Cover = Turn Me On.jpg
| Artist = [[David Guetta]] featuring [[Nicki Minaj]]
| Album = [[Nothing but the Beat]] and [[Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded]]
| A-side =
| Border = yes
| Released = February 14, 2012
| Format = [[CD single]], [[Music download|digital download]]
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[House music|House]], [[dance-pop]]
| Length = 3:19
| Label = [[Virgin records|Virgin]], [[EMI]]
| Writer = [[Ester Dean]], David Guetta, Giorgio Tuinfort
| Producer = David Guetta, Giorgio Tuinfort, Black Raw
| Chronology = [[David Guetta]] singles
| Last single = "[[Titanium (song)|Titanium]]" (2011)
| This single = "'''Turn Me On'''" (2011)
| Next single = "[[LaserLight]]" (2012)
{{Extra chronology
| Artist = [[Nicki Minaj]]
| Type = single
| Last single = "[[Dance (A$$)]]" (2011)
| This single = "'''Turn Me On'''" (2011)
| Next single = "[[Give Me All Your Luvin']]" (2012)
}}
{{Extra musicsample|Type=single|filename=David Guetta - Turn Me On.ogg|title="Turn Me On"}}
}}

"'''Turn Me On'''" is a song by [[French people|French]] [[disc jockey]] [[David Guetta]] from his fifth studio album ''[[Nothing but the Beat]]''. It features [[United States|American]] rapper-singer [[Nicki Minaj]] on vocals. It was written by David Guetta and Giorgio Tuinfort. The song has garnered mixed to favorable responses.<ref name="popdust">[http://popdust.com/2011/08/22/david-guetta-nicki-minaj-turn-me-on-review/ David Guetta & Nicki Minaj – Turn Me On Review] ''Pop Dust'' . Retrieved on 2012-01-10</ref><ref>[http://www.rap-up.com/2011/08/22/new-music-david-guetta-f-nicki-minaj-turn-me-on/ New Music: David Guetta f/ Nicki Minaj – ‘Turn Me On’]. Rap-Up.com (2011-08-22). Retrieved on 2012-02-06.</ref> It has been chosen as the fifth official single from ''Nothing but the Beat''.<ref>[http://www.rap-up.com/2011/11/22/nicki-minaj-readies-pink-friday-roman-reloaded-for-valentines-day/#more-105258 Nicki Minaj Readies ‘Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded’ for Valentine’s Day]. Rap-Up.com (2011-11-22). Retrieved on 2012-02-06.</ref> It impacted U.S. Top 40/Mainstream and Rhythmic radio on December 13, 2011,<ref name="allaccess1">[http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases Top 40/M Future Releases | Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates]. Allaccess.com. Retrieved on 2012-02-06.</ref><ref name="allaccess2">[http://www.allaccess.com/top40-rhythmic/future-releases Top 40 Rhythmic Future Releases | R&B Song and Hip-Hop Music Release Dates |]. Allaccess.com. Retrieved on 2012-02-06.</ref> and digitally released on February 14, 2012. The song has since been selected as one of the official theme songs for [[WrestleMania XXVIII]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}

==Background==
{{Quote box|width=30%|align=left|quote="People don't really know her as a singer and she's killing it on that track. People know her for her crazy rapping but that shows what she can do as a singer. Sometimes I meet people by accident or they call me up but with Nicki it was me chasing her. For a year I wanted to work with her and she was hard to reach. But the moment we got into the studio and had the music it was great."|source=—[[David Guetta|Guetta]] told [[UK]] [[newspaper]] ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' about the collaboration.<ref name="songfacts"/>}} "Turn Me On" was written by [[Ester Dean]], David Guetta, and Giorgio Tuinfort. An additional rap was written by [[Nicki Minaj]] for the song. On an interview with ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'', [[David Guetta]] said: "I am so proud of what Nicki did on this record because we know her for those crazy raps but the other record that we have, she is singing like—oh man. The world is gonna be shocked. Because they don’t know her like this" "And we came up with that amazing song and she just killed it."<ref name="songfacts">{{cite news|title=Turn Me On by David Guetta – Songfacts|url=http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=23802|accessdate=11 January 2012|newspaper=Songfacts}}</ref>

=== Composition ===
"Turn Me On" is an uptempo club song, with heavy beats and features Minaj's vocals with a short rap. It is the second track from ‘[[Nothing but the Beat]]’ that features Minaj, along with the single ‘[[Where Them Girls At]].<ref name="popcrush">{{cite news|last=Schelterq|first=Scott|title=DAVID GUETTA, ‘TURN ME ON’ FEAT. NICKI MINAJ – SONG REVIEW|url=http://popcrush.com/david-guetta-turn-me-on-nicki-minaj/|accessdate=11 January 2012|newspaper=Pop Crush|date=August 24, 2011}}</ref> Minaj is heavily Auto-Tuned as she sings, “Doctor doctor, need you back, call me babe / Doctor doctor, where you at, give me something / I need your love, I need your love, I need your loving / You got that kind of medicine to keep me comin.’”<ref name="popcrush"/> She raps for 10 seconds near the end of the track: “D-D-D-D-Don’t let me die young / I just want you to father my young / I just want you to be my doctor / We ‘gon get it crackin,’ chiropractor.”<ref name="popcrush"/>

== Critical reception ==
{{Quote box|width=30%|align=left|quote="Turns out David Guetta hyped the wrong thing; he’s finally remembered how to write a song. “New” is a relative term, because “Turn Me On” could be a more straightforward “[[Judas (song)|Judas]],” its sound decluttered to make room for dance-music soars and comedowns. Anyone who’s ever been to a club knows how it works: keep things quietly simmering on the verses, turn up the heat so you can suddenly shut it off as your vocalist roars out of the steam, willing hands into the air and summoning a chorus out of nothing. They’re dynamics by template, but for a while, it seemed like Guetta forgot what dynamics even were. The autotune doesn’t enhance her voice so much as drip over it, leaving crackles and fractures everywhere, and when she soars, she’s encumbered by the weight of all these digital artifacts."|source=—Katherine Asaph of "Pop Dust" on her review of the single "Turn Me On".<ref name="popdust"/>}}
[[File:Nicki Minaj - Live Femme Fatale 5.jpg|thumb|155px|[[Nicki Minaj]]'s vocals are noted for the use of [[auto-tune]].]]
The song has garnered mixed responses. Scott Schelter wrote for "Pop Crush" that "It’s cool that Guetta is going for a little bit of a different sound, but different for him sounds like what everybody else is doing in the dance music world. Still, having Minaj sing makes the tune worthwhile, even if “sing” must be used in quotes because of all the voice-processing."<ref name="popcrush"/> Al Fox of [[BBC Music]] wrote that "the best results come when Guetta mercilessly rips artists from their comfort zone – take Minaj in songbird mode on 'Turn Me On." <ref name=Fox>{{cite web|last=Fox|first=Al|title=BBC – Music – Review of David Guetta – Nothing but the Beat|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/8nwx|publisher=[[BBC Music]]|accessdate=25 August 2011|date=16 August 2011}}</ref> [[Allmusic]]'s David Jeffries wrote that "Nicki Minaj does a pole dance on the operating table for 'Turn Me On', while picking it as one of the best tracks on the album.<ref name=Allmusic>{{cite web|last=Jeffries|first=David|title=David Guetta – Nothing but the Beat – Allmusic|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/nothing-but-the-beat-r2262362/review|publisher=[[Allmusic]]|accessdate=16 September 2011|date=30 August 2011}}</ref> Carol Cooper of [[Village Voice]] gave a review talking about her voice, writing that "on ''Turn Me On'' Nicki Minaj gamely shifts between her [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] range and her [[Rihanna]] register."<ref>{{cite web|last=Cooper|first=Carol|title=David Guetta's Dance Music Melting Pot|url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/2011/08/david_guetta_nothing_but_the_beat_review.php?page=2|publisher=[[The Village Voice]]|accessdate=11 January 2012}}</ref> Ken Capobianco somewhat echoed the same thought of Cooper, writing that " Nicki Minaj delivers solid singing on the track."<ref>{{cite news|last=Capobianco|first=Ken|title=David Guetta - Boston.com|url=http://articles.boston.com/2011-08-29/ae/29942066_1_david-guetta-nicki-minaj-deep-imprints|accessdate=January 11, 2012|newspaper=[[Boston Globe]]|date=August 29, 2011}}</ref>

Joe Copplestone of [[PopMatters]] wrote a mixed review, saying that "the song showcases a suspiciously melodic performance by Minaj, with massive hooks that somehow let her make the transition from freak to diva."<ref>{{cite news|last=Copplestone|first=Joe|title=David Guetta: Nothing But the Bea < PopMatterst|url=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/148601-david-guetta-nothing-but-the-beat/|accessdate=January 11, 2012|newspaper=[[PopMatters]]|date=September 27, 2011}}</ref> Harley Brown of [[Consequence of Sound]] thought that the "skipping beat and screaming synths are more recognizable as quintessential techno."<ref>{{cite news|last=Brown|first=Harley|title=Album Review: David Guetta – Nothing But The Beat|url=http://consequenceofsound.net/2011/08/album-review-david-guetta-nothing-but-the-beat/|accessdate=January 10, 2012|newspaper=[[Consequence of Sound]]|date=August 30, 2011}}</ref> Genevieve Koski of [[The A.V. Club]] was more negative, writing that on the song Minaj is a "faceless-disco-diva."<ref>{{cite news|last=Koski|first=Genevieve|title=David Guetta: Nothing But the Beat – Music – Music Review – The A.V. Club|url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/david-guetta-nothing-but-the-beat,61289/|accessdate=January 11, 2012|newspaper=[[The A.V. Club]]}}</ref> Another negative review came from [[Idolator]]'s Becky Bain, who dismissed "Guetta’s decision to take one of the most exciting rapper’s today and not only have her not rap, but drown her in Auto-Tune."<ref>{{cite news|last=Bain|first=Becky|title=Nicki Minaj Sings On David Guetta’s “Turn Me On”: Listen To The Full Song|url=http://idolator.com/5982982/nicki-minaj-david-guetta-turn-me-on|accessdate=11 January 2012|newspaper=[[Idolator]]}}</ref>

==Music video==
The music video for "Turn Me On" was filmed in November 2011 by director [[Sanji (director)|Sanji]].<ref>[http://www.videostatic.com/vs/2011/11/in-production-david-guetta-f-nicki-minaj-sanji-dir.html Music Video News: IN PRODUCTION: David Guetta f/ Nicki Minaj – Sanji, dir]. Video Static (2011-11-23). Retrieved on 2012-02-06.</ref> A sneak preview of the video was released on 27 January 2012 with the full video being released on 31 January.

Set in a [[steampunk]] world, Guetta plays a mad scientist creating his very own Nicki Minaj from mechanical parts. The clip opens on Guetta, perhaps trying out some early cosmetic-surgery tactics, putting the final touches on his Minaj doll plans. Then it focuses on the mechanisms behind the Nicki being: latex lips, brass wiring, tubing and various other gizmos.

As the song hits the chorus for the first time, fans get a view of his creation. Her plastic skin is shiny and completely bare as she slowly transforms into the very human-looking Nicki. Seemingly pleased with his creation, Guetta unleashes it onto the world.

Minaj is now free to roam the streets, filled with other doll-like creatures who can't help but stare at Guetta's incredibly lifelike creation. With Minaj continuing her journey through town, the other jealous doll creatures make their way to Guetta's lab, where he begins to work on them too, giving them more lifelike appearances. The female creatures then discover that he is a doll himself, however, his interior resembles chainmail. The female dolls then start to feel him. Meanwhile, Nicki is surrounded by the male dolls as she belts out the song.

As the video finishes, Minaj is spotted riding her horse around town, as the female dolls make their escape from Guetta's place of business.

==Live performances==
Guetta and Minaj performed together at the [[American Music Awards of 2011]] as the opening act, with the duo performing "Turn Me On" and Minaj performing her hit, "[[Super Bass]]," from her debut album, ''[[Pink Friday]]'', with an intro of "[[Sweat (Snoop Dogg song)|Sweat]]" by [[Snoop Dogg]].<ref>[http://www.rap-up.com/2011/11/10/nicki-minaj-david-guetta-to-open-amas/#more-103856 Nicki Minaj, David Guetta to Open AMAs]. Rap-Up.com. Retrieved on 2012-02-06.</ref> The song was also performed solo by Minaj for 2012 New Years on [[New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest]].

== Track list==
* '''Digital EP'''<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Turn-Me-Feat-Nicki-Minaj-Remixes/dp/B0070CG3QG Turn Me On (Feat.Nicki Minaj) [Remixes]: David Guetta: MP3 Downloads]. Amazon.com. Retrieved on 2012-02-06.</ref>
# "Turn Me On" (Michael Calfan Remix) – 5:43
# "Turn Me On" (Laidback Luke Remix) – 5:08
# "Turn Me On" (Sidney Samson Remix) – 5:54
# "Turn Me On" (JP Candela Remix) – 7:02
# "Turn Me On" (Sabastien Drums Remix) – 6:19
# "Turn Me On" (Extended) – 4:37

* '''CD single'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.de/Turn-Me-David-Guetta/dp/B0077DDWU8/ref=sr_1_1?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1328958136&sr=1-1 |title=Turn Me on: David Guetta: Amazon.de: Musik |publisher=Amazon.de |date=2009-09-09 |accessdate=2012-02-13}}</ref>
# "Turn Me On" (Original Version) – 3:19
# "Turn Me On" (Michael Calfan Remix) – 5:43
# "Turn Me On" (Laidback Luke Remix) – 5:08
# "Turn Me On" (Sidney Samson Remix) – 5:54
# "Turn Me On" (JP Candela Remix) – 7:02
# "Turn Me On" (Sabastien Drums Remix) – 6:19
# "Turn Me On" (Extended Version) - 4:37

==Charts and certifications==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!align="left"|Chart (2011–12)
!align="left"|Peak position
|-
{{singlechart|Australia|3|artist=David Guetta feat. Nicki Minaj|song=Turn Me On}}
|-
{{singlechart|Austria|5|artist=David Guetta feat. Nicki Minaj|song=Turn Me On}}
|-
{{singlechart|Flanders|24|artist=David Guetta feat. Nicki Minaj|song=Turn Me On}}
|-
{{singlechart|Wallonia|16|artist=David Guetta feat. Nicki Minaj|song=Turn Me On}}
|-
|Canada ([[Canadian Hot 100]])<ref name="billboard1">{{ja icon}} [http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100#/song/david-guetta-featuring-nicki-minaj/turn-me-on/25727543 Top 100 Music Hits, Top 100 Music Charts, Top 100 Songs & The Hot 100]. Billboard.com. Retrieved on 2012-02-06.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|-
{{singlechart|Denmark|30|artist=David Guetta feat. Nicki Minaj|song=Turn Me On}}
|-
{{singlechart|Finland|20|artist=David Guetta feat. Nicki Minaj|song=Turn Me On}}
|-
{{singlechart|France|12|artist=David Guetta feat. Nicki Minaj|song=Turn Me On}}
|-
{{singlechart|Germany|8|artist=David Guetta feat. Nicki Minaj|song=Turn Me On}}
|-
{{singlechart|Hungary|35|artist=David Guetta feat. Nicki Minaj|song=Turn Me On|year=2012|week=7}}
|-
{{singlechart|Ireland|4|artist=David Guetta feat. Nicki Minaj|song=Turn Me On|year=2012|week=07}}
|-
{{singlechart|New Zealand|2|artist=David Guetta feat. Nicki Minaj|song=Turn Me On}}
|-
{{singlechart|Norway|15|artist=David Guetta feat. Nicki Minaj|song=Turn Me On}}
|-
{{singlechart|Scotland|9|artist=David Guetta feat. Nicki Minaj|song=Turn Me On|date=2012-02-18}}
|-
{{singlechart|Spain|30|artist=David Guetta feat. Nicki Minaj|song=Turn Me On}}
|-
{{singlechart|Sweden|48|artist=David Guetta feat. Nicki Minaj|song=Turn Me On}}
|-
{{singlechart|Switzerland|14|artist=David Guetta feat. Nicki Minaj|song=Turn Me On}}
|-
{{singlechart|UKdance|2|artist=David Guetta feat. Nicki Minaj|song=Turn Me On|date=2012-02-18}}
|-
{{singlechart|UK|8|artist=David Guetta feat. Nicki Minaj|song=Turn Me On|date=2012-03-03}}
|-
|US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name="billboard1"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|4
|-
|US [[Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs)|Pop Songs]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name="billboard1"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|4
|-
|US [[Hot Dance Club Songs]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat#/column/chartbeat/chart-highlights-van-halen-jumps-onto-rock-1005889352.story|title=Chart Highlights: Van Halen Jumps Onto Rock Songs With 'Tattoo'|author=Billboard|year=2011|work=Billboard|publisher=Billboard |accessdate=2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|US [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100#/song/david-guetta-featuring-nicki-minaj/turn-me-on/25727543</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|94
|-
|US [[Adult Top 40|Adult Pop Songs]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name="billboard1"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|36
|-
|US [[Latin Pop Songs]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name="billboard1"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|32
|}
{{col-2}}
===Certification===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"|Country
! scope="col"|[[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]]
|-
! scope="row"|[[Australian Recording Industry Association|Australia]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2x Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1U50|title=Top 50 Singles Chart ARIA|accessdate=2012-01-22}}</ref>
|}
{{col-end}}

==Release history==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Format
|-
|rowspan="2"|United States
| December 13, 2011
| [[Airplay]]<ref name="allaccess1"/><ref name="allaccess2"/>
|-
| February 14, 2012
| [[Music download|Digital download]] - Remixes EP<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_1?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=david+guetta+turn+me+on+remixes&rh=i%3Aaps%2Ck%3Adavid+guetta+turn+me+on+remixes&ajr=0 david guetta turn me on remixes]. Amazon.com. Retrieved on 2012-02-06.</ref>
|-
| Germany
| March 9, 2012
| [[CD single]]<ref>http://www.amazon.de/Turn-Me-David-Guetta/dp/B0077DDWU8/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&qid=1329591372&sr=8-3</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{David Guetta}}
{{Nicki Minaj singles}}

[[Category:2011 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Airplay number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs number-one singles]]
[[Category:David Guetta songs]]
[[Category:Nicki Minaj songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Nicki Minaj]]
[[Category:Songs written by Ester Dean]]

[[es:Turn Me On]]
[[fr:Turn Me On (chanson)]]
[[it:Turn Me On (David Guetta)]]
[[hu:Turn Me On]]
[[pl:Turn Me On]]
[[pt:Turn Me On]]
[[sk:Turn Me On]]

You’ll Be in My Heart

2012-03-05T04:18:10Z

SD5: sample

{{Infobox single 
| Name = You'll Be in My Heart
| Cover = You'll Be In My Heart.jpg
| Artist = [[Phil Collins]]
| from Album = [[Tarzan: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack]]
| B-side = "Trashin' the Camp"
| Released = 15 June 1999<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00000JJCE Amazon.com]</ref>
| Format = [[CD single]]
| Recorded = 1998
| Genre = [[Pop rock]]
| Length = 4:17
| Label = [[Walt Disney Records|Walt Disney]]
| Writer = Phil Collins<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/>
| Producer = Phil Collins, [[Rob Cavallo]]
| Certification =
| Last single = "[[True Colors (song)#Phil Collins version|True Colors]]" (1998)
| This single = "'''You'll Be in My Heart'''" (1999)
| Next single = "[[Strangers Like Me]]" (1999)
{{Extra musicsample |Type=single |filename=Phil Collins - You'll Be in My Heart.ogg |title="You'll Be in My Heart"}}
}}

"'''You'll Be in My Heart'''" is a song by [[Phil Collins]], from the 1999 [[Disney animated feature]] ''[[Tarzan (1999 film)|Tarzan]]''.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book
| first= David
| last= Roberts
| year= 2006
| title= British Hit Singles & Albums
| edition= 19th
| publisher= Guinness World Records Limited
| location= London
| isbn= 1-904994-10-5
| page= 137}}</ref> It appeared on ''[[Tarzan: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack]]'' as well as various other Disney compilations. A version of the single performed by [[Glenn Close]] also appears on the soundtrack.

The [[music video]] for the song was [[film director|directed]] by [[Kevin Godley]].

==Charts and awards==
"You'll Be in My Heart", spent nineteen non consecutive weeks at number one on the [[Adult Contemporary]] charts and peaked at #21 on the U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001|last=Whitburn |first=Joel |authorlink=Joel Whitburn |year=2002 |publisher=Record Research |page=61}}</ref> The song was Collins's first appearance on the top forty of the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart since 1994's "[[Everyday (Phil Collins song)|Everyday]]".<ref name=Dean>{{cite book |title= Rock N' Roll Gold Rush |last= Dean |first= Maury |authorlink= Maury Dean |coauthors= |year= 2003 |publisher= Algora |location= |isbn= 0-87586-207-1 |url= |page= 574 }}</ref><ref name="billboard.com">[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do? model.vnuArtistId=4332&model.vnuAlbumId=555318 Billboard.com]</ref> The track peaked at #17 in the [[UK Singles Chart]],<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/> continuing his success that had not stopped after "Everyday". The song went on to win the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song]] and the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]].<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/><ref name=Dean /> Collins performed the song live at that year's ceremony.

==Other languages==
The entire ''Tarzan'' soundtrack, and therefore "You'll Be in My Heart", was also written and performed by [[Phil Collins]] in various other languages beside English, namely [[German language|German]], [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[Italian language|Italian]]. In the Hungarian, Norwegian, Brazilian, Japanese, Malay and Swedish versions, the whole soundtracks were performed by the Hungarian singer [[Akos]], the Norwegian singer [[Tor Endresen]], the Brazilian singer [[Ed Motta]], Japanese singer [[V6 (band)|Masayuki Sakamoto]], Malaysian singer [[Zainal Abidin]] and Swedish singer Pelle Ankarberg respectively. Because of the multiple recordings, a Spanish version of the song, "En Mi Corazón", marks Collins' only appearance on Billboard's Hot Latin Tracks. The song charted at #32.<ref name="billboard.com"/>

On German television, he sang a translation of "You'll Be in My Heart" called "Dir Gehört Mein Herz".<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsoFW08CrYo Youtube.com]</ref>

==Cover versions==
*Country singer John Berry covered the song on his record ''Wildest Dreams'', which was released by Lyric Street, a Disney record label.
*In 2005, [[Julie Andrews]] selected this song for her album ''Julie Andrews Selects Her Favorite Disney Songs''.
*On the ''[[Disneymania (series)|Disneymania]]'' series albums ''[[Disneymania]]'', ''[[Disneymania 4]]'' and ''[[Disneymania 6]]'', "You'll Be in My Heart" was redone. [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]] redid the song on the first album, [[Teddy Geiger]] redid the song on the fourth album, and [[Drew Seeley]] covered it on the sixth album.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0015HZAPC Amazon.com: Disneymania, Vol. 6: Various Artists: Music]</ref>
*A karaoke version of the song is on the ''[[Brother Bear]]'' Disney Karaoke Series CD.
*The song was parodied on [[Timmy 2000|an episode]] of ''[[South Park]]'' as "You'll Be in Me" as revenge of the creators' song losing the Oscar to Collins.
*Michael Crawford performed the song on ''The Disney Album'', a collection of Disney songs all sung by Michael Crawford.
*American country music singer [[Bucky Covington]] covered the song on the 2008 compilation album ''[[Country Sings Disney]]''.
*One of the new members of [[Celtic Woman]], Alex Sharpe sings this song for the "Isle of Hope" tour.
*[[Kenny Loggins]] covered this song on his record ''[[More Songs from Pooh Corner]]'' in 2000.
*The song was covered in the Disney musical revue [[On the Record]] by cast members [[Ashley Brown]], [[Emily Skinner]], Brian Sutherland and Andrew Samonsky. [[Kaitlin Hopkins]] replaces Emily Skinner on the cast recording.
*On the 2011 album ''V-Rock Disney'', which features [[visual kei]] artists covering Disney songs, Dasein covered this song.<ref>
{{cite web
| title = Visual kei bands to take on Disney songs for ‘V-ROCK Disney’!
| work = tokyohive.com
| url = http://www.tokyohive.com/2011/07/visual-kei-bands-to-take-on-disney-songs-for-v-rock-disney/
| accessdate = 2011-09-16
}}
</ref>

==Lyrics==
The song is used in a scene when Tarzan's adoptive gorilla mother [[Kala (Tarzan)|Kala]] sings that her baby should stop crying because she will protect her baby, and keep him safe and warm. She says everything will be fine and she tells him that "you will be in my heart always". In the movie the song ends on the first verse, the full version of the song on the soundtrack album notes that others don't understand why a mother and child who are so different can love each other. When destiny calls, the child is told he must be strong even if the parent is not with him. The song is one of only two songs within Disney's Tarzan to be sung (at least partly) by an actual character (the other "Trashin' the Camp" is essentially just scat singing though.). The rest of the songs were performed by Collins himself and overlaid into the movie.

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable"
!Chart (1999)
!Peak position
|-
|Dutch Singles Chart
|align="center"|35
|-
|German Singles Chart
|align="center"|20
|-
|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/>
|align="center"|17
|-
|US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
|align="center"|21<ref name=Dean />
|-
|US ''Billboard'' [[Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1999 (U.S.)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{AcademyAwardBestOriginalSong 1991–2000}}
{{Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1990s}}
{{Phil Collins}}
{{Tarzan}}

[[Category:Phil Collins songs]]
[[Category:1999 singles]]
[[Category:1990s ballads]]
[[Category:Pop ballads]]
[[Category:Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs]]
[[Category:Best Song Academy Award winning songs]]
[[Category:Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles]]
[[Category:Songs from Disney's Tarzan]]
[[Category:Songs written by Phil Collins]]
[[Category:Theme music]]

[[da:You'll Be in My Heart]]
[[ko:WISHES ~I'll be there~ / You'll Be in My Heart]]
[[ka:You'll Be in My Heart]]
[[nl:You'll Be in My Heart]]
[[ja:WISHES〜I'll be there〜/You'll Be in My Heart]]
[[pl:You'll Be in My Heart]]
[[pt:You'll Be in My Heart]]

You’ll Be in My Heart

2012-03-05T04:13:02Z

SD5: sample

{{Infobox single 
| Name = You'll Be in My Heart
| Cover = You'll Be In My Heart.jpg
| Artist = [[Phil Collins]]
| from Album = [[Tarzan: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack]]
| B-side = "Trashin' the Camp"
| Released = 15 June 1999<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00000JJCE Amazon.com]</ref>
| Format = [[CD single]]
| Recorded = 1998
| Genre = [[Pop rock]]
| Length = 4:17
| Label = [[Walt Disney Records|Walt Disney]]
| Writer = Phil Collins<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/>
| Producer = Phil Collins, [[Rob Cavallo]]
| Certification =
| Last single = "[[True Colors (song)#Phil Collins version|True Colors]]" (1998)
| This single = "'''You'll Be in My Heart'''" (1999)
| Next single = "[[Strangers Like Me]]" (1999)
{{Extra musicsample |Type=single |filename=Phil Collins - You'll Be in My Heart.ogg |title="You'll Be in My Heart.ogg"}}
}}

"'''You'll Be in My Heart'''" is a song by [[Phil Collins]], from the 1999 [[Disney animated feature]] ''[[Tarzan (1999 film)|Tarzan]]''.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book
| first= David
| last= Roberts
| year= 2006
| title= British Hit Singles & Albums
| edition= 19th
| publisher= Guinness World Records Limited
| location= London
| isbn= 1-904994-10-5
| page= 137}}</ref> It appeared on ''[[Tarzan: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack]]'' as well as various other Disney compilations. A version of the single performed by [[Glenn Close]] also appears on the soundtrack.

The [[music video]] for the song was [[film director|directed]] by [[Kevin Godley]].

==Charts and awards==
"You'll Be in My Heart", spent nineteen non consecutive weeks at number one on the [[Adult Contemporary]] charts and peaked at #21 on the U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001|last=Whitburn |first=Joel |authorlink=Joel Whitburn |year=2002 |publisher=Record Research |page=61}}</ref> The song was Collins's first appearance on the top forty of the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart since 1994's "[[Everyday (Phil Collins song)|Everyday]]".<ref name=Dean>{{cite book |title= Rock N' Roll Gold Rush |last= Dean |first= Maury |authorlink= Maury Dean |coauthors= |year= 2003 |publisher= Algora |location= |isbn= 0-87586-207-1 |url= |page= 574 }}</ref><ref name="billboard.com">[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do? model.vnuArtistId=4332&model.vnuAlbumId=555318 Billboard.com]</ref> The track peaked at #17 in the [[UK Singles Chart]],<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/> continuing his success that had not stopped after "Everyday". The song went on to win the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song]] and the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]].<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/><ref name=Dean /> Collins performed the song live at that year's ceremony.

==Other languages==
The entire ''Tarzan'' soundtrack, and therefore "You'll Be in My Heart", was also written and performed by [[Phil Collins]] in various other languages beside English, namely [[German language|German]], [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[Italian language|Italian]]. In the Hungarian, Norwegian, Brazilian, Japanese, Malay and Swedish versions, the whole soundtracks were performed by the Hungarian singer [[Akos]], the Norwegian singer [[Tor Endresen]], the Brazilian singer [[Ed Motta]], Japanese singer [[V6 (band)|Masayuki Sakamoto]], Malaysian singer [[Zainal Abidin]] and Swedish singer Pelle Ankarberg respectively. Because of the multiple recordings, a Spanish version of the song, "En Mi Corazón", marks Collins' only appearance on Billboard's Hot Latin Tracks. The song charted at #32.<ref name="billboard.com"/>

On German television, he sang a translation of "You'll Be in My Heart" called "Dir Gehört Mein Herz".<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsoFW08CrYo Youtube.com]</ref>

==Cover versions==
*Country singer John Berry covered the song on his record ''Wildest Dreams'', which was released by Lyric Street, a Disney record label.
*In 2005, [[Julie Andrews]] selected this song for her album ''Julie Andrews Selects Her Favorite Disney Songs''.
*On the ''[[Disneymania (series)|Disneymania]]'' series albums ''[[Disneymania]]'', ''[[Disneymania 4]]'' and ''[[Disneymania 6]]'', "You'll Be in My Heart" was redone. [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]] redid the song on the first album, [[Teddy Geiger]] redid the song on the fourth album, and [[Drew Seeley]] covered it on the sixth album.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0015HZAPC Amazon.com: Disneymania, Vol. 6: Various Artists: Music]</ref>
*A karaoke version of the song is on the ''[[Brother Bear]]'' Disney Karaoke Series CD.
*The song was parodied on [[Timmy 2000|an episode]] of ''[[South Park]]'' as "You'll Be in Me" as revenge of the creators' song losing the Oscar to Collins.
*Michael Crawford performed the song on ''The Disney Album'', a collection of Disney songs all sung by Michael Crawford.
*American country music singer [[Bucky Covington]] covered the song on the 2008 compilation album ''[[Country Sings Disney]]''.
*One of the new members of [[Celtic Woman]], Alex Sharpe sings this song for the "Isle of Hope" tour.
*[[Kenny Loggins]] covered this song on his record ''[[More Songs from Pooh Corner]]'' in 2000.
*The song was covered in the Disney musical revue [[On the Record]] by cast members [[Ashley Brown]], [[Emily Skinner]], Brian Sutherland and Andrew Samonsky. [[Kaitlin Hopkins]] replaces Emily Skinner on the cast recording.
*On the 2011 album ''V-Rock Disney'', which features [[visual kei]] artists covering Disney songs, Dasein covered this song.<ref>
{{cite web
| title = Visual kei bands to take on Disney songs for ‘V-ROCK Disney’!
| work = tokyohive.com
| url = http://www.tokyohive.com/2011/07/visual-kei-bands-to-take-on-disney-songs-for-v-rock-disney/
| accessdate = 2011-09-16
}}
</ref>

==Lyrics==
The song is used in a scene when Tarzan's adoptive gorilla mother [[Kala (Tarzan)|Kala]] sings that her baby should stop crying because she will protect her baby, and keep him safe and warm. She says everything will be fine and she tells him that "you will be in my heart always". In the movie the song ends on the first verse, the full version of the song on the soundtrack album notes that others don't understand why a mother and child who are so different can love each other. When destiny calls, the child is told he must be strong even if the parent is not with him. The song is one of only two songs within Disney's Tarzan to be sung (at least partly) by an actual character (the other "Trashin' the Camp" is essentially just scat singing though.). The rest of the songs were performed by Collins himself and overlaid into the movie.

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable"
!Chart (1999)
!Peak position
|-
|Dutch Singles Chart
|align="center"|35
|-
|German Singles Chart
|align="center"|20
|-
|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/>
|align="center"|17
|-
|US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
|align="center"|21<ref name=Dean />
|-
|US ''Billboard'' [[Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1999 (U.S.)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{AcademyAwardBestOriginalSong 1991–2000}}
{{Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1990s}}
{{Phil Collins}}
{{Tarzan}}

[[Category:Phil Collins songs]]
[[Category:1999 singles]]
[[Category:1990s ballads]]
[[Category:Pop ballads]]
[[Category:Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs]]
[[Category:Best Song Academy Award winning songs]]
[[Category:Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles]]
[[Category:Songs from Disney's Tarzan]]
[[Category:Songs written by Phil Collins]]
[[Category:Theme music]]

[[da:You'll Be in My Heart]]
[[ko:WISHES ~I'll be there~ / You'll Be in My Heart]]
[[ka:You'll Be in My Heart]]
[[nl:You'll Be in My Heart]]
[[ja:WISHES〜I'll be there〜/You'll Be in My Heart]]
[[pl:You'll Be in My Heart]]
[[pt:You'll Be in My Heart]]

You’ll Be in My Heart

2012-03-05T04:12:29Z

SD5: sample

{{Infobox single 
| Name = You'll Be in My Heart
| Cover = You'll Be In My Heart.jpg
| Artist = [[Phil Collins]]
| from Album = [[Tarzan: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack]]
| B-side = "Trashin' the Camp"
| Released = 15 June 1999<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00000JJCE Amazon.com]</ref>
| Format = [[CD single]]
| Recorded = 1998
| Genre = [[Pop rock]]
| Length = 4:17
| Label = [[Walt Disney Records|Walt Disney]]
| Writer = Phil Collins<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/>
| Producer = Phil Collins, [[Rob Cavallo]]
| Certification =
| Last single = "[[True Colors (song)#Phil Collins version|True Colors]]" (1998)
| This single = "'''You'll Be in My Heart'''" (1999)
| Next single = "[[Strangers Like Me]]" (1999)
{{Extra musicsample |Type=single |filename=Phil Collins - You'll Be in My Heart.ogg.ogg |title="You'll Be in My Heart.ogg"}}
}}

"'''You'll Be in My Heart'''" is a song by [[Phil Collins]], from the 1999 [[Disney animated feature]] ''[[Tarzan (1999 film)|Tarzan]]''.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book
| first= David
| last= Roberts
| year= 2006
| title= British Hit Singles & Albums
| edition= 19th
| publisher= Guinness World Records Limited
| location= London
| isbn= 1-904994-10-5
| page= 137}}</ref> It appeared on ''[[Tarzan: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack]]'' as well as various other Disney compilations. A version of the single performed by [[Glenn Close]] also appears on the soundtrack.

The [[music video]] for the song was [[film director|directed]] by [[Kevin Godley]].

==Charts and awards==
"You'll Be in My Heart", spent nineteen non consecutive weeks at number one on the [[Adult Contemporary]] charts and peaked at #21 on the U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001|last=Whitburn |first=Joel |authorlink=Joel Whitburn |year=2002 |publisher=Record Research |page=61}}</ref> The song was Collins's first appearance on the top forty of the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart since 1994's "[[Everyday (Phil Collins song)|Everyday]]".<ref name=Dean>{{cite book |title= Rock N' Roll Gold Rush |last= Dean |first= Maury |authorlink= Maury Dean |coauthors= |year= 2003 |publisher= Algora |location= |isbn= 0-87586-207-1 |url= |page= 574 }}</ref><ref name="billboard.com">[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do? model.vnuArtistId=4332&model.vnuAlbumId=555318 Billboard.com]</ref> The track peaked at #17 in the [[UK Singles Chart]],<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/> continuing his success that had not stopped after "Everyday". The song went on to win the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song]] and the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]].<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/><ref name=Dean /> Collins performed the song live at that year's ceremony.

==Other languages==
The entire ''Tarzan'' soundtrack, and therefore "You'll Be in My Heart", was also written and performed by [[Phil Collins]] in various other languages beside English, namely [[German language|German]], [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[Italian language|Italian]]. In the Hungarian, Norwegian, Brazilian, Japanese, Malay and Swedish versions, the whole soundtracks were performed by the Hungarian singer [[Akos]], the Norwegian singer [[Tor Endresen]], the Brazilian singer [[Ed Motta]], Japanese singer [[V6 (band)|Masayuki Sakamoto]], Malaysian singer [[Zainal Abidin]] and Swedish singer Pelle Ankarberg respectively. Because of the multiple recordings, a Spanish version of the song, "En Mi Corazón", marks Collins' only appearance on Billboard's Hot Latin Tracks. The song charted at #32.<ref name="billboard.com"/>

On German television, he sang a translation of "You'll Be in My Heart" called "Dir Gehört Mein Herz".<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsoFW08CrYo Youtube.com]</ref>

==Cover versions==
*Country singer John Berry covered the song on his record ''Wildest Dreams'', which was released by Lyric Street, a Disney record label.
*In 2005, [[Julie Andrews]] selected this song for her album ''Julie Andrews Selects Her Favorite Disney Songs''.
*On the ''[[Disneymania (series)|Disneymania]]'' series albums ''[[Disneymania]]'', ''[[Disneymania 4]]'' and ''[[Disneymania 6]]'', "You'll Be in My Heart" was redone. [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]] redid the song on the first album, [[Teddy Geiger]] redid the song on the fourth album, and [[Drew Seeley]] covered it on the sixth album.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0015HZAPC Amazon.com: Disneymania, Vol. 6: Various Artists: Music]</ref>
*A karaoke version of the song is on the ''[[Brother Bear]]'' Disney Karaoke Series CD.
*The song was parodied on [[Timmy 2000|an episode]] of ''[[South Park]]'' as "You'll Be in Me" as revenge of the creators' song losing the Oscar to Collins.
*Michael Crawford performed the song on ''The Disney Album'', a collection of Disney songs all sung by Michael Crawford.
*American country music singer [[Bucky Covington]] covered the song on the 2008 compilation album ''[[Country Sings Disney]]''.
*One of the new members of [[Celtic Woman]], Alex Sharpe sings this song for the "Isle of Hope" tour.
*[[Kenny Loggins]] covered this song on his record ''[[More Songs from Pooh Corner]]'' in 2000.
*The song was covered in the Disney musical revue [[On the Record]] by cast members [[Ashley Brown]], [[Emily Skinner]], Brian Sutherland and Andrew Samonsky. [[Kaitlin Hopkins]] replaces Emily Skinner on the cast recording.
*On the 2011 album ''V-Rock Disney'', which features [[visual kei]] artists covering Disney songs, Dasein covered this song.<ref>
{{cite web
| title = Visual kei bands to take on Disney songs for ‘V-ROCK Disney’!
| work = tokyohive.com
| url = http://www.tokyohive.com/2011/07/visual-kei-bands-to-take-on-disney-songs-for-v-rock-disney/
| accessdate = 2011-09-16
}}
</ref>

==Lyrics==
The song is used in a scene when Tarzan's adoptive gorilla mother [[Kala (Tarzan)|Kala]] sings that her baby should stop crying because she will protect her baby, and keep him safe and warm. She says everything will be fine and she tells him that "you will be in my heart always". In the movie the song ends on the first verse, the full version of the song on the soundtrack album notes that others don't understand why a mother and child who are so different can love each other. When destiny calls, the child is told he must be strong even if the parent is not with him. The song is one of only two songs within Disney's Tarzan to be sung (at least partly) by an actual character (the other "Trashin' the Camp" is essentially just scat singing though.). The rest of the songs were performed by Collins himself and overlaid into the movie.

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable"
!Chart (1999)
!Peak position
|-
|Dutch Singles Chart
|align="center"|35
|-
|German Singles Chart
|align="center"|20
|-
|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/>
|align="center"|17
|-
|US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
|align="center"|21<ref name=Dean />
|-
|US ''Billboard'' [[Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1999 (U.S.)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{AcademyAwardBestOriginalSong 1991–2000}}
{{Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1990s}}
{{Phil Collins}}
{{Tarzan}}

[[Category:Phil Collins songs]]
[[Category:1999 singles]]
[[Category:1990s ballads]]
[[Category:Pop ballads]]
[[Category:Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs]]
[[Category:Best Song Academy Award winning songs]]
[[Category:Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles]]
[[Category:Songs from Disney's Tarzan]]
[[Category:Songs written by Phil Collins]]
[[Category:Theme music]]

[[da:You'll Be in My Heart]]
[[ko:WISHES ~I'll be there~ / You'll Be in My Heart]]
[[ka:You'll Be in My Heart]]
[[nl:You'll Be in My Heart]]
[[ja:WISHES〜I'll be there〜/You'll Be in My Heart]]
[[pl:You'll Be in My Heart]]
[[pt:You'll Be in My Heart]]

Roy DeMeo

2010-10-24T19:26:48Z

SD5: clean up/ fixes, typos fixed: didnt → didn't (2) using AWB

{{No footnotes|date=June 2010}}
{{Infobox person
|name=Roy DeMeo
|image=Roydemeo3.JPG|right|thumb|200px|
|caption=FBI mugshot, July 14, 1981
|birth_date={{Birth date|1942|9|7|mf=y}}
|birth_place=[[Brooklyn]], [[New York]], [[USA]]
|death_date={{Death date|1983|1|10|mf=y}} (aged 40)
|death_place=Brooklyn, New York, USA
}}

'''Roy Albert DeMeo''' (September 7, 1942 <ref>http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/Search/SSDI/individual_record.asp?recid=054321270&lds=3&region=-1&regionfriendly=&frompage=99</ref> – January 10, 1983) was a [[made man]] of the [[Gambino crime family]]. He is infamous for heading the "DeMeo crew". A gang suspected by the [[FBI]] of somewhere between 75-200 murders from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s.

The DeMeo crew murdered at least 70 people between 1973 and 1983. The vast majority were disposed of so thoroughly that they were never found. The crew also gained notoriety due to their use of [[dismemberment]] as a method of disposing of their victims.

==Biography==
Roy Albert DeMeo was born in 1942 in [[Bath Beach, Brooklyn]] into a working class Italian immigrant family. As a teen, he began a small [[loansharking]] operation which turned into a full time job by the age of 17. DeMeo graduated from [[James Madison High School (New York)|James Madison High School]] in 1959 and began working in criminal enterprise while maintaining legitimate business practices. He married shortly after high school and fathered three children. He worked his way up the criminal career ladder through a continued loansharking operation.

By the early 1960s, DeMeo had quit his legitimate job at a Banner Dairy Supermarket to focus on loansharking and any other opportunities for income that presented themselves. He conducted most of his business at a neighborhood bar, Phil's Lounge. In 1965, he became a silent partner of the bar, now renamed the [[Gemini Lounge]]. The Lounge served as the DeMeo crew's primary headquarters for the next several years, with an apartment building directly behind the bar being the site of dozens of murders and dismemberments committed by the crew.

For a time, Roy DeMeo lived on a waterfront estate on Whitewood Drive in the Bar Harbour section of [[Massapequa Park, New York]].

===Gambino family===
[[Image:Roydemeo2.jpg‎|thumb|right|250px|1982 FBI surveillance photo of Roy DeMeo (right).]]
Gambino soldier [[Anthony Gaggi]] took notice of DeMeo and told him that he could make even more money with his successful business, if he came to work directly for the Gambino family. Through the late 1960s, DeMeo's [[organized crime]] prospects increased on two fronts. He continued in the loansharking business with Gaggi, and began developing a crew of young men involved in [[car theft]] and [[drug trafficking]]. It was this collective of criminals that would become known both in the underworld and in law enforcement circles as the DeMeo crew. The first member of the crew was [[Chris Rosenberg]], who met DeMeo in 1966 at the age of 16.

Rosenberg was dealing drugs at a [[Canarsie]] gas station, and Roy helped him increase his business and profits by loaning Chris money so that he could deal the narcotics in larger amounts. By 1972, Chris had introduced his friends to Roy and they began working for him as well. The members of the crew included [[Joseph "Dracula" Guglielmo]] (Roy's cousin), [[Joseph Testa]], [[Anthony Senter]] and Joseph's younger brother [[Patrick Testa]].

Roy joined the Boro of Brooklyn Credit Union that same year, gaining a position on the board of directors shortly afterward. He utilized his position to [[money laundering|launder money]] he had earned through his illegal ventures. He also introduced colleagues at the Credit Union to a lucrative side-business, laundering the money of drug dealers he had become acquainted with. Roy also built up his loansharking business with funds stolen from credit union reserves.

His collection of loanshark customers, while still primarily those in the car industry, soon included other businesses such as a [[dentist]]'s office, an [[abortion clinic]], [[restaurant]]s and [[flea market]]s. He was also listed as an employee for a Brooklyn company named S & C Sportswear Corporation, and frequently told his neighbors he worked in construction, food retailing and the [[used car]] business.

In late 1974, a conflict that had erupted between the DeMeo crew and a young [[bodyshop]] owner named Andrei Katz had continued to escalate. In May 1975, Roy was informed by a police officer that, as a result of this conflict, Andrei was cooperating with authorities. In June he was lured to a place where he could be confronted. After being abducted, he was stabbed to death and then dismembered. An accomplice who helped bait Katz confessed her role and Joseph Testa and [[Henry Borelli]] were both arrested. They would secure an acquittal at trial in January 1976.

This was the first known murder committed by the DeMeo crew, and for years was thought to have been the first occasion where Roy or members of his crew had dismembered a body for disposal. In 2003 however, new information was provided to the [[FBI]] by [[Bonanno crime family|Bonanno]] [[underboss]] [[Salvatore Vitale]], who claimed that in 1974 he was ordered to deliver the corpse of a man who had just been murdered to a garage in [[Queens]] so that it could be disposed of.

When he arrived at the location, Vitale claims, Roy DeMeo was present along with several other men who may have been early members of the DeMeo Crew. Vitale also claims that Roy had a knife with him, presumably to dismember the corpse. This information suggests that DeMeo and his followers may have been involved in murder and dismemberment earlier than previously thought by law enforcement.

===Gemini Method===
As the 1970s continued, Roy cultivated his followers into a crew experienced with the process of murdering and dismembering victims. With the exception of killings intended to send a message to any who would hinder their criminal activities, or murders that presented no other alternative, a set method of execution was established by Roy and crew to ensure that victims would be dispatched quickly and then made to disappear. The method of execution was dubbed the Gemini Method, named after the [[Gemini Lounge]], the primary hangout of the DeMeo crew as well as the site where most of the crew's victims were killed.

The exact process of the Gemini Method, revealed by multiple crew members and associates who became government witness in the early 1980s, was as follows: typically, the victim would be lured through the side door of the Lounge, and into the apartment that made up the back portion of the building. At this point, a crew member (almost always Roy DeMeo according to crew member turned government witness [[Frederick DiNome]]) would approach with a silenced pistol in one hand and a towel in the other, shooting the victim in the head then wrapping the towel around the victim's head wound like a turban in order to staunch the blood flow.

Immediately after, another member of the crew (originally [[Chris Rosenberg]] up until his 1979 murder, according to government witness testimony) would stab the victim in the heart in order to prevent any more blood from pumping out of the gunshot wound. By then the victim would be dead, at which point the body would be stripped of its clothing and dragged into the bathroom where it was left while the remaining blood drained out and/or congealed within the body. This was to eliminate the messiness of the next step, when crew members would place the body onto plastic tarps laid out in the main room and proceed to dismember it, cutting off the arms, legs and head.

The body parts would then be put into bags, placed in cardboard boxes and sent off to the [[Fountain Avenue]] Dump in [[Brooklyn]], where so many tons of garbage were dropped each day that it was a near impossibility for the bodies to ever be discovered. During the initial stages of an early 1980s Federal/State task force targeting the DeMeo crew, a plan by authorities to excavate sections of the dump in order to locate remains of victims was aborted when it was deemed too costly and likely to fail at locating any meaningful evidence.

Some victims would be killed in other ways for varying reasons. At times, suspected informants or those who committed an act of disrespect against a member of the crew or their superiors had their bodies left in the streets of New York to serve as a message and warning. As well, there were occasions where it would not be possible to lure the intended victim into the Gemini Lounge, in which case other locations would have to be used. A yacht owned by one of DeMeo's men was used on at least one occasion to dispose of bodies as well. Dominick Montiglio, who visited DeMeo frequently to pick up payments for Anthony Gaggi, said in an interview that if the crew didn't kill at least three people a week, they would be depressed.

===Further criminal career===
In the latter half of 1975, Roy became a silent partner in a [[peep show]]/[[prostitution]] establishment in [[New Jersey]] after the owner of the business became unable to pay his loansharking debts. Roy also began dealing in pornography, including [[bestiality]], which he sold to his New Jersey establishment as well as connections he had in [[Rhode Island]]. When his superior [[Anthony Gaggi|Nino Gaggi]] found out about Roy's involvement in such [[taboo]] films, he ordered Roy to stop under the threat of death. Roy did not stop however and Gaggi continued to accept his weekly payments. Gaggi's nephew [[Dominick Montiglio]] claimed that the subject was simply never mentioned between the two men after the initial confrontation, and as long as Roy continued to provide copiously for his boss the violation of his order was never addressed.

Another forbidden subject between Roy and his boss Nino was [[narcotics]]. In the Gambino Family, as most of the other [[Mafia]] Families in the country, drug dealing was an act punishable by death for any members caught being involved, owing to the stiffer sentences imposed for such crimes. It was feared by the administrations of the Mafia Families that those facing such harsh penalties would be more likely to flip, or become cooperators for the government. Gaggi and DeMeo, like many others however, continued to deal in narcotics despite the warning due to the massive amounts of profits earned.

By this time, Roy's drug operations had expanded greatly from his initial operations in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He had recently started selling [[cocaine]] out of the [[Gemini Lounge]] and was also the financer of a large [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]] operation that imported the drug from [[Colombia]] in 25-pound [[bale]]s. The marijuana would be delivered from offshore [[Cargo ship|freighters]] and sold out of a [[Canarsie]] [[bodyshop]]. Roy's weekly [[tribute]]s to Nino continued to increase from his drug operations and Nino continued to feign ignorance as to the source of the money.

As 1975 drew to a close, Roy was almost [[indictment|indicted]] due to [[IRS]] investigations into his income. Months earlier, the Boro of Brooklyn Credit Union had been pushed into [[insolvency]] as a result of DeMeo and his colleague's plundering of its finances. As a result Roy quit the Credit Union, avoiding law enforcement attention that increased as the Union was merged into another one. Despite this, Roy had already gained the attention of the IRS earlier in the year. Before an indictment could be handed down against him however, he utilized false [[affidavit]]s from businesses owned by friends and acquaintances claiming that he was on their payrolls as an employee. These affidavits served to account for some of his income and he and the IRS reached a settlement.

In May 1976, another murder was committed by the DeMeo crew. Joseph Brocchini, a [[made man|made]] member in another of New York's [[Five Families]], was involved in an argument with Roy related to a pornography business both were involved in. The argument turned into a physical altercation when Brocchini punched DeMeo in the face, giving him a black eye. Mafia protocol prevented DeMeo, an associate of the Gambino Family, from retaliating in any way against Brocchini or he would be killed. DeMeo went to his boss Nino and explained the situation. [[Dominick Montiglio]], Nino's nephew who was now fully working for his uncle, claimed to have been present at this meeting, where DeMeo allegedly swore revenge regardless of the rules.

Nino responded that they would never be given permission but reportedly agreed with Roy's intentions, merely advising him to ensure that the murder could not be traced back to them. On May 20, 1976, Roy and Henry Borelli shot Brocchini five times in the back of the head in the office of a used car dealership he owned. The office was ransacked and the other employees were blindfolded and handcuffed prior to the shooting in order to give the illusion that the murder was the result of an [[armed robbery]] gone bad.

In the following month Vincent Governara, a young man with no organized crime ties, was shot down by Roy and Anthony Gaggi. Gaggi had held a long-standing feud with Governara and had told his nephew Dominick Montiglio to keep a lookout for him. One night Dominick spotted Governara's car outside of a building hosting a [[craps|craps game]] in the New York neighborhood of [[Bensonhurst]]. Once informed of his nephew's discovery, Nino, along with Roy and Dominick, excused themselves from a birthday party being held at the time for Dominick's wife and drove to the location where Governara's car had been seen. There, the trio waited until Governara left the game and approached his car, at which point Nino and Roy shot him several times. Governara died in hospital a week later.

One month later in July, Roy flew to [[Florida]] and murdered George Byrum, another man targeted for revenge by Nino Gaggi. Byrum had provided information to robbers that led to Nino's Florida home being robbed. Roy lured Byrum to a hotel under the pretenses of a business deal. As soon as Byrum walked into the room he was shot to death by DeMeo. Roy, Nino, and a Gambino soldier operating out of Florida originally planned to dismember the corpse in the hotel room and transport it out in suitcases. The plan was quickly abandoned due to the presence of construction workers near the hotel room and the body was found shortly thereafter lying in the hotel's bathtub with its head halfway sawed off.

Roy's sources of income, as well as his crew, continued to grow. By July 1976 he added an automobile firm by the name of Team Auto Wholesalers to his loanshark customers. The owner of Team Auto, Matthew Rega, also purchased stolen vehicles from the crew and sold them off at a New Jersey car lot that he owned. He also involved himself with [[carjacking|hijacking]]; targeting trucks that were delivering or receiving shipments from the [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]]. His crew now included [[Edward Grillo|Danny Grillo]], a hijacker who had just been released from prison.

Roy allegedly added to his body count according to various sources, including an FBI informant who reported that Roy DeMeo was a "ruthless killer" who had killed at least a dozen people and dismembered their bodies to make them disappear. Nino Gaggi's nephew [[Dominick Montiglio]], who sometimes drove Roy on errands, also claims that during one trip around this time Roy had pointed to a recently built gas station and stated that he and his crew had buried the bodies of two victims under its foundation.

In the fall of 1976, the Gambino family went through a massive change when its boss [[Carlo Gambino]] died of natural causes. [[Paul Castellano]] was named the boss, with [[Aniello Dellacroce]] retaining the position of [[Underboss]]. The implications of this were twofold for Roy. His superior, Nino was elevated to the position of [[caporegime|Capo]]; taking over the crew of men Castellano headed. This promotion was beneficial for Roy, whose mentor was now even closer to the ruling Gambino hierarchy. Another advantage was that now that Carlo Gambino had died, new associates would be eligible for membership into the family.

Castellano did not immediately "open the books" for new members however, opting instead to promote existing members and change around leadership of the crews he now presided over. He reportedly told Gaggi he was against the idea of DeMeo ever being made for a number of reasons. Castellano's illegal activities focused more on [[white-collar crime]], and it was said by both law enforcement and other mafiosi that he looked at himself as more of a businessman than a gangster. He looked down on the street guys, such as Roy, who were involved in things like auto theft and hijacking. Additionally, Castellano felt DeMeo was unpredictable and did not feel he could be controlled. Nino's attempts at persuading Castellano to consider inducting Roy were continually rejected.

Despite the considerable contributions Roy had already made to the Gambinos, not least of which were his tens of thousands of dollars worth of weekly payments to Nino Gaggi, by Spring of 1977 DeMeo was still not a made member. Reportedly distraught at the situation, Roy continued to look for more opportunities to bring in larger amounts of profit to his superiors.

===The Westies alliance and Rosenberg===
DeMeo found what he needed to ensure that he would be officially inducted into the Gambino family when he formed an alliance with a gang of [[Irish-American]] criminals known as the [[Westies]] soon to be headed by [[James Coonan]]. Coonan's only obstacle to assuming control of the westside and its lucrative money making enterprise was [[Mickey Spillane (gangster)|Mickey Spillane]], the mainstay of criminal activities in the area for 20 years.

In May 1977, Roy and Danny Grillo murdered Spillane at the behest of Coonan, who then became the top criminal figure in the westside. Roy, sensing an opportunity to create a vast source of income for his superiors, informed Nino Gaggi of the possibilities of a partnership between the Westies and the Gambino Family. Shortly afterwards, Coonan and his second in command [[Mickey Featherstone]] were called to a meeting with Paul Castellano, becoming a de-facto arm of the Gambino crime family and agreeing to share 10 per cent of all profits. In exchange, the Westies would be privy to several lucrative union deals and take on murder contracts for the Italians.

It was his pivotal role in the Westie/Gambino alliance that reportedly convinced Castellano to give Roy his "button", or formally induct him into the crime family. DeMeo was made in mid-1977, being put in charge of handling all family business with the Westies. He was also ordered to get permission before committing any murders and to avoid drug dealing. Despite this warning, DeMeo's crew continued to sell large amounts of [[cocaine]], [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]], and a variety of narcotic pills, a violation many members of all [[Five Families]] continued to commit through the late 1970s and early 1980s due to the tremendous profits gained.

Although he had been ordered by his superiors that he had to get permission before any murders, DeMeo continued to commit unsanctioned killings. In July 1977 Roy and his men committed a double homicide, shooting to death Johnathan Quinn, a successful car thief suspected of cooperating with law enforcement, and Cherie Golden, Quinn's 19-year old girlfriend. DeMeo and his men dumped the bodies in locations where they would be discovered to serve as a warning against cooperation with authorities. When questioned by his superiors as to the motive of killing a young woman, Roy claimed she was a risk and may have cooperated had the police pressured her.

By 1978, Roy was heard bragging to associates that he had murdered 100 people. It was also during this year that he put out word among not just the Gambino family but the other New York [[Cosa Nostra]] families as well that he and his crew were available for murder contracts. In at least one case, the crew charged a relatively paltry fee of $5,000. Other murders were committed for free, Roy describing them to crew members as "professional favors".

He added to his crew [[Frederick DiNome]], who served as his [[chauffeur]] but also became involved in the crew's various illegal activities. DiNome was reportedly fiercely loyal to Roy, who had befriended him when the two were teenagers. DiNome credited DeMeo for saving his life after a [[car crash]] at a [[drag race]], in which the burning car exploded just as he was saved by DeMeo from the wreckage. DeMeo used a knife to cut the seat belt.

In November 1978 DeMeo and his crew murdered one of their own members, [[Edward Grillo|Danny Grillo]]. Grillo, who had fallen into heavy debt with DeMeo, was killed after Roy and Nino Gaggi felt that he was becoming susceptible to police coercion to cooperate against the crew. Grillo, who was dismembered and disposed of like many of the crew's murder victims, was the first occurrence of intra-crew discipline.

The next member who was murdered by Roy and the crew was [[Chris Rosenberg]], Roy's second-in-command within the group and reportedly his most loyal ally. Rosenberg had set up a drug deal with a Cuban man living in Florida and then murdered him and his associates when they traveled to New York to complete the sale. The Cuban had connections with a Colombian [[drug cartel]] and violence was threatened between the Colombians and the Gambino family unless Rosenberg was murdered. Roy was ordered to kill Rosenberg but stalled for weeks.

During this period of time Roy committed his most public murder, the victim being a college student with no criminal ties named Dominick Ragucci who was paying for his tuition by being a [[door-to-door]] salesman. DeMeo saw Ragucci parked outside his house and assumed it was an assassin. After a car chase, which consisted of Freddy DiNome at the wheel with Roy DeMeo and Joseph Guglielmo hanging out of the windows firing wildly (Guglielmo even shot holes in the cars floorboards in his excitement). Ragucci was shot to death by Roy when his car became too damaged to continue driving. Roy, convinced it was an assassin from the drug cartel, returned home and gathered his family. He drove them out of New York and left them at a hotel for a short time.

DeMeo's son Albert wrote in his book, ''For The Sins of My Father'', that Roy started crying when he discovered he had killed an innocent boy. In the meantime, the murder of the college student had infuriated his superior Nino Gaggi, who ordered him again to kill Chris Rosenberg before there were any other innocent victims. In May 1979, Rosenberg, who reportedly had no knowledge of the Colombian situation, arrived at a meeting of the DeMeo Crew and was shot in the head by Roy. Crew member [[Anthony Senter]] then finished Rosenberg off when he managed to get up after Roy shot him.

Unlike Grillo, Rosenberg's body was not dismembered or made to disappear. The Colombians had demanded that his murder make the papers otherwise they would not believe it had actually occurred. Roy's men placed Rosenberg's body in his car and left it on the side of Cross Bay Boulevard (near Gateway National Wildlife Refuge) to be found. Albert DeMeo wrote in his book that Rosenberg's murder affected his father deeply, and that when Roy came home after the murder, he went into his study room and didn't come out for two days. Likewise, testimony from [[Frederick DiNome]] and [[Vito Arena]] claims that Roy expressed regret at having to kill Chris and at times appeared depressed over it.

===Empire Boulevard operation===
As 1979 continued Roy DeMeo began to expand his business activities, in particular his auto theft operation, which would soon become the largest in [[New York City]]'s history. Dubbed the Empire Boulevard Operation by FBI agents, the operation consisted of hundreds of stolen cars being shipped from ports in New Jersey to [[Kuwait]] and [[Puerto Rico]]. Roy put together a group of five active partners in the operation, all of whom earned approximately $30,000 a week each in profit.

Aside from the active partners, other associates and crew members performed the actual stealing of the automobiles off the streets of New York. Among these associates was [[Vito Arena]], a long-time car thief and armed robber who began working for Roy in 1978 after murdering his old partner. Like DiNome, Arena would become closely involved with the DeMeo Crew by the end of the 1970s. In 1979, the scheme was nearly stopped by a legitimate car dealer who threatened to inform the police. He was murdered along with an uninvolved acquaintance before he could provide the proper authorities with information.

===Eppolito murders===
In late 1979, Roy and Nino Gaggi became involved in a conflict with James Eppolito and James Eppolito Jr., two made Gambino members in Gaggi's crew. They were both respectively the paternal uncle and cousin of the corrupt former [[New York City Police Department]] detective, [[Louis Eppolito]]. Louis Eppolito's father, Ralph Eppolito, was James Eppolito's brother and also a made member of the Gambino family.

Eppolito met with Paul Castellano and accused DeMeo and Gaggi of drug dealing, which carried the penalty of death. Castellano, to whom Gaggi was a close ally, sided against Eppolito in the situation and gave Gaggi permission to do what he pleased. He and Roy DeMeo shot the two to death in Eppolito Jr.'s car en route to the [[Gemini Lounge]] on October 1, 1979. A witness driving by right as the shots were fired within the parked car managed to alert a nearby police officer, who arrested Gaggi after a shootout between the two that left Gaggi with a bullet wound in his neck.

Because Roy had split up with Gaggi as they left the scene, he was not arrested or identified by the witness. Gaggi would be charged with murder and the attempted murder of a police officer but through jury tampering was convicted only of assault and given a 5 to 15 year sentence in Federal Prison. DeMeo would murder the witness shortly after Gaggi's sentencing in March 1980.

The Empire Boulevard Operation had continued to expand through 1979 and 1980 until the warehouse serving as its headquarters was raided by agents from the [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] branch of the FBI in the summer of 1980. The FBI had been surveilling the warehouse and some of the men unloading vehicles there and had shortly thereafter obtained a search warrant. Henry Borelli and Frederick DiNome were arrested in May 1981 for their roles in the operation, but there was not enough evidence to arrest any of the other active partners. Roy ordered Borelli and DiNome to plead guilty to the charges in hopes that it would stop any further investigations into his activities by the FBI or other law enforcement agencies.

===Downfall and murder===
[[File:Roydemeo2.JPG|thumb|left|150px|DeMeo in a 1982 surveillance photo with second-in-command Joseph Testa.]]
By 1982, the FBI was investigating the enormous number of missing and murdered persons who were linked to DeMeo or who had last been seen entering the [[Gemini Lounge]]. It is around this time that an FBI bug in the home of Gambino family soldier [[Angelo Ruggiero]] picked up a conversation between Angelo and [[Gene Gotti]], a brother of [[John Gotti]].

In the conversation, it is discussed that Paul Castellano had put out a hit on DeMeo, but was having difficulty finding someone willing to do the job. Gene Gotti mentions that his brother John was wary of taking the contract, as DeMeo had an "army of killers" around him. It is also mentioned in this same secretly recorded conversation that, at that time, John had killed fewer than 10 people, while DeMeo had killed at least 38. According to mob turncoat [[Sammy Gravano]], eventually the contract was given to [[Frank DeCicco]], but Frank and his crew couldn't get to DeMeo either. DeCicco allegedly handed the job to Roy's own men.

Albert DeMeo wrote that in his final days, Roy was paranoid and knew that he would be killed soon. DeMeo considered faking his own death and leaving the country. However, instead he left the house one day and never returned. Albert DeMeo later found Roy's personal belongings such as his watch, wallet, and ring in his study room, and also a [[Catholic Church|religious]] [[pamphlet]] indicating that Roy had gone to [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|confession]] before his death.

According to the book ''Murder Machine'', in his final days Roy DeMeo was seen wearing a leather jacket, with a shotgun concealed underneath. On January 10, 1983, DeMeo went to crew member [[Patrick Testa]]'s [[bodyshop]] for a meeting with his men. A few days later, on January 18, he was found murdered in his abandoned car's trunk. He had been shot multiple times in the head and had a bullet wound in his hand, assumed by law enforcement as being from throwing his hand up to his face in a self-defense reflex when the shots were fired at him. [[Anthony Gaggi]] was suspected by law enforcement officials of being the one who personally killed DeMeo, although it is likely crew members [[Joseph Testa]] and [[Anthony Senter]] were present as well.

Gaggi was not charged with the crime, although he was charged with a number of other murders. He died of a heart attack during his trial in 1988, aged 62. According to [[Anthony Casso]]'s 2008 biography, Roy DeMeo was killed at Patrick Testa's East Flatbush home by Joseph Testa and Anthony Senter following an agreement with Casso, who was given the contract by Gotti and DeCicco after they were unable to kill DeMeo during the fall of 1982. The Casso biography notes that DeMeo was seated, about to receive coffee, when Testa and Senter opened fire. Anthony Gaggi was not present.

In April 1984, [[Colombo crime family]] soldier [[Ralph Scopo]] was overheard explaining to an associate that DeMeo had been killed by his own family because they merely suspected that he would not be able to stand up to legal charges that resulted from his stolen car ring. The motive as suggested by Scopo is widely accepted by law enforcement and other sources. Another reason was that DeMeo was attracting too much attention from the FBI.

DeMeo's crew was soon rounded up and the core members [[Henry Borelli]], Joseph Testa, and Anthony Senter were imprisoned for life after two trials that saw them convicted of a collective total of 25 murders, in addition to [[extortion]], [[car theft]] and [[drug trafficking]]. The convictions were secured in large part by testimony of former members [[Frederick DiNome]] and [[Dominick Montiglio]]. Paul Castellano was indicted for ordering the murder of DeMeo, as well as a host of other crimes, but was killed in December 1985, while out on bail in the middle of the first trial. The murder was ordered by John Gotti, who thus became the new boss of the Gambino family.

[[Richard Kuklinski]], a convicted contract killer and the focus of three HBO Undercover programs, also worked with Roy DeMeo. He filled several contracts for DeMeo, and also claimed that he was the one who murdered him. He shot him five times (twice in the head), and pistol-whipped his corpse, leaving him in the trunk of his car to be found. It should be noted that Kuklinski's claim has yet to be backed by a single credible source and he's not mentioned in the book ''Murder Machine'', essentially a biography of the DeMeo crew.

==Media==
The story of DeMeo and his crew have been featured in the books ''Murder Machine'' by Gene Mustain and [[Jerry Capeci]] and ''For the Sins of My Father'' written by his son Albert DeMeo.

Through a family friend, personal items claimed to have once belonged to Roy DeMeo, including artifacts supposedly from the Gemini Lounge, have been continually sold on [[ebay]] from 2007 through 2010, with an accompanying [[notarized]] [[certificate of authenticity]]. Among the items sold and claimed to have belonged to Roy DeMeo are numerous neckties, shirts, cups and glassware, money clips, pistol grips and holsters, pocket knives, rosaries and religious medals, etc.

==Sources==
*''Murder Machine'' by Gene Mustain & [[Jerry Capeci]], 1993, ISBN 0-451-40387-8
*''For The Sins of My Father: A Mafia Killer, His Son, and the Legacy of a Mob Life'', by Al DeMeo, 2003, ISBN 978-0-7679-1129-0
*Abadinsky, Howard. ''Organized Crime''. 5th Edition, Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1997.
*Gambino, Richard. ''Blood of my Blood: The Dilemma of the Italian American''. NY: Doubleday, 1974.
*Harvey, Jeff. "'Real Life Soprano' DeMeo gives Glimpse into Mob," Old Gold and Black Reporter, Wake Forest University, 21 November 2002.
*O'Brien, Joseph. ''Boss of Bosses: The Fall of the Godfather: The FBI and Paul Castellano''. NY: Dell, 1992.
*Pileggi, Nicholas, ''Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family''. New York: Pocket, 1985.
*DeStefano, Anthony. ''The Last Godfather: Joey Massino & the Fall of the Bonanno Crime Family''. California: Citadel, 2006.
*Raab, Selwyn. ''The Five Families: The Rise, Decline & Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empire''. New York: St. Martins Press, 2005.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/weird/roy_demeo/1.html Roy DeMeo at Crime Library]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Demeo, Roy
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =September 7, 1942
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Brooklyn]], [[New York]], [[USA]]
| DATE OF DEATH =January 10, 1983
| PLACE OF DEATH =[[Brooklyn, New York]], [[USA]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Demeo, Roy}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:1975 crimes]]
[[Category:Murder in 1983]]
[[Category:American mobsters of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Murdered American mobsters of Italian descent]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:People from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:American drug traffickers]]
[[Category:Mafia hitmen]]
[[Category:Gambino crime family]]
[[Category:DeMeo Crew]]
[[Category:DeMeo Crew victims]]
[[Category:Burials at St. John's Cemetery (Queens)]]
[[Category:Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American mass murderers]]

[[fr:Roy DeMeo]]
[[ja:ロイ・デメイオ]]

PRB Motors

2010-10-24T17:32:55Z

SD5: fixes, typos fixed: ie. → i.e. using AWB

{{onesource|date=June 2008}}
{{primarysources|date=June 2008}}

'''PRB''' is an [[Australia]]n builder of Clubman-style [[Sports car|sportscar]]s (i.e. cars based on [[Colin Chapman]]'s ground-breaking [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]] [[Lotus Seven|Super Seven]] design), the PRB Clubman was created by Peter Raymond Bladwell in 1978. Bladwell's first order was received from John Ribeiro, a [[racing driver]] from [[Canberra]], [[Australian Capital Territory]], who went on to win the [[New South Wales]] State [[Hillclimbing|Hill Climb]] Championship in his PRB. There are now several hundred PRB Clubmans on Australian roads. The cars compete very successfully, primarily in Club motorsport. An acceleration time of 0 – 100 km/h in less than 4 seconds is achievable in a modified car.

The current PRB clubman is a composite [[monocoque]] design utilising aluminium [[Composite honeycomb|honeycomb construction]]. It is only available as a build it yourself kit for owner assembly, or can be assembled by a local PRB agent. The aluminium construction makes for a lighter and more rigid car.

The PRB S3 differentiates itself from many of the other kit cars available in Australia by using mostly new parts, many fabricated specifically for the S3. The latest model S3 utilises an engine from a [[Ford Focus (International)|Ford Focus]], [[Toyota Celica]] or for racing purposes a [[Toyota]] 4AGE 1600.

==External links==
*[http://www.prbaustralia.com.au PRB Australia Unofficial Website]
{{Lotus Seven}}

[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers of Australia]]
[[Category:Kit car manufacturers]]

Jonathan Blow

2009-04-19T19:10:49Z

SD5: Undoing own edit (HG)

{{Infobox Person
|name=Jonathan Blow
|image=Jonathan Blow.jpg
|image_size=200px
|caption=Jonathan Blow in November 2008
|birth_date=
|birth_place=
|occupation=[[Game Designer]]
|spouse=
}}

'''Jonathan Blow''' is a programmer and designer who works primarily on [[video game]]s, such as his game ''[[Braid (video game)|Braid]]'', which won the "Game Design" award at the [[Independent Games Festival]] in 2006.

For many years Blow wrote the Inner Product column for [[Game Developer Magazine]]. He is the primary host of the [[Experimental Gameplay Workshop]] each March at the [[Game Developers Conference]], which has become a premier showcase for new ideas in video games. In addition, Blow is a regular participant in the [[Indie Game Jam]].

==Ethics==
In a speech at the Free Play conference in Australia in September 2007, Blow suggested games were approaching the level of societal influence of other forms of art, such as films and novels. One example that Blow cites is ''[[World of Warcraft]]'', which he labels "unethical", stating that such games exploit players by using a simple reward-for-suffering scheme to keep them in front of their computer. In his view, developers need to think about what reinforcement the games are providing players when they reward them for performing certain actions. He emphasized that there was a need for developers to design inspiring new games using "innovative, ethical and personal art."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.smh.com.au/news/articles/ethical-dilemmas/2007/09/19/1189881577195.html |title= Ethical dilemmas |accessdate= 2008-01-10 |date= 2007-09-20 |publisher= The Sydney Morning Herald }}</ref>

==Education==
Blow graduated from [[UC Berkeley]] in 1993 with a degree in Computer Science.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{CommonsCat}}
* [http://number-none.com/blow/index.html Jonathan Blow's web page]
* [http://www.braid-game.com/ ''Braid'']
* [http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=19748/ ''Gamasutra interview with Jonathan Blow'']

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blow, Jonathan}}
[[Category:Video game designers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

[[fr:Jonathan Blow]]

{{videogame-bio-stub}}

Jonathan Blow

2009-04-19T19:10:33Z

SD5: Reverted edits by 71.239.209.144 to last revision by 84.215.17.68 (HG)

{{Infobox Person
|name=Jonathan Blow
|image=Jonathan Blow.jpg
|image_size=200px
|caption=Jonathan Blow in November 2008
|birth_date=
|birth_place=
|occupation=[[Game Designer]]
|spouse=
}}

'''Jonathan Blow''' is a programmer and designer who works primarily on [[video game]]s, such as his game ''[[Braid (video game)|Braid]]'', which won the "Game Design" award at the [[Independent Games Festival]] in 2006.

For many years Blow wrote the Inner Product column for [[Game Developer Magazine]]. He is the primary host of the [[Experimental Gameplay Workshop]] each March at the [[Game Developers Conference]], which has become a premier showcase for new ideas in video games. In addition, Blow is a regular participant in the [[Indie Game Jam]].

==Ethics==
In a speech at the Free Play conference in Australia in September 2007, Blow suggested games were approaching the level of societal influence of other forms of art, such as films and novels. One example that Blow cites is ''[[World of Warcraft]]'', which he labels "unethical", stating that such games exploit players by using a simple reward-for-suffering scheme to keep them in front of their computer. In his view, developers need to think about what reinforcement the games are providing players when they reward them for performing certain actions. He emphasized that there was a need for developers to design inspiring new games using "innovative, ethical and personal art."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.smh.com.au/news/articles/ethical-dilemmas/2007/09/19/1189881577195.html |title= Ethical dilemmas |accessdate= 2008-01-10 |date= 2007-09-20 |publisher= The Sydney Morning Herald }}</ref>

==Education==
Jonathan graduated from [[UC Berkeley]] in 1993 with a degree in Computer Science.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{CommonsCat}}
* [http://number-none.com/blow/index.html Jonathan Blow's web page]
* [http://www.braid-game.com/ ''Braid'']
* [http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=19748/ ''Gamasutra interview with Jonathan Blow'']

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blow, Jonathan}}
[[Category:Video game designers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

[[fr:Jonathan Blow]]

{{videogame-bio-stub}}

Old North Church

2009-03-29T18:16:30Z

SD5: Reverted edits by 72.94.121.132 to last revision by SD5 (HG)

{{Infobox_nrhp | name =Old North Church
| nrhp_type = nhl
| image =North End, Boston.jpg
| caption =Image of the [[North End, Boston]] neighborhood. The Old North Church is at center, a [[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Big Dig]] vent building is near the bottom, and the green [[Tobin Bridge]] over the [[Mystic River]] is at the top.
| location= [[Boston, MA]]
| lat_degrees = 42 | lat_minutes = 21 | lat_seconds = 58.78 | lat_direction = N
| long_degrees = 71 | long_minutes = 3 | long_seconds = 16.04 | long_direction = W
| area =
| built =1723
| architect= Price, William
| architecture= Georgian
|designated_nrhp_type=January 20, 1961
| added = October 15, 1966
| governing_body = Private
| refnum=66000776 <ref name="nris">{{cite web|url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/|title=National Register Information System|date=2007-01-23|work=National Register of Historic Places|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
}}
[[Image:2006Boston007.jpg|thumb|200px|Interior of the Old North Church]]
{{Anglican Portal}}
The '''Old North Church''' (officially Christ Church), at 193 Salem Street, in the [[North End, Boston|North End]] of [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], is the location from which the famous "One if by land, and two if by sea" signal is said to have been sent. This phrase is related to [[Paul Revere]]'s midnight ride, of April 18, 1775, which preceded the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]] during the [[American Revolution]].

The church is a [[Mission (Methodist)|mission]] of the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopal]] [[Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts|Diocese of Massachusetts]]. The Old North Church is the oldest active church building in Boston and is a [[National Historic Landmark]]. Inside the church is a bust of [[George Washington]], which the [[Marquis de Lafayette]] reportedly remarked was the best likeness of him he had ever seen.

The Old North Church was built in 1723, and was inspired by the works of [[Christopher Wren]], a British [[architect]] who was responsible for rebuilding London after the [[Great Fire of London|Great Fire]].
==The lanterns==
[[Image:Paul Revere Lantern.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Paul Revere's lantern at the Concord Museum]]
[[Image:Boston 1775.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The land and water routes out of Boston are shown in this detail from a map drawn later that year to depict the [[Siege of Boston]].]]

On April 18, 1775, probably a little after 10 P.M., the 191 ft (58 m) [[steeple (architecture)|steeple]] of the Church served a military purpose.

[[Paul Revere]] told three Boston [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriots]] to hang two lanterns in the steeple. These men were the church sexton Robert Newman and Captain John Pulling, the two of whom [[David Hackett Fischer]] suggests each carried one lantern up to the steeple, and Thomas Bernard, who stood watch for British troops outside the church. The lanterns were displayed to send a warning to [[Charlestown, Massachusetts|Charlestown]] Patriots across the [[Charles River]] about the movements of the [[British Army]]. Revere and [[William Dawes]] would later deliver the same message to [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]] themselves, but this lantern method was faster, and it was a good back-up plan for communication in case they were captured.

The signal only lasted for a few brief moments to avoid catching the eyes of the British troops occupying Boston, but this was long enough for the message to be received in Charlestown. They had kept someone looking at the steeple all night.

The meaning of two lanterns has been memorized by countless American schoolchildren for generations.

:''One if by land, and two if by sea'' is from [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow|Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's]] poem, "[[Paul Revere's Ride (poem)|Paul Revere's Ride]]". One lantern was to notify Charlestown that the British Army would march over Boston Neck and the [[Great Bridge (Cambridge)|Great Bridge]], and two were to notify them that the troops were taking boats across the Charles to land near Phips farm. After receiving the signal, the Charlestown Patriots sent out a rider to Lexington, but this rider did not reach his destination and his identity has disappeared from history. He was the one who might have been captured by a British patrol.

But the warning was delivered miles away to dozens of towns, first by [[Paul Revere|Revere]] and [[William Dawes|Dawes]] on horses, and then by other men on horses and men who rang church bells and town bells, beat drums, and shot off warning guns. Revere didn't really say "The British are coming!" because most of the people in [[Massachusetts]] still thought of themselves as British. But he did say "The [[Regulars]] are coming out!" (or something similar) to almost every house along the way to [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]] after he felt safe from that British patrol. (Current status of the lanterns is not entirely clear; one is said to be in the hands of a private collector, another broken during a tour, and yet another is on display at the [[Concord Museum]].) See the ''[[Battle of Lexington and Concord]]'' for more information and ''Paul Revere's Ride' David Hackett Fischer ISBN 0-19-508847-6.

==U.S. Bicentennial celebration==
[[Image:PaulRevereStatue.jpg|thumb|right|This statue of [[Paul Revere]] outside the Old North Church commemorates his memorable ride.]]
President [[Gerald Ford]] visited Old North Church on April 18, 1975. In his nationally televised speech, the President said, in part,

:''"Let us pray here in the Old North Church tonight that those who follow 100 years or 200 years from now may look back at us and say: We were a society which combined reason with liberty and hope with freedom. May it be said above all: We kept the faith, freedom flourished, liberty lived. These are the abiding principles of our past and the greatest promise of our future."''

Following President Ford's remarks, two lanterns were lit by Robert Newman Ruggles and Robert Newman Sheet, descendants of Robert Newman, who, as sexton of the Old North Church in 1775, lit the two lanterns which signaled the movement of British troops. The President then lit a third lantern, which hangs in a window of the church today.

On July 11, 1976, [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] of the United Kingdom visited Boston and made reference to that event. She said,

:''"At the Old North Church last year, your President lit a third lantern dedicated to America's third century of freedom and to renewed faith in the American ideals. May its light never be dimmed."''

The Queen and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]] attended a Sunday morning service at the Old North Church, sitting in a pew at the right front. The Rev. Robert W. Golledge led the service and later presented The Queen with a replica of a silver chalice made by [[Paul Revere]]. The Queen was shown the iconic statue of ''Paul Revere'' by Cyrus E. Dallin near the church before departing in a motorcade to attend a function at the [[Old State House (Boston)|Old State House]].

==The bells==
[[Image:OldNorthChurchSteeple.JPG|left|thumb|95px|Steeple of the Old North Church]]
Eight [[change ringing]] bells at Old North Church were cast in [[Gloucester]] in 1744 and hung in 1745. One bell has the inscription: ''We are the first ring of bells cast for the British Empire in North America, A.R. 1744.'' The bells were restored in 1894 and in 1975. They are maintained and rung regularly by the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] Guild of Bellringers. The Guild website can be found [http://mit.edu/bellringers/www]here.

==Steeple damage==
[[Image:Old North Church Boston 1882.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Sketch of the Old North Church c. 1882, showing the 1807 steeple that was destroyed in 1954.]]
The original steeple of the Old North Church was destroyed by the [[Storm of October 1804]]. A replacement steeple, designed by the architect of [[Faneuil Hall]], [[Charles Bulfinch]], was toppled by [[Hurricane Carol]] on August 31, 1954. The current steeple that was rebuilt after Hurricane Carol uses design elements from the original and the Bulfinch version. The church is now 175 feet (53 m) tall. At its tip is the original [[weathervane]].

==The other "Old North"==

Before the construction of the 'Old North Church' (Christ Church, Boston), there was another church in Boston called the "Old North" (Meetinghouse). This [[Congregationalist]] [[meeting house|meetinghouse]] was founded in North Square, across the street from what is now called ''Paul Revere's house''. John Mayo was installed as the first minister in 1655 and continued until 1673, when, because of old age, he was replaced by Increase Mather, his close associate. This church was dismantled and burned for firewood by British soldiers during the occupation of 1775.

The fact that there have been two churches in Boston called ''Old North'' leads to considerable confusion about which physical church location is mentioned in historical and modern documents. There are two key differences:

*The Old North Meetinghouse's religious affiliation, Congregationalism, derived from Puritanism, was the dominant religion of the American Colonists in Boston at the time of the Revolution. Most of the early Patriots who rebelled against the Crown were likely to be Congregationalists. This affiliation, as well as the wooden construction of the meeting house, made it possible for British Soldiers to dismantle it for firewood.

*The Old North Church (Christ Church, Boston), of Paul Revere fame, on Salem Street, has always been a part of the Anglican, or Episcopal, Church since its establishment in 1723. Because the Anglican Church was the official church of the British Crown and the Old North ''is made of brick'', British soldiers would not have been likely or able to burn down the church for firewood.

The two Old Norths have always been separate entities with different religious affiliations, locations, and physical construction.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.oldnorth.com/ Old North Church]
* [http://web.mit.edu/bellringers/www/ MIT Guild of Bellringers]
* [http://www.murrah.com/gen/mayo.htm Mayo family history]
* [http://www.nps.gov/bost/ Boston National Historical Park Official Website]
* [http://www.thehistrionicacademy.com/ Old North Church Walking Tours]
{{start box}}
{{succession box|
before=Unknown|
title=[[List of tallest buildings in Boston|Tallest Building in Boston]]|
years=1745—1810 53m|
after=[[Park Street Church]]}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Paul Revere House]] |
title=Locations along Boston's [[Freedom Trail]] |
years= '''Old North Church''' |
after= [[Copp's Hill]]
}}
{{end box}}

[[Category:1723 architecture]]
[[Category:Churches in Boston, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Episcopal churches in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Freedom Trail]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Boston, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Registered Historic Places of religious function]]

[[fr:Old North Church]]
[[nl:Old North Church]]
[[ja:オールドノースチャーチ]]

Old North Church

2009-03-29T18:15:45Z

SD5: Reverted edits by 72.94.121.132 to last revision by SD5 (HG)

Old North Church

2009-03-29T18:14:19Z

SD5: Reverted edits by 72.94.121.132 to last revision by Doncram (HG)

Gangster Disciples

2009-03-29T17:45:44Z

SD5: Reverted edits by 66.61.160.67 to last revision by ClueBot (HG)

{{Infobox Criminal organization
| name = Gangster Disciples
| image = Gangster Disciples.gif
| caption =
| founded on = late 1960s<ref name="www.knowgangs.com"> [http://www.knowgangs.com/gang_resources/black_gangster_disciples/bgd_001.htm Black Gangster Disciples] </ref>
| founding location = [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| founded by l; = [[David Barksdale]] and [[Larry Hoover]]<ref name="www.knowgangs.com"/>
| years active = late 1960s–present
| territory = Nationwide
| ethnic makeup = Mostly [[African American]] {{Fact|date=March 2009}}
| membership = Over 20,000 {{Fact|date=March 2009}}
| criminal activities = [[Illegal drug trade|Drug trafficking]], [[robbery]], [[extortion]], [[murder]]
| allies = [[Folk Nation]], [[Crips]] {{Fact|date=March 2009}}
| rivals = [[Latin Kings (gang)|Latin Kings]], [[Black P. Stones]], [[Bloods]], [[Vice Lords]]
}}
The Black Gangster Disciple Nation was formed on the South-side of Chicago in the late 1960s, by David Barksdale, leader of the Gonzanto Disciples, and Larry Hoover, leader of the Supreme Disciples. The two groups united to form the Black Gangster Disciple Nation (BGDN).<ref name="www.knowgangs.com" />

The gang has made several attempts to legitimize their image. Some members dropped the "B" and began to call themselves GDs or Gangster Disciples. In the 1990s the Gangster Disciples entered into politics through the formation of the "Growth and Development" movement.<ref name="www.knowgangs.com"> [http://www.knowgangs.com/gang_resources/black_gangster_disciples/bgd_001.htm] </ref> Outside of Chicago some gangs will still go by the old name of BGD.<ref name="www.gangpreventionservices.org"> [http://www.gangpreventionservices.org/BGD.asp] </ref>

==Symbols, signs and emblems==
Gangster Disciples follow a strict code and use symbols and hand signs to communicate alliances and rivalries.

* Six pointed star, similar to the [[Star of David]] A reference and homage to [[David Barksdale]] formed using fingers on both hands. Many people say that they copied the B.F.G.'s with the Star of David as their gang symbol.
* Heart with six wings
* Shepard's cane inverted (to show disrespect for [[Vice Lords]])
* A three pointed [[pitch fork]] aiming upwards
* An inverted [[pyramid]] ([[Peoples Nation]] symbol when not inverted)

Any of these can be incorporated into drawings, onto notes, hand signals, into a private alphabet, or displayed in various forms on clothing and private or public property<ref>[http://www.dc.state.fl.us/pub/gangs/sets4.html People and Folk Nation Sets (continued) - Gang and Security Threat Group Awareness]</ref>

Gangster Disciples have been documented in the US military, found in both US and overseas bases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military.com/news/article/gangs-increasing-in-military-fbi-says.html|title=Gangs Increasing in Military, FBI Says|date=30 June 2008|publisher=McClatchy-Tribune Information Services}} </ref> Graffiti characteristic of the Gangster Disciples has been reportedly seen in U.S. military bases in Iraq and Afghanistan. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/07/28/eveningnews/main3107316.shtml?source=RSSattr=HOME_3107316|date=28 July 2007|title=Exclusive: Gangs Spreading In The Military|publisher=CBS News}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/gangsterdisciples.htm FBI Freedom of Information/Privacy Act gang profile]
*[http://www.army.com/blog/item/491 Gangs Using Military For Training, Experts Say]. From [http://www.army.com/ Army.com]
*[http://www.ngcrc.com/bdprofile.html GANG THREAT ANALYSIS: The Black Disciples]

[[Category:Gangs in Chicago, Illinois]]
[[Category:Street gangs]]
[[Category:African American gangs]]

[[pl:Gangster Disciples]]