Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Super Bowl LIII

2014-02-11T00:48:18Z

Ruby Murray: Requesting speedy deletion (CSD G4). (TW)

{{db-repost|1=Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2010_February_8#Super_Bowl_redirects}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox Super Bowl
| sb_name = LIII
| image =
| visitor = Jacksonville Jaguars
| home = Carolina Panthers
| visitor_abbr = JAX
| home_abbr = CAR
| visitor_conf = [[American Football Conference]]
| home_conf = [[National Football Conference|NFC]]
|
| visitor_total = 20
| home_total = 45
|
| visitor_qtr1 = 7
| visitor_qtr2 = 0
| visitor_qtr3 = 0
| visitor_qtr4 = 13
|
| home_qtr1 = 7
| home_qtr2 = 7
| home_qtr3 = 17
| home_qtr4 = 14
|
| date = {{start-date| Febuary 2019}}
| stadium = Panther Stadium
| city = Charlotte, NC
| attendance = 80,187
| odds = Fantasy game. All bets are off.
| MVP = [[Joe Quarterback]], [[Quarterback]]
| anthem = Star-Spangled Banner
| coin_toss = Heads
| referee = [[Referee (American football)]]
| HOFers = none
| halftime = [[Up with People]] presents "200 Years and Just a Baby: Tribute to America's [[United States Bicentennial|Bicentennial]]"
| network = [[NFL on CBS|CBS]]
| announcers = [[Pat Summerall]], [[Tom Brookshier]] and [[Hank Stram]] (4th quarter only)
| rating = 42.3 (est. 57.7 million viewers)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2009/01/18/historical-super-bowl-tv-ratings/11044 |title=Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings, 1967–2009 – Ratings |publisher=TVbytheNumbers |date= |accessdate=October 9, 2012}}</ref>
| share = 78
| commercial = Too expensive
| last = LII
| next = LIV
}}

{{reflist}}

Super Bowl LIII

2014-02-03T16:31:38Z

Ruby Murray: removed Category:2018 in American sports; added Category:2019 in American sports using HotCat

'''Super Bowl LIII''' will be the 53rd [[Super Bowl]], and the 49th modern era Super Bowl.
It may be held in [[Sports Authority Field at Mile High]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Mike Klis |url=http://www.denverpost.com/ci_22107466/mike-klis-future-shock-super-bowl-liii-denver |title=Klis: Future shock of a Super Bowl LIII in Denver |work=[[The Denver Post]] |date=2012-11-28 |accessdate=2014-02-03}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Super Bowl]]
[[Category:2019 in American sports]]
[[Category:Scheduled sports events]]

Super Bowl LIII

2014-02-03T16:31:09Z

Ruby Murray: +Category:Super Bowl; +Category:2018 in American sports; +Category:Scheduled sports events using HotCat

'''Super Bowl LIII''' will be the 53rd [[Super Bowl]], and the 49th modern era Super Bowl.
It may be held in [[Sports Authority Field at Mile High]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Mike Klis |url=http://www.denverpost.com/ci_22107466/mike-klis-future-shock-super-bowl-liii-denver |title=Klis: Future shock of a Super Bowl LIII in Denver |work=[[The Denver Post]] |date=2012-11-28 |accessdate=2014-02-03}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Super Bowl]]
[[Category:2018 in American sports]]
[[Category:Scheduled sports events]]

Super Bowl LIII

2014-02-03T16:30:28Z

Ruby Murray: Filling in 1 references using Reflinks

Super Bowl LIII

2014-02-03T16:29:34Z

Ruby Murray:

'''Super Bowl LIII''' will be the 53rd [[Super Bowl]], and the 49th modern era Super Bowl.
It may be held in [[Sports Authority Field at Mile High]].<ref>http://www.denverpost.com/ci_22107466/mike-klis-future-shock-super-bowl-liii-denver</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

ASTERIG

2014-01-23T16:23:52Z

Ruby Murray: /* Example */ copyvio pasted from http://asterig.com/index.php/de/example

ASTERIG

2014-01-23T16:23:03Z

Ruby Murray: removed copyvio from http://www.ubplj.org/index.php/jgbe/article/view/625

'''ASTERIG''', initially developed in Germany in 2006-2010, is an assessment tool to measure and to evaluate the risk potential of any gambling product based on scores on ten dimensions.

The availability of an objective, systematic tool to assess the risk potential of different gambling products could help medical and psychological scientists, lawyers, judges and policy-makers assess the risk potential of a special gambling product and potentially allow objective comparisons with other gambling products.<ref>Clement, R., Goudriaan, A.E., Holst, R.J., Molinaro, S., Moersen, C., Nilsson, T., Parke, A., Peren, F.W., Rebeggiani, L., Stoever, H., Terlau, W., Wilhelm, M. (2012): Measuring and Evaluating the Potential Addiction Risk of the Online Poker Game Texas Hold'em No Limit. In: Gaming Law Review and Economics. Volume: 16 Issue 12.</ref>

Also, within an international context, the desire for classifying the degree of risk potential of gambling products is beyond controversy. Similar research activities from Great Britain,<ref>GamGARD - Gaming Assessment Measure – Guidance about Responsible Design; http://www.gamgard.com Retrieved 2013-03-17.</ref> Finland<ref>Product Evaluation Method for Reducing Potential Hazards (Finland); http://www.veikkaus.fi Retrieved 2013-03-17.</ref> and Sweden<ref>Playscan (Sweden); http://www.spelinstitutet.se Retrieved 2013-03-17.</ref> are known. However the empirical base of these operations has not been published, making their assessment difficult.<ref>Peren, F.W. (2009): Assessment Tool to measure and Evaluate the Risk potential of Gambling products – ASTERIG. Presentation at the Social Responsibility Seminar of the EL European Lotteries Association, Barcelona.</ref>

== Example ==

The following example is completely fictitious and is simply presented to illustrate how ASTERIG could be used to assess the risk potential of a gambling product. Assume that there is a game, which we will call ''bet-for-soccer'' from the also fictitious provider ''bets-limited''.

In our example, ''bet-for-soccer'' has the following attributes:

* In this fictitious national league there are 24 teams that play in 12 matches in different cities on each Saturday.
* Betting on all games is allowed.
* For each match, it is allowed to bet that: (a) team A will win, (b) team B will win (c) there will be a tie. It is possible to bet all three outcomes at the same time. In theory the probability of each outcome is 1/3 = 0.33 = 33.33%. But in sports-betting there are always quotes which depend on the voting of all the players (gamblers) who bet on that particular game. For example. 50% of all gamblers could bet for (a) that team A wins, 25% for (b), that team B wins, and 25% for (c), there is a tie. The quotes could theoretically range between 0% and 100%, e.g. when all gamblers would bet for (a) the advantage of team A and nobody for the alternatives (b) and (c).
* The chance of winning a profit and the amount of a possible profit depend on the quotes. If e.g. 50% of all players bet that (a) team A wins, 25% that (b) team B wins and 25% that (c) there is a tie, the quotes would be distributed - after a 10% margin for the provider - as follows: 1.8 if team A wins, 3.6 if team B wins and 3.6 there is a tie. The profits would also be distributed in the equivalent relations. If team A wins those players (gamblers) who bet on this result will get $1.8 for each $ they bet. If the other two alternatives are realized, those gamblers would get $3.6 for each $ bet.
* The minimum stake is $1. The maximum allowed stake is $100 per each match. So the maximum win would be $100 x 90 (100% quote minus 10% margin for the provider) = $9.000 for each match. If the gambler bets on each of the 12 games, the maximum stake by this individual could be a total of $1.200 per week. The maximum win could be $9.000 x 12 matches = $108.000 per week.
* There is no jackpot.
* On the webpage of the provider only visual effects exist. There are no auditory effects. Also all other marketing activities use only visual activities.

Based on the description of the fictitious game bet-for soccer determines the following scores would be assigned:

'''1. Event frequency''' 
Unit of time between stake, gambling result and next stake opportunity: > 6 days, because the matches run only every Saturday. Even considering that it is possible to bet on all 12 matches every week, it should be assumed that all 12 stakes would be done once a week in less than one day. 
'''→ Score: 0'''

'''2. Interval of payback''' 
Period of time between gambling result and notification of payment or actual receipt of payment: ≤ 5 sec, because the bets are run online and the gambling result and notification of payment is given just in time after the soccer match finishes. 
'''→ Score: 10'''

'''3. Jackpot''' 
An extraordinary top prize typically in the form of a large amount of money formed by the accumulation of previous bets: There is no jackpot. 
'''→ Score: 0'''

'''4. Continuity of playing''' 
There are maximum 12 possibilities (= matches) per week, per gambling without an interruption. If we assume that all 12 possibilities are used and that all betting are done in one term (without any interruption) and one betting needs in average approximately 5 minutes for each match the period of time during which it is possible to gamble without interruption is maybe maximum 5min x 12 = 60 min = 1 hour. 
'''→ Score: 5'''

'''5. Chance of winning a profit''' 
The probability of realizing a profit with each game is on average 33.33% and in many occasions > 25%. 
'''→ Score: 10'''

'''6. Availability''' 
“Bet-for soccer” is accessed online. Gambling opportunities are generally at home or at the workplace. 
'''→ Score: 10'''

'''7. Multiple playing-/stake opportunities''' 
There are multiple playing opportunities (i.e., betting on some or all 12 matches) at the same time (per week) per player (gambler) and by using one userID. There exist multiple (= 12) stake opportunities as well. 
'''→ Score: 10'''
'''
8. Variable stake amount''' 
The stake that gamblers can choose is variable. The stake amount is limited between $1 (minimum) and $100 per each match. In total – by betting on all 12 matches – between $12 and $1.200 per week. 
'''→ Score: 5'''

'''9. Sensory product design''' 
Visual effects exist. Auditory effects non-exist. 
'''→ Score: 5'''

'''10. Near wins''' 
A gambler could suppose to almost win (to miss the profit narrowly; a near win). But in this case it is un-intentionally created by the supplier/producer. It occurs by chance. 
'''→ Score: 5'''

{| class="wikitable"
|- class="hintergrundfarbe3"
! Risk potential criteria !! weights (fix) !! score (0–10) !! example
|-
| Event frequency || 8 || 0 || 0
|-
| Interval of payback || 6 || 10 || 60
|-
| Jackpot || 5 || 0 || 0
|-
| Continuity of playing || 8 || 5 || 40
|-
| Chance of winning a profit || 6 || 10 || 60
|-
| Availability || 7 || 10 || 70
|-
| Multiple playing-/stake opportunities || 6 || 10 || 60
|-
| Variable stake amount || 6 || 5 || 30
|-
| Sensory product design ||4 || 5 || 20
|-
| Near wins || 6 || 5 || 30
|-
| '''Totals''' || '''62''' || '''-''' || '''370'''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

ASTERIG

2014-01-23T16:21:15Z

Ruby Murray: /* Methodology */ copyrighted text, pasted from http://asterig.com/index.php/de/methodology

{{copypaste|url=http://www.ubplj.org/index.php/jgbe/article/view/625|date=January 2014}}
== ASTERIG (Assessment Tool to Measure and Evaluate the Risk Potential of Gambling Products)==

Identifying whether different types of gambling modalities vary in their ability to lead to maladaptive patterns of gambling behaviour is essential to develop public policies that seek to balance access to gambling opportunities with minimizing risk for the potential adverse consequences of gambling behaviour.<ref>Peren, F.W. (2011): Assessment Tool to Measure and Evaluate the Risk Potential of Gambling Products: ASTERIG, in: The Journal of Gambling Business and Economics, 2011, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp 54-66. </ref> Until recently, assessing the risk potential of different types of gambling products was nearly impossible.

'''ASTERIG''', initially developed in Germany in 2006-2010, is an ''assessment tool to measure and to evaluate the risk potential of any gambling product'' based on scores on ten dimensions. In doing so, it also allows a comparison to be drawn between the addictive potential of different gambling products. Furthermore, the tool highlights where the specific risk potential of each specific gambling product lies. This makes it a valuable tool at the legislative, case law, and administrative levels as it allows the risk potential of individual gambling products to be identified and to be compared globally and across 10 different dimensions of risk potential. We note that specific gambling products should always be evaluated rather than product groups (lotteries, slot machines) or providers, as there may be variations among those product groups that impact their risk potential. For example, slot machines may vary on the amount of jackpot, which may influence their risk potential.

The availability of an objective, systematic tool to assess the risk potential of different gambling products could help medical and psychological scientists, lawyers, judges and policy-makers assess the risk potential of a special gambling product and potentially allow objective comparisons with other gambling products.<ref>Clement, R., Goudriaan, A.E., Holst, R.J., Molinaro, S., Moersen, C., Nilsson, T., Parke, A., Peren, F.W., Rebeggiani, L., Stoever, H., Terlau, W., Wilhelm, M. (2012): Measuring and Evaluating the Potential Addiction Risk of the Online Poker Game Texas Hold'em No Limit. In: Gaming Law Review and Economics. Volume: 16 Issue 12.</ref>

Also, within an international context, the desire for classifying the degree of risk potential of gambling products is beyond controversy. Similar research activities from Great Britain,<ref>GamGARD - Gaming Assessment Measure – Guidance about Responsible Design; http://www.gamgard.com Retrieved 2013-03-17.</ref> Finland<ref>Product Evaluation Method for Reducing Potential Hazards (Finland); http://www.veikkaus.fi Retrieved 2013-03-17.</ref> and Sweden<ref>Playscan (Sweden); http://www.spelinstitutet.se Retrieved 2013-03-17.</ref> are known. However the empirical base of these operations has not been published, making their assessment difficult.<ref>Peren, F.W. (2009): Assessment Tool to measure and Evaluate the Risk potential of Gambling products – ASTERIG. Presentation at the Social Responsibility Seminar of the EL European Lotteries Association, Barcelona.</ref>

== Example ==

The following example is completely fictitious and is simply presented to illustrate how ASTERIG could be used to assess the risk potential of a gambling product. Assume that there is a game, which we will call ''bet-for-soccer'' from the also fictitious provider ''bets-limited''.

In our example, ''bet-for-soccer'' has the following attributes:

* In this fictitious national league there are 24 teams that play in 12 matches in different cities on each Saturday.
* Betting on all games is allowed.
* For each match, it is allowed to bet that: (a) team A will win, (b) team B will win (c) there will be a tie. It is possible to bet all three outcomes at the same time. In theory the probability of each outcome is 1/3 = 0.33 = 33.33%. But in sports-betting there are always quotes which depend on the voting of all the players (gamblers) who bet on that particular game. For example. 50% of all gamblers could bet for (a) that team A wins, 25% for (b), that team B wins, and 25% for (c), there is a tie. The quotes could theoretically range between 0% and 100%, e.g. when all gamblers would bet for (a) the advantage of team A and nobody for the alternatives (b) and (c).
* The chance of winning a profit and the amount of a possible profit depend on the quotes. If e.g. 50% of all players bet that (a) team A wins, 25% that (b) team B wins and 25% that (c) there is a tie, the quotes would be distributed - after a 10% margin for the provider - as follows: 1.8 if team A wins, 3.6 if team B wins and 3.6 there is a tie. The profits would also be distributed in the equivalent relations. If team A wins those players (gamblers) who bet on this result will get $1.8 for each $ they bet. If the other two alternatives are realized, those gamblers would get $3.6 for each $ bet.
* The minimum stake is $1. The maximum allowed stake is $100 per each match. So the maximum win would be $100 x 90 (100% quote minus 10% margin for the provider) = $9.000 for each match. If the gambler bets on each of the 12 games, the maximum stake by this individual could be a total of $1.200 per week. The maximum win could be $9.000 x 12 matches = $108.000 per week.
* There is no jackpot.
* On the webpage of the provider only visual effects exist. There are no auditory effects. Also all other marketing activities use only visual activities.

Based on the description of the fictitious game bet-for soccer determines the following scores would be assigned:

'''1. Event frequency''' 
Unit of time between stake, gambling result and next stake opportunity: > 6 days, because the matches run only every Saturday. Even considering that it is possible to bet on all 12 matches every week, it should be assumed that all 12 stakes would be done once a week in less than one day. 
'''→ Score: 0'''

'''2. Interval of payback''' 
Period of time between gambling result and notification of payment or actual receipt of payment: ≤ 5 sec, because the bets are run online and the gambling result and notification of payment is given just in time after the soccer match finishes. 
'''→ Score: 10'''

'''3. Jackpot''' 
An extraordinary top prize typically in the form of a large amount of money formed by the accumulation of previous bets: There is no jackpot. 
'''→ Score: 0'''

'''4. Continuity of playing''' 
There are maximum 12 possibilities (= matches) per week, per gambling without an interruption. If we assume that all 12 possibilities are used and that all betting are done in one term (without any interruption) and one betting needs in average approximately 5 minutes for each match the period of time during which it is possible to gamble without interruption is maybe maximum 5min x 12 = 60 min = 1 hour. 
'''→ Score: 5'''

'''5. Chance of winning a profit''' 
The probability of realizing a profit with each game is on average 33.33% and in many occasions > 25%. 
'''→ Score: 10'''

'''6. Availability''' 
“Bet-for soccer” is accessed online. Gambling opportunities are generally at home or at the workplace. 
'''→ Score: 10'''

'''7. Multiple playing-/stake opportunities''' 
There are multiple playing opportunities (i.e., betting on some or all 12 matches) at the same time (per week) per player (gambler) and by using one userID. There exist multiple (= 12) stake opportunities as well. 
'''→ Score: 10'''
'''
8. Variable stake amount''' 
The stake that gamblers can choose is variable. The stake amount is limited between $1 (minimum) and $100 per each match. In total – by betting on all 12 matches – between $12 and $1.200 per week. 
'''→ Score: 5'''

'''9. Sensory product design''' 
Visual effects exist. Auditory effects non-exist. 
'''→ Score: 5'''

'''10. Near wins''' 
A gambler could suppose to almost win (to miss the profit narrowly; a near win). But in this case it is un-intentionally created by the supplier/producer. It occurs by chance. 
'''→ Score: 5'''

{| class="wikitable"
|- class="hintergrundfarbe3"
! Risk potential criteria !! weights (fix) !! score (0–10) !! example
|-
| Event frequency || 8 || 0 || 0
|-
| Interval of payback || 6 || 10 || 60
|-
| Jackpot || 5 || 0 || 0
|-
| Continuity of playing || 8 || 5 || 40
|-
| Chance of winning a profit || 6 || 10 || 60
|-
| Availability || 7 || 10 || 70
|-
| Multiple playing-/stake opportunities || 6 || 10 || 60
|-
| Variable stake amount || 6 || 5 || 30
|-
| Sensory product design ||4 || 5 || 20
|-
| Near wins || 6 || 5 || 30
|-
| '''Totals''' || '''62''' || '''-''' || '''370'''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

ASTERIG

2014-01-23T14:56:43Z

Ruby Murray: Added {{copypaste}} tag to article (TW)

{{copypaste|url=http://www.ubplj.org/index.php/jgbe/article/view/625|date=January 2014}}
== ASTERIG (Assessment Tool to Measure and Evaluate the Risk Potential of Gambling Products)==

Identifying whether different types of gambling modalities vary in their ability to lead to maladaptive patterns of gambling behaviour is essential to develop public policies that seek to balance access to gambling opportunities with minimizing risk for the potential adverse consequences of gambling behaviour.<ref>Peren, F.W. (2011): Assessment Tool to Measure and Evaluate the Risk Potential of Gambling Products: ASTERIG, in: The Journal of Gambling Business and Economics, 2011, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp 54-66. </ref> Until recently, assessing the risk potential of different types of gambling products was nearly impossible.

'''ASTERIG''', initially developed in Germany in 2006-2010, is an ''assessment tool to measure and to evaluate the risk potential of any gambling product'' based on scores on ten dimensions. In doing so, it also allows a comparison to be drawn between the addictive potential of different gambling products. Furthermore, the tool highlights where the specific risk potential of each specific gambling product lies. This makes it a valuable tool at the legislative, case law, and administrative levels as it allows the risk potential of individual gambling products to be identified and to be compared globally and across 10 different dimensions of risk potential. We note that specific gambling products should always be evaluated rather than product groups (lotteries, slot machines) or providers, as there may be variations among those product groups that impact their risk potential. For example, slot machines may vary on the amount of jackpot, which may influence their risk potential.

The availability of an objective, systematic tool to assess the risk potential of different gambling products could help medical and psychological scientists, lawyers, judges and policy-makers assess the risk potential of a special gambling product and potentially allow objective comparisons with other gambling products.<ref>Clement, R., Goudriaan, A.E., Holst, R.J., Molinaro, S., Moersen, C., Nilsson, T., Parke, A., Peren, F.W., Rebeggiani, L., Stoever, H., Terlau, W., Wilhelm, M. (2012): Measuring and Evaluating the Potential Addiction Risk of the Online Poker Game Texas Hold'em No Limit. In: Gaming Law Review and Economics. Volume: 16 Issue 12.</ref>

Also, within an international context, the desire for classifying the degree of risk potential of gambling products is beyond controversy. Similar research activities from Great Britain,<ref>GamGARD - Gaming Assessment Measure – Guidance about Responsible Design; http://www.gamgard.com Retrieved 2013-03-17.</ref> Finland<ref>Product Evaluation Method for Reducing Potential Hazards (Finland); http://www.veikkaus.fi Retrieved 2013-03-17.</ref> and Sweden<ref>Playscan (Sweden); http://www.spelinstitutet.se Retrieved 2013-03-17.</ref> are known. However the empirical base of these operations has not been published, making their assessment difficult.<ref>Peren, F.W. (2009): Assessment Tool to measure and Evaluate the Risk potential of Gambling products – ASTERIG. Presentation at the Social Responsibility Seminar of the EL European Lotteries Association, Barcelona.</ref>

== Methodology ==

All gambling products do not have the same risk potential. Gambling products are characterized by situational parameters realized in observable scales that combined, result in more or less distinct risk potential. Significant parameters can be identified through expert consensus within the framework of a Delphi study.<ref>Linstone, H.A., Turoff, M. (1975): The Delphi Method: Techniques and Applications, Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_method Retrieved 2013-03-17.The Delphi method is a structured communication technique in form of a systematic, multi-level, and feedback-orientated procedure, in which in several runs interrogations of a panel of experts for problem solving solutions are surveyed, until a pre-defined stop criterion is achieved.</ref>

Therefore, two years after ASTERIG was developed, it made sense for it to be validated and updated with the input of an international group of researchers to refine and enhance the instrument. A global survey of experts on gambling disorder research and treatment using a standardized questionnaire was undertaken to improve ASTERIG.

Development of the revised ASTERIG was based on the already existing ASTERIG-model and was completed in two rounds. In the first round, the experts were sent a proposed revision of the original ASTERIG and were asked first to review and to propose improvements for the dimensions (significant parameters) of the ASTERIG-model, including the possibility of giving their own proposed scales. The experts were allowed to change or modify the dimensions as well as the original scales as much as necessary. They were also allowed to suggest addition or deletion of new dimensions and to change the range of the existing dimensions. In the original version there were scales whose range did not include zero. This implied that those dimensions would always contribute to the overall score, regardless of the characteristics of the game.

Based on responses to the first round, results were summarized and a second round was sent to all experts who contributed to the first round. Participants in the survey, conducted in the fall and winter of 2012 are listed in the following Table:

{| class="wikitable"
|- class="hintergrundfarbe3"
! Expert !! Country !! Institution
|-
| Dr. Carlos Blanco || USA || Department of Psychiatry Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute
|-
| Dr. Alex Blaszczynski || AUS || University of Sydney, School of Psychology
|-
| Dr. Reiner Clement || GE || Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University, Department of Business
|-
| Dr. Jeffrey Derevensky || CAN || McGill University, International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High Risk Behaviors
|-
| Dr. Anna E. Goudriaan || NL || University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center
|-
| Dr. David C. Hodgins || CAN || University of Calgary, Department of Psychology
|-
| Dr. Ruth J. van Holst || NL || University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center
|-
| Dr. Ángela Ibáñez || ESP || Alcala University, Department of Psychiatry, Ramon y Cajal Hospital
|-
| Dr. Silvia S. Martins || USA || Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health
|-
| Dr. Chantal Moersen || GE || Charité Berlin
|-
| Dr. Sabrina Molinaro || I || CNR - Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica Sezione di Epidemiologia Pisa
|-
| Dr. Adrian Parke || UK || University of Lincoln
|-
| Dr. Franz W. Peren || GE || Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University, Department of Business
|-
| Dr. Nancy M. Petry || USA || University of Connecticut, Health Center
|-
| Heather Wardle || UK || National Centre for Social Research
|}

The experts agreed that the following ten dimensions (parameters) provided a useful framework to examine the risk potential of different gambling products. The experts chose ten relevant dimensions with the following scales, in which higher scores indicate higher risk potential. Those scales have been modified and have been standardized the range of the scales for all dimensions between 0 (of no importance) and 10 (of very great importance). All scales are made symmetric.

=== 1. Event frequency ===

Definition: Unit of time between stake, gambling result and next stake opportunity.

'''Scale'''

{| class="wikitable"
|- class="hintergrundfarbe3"
| > 6 days || > 24 hrs ≤ 6 days || > 1 hr ≤ 24 hrs || > 10 min ≤ 1 hr || > 3 min ≤ 10 min || > 1 min ≤ 3 min || > 15 sec ≤ 1 min || > 5 sec ≤ 15 sec || ≤ 5 sec
|-
! 0 !! 1.25 !! 2.5 !! 3.75 !! 5 !! 6.25 !! 7.5 !! 8.75 !! 10
|}

=== 2. Interval of payback ===

Definition: Period of time between gambling result and notification of payment or actual receipt of payment.

'''Scale'''

{| class="wikitable"
|- class="hintergrundfarbe3"
| > 6 days || > 24 hrs ≤ 6 days || > 1 hr ≤ 24 hrs || > 10 min ≤ 1 hr || > 3 min ≤ 10 min || > 1 min ≤ 3 min || > 15 sec ≤ 1 min || > 5 sec ≤ 15 sec || ≤ 5 sec
|-
! 0 !! 1.25 !! 2.5 !! 3.75 !! 5 !! 6.25 !! 7.5 !! 8.75 !! 10
|}

=== 3. Jackpot ===

Definition: An extraordinary top prize typically in the form of a large amount of money formed by the accumulation of previous bets.

'''Scale'''

{| class="wikitable"
|- class="hintergrundfarbe3"
| non existent || ≥ 0 $ < 100 $ || ≥ 100 $ < 1.000 $ || ≥ 1.000 $ < 10.000 $ || ≥ 10.000 $ < 50.000 $ || ≥ 50.000 $ < 100.000 $ || ≥ 100.000 $ < 1 Mio. $ || ≥ 1 Mio. $
|-
! 0 !! 1.25 !! 2.5 !! 4 !! 6 !! 7.5 !! 8.75 !! 10
|}

=== 4. Continuity of playing ===

Definition: Period of time during which it is possible to gamble without interruption.

'''Scale'''

{| class="wikitable"
|- class="hintergrundfarbe3"
| ≤ 5 min of continuous gambling || > 5 min ≤ 30 min of continuous gambling || > 30 min ≤ 1 hour of continuous gambling || > 1 hour ≤ 3 hrs of continuous gambling || > 3 hrs of continuous gambling
|-
! 0 !! 2.5 !! 5 !! 7.5 !! 10
|}

=== 5. Chance of winning a profit ===

Definition: The probability of realizing a profit with each game.

'''Scale'''

{| class="wikitable"
|- class="hintergrundfarbe3"
| 0% || > 0 % ≤ 0,1 % || > 0,1 % ≤ 0,5 % || > 0,5 % ≤ 1 % || > 1 % ≤ 5 % || > 5 % ≤ 10 % || > 10 % ≤ 25 || > 25%
|-
! 0 !! 1.25 !! 2.5 !! 4 !! 6 !! 7.5 !! 8.75 !! 10
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Trommelralle

2014-01-06T14:04:21Z

Ruby Murray: Fix broken reference names – You can help: Category:Pages with broken reference names

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}
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| image = HabroptilaWallaciiWolf.jpg
| image_caption = Invisible Rail
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| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = {{r|IUCN}}
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Gruiformes]]
| familia = [[Rallidae]]
| genus = '''''Habroptila'''''
| genus_authority = [[George Robert Gray|G.R. Gray]], 1861
| species = '''''H. wallacii'''''
| binomial = ''Habroptila wallacii''
| binomial_authority = [[George Robert Gray|Gray]], 1860
| range_map = HabroptilaWallaciiMap.svg
}}

The '''Invisible Rail''' (''Habroptila wallacii'') is a [[flightless]] species of bird in the family [[Rallidae]] (rails), [[Endemism in birds|endemic]] only to the island of [[Halmahera]], in [[North Maluku]], [[Indonesia]], especially its swamp forests, wetlands, and forest edges. The Invisible Rail is evaluated as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] of Threatened Species. It is the world's smallest living flightless bird.{{r|rach}}

==Taxonomy==
The Invisible Rail was first classified by English zoologist [[George Robert Gray]] in 1860.{{r|IUCN}} It is the only member of [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] genus ''Habroptila''.{{r|IUCN}} It is known from only a handful of confirmed sightings and specimens—the most recent of which was in 2003.{{r|BirdLife}} This species may be related to the [[New Guinea Flightless Rail]] (''Megacrex inepta'').{{r|birdbase}} Alternate names include: Wallace's Rail, Drummer Rail (Soisa), Halmahera, Râle de Wallace (in French), Trommelralle (in German), and Rascón de Wallace (in Spanish).{{r|ibc}}{{r|ripley}}

==Description==
It is a large, {{convert|330|to(-)|400|mm|in|abbr=on}} long, flightless [[Rallidae|rail]].{{r|IUCN}} Both sexes are similar in color, dark slate-grey with darker brown wing and tail [[plumage]], bare red orbital skin, long reddish orange [[Beak|bill]] and legs. The undersurface is somewhat lighter in color. It makes a low drumming sound with loud screams. It is superficially similar to the [[Purple Swamphen]] (''Porphyrio porphyrio'') and [[Calayan Rail]] (''Gallirallus calayanensis''). It is different from the Purple Swamphen in its markings, which has been recently discovered to also reside in Halmahera, though it has been known to reside elsewhere for thousands of years. It is different from the Calayan Rail in that it is larger and some markings are different.{{r|BirdLife}}{{r|forktail}} Confusion with both these species is likely. Of 26 bird species whose range is solely “Northern Maluku Endemic Bird Area”, the Invisible Rail is one of eight threatened species.{{r|birdbase}}

==Distribution and habitat==
The Invisible Rail is native to the remotest and densest parts of the [[sago]] swamp forests and wetlands of Halmahera, Indonesia,{{r|ripley}}{{r|sibley}} favoring the edge habitats where swamp meets forests and clearings. Specific locales in that region where it has been sighted are Fanaha, Gane, Pasir Putih, Sondo, Tewe, and Weda Bay. There are also local reports of it living in the Kao sago swamp.{{r|birdbase}} It is classified as vulnerable with an estimated population of 2500–9999. Causes of this vulnerability are ongoing habitat loss from agriculture and aquaculture, fragmentation, predation, small population size, limited [[range (biology)|range]] and hunting in some areas.{{r|BirdLife}}{{r|rach}} Its stealthy, skulking behavior and dense habitat make it especially difficult to study in the wild. Consequently, it is poorly known and may even be more numerous than believed.{{r|BirdLife}} Much of these sago swamps have been destroyed through conversion to wet rice fields and fishpond development.{{r|IUCN}} Natives hunt this bird with snares and dogs.{{r|ripley}}

==Behaviour==
Little is known of the Invisible Rail's life cycle. Its diet consists mainly of plant shoots, vegetation matters and insects. They also feed at open cuts of sago trunks.{{r|birdbase}} The call is drum-like sound (hence the common name drummer) with a loud scream.{{r|ripley}} Flightlessness in birds is known to be related to changes in the pectoral girdle, flight feathers and body size, and was once speculated to also be related to brain size in birds. However, this has been proven to generally not be correlative to the flight capability of birds, except there is a correlation of flightlessness to small brain size in the [[Great Auk]] (''Pinguinus impennis''), the [[Kakapo]] (''Strigops habroptilus'') and some species of penguin.{{r|si}} Breeding is in pairs and 4–5 chicks are hatched. Local people feel that during the dry season this bird leaves the forest.{{r|birdbase}}

== References ==
{{reflist
| refs =
<ref name=IUCN>{{IUCN|id=22692781 |title=''Habroptila wallacii'' |assessors=[[BirdLife International]] |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=ripley>{{cite book|last=Ripley|first=Sidney Dillon|title=Rails of the World: A Monograph of the Family Rallidae|year=1977|publisher=David R. Godine|location=Boston|isbn=087923198x|pages=63, 67|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Tk19fKZenlwC&pg=PA67&lpg=PA67&dq=Habroptila+wallacii+diet&source=bl&ots=anyNmeZIqg&sig=O1f_RM-dt07XBLEGvj4SAMEghkA&hl=en&ei=dOT7Tdj-C-Tg0QGk0ti9Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Habroptila%20wallacii%20diet&f=false|coauthors=Storrs L. Olson}}</ref>
<ref name=sibley>{{cite book|last=Sibley|first=Charles Gald|title=Distribution and taxonomy of Birds of the World|year=1990|publisher=Yale University|location=New Haven, CT|isbn=030004692|pages=229, 1101|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Wk-vyrNVAccC&pg=PA229&lpg=PA229&dq=invisible+rail+Porphyrio+Halmahera&source=bl&ots=FVG3rkW3qW&sig=2_AOzew_FlafHVLZ-EvjV9UmkO4&hl=en&ei=bd77Tev5Iaat0AHmoJGIAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Habroptila%20wallacii&f=false|coauthors=Burt Leavelle Monroe}}</ref>
<ref name=BirdLife>{{cite web|title=Invisible Rail ''Habroptila wallacii'' |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=2924| publisher=[[BirdLife International]]|accessdate=16 June 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=ibc>{{cite web|title=Invisible Rail (''Habroptila wallacii'') |url=http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/invisible-rail-habroptila-wallacii|publisher=Internet Bird Collection|accessdate=16 June 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=rach>{{cite web|title=A Review of Threats to Island Endemic Rails |url=http://dspace.udel.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/handle/19716/5498/Schnaitman,%20Rachel.pdf?sequence=1|format=PDF|last=Schnaitman|first=Rachel|publisher=University of Delaware|accessdate=17 June 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=forktail>{{cite journal|last=Desmond|first=Allen|coauthors=et al|title=A new species of Gallirallus from Calayan island, Philippines|journal=Forktail: Journal of Asian Orninthology|format=PDF|year=2004|month=August|volume=20|page=4|url=http://isla.org.ph/pdf/f010.pdf|accessdate=18 June 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=si>{{cite journal|last=Iwaniuk|first=Andrew N.|coauthors=et al|title=A Comparative Test of the Correlated Evolution of Flightlessness and Relative Brain Size in Birds|journal=Journal of Zoology, London|format=PDF|year=2004|volume=317–327|pages=4|url=http://vertebrates.si.edu/birds/birds_pdfs/hfj6.pdf|accessdate=18 June 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=birdbase>{{cite web|title=Invisible Rail ''Habroptila wallacii'' |url=http://birdbase.hokkaido-ies.go.jp/rdb/rdb_en/habrwall.pdf| publisher=Bird Base|format=PDF|accessdate=17 June 2011}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Habroptila wallacii}}
{{wikispecies|Habroptila wallacii}}

[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Monotypic bird genera]]
[[Category:Birds of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Birds of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1860]]
[[Category:Flightless birds]]

Benutzerin:Kritzolina/Kamala Surayya

2014-01-03T13:03:56Z

Ruby Murray: Reverted 2 edits by 122.174.205.97 (talk) to last revision by Denisarona. (TW)

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Kamala Surayya (formerly known as Kamala Das)
| image = kamala das.jpg
| pseudonym = Madhavikkutty
| birth_date = {{birth date|1934|03|31}}
| birth_place = [[Punnayurkulam]], [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| occupation = [[Poet]], [[short story writer]]
| nationality = Indian
| death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|2009|05|31|1934|03|31}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| genre = [[Poetry]], [[Short story]]
| subject =
| movement =
| influences =
| spouse = K. Madhava Das
| children = {{Plainlist |
*[[Madhav Das Nalapat]]
*Chinnen Das
*Jayasurya Das
}}
| relatives = {{Plainlist |
*[[Balamani Amma]] (mother)
*V. M. Nair (father)
}}
| awards = Ezhuthachchan Puraskaram, [[Vayalar Award]], [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], [[Asan World Prize]], [[Asian Poetry Prize]], [[Kent Award]]
| website =
}}
'''Kamala Suraiyya''' (born '''Kamala Das'''; 31 March 1934 – 31 May 2009), also known by her one-time [[pen name]] '''Madhavikutty''', was a major [[Indian English]] poet and littérateur and at the same time a leading [[Malayalam]] author from [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Her popularity in [[Kerala]] is based chiefly on her short stories and autobiography, while her oeuvre in English, written under the name '''Kamala Das''', is noted for the fiery poems and explicit autobiography.

Her open and honest treatment of female sexuality, free from any sense of guilt, infused her writing with power, but also marked her as an [[Iconoclasm|iconoclast]] in her generation.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/jul/19inter.htm | title=The Rediff Interview/ Kamala Suraiya | publisher=[[Rediff.com]] | date=19 July 2000 | accessdate=2013-06-01}}</ref> On 31 May 2009, aged 75, she died at a hospital in [[Pune]],<ref>{{cite news
|publisher = ''[[The Hindu]]''
|title = PM mourns Kamala Das's death, praises her sensitive poems
|url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200905312123.htm
|date = 31 May 2009
|accessdate = 04-06-2009
|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> but has earned considerable respect in recent years.

==Early life==
Kamala Das was born in [[Punnayurkulam]], [[Thrissur District]] in [[Kerala]], on March 31, 1934, to V. M. Nair, a former managing [[editing|editor]] of the widely circulated Malayalam daily ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'', and [[Balamani Amma|Nalapat Balamani Amma]], a renowned [[Malayali]] poetess.

She spent her childhood between [[Calcutta]], where her father was employed as a senior officer in the Walford Transport Company that sold [[Bentley]] and [[Rolls-Royce (car)|Rolls Royce]] automobiles, and the [[Nalapat]] ancestral home in [[Punnayurkulam]]. 

Like her mother, Balamani Amma, Kamala Das also excelled in writing. Her love of poetry began at an early age through the influence of her great uncle, [[Nalapat Narayana Menon]], a prominent writer.

At the age of 15, she got married to bank officer Madhava Das, who encouraged her writing interests, and she started writing and publishing both in English and in Malayalam. Calcutta in the 1960s was a tumultuous time for the arts, and Kamala Das was one of the many voices that came up and started appearing in cult anthologies along with a generation of Indian English poets.<ref>http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/nandy-1977-strangertime-anthology-of.html</ref>

==Literary career==
She was noted for her many Malayalam short stories as well as many poems written in English. Das was also a [[syndicated columnist]]. She once claimed that "poetry does not sell in this country [India]," but her forthright columns, which sounded off on everything from women's issues and child care to politics, were popular.

Das' first book of poetry, ''Summer In Calcutta'' was a breath of fresh air in Indian English poetry. She wrote chiefly of love, its betrayal, and the consequent anguish. Ms. Das abandoned the certainties offered by an archaic, and somewhat sterile, aestheticism for an independence of mind and body at a time when Indian poets were still governed by "19th-century diction, sentiment and romanticised love."<ref name=times>
{{cite news
| title = Kamala Das: Indian poet and writer
| url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article6488710.ece
| work = [[The Times]]
| date = June 13, 2009
| accessdate = May 28, 2011
| location=London
| first=Jenny
| last=Booth
}}</ref>
Her second book of poetry, ''The Descendants'' was even more explicit, urging women to:
:Gift him what makes you woman, the scent of
:Long hair, the musk of sweat between the breasts,
:The warm shock of menstrual blood, and all your
:Endless female hungers ..." - ''The Looking Glass''
This directness of her voice led to comparisons with [[Marguerite Duras]] and [[Sylvia Plath]]<ref name=times/>

At the age of 42, she published a daring autobiography, ''[[My Story (Kamala Das book)|My Story]]''; it was originally written in Malayalam (titled ''[[Ente Katha]]'') and later she translated it into English. Later she admitted that much of the autobiography had fictional elements.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Obituary : Kamala Das - Indian writer and poet who inspired women struggling to be free of domestic oppression
| author = Shahnaz Habib
| publisher = [[The Guardian]]
| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jun/18/obituary-kamala-das
| date = 18 June 2009
| accessdate = 28 May 2011
| location=London
}}</ref>

Kamala Das wrote on a diverse range of topics, often disparate- from the story of a poor old servant, about the sexual disposition of upper middle class women living near a metropolitan city or in the middle of the ghetto. Some of her better-known stories include ''Pakshiyude Manam'', ''Neypayasam'', ''Thanuppu'', and ''Chandana Marangal''. She wrote a few novels, out of which ''Neermathalam Pootha Kalam'', which was received favourably by the reading public as well as the critics, stands out.

She travelled extensively to read poetry to Germany's [[University of Duisburg-Essen]], [[University of Bonn]] and [[University of Duisburg]] universities, Adelaide Writer's Festival, [[Frankfurt Book Fair]], [[University of Kingston]], [[Jamaica]], [[Singapore]], and South Bank Festival (London), [[Concordia University (Montreal)|Concordia University]] (Montreal, Canada), etc. Her works are available in French, Spanish, Russian, German and Japanese.

She has also held positions as Vice chairperson in [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]], chairperson in Kerala Forestry Board, President of the Kerala Children's Film Society, editor of [[Poet (magazine)|''Poet'' magazine]]<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/31270799.cms Love and longing]</ref> and Poetry editor of ''[[Illustrated Weekly of India]]''.

Although occasionally seen as an attention-grabber in her early years,<ref name=hindu/> she is now seen as one of the most formative influences on Indian English poetry. In 2009, [[The Times]] called her "the mother of modern English Indian poetry".<ref name=times/>

==Conversion to Islam==
She was born in a conservative Hindu [[Nair]] (Nallappattu) family having royal ancestry,<ref>Untying and retying the text: an analysis of Kamala Das's My story, by Ikbala Kaura, 1990. p.188</ref> After being asked by her lover Sadiq Ali, an Islamic scholar and a [[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League]] MP,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/charles-taylor-prize/exclusive-excerpt-the-rebirth-of-kamala-dass-passion/article1900368/ | location=Toronto | work=The Globe and Mail | first=Merrily | last=Weisbord | title=Exclusive excerpt: The rebirth of Kamala Das's passion - The Globe and Mail | date=9 February 2011}}</ref> she embraced Islam in 1999 at the age of 65 and assumed the name Kamala Surayya.<ref name="tehelka1">http://tehelka.com/story_main48.asp?filename=hub181210He_asked.asp</ref>

After converting, she wrote:<ref name="tehelka1"/>

<blockquote>
Life has changed for me since Nov. 14 when a young man named Sadiq Ali walked in to meet me. He is 38 and has a beautiful smile. Afterwards he began to woo me on the phone from Abu Dhabi and Dubai, reciting Urdu couplets and telling me of what he would do to me after our marriage. I took my nurse Mini and went to his place in my car. I stayed with him for three days. There was a sunlit river, some trees, and a lot of laughter. He asked me to become a Muslim which I did on my return home.
</blockquote>

Her conversion was rather controversial, among social and literary circles, with [[The Hindu]] calling it part of her "histrionics".<ref name=hindu>http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/02/06/stories/1306078m.htm</ref> She said she liked being behind the protective veil of the purdah.<ref>http://www.islamicbulletin.com/newsletters/issue_19/embraced.aspx</ref> Later, she felt it was not worth it to change one's religion and said ''"I fell in love with a Muslim after my husband's death. He was kind and generous in the beginning. But I now feel one shouldn't change one's religion. It is not worth it."''.<ref>{{cite news |first=Suresh |last=Kohli |coauthors= |title=Still a rebel writer |work= The Hindu|page= |date=August 13, 2006 |accessdate=June 23, 2009 |quote="I fell in love with a Muslim after my husband's death. He was kind and generous in the beginning. But I now feel one shouldn't change one's religion. It is not worth it." |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/08/13/stories/2006081300080500.htm |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

Her desire to revert to [[Hinduism]] was discouraged by her eldest son, who feared that Muslim radicals would murder her and the entire family.<ref>[http://www.reporteronlive.com/2013/06/02/21743.html [[Reporter TV|Reporter News]] 2013/06/02]</ref>

==Politics==
Though never politically active before, she launched a national political party, '''Lok Seva Party''', aiming asylum to orphaned mothers and promotion of secularism. In 1984 she unsuccessfully contested in the Indian Parliament elections.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/noted-writer-kamala-das-suraiya-passes-away_535736.html | title=Noted writer Kamala Das Suraiya passes away | publisher=[[Zee News]] | date=31 May 2009 | accessdate=2013-06-01}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kamala Das had three sons - [[M D Nalapat]], Chinnen Das and Jayasurya Das.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kamala-Das-passes-away/articleshow/4599921.cms Kamala Das passes away]</ref> [[Madhav Das Nalapat]], the eldest, is married to Princess Thiruvathira Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi (daughter of Princess Pooyam Thirunal Gouri Parvati Bayi and Sri Chembrol Raja Raja Varma Avargal) from the [[Travancore]] Royal House.<ref>http://www.royalark.net/India/trava4.htm</ref> He holds the [[UNESCO]] Peace Chair and Professor of [[geopolitics]] at the [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]]. He was formerly a resident editor of the ''[[Times of India]]''.

She had a sexual relationship with Sadiq Ali, an Islamic scholar who was much younger in age. She herself describes her visit to Sadiq Ali's home as follows:<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=QAkc5KPSO9kC&pg=PA225 The Love Queen of Malabar: Memoir of a Friendship with Kamala Das, Volume 3 By Merrily Weisbord] page.225</ref>

<blockquote>
“I was almost asleep when Sadiq Ali climbed in beside me, holding me, breathing softly, whispering endearments, kissing my face, breasts ... and when he entered me, it was the first time I had ever experienced what it was like to feel a man from the inside."
</blockquote>

On 31 May 2009, aged 75, she died at a hospital in [[Pune]]. Her body was flown to her home state of Kerala. She was buried at the [[Palayam / Cantonment|Palayam]] Juma Masjid at [[Thiruvanathapuram]] with full state honour.<ref>{{cite news
|publisher = The Hindu
|title = Kerala pays tributes to Kamala Surayya
|url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200906011831.htm
|date = 1 June 2009
|accessdate = 04-06-2009
|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|publisher = The Hindu
|title = Tributes showered on Kamala Suraiya
|url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/02/stories/2009060253900400.htm
|date = 2 June 2009
|accessdate = 04-06-2009
|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

==Awards and other recognitions==
Kamala Das has received many awards for her literary contribution, including:
*Nominated and shortlisted for [[Nobel Prize for Literature]] in 1984.<ref>http://www.enotes.com/poetry-criticism/das-kamala</ref>
*Award of Asian PEN anthology - 1964
*[[Kerala Sahitya Academy Award]] - 1969 (for Cold)
*[[Sahitya Academy Award]] - 1985
*Asian Poetry Prize - 1998
*Kent Award for English Writing from Asian Countries - 1999
*[[Vayalar Award]] - 2001
*Honorary [[D.Litt]] by [[University of Calicut]] - 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universityofcalicut.info/news/formerdegreerecepients.pdf|title=Honorary degree by Calicut University}}</ref>
*[[Muttathu Varkey#Muttathu Varkey Awards|Muttathu Varkey Award]] - 2006<ref>[http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/awards.htm Literary Awards - official website of Onformation and Public Relation Department]</ref>
*[[Ezhuthachan Puraskaram]] - 2009

==Bibliography==

===English===
* 1964: The Sirens (Asian Poetry Prize winner)
* 1965: Summer in Calcutta (poetry; Kent's Award winner)
* 1967: The Descendants (poetry)
* 1973: The Old Playhouse and Other Poems (poetry)
* 1976: [[My Story (Kamala Das book)|My Story]] (autobiography)
* 1977: Alphabet of Lust (novel)
* 1985: The Anamalai Poems (poetry)
* 1992: Padmavati the Harlot and Other Stories (collection of short stories)
* 1996: Only the Soul Knows How to Sing (poetry)
* 2001: Yaa Allah (collection of poems)
* 1979: Tonight,This Savage Rite (with Pritish Nandy)
* 1999: My Mother At Sixty-six (Poem)
* - : My Grandmother House (Poem)

===Malayalam===
* 1964: ''Pakshiyude Manam'' (short stories)
* 1966: ''Naricheerukal Parakkumbol'' (short stories)
* 1968: ''Thanuppu'' (short story, Sahitya Academi award)
* 1982: ''[[Ente Katha]]'' (autobiography)
* 1987: ''Balyakala Smaranakal'' (Childhood Memories)
* 1989: ''Varshangalkku Mumbu'' (Years Before)
* 1990: ''Palayan'' (novel)
* 1991: ''Neypayasam'' (short story)
* 1992: ''Dayarikkurippukal'' (novel)
* 1994: ''Neermathalam Pootha Kalam'' (novel, [[Vayalar Award]])
* 1996: ''Chekkerunna Pakshikal'' (short stories)
* 1998: ''Nashtapetta Neelambari'' (short stories)
*"Ente Kadha" (Autobiography)
* 2005: ''Chandana Marangal'' (Novel)
* 2005: ''Madhavikkuttiyude Unmakkadhakal'' (short stories)2x
* 2005: ''Vandikkalakal'' (novel)
* 1999: ''My Mother At Sixty-six'' (Poem)

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
* [[Indian English Literature]]
* [[Indian Writing in English]]

==References==
{{reflist}} 8. [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/6643/kamala-ignited-soul.html The Ignited Soul by Shreekumar Varma]

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/dec/16varsha.htm Varsha Bhosle on Kamala Das' conversion to Islam]
*[http://globalwebpost.com/farooqm/writings/other/kamala.htm "From Kamala Das to Dashi: Doing the right thing for wrong reasons?" by Dr Mohammad Omar Farooq]
*[http://www.littlemag.com/family/kamala.html Translation of ''Neypayasam'']
*[http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Das.html Eroticism and feminism in Das' writings]
*[http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/02/06/stories/1306078m.htm The histrionics of Kamala Das]
*[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200906021241.htm Funeral]
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/books-obituaries/5446382/Kamala-Suraiyya.html Kamala Suraiyya] - Daily Telegraph obituary

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Surayya, Kamala
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Indian poet
| DATE OF BIRTH = 31 March 1934
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Punnayurkulam]], [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 31 May 2009
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Surayya, Kamala}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam novelists]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur]]
[[Category:21st-century women writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Malayalam]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ezhuthachan Award]]
[[Category:English-language poets from India]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Manipal University alumni]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Hinduism]]

Benutzerin:Kritzolina/Kamala Surayya

2014-01-02T17:54:44Z

Ruby Murray: Reverted 5 edits by 122.174.205.97 (talk) to last revision by Denisarona. (TW)

Leon Koudelak

2014-01-02T11:51:49Z

Ruby Murray: alle Seiten auf thailandguitarsociety.com (Facebook) wurden entfernt

'''Leon Koudelak''' (* [[17. Juli]] [[1961]] in [[Krnov]]) ist ein [[Gitarrist|klassischer Gitarrist]].
[[File:Leon in Nagoya 2008.JPG|thumb|Leon Koudelak in Nagoya 2007]]

== Leben ==
Als er sechs Jahre alt war, wanderten seine Eltern von der [[Tschechoslowakei]] nach [[Algerien]] aus. Sein Vater war Musiker und Arzt. Er wurde durch seinen Vater auf den amerikanischen [[Jazz]] aufmerksam. Sein Vater hat ihn aber auch zur klassischen Musik geführt, insbesondere zu den tschechischen Komponisten [[Antonín Dvořák]] und [[Martinu]]. Später zogen seine Eltern in die [[Schweiz]], wo Leon Koudelak im Alter von 12 Jahren zum ersten Mal [[Andres Segovia]] spielen hörte. Mit 17 Jahren ging er nach Wien und studierte beim Gitarristen und Lehrer [[Karl Scheit]] an der [[Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien]], später an der [[Zürcher Hochschule der Künste]] an der Seite von [[Konrad Ragossnig]] und war Schüler von [[Julian Bream]] in Liechtenstein. Er hat den Bachelor Degree, den Master of Arts Education und den Masters of Arts Degree (Mag. Art.) mit einstimmiger Auszeichnung in Wien und Zürich erhalten.<ref>http://www.thailandguitarsociety.com/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=122%3Aleon-koudelak-diplomas&catid=37&Itemid=53</ref>{{Toter Link}}
Er inspirierte, unter anderem, den Komponisten [[Michael Buchrainer]]<ref>/http://www.musikdokumentation-vorarlberg.at/mibuwerk.htm</ref>, für die Gitarre zu schreiben.

Nach über 30 Jahren intensiver Konzerttätigkeit zog er sich vorübergehend aus der internationalen Musikszene zurück und ließ sich 2005 in [[Thailand]] nieder um sich mehr in [[Asien]] zu engagieren. Er unterrichtet in [[Bangkok]] an der [[Mahidol University]] und [[Silpakorn University]]. Außerdem konzertiert er regelmäßig in [[Asien]], organisiert Musik-Festivals in Thailand und wirkt als künstlerischer Leiter bei der [[Thailand Guitar Society]].<ref>http://www.thailandguitarsociety.com</ref>{{Toter Link}} Er gründete 1993 die Liechtensteinischen Gitarren-Tage "Ligita",<ref>http://gitarrenzirkel.li/?page=2107</ref> 2001 das [[Asia International Guitar Festival]] in Bangkok<ref>http://www.thailandguitarsociety.com/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56&Itemid=102</ref>{{Toter Link}} und 2009 das [[Pattaya Classical Guitar Festival]].<ref>http://thailandguitarsociety.com/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=100%3Aguitar-recital&catid=40</ref>{{Toter Link}} In der internationalen Musikszene wird er mit der Reputation „La mano santa de la guitarra“ beschrieben<ref>http://www.arts-history.mx/semanario/index.php?id_nota=07112007173804</ref> („Die heilige Hand der Gitarre“).

Im Jahre 2011 kündigte Leon Koudelak auf seiner Facebook info page<ref>https://www.facebook.com/leon.koudelak</ref> eine mögliche Rückkehr auf die internationale Bühne an. Im April/Mai 2013 unternahm er, eine Konzertreise durch Europa<ref>http://thailandguitarsociety.com/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=124%3Aupcomming-tour-dates&catid=37&Itemid=53</ref>{{Toter Link}} die er in Asien fortsetzt mit bestätigten Konzerten in [[Bangkok]], [[Jakarta]], [[Kathmandu]], [[Pattaya]], [[Tokio]] und [[Singapore]].

== Auszeichnungen ==
Leon Koudelak ist Preisträger des Gitarrenwettbewerbs „Fundation Jacinto e Inocencio Guerrero“ in Madrid und erhielt vom [[österreich]]ischen [[Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung]] den [[Österreichischer Staatspreis]] für seine künstlerischen Leistungen.<ref>https://m.ak.fbcdn.net/sphotos-b.ak/hphotos-ak-prn1/946699_10201408105750675_352879833_n.jpg</ref>

== Diskografie ==
Es sind sechs CDs bei [[Tyrolis|Tyrolis Classic]] und [[Tyrolis|Tyrolis Music]] erschienen.<ref>http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=koudelak&x=14&y=16</ref>

*1989: ''Gitarrenmusik aus Spanien, Mexico and Brasilien''
*1992: ''Moderne Musik fuer Gitarre''
*1994: ''Joaquin Rodrigo - Guitar Music (Album) Joaquin Rodrigo - Guitar Music''
*1997: ''Pavana Triste''
*2002: ''Exotic Fruits'' (als beste Aufnahme des Jahres von der Gitarrenzeitschrift [[Les Cahiers de la Guitare]] ausgezeichnet)
*2008: ''Leon Koudelak Live in Seoul''

Er hat Werke von [[Dionisio Aguado]], [[Anton Diabelli]], [[Lennox Berkeley]], [[Michael Buchrainer]], [[Antonio José]], [[Maurice Ravel]], [[Joaquin Rodrigo]], [[Joaquin Turina]], [[Carlo Domeniconi]], [[Manuel Maria Ponce]], [[Heitor Villa-Lobos]], [[Roland Dyens]], [[Francisco Tarrega]], [[Eduardo Martin]], [[David Coverdale]], [[Glenn Hughes]], [[Leo Brouwer]] u.a. eingespielt.

== DVDs ==
* 2008: “Leon Koudelak live in Seoul”
* 2011: „Live in Seoul“ remastered, „10th anniversary edition“.”<ref>http://www.thailandguitarsociety.com/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=121%3Aalbums-discography-dvd-leon-koudelak&catid=37&Itemid=53</ref>{{Toter Link}}

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.thailandguitarsociety.com/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46:leon-koudelak&catid=35:our-staff&Itemid=53 Koudelak auf den Seiten der Thailand Guitar Society]{{Toter Link}}

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{SORTIERUNG:Koudelak, Leon}}
[[Kategorie:Klassischer Gitarrist]]
[[Kategorie:Tscheche]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1961]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Koudelak, Leon
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=tschechischer klassischer Gitarrist
|GEBURTSDATUM=17. Juli 1961
|GEBURTSORT=[[Krnov]], [[Tschechische Republik]]
|STERBEDATUM=
|STERBEORT=
}}

Gülen-Bewegung

2013-12-18T12:40:38Z

Ruby Murray: Filling in 9 references using Reflinks

{{weasel|date=December 2013}}
{{Expand Turkish|Gülen hareketi|date=November 2013}}
The '''Gülen movement''' is a transnational religious and social movement led by Turkish Islamic scholar [[Fethullah Gülen]]. The movement has attracted supporters and critics in Turkey, Central Asia and increasingly in other parts of the World. The movement is active in education (with private schools in over 140 countries) and interfaith dialogue; and has substantial investments in media, finance, and for–profit health clinics.<ref name=ABC>{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/encounter/turkey-gallipoli-gulen-capitalism/4853162#transcript|title= The Turkish exception: Gallipoli, Gülen, and capitalism|author= |date= 31 August 2013|website= Australia's ABC|publisher= Radio National|accessdate=3 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="jbwhite">[http://books.google.com/books?id=wJ8S_wG06MEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Abant&f=false Jenny Barbara White, Islamist Mobilization in Turkey: a study in vernacular politics, University of Washington Press (2002), p. 112]</ref> The movement has been described as a "pacifist, modern-minded Islam, often praised as a contrast to more extreme [[Salafism]]."<ref>[http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21578113-muslim-cleric-america-wields-surprising-political-power-turkey-gulenists-fight-back Turkey’s political imams: The Gulenists fight back]</ref>

The movement has no official name but it is usually called simply as ''Hizmet'' (The Service) by its followers and is known euphemistically as ''Cemaat'' (The Community / Assembly) to the broader public in Turkey.

==Nature and participation==
The exact number of supporters of the Gülen movement is not known, as the movement is rather secretive to some but to others there is no official membership structure, but estimates vary from 1 million to 8 million.<ref>[http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/meria/journal/2000/issue4/jv4n4a4.html Bulent Aras and Omer Caha, Fethullah Gulen and his Liberal "Turkish Islam" Movement]</ref><ref name=guardian>{{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4057646,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Turkey accuses popular Islamist of plot against state | date=2000-09-01 | accessdate=2010-05-04 | first=Chris | last=Morris}}</ref><ref>[http://www.fethullahgulenforum.org/questions_answers/21/fethullah-gulen-s-influence#_edn4 Abdulhamid Turker, Fethullah Gulen's Influence]</ref> The movement consists primarily of students, teachers, businessmen, journalists and other professionals. <ref name="jbwhite"/>

Some studies claim that the movement is arranged in a flexible organizational network.<ref>[http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-216/i.html Portrait of Fethullah Gülen, A Modern Turkish-Islamic Reformist]</ref> It has founded schools, universities, an employers' association, as well as charities, real estate trusts, student bodies, radio and television stations, and newspapers.<ref name="guardian"/> They believe that the schools and businesses organize locally, and link into networks on an informal rather than legal basis.<ref name="Islam in Kazakhstan">[http://www.amerasianworld.com/islam_in_kazakhstan.php Islam in Kazakhstan]</ref> ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine wrote that the Gülen movement is not seeking to subvert modern secular states but rather encourages practicing Muslims to use to the fullest the opportunities those countries offer.<ref name=forbes0118>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/01/18/turkey-islam-gulen-cx_0121oxford.html |title=Gulen Inspires Muslims Worldwide |publisher=Forbes |date= |accessdate=2013-12-18}}</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'' has described the movement as coming from a "moderate blend of Islam."<ref name=nyt080504/><ref name=tavernise>[http://graphics8.nytimes.com/podcasts/2008/04/25/25worldview.mp3 Interview with Sabrina Tavernise, World View Podcasts, New York Times, May 4, 2008]</ref> ''Prospect'' magazine reported that Gülen and the Gülen movement "are at home with technology, markets and multinational business and especially with modern communications and public relations."<ref name=prospect>[http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/printarticle.php?id=10263 A modern Ottoman], Prospect, Issue 148, July 2008</ref> Some believe that In Turkey, the Gülen movement tries to keep its distance from Islamic political parties.<ref>[http://www.eupjournals.com/book/978-0-7486-1837-8 Clement M. Henry, Rodney Wilson, The politics of Islamic Finance, Edinburgh University Press (2004), p 236]</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' described the Gülen movement as a Turkish-based movement that sounds more reasonable than most of its rivals, and which is vying to be recognized as the World's leading Muslim network.<ref name=economist10808408>[http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10808408 Economist: Global Muslim networks, How far they have traveled]</ref> It stated that Gülen has won praise from non-Muslim quarters with his belief in science, inter-faith dialog and multi-party democracy. [[Nilüfer Göle]], professor of sociology at the [[École des hautes études en sciences sociales|Ecole des Hautes Etudes]] in Paris, who is known for her studies on modernization and conservatism, has described the Gülen movement as the World's most global movement.<ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/news-144416-turkish-schools-worlds-most-global-movement-says-sociologist.html Turkish schools World's most global movement, says sociologist]</ref> According to Lester Kurtz's (of University of Texas, Austin), Gulen schools (see section on Education) are a form of service to humanity designed to promote learning in a broader sense, to avoid explicit Islamic propaganda, and to lay the foundations for a more humane, tolerant citizenry of the World where people are expected to cultivate their own faith perspectives and also promote the well being of others.<ref>Lester R. Kurtz, "Gulen's Paradox: Combining Commitment and Tolerance," Muslim World, Vol. 95, July 2005; 379-381.</ref>

Some other studies, including some people who have left the movement, state that its organizational structure is strict, hierarchical, and undemocratic. Gülen (known to his followers as Hocaefendi, or “master teacher”) is the sole leader, they say, and each community is led by abis, or elder brothers, who are privy to only a limited amount of information. Sociologist [[Berna Turam]] has argued that the abis make strong suggestions about, and perhaps dictate, whom members should marry. [[Hakan Yavuz]], a Turkish political scientist at the University of Utah, calls the movement “a resistance movement to the ongoing Kemalist modernization process in Turkey.”<ref name="Infra note, Berlinski 2012">Infra note, Berlinski 2012</ref> [[Ilhan Tanır]], a Turkish journalist who was in the cemaat but who left it, has expressed his concern about the blind obedience demanded of its members.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tanir |first=Ilhan |url=http://ilhantanir.blogspot.com/2009/07/how-do-gulenists-change-rules-ii.html |title=WashingtonPoint: How do the Gulenists change the rules? (II) |publisher=Ilhantanir.blogspot.com |date=2009-07-14 |accessdate=2013-12-18}}</ref> The belief that the movement commands or inspires blind obedience is not confined to those who have left it. In 2010, American journalist [[Suzy Hansen]], writing for ''[[The New Republic]]'', visited the [[Golden Generation Worship and Retreat Center]] in [[Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania]], where Gülen lives. The president of the facility, [[Bekir Aksoy]], explained to her that “our people do not complain... They obey commands completely... Let me put it this way. If a man with a Ph.D. and a career came to see Hocaefendi, and Hocaefendi told him it might be a good idea to build a village on the North Pole, that man with a Ph.D. would be back the next morning with a suitcase.”<ref name="Infra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

The movement, according to researchers such as Yavuz, has three coordinated tiers: businessmen, journalists, and teachers. The first tier, the so-called Anatolian bourgeoisie, provides financial support: it funds private high schools, universities, colleges, dormitories, summer camps, and foundations around the world. The journalists of the second tier own one of the leading Turkish dailies, ''[[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]]''; its English-language counterpart, ''[[Today's Zaman]]'' (which is often not a faithful translation); the Turkish television station [[Samanyolu TV]] (STV); the [[Cihan News Agency]]; many magazines and academic journals; several lesser dailies and TV channels; and many Internet-only news outlets. Finally, teachers operate the schools.<ref name="Infra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

The movement is sometimes accused of being "missionary" in intent, or of organizing in a clandestine way and aiming for political power. About the accusations of ''"hidden agenda"'', members of the movement say "Anybody who accuses us of having a hidden agenda, is welcome to come and quiz us. We have nothing to hide".<ref>[http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-907/i.html The Fethullah Gülen Movement - Pillar of Society or Threat to Democracy?]</ref><ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-192485-109-hypocrisy-in-languages-criticizing-fethullah-gulen-english-or-turkish-by-abdulhamit-turker.html Today's Zaman: response to criticism of Fethullah Gulen]</ref><ref>[http://www.fethullahgulenforum.org/articles/10/fethullah-gulen-s-grand-ambition-biased-selective-misleading-misrepresentative-miscalculated-article Response to MEQ article of winter 2009]</ref>

In the movement there are secular women from conservative-right circles and women who do not wear the Islamic head covering,<ref>[http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?isbn=0804755019 Berna Turam, Between Islam and the State: The Politics of Engagement (Stanford University Press 2006) p. 130]</ref> but most of the time female participants do not question gender segregation in the movement, and wear clothing that does not expose any part of the arms and legs.<ref>[http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?isbn=0804755019 Berna Turam, Between Islam and the State: The Politics of Engagement (Stanford University Press 2006) p. 125]</ref> Gender segregation "remains an ideal inside the cemaat and is never touched on in theory," but because of the variety of social activities the movement engages in, participants' practice is more liberal than the theoretical understanding of the movement.<ref name="press.princeton.edu"/> However, many women in Turkey and elsewhere find the movement's requirements far from acceptable.<ref>In the [[headscarf controversy in Turkey]], when covered girls were prevented from going to school and university by the headscarf ban, the Gülen movement “was the first to insist on girls’ schooling at the cost of compromising their headscarf.” Female members of the Refah party who refused to take their scarves off to go to university were critical of the compromising attitudes of the Gülen Movement.</ref>

==Movement activities==

===Education===
Globally, the Gülen movement is especially active in education. In 2009 ''[[Newsweek]]'' claimed that movement participants run "schools in which more than 2 million students receive education, many with full scholarships".<ref name="Behind Turkey’s Witch Hunt">[http://www.newsweek.com/id/197896 Behind Turkey’s Witch Hunt]</ref> Estimates of the number of schools and educational institutions vary widely, from about 300 schools in Turkey to over 1,000 schools worldwide.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/featuresNews/idUKL0939033920080514?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0 Turkish Islamic preacher - threat or benefactor?]</ref><ref>[http://www.turkokullari.net/index.php?option=com_weblinks&catid=14&Itemid=22 Turkish Schools]</ref>

Two American professors at the [[Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia]] and [[Temple University]] wrote that "these schools have consistently promoted good learning and citizenship, and the ''Hizmet'' movement is to date an evidently admirable civil society organization to build bridges between religious communities and to provide direct service on behalf of the common good".<ref>{{cite web | last=Jon Pahl and John Raines, Professor of the History of Christianity in North America, The Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia | url=http://leavechartersalone.com/2011/gulen-inspired-schools-promote-learning-and-service/ | title=Gulen-Inspired Schools Promote Learning and Service}}</ref> Participants in the movement have also founded private universities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Private university|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-210474-foundation-laid-for-samsuns-first-private-university.html}}</ref>

The greatest majority of the teachers are drawn from members of the Gülen network, who often encourage students in the direction of greater piety.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/featuresNews/idUKL0939033920080514?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 Turkish Islamic preacher - threat or benefactor?]</ref> A 2008 article in the ''[[New York Times]]'' said that in Pakistan "they encourage Islam in their dormitories, where teachers set examples in lifestyle and prayer",<ref name=nyt080504>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/04/world/asia/04islam.html?ex=1367640000&en=625b88103a702f94&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | first=Sabrina | last=Tavernise | authorlink=Sabrina Tavernise | title=Turkish Schools Offer Pakistan a Gentler Vision of Islam | date=2008-05-04 | work=New York Times}}</ref> and described the Turkish schools as offering a gentler approach to Islam that could help reduce the influence of extremism.<ref name=nyt080504/> However, schools are not for Muslims alone,<ref name=nyt080504/> and in Turkey "the general curriculum for the network’s schools prescribes one hour of religious instruction per week, while in many countries the schools do not offer any religious instruction at all. With the exception of a few Imam-Hatip schools abroad, these institutions can thus hardly be considered Islamic schools in the strict sense."<ref name="press.princeton.edu">[http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8412.html/ Robert W. Hefner, Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Schooling Islam: the culture and politics of modern Muslim education (Princeton University Press, 2007) p. 163.]</ref>

Other commentators, who focus on the presence of Gulen schools in the West, disagree with these statements and are much more critical. In 2008, the Dutch government investigated the movement’s activities in the Netherlands. [[Ella Vogelaar]], the country’s minister for housing, communities, and integration, warned that “in general terms, when an organization calls for turning away from society, this is at odds with the objectives of integration.” It was, she noted, incumbent upon the government to “keep sharp watch over people and organizations that systematically incite anti-integrative behavior, for this can also be a breeding ground for radicalization.” Testifying about one of the schools in the investigation, a former member of the movement called it a “sect with a groupthink outside of which these students cannot [reason]”:

<blockquote>"After years living in the boarding school it is psychologically impossible to pull yourself away; you get guilt feelings. Furthermore, it forces the students to live, think and do as the Big Brothers [the abis] instruct them to. Furthermore, through psychological pressure, these students are told which choice of career is the best they can make for the sake of high ideals. . . . Another very bad aspect is that students no longer respect their parents and they do not listen if the parents do not live by the standards imposed by the group; they are psychologically distanced from their parents; here you have your little soldiers that march only to the orders of their abis. The abis are obliged to obey the provincial leaders, who in turn must obey the national leaders, who in turn obey Fethullah Gülen."</blockquote>

Following the investigation, the Dutch government, concluding that the Gülen schools did indeed promote “anti-integrative behavior,” reduced their public funding.<ref>[http://www.city-journal.org/2012/22_4_fethullah-gulen.html Claire Berlinski, City Journal, Autumn 2012, Vol. 22, Issue 4: "Who Is Fethullah Gülen?"]</ref>

The United States of America is the only country in the world where the Gülen movement has been able to establish schools funded to a great extent by the host country’s taxpayers. In June 2011, ''[[New York Times]]'' shed light on schools in the United States, revealing that "Gulen followers have been involved in starting similar schools around the country — there are about 120 in all, mostly in urban centers in 25 states, one of the largest collections of [[Charter school|charterschools]] in America." <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/07/education/07charter.html Charter Schools Tied to Turkey Grow in Texas]</ref>

On the other hand, there are a number of anti-charter groups that try to associate several successful charter schools, such as [[Harmony Public Schools]], with the Gulen Movement. For example, when MerryLynn Gerstenschlager of Texas Eagle Forum, a conservative TEA Party group, testified before the House Public Education Committee of Texas, House Public Education Committee members did not share the Eagle Forum’s concerns about Harmony charter schools. Rep. Alma Allen, D-Houston, says she has “a large Turkish community in my district and several Harmony schools in my district. I think they are fabulous. I don’t think they teach religion.”<ref>{{cite web|last=Scharrer |first=Gary |url=http://blog.chron.com/texaspolitics/2012/02/eagle-forum-takes-on-harmony-charter-schools/ |title=Eagle Forum takes on Harmony charter schools - Texas Politics |publisher=[[Houston Chronicle]] |date=2012-02-20 |accessdate=2013-12-18}}</ref>

Federal authorities are investigating several of the movement’s schools for forcing employees to send part of their paychecks to Turkey. In March 2011, ''[[Philadelphia Enquirer]]'' reported that Federal Agencies including "FBI and the Departments of Labor and Education - were investigating whether some employees were kicking back part of their salaries to a Muslim movement founded by Gulen known as Hizmet."<ref>[http://articles.philly.com/2011-03-20/news/29148147_1_gulen-schools-gulen-followers-charter-schools U.S. charter-school network with Turkish link draws federal attention]</ref>

The [[FBI]] has investigated [[Concept Schools]], which operate 16 [[Horizon Science Academies]] across [[Ohio]], on the suspicion that they illegally used taxpayer money to pay immigration and legal fees for people they never even employed, an Ohio ABC affiliate discovered. The FBI's suspicion was confirmed by state auditors. Concept Schools repaid the fees for their Cleveland and Toledo schools shortly before the ABC story broke, but it’s unclear whether they have repaid—or can repay—the fees for their other schools.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012">Supra note, Berlinski 2012</ref>

There is no evidence that Islamic proselytizing takes place at the American Gülen schools and much evidence that students and parents like them. Most seem to be decent educational establishments, by American standards; graduates perform reasonably well, and some perform outstandingly.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

Some commentators argue that schools are simply moneymakers for the ''cemaat'' (Gulen movement) and are the main avenue for building the Gülen community in the United States. In the USA, they obtain a substantial amount of private, state, and federal funding (in addition to tuition fees), and they have proved amazingly effective at soliciting private donations.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

Some analysts argue that the so-called schools linked to the movement became easy targets of the [[Islamophobia]] network in the US. The CAP report, called the Fear Inc, argued that various elements of the Islamophobia network treat these schools as a threat to America. They claim that "Muslim Gulen schools" would educate children through the lens of Islam and teach them to hate Americans".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-shank/islamophobia-network-targets-top-performing-american-schools_b_975946.html |title=Michael Shank: Islamophobia Network Targets Top Performing American Schools |publisher=[[Huffington Post]] |date= |accessdate=2013-12-18}}</ref>

Some people inspired by Gulen constantly invite high-ranking leaders to dinners to speak and lavish them with awards. Dozens of Texans, ranging from state lawmakers to congressional staff members to university professors, have taken trips to Turkey financed by Gülen’s foundations. The [[Raindrop Foundation]], for instance, paid for State Senator [[Leticia Van de Putte]]’s travel to [[Istanbul]], according to a recent campaign report. In 2012 she cosponsored a state senate resolution commending Gülen for “his ongoing and inspirational contributions to promoting global peace and understanding.” [[Steve Terrell]], a reporter at the ''[[Santa Fe New Mexican]]'', found that a remarkable number of local lawmakers had recently taken trips to Turkey courtesy of a private group, the [[Turquoise Council of Americans and Eurasians]], that is tied to Gülen. In Idaho in 2011, a full tenth of state legislators went on a tour in Turkey financed by the [[Pacifica Institute]], also inspired by Gülen. The Hawaii State Ethics Commission sent a memo to lawmakers reminding them to check with the commission before accepting the all-expenses-paid trip to Turkey to which they’d been invited by Pacifica. “The State Ethics Commission,” said the memo, “does not have sufficient understanding of Pacifica Institute, the purpose of the trip, or the state ‘benefit’ associated with the trip.”<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

Two schools, located in Texas, have been accused of sending school funds—which are supplied by the government—to Gülen-inspired organizations. Last year, ''The New York Times'' reported that the some schools were funneling some $50 million in public funds to a network of Turkish construction companies, among them the Gülen-related [[Atlas Texas Construction and Trading]]. The schools had hired Atlas to do construction, the paper said, though other bidders claimed in lawsuits that they had submitted more economical bids. [[Folwell Dunbar]], an official at the [[Louisiana Department of Education]], has accused Atlas’s vice president, [[Inci Akpinar]], of offering him a $25,000 bribe to keep mum about troubling conditions at the [[Abramson Science and Technology Charter School|Abramson Science and Technology School]] in [[New Orleans]]. Dunbar sent a memo to department colleagues, the ''[[Times-Picayune]]'' reported, noting that "Akpinar flattered him with 'a number of compliments' before getting to the point: 'I have twenty-five thousand dollars to fix this problem: twenty thousand for you and five for me.' " Abramson is operated by the [[Pelican Foundation]], which is linked to the Gülen-inspired [[Cosmos Foundation]] in Texas—which runs the two Texas schools.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

[[Utah]]'s [[Beehive Science and Technology Academy|Beehive Science and Technology Academ]]<nowiki/>y was $337,000 in debt, according to a financial probe by the [[Utah Schools Charter Board]]. The ''[[Deseret News]]'' tried to figure out where all this taxpayer money had gone. "In a time of teacher layoffs, Beehive has recruited a high percentage of teachers from overseas, mainly Turkey," the newspaper reported. “Many of these teachers had little or no teaching experience before they came to the United States. Some of them are still not certified to teach in Utah. The school spent more than $53,000 on immigration fees for foreigners in five years. During the same time, administrators spent less than $100,000 on textbooks, according to state records.” Reports have also claimed that the school board was almost entirely Turkish.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

A reporter for the leftist magazine ''[[In These Times]]'' noted in 2010 that the [[Chicago Math and Science Academy]] obscured its relationship to Gülen. And the school board was strikingly similar to Beehive’s:

<blockquote>“When I went to the school’s board meeting on July 8, I was taken aback to see a board of directors {{sic|hide=y|comprised}} entirely of men. They all appeared of Turkish, Bosnian or Croatian descent. Although I have nothing against Turkish, Bosnian or Croatian men, it does seem that a school board serving students who are 58 percent Hispanic/Latino, 25 percent African American, 12 percent Asian and 5 percent white might be well served by some women board members and board members from ethnic backgrounds the school predominantly serves.''”<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/></blockquote>

In April 2009, [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] published a piece about the Gülen schools in [[Central Asia]] stating the "Turkish educational institutions have come under increasing scrutiny... Governments as well as many scholars and journalists suspect that the schools have more than just education on their agendas..." The article quoted [[Hakan Yavuz]], a Turkish professor of political science at the [[University of Utah]], as calling the Gülen movement <blockquote>"a political movement... and it has always been political.... They want to train an elitist class that will then turn Turkey into a centre of the religious World, Islamise the country,... It is the most powerful movement right now in [Turkey]... There is no other movement to balance them in society."<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Turkish_Schools_Coming_Under_Increasing_Scrutiny_In_Central_Asia/1616111.html?page=2&x=1 Turkish Schools Coming Under Increasing Scrutiny in Central Asia.]</ref></blockquote>

The schools in [[Kazakhstan]] have been accused of following admission policies that favor the children from the wealthy and well-connected families.<ref name="Islam in Kazakhstan"/> Schools established by Gülen movement participants in [[Tashkent]] and [[St. Petersburg]] were closed for a period, accused of supporting Islamic groups (Tashkent) and diverging from the state curriculum (St. Petersburg).<ref>Rashid, A. (Spring 2001). [http://www.allbusiness.com/public-administration/national-security-international/896372-1.html The Fires of Faith in Central Asia]. ''World Policy Journal'', 18, 1. p.45. Retrieved 10 July 2008</ref> However, the St. Petersburg school filed an appeal. Subsequently, the school was re-opened in July 2008 after having its license revoked for over a year.<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.zaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=146596
| title=St. Petersburg Turkish college wins case, resumes services | accessdate=10 July 2008 | date=4 July 2008
| work=Zaman | first=Faruk | last=Akkan}} {{Dead link | date=October 2010 | bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

In April 2010, [[Trend News Agency]] published a piece about the Gülen schools in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Excerpt: "The [[Georgian Labor Party]] protested the opening of Turkish schools in Georgia. The party's Political Secretary [[Giorgi Gugava]] called the mass opening of Turkish schools in Georgia, "the dominance of Turkey in the Georgian educational system," and noted that these schools aim to spread Turkish culture and fundamentalist religious ideas…Gugava said the process is headed by Turkish religious leader Fetullah Gülen, whose activities are banned in his motherland…”<ref>[http://en.trend.az/news/politics/foreign/1676685.html Georgian Labor Party protests opening of Turkish schools]</ref>

In other sources, the schools in Central Asia have been described as supporting a philosophy based on Turkish nationalism rather than on Islam.<ref>[http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/meria/journal/2000/issue4/jv4n4a4.html Fethullah Gulen and His Liberal "Turkish Islam" Movement]</ref>

===Interfaith Dialogue ===
[[File:Fethullah Gülen visiting Ioannes Paulus II.jpg|thumb|300px|Gülen and the Pope.]]

Gülen movement participants have founded a number of institutions across the World that claim to promote [[Interfaith dialogue|interfaith]] and [[Interculturalism|intercultural]] dialogue activities.{{Citation needed | date=February 2012}} For example, in 2006 in [[Gothenburg]], [[Sweden]], the Gülen movement started ''[[Dialogslussen]]'' which purports to promote interfaith dialogue in [[Sweden]].<ref>http://en.fgulen.net/conference-papers/gulen-conference-in-washington-dc/3091-the-gulen-movement-gender-and-practice.html</ref> Gülen has met with leaders of other religions, including [[Pope John Paul II]], the Greek Orthodox [[Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople|Patriarch Bartholomew I]], and Israeli Sephardic Head Rabbi [[Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron]].<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/dp/0970437013 Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gülen]</ref> Similar to his role model [[Said Nursi]], Gülen claims to favor cooperation between followers of different religions and different forms of Islam (such as Sunnism vs. [[Alevi]]sm). [[B. Jill Carroll]] of [[Rice University]] in Houston said in an ''Interfaith Voices'' program, an independent public radio program, that "Gülen has greatly impacted three generations in Turkey.". Of the schools she said: "These schools invest in the future and aim at creating a community that offers equal opportunities for everyone."<ref>[http://interfaithradio.org/node/491/ Interfaith Voices: Fethullah Gülen]</ref>

=== Other Activities ===
Movement participants have set up a number of media organs, including Turkish-language TV stations ([[Samanyolu TV]], [[Mehtap TV]]), an English-language TV station in the United States ([[Ebru TV]]), the Turkish-language newspaper ''[[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]]'', the English-language newspaper ''[[Today's Zaman]]'', magazines and journals in Turkish like ''[[Aksiyon]]'', ''[[Sızıntı]]'', ''[[Yeni Ümit]]'', the English language ''[[The Fountain Magazine]]'', and Arabic language ''[[Hira]]'', the international media group [[Cihan News Agency|Cihan]] and the radio station [[Burç FM]]. Since 1998 the Journalists and Writers Foundation non-profit was set up, which claims that its mission is "to organize events promoting love, tolerance and dialogue."<ref>[http://gyv.org.tr/Hakkimizda/Detay/19/About%20the%20Foundation Journalists and Writers Foundation - About]</ref> The aid charity ''Kimse Yok Mu?'' (''Is anybody there?'') was established in March 2004 as a continuation of a TV program of the same name that ran on [[Samanyolu TV]] for some years.

Movement supporters have also formed business [[lobbying]] groups and [[think tank]]s in Washington and Brussels, including [[Interfaith Dialogue Institute]], [[Interfaith Dialog Center]], and [[Rumi Forum]].<ref>[http://gulenconference.org.uk/userfiles/file/Proceedings/Prcd%20-%20Ebaugh%20and%20Koc.pdf Funding Gülen-inspired Good Works: Demonstrating and Generating Commitment to the Movement by Helen Rose Ebaugh & Dogan Koc]</ref> [[Bank Asya]], formerly Asya Finans, was founded by Gülen movement participants in 1994. [[Işık Sigorta]] (Light Insurance) company describes itself as a partner of Bank Asya.

[[Fethullah Gulen]]'s and the Gulen movement's views and practices have been discussed in [[international]] [[Academic conference|conferences]]. In October 2007 in London a conference was sponsored by the [[University of Birmingham]], the Dialogue Society, the [[Irish School of Ecumenics]], [[Leeds Metropolitan University]], the London Middle East Institute, the [[Middle East Institute]] and the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]], University of London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.fgulen.com/conference-papers/contributions-of-the-gulen-movement |title=Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site - Contributions of the Gülen Movement |publisher=En.fgulen.com |date=2007-10-27 |accessdate=2013-12-18}}</ref> Niagara Foundation of Chicago, together with several academic institutions, organized "The Gülen Movement: Paradigms, Projects and Aspirations" conference, which was held at [[University of Chicago]] on Nov 11-13 2010.<ref>{{cite web|author=Core Design Production, Web designers; Fatih YAZAR, Yunus USLU, Ismail ABAY |url=http://www.niagarafoundation.org/the-international-gulen-conference-2010-in-chicago-2/ |title=Gulen Movement & Fethullah Gulen |publisher=Niagara Foundation |date= |accessdate=2013-12-18}}</ref>

===Political Involvement===
Questions have arisen about the Gülen movement’s possible involvement in the ongoing [[Ergenekon (organization)|Ergenekon investigation]] (Ergenekon allegedly being an ultra-nationalist, pro-military, anti-government gang),<ref name=Jenkins/> which critics have characterized as "a pretext" by the government "to neutralize dissidents" in Turkey.<ref>[http://www.cagaptay.com/5593/ergenekon-behind-turkey-witch-hunt Behind Turkey's Witch Hunt, by Soner Cagaptay, Newsweek, May 16, 2009]</ref> In March 2011, seven Turkish journalists were arrested, including [[Ahmet Şık]], who had been writing a book, "Imamin Ordusu" (''[[The Imam's Army]]''),<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/05/turkey-censorship-ahmet-sik-perrier Turkish authorities launch raids to censor book before publication] in the Guardian of 5 April 2011; accessed on 11 April 2011</ref> which alleges that the Gülen movement has infiltrated the country's security forces. As Şik was taken into police custody, he shouted,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/04/world/europe/04turkey.htmll?_r=1%20 | work=The New York Times | first=Sebnem | last=Arsu | title=7 More Journalists Detained in Turkey | date=2011-03-03}}</ref>“Whoever touches it gets burned!”. Gülen Movement newspaper ''[[Today's Zaman]]'' published an interview<ref>{{cite web | last=Vural | first=Fatih | title=‘If whoever touched Gülen was doomed, we would have been ashes by now’ | url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-251440-if-whoever-touched-gulen-was-doomed-we-would-have-been-ashes-by-now.html | publisher=Today's Zaman | accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> with publishers and writers who had published or written the harshest pieces against Gulen and they all claim "nothing happened to them" and thus voids claims made by Şik who made his claim apparently in an attempt to divert attention to Gulen rather than his arrest. Upon his arrest, drafts of the book were confiscated and its possession was banned. Şik has also been charged with being part of the Ergenekon plot.<ref>Details can be found in English on the site of [http://www.tuerkeiforum.net/enw/index.php/Ahmet_%C5%9E%C4%B1k:_The_Army_of_the_Imam the Democratic Turkey Forum]; accessed on 5 April 2001. In the footnotes to translated passages of the book you can find other works on the subject.</ref> {{Verify credibility|date=July 2011}}

In a reply, Abdullah Bozkurt, from Gülen Movement newspaper [[Today's Zaman]], has accused Ahmet Şık of not being "an investigative journalist" conducting "independent research," but of hatching "a plot designed and put into action by the terrorist network itself,"<ref>The alleged terrorist network is the [[Ergenekon (organization)|Ergenekon organization]], see [http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-239479-ergenekon-gulen-and-media-freedom.html Article of 29 March 2011]; accessed on 5 April 2011</ref>

According to [[Gareth H. Jenkins]], a Senior Fellow of the [[Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Joint Center]] at [[Johns Hopkins University]]:
<blockquote>From the outset, the pro-AKP media, particularly the newspapers and television channels run by the Gülen Movement such as ''Zaman'', ''Today’s Zaman'' and Samanyolu TV, have vigorously supported the Ergenekon investigation. This has included the illegal publication of “evidence” collected by the investigators before it has been presented in court, misrepresentations and distortions of the content of the indictments and smear campaigns against both the accused and anyone who questions the conduct of the investigations. 
There have long been allegations that not only the media coverage but also the Ergenekon investigation itself is being run by Gülen’s supporters. In August 2010, Hanefi Avcı, a right-wing police chief who had once been sympathetic to the Gülen Movement, published a book in which he alleged that a network of Gülen’s supporters in the police were manipulating judicial processes and fixing internal appointments and promotions. On September 28, 2010, two days before he was due to give a press conference to present documentary evidence to support his allegations, Avcı was arrested and charged with membership of an extremist leftist organization. He remains in jail. On March 14, 2011, Avcı was also formally charged with being a member of the alleged Ergenekon gang.<ref name=Jenkins>{{cite web|url=http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/turkey/2011/110404B.html |title=Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program |publisher=Silkroadstudies.org |date= |accessdate=2013-12-18}}</ref> </blockquote>

==History==

:'''1938, 1941 or 1942''' [[Fethullah Gülen|Gülen]] born in Korucuk village of [[Pasinler, Erzurum|Pasinler township]] in [[Pasinler District|Pasinler]], [[Erzurum Province]]. {{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1950s''' Gülen's first meeting with people from the Nur movement{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1960''' death of [[Said Nursî]]. {{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1960s''' Gülen begins attracting disciples while a state preacher in [[Izmir]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1971''' Gülen arrested for an alleged crime of organizing and/or participating activities to change the basis of the constitutional system but is released seven months later.{{Citation needed | date=August 2010}}
:'''late 1970s''' Gülen establishes himself independently of other Nurcu organizations; first ''ışık evleri'' ("houses of light," i.e., student residences) {{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}established{{Citation needed | date=August 2010}}
:'''1978''' First ''dershane'' (study center for university exams) opens{{Citation needed | date=August 2010}}
:'''1979''' Science journal ''Sızıntı'' begins publication<ref>[http://tr.fgulen.com/content/view/10747/3/ Son Karakol]</ref>
:'''1981''' Gülen retires{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1982''' First "Gülen school" opens{{Citation needed | date=August 2010}}
:'''1986''' ''[[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]]'', a top selling daily newspaper in Turkey,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medyatava.com/tiraj/ |title=Tiraj |publisher=Medyatava |date= |accessdate=2013-12-18}}</ref> begins publication
:'''1988-1991''' Gülen gives lectures in Istanbul and Izmir{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1991''' Fall of [[Soviet Union]] permits establishment of Gülen schools in [[Central Asia]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1994''' The (Turkish) [http://gyv.org.tr/Hakkimizda/Detay/19/About%20the%20Foundation Journalists and Writers Foundation], with Gülen as "honorary leader"{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1996''' Creation of [[Asya Finans]] (investment bank aimed at former Soviet Central Asia), with [[Tansu Çiller]] as an investor{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1998''' Gülen meets with [[Pope John Paul II]] in [[Rome]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2013|reason=Was the meeting in Rome or Vatican City? The former would imply an informal meeting while the latter would imply a formal one.}}
:'''1999''' Gülen movement schools in [[Tashkent]] closed by [[Uzbekstan]] government after a rift between Turkish and Uzbek governments{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1999''' Gülen emigrates to [[Pennsylvania]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1999''' Establishment of Niagara Foundation{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''2004''' Establishment of ''[[Kimse Yok Mu]]'' ("Is there anybody there?"), a charitable organization{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''2005''' Establishment of [[TUSKON]] (Turkish Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tuskon.org/?p=content&cl=kurumsal&l=kurumsal |title=Hakkında |publisher=TUSKON |date= |accessdate=2013-12-18}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Turkey|Islam|Religion}}

=== Independent Sources ===
* [http://www.city-journal.org/2012/22_4_fethullah-gulen.html Claire Berlinski, City Journal, Autumn 2012, Vol. 22, Issue 4: "Who Is Fethullah Gülen?"]
* [http://www.meforum.org/2045/fethullah-gulens-grand-ambition Fethullah Gülen's Grand Ambition: Turkey's Islamist Danger, by Rachel Sharon-Krespin, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2009, pp. 55-66]
* [http://www.meforum.org/2047/islamists-approach-europe Islamists Approach Europe: Turkey's Islamist Danger, by Bassam Tibi, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2009, pp. 47-54]
* [http://www.meforum.org/404/turkish-islams-moderate-face Turkish Islam's Moderate Face, by Bülent Aras, Middle East Quarterly September 1998, pp. 23-29]
* [http://azstarnet.com/news/blogs/senor-reporter/sr-reporter-sociologist-calls-on-g-lenist-charter-schools-to/article_78c5b71e-0e01-11e0-9e51-001cc4c03286.html Sociologist calls on Gülenist charter schools to come clean, December 22, 2010, Tim Steller, Arizona Daily Star]
* [http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-1090/i.html Interview with Helen Rose Ebaugh on the Gülen Movement: "An Alternative to Fundamentalism"]
* [http://religion.info/english/interviews/article_74.shtml The Gülen Movement: a modern expression of Turkish Islam]
* [http://www.springer.com/978-1-4020-9893-2 The Gülen Movement] A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam by Helen Rose Ebaugh
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/audio/2008/jun/23/turkey The Guardian, Islamophonic: Turkey edition Riazat Butt travels to Istanbul to look at the Gulen movement and check out the country's designer headscarves]
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2008/jun/23/gulen.movement Video, The Guardian: Turkey's most powerful man, Does the movement inspired by Fethullah Gülen represent a modern brand of Islam, or a subtle attempt to infiltrate religion into secular Turkey?]
* Park, Bill. [http://www.globalpolitician.com/25355-fethullah-gulen-turkey%20 "The Fethullah Gulen Movement."] ''Global Politician'' 12 Dec. 2008
* "Gulen Movement: Turkey's Third Power."] ''Jane's Islamic Affairs Analyst'' Feb. 2009 http://tool.donation-net.net/Images/Email/1097/Gulen_movement.pdf
* Hendrick, Joshua. [http://www.docstoc.com/docs/47042946/Globalization-and-marketized-Islam-in-Turkey-The-case-of-Fethullah-Gulen%20 "Globalization and Marketed Islam in Turkey: The Case of Fethullah Gulen."] PhD dissertation UC Santa Cruz June 2009 (partial view, pp. 1–40)
* News report video. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjjY750wTs0%20 "Rising Islamist movements challenge secularism in Turkey."] ''Worldfocus'' (produced by WNET, distributed by American Public Television) 21 Oct. 2009
* [http://edtech.rice.edu/www/?option=com_iwebcast&task=webcast&action=details&event=2363%20 "Transnational Religious Nationalism in the New Turkey: The Case of Fethullah Gulen."] ''Baker Institute event at Rice University (webcast)'' 09 Dec. 2010
* [http://voices.washingtonpost.com/spy-talk/2011/01/islamic_group_is_cia_front_ex-.html#more "Islamic group is CIA front, ex-Turkish intel chief says."] ''[[Washington Post]]'' 05 Jan. 2010
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p00gyhhd/Heart_And_Soul_Islam_Inc./ "Islam Inc."] A 28 minute programme on the ''Heart and Soul'' series of the BBC, 4 June 2011.

=== Gulen Movement Websites ===
* {{Official website|1=http://www.gulenmovement.com/}}
* [http://hizmetnews.com Gulen Movement news]
* [http://gulenlibrary.org/ Gulen library]
* [http://gulenmovement.us GulenMovement, USA]
* [http://www.gulenmovement.ca Gulen Movement Canada]
* [http://www.pacificainstitute.org Pacifica Institute]
* [http://www.niagarafoundation.org Niagara Foundation]
* [http://www.guleninstitute.org/ The Gulen Institute]
* [http://www.rumiforum.org/gulen-movement/ Rumi Forum - Washington DC]
* [http://www.gulenarticles.com/ Gulen Articles]
* [http://www.interfaithdialog.org/ Dialogue Institute of the Southwest]
* [http://www.interfaithdialog.org/ Dialogue Institute of the Southwest]
* [http://www.thegulenmovement.info/ The Gulen Movement]
* [http://www.interculturaldialog.com Intercultural Dialogue Institute]
* [http://gulenschools.org/ Gulen Schools]
* [http://www.whatisgulenmovement.com/gulen-movement.html What is the Gulen Movement?]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulen Movement}}
[[Category:Religion in Turkey]]
[[Category:Religious faiths, traditions, and movements]]
[[Category:Islamism in Turkey]]

Gülen-Bewegung

2013-12-18T12:33:37Z

Ruby Murray: cleaned up some referencing

{{weasel|date=December 2013}}
{{Expand Turkish|Gülen hareketi|date=November 2013}}
The '''Gülen movement''' is a transnational religious and social movement led by Turkish Islamic scholar [[Fethullah Gülen]]. The movement has attracted supporters and critics in Turkey, Central Asia and increasingly in other parts of the World. The movement is active in education (with private schools in over 140 countries) and interfaith dialogue; and has substantial investments in media, finance, and for–profit health clinics.<ref name=ABC>{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/encounter/turkey-gallipoli-gulen-capitalism/4853162#transcript|title= The Turkish exception: Gallipoli, Gülen, and capitalism|author= |date= 31 August 2013|website= Australia's ABC|publisher= Radio National|accessdate=3 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="jbwhite">[http://books.google.com/books?id=wJ8S_wG06MEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Abant&f=false Jenny Barbara White, Islamist Mobilization in Turkey: a study in vernacular politics, University of Washington Press (2002), p. 112]</ref> The movement has been described as a "pacifist, modern-minded Islam, often praised as a contrast to more extreme [[Salafism]]."<ref>http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21578113-muslim-cleric-america-wields-surprising-political-power-turkey-gulenists-fight-back Turkey’s political imams: The Gulenists fight back</ref>

The movement has no official name but it is usually called simply as ''Hizmet'' (The Service) by its followers and is known euphemistically as ''Cemaat'' (The Community / Assembly) to the broader public in Turkey.

==Nature and participation==
The exact number of supporters of the Gülen movement is not known, as the movement is rather secretive to some but to others there is no official membership structure, but estimates vary from 1 million to 8 million.<ref>[http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/meria/journal/2000/issue4/jv4n4a4.html Bulent Aras and Omer Caha, Fethullah Gulen and his Liberal "Turkish Islam" Movement]</ref><ref name=guardian>{{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4057646,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Turkey accuses popular Islamist of plot against state | date=2000-09-01 | accessdate=2010-05-04 | first=Chris | last=Morris}}</ref><ref>[http://www.fethullahgulenforum.org/questions_answers/21/fethullah-gulen-s-influence#_edn4 Abdulhamid Turker, Fethullah Gulen's Influence]</ref> The movement consists primarily of students, teachers, businessmen, journalists and other professionals. <ref name="jbwhite"/>

Some studies claim that the movement is arranged in a flexible organizational network.<ref>[http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-216/i.html Portrait of Fethullah Gülen, A Modern Turkish-Islamic Reformist]</ref> It has founded schools, universities, an employers' association, as well as charities, real estate trusts, student bodies, radio and television stations, and newspapers.<ref name="guardian"/> They believe that the schools and businesses organize locally, and link into networks on an informal rather than legal basis.<ref name="Islam in Kazakhstan">[http://www.amerasianworld.com/islam_in_kazakhstan.php Islam in Kazakhstan]</ref> ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine wrote that the Gülen movement is not seeking to subvert modern secular states but rather encourages practicing Muslims to use to the fullest the opportunities those countries offer.<ref name=forbes0118>http://www.forbes.com/2008/01/18/turkey-islam-gulen-cx_0121oxford.html</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'' has described the movement as coming from a "moderate blend of Islam."<ref name=nyt080504/><ref name=tavernise>[http://graphics8.nytimes.com/podcasts/2008/04/25/25worldview.mp3 Interview with Sabrina Tavernise, World View Podcasts, New York Times, May 4, 2008]</ref> ''Prospect'' magazine reported that Gülen and the Gülen movement "are at home with technology, markets and multinational business and especially with modern communications and public relations."<ref name=prospect>[http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/printarticle.php?id=10263 A modern Ottoman], Prospect, Issue 148, July 2008</ref> Some believe that In Turkey, the Gülen movement tries to keep its distance from Islamic political parties.<ref>[http://www.eupjournals.com/book/978-0-7486-1837-8 Clement M. Henry, Rodney Wilson, The politics of Islamic Finance, Edinburgh University Press (2004), p 236]</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' described the Gülen movement as a Turkish-based movement that sounds more reasonable than most of its rivals, and which is vying to be recognized as the World's leading Muslim network.<ref name=economist10808408>[http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10808408 Economist: Global Muslim networks, How far they have traveled]</ref> It stated that Gülen has won praise from non-Muslim quarters with his belief in science, inter-faith dialog and multi-party democracy. [[Nilüfer Göle]], professor of sociology at the [[École des hautes études en sciences sociales|Ecole des Hautes Etudes]] in Paris, who is known for her studies on modernization and conservatism, has described the Gülen movement as the World's most global movement.<ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/news-144416-turkish-schools-worlds-most-global-movement-says-sociologist.html Turkish schools World's most global movement, says sociologist]</ref> According to Lester Kurtz's (of University of Texas, Austin), Gulen schools (see section on Education) are a form of service to humanity designed to promote learning in a broader sense, to avoid explicit Islamic propaganda, and to lay the foundations for a more humane, tolerant citizenry of the World where people are expected to cultivate their own faith perspectives and also promote the well being of others.<ref>Lester R. Kurtz, "Gulen's Paradox: Combining Commitment and Tolerance," Muslim World, Vol. 95, July 2005; 379-381.</ref>

Some other studies, including some people who have left the movement, state that its organizational structure is strict, hierarchical, and undemocratic. Gülen (known to his followers as Hocaefendi, or “master teacher”) is the sole leader, they say, and each community is led by abis, or elder brothers, who are privy to only a limited amount of information. Sociologist [[Berna Turam]] has argued that the abis make strong suggestions about, and perhaps dictate, whom members should marry. [[Hakan Yavuz]], a Turkish political scientist at the University of Utah, calls the movement “a resistance movement to the ongoing Kemalist modernization process in Turkey.”<ref name="Infra note, Berlinski 2012">Infra note, Berlinski 2012</ref> [[Ilhan Tanır]], a Turkish journalist who was in the cemaat but who left it, has expressed his concern about the blind obedience demanded of its members.<ref>http://ilhantanir.blogspot.com/2009/07/how-do-gulenists-change-rules-ii.html</ref> The belief that the movement commands or inspires blind obedience is not confined to those who have left it. In 2010, American journalist [[Suzy Hansen]], writing for ''[[The New Republic]]'', visited the [[Golden Generation Worship and Retreat Center]] in [[Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania]], where Gülen lives. The president of the facility, [[Bekir Aksoy]], explained to her that “our people do not complain... They obey commands completely... Let me put it this way. If a man with a Ph.D. and a career came to see Hocaefendi, and Hocaefendi told him it might be a good idea to build a village on the North Pole, that man with a Ph.D. would be back the next morning with a suitcase.”<ref name="Infra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

The movement, according to researchers such as Yavuz, has three coordinated tiers: businessmen, journalists, and teachers. The first tier, the so-called Anatolian bourgeoisie, provides financial support: it funds private high schools, universities, colleges, dormitories, summer camps, and foundations around the world. The journalists of the second tier own one of the leading Turkish dailies, ''[[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]]''; its English-language counterpart, ''[[Today's Zaman]]'' (which is often not a faithful translation); the Turkish television station [[Samanyolu TV]] (STV); the [[Cihan News Agency]]; many magazines and academic journals; several lesser dailies and TV channels; and many Internet-only news outlets. Finally, teachers operate the schools.<ref name="Infra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

The movement is sometimes accused of being "missionary" in intent, or of organizing in a clandestine way and aiming for political power. About the accusations of ''"hidden agenda"'', members of the movement say "Anybody who accuses us of having a hidden agenda, is welcome to come and quiz us. We have nothing to hide".<ref>[http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-907/i.html The Fethullah Gülen Movement - Pillar of Society or Threat to Democracy?]</ref><ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-192485-109-hypocrisy-in-languages-criticizing-fethullah-gulen-english-or-turkish-by-abdulhamit-turker.html Today's Zaman: response to criticism of Fethullah Gulen]</ref><ref>[http://www.fethullahgulenforum.org/articles/10/fethullah-gulen-s-grand-ambition-biased-selective-misleading-misrepresentative-miscalculated-article Response to MEQ article of winter 2009]</ref>

In the movement there are secular women from conservative-right circles and women who do not wear the Islamic head covering,<ref>[http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?isbn=0804755019 Berna Turam, Between Islam and the State: The Politics of Engagement (Stanford University Press 2006) p. 130]</ref> but most of the time female participants do not question gender segregation in the movement, and wear clothing that does not expose any part of the arms and legs.<ref>[http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?isbn=0804755019 Berna Turam, Between Islam and the State: The Politics of Engagement (Stanford University Press 2006) p. 125]</ref> Gender segregation "remains an ideal inside the cemaat and is never touched on in theory," but because of the variety of social activities the movement engages in, participants' practice is more liberal than the theoretical understanding of the movement.<ref name="press.princeton.edu"/> However, many women in Turkey and elsewhere find the movement's requirements far from acceptable.<ref>In the [[headscarf controversy in Turkey]], when covered girls were prevented from going to school and university by the headscarf ban, the Gülen movement “was the first to insist on girls’ schooling at the cost of compromising their headscarf.” Female members of the Refah party who refused to take their scarves off to go to university were critical of the compromising attitudes of the Gülen Movement.</ref>

==Movement activities==

===Education===
Globally, the Gülen movement is especially active in education. In 2009 ''[[Newsweek]]'' claimed that movement participants run "schools in which more than 2 million students receive education, many with full scholarships".<ref name="Behind Turkey’s Witch Hunt">[http://www.newsweek.com/id/197896 Behind Turkey’s Witch Hunt]</ref> Estimates of the number of schools and educational institutions vary widely, from about 300 schools in Turkey to over 1,000 schools worldwide.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/featuresNews/idUKL0939033920080514?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0 Turkish Islamic preacher - threat or benefactor?]</ref><ref>[http://www.turkokullari.net/index.php?option=com_weblinks&catid=14&Itemid=22 Turkish Schools]</ref>

Two American professors at the [[Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia]] and [[Temple University]] wrote that "these schools have consistently promoted good learning and citizenship, and the ''Hizmet'' movement is to date an evidently admirable civil society organization to build bridges between religious communities and to provide direct service on behalf of the common good".<ref>{{cite web | last=Jon Pahl and John Raines, Professor of the History of Christianity in North America, The Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia | url=http://leavechartersalone.com/2011/gulen-inspired-schools-promote-learning-and-service/ | title=Gulen-Inspired Schools Promote Learning and Service}}</ref> Participants in the movement have also founded private universities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Private university|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-210474-foundation-laid-for-samsuns-first-private-university.html}}</ref>

The greatest majority of the teachers are drawn from members of the Gülen network, who often encourage students in the direction of greater piety.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/featuresNews/idUKL0939033920080514?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 Turkish Islamic preacher - threat or benefactor?]</ref> A 2008 article in the ''[[New York Times]]'' said that in Pakistan "they encourage Islam in their dormitories, where teachers set examples in lifestyle and prayer",<ref name=nyt080504>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/04/world/asia/04islam.html?ex=1367640000&en=625b88103a702f94&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | first=Sabrina | last=Tavernise | authorlink=Sabrina Tavernise | title=Turkish Schools Offer Pakistan a Gentler Vision of Islam | date=2008-05-04 | work=New York Times}}</ref> and described the Turkish schools as offering a gentler approach to Islam that could help reduce the influence of extremism.<ref name=nyt080504/> However, schools are not for Muslims alone,<ref name=nyt080504/> and in Turkey "the general curriculum for the network’s schools prescribes one hour of religious instruction per week, while in many countries the schools do not offer any religious instruction at all. With the exception of a few Imam-Hatip schools abroad, these institutions can thus hardly be considered Islamic schools in the strict sense."<ref name="press.princeton.edu">[http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8412.html/ Robert W. Hefner, Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Schooling Islam: the culture and politics of modern Muslim education (Princeton University Press, 2007) p. 163.]</ref>

Other commentators, who focus on the presence of Gulen schools in the West, disagree with these statements and are much more critical. In 2008, the Dutch government investigated the movement’s activities in the Netherlands. [[Ella Vogelaar]], the country’s minister for housing, communities, and integration, warned that “in general terms, when an organization calls for turning away from society, this is at odds with the objectives of integration.” It was, she noted, incumbent upon the government to “keep sharp watch over people and organizations that systematically incite anti-integrative behavior, for this can also be a breeding ground for radicalization.” Testifying about one of the schools in the investigation, a former member of the movement called it a “sect with a groupthink outside of which these students cannot [reason]”:

<blockquote>"After years living in the boarding school it is psychologically impossible to pull yourself away; you get guilt feelings. Furthermore, it forces the students to live, think and do as the Big Brothers [the abis] instruct them to. Furthermore, through psychological pressure, these students are told which choice of career is the best they can make for the sake of high ideals. . . . Another very bad aspect is that students no longer respect their parents and they do not listen if the parents do not live by the standards imposed by the group; they are psychologically distanced from their parents; here you have your little soldiers that march only to the orders of their abis. The abis are obliged to obey the provincial leaders, who in turn must obey the national leaders, who in turn obey Fethullah Gülen."</blockquote>

Following the investigation, the Dutch government, concluding that the Gülen schools did indeed promote “anti-integrative behavior,” reduced their public funding.<ref>[http://www.city-journal.org/2012/22_4_fethullah-gulen.html Claire Berlinski, City Journal, Autumn 2012, Vol. 22, Issue 4: "Who Is Fethullah Gülen?"]</ref>

The United States of America is the only country in the world where the Gülen movement has been able to establish schools funded to a great extent by the host country’s taxpayers. In June 2011, ''[[New York Times]]'' shed light on schools in the United States, revealing that "Gulen followers have been involved in starting similar schools around the country — there are about 120 in all, mostly in urban centers in 25 states, one of the largest collections of [[Charter school|charterschools]] in America." <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/07/education/07charter.html Charter Schools Tied to Turkey Grow in Texas]</ref>

On the other hand, there are a number of anti-charter groups that try to associate several successful charter schools, such as [[Harmony Public Schools]], with the Gulen Movement. For example, when MerryLynn Gerstenschlager of Texas Eagle Forum, a conservative TEA Party group, testified before the House Public Education Committee of Texas, House Public Education Committee members did not share the Eagle Forum’s concerns about Harmony charter schools. Rep. Alma Allen, D-Houston, says she has “a large Turkish community in my district and several Harmony schools in my district. I think they are fabulous. I don’t think they teach religion.”<ref>http://blog.chron.com/texaspolitics/2012/02/eagle-forum-takes-on-harmony-charter-schools/</ref>

Federal authorities are investigating several of the movement’s schools for forcing employees to send part of their paychecks to Turkey. In March 2011, ''[[Philadelphia Enquirer]]'' reported that Federal Agencies including "FBI and the Departments of Labor and Education - were investigating whether some employees were kicking back part of their salaries to a Muslim movement founded by Gulen known as Hizmet."<ref>[http://articles.philly.com/2011-03-20/news/29148147_1_gulen-schools-gulen-followers-charter-schools U.S. charter-school network with Turkish link draws federal attention]</ref>

The [[FBI]] has investigated [[Concept Schools]], which operate 16 [[Horizon Science Academies]] across [[Ohio]], on the suspicion that they illegally used taxpayer money to pay immigration and legal fees for people they never even employed, an Ohio ABC affiliate discovered. The FBI's suspicion was confirmed by state auditors. Concept Schools repaid the fees for their Cleveland and Toledo schools shortly before the ABC story broke, but it’s unclear whether they have repaid—or can repay—the fees for their other schools.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012">Supra note, Berlinski 2012</ref>

There is no evidence that Islamic proselytizing takes place at the American Gülen schools and much evidence that students and parents like them. Most seem to be decent educational establishments, by American standards; graduates perform reasonably well, and some perform outstandingly.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

Some commentators argue that schools are simply moneymakers for the ''cemaat'' (Gulen movement) and are the main avenue for building the Gülen community in the United States. In the USA, they obtain a substantial amount of private, state, and federal funding (in addition to tuition fees), and they have proved amazingly effective at soliciting private donations.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

Some analysts argue that the so-called schools linked to the movement became easy targets of the [[Islamophobia]] network in the US. The CAP report, called the Fear Inc, argued that various elements of the Islamophobia network treat these schools as a threat to America. They claim that "Muslim Gulen schools" would educate children through the lens of Islam and teach them to hate Americans".<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-shank/islamophobia-network-targets-top-performing-american-schools_b_975946.html</ref>

Some people inspired by Gulen constantly invite high-ranking leaders to dinners to speak and lavish them with awards. Dozens of Texans, ranging from state lawmakers to congressional staff members to university professors, have taken trips to Turkey financed by Gülen’s foundations. The [[Raindrop Foundation]], for instance, paid for State Senator [[Leticia Van de Putte]]’s travel to [[Istanbul]], according to a recent campaign report. In 2012 she cosponsored a state senate resolution commending Gülen for “his ongoing and inspirational contributions to promoting global peace and understanding.” [[Steve Terrell]], a reporter at the ''[[Santa Fe New Mexican]]'', found that a remarkable number of local lawmakers had recently taken trips to Turkey courtesy of a private group, the [[Turquoise Council of Americans and Eurasians]], that is tied to Gülen. In Idaho in 2011, a full tenth of state legislators went on a tour in Turkey financed by the [[Pacifica Institute]], also inspired by Gülen. The Hawaii State Ethics Commission sent a memo to lawmakers reminding them to check with the commission before accepting the all-expenses-paid trip to Turkey to which they’d been invited by Pacifica. “The State Ethics Commission,” said the memo, “does not have sufficient understanding of Pacifica Institute, the purpose of the trip, or the state ‘benefit’ associated with the trip.”<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

Two schools, located in Texas, have been accused of sending school funds—which are supplied by the government—to Gülen-inspired organizations. Last year, ''The New York Times'' reported that the some schools were funneling some $50 million in public funds to a network of Turkish construction companies, among them the Gülen-related [[Atlas Texas Construction and Trading]]. The schools had hired Atlas to do construction, the paper said, though other bidders claimed in lawsuits that they had submitted more economical bids. [[Folwell Dunbar]], an official at the [[Louisiana Department of Education]], has accused Atlas’s vice president, [[Inci Akpinar]], of offering him a $25,000 bribe to keep mum about troubling conditions at the [[Abramson Science and Technology Charter School|Abramson Science and Technology School]] in [[New Orleans]]. Dunbar sent a memo to department colleagues, the ''[[Times-Picayune]]'' reported, noting that "Akpinar flattered him with 'a number of compliments' before getting to the point: 'I have twenty-five thousand dollars to fix this problem: twenty thousand for you and five for me.' " Abramson is operated by the [[Pelican Foundation]], which is linked to the Gülen-inspired [[Cosmos Foundation]] in Texas—which runs the two Texas schools.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

[[Utah]]'s [[Beehive Science and Technology Academy|Beehive Science and Technology Academ]]<nowiki/>y was $337,000 in debt, according to a financial probe by the [[Utah Schools Charter Board]]. The ''[[Deseret News]]'' tried to figure out where all this taxpayer money had gone. "In a time of teacher layoffs, Beehive has recruited a high percentage of teachers from overseas, mainly Turkey," the newspaper reported. “Many of these teachers had little or no teaching experience before they came to the United States. Some of them are still not certified to teach in Utah. The school spent more than $53,000 on immigration fees for foreigners in five years. During the same time, administrators spent less than $100,000 on textbooks, according to state records.” Reports have also claimed that the school board was almost entirely Turkish.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

A reporter for the leftist magazine ''[[In These Times]]'' noted in 2010 that the [[Chicago Math and Science Academy]] obscured its relationship to Gülen. And the school board was strikingly similar to Beehive’s:

<blockquote>“When I went to the school’s board meeting on July 8, I was taken aback to see a board of directors {{sic|hide=y|comprised}} entirely of men. They all appeared of Turkish, Bosnian or Croatian descent. Although I have nothing against Turkish, Bosnian or Croatian men, it does seem that a school board serving students who are 58 percent Hispanic/Latino, 25 percent African American, 12 percent Asian and 5 percent white might be well served by some women board members and board members from ethnic backgrounds the school predominantly serves.''”<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/></blockquote>

In April 2009, [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] published a piece about the Gülen schools in [[Central Asia]] stating the "Turkish educational institutions have come under increasing scrutiny... Governments as well as many scholars and journalists suspect that the schools have more than just education on their agendas..." The article quoted [[Hakan Yavuz]], a Turkish professor of political science at the [[University of Utah]], as calling the Gülen movement <blockquote>"a political movement... and it has always been political.... They want to train an elitist class that will then turn Turkey into a centre of the religious World, Islamise the country,... It is the most powerful movement right now in [Turkey]... There is no other movement to balance them in society."<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Turkish_Schools_Coming_Under_Increasing_Scrutiny_In_Central_Asia/1616111.html?page=2&x=1 Turkish Schools Coming Under Increasing Scrutiny in Central Asia.]</ref></blockquote>

The schools in [[Kazakhstan]] have been accused of following admission policies that favor the children from the wealthy and well-connected families.<ref name="Islam in Kazakhstan"/> Schools established by Gülen movement participants in [[Tashkent]] and [[St. Petersburg]] were closed for a period, accused of supporting Islamic groups (Tashkent) and diverging from the state curriculum (St. Petersburg).<ref>Rashid, A. (Spring 2001). [http://www.allbusiness.com/public-administration/national-security-international/896372-1.html The Fires of Faith in Central Asia]. ''World Policy Journal'', 18, 1. p.45. Retrieved 10 July 2008</ref> However, the St. Petersburg school filed an appeal. Subsequently, the school was re-opened in July 2008 after having its license revoked for over a year.<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.zaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=146596
| title=St. Petersburg Turkish college wins case, resumes services | accessdate=10 July 2008 | date=4 July 2008
| work=Zaman | first=Faruk | last=Akkan}} {{Dead link | date=October 2010 | bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

In April 2010, [[Trend News Agency]] published a piece about the Gülen schools in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Excerpt: "The [[Georgian Labor Party]] protested the opening of Turkish schools in Georgia. The party's Political Secretary [[Giorgi Gugava]] called the mass opening of Turkish schools in Georgia, "the dominance of Turkey in the Georgian educational system," and noted that these schools aim to spread Turkish culture and fundamentalist religious ideas…Gugava said the process is headed by Turkish religious leader Fetullah Gülen, whose activities are banned in his motherland…”<ref>[http://en.trend.az/news/politics/foreign/1676685.html Georgian Labor Party protests opening of Turkish schools]</ref>

In other sources, the schools in Central Asia have been described as supporting a philosophy based on Turkish nationalism rather than on Islam.<ref>[http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/meria/journal/2000/issue4/jv4n4a4.html Fethullah Gulen and His Liberal "Turkish Islam" Movement]</ref>

===Interfaith Dialogue ===
[[File:Fethullah Gülen visiting Ioannes Paulus II.jpg|thumb|300px|Gülen and the Pope.]]

Gülen movement participants have founded a number of institutions across the World that claim to promote [[Interfaith dialogue|interfaith]] and [[Interculturalism|intercultural]] dialogue activities.{{Citation needed | date=February 2012}} For example, in 2006 in [[Gothenburg]], [[Sweden]], the Gülen movement started ''[[Dialogslussen]]'' which purports to promote interfaith dialogue in [[Sweden]].<ref>http://en.fgulen.net/conference-papers/gulen-conference-in-washington-dc/3091-the-gulen-movement-gender-and-practice.html</ref> Gülen has met with leaders of other religions, including [[Pope John Paul II]], the Greek Orthodox [[Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople|Patriarch Bartholomew I]], and Israeli Sephardic Head Rabbi [[Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron]].<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/dp/0970437013 Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gülen]</ref> Similar to his role model [[Said Nursi]], Gülen claims to favor cooperation between followers of different religions and different forms of Islam (such as Sunnism vs. [[Alevi]]sm). [[B. Jill Carroll]] of [[Rice University]] in Houston said in an ''Interfaith Voices'' program, an independent public radio program, that "Gülen has greatly impacted three generations in Turkey.". Of the schools she said: "These schools invest in the future and aim at creating a community that offers equal opportunities for everyone."<ref>[http://interfaithradio.org/node/491/ Interfaith Voices: Fethullah Gülen]</ref>

=== Other Activities ===
Movement participants have set up a number of media organs, including Turkish-language TV stations ([[Samanyolu TV]], [[Mehtap TV]]), an English-language TV station in the United States ([[Ebru TV]]), the Turkish-language newspaper ''[[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]]'', the English-language newspaper ''[[Today's Zaman]]'', magazines and journals in Turkish like ''[[Aksiyon]]'', ''[[Sızıntı]]'', ''[[Yeni Ümit]]'', the English language ''[[The Fountain Magazine]]'', and Arabic language ''[[Hira]]'', the international media group [[Cihan News Agency|Cihan]] and the radio station [[Burç FM]]. Since 1998 the Journalists and Writers Foundation non-profit was set up, which claims that its mission is "to organize events promoting love, tolerance and dialogue."<ref>[http://gyv.org.tr/Hakkimizda/Detay/19/About%20the%20Foundation Journalists and Writers Foundation - About]</ref> The aid charity ''Kimse Yok Mu?'' (''Is anybody there?'') was established in March 2004 as a continuation of a TV program of the same name that ran on [[Samanyolu TV]] for some years.

Movement supporters have also formed business [[lobbying]] groups and [[think tank]]s in Washington and Brussels, including [[Interfaith Dialogue Institute]], [[Interfaith Dialog Center]], and [[Rumi Forum]].<ref>[http://gulenconference.org.uk/userfiles/file/Proceedings/Prcd%20-%20Ebaugh%20and%20Koc.pdf Funding Gülen-inspired Good Works: Demonstrating and Generating Commitment to the Movement by Helen Rose Ebaugh & Dogan Koc]</ref> [[Bank Asya]], formerly Asya Finans, was founded by Gülen movement participants in 1994. [[Işık Sigorta]] (Light Insurance) company describes itself as a partner of Bank Asya.

[[Fethullah Gulen]]'s and the Gulen movement's views and practices have been discussed in [[international]] [[Academic conference|conferences]]. In October 2007 in London a conference was sponsored by the [[University of Birmingham]], the Dialogue Society, the [[Irish School of Ecumenics]], [[Leeds Metropolitan University]], the London Middle East Institute, the [[Middle East Institute]] and the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]], University of London.<ref>http://en.fgulen.com/conference-papers/contributions-of-the-gulen-movement</ref> Niagara Foundation of Chicago, together with several academic institutions, organized "The Gülen Movement: Paradigms, Projects and Aspirations" conference, which was held at [[University of Chicago]] on Nov 11-13 2010.<ref>http://www.niagarafoundation.org/the-international-gulen-conference-2010-in-chicago-2/</ref>

===Political Involvement===
Questions have arisen about the Gülen movement’s possible involvement in the ongoing [[Ergenekon (organization)|Ergenekon investigation]] (Ergenekon allegedly being an ultra-nationalist, pro-military, anti-government gang),<ref name=Jenkins/> which critics have characterized as "a pretext" by the government "to neutralize dissidents" in Turkey.<ref>[http://www.cagaptay.com/5593/ergenekon-behind-turkey-witch-hunt Behind Turkey's Witch Hunt, by Soner Cagaptay, Newsweek, May 16, 2009]</ref> In March 2011, seven Turkish journalists were arrested, including [[Ahmet Şık]], who had been writing a book, "Imamin Ordusu" (''[[The Imam's Army]]''),<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/05/turkey-censorship-ahmet-sik-perrier Turkish authorities launch raids to censor book before publication] in the Guardian of 5 April 2011; accessed on 11 April 2011</ref> which alleges that the Gülen movement has infiltrated the country's security forces. As Şik was taken into police custody, he shouted,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/04/world/europe/04turkey.htmll?_r=1%20 | work=The New York Times | first=Sebnem | last=Arsu | title=7 More Journalists Detained in Turkey | date=2011-03-03}}</ref>“Whoever touches it gets burned!”. Gülen Movement newspaper ''[[Today's Zaman]]'' published an interview<ref>{{cite web | last=Vural | first=Fatih | title=‘If whoever touched Gülen was doomed, we would have been ashes by now’ | url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-251440-if-whoever-touched-gulen-was-doomed-we-would-have-been-ashes-by-now.html | publisher=Today's Zaman | accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> with publishers and writers who had published or written the harshest pieces against Gulen and they all claim "nothing happened to them" and thus voids claims made by Şik who made his claim apparently in an attempt to divert attention to Gulen rather than his arrest. Upon his arrest, drafts of the book were confiscated and its possession was banned. Şik has also been charged with being part of the Ergenekon plot.<ref>Details can be found in English on the site of [http://www.tuerkeiforum.net/enw/index.php/Ahmet_%C5%9E%C4%B1k:_The_Army_of_the_Imam the Democratic Turkey Forum]; accessed on 5 April 2001. In the footnotes to translated passages of the book you can find other works on the subject.</ref> {{Verify credibility|date=July 2011}}

In a reply, Abdullah Bozkurt, from Gülen Movement newspaper [[Today's Zaman]], has accused Ahmet Şık of not being "an investigative journalist" conducting "independent research," but of hatching "a plot designed and put into action by the terrorist network itself,"<ref>The alleged terrorist network is the [[Ergenekon (organization)|Ergenekon organization]], see [http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-239479-ergenekon-gulen-and-media-freedom.html Article of 29 March 2011]; accessed on 5 April 2011</ref>

According to [[Gareth H. Jenkins]], a Senior Fellow of the [[Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Joint Center]] at [[Johns Hopkins University]]:
<blockquote>From the outset, the pro-AKP media, particularly the newspapers and television channels run by the Gülen Movement such as ''Zaman'', ''Today’s Zaman'' and Samanyolu TV, have vigorously supported the Ergenekon investigation. This has included the illegal publication of “evidence” collected by the investigators before it has been presented in court, misrepresentations and distortions of the content of the indictments and smear campaigns against both the accused and anyone who questions the conduct of the investigations. 
There have long been allegations that not only the media coverage but also the Ergenekon investigation itself is being run by Gülen’s supporters. In August 2010, Hanefi Avcı, a right-wing police chief who had once been sympathetic to the Gülen Movement, published a book in which he alleged that a network of Gülen’s supporters in the police were manipulating judicial processes and fixing internal appointments and promotions. On September 28, 2010, two days before he was due to give a press conference to present documentary evidence to support his allegations, Avcı was arrested and charged with membership of an extremist leftist organization. He remains in jail. On March 14, 2011, Avcı was also formally charged with being a member of the alleged Ergenekon gang.<ref name=Jenkins>http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/turkey/2011/110404B.html</ref> </blockquote>

==History==

:'''1938, 1941 or 1942''' [[Fethullah Gülen|Gülen]] born in Korucuk village of [[Pasinler, Erzurum|Pasinler township]] in [[Pasinler District|Pasinler]], [[Erzurum Province]]. {{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1950s''' Gülen's first meeting with people from the Nur movement{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1960''' death of [[Said Nursî]]. {{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1960s''' Gülen begins attracting disciples while a state preacher in [[Izmir]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1971''' Gülen arrested for an alleged crime of organizing and/or participating activities to change the basis of the constitutional system but is released seven months later.{{Citation needed | date=August 2010}}
:'''late 1970s''' Gülen establishes himself independently of other Nurcu organizations; first ''ışık evleri'' ("houses of light," i.e., student residences) {{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}established{{Citation needed | date=August 2010}}
:'''1978''' First ''dershane'' (study center for university exams) opens{{Citation needed | date=August 2010}}
:'''1979''' Science journal ''Sızıntı'' begins publication<ref>[http://tr.fgulen.com/content/view/10747/3/ Son Karakol]</ref>
:'''1981''' Gülen retires{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1982''' First "Gülen school" opens{{Citation needed | date=August 2010}}
:'''1986''' ''[[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]]'', a top selling daily newspaper in Turkey,<ref>http://www.medyatava.com/tiraj/</ref> begins publication
:'''1988-1991''' Gülen gives lectures in Istanbul and Izmir{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1991''' Fall of [[Soviet Union]] permits establishment of Gülen schools in [[Central Asia]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1994''' The (Turkish) [http://gyv.org.tr/Hakkimizda/Detay/19/About%20the%20Foundation Journalists and Writers Foundation], with Gülen as "honorary leader"{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1996''' Creation of [[Asya Finans]] (investment bank aimed at former Soviet Central Asia), with [[Tansu Çiller]] as an investor{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1998''' Gülen meets with [[Pope John Paul II]] in [[Rome]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2013|reason=Was the meeting in Rome or Vatican City? The former would imply an informal meeting while the latter would imply a formal one.}}
:'''1999''' Gülen movement schools in [[Tashkent]] closed by [[Uzbekstan]] government after a rift between Turkish and Uzbek governments{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1999''' Gülen emigrates to [[Pennsylvania]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1999''' Establishment of Niagara Foundation{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''2004''' Establishment of ''[[Kimse Yok Mu]]'' ("Is there anybody there?"), a charitable organization{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''2005''' Establishment of [[TUSKON]] (Turkish Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists)<ref>http://www.tuskon.org/?p=content&cl=kurumsal&l=kurumsal</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Turkey|Islam|Religion}}

=== Independent Sources ===
* [http://www.city-journal.org/2012/22_4_fethullah-gulen.html Claire Berlinski, City Journal, Autumn 2012, Vol. 22, Issue 4: "Who Is Fethullah Gülen?"]
* [http://www.meforum.org/2045/fethullah-gulens-grand-ambition Fethullah Gülen's Grand Ambition: Turkey's Islamist Danger, by Rachel Sharon-Krespin, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2009, pp. 55-66]
* [http://www.meforum.org/2047/islamists-approach-europe Islamists Approach Europe: Turkey's Islamist Danger, by Bassam Tibi, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2009, pp. 47-54]
* [http://www.meforum.org/404/turkish-islams-moderate-face Turkish Islam's Moderate Face, by Bülent Aras, Middle East Quarterly September 1998, pp. 23-29]
* [http://azstarnet.com/news/blogs/senor-reporter/sr-reporter-sociologist-calls-on-g-lenist-charter-schools-to/article_78c5b71e-0e01-11e0-9e51-001cc4c03286.html Sociologist calls on Gülenist charter schools to come clean, December 22, 2010, Tim Steller, Arizona Daily Star]
* [http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-1090/i.html Interview with Helen Rose Ebaugh on the Gülen Movement: "An Alternative to Fundamentalism"]
* [http://religion.info/english/interviews/article_74.shtml The Gülen Movement: a modern expression of Turkish Islam]
* [http://www.springer.com/978-1-4020-9893-2 The Gülen Movement] A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam by Helen Rose Ebaugh
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/audio/2008/jun/23/turkey The Guardian, Islamophonic: Turkey edition Riazat Butt travels to Istanbul to look at the Gulen movement and check out the country's designer headscarves]
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2008/jun/23/gulen.movement Video, The Guardian: Turkey's most powerful man, Does the movement inspired by Fethullah Gülen represent a modern brand of Islam, or a subtle attempt to infiltrate religion into secular Turkey?]
* Park, Bill. [http://www.globalpolitician.com/25355-fethullah-gulen-turkey%20 "The Fethullah Gulen Movement."] ''Global Politician'' 12 Dec. 2008
* "Gulen Movement: Turkey's Third Power."] ''Jane's Islamic Affairs Analyst'' Feb. 2009 http://tool.donation-net.net/Images/Email/1097/Gulen_movement.pdf
* Hendrick, Joshua. [http://www.docstoc.com/docs/47042946/Globalization-and-marketized-Islam-in-Turkey-The-case-of-Fethullah-Gulen%20 "Globalization and Marketed Islam in Turkey: The Case of Fethullah Gulen."] PhD dissertation UC Santa Cruz June 2009 (partial view, pp. 1–40)
* News report video. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjjY750wTs0%20 "Rising Islamist movements challenge secularism in Turkey."] ''Worldfocus'' (produced by WNET, distributed by American Public Television) 21 Oct. 2009
* [http://edtech.rice.edu/www/?option=com_iwebcast&task=webcast&action=details&event=2363%20 "Transnational Religious Nationalism in the New Turkey: The Case of Fethullah Gulen."] ''Baker Institute event at Rice University (webcast)'' 09 Dec. 2010
* [http://voices.washingtonpost.com/spy-talk/2011/01/islamic_group_is_cia_front_ex-.html#more "Islamic group is CIA front, ex-Turkish intel chief says."] ''[[Washington Post]]'' 05 Jan. 2010
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p00gyhhd/Heart_And_Soul_Islam_Inc./ "Islam Inc."] A 28 minute programme on the ''Heart and Soul'' series of the BBC, 4 June 2011.

=== Gulen Movement Websites ===
* {{Official website|1=http://www.gulenmovement.com/}}
* [http://hizmetnews.com Gulen Movement news]
* [http://gulenlibrary.org/ Gulen library]
* [http://gulenmovement.us GulenMovement, USA]
* [http://www.gulenmovement.ca Gulen Movement Canada]
* [http://www.pacificainstitute.org Pacifica Institute]
* [http://www.niagarafoundation.org Niagara Foundation]
* [http://www.guleninstitute.org/ The Gulen Institute]
* [http://www.rumiforum.org/gulen-movement/ Rumi Forum - Washington DC]
* [http://www.gulenarticles.com/ Gulen Articles]
* [http://www.interfaithdialog.org/ Dialogue Institute of the Southwest]
* [http://www.interfaithdialog.org/ Dialogue Institute of the Southwest]
* [http://www.thegulenmovement.info/ The Gulen Movement]
* [http://www.interculturaldialog.com Intercultural Dialogue Institute]
* [http://gulenschools.org/ Gulen Schools]
* [http://www.whatisgulenmovement.com/gulen-movement.html What is the Gulen Movement?]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulen Movement}}

[[Category:Religion in Turkey]]
[[Category:Religious faiths, traditions, and movements]]
[[Category:Islamism in Turkey]]

Gülen-Bewegung

2013-12-18T12:29:47Z

Ruby Murray: in more than one section

{{weasel|date=December 2013}}
{{Expand Turkish|Gülen hareketi|date=November 2013}}
The '''Gülen movement''' is a transnational religious and social movement led by Turkish Islamic scholar [[Fethullah Gülen]]. The movement has attracted supporters and critics in Turkey, Central Asia and increasingly in other parts of the World. The movement is active in education (with private schools in over 140 countries) and interfaith dialogue; and has substantial investments in media, finance, and for–profit health clinics.<ref name=ABC>{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/encounter/turkey-gallipoli-gulen-capitalism/4853162#transcript|title= The Turkish exception: Gallipoli, Gülen, and capitalism|author= |date= 31 August 2013|website= Australia's ABC|publisher= Radio National|accessdate=3 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="jbwhite">[http://books.google.com/books?id=wJ8S_wG06MEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Abant&f=false Jenny Barbara White, Islamist Mobilization in Turkey: a study in vernacular politics, University of Washington Press (2002), p. 112]</ref> The movement has been described as a "pacifist, modern-minded Islam, often praised as a contrast to more extreme [[Salafism]]."<ref>http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21578113-muslim-cleric-america-wields-surprising-political-power-turkey-gulenists-fight-back Turkey’s political imams: The Gulenists fight back</ref>

The movement has no official name but it is usually called simply as ''Hizmet'' (The Service) by its followers and is known euphemistically as ''Cemaat'' (The Community / Assembly) to the broader public in Turkey.

==Nature and participation==
The exact number of supporters of the Gülen movement is not known, as the movement is rather secretive to some but to others there is no official membership structure, but estimates vary from 1 million to 8 million.<ref>[http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/meria/journal/2000/issue4/jv4n4a4.html Bulent Aras and Omer Caha, Fethullah Gulen and his Liberal "Turkish Islam" Movement]</ref><ref name=guardian>{{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4057646,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Turkey accuses popular Islamist of plot against state | date=2000-09-01 | accessdate=2010-05-04 | first=Chris | last=Morris}}</ref><ref>[http://www.fethullahgulenforum.org/questions_answers/21/fethullah-gulen-s-influence#_edn4 Abdulhamid Turker, Fethullah Gulen's Influence]</ref> The movement consists primarily of students, teachers, businessmen, journalists and other professionals. <ref name="jbwhite"/>

Some studies claim that the movement is arranged in a flexible organizational network.<ref>[http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-216/i.html Portrait of Fethullah Gülen, A Modern Turkish-Islamic Reformist]</ref> It has founded schools, universities, an employers' association, as well as charities, real estate trusts, student bodies, radio and television stations, and newspapers.<ref name="guardian"/> They believe that the schools and businesses organize locally, and link into networks on an informal rather than legal basis.<ref name="Islam in Kazakhstan">[http://www.amerasianworld.com/islam_in_kazakhstan.php Islam in Kazakhstan]</ref> ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine wrote that the Gülen movement is not seeking to subvert modern secular states but rather encourages practicing Muslims to use to the fullest the opportunities those countries offer.<ref>name=forbes0118</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'' has described the movement as coming from a "moderate blend of Islam."<ref name=nyt080504/><ref name=tavernise>[http://graphics8.nytimes.com/podcasts/2008/04/25/25worldview.mp3 Interview with Sabrina Tavernise, World View Podcasts, New York Times, May 4, 2008]</ref> ''Prospect'' magazine reported that Gülen and the Gülen movement "are at home with technology, markets and multinational business and especially with modern communications and public relations."<ref name=prospect>[http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/printarticle.php?id=10263 A modern Ottoman], Prospect, Issue 148, July 2008</ref> Some believe that In Turkey, the Gülen movement tries to keep its distance from Islamic political parties.<ref>[http://www.eupjournals.com/book/978-0-7486-1837-8 Clement M. Henry, Rodney Wilson, The politics of Islamic Finance, Edinburgh University Press (2004), p 236]</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' described the Gülen movement as a Turkish-based movement that sounds more reasonable than most of its rivals, and which is vying to be recognized as the World's leading Muslim network.<ref name=economist10808408>[http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10808408 Economist: Global Muslim networks, How far they have traveled]</ref> It stated that Gülen has won praise from non-Muslim quarters with his belief in science, inter-faith dialog and multi-party democracy. [[Nilüfer Göle]], professor of sociology at the [[École des hautes études en sciences sociales|Ecole des Hautes Etudes]] in Paris, who is known for her studies on modernization and conservatism, has described the Gülen movement as the World's most global movement.<ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/news-144416-turkish-schools-worlds-most-global-movement-says-sociologist.html Turkish schools World's most global movement, says sociologist]</ref> According to Lester Kurtz's (of University of Texas, Austin), Gulen schools (see section on Education) are a form of service to humanity designed to promote learning in a broader sense, to avoid explicit Islamic propaganda, and to lay the foundations for a more humane, tolerant citizenry of the World where people are expected to cultivate their own faith perspectives and also promote the well being of others.<ref>Lester R. Kurtz, "Gulen's Paradox: Combining Commitment and Tolerance," Muslim World, Vol. 95, July 2005; 379-381.</ref>

Some other studies, including some people who have left the movement, state that its organizational structure is strict, hierarchical, and undemocratic. Gülen (known to his followers as Hocaefendi, or “master teacher”) is the sole leader, they say, and each community is led by abis, or elder brothers, who are privy to only a limited amount of information. Sociologist [[Berna Turam]] has argued that the abis make strong suggestions about, and perhaps dictate, whom members should marry. [[Hakan Yavuz]], a Turkish political scientist at the University of Utah, calls the movement “a resistance movement to the ongoing Kemalist modernization process in Turkey.”<ref name="Infra note, Berlinski 2012">Infra note, Berlinski 2012</ref> [[Ilhan Tanır]], a Turkish journalist who was in the cemaat but who left it, has expressed his concern about the blind obedience demanded of its members.<ref>http://ilhantanir.blogspot.com/2009/07/how-do-gulenists-change-rules-ii.html</ref> The belief that the movement commands or inspires blind obedience is not confined to those who have left it. In 2010, American journalist [[Suzy Hansen]], writing for ''[[The New Republic]]'', visited the [[Golden Generation Worship and Retreat Center]] in [[Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania]], where Gülen lives. The president of the facility, [[Bekir Aksoy]], explained to her that “our people do not complain... They obey commands completely... Let me put it this way. If a man with a Ph.D. and a career came to see Hocaefendi, and Hocaefendi told him it might be a good idea to build a village on the North Pole, that man with a Ph.D. would be back the next morning with a suitcase.”<ref name="Infra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

The movement, according to researchers such as Yavuz, has three coordinated tiers: businessmen, journalists, and teachers. The first tier, the so-called Anatolian bourgeoisie, provides financial support: it funds private high schools, universities, colleges, dormitories, summer camps, and foundations around the world. The journalists of the second tier own one of the leading Turkish dailies, ''[[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]]''; its English-language counterpart, ''[[Today's Zaman]]'' (which is often not a faithful translation); the Turkish television station [[Samanyolu TV]] (STV); the [[Cihan News Agency]]; many magazines and academic journals; several lesser dailies and TV channels; and many Internet-only news outlets. Finally, teachers operate the schools.<ref name="Infra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

The movement is sometimes accused of being "missionary" in intent, or of organizing in a clandestine way and aiming for political power. About the accusations of ''"hidden agenda"'', members of the movement say "Anybody who accuses us of having a hidden agenda, is welcome to come and quiz us. We have nothing to hide".<ref>[http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-907/i.html The Fethullah Gülen Movement - Pillar of Society or Threat to Democracy?]</ref><ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-192485-109-hypocrisy-in-languages-criticizing-fethullah-gulen-english-or-turkish-by-abdulhamit-turker.html Today's Zaman: response to criticism of Fethullah Gulen]</ref><ref>[http://www.fethullahgulenforum.org/articles/10/fethullah-gulen-s-grand-ambition-biased-selective-misleading-misrepresentative-miscalculated-article Response to MEQ article of winter 2009]</ref>

In the movement there are secular women from conservative-right circles and women who do not wear the Islamic head covering,<ref>[http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?isbn=0804755019 Berna Turam, Between Islam and the State: The Politics of Engagement (Stanford University Press 2006) p. 130]</ref> but most of the time female participants do not question gender segregation in the movement, and wear clothing that does not expose any part of the arms and legs.<ref>[http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?isbn=0804755019 Berna Turam, Between Islam and the State: The Politics of Engagement (Stanford University Press 2006) p. 125]</ref> Gender segregation "remains an ideal inside the cemaat and is never touched on in theory," but because of the variety of social activities the movement engages in, participants' practice is more liberal than the theoretical understanding of the movement.<ref name="press.princeton.edu"/> However, many women in Turkey and elsewhere find the movement's requirements far from acceptable.<ref>In the [[headscarf controversy in Turkey]], when covered girls were prevented from going to school and university by the headscarf ban, the Gülen movement “was the first to insist on girls’ schooling at the cost of compromising their headscarf.” Female members of the Refah party who refused to take their scarves off to go to university were critical of the compromising attitudes of the Gülen Movement.</ref>

==Movement activities==

===Education===
Globally, the Gülen movement is especially active in education. In 2009 ''[[Newsweek]]'' claimed that movement participants run "schools in which more than 2 million students receive education, many with full scholarships".<ref name="Behind Turkey’s Witch Hunt">[http://www.newsweek.com/id/197896 Behind Turkey’s Witch Hunt]</ref> Estimates of the number of schools and educational institutions vary widely, from about 300 schools in Turkey to over 1,000 schools worldwide.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/featuresNews/idUKL0939033920080514?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0 Turkish Islamic preacher - threat or benefactor?]</ref><ref>[http://www.turkokullari.net/index.php?option=com_weblinks&catid=14&Itemid=22 Turkish Schools]</ref>

Two American professors at the [[Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia]] and [[Temple University]] wrote that "these schools have consistently promoted good learning and citizenship, and the ''Hizmet'' movement is to date an evidently admirable civil society organization to build bridges between religious communities and to provide direct service on behalf of the common good".<ref>{{cite web | last=Jon Pahl and John Raines, Professor of the History of Christianity in North America, The Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia | url=http://leavechartersalone.com/2011/gulen-inspired-schools-promote-learning-and-service/ | title=Gulen-Inspired Schools Promote Learning and Service}}</ref> Participants in the movement have also founded private universities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Private university|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-210474-foundation-laid-for-samsuns-first-private-university.html}}</ref>

The greatest majority of the teachers are drawn from members of the Gülen network, who often encourage students in the direction of greater piety.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/featuresNews/idUKL0939033920080514?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 Turkish Islamic preacher - threat or benefactor?]</ref> A 2008 article in the ''[[New York Times]]'' said that in Pakistan "they encourage Islam in their dormitories, where teachers set examples in lifestyle and prayer",<ref name=nyt080504>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/04/world/asia/04islam.html?ex=1367640000&en=625b88103a702f94&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | first=Sabrina | last=Tavernise | authorlink=Sabrina Tavernise | title=Turkish Schools Offer Pakistan a Gentler Vision of Islam | date=2008-05-04 | work=New York Times}}</ref> and described the Turkish schools as offering a gentler approach to Islam that could help reduce the influence of extremism.<ref name=nyt080504/> However, schools are not for Muslims alone,<ref name=nyt080504/> and in Turkey "the general curriculum for the network’s schools prescribes one hour of religious instruction per week, while in many countries the schools do not offer any religious instruction at all. With the exception of a few Imam-Hatip schools abroad, these institutions can thus hardly be considered Islamic schools in the strict sense."<ref name="press.princeton.edu">[http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8412.html/ Robert W. Hefner, Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Schooling Islam: the culture and politics of modern Muslim education (Princeton University Press, 2007) p. 163.]</ref>

Other commentators, who focus on the presence of Gulen schools in the West, disagree with these statements and are much more critical. In 2008, the Dutch government investigated the movement’s activities in the Netherlands. [[Ella Vogelaar]], the country’s minister for housing, communities, and integration, warned that “in general terms, when an organization calls for turning away from society, this is at odds with the objectives of integration.” It was, she noted, incumbent upon the government to “keep sharp watch over people and organizations that systematically incite anti-integrative behavior, for this can also be a breeding ground for radicalization.” Testifying about one of the schools in the investigation, a former member of the movement called it a “sect with a groupthink outside of which these students cannot [reason]”:

<blockquote>"After years living in the boarding school it is psychologically impossible to pull yourself away; you get guilt feelings. Furthermore, it forces the students to live, think and do as the Big Brothers [the abis] instruct them to. Furthermore, through psychological pressure, these students are told which choice of career is the best they can make for the sake of high ideals. . . . Another very bad aspect is that students no longer respect their parents and they do not listen if the parents do not live by the standards imposed by the group; they are psychologically distanced from their parents; here you have your little soldiers that march only to the orders of their abis. The abis are obliged to obey the provincial leaders, who in turn must obey the national leaders, who in turn obey Fethullah Gülen."</blockquote>

Following the investigation, the Dutch government, concluding that the Gülen schools did indeed promote “anti-integrative behavior,” reduced their public funding.<ref>[http://www.city-journal.org/2012/22_4_fethullah-gulen.html Claire Berlinski, City Journal, Autumn 2012, Vol. 22, Issue 4: "Who Is Fethullah Gülen?"]</ref>

The United States of America is the only country in the world where the Gülen movement has been able to establish schools funded to a great extent by the host country’s taxpayers. In June 2011, ''[[New York Times]]'' shed light on schools in the United States, revealing that "Gulen followers have been involved in starting similar schools around the country — there are about 120 in all, mostly in urban centers in 25 states, one of the largest collections of [[Charter school|charterschools]] in America." <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/07/education/07charter.html Charter Schools Tied to Turkey Grow in Texas]</ref>

On the other hand, there are a number of anti-charter groups that try to associate several successful charter schools, such as [[Harmony Public Schools]], with the Gulen Movement. For example, when MerryLynn Gerstenschlager of Texas Eagle Forum, a conservative TEA Party group, testified before the House Public Education Committee of Texas, House Public Education Committee members did not share the Eagle Forum’s concerns about Harmony charter schools. Rep. Alma Allen, D-Houston, says she has “a large Turkish community in my district and several Harmony schools in my district. I think they are fabulous. I don’t think they teach religion.”<ref>http://blog.chron.com/texaspolitics/2012/02/eagle-forum-takes-on-harmony-charter-schools/</ref>

Federal authorities are investigating several of the movement’s schools for forcing employees to send part of their paychecks to Turkey. In March 2011, ''[[Philadelphia Enquirer]]'' reported that Federal Agencies including "FBI and the Departments of Labor and Education - were investigating whether some employees were kicking back part of their salaries to a Muslim movement founded by Gulen known as Hizmet."<ref>[http://articles.philly.com/2011-03-20/news/29148147_1_gulen-schools-gulen-followers-charter-schools U.S. charter-school network with Turkish link draws federal attention]</ref>

The [[FBI]] has investigated [[Concept Schools]], which operate 16 [[Horizon Science Academies]] across [[Ohio]], on the suspicion that they illegally used taxpayer money to pay immigration and legal fees for people they never even employed, an Ohio ABC affiliate discovered. The FBI's suspicion was confirmed by state auditors. Concept Schools repaid the fees for their Cleveland and Toledo schools shortly before the ABC story broke, but it’s unclear whether they have repaid—or can repay—the fees for their other schools.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012">Supra note, Berlinski 2012</ref>

There is no evidence that Islamic proselytizing takes place at the American Gülen schools and much evidence that students and parents like them. Most seem to be decent educational establishments, by American standards; graduates perform reasonably well, and some perform outstandingly.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

Some commentators argue that schools are simply moneymakers for the ''cemaat'' (Gulen movement) and are the main avenue for building the Gülen community in the United States. In the USA, they obtain a substantial amount of private, state, and federal funding (in addition to tuition fees), and they have proved amazingly effective at soliciting private donations.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

Some analysts argue that the so-called schools linked to the movement became easy targets of the [[Islamophobia]] network in the US. The CAP report, called the Fear Inc, argued that various elements of the Islamophobia network treat these schools as a threat to America. They claim that "Muslim Gulen schools" would educate children through the lens of Islam and teach them to hate Americans".<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-shank/islamophobia-network-targets-top-performing-american-schools_b_975946.html</ref>

Some people inspired by Gulen constantly invite high-ranking leaders to dinners to speak and lavish them with awards. Dozens of Texans, ranging from state lawmakers to congressional staff members to university professors, have taken trips to Turkey financed by Gülen’s foundations. The [[Raindrop Foundation]], for instance, paid for State Senator [[Leticia Van de Putte]]’s travel to [[Istanbul]], according to a recent campaign report. In 2012 she cosponsored a state senate resolution commending Gülen for “his ongoing and inspirational contributions to promoting global peace and understanding.” [[Steve Terrell]], a reporter at the ''[[Santa Fe New Mexican]]'', found that a remarkable number of local lawmakers had recently taken trips to Turkey courtesy of a private group, the [[Turquoise Council of Americans and Eurasians]], that is tied to Gülen. In Idaho in 2011, a full tenth of state legislators went on a tour in Turkey financed by the [[Pacifica Institute]], also inspired by Gülen. The Hawaii State Ethics Commission sent a memo to lawmakers reminding them to check with the commission before accepting the all-expenses-paid trip to Turkey to which they’d been invited by Pacifica. “The State Ethics Commission,” said the memo, “does not have sufficient understanding of Pacifica Institute, the purpose of the trip, or the state ‘benefit’ associated with the trip.”<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

Two schools, located in Texas, have been accused of sending school funds—which are supplied by the government—to Gülen-inspired organizations. Last year, ''The New York Times'' reported that the some schools were funneling some $50 million in public funds to a network of Turkish construction companies, among them the Gülen-related [[Atlas Texas Construction and Trading]]. The schools had hired Atlas to do construction, the paper said, though other bidders claimed in lawsuits that they had submitted more economical bids. [[Folwell Dunbar]], an official at the [[Louisiana Department of Education]], has accused Atlas’s vice president, [[Inci Akpinar]], of offering him a $25,000 bribe to keep mum about troubling conditions at the [[Abramson Science and Technology Charter School|Abramson Science and Technology School]] in [[New Orleans]]. Dunbar sent a memo to department colleagues, the ''[[Times-Picayune]]'' reported, noting that "Akpinar flattered him with 'a number of compliments' before getting to the point: 'I have twenty-five thousand dollars to fix this problem: twenty thousand for you and five for me.' " Abramson is operated by the [[Pelican Foundation]], which is linked to the Gülen-inspired [[Cosmos Foundation]] in Texas—which runs the two Texas schools.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

[[Utah]]'s [[Beehive Science and Technology Academy|Beehive Science and Technology Academ]]<nowiki/>y was $337,000 in debt, according to a financial probe by the [[Utah Schools Charter Board]]. The ''[[Deseret News]]'' tried to figure out where all this taxpayer money had gone. "In a time of teacher layoffs, Beehive has recruited a high percentage of teachers from overseas, mainly Turkey," the newspaper reported. “Many of these teachers had little or no teaching experience before they came to the United States. Some of them are still not certified to teach in Utah. The school spent more than $53,000 on immigration fees for foreigners in five years. During the same time, administrators spent less than $100,000 on textbooks, according to state records.” Reports have also claimed that the school board was almost entirely Turkish.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

A reporter for the leftist magazine ''[[In These Times]]'' noted in 2010 that the [[Chicago Math and Science Academy]] obscured its relationship to Gülen. And the school board was strikingly similar to Beehive’s:

<blockquote>“When I went to the school’s board meeting on July 8, I was taken aback to see a board of directors {{sic|hide=y|comprised}} entirely of men. They all appeared of Turkish, Bosnian or Croatian descent. Although I have nothing against Turkish, Bosnian or Croatian men, it does seem that a school board serving students who are 58 percent Hispanic/Latino, 25 percent African American, 12 percent Asian and 5 percent white might be well served by some women board members and board members from ethnic backgrounds the school predominantly serves.''”<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/></blockquote>

In April 2009, [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] published a piece about the Gülen schools in [[Central Asia]] stating the "Turkish educational institutions have come under increasing scrutiny... Governments as well as many scholars and journalists suspect that the schools have more than just education on their agendas..." The article quoted [[Hakan Yavuz]], a Turkish professor of political science at the [[University of Utah]], as calling the Gülen movement <blockquote>"a political movement... and it has always been political.... They want to train an elitist class that will then turn Turkey into a centre of the religious World, Islamise the country,... It is the most powerful movement right now in [Turkey]... There is no other movement to balance them in society."<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Turkish_Schools_Coming_Under_Increasing_Scrutiny_In_Central_Asia/1616111.html?page=2&x=1 Turkish Schools Coming Under Increasing Scrutiny in Central Asia.]</ref></blockquote>

The schools in [[Kazakhstan]] have been accused of following admission policies that favor the children from the wealthy and well-connected families.<ref name="Islam in Kazakhstan"/> Schools established by Gülen movement participants in [[Tashkent]] and [[St. Petersburg]] were closed for a period, accused of supporting Islamic groups (Tashkent) and diverging from the state curriculum (St. Petersburg).<ref>Rashid, A. (Spring 2001). [http://www.allbusiness.com/public-administration/national-security-international/896372-1.html The Fires of Faith in Central Asia]. ''World Policy Journal'', 18, 1. p.45. Retrieved 10 July 2008</ref> However, the St. Petersburg school filed an appeal. Subsequently, the school was re-opened in July 2008 after having its license revoked for over a year.<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.zaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=146596
| title=St. Petersburg Turkish college wins case, resumes services | accessdate=10 July 2008 | date=4 July 2008
| work=Zaman | first=Faruk | last=Akkan}} {{Dead link | date=October 2010 | bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

In April 2010, [[Trend News Agency]] published a piece about the Gülen schools in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Excerpt: "The [[Georgian Labor Party]] protested the opening of Turkish schools in Georgia. The party's Political Secretary [[Giorgi Gugava]] called the mass opening of Turkish schools in Georgia, "the dominance of Turkey in the Georgian educational system," and noted that these schools aim to spread Turkish culture and fundamentalist religious ideas…Gugava said the process is headed by Turkish religious leader Fetullah Gülen, whose activities are banned in his motherland…”<ref>[http://en.trend.az/news/politics/foreign/1676685.html Georgian Labor Party protests opening of Turkish schools]</ref>

In other sources, the schools in Central Asia have been described as supporting a philosophy based on Turkish nationalism rather than on Islam.<ref>[http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/meria/journal/2000/issue4/jv4n4a4.html Fethullah Gulen and His Liberal "Turkish Islam" Movement]</ref>

===Interfaith Dialogue ===
[[File:Fethullah Gülen visiting Ioannes Paulus II.jpg|thumb|300px|Gülen and the Pope.]]

Gülen movement participants have founded a number of institutions across the World that claim to promote [[Interfaith dialogue|interfaith]] and [[Interculturalism|intercultural]] dialogue activities.{{Citation needed | date=February 2012}} For example, in 2006 in [[Gothenburg]], [[Sweden]], the Gülen movement started ''[[Dialogslussen]]'' which purports to promote interfaith dialogue in [[Sweden]].<ref>http://en.fgulen.net/conference-papers/gulen-conference-in-washington-dc/3091-the-gulen-movement-gender-and-practice.html</ref> Gülen has met with leaders of other religions, including [[Pope John Paul II]], the Greek Orthodox [[Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople|Patriarch Bartholomew I]], and Israeli Sephardic Head Rabbi [[Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron]].<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/dp/0970437013 Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gülen]</ref> Similar to his role model [[Said Nursi]], Gülen claims to favor cooperation between followers of different religions and different forms of Islam (such as Sunnism vs. [[Alevi]]sm). [[B. Jill Carroll]] of [[Rice University]] in Houston said in an ''Interfaith Voices'' program, an independent public radio program, that "Gülen has greatly impacted three generations in Turkey.". Of the schools she said: "These schools invest in the future and aim at creating a community that offers equal opportunities for everyone."<ref>[http://interfaithradio.org/node/491/ Interfaith Voices: Fethullah Gülen]</ref>

=== Other Activities ===
Movement participants have set up a number of media organs, including Turkish-language TV stations ([[Samanyolu TV]], [[Mehtap TV]]), an English-language TV station in the United States ([[Ebru TV]]), the Turkish-language newspaper ''[[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]]'', the English-language newspaper ''[[Today's Zaman]]'', magazines and journals in Turkish like ''[[Aksiyon]]'', ''[[Sızıntı]]'', ''[[Yeni Ümit]]'', the English language ''[[The Fountain Magazine]]'', and Arabic language ''[[Hira]]'', the international media group [[Cihan News Agency|Cihan]] and the radio station [[Burç FM]]. Since 1998 the Journalists and Writers Foundation non-profit was set up, which claims that its mission is "to organize events promoting love, tolerance and dialogue."<ref>[http://gyv.org.tr/Hakkimizda/Detay/19/About%20the%20Foundation Journalists and Writers Foundation - About]</ref> The aid charity ''Kimse Yok Mu?'' (''Is anybody there?'') was established in March 2004 as a continuation of a TV program of the same name that ran on [[Samanyolu TV]] for some years.

Movement supporters have also formed business [[lobbying]] groups and [[think tank]]s in Washington and Brussels, including [[Interfaith Dialogue Institute]], [[Interfaith Dialog Center]], and [[Rumi Forum]].<ref>[http://gulenconference.org.uk/userfiles/file/Proceedings/Prcd%20-%20Ebaugh%20and%20Koc.pdf Funding Gülen-inspired Good Works: Demonstrating and Generating Commitment to the Movement by Helen Rose Ebaugh & Dogan Koc]</ref> [[Bank Asya]], formerly Asya Finans, was founded by Gülen movement participants in 1994. [[Işık Sigorta]] (Light Insurance) company describes itself as a partner of Bank Asya.

[[Fethullah Gulen]]'s and the Gulen movement's views and practices have been discussed in [[international]] [[Academic conference|conferences]]. In October 2007 in London a conference was sponsored by the [[University of Birmingham]], the Dialogue Society, the [[Irish School of Ecumenics]], [[Leeds Metropolitan University]], the London Middle East Institute, the [[Middle East Institute]] and the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]], University of London.<ref>http://en.fgulen.com/conference-papers/contributions-of-the-gulen-movement</ref> Niagara Foundation of Chicago, together with several academic institutions, organized "The Gülen Movement: Paradigms, Projects and Aspirations" conference, which was held at [[University of Chicago]] on Nov 11-13 2010.<ref>http://www.niagarafoundation.org/the-international-gulen-conference-2010-in-chicago-2/</ref>

===Political Involvement===
Questions have arisen about the Gülen movement’s possible involvement in the ongoing [[Ergenekon (organization)|Ergenekon investigation]] (Ergenekon allegedly being an ultra-nationalist, pro-military, anti-government gang),<ref name=Jenkins/> which critics have characterized as "a pretext" by the government "to neutralize dissidents" in Turkey.<ref>[http://www.cagaptay.com/5593/ergenekon-behind-turkey-witch-hunt Behind Turkey's Witch Hunt, by Soner Cagaptay, Newsweek, May 16, 2009]</ref> In March 2011, seven Turkish journalists were arrested, including [[Ahmet Şık]], who had been writing a book, "Imamin Ordusu" (''[[The Imam's Army]]''),<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/05/turkey-censorship-ahmet-sik-perrier Turkish authorities launch raids to censor book before publication] in the Guardian of 5 April 2011; accessed on 11 April 2011</ref> which alleges that the Gülen movement has infiltrated the country's security forces. As Şik was taken into police custody, he shouted,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/04/world/europe/04turkey.htmll?_r=1%20 | work=The New York Times | first=Sebnem | last=Arsu | title=7 More Journalists Detained in Turkey | date=2011-03-03}}</ref>“Whoever touches it gets burned!”. Gülen Movement newspaper ''[[Today's Zaman]]'' published an interview<ref>{{cite web | last=Vural | first=Fatih | title=‘If whoever touched Gülen was doomed, we would have been ashes by now’ | url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-251440-if-whoever-touched-gulen-was-doomed-we-would-have-been-ashes-by-now.html | publisher=Today's Zaman | accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> with publishers and writers who had published or written the harshest pieces against Gulen and they all claim "nothing happened to them" and thus voids claims made by Şik who made his claim apparently in an attempt to divert attention to Gulen rather than his arrest. Upon his arrest, drafts of the book were confiscated and its possession was banned. Şik has also been charged with being part of the Ergenekon plot.<ref>Details can be found in English on the site of [http://www.tuerkeiforum.net/enw/index.php/Ahmet_%C5%9E%C4%B1k:_The_Army_of_the_Imam the Democratic Turkey Forum]; accessed on 5 April 2001. In the footnotes to translated passages of the book you can find other works on the subject.</ref> {{Verify credibility|date=July 2011}}

In a reply, Abdullah Bozkurt, from Gülen Movement newspaper [[Today's Zaman]], has accused Ahmet Şık of not being "an investigative journalist" conducting "independent research," but of hatching "a plot designed and put into action by the terrorist network itself,"<ref>The alleged terrorist network is the [[Ergenekon (organization)|Ergenekon organization]], see [http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-239479-ergenekon-gulen-and-media-freedom.html Article of 29 March 2011]; accessed on 5 April 2011</ref>

According to [[Gareth H. Jenkins]], a Senior Fellow of the [[Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Joint Center]] at [[Johns Hopkins University]]:
<blockquote>From the outset, the pro-AKP media, particularly the newspapers and television channels run by the Gülen Movement such as ''Zaman'', ''Today’s Zaman'' and Samanyolu TV, have vigorously supported the Ergenekon investigation. This has included the illegal publication of “evidence” collected by the investigators before it has been presented in court, misrepresentations and distortions of the content of the indictments and smear campaigns against both the accused and anyone who questions the conduct of the investigations. 
There have long been allegations that not only the media coverage but also the Ergenekon investigation itself is being run by Gülen’s supporters. In August 2010, Hanefi Avcı, a right-wing police chief who had once been sympathetic to the Gülen Movement, published a book in which he alleged that a network of Gülen’s supporters in the police were manipulating judicial processes and fixing internal appointments and promotions. On September 28, 2010, two days before he was due to give a press conference to present documentary evidence to support his allegations, Avcı was arrested and charged with membership of an extremist leftist organization. He remains in jail. On March 14, 2011, Avcı was also formally charged with being a member of the alleged Ergenekon gang.<ref name=Jenkins>[http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/turkey/2011/110404B.html]| Gareth H. Jenkins | silkroadstudies.org | April 2011</ref> </blockquote>

==History==

:'''1938, 1941 or 1942''' [[Fethullah Gülen|Gülen]] born in Korucuk village of [[Pasinler, Erzurum|Pasinler township]] in [[Pasinler District|Pasinler]], [[Erzurum Province]]. {{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1950s''' Gülen's first meeting with people from the Nur movement{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1960''' death of [[Said Nursî]]. {{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1960s''' Gülen begins attracting disciples while a state preacher in [[Izmir]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1971''' Gülen arrested for an alleged crime of organizing and/or participating activities to change the basis of the constitutional system but is released seven months later.{{Citation needed | date=August 2010}}
:'''late 1970s''' Gülen establishes himself independently of other Nurcu organizations; first ''ışık evleri'' ("houses of light," i.e., student residences) {{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}established{{Citation needed | date=August 2010}}
:'''1978''' First ''dershane'' (study center for university exams) opens{{Citation needed | date=August 2010}}
:'''1979''' Science journal ''Sızıntı'' begins publication<ref>[http://tr.fgulen.com/content/view/10747/3/ Son Karakol]</ref>
:'''1981''' Gülen retires{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1982''' First "Gülen school" opens{{Citation needed | date=August 2010}}
:'''1986''' ''[[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]]'', a top selling daily newspaper in Turkey,<ref>http://www.medyatava.com/tiraj/</ref> begins publication<ref>http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_%28gazete%29</ref>
:'''1988-1991''' Gülen gives lectures in Istanbul and Izmir{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1991''' Fall of [[Soviet Union]] permits establishment of Gülen schools in [[Central Asia]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1994''' The (Turkish) [http://gyv.org.tr/Hakkimizda/Detay/19/About%20the%20Foundation Journalists and Writers Foundation], with Gülen as "honorary leader"{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1996''' Creation of [[Asya Finans]] (investment bank aimed at former Soviet Central Asia), with [[Tansu Çiller]] as an investor{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1998''' Gülen meets with [[Pope John Paul II]] in [[Rome]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2013|reason=Was the meeting in Rome or Vatican City? The former would imply an informal meeting while the latter would imply a formal one.}}
:'''1999''' Gülen movement schools in [[Tashkent]] closed by [[Uzbekstan]] government after a rift between Turkish and Uzbek governments{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1999''' Gülen emigrates to [[Pennsylvania]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1999''' Establishment of Niagara Foundation{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''2004''' Establishment of ''[[Kimse Yok Mu]]'' ("Is there anybody there?"), a charitable organization{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''2005''' Establishment of [[TUSKON]] (Turkish Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists)<ref>http://www.tuskon.org/?p=content&cl=kurumsal&l=kurumsal</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Turkey|Islam|Religion}}

=== Independent Sources ===
* [http://www.city-journal.org/2012/22_4_fethullah-gulen.html Claire Berlinski, City Journal, Autumn 2012, Vol. 22, Issue 4: "Who Is Fethullah Gülen?"]
* [http://www.meforum.org/2045/fethullah-gulens-grand-ambition Fethullah Gülen's Grand Ambition: Turkey's Islamist Danger, by Rachel Sharon-Krespin, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2009, pp. 55-66]
* [http://www.meforum.org/2047/islamists-approach-europe Islamists Approach Europe: Turkey's Islamist Danger, by Bassam Tibi, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2009, pp. 47-54]
* [http://www.meforum.org/404/turkish-islams-moderate-face Turkish Islam's Moderate Face, by Bülent Aras, Middle East Quarterly September 1998, pp. 23-29]
* [http://azstarnet.com/news/blogs/senor-reporter/sr-reporter-sociologist-calls-on-g-lenist-charter-schools-to/article_78c5b71e-0e01-11e0-9e51-001cc4c03286.html Sociologist calls on Gülenist charter schools to come clean, December 22, 2010, Tim Steller, Arizona Daily Star]
* [http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-1090/i.html Interview with Helen Rose Ebaugh on the Gülen Movement: "An Alternative to Fundamentalism"]
* [http://religion.info/english/interviews/article_74.shtml The Gülen Movement: a modern expression of Turkish Islam]
* [http://www.springer.com/978-1-4020-9893-2 The Gülen Movement] A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam by Helen Rose Ebaugh
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/audio/2008/jun/23/turkey The Guardian, Islamophonic: Turkey edition Riazat Butt travels to Istanbul to look at the Gulen movement and check out the country's designer headscarves]
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2008/jun/23/gulen.movement Video, The Guardian: Turkey's most powerful man, Does the movement inspired by Fethullah Gülen represent a modern brand of Islam, or a subtle attempt to infiltrate religion into secular Turkey?]
* Park, Bill. [http://www.globalpolitician.com/25355-fethullah-gulen-turkey%20 "The Fethullah Gulen Movement."] ''Global Politician'' 12 Dec. 2008
* "Gulen Movement: Turkey's Third Power."] ''Jane's Islamic Affairs Analyst'' Feb. 2009 http://tool.donation-net.net/Images/Email/1097/Gulen_movement.pdf
* Hendrick, Joshua. [http://www.docstoc.com/docs/47042946/Globalization-and-marketized-Islam-in-Turkey-The-case-of-Fethullah-Gulen%20 "Globalization and Marketed Islam in Turkey: The Case of Fethullah Gulen."] PhD dissertation UC Santa Cruz June 2009 (partial view, pp. 1–40)
* News report video. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjjY750wTs0%20 "Rising Islamist movements challenge secularism in Turkey."] ''Worldfocus'' (produced by WNET, distributed by American Public Television) 21 Oct. 2009
* [http://edtech.rice.edu/www/?option=com_iwebcast&task=webcast&action=details&event=2363%20 "Transnational Religious Nationalism in the New Turkey: The Case of Fethullah Gulen."] ''Baker Institute event at Rice University (webcast)'' 09 Dec. 2010
* [http://voices.washingtonpost.com/spy-talk/2011/01/islamic_group_is_cia_front_ex-.html#more "Islamic group is CIA front, ex-Turkish intel chief says."] ''[[Washington Post]]'' 05 Jan. 2010
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p00gyhhd/Heart_And_Soul_Islam_Inc./ "Islam Inc."] A 28 minute programme on the ''Heart and Soul'' series of the BBC, 4 June 2011.

=== Gulen Movement Websites ===
* {{Official website|1=http://www.gulenmovement.com/}}
* [http://hizmetnews.com Gulen Movement news]
* [http://gulenlibrary.org/ Gulen library]
* [http://gulenmovement.us GulenMovement, USA]
* [http://www.gulenmovement.ca Gulen Movement Canada]
* [http://www.pacificainstitute.org Pacifica Institute]
* [http://www.niagarafoundation.org Niagara Foundation]
* [http://www.guleninstitute.org/ The Gulen Institute]
* [http://www.rumiforum.org/gulen-movement/ Rumi Forum - Washington DC]
* [http://www.gulenarticles.com/ Gulen Articles]
* [http://www.interfaithdialog.org/ Dialogue Institute of the Southwest]
* [http://www.interfaithdialog.org/ Dialogue Institute of the Southwest]
* [http://www.thegulenmovement.info/ The Gulen Movement]
* [http://www.interculturaldialog.com Intercultural Dialogue Institute]
* [http://gulenschools.org/ Gulen Schools]
* [http://www.whatisgulenmovement.com/gulen-movement.html What is the Gulen Movement?]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulen Movement}}

[[Category:Religion in Turkey]]
[[Category:Religious faiths, traditions, and movements]]
[[Category:Islamism in Turkey]]

Gülen-Bewegung

2013-12-18T12:29:02Z

Ruby Murray: /* Nature and participation */ lots of "some believe" in here

{{Expand Turkish|Gülen hareketi|date=November 2013}}
The '''Gülen movement''' is a transnational religious and social movement led by Turkish Islamic scholar [[Fethullah Gülen]]. The movement has attracted supporters and critics in Turkey, Central Asia and increasingly in other parts of the World. The movement is active in education (with private schools in over 140 countries) and interfaith dialogue; and has substantial investments in media, finance, and for–profit health clinics.<ref name=ABC>{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/encounter/turkey-gallipoli-gulen-capitalism/4853162#transcript|title= The Turkish exception: Gallipoli, Gülen, and capitalism|author= |date= 31 August 2013|website= Australia's ABC|publisher= Radio National|accessdate=3 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="jbwhite">[http://books.google.com/books?id=wJ8S_wG06MEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Abant&f=false Jenny Barbara White, Islamist Mobilization in Turkey: a study in vernacular politics, University of Washington Press (2002), p. 112]</ref> The movement has been described as a "pacifist, modern-minded Islam, often praised as a contrast to more extreme [[Salafism]]."<ref>http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21578113-muslim-cleric-america-wields-surprising-political-power-turkey-gulenists-fight-back Turkey’s political imams: The Gulenists fight back</ref>

The movement has no official name but it is usually called simply as ''Hizmet'' (The Service) by its followers and is known euphemistically as ''Cemaat'' (The Community / Assembly) to the broader public in Turkey.

==Nature and participation==
{{weasel|section|date=December 2013}}
The exact number of supporters of the Gülen movement is not known, as the movement is rather secretive to some but to others there is no official membership structure, but estimates vary from 1 million to 8 million.<ref>[http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/meria/journal/2000/issue4/jv4n4a4.html Bulent Aras and Omer Caha, Fethullah Gulen and his Liberal "Turkish Islam" Movement]</ref><ref name=guardian>{{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4057646,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Turkey accuses popular Islamist of plot against state | date=2000-09-01 | accessdate=2010-05-04 | first=Chris | last=Morris}}</ref><ref>[http://www.fethullahgulenforum.org/questions_answers/21/fethullah-gulen-s-influence#_edn4 Abdulhamid Turker, Fethullah Gulen's Influence]</ref> The movement consists primarily of students, teachers, businessmen, journalists and other professionals. <ref name="jbwhite"/>

Some studies claim that the movement is arranged in a flexible organizational network.<ref>[http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-216/i.html Portrait of Fethullah Gülen, A Modern Turkish-Islamic Reformist]</ref> It has founded schools, universities, an employers' association, as well as charities, real estate trusts, student bodies, radio and television stations, and newspapers.<ref name="guardian"/> They believe that the schools and businesses organize locally, and link into networks on an informal rather than legal basis.<ref name="Islam in Kazakhstan">[http://www.amerasianworld.com/islam_in_kazakhstan.php Islam in Kazakhstan]</ref> ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine wrote that the Gülen movement is not seeking to subvert modern secular states but rather encourages practicing Muslims to use to the fullest the opportunities those countries offer.<ref>name=forbes0118</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'' has described the movement as coming from a "moderate blend of Islam."<ref name=nyt080504/><ref name=tavernise>[http://graphics8.nytimes.com/podcasts/2008/04/25/25worldview.mp3 Interview with Sabrina Tavernise, World View Podcasts, New York Times, May 4, 2008]</ref> ''Prospect'' magazine reported that Gülen and the Gülen movement "are at home with technology, markets and multinational business and especially with modern communications and public relations."<ref name=prospect>[http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/printarticle.php?id=10263 A modern Ottoman], Prospect, Issue 148, July 2008</ref> Some believe that In Turkey, the Gülen movement tries to keep its distance from Islamic political parties.<ref>[http://www.eupjournals.com/book/978-0-7486-1837-8 Clement M. Henry, Rodney Wilson, The politics of Islamic Finance, Edinburgh University Press (2004), p 236]</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' described the Gülen movement as a Turkish-based movement that sounds more reasonable than most of its rivals, and which is vying to be recognized as the World's leading Muslim network.<ref name=economist10808408>[http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10808408 Economist: Global Muslim networks, How far they have traveled]</ref> It stated that Gülen has won praise from non-Muslim quarters with his belief in science, inter-faith dialog and multi-party democracy. [[Nilüfer Göle]], professor of sociology at the [[École des hautes études en sciences sociales|Ecole des Hautes Etudes]] in Paris, who is known for her studies on modernization and conservatism, has described the Gülen movement as the World's most global movement.<ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/news-144416-turkish-schools-worlds-most-global-movement-says-sociologist.html Turkish schools World's most global movement, says sociologist]</ref> According to Lester Kurtz's (of University of Texas, Austin), Gulen schools (see section on Education) are a form of service to humanity designed to promote learning in a broader sense, to avoid explicit Islamic propaganda, and to lay the foundations for a more humane, tolerant citizenry of the World where people are expected to cultivate their own faith perspectives and also promote the well being of others.<ref>Lester R. Kurtz, "Gulen's Paradox: Combining Commitment and Tolerance," Muslim World, Vol. 95, July 2005; 379-381.</ref>

Some other studies, including some people who have left the movement, state that its organizational structure is strict, hierarchical, and undemocratic. Gülen (known to his followers as Hocaefendi, or “master teacher”) is the sole leader, they say, and each community is led by abis, or elder brothers, who are privy to only a limited amount of information. Sociologist [[Berna Turam]] has argued that the abis make strong suggestions about, and perhaps dictate, whom members should marry. [[Hakan Yavuz]], a Turkish political scientist at the University of Utah, calls the movement “a resistance movement to the ongoing Kemalist modernization process in Turkey.”<ref name="Infra note, Berlinski 2012">Infra note, Berlinski 2012</ref> [[Ilhan Tanır]], a Turkish journalist who was in the cemaat but who left it, has expressed his concern about the blind obedience demanded of its members.<ref>http://ilhantanir.blogspot.com/2009/07/how-do-gulenists-change-rules-ii.html</ref> The belief that the movement commands or inspires blind obedience is not confined to those who have left it. In 2010, American journalist [[Suzy Hansen]], writing for ''[[The New Republic]]'', visited the [[Golden Generation Worship and Retreat Center]] in [[Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania]], where Gülen lives. The president of the facility, [[Bekir Aksoy]], explained to her that “our people do not complain... They obey commands completely... Let me put it this way. If a man with a Ph.D. and a career came to see Hocaefendi, and Hocaefendi told him it might be a good idea to build a village on the North Pole, that man with a Ph.D. would be back the next morning with a suitcase.”<ref name="Infra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

The movement, according to researchers such as Yavuz, has three coordinated tiers: businessmen, journalists, and teachers. The first tier, the so-called Anatolian bourgeoisie, provides financial support: it funds private high schools, universities, colleges, dormitories, summer camps, and foundations around the world. The journalists of the second tier own one of the leading Turkish dailies, ''[[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]]''; its English-language counterpart, ''[[Today's Zaman]]'' (which is often not a faithful translation); the Turkish television station [[Samanyolu TV]] (STV); the [[Cihan News Agency]]; many magazines and academic journals; several lesser dailies and TV channels; and many Internet-only news outlets. Finally, teachers operate the schools.<ref name="Infra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

The movement is sometimes accused of being "missionary" in intent, or of organizing in a clandestine way and aiming for political power. About the accusations of ''"hidden agenda"'', members of the movement say "Anybody who accuses us of having a hidden agenda, is welcome to come and quiz us. We have nothing to hide".<ref>[http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-907/i.html The Fethullah Gülen Movement - Pillar of Society or Threat to Democracy?]</ref><ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-192485-109-hypocrisy-in-languages-criticizing-fethullah-gulen-english-or-turkish-by-abdulhamit-turker.html Today's Zaman: response to criticism of Fethullah Gulen]</ref><ref>[http://www.fethullahgulenforum.org/articles/10/fethullah-gulen-s-grand-ambition-biased-selective-misleading-misrepresentative-miscalculated-article Response to MEQ article of winter 2009]</ref>

In the movement there are secular women from conservative-right circles and women who do not wear the Islamic head covering,<ref>[http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?isbn=0804755019 Berna Turam, Between Islam and the State: The Politics of Engagement (Stanford University Press 2006) p. 130]</ref> but most of the time female participants do not question gender segregation in the movement, and wear clothing that does not expose any part of the arms and legs.<ref>[http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?isbn=0804755019 Berna Turam, Between Islam and the State: The Politics of Engagement (Stanford University Press 2006) p. 125]</ref> Gender segregation "remains an ideal inside the cemaat and is never touched on in theory," but because of the variety of social activities the movement engages in, participants' practice is more liberal than the theoretical understanding of the movement.<ref name="press.princeton.edu"/> However, many women in Turkey and elsewhere find the movement's requirements far from acceptable.<ref>In the [[headscarf controversy in Turkey]], when covered girls were prevented from going to school and university by the headscarf ban, the Gülen movement “was the first to insist on girls’ schooling at the cost of compromising their headscarf.” Female members of the Refah party who refused to take their scarves off to go to university were critical of the compromising attitudes of the Gülen Movement.</ref>

==Movement activities==

===Education===
Globally, the Gülen movement is especially active in education. In 2009 ''[[Newsweek]]'' claimed that movement participants run "schools in which more than 2 million students receive education, many with full scholarships".<ref name="Behind Turkey’s Witch Hunt">[http://www.newsweek.com/id/197896 Behind Turkey’s Witch Hunt]</ref> Estimates of the number of schools and educational institutions vary widely, from about 300 schools in Turkey to over 1,000 schools worldwide.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/featuresNews/idUKL0939033920080514?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0 Turkish Islamic preacher - threat or benefactor?]</ref><ref>[http://www.turkokullari.net/index.php?option=com_weblinks&catid=14&Itemid=22 Turkish Schools]</ref>

Two American professors at the [[Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia]] and [[Temple University]] wrote that "these schools have consistently promoted good learning and citizenship, and the ''Hizmet'' movement is to date an evidently admirable civil society organization to build bridges between religious communities and to provide direct service on behalf of the common good".<ref>{{cite web | last=Jon Pahl and John Raines, Professor of the History of Christianity in North America, The Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia | url=http://leavechartersalone.com/2011/gulen-inspired-schools-promote-learning-and-service/ | title=Gulen-Inspired Schools Promote Learning and Service}}</ref> Participants in the movement have also founded private universities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Private university|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-210474-foundation-laid-for-samsuns-first-private-university.html}}</ref>

The greatest majority of the teachers are drawn from members of the Gülen network, who often encourage students in the direction of greater piety.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/featuresNews/idUKL0939033920080514?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 Turkish Islamic preacher - threat or benefactor?]</ref> A 2008 article in the ''[[New York Times]]'' said that in Pakistan "they encourage Islam in their dormitories, where teachers set examples in lifestyle and prayer",<ref name=nyt080504>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/04/world/asia/04islam.html?ex=1367640000&en=625b88103a702f94&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | first=Sabrina | last=Tavernise | authorlink=Sabrina Tavernise | title=Turkish Schools Offer Pakistan a Gentler Vision of Islam | date=2008-05-04 | work=New York Times}}</ref> and described the Turkish schools as offering a gentler approach to Islam that could help reduce the influence of extremism.<ref name=nyt080504/> However, schools are not for Muslims alone,<ref name=nyt080504/> and in Turkey "the general curriculum for the network’s schools prescribes one hour of religious instruction per week, while in many countries the schools do not offer any religious instruction at all. With the exception of a few Imam-Hatip schools abroad, these institutions can thus hardly be considered Islamic schools in the strict sense."<ref name="press.princeton.edu">[http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8412.html/ Robert W. Hefner, Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Schooling Islam: the culture and politics of modern Muslim education (Princeton University Press, 2007) p. 163.]</ref>

Other commentators, who focus on the presence of Gulen schools in the West, disagree with these statements and are much more critical. In 2008, the Dutch government investigated the movement’s activities in the Netherlands. [[Ella Vogelaar]], the country’s minister for housing, communities, and integration, warned that “in general terms, when an organization calls for turning away from society, this is at odds with the objectives of integration.” It was, she noted, incumbent upon the government to “keep sharp watch over people and organizations that systematically incite anti-integrative behavior, for this can also be a breeding ground for radicalization.” Testifying about one of the schools in the investigation, a former member of the movement called it a “sect with a groupthink outside of which these students cannot [reason]”:

<blockquote>"After years living in the boarding school it is psychologically impossible to pull yourself away; you get guilt feelings. Furthermore, it forces the students to live, think and do as the Big Brothers [the abis] instruct them to. Furthermore, through psychological pressure, these students are told which choice of career is the best they can make for the sake of high ideals. . . . Another very bad aspect is that students no longer respect their parents and they do not listen if the parents do not live by the standards imposed by the group; they are psychologically distanced from their parents; here you have your little soldiers that march only to the orders of their abis. The abis are obliged to obey the provincial leaders, who in turn must obey the national leaders, who in turn obey Fethullah Gülen."</blockquote>

Following the investigation, the Dutch government, concluding that the Gülen schools did indeed promote “anti-integrative behavior,” reduced their public funding.<ref>[http://www.city-journal.org/2012/22_4_fethullah-gulen.html Claire Berlinski, City Journal, Autumn 2012, Vol. 22, Issue 4: "Who Is Fethullah Gülen?"]</ref>

The United States of America is the only country in the world where the Gülen movement has been able to establish schools funded to a great extent by the host country’s taxpayers. In June 2011, ''[[New York Times]]'' shed light on schools in the United States, revealing that "Gulen followers have been involved in starting similar schools around the country — there are about 120 in all, mostly in urban centers in 25 states, one of the largest collections of [[Charter school|charterschools]] in America." <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/07/education/07charter.html Charter Schools Tied to Turkey Grow in Texas]</ref>

On the other hand, there are a number of anti-charter groups that try to associate several successful charter schools, such as [[Harmony Public Schools]], with the Gulen Movement. For example, when MerryLynn Gerstenschlager of Texas Eagle Forum, a conservative TEA Party group, testified before the House Public Education Committee of Texas, House Public Education Committee members did not share the Eagle Forum’s concerns about Harmony charter schools. Rep. Alma Allen, D-Houston, says she has “a large Turkish community in my district and several Harmony schools in my district. I think they are fabulous. I don’t think they teach religion.”<ref>http://blog.chron.com/texaspolitics/2012/02/eagle-forum-takes-on-harmony-charter-schools/</ref>

Federal authorities are investigating several of the movement’s schools for forcing employees to send part of their paychecks to Turkey. In March 2011, ''[[Philadelphia Enquirer]]'' reported that Federal Agencies including "FBI and the Departments of Labor and Education - were investigating whether some employees were kicking back part of their salaries to a Muslim movement founded by Gulen known as Hizmet."<ref>[http://articles.philly.com/2011-03-20/news/29148147_1_gulen-schools-gulen-followers-charter-schools U.S. charter-school network with Turkish link draws federal attention]</ref>

The [[FBI]] has investigated [[Concept Schools]], which operate 16 [[Horizon Science Academies]] across [[Ohio]], on the suspicion that they illegally used taxpayer money to pay immigration and legal fees for people they never even employed, an Ohio ABC affiliate discovered. The FBI's suspicion was confirmed by state auditors. Concept Schools repaid the fees for their Cleveland and Toledo schools shortly before the ABC story broke, but it’s unclear whether they have repaid—or can repay—the fees for their other schools.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012">Supra note, Berlinski 2012</ref>

There is no evidence that Islamic proselytizing takes place at the American Gülen schools and much evidence that students and parents like them. Most seem to be decent educational establishments, by American standards; graduates perform reasonably well, and some perform outstandingly.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

Some commentators argue that schools are simply moneymakers for the ''cemaat'' (Gulen movement) and are the main avenue for building the Gülen community in the United States. In the USA, they obtain a substantial amount of private, state, and federal funding (in addition to tuition fees), and they have proved amazingly effective at soliciting private donations.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

Some analysts argue that the so-called schools linked to the movement became easy targets of the [[Islamophobia]] network in the US. The CAP report, called the Fear Inc, argued that various elements of the Islamophobia network treat these schools as a threat to America. They claim that "Muslim Gulen schools" would educate children through the lens of Islam and teach them to hate Americans".<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-shank/islamophobia-network-targets-top-performing-american-schools_b_975946.html</ref>

Some people inspired by Gulen constantly invite high-ranking leaders to dinners to speak and lavish them with awards. Dozens of Texans, ranging from state lawmakers to congressional staff members to university professors, have taken trips to Turkey financed by Gülen’s foundations. The [[Raindrop Foundation]], for instance, paid for State Senator [[Leticia Van de Putte]]’s travel to [[Istanbul]], according to a recent campaign report. In 2012 she cosponsored a state senate resolution commending Gülen for “his ongoing and inspirational contributions to promoting global peace and understanding.” [[Steve Terrell]], a reporter at the ''[[Santa Fe New Mexican]]'', found that a remarkable number of local lawmakers had recently taken trips to Turkey courtesy of a private group, the [[Turquoise Council of Americans and Eurasians]], that is tied to Gülen. In Idaho in 2011, a full tenth of state legislators went on a tour in Turkey financed by the [[Pacifica Institute]], also inspired by Gülen. The Hawaii State Ethics Commission sent a memo to lawmakers reminding them to check with the commission before accepting the all-expenses-paid trip to Turkey to which they’d been invited by Pacifica. “The State Ethics Commission,” said the memo, “does not have sufficient understanding of Pacifica Institute, the purpose of the trip, or the state ‘benefit’ associated with the trip.”<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

Two schools, located in Texas, have been accused of sending school funds—which are supplied by the government—to Gülen-inspired organizations. Last year, ''The New York Times'' reported that the some schools were funneling some $50 million in public funds to a network of Turkish construction companies, among them the Gülen-related [[Atlas Texas Construction and Trading]]. The schools had hired Atlas to do construction, the paper said, though other bidders claimed in lawsuits that they had submitted more economical bids. [[Folwell Dunbar]], an official at the [[Louisiana Department of Education]], has accused Atlas’s vice president, [[Inci Akpinar]], of offering him a $25,000 bribe to keep mum about troubling conditions at the [[Abramson Science and Technology Charter School|Abramson Science and Technology School]] in [[New Orleans]]. Dunbar sent a memo to department colleagues, the ''[[Times-Picayune]]'' reported, noting that "Akpinar flattered him with 'a number of compliments' before getting to the point: 'I have twenty-five thousand dollars to fix this problem: twenty thousand for you and five for me.' " Abramson is operated by the [[Pelican Foundation]], which is linked to the Gülen-inspired [[Cosmos Foundation]] in Texas—which runs the two Texas schools.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

[[Utah]]'s [[Beehive Science and Technology Academy|Beehive Science and Technology Academ]]<nowiki/>y was $337,000 in debt, according to a financial probe by the [[Utah Schools Charter Board]]. The ''[[Deseret News]]'' tried to figure out where all this taxpayer money had gone. "In a time of teacher layoffs, Beehive has recruited a high percentage of teachers from overseas, mainly Turkey," the newspaper reported. “Many of these teachers had little or no teaching experience before they came to the United States. Some of them are still not certified to teach in Utah. The school spent more than $53,000 on immigration fees for foreigners in five years. During the same time, administrators spent less than $100,000 on textbooks, according to state records.” Reports have also claimed that the school board was almost entirely Turkish.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

A reporter for the leftist magazine ''[[In These Times]]'' noted in 2010 that the [[Chicago Math and Science Academy]] obscured its relationship to Gülen. And the school board was strikingly similar to Beehive’s:

<blockquote>“When I went to the school’s board meeting on July 8, I was taken aback to see a board of directors {{sic|hide=y|comprised}} entirely of men. They all appeared of Turkish, Bosnian or Croatian descent. Although I have nothing against Turkish, Bosnian or Croatian men, it does seem that a school board serving students who are 58 percent Hispanic/Latino, 25 percent African American, 12 percent Asian and 5 percent white might be well served by some women board members and board members from ethnic backgrounds the school predominantly serves.''”<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/></blockquote>

In April 2009, [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] published a piece about the Gülen schools in [[Central Asia]] stating the "Turkish educational institutions have come under increasing scrutiny... Governments as well as many scholars and journalists suspect that the schools have more than just education on their agendas..." The article quoted [[Hakan Yavuz]], a Turkish professor of political science at the [[University of Utah]], as calling the Gülen movement <blockquote>"a political movement... and it has always been political.... They want to train an elitist class that will then turn Turkey into a centre of the religious World, Islamise the country,... It is the most powerful movement right now in [Turkey]... There is no other movement to balance them in society."<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Turkish_Schools_Coming_Under_Increasing_Scrutiny_In_Central_Asia/1616111.html?page=2&x=1 Turkish Schools Coming Under Increasing Scrutiny in Central Asia.]</ref></blockquote>

The schools in [[Kazakhstan]] have been accused of following admission policies that favor the children from the wealthy and well-connected families.<ref name="Islam in Kazakhstan"/> Schools established by Gülen movement participants in [[Tashkent]] and [[St. Petersburg]] were closed for a period, accused of supporting Islamic groups (Tashkent) and diverging from the state curriculum (St. Petersburg).<ref>Rashid, A. (Spring 2001). [http://www.allbusiness.com/public-administration/national-security-international/896372-1.html The Fires of Faith in Central Asia]. ''World Policy Journal'', 18, 1. p.45. Retrieved 10 July 2008</ref> However, the St. Petersburg school filed an appeal. Subsequently, the school was re-opened in July 2008 after having its license revoked for over a year.<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.zaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=146596
| title=St. Petersburg Turkish college wins case, resumes services | accessdate=10 July 2008 | date=4 July 2008
| work=Zaman | first=Faruk | last=Akkan}} {{Dead link | date=October 2010 | bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

In April 2010, [[Trend News Agency]] published a piece about the Gülen schools in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Excerpt: "The [[Georgian Labor Party]] protested the opening of Turkish schools in Georgia. The party's Political Secretary [[Giorgi Gugava]] called the mass opening of Turkish schools in Georgia, "the dominance of Turkey in the Georgian educational system," and noted that these schools aim to spread Turkish culture and fundamentalist religious ideas…Gugava said the process is headed by Turkish religious leader Fetullah Gülen, whose activities are banned in his motherland…”<ref>[http://en.trend.az/news/politics/foreign/1676685.html Georgian Labor Party protests opening of Turkish schools]</ref>

In other sources, the schools in Central Asia have been described as supporting a philosophy based on Turkish nationalism rather than on Islam.<ref>[http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/meria/journal/2000/issue4/jv4n4a4.html Fethullah Gulen and His Liberal "Turkish Islam" Movement]</ref>

===Interfaith Dialogue ===
[[File:Fethullah Gülen visiting Ioannes Paulus II.jpg|thumb|300px|Gülen and the Pope.]]

Gülen movement participants have founded a number of institutions across the World that claim to promote [[Interfaith dialogue|interfaith]] and [[Interculturalism|intercultural]] dialogue activities.{{Citation needed | date=February 2012}} For example, in 2006 in [[Gothenburg]], [[Sweden]], the Gülen movement started ''[[Dialogslussen]]'' which purports to promote interfaith dialogue in [[Sweden]].<ref>http://en.fgulen.net/conference-papers/gulen-conference-in-washington-dc/3091-the-gulen-movement-gender-and-practice.html</ref> Gülen has met with leaders of other religions, including [[Pope John Paul II]], the Greek Orthodox [[Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople|Patriarch Bartholomew I]], and Israeli Sephardic Head Rabbi [[Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron]].<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/dp/0970437013 Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gülen]</ref> Similar to his role model [[Said Nursi]], Gülen claims to favor cooperation between followers of different religions and different forms of Islam (such as Sunnism vs. [[Alevi]]sm). [[B. Jill Carroll]] of [[Rice University]] in Houston said in an ''Interfaith Voices'' program, an independent public radio program, that "Gülen has greatly impacted three generations in Turkey.". Of the schools she said: "These schools invest in the future and aim at creating a community that offers equal opportunities for everyone."<ref>[http://interfaithradio.org/node/491/ Interfaith Voices: Fethullah Gülen]</ref>

=== Other Activities ===
Movement participants have set up a number of media organs, including Turkish-language TV stations ([[Samanyolu TV]], [[Mehtap TV]]), an English-language TV station in the United States ([[Ebru TV]]), the Turkish-language newspaper ''[[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]]'', the English-language newspaper ''[[Today's Zaman]]'', magazines and journals in Turkish like ''[[Aksiyon]]'', ''[[Sızıntı]]'', ''[[Yeni Ümit]]'', the English language ''[[The Fountain Magazine]]'', and Arabic language ''[[Hira]]'', the international media group [[Cihan News Agency|Cihan]] and the radio station [[Burç FM]]. Since 1998 the Journalists and Writers Foundation non-profit was set up, which claims that its mission is "to organize events promoting love, tolerance and dialogue."<ref>[http://gyv.org.tr/Hakkimizda/Detay/19/About%20the%20Foundation Journalists and Writers Foundation - About]</ref> The aid charity ''Kimse Yok Mu?'' (''Is anybody there?'') was established in March 2004 as a continuation of a TV program of the same name that ran on [[Samanyolu TV]] for some years.

Movement supporters have also formed business [[lobbying]] groups and [[think tank]]s in Washington and Brussels, including [[Interfaith Dialogue Institute]], [[Interfaith Dialog Center]], and [[Rumi Forum]].<ref>[http://gulenconference.org.uk/userfiles/file/Proceedings/Prcd%20-%20Ebaugh%20and%20Koc.pdf Funding Gülen-inspired Good Works: Demonstrating and Generating Commitment to the Movement by Helen Rose Ebaugh & Dogan Koc]</ref> [[Bank Asya]], formerly Asya Finans, was founded by Gülen movement participants in 1994. [[Işık Sigorta]] (Light Insurance) company describes itself as a partner of Bank Asya.

[[Fethullah Gulen]]'s and the Gulen movement's views and practices have been discussed in [[international]] [[Academic conference|conferences]]. In October 2007 in London a conference was sponsored by the [[University of Birmingham]], the Dialogue Society, the [[Irish School of Ecumenics]], [[Leeds Metropolitan University]], the London Middle East Institute, the [[Middle East Institute]] and the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]], University of London.<ref>http://en.fgulen.com/conference-papers/contributions-of-the-gulen-movement</ref> Niagara Foundation of Chicago, together with several academic institutions, organized "The Gülen Movement: Paradigms, Projects and Aspirations" conference, which was held at [[University of Chicago]] on Nov 11-13 2010.<ref>http://www.niagarafoundation.org/the-international-gulen-conference-2010-in-chicago-2/</ref>

===Political Involvement===
Questions have arisen about the Gülen movement’s possible involvement in the ongoing [[Ergenekon (organization)|Ergenekon investigation]] (Ergenekon allegedly being an ultra-nationalist, pro-military, anti-government gang),<ref name=Jenkins/> which critics have characterized as "a pretext" by the government "to neutralize dissidents" in Turkey.<ref>[http://www.cagaptay.com/5593/ergenekon-behind-turkey-witch-hunt Behind Turkey's Witch Hunt, by Soner Cagaptay, Newsweek, May 16, 2009]</ref> In March 2011, seven Turkish journalists were arrested, including [[Ahmet Şık]], who had been writing a book, "Imamin Ordusu" (''[[The Imam's Army]]''),<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/05/turkey-censorship-ahmet-sik-perrier Turkish authorities launch raids to censor book before publication] in the Guardian of 5 April 2011; accessed on 11 April 2011</ref> which alleges that the Gülen movement has infiltrated the country's security forces. As Şik was taken into police custody, he shouted,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/04/world/europe/04turkey.htmll?_r=1%20 | work=The New York Times | first=Sebnem | last=Arsu | title=7 More Journalists Detained in Turkey | date=2011-03-03}}</ref>“Whoever touches it gets burned!”. Gülen Movement newspaper ''[[Today's Zaman]]'' published an interview<ref>{{cite web | last=Vural | first=Fatih | title=‘If whoever touched Gülen was doomed, we would have been ashes by now’ | url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-251440-if-whoever-touched-gulen-was-doomed-we-would-have-been-ashes-by-now.html | publisher=Today's Zaman | accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> with publishers and writers who had published or written the harshest pieces against Gulen and they all claim "nothing happened to them" and thus voids claims made by Şik who made his claim apparently in an attempt to divert attention to Gulen rather than his arrest. Upon his arrest, drafts of the book were confiscated and its possession was banned. Şik has also been charged with being part of the Ergenekon plot.<ref>Details can be found in English on the site of [http://www.tuerkeiforum.net/enw/index.php/Ahmet_%C5%9E%C4%B1k:_The_Army_of_the_Imam the Democratic Turkey Forum]; accessed on 5 April 2001. In the footnotes to translated passages of the book you can find other works on the subject.</ref> {{Verify credibility|date=July 2011}}

In a reply, Abdullah Bozkurt, from Gülen Movement newspaper [[Today's Zaman]], has accused Ahmet Şık of not being "an investigative journalist" conducting "independent research," but of hatching "a plot designed and put into action by the terrorist network itself,"<ref>The alleged terrorist network is the [[Ergenekon (organization)|Ergenekon organization]], see [http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-239479-ergenekon-gulen-and-media-freedom.html Article of 29 March 2011]; accessed on 5 April 2011</ref>

According to [[Gareth H. Jenkins]], a Senior Fellow of the [[Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Joint Center]] at [[Johns Hopkins University]]:
<blockquote>From the outset, the pro-AKP media, particularly the newspapers and television channels run by the Gülen Movement such as ''Zaman'', ''Today’s Zaman'' and Samanyolu TV, have vigorously supported the Ergenekon investigation. This has included the illegal publication of “evidence” collected by the investigators before it has been presented in court, misrepresentations and distortions of the content of the indictments and smear campaigns against both the accused and anyone who questions the conduct of the investigations. 
There have long been allegations that not only the media coverage but also the Ergenekon investigation itself is being run by Gülen’s supporters. In August 2010, Hanefi Avcı, a right-wing police chief who had once been sympathetic to the Gülen Movement, published a book in which he alleged that a network of Gülen’s supporters in the police were manipulating judicial processes and fixing internal appointments and promotions. On September 28, 2010, two days before he was due to give a press conference to present documentary evidence to support his allegations, Avcı was arrested and charged with membership of an extremist leftist organization. He remains in jail. On March 14, 2011, Avcı was also formally charged with being a member of the alleged Ergenekon gang.<ref name=Jenkins>[http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/turkey/2011/110404B.html]| Gareth H. Jenkins | silkroadstudies.org | April 2011</ref> </blockquote>

==History==

:'''1938, 1941 or 1942''' [[Fethullah Gülen|Gülen]] born in Korucuk village of [[Pasinler, Erzurum|Pasinler township]] in [[Pasinler District|Pasinler]], [[Erzurum Province]]. {{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1950s''' Gülen's first meeting with people from the Nur movement{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1960''' death of [[Said Nursî]]. {{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1960s''' Gülen begins attracting disciples while a state preacher in [[Izmir]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1971''' Gülen arrested for an alleged crime of organizing and/or participating activities to change the basis of the constitutional system but is released seven months later.{{Citation needed | date=August 2010}}
:'''late 1970s''' Gülen establishes himself independently of other Nurcu organizations; first ''ışık evleri'' ("houses of light," i.e., student residences) {{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}established{{Citation needed | date=August 2010}}
:'''1978''' First ''dershane'' (study center for university exams) opens{{Citation needed | date=August 2010}}
:'''1979''' Science journal ''Sızıntı'' begins publication<ref>[http://tr.fgulen.com/content/view/10747/3/ Son Karakol]</ref>
:'''1981''' Gülen retires{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1982''' First "Gülen school" opens{{Citation needed | date=August 2010}}
:'''1986''' ''[[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]]'', a top selling daily newspaper in Turkey,<ref>http://www.medyatava.com/tiraj/</ref> begins publication<ref>http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_%28gazete%29</ref>
:'''1988-1991''' Gülen gives lectures in Istanbul and Izmir{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1991''' Fall of [[Soviet Union]] permits establishment of Gülen schools in [[Central Asia]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1994''' The (Turkish) [http://gyv.org.tr/Hakkimizda/Detay/19/About%20the%20Foundation Journalists and Writers Foundation], with Gülen as "honorary leader"{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1996''' Creation of [[Asya Finans]] (investment bank aimed at former Soviet Central Asia), with [[Tansu Çiller]] as an investor{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1998''' Gülen meets with [[Pope John Paul II]] in [[Rome]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2013|reason=Was the meeting in Rome or Vatican City? The former would imply an informal meeting while the latter would imply a formal one.}}
:'''1999''' Gülen movement schools in [[Tashkent]] closed by [[Uzbekstan]] government after a rift between Turkish and Uzbek governments{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1999''' Gülen emigrates to [[Pennsylvania]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1999''' Establishment of Niagara Foundation{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''2004''' Establishment of ''[[Kimse Yok Mu]]'' ("Is there anybody there?"), a charitable organization{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''2005''' Establishment of [[TUSKON]] (Turkish Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists)<ref>http://www.tuskon.org/?p=content&cl=kurumsal&l=kurumsal</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Turkey|Islam|Religion}}

=== Independent Sources ===
* [http://www.city-journal.org/2012/22_4_fethullah-gulen.html Claire Berlinski, City Journal, Autumn 2012, Vol. 22, Issue 4: "Who Is Fethullah Gülen?"]
* [http://www.meforum.org/2045/fethullah-gulens-grand-ambition Fethullah Gülen's Grand Ambition: Turkey's Islamist Danger, by Rachel Sharon-Krespin, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2009, pp. 55-66]
* [http://www.meforum.org/2047/islamists-approach-europe Islamists Approach Europe: Turkey's Islamist Danger, by Bassam Tibi, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2009, pp. 47-54]
* [http://www.meforum.org/404/turkish-islams-moderate-face Turkish Islam's Moderate Face, by Bülent Aras, Middle East Quarterly September 1998, pp. 23-29]
* [http://azstarnet.com/news/blogs/senor-reporter/sr-reporter-sociologist-calls-on-g-lenist-charter-schools-to/article_78c5b71e-0e01-11e0-9e51-001cc4c03286.html Sociologist calls on Gülenist charter schools to come clean, December 22, 2010, Tim Steller, Arizona Daily Star]
* [http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-1090/i.html Interview with Helen Rose Ebaugh on the Gülen Movement: "An Alternative to Fundamentalism"]
* [http://religion.info/english/interviews/article_74.shtml The Gülen Movement: a modern expression of Turkish Islam]
* [http://www.springer.com/978-1-4020-9893-2 The Gülen Movement] A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam by Helen Rose Ebaugh
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/audio/2008/jun/23/turkey The Guardian, Islamophonic: Turkey edition Riazat Butt travels to Istanbul to look at the Gulen movement and check out the country's designer headscarves]
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2008/jun/23/gulen.movement Video, The Guardian: Turkey's most powerful man, Does the movement inspired by Fethullah Gülen represent a modern brand of Islam, or a subtle attempt to infiltrate religion into secular Turkey?]
* Park, Bill. [http://www.globalpolitician.com/25355-fethullah-gulen-turkey%20 "The Fethullah Gulen Movement."] ''Global Politician'' 12 Dec. 2008
* "Gulen Movement: Turkey's Third Power."] ''Jane's Islamic Affairs Analyst'' Feb. 2009 http://tool.donation-net.net/Images/Email/1097/Gulen_movement.pdf
* Hendrick, Joshua. [http://www.docstoc.com/docs/47042946/Globalization-and-marketized-Islam-in-Turkey-The-case-of-Fethullah-Gulen%20 "Globalization and Marketed Islam in Turkey: The Case of Fethullah Gulen."] PhD dissertation UC Santa Cruz June 2009 (partial view, pp. 1–40)
* News report video. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjjY750wTs0%20 "Rising Islamist movements challenge secularism in Turkey."] ''Worldfocus'' (produced by WNET, distributed by American Public Television) 21 Oct. 2009
* [http://edtech.rice.edu/www/?option=com_iwebcast&task=webcast&action=details&event=2363%20 "Transnational Religious Nationalism in the New Turkey: The Case of Fethullah Gulen."] ''Baker Institute event at Rice University (webcast)'' 09 Dec. 2010
* [http://voices.washingtonpost.com/spy-talk/2011/01/islamic_group_is_cia_front_ex-.html#more "Islamic group is CIA front, ex-Turkish intel chief says."] ''[[Washington Post]]'' 05 Jan. 2010
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p00gyhhd/Heart_And_Soul_Islam_Inc./ "Islam Inc."] A 28 minute programme on the ''Heart and Soul'' series of the BBC, 4 June 2011.

=== Gulen Movement Websites ===
* {{Official website|1=http://www.gulenmovement.com/}}
* [http://hizmetnews.com Gulen Movement news]
* [http://gulenlibrary.org/ Gulen library]
* [http://gulenmovement.us GulenMovement, USA]
* [http://www.gulenmovement.ca Gulen Movement Canada]
* [http://www.pacificainstitute.org Pacifica Institute]
* [http://www.niagarafoundation.org Niagara Foundation]
* [http://www.guleninstitute.org/ The Gulen Institute]
* [http://www.rumiforum.org/gulen-movement/ Rumi Forum - Washington DC]
* [http://www.gulenarticles.com/ Gulen Articles]
* [http://www.interfaithdialog.org/ Dialogue Institute of the Southwest]
* [http://www.interfaithdialog.org/ Dialogue Institute of the Southwest]
* [http://www.thegulenmovement.info/ The Gulen Movement]
* [http://www.interculturaldialog.com Intercultural Dialogue Institute]
* [http://gulenschools.org/ Gulen Schools]
* [http://www.whatisgulenmovement.com/gulen-movement.html What is the Gulen Movement?]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulen Movement}}

[[Category:Religion in Turkey]]
[[Category:Religious faiths, traditions, and movements]]
[[Category:Islamism in Turkey]]

Gülen-Bewegung

2013-12-18T12:27:53Z

Ruby Murray: Fix broken reference names – You can help: Category:Pages with broken reference names

{{Expand Turkish|Gülen hareketi|date=November 2013}}
The '''Gülen movement''' is a transnational religious and social movement led by Turkish Islamic scholar [[Fethullah Gülen]]. The movement has attracted supporters and critics in Turkey, Central Asia and increasingly in other parts of the World. The movement is active in education (with private schools in over 140 countries) and interfaith dialogue; and has substantial investments in media, finance, and for–profit health clinics.<ref name=ABC>{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/encounter/turkey-gallipoli-gulen-capitalism/4853162#transcript|title= The Turkish exception: Gallipoli, Gülen, and capitalism|author= |date= 31 August 2013|website= Australia's ABC|publisher= Radio National|accessdate=3 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="jbwhite">[http://books.google.com/books?id=wJ8S_wG06MEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Abant&f=false Jenny Barbara White, Islamist Mobilization in Turkey: a study in vernacular politics, University of Washington Press (2002), p. 112]</ref> The movement has been described as a "pacifist, modern-minded Islam, often praised as a contrast to more extreme [[Salafism]]."<ref>http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21578113-muslim-cleric-america-wields-surprising-political-power-turkey-gulenists-fight-back Turkey’s political imams: The Gulenists fight back</ref>

The movement has no official name but it is usually called simply as ''Hizmet'' (The Service) by its followers and is known euphemistically as ''Cemaat'' (The Community / Assembly) to the broader public in Turkey.

==Nature and participation==
The exact number of supporters of the Gülen movement is not known, as the movement is rather secretive to some but to others there is no official membership structure, but estimates vary from 1 million to 8 million.<ref>[http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/meria/journal/2000/issue4/jv4n4a4.html Bulent Aras and Omer Caha, Fethullah Gulen and his Liberal "Turkish Islam" Movement]</ref><ref name=guardian>{{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4057646,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Turkey accuses popular Islamist of plot against state | date=2000-09-01 | accessdate=2010-05-04 | first=Chris | last=Morris}}</ref><ref>[http://www.fethullahgulenforum.org/questions_answers/21/fethullah-gulen-s-influence#_edn4 Abdulhamid Turker, Fethullah Gulen's Influence]</ref> The movement consists primarily of students, teachers, businessmen, journalists and other professionals. <ref name="jbwhite"/>

Some studies claim that the movement is arranged in a flexible organizational network.<ref>[http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-216/i.html Portrait of Fethullah Gülen, A Modern Turkish-Islamic Reformist]</ref> It has founded schools, universities, an employers' association, as well as charities, real estate trusts, student bodies, radio and television stations, and newspapers.<ref name="guardian"/> They believe that the schools and businesses organize locally, and link into networks on an informal rather than legal basis.<ref name="Islam in Kazakhstan">[http://www.amerasianworld.com/islam_in_kazakhstan.php Islam in Kazakhstan]</ref> ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine wrote that the Gülen movement is not seeking to subvert modern secular states but rather encourages practicing Muslims to use to the fullest the opportunities those countries offer.<ref>name=forbes0118</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'' has described the movement as coming from a "moderate blend of Islam."<ref name=nyt080504/><ref name=tavernise>[http://graphics8.nytimes.com/podcasts/2008/04/25/25worldview.mp3 Interview with Sabrina Tavernise, World View Podcasts, New York Times, May 4, 2008]</ref> ''Prospect'' magazine reported that Gülen and the Gülen movement "are at home with technology, markets and multinational business and especially with modern communications and public relations."<ref name=prospect>[http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/printarticle.php?id=10263 A modern Ottoman], Prospect, Issue 148, July 2008</ref> Some believe that In Turkey, the Gülen movement tries to keep its distance from Islamic political parties.<ref>[http://www.eupjournals.com/book/978-0-7486-1837-8 Clement M. Henry, Rodney Wilson, The politics of Islamic Finance, Edinburgh University Press (2004), p 236]</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' described the Gülen movement as a Turkish-based movement that sounds more reasonable than most of its rivals, and which is vying to be recognized as the World's leading Muslim network.<ref name=economist10808408>[http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10808408 Economist: Global Muslim networks, How far they have traveled]</ref> It stated that Gülen has won praise from non-Muslim quarters with his belief in science, inter-faith dialog and multi-party democracy. [[Nilüfer Göle]], professor of sociology at the [[École des hautes études en sciences sociales|Ecole des Hautes Etudes]] in Paris, who is known for her studies on modernization and conservatism, has described the Gülen movement as the World's most global movement.<ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/news-144416-turkish-schools-worlds-most-global-movement-says-sociologist.html Turkish schools World's most global movement, says sociologist]</ref> According to Lester Kurtz's (of University of Texas, Austin), Gulen schools (see section on Education) are a form of service to humanity designed to promote learning in a broader sense, to avoid explicit Islamic propaganda, and to lay the foundations for a more humane, tolerant citizenry of the World where people are expected to cultivate their own faith perspectives and also promote the well being of others.<ref>Lester R. Kurtz, "Gulen's Paradox: Combining Commitment and Tolerance," Muslim World, Vol. 95, July 2005; 379-381.</ref>

Some other studies, including some people who have left the movement, state that its organizational structure is strict, hierarchical, and undemocratic. Gülen (known to his followers as Hocaefendi, or “master teacher”) is the sole leader, they say, and each community is led by abis, or elder brothers, who are privy to only a limited amount of information. Sociologist [[Berna Turam]] has argued that the abis make strong suggestions about, and perhaps dictate, whom members should marry. [[Hakan Yavuz]], a Turkish political scientist at the University of Utah, calls the movement “a resistance movement to the ongoing Kemalist modernization process in Turkey.”<ref name="Infra note, Berlinski 2012">Infra note, Berlinski 2012</ref> [[Ilhan Tanır]], a Turkish journalist who was in the cemaat but who left it, has expressed his concern about the blind obedience demanded of its members.<ref>http://ilhantanir.blogspot.com/2009/07/how-do-gulenists-change-rules-ii.html</ref> The belief that the movement commands or inspires blind obedience is not confined to those who have left it. In 2010, American journalist [[Suzy Hansen]], writing for ''[[The New Republic]]'', visited the [[Golden Generation Worship and Retreat Center]] in [[Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania]], where Gülen lives. The president of the facility, [[Bekir Aksoy]], explained to her that “our people do not complain... They obey commands completely... Let me put it this way. If a man with a Ph.D. and a career came to see Hocaefendi, and Hocaefendi told him it might be a good idea to build a village on the North Pole, that man with a Ph.D. would be back the next morning with a suitcase.”<ref name="Infra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

The movement, according to researchers such as Yavuz, has three coordinated tiers: businessmen, journalists, and teachers. The first tier, the so-called Anatolian bourgeoisie, provides financial support: it funds private high schools, universities, colleges, dormitories, summer camps, and foundations around the world. The journalists of the second tier own one of the leading Turkish dailies, ''[[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]]''; its English-language counterpart, ''[[Today's Zaman]]'' (which is often not a faithful translation); the Turkish television station [[Samanyolu TV]] (STV); the [[Cihan News Agency]]; many magazines and academic journals; several lesser dailies and TV channels; and many Internet-only news outlets. Finally, teachers operate the schools.<ref name="Infra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

The movement is sometimes accused of being "missionary" in intent, or of organizing in a clandestine way and aiming for political power. About the accusations of ''"hidden agenda"'', members of the movement say "Anybody who accuses us of having a hidden agenda, is welcome to come and quiz us. We have nothing to hide".<ref>[http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-907/i.html The Fethullah Gülen Movement - Pillar of Society or Threat to Democracy?]</ref><ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-192485-109-hypocrisy-in-languages-criticizing-fethullah-gulen-english-or-turkish-by-abdulhamit-turker.html Today's Zaman: response to criticism of Fethullah Gulen]</ref><ref>[http://www.fethullahgulenforum.org/articles/10/fethullah-gulen-s-grand-ambition-biased-selective-misleading-misrepresentative-miscalculated-article Response to MEQ article of winter 2009]</ref>

In the movement there are secular women from conservative-right circles and women who do not wear the Islamic head covering,<ref>[http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?isbn=0804755019 Berna Turam, Between Islam and the State: The Politics of Engagement (Stanford University Press 2006) p. 130]</ref> but most of the time female participants do not question gender segregation in the movement, and wear clothing that does not expose any part of the arms and legs.<ref>[http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?isbn=0804755019 Berna Turam, Between Islam and the State: The Politics of Engagement (Stanford University Press 2006) p. 125]</ref> Gender segregation "remains an ideal inside the cemaat and is never touched on in theory," but because of the variety of social activities the movement engages in, participants' practice is more liberal than the theoretical understanding of the movement.<ref name="press.princeton.edu"/> However, many women in Turkey and elsewhere find the movement's requirements far from acceptable.<ref>In the [[headscarf controversy in Turkey]], when covered girls were prevented from going to school and university by the headscarf ban, the Gülen movement “was the first to insist on girls’ schooling at the cost of compromising their headscarf.” Female members of the Refah party who refused to take their scarves off to go to university were critical of the compromising attitudes of the Gülen Movement.</ref>

==Movement activities==

===Education===
Globally, the Gülen movement is especially active in education. In 2009 ''[[Newsweek]]'' claimed that movement participants run "schools in which more than 2 million students receive education, many with full scholarships".<ref name="Behind Turkey’s Witch Hunt">[http://www.newsweek.com/id/197896 Behind Turkey’s Witch Hunt]</ref> Estimates of the number of schools and educational institutions vary widely, from about 300 schools in Turkey to over 1,000 schools worldwide.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/featuresNews/idUKL0939033920080514?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0 Turkish Islamic preacher - threat or benefactor?]</ref><ref>[http://www.turkokullari.net/index.php?option=com_weblinks&catid=14&Itemid=22 Turkish Schools]</ref>

Two American professors at the [[Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia]] and [[Temple University]] wrote that "these schools have consistently promoted good learning and citizenship, and the ''Hizmet'' movement is to date an evidently admirable civil society organization to build bridges between religious communities and to provide direct service on behalf of the common good".<ref>{{cite web | last=Jon Pahl and John Raines, Professor of the History of Christianity in North America, The Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia | url=http://leavechartersalone.com/2011/gulen-inspired-schools-promote-learning-and-service/ | title=Gulen-Inspired Schools Promote Learning and Service}}</ref> Participants in the movement have also founded private universities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Private university|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-210474-foundation-laid-for-samsuns-first-private-university.html}}</ref>

The greatest majority of the teachers are drawn from members of the Gülen network, who often encourage students in the direction of greater piety.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/featuresNews/idUKL0939033920080514?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 Turkish Islamic preacher - threat or benefactor?]</ref> A 2008 article in the ''[[New York Times]]'' said that in Pakistan "they encourage Islam in their dormitories, where teachers set examples in lifestyle and prayer",<ref name=nyt080504>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/04/world/asia/04islam.html?ex=1367640000&en=625b88103a702f94&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | first=Sabrina | last=Tavernise | authorlink=Sabrina Tavernise | title=Turkish Schools Offer Pakistan a Gentler Vision of Islam | date=2008-05-04 | work=New York Times}}</ref> and described the Turkish schools as offering a gentler approach to Islam that could help reduce the influence of extremism.<ref name=nyt080504/> However, schools are not for Muslims alone,<ref name=nyt080504/> and in Turkey "the general curriculum for the network’s schools prescribes one hour of religious instruction per week, while in many countries the schools do not offer any religious instruction at all. With the exception of a few Imam-Hatip schools abroad, these institutions can thus hardly be considered Islamic schools in the strict sense."<ref name="press.princeton.edu">[http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8412.html/ Robert W. Hefner, Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Schooling Islam: the culture and politics of modern Muslim education (Princeton University Press, 2007) p. 163.]</ref>

Other commentators, who focus on the presence of Gulen schools in the West, disagree with these statements and are much more critical. In 2008, the Dutch government investigated the movement’s activities in the Netherlands. [[Ella Vogelaar]], the country’s minister for housing, communities, and integration, warned that “in general terms, when an organization calls for turning away from society, this is at odds with the objectives of integration.” It was, she noted, incumbent upon the government to “keep sharp watch over people and organizations that systematically incite anti-integrative behavior, for this can also be a breeding ground for radicalization.” Testifying about one of the schools in the investigation, a former member of the movement called it a “sect with a groupthink outside of which these students cannot [reason]”:

<blockquote>"After years living in the boarding school it is psychologically impossible to pull yourself away; you get guilt feelings. Furthermore, it forces the students to live, think and do as the Big Brothers [the abis] instruct them to. Furthermore, through psychological pressure, these students are told which choice of career is the best they can make for the sake of high ideals. . . . Another very bad aspect is that students no longer respect their parents and they do not listen if the parents do not live by the standards imposed by the group; they are psychologically distanced from their parents; here you have your little soldiers that march only to the orders of their abis. The abis are obliged to obey the provincial leaders, who in turn must obey the national leaders, who in turn obey Fethullah Gülen."</blockquote>

Following the investigation, the Dutch government, concluding that the Gülen schools did indeed promote “anti-integrative behavior,” reduced their public funding.<ref>[http://www.city-journal.org/2012/22_4_fethullah-gulen.html Claire Berlinski, City Journal, Autumn 2012, Vol. 22, Issue 4: "Who Is Fethullah Gülen?"]</ref>

The United States of America is the only country in the world where the Gülen movement has been able to establish schools funded to a great extent by the host country’s taxpayers. In June 2011, ''[[New York Times]]'' shed light on schools in the United States, revealing that "Gulen followers have been involved in starting similar schools around the country — there are about 120 in all, mostly in urban centers in 25 states, one of the largest collections of [[Charter school|charterschools]] in America." <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/07/education/07charter.html Charter Schools Tied to Turkey Grow in Texas]</ref>

On the other hand, there are a number of anti-charter groups that try to associate several successful charter schools, such as [[Harmony Public Schools]], with the Gulen Movement. For example, when MerryLynn Gerstenschlager of Texas Eagle Forum, a conservative TEA Party group, testified before the House Public Education Committee of Texas, House Public Education Committee members did not share the Eagle Forum’s concerns about Harmony charter schools. Rep. Alma Allen, D-Houston, says she has “a large Turkish community in my district and several Harmony schools in my district. I think they are fabulous. I don’t think they teach religion.”<ref>http://blog.chron.com/texaspolitics/2012/02/eagle-forum-takes-on-harmony-charter-schools/</ref>

Federal authorities are investigating several of the movement’s schools for forcing employees to send part of their paychecks to Turkey. In March 2011, ''[[Philadelphia Enquirer]]'' reported that Federal Agencies including "FBI and the Departments of Labor and Education - were investigating whether some employees were kicking back part of their salaries to a Muslim movement founded by Gulen known as Hizmet."<ref>[http://articles.philly.com/2011-03-20/news/29148147_1_gulen-schools-gulen-followers-charter-schools U.S. charter-school network with Turkish link draws federal attention]</ref>

The [[FBI]] has investigated [[Concept Schools]], which operate 16 [[Horizon Science Academies]] across [[Ohio]], on the suspicion that they illegally used taxpayer money to pay immigration and legal fees for people they never even employed, an Ohio ABC affiliate discovered. The FBI's suspicion was confirmed by state auditors. Concept Schools repaid the fees for their Cleveland and Toledo schools shortly before the ABC story broke, but it’s unclear whether they have repaid—or can repay—the fees for their other schools.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012">Supra note, Berlinski 2012</ref>

There is no evidence that Islamic proselytizing takes place at the American Gülen schools and much evidence that students and parents like them. Most seem to be decent educational establishments, by American standards; graduates perform reasonably well, and some perform outstandingly.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

Some commentators argue that schools are simply moneymakers for the ''cemaat'' (Gulen movement) and are the main avenue for building the Gülen community in the United States. In the USA, they obtain a substantial amount of private, state, and federal funding (in addition to tuition fees), and they have proved amazingly effective at soliciting private donations.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

Some analysts argue that the so-called schools linked to the movement became easy targets of the [[Islamophobia]] network in the US. The CAP report, called the Fear Inc, argued that various elements of the Islamophobia network treat these schools as a threat to America. They claim that "Muslim Gulen schools" would educate children through the lens of Islam and teach them to hate Americans".<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-shank/islamophobia-network-targets-top-performing-american-schools_b_975946.html</ref>

Some people inspired by Gulen constantly invite high-ranking leaders to dinners to speak and lavish them with awards. Dozens of Texans, ranging from state lawmakers to congressional staff members to university professors, have taken trips to Turkey financed by Gülen’s foundations. The [[Raindrop Foundation]], for instance, paid for State Senator [[Leticia Van de Putte]]’s travel to [[Istanbul]], according to a recent campaign report. In 2012 she cosponsored a state senate resolution commending Gülen for “his ongoing and inspirational contributions to promoting global peace and understanding.” [[Steve Terrell]], a reporter at the ''[[Santa Fe New Mexican]]'', found that a remarkable number of local lawmakers had recently taken trips to Turkey courtesy of a private group, the [[Turquoise Council of Americans and Eurasians]], that is tied to Gülen. In Idaho in 2011, a full tenth of state legislators went on a tour in Turkey financed by the [[Pacifica Institute]], also inspired by Gülen. The Hawaii State Ethics Commission sent a memo to lawmakers reminding them to check with the commission before accepting the all-expenses-paid trip to Turkey to which they’d been invited by Pacifica. “The State Ethics Commission,” said the memo, “does not have sufficient understanding of Pacifica Institute, the purpose of the trip, or the state ‘benefit’ associated with the trip.”<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

Two schools, located in Texas, have been accused of sending school funds—which are supplied by the government—to Gülen-inspired organizations. Last year, ''The New York Times'' reported that the some schools were funneling some $50 million in public funds to a network of Turkish construction companies, among them the Gülen-related [[Atlas Texas Construction and Trading]]. The schools had hired Atlas to do construction, the paper said, though other bidders claimed in lawsuits that they had submitted more economical bids. [[Folwell Dunbar]], an official at the [[Louisiana Department of Education]], has accused Atlas’s vice president, [[Inci Akpinar]], of offering him a $25,000 bribe to keep mum about troubling conditions at the [[Abramson Science and Technology Charter School|Abramson Science and Technology School]] in [[New Orleans]]. Dunbar sent a memo to department colleagues, the ''[[Times-Picayune]]'' reported, noting that "Akpinar flattered him with 'a number of compliments' before getting to the point: 'I have twenty-five thousand dollars to fix this problem: twenty thousand for you and five for me.' " Abramson is operated by the [[Pelican Foundation]], which is linked to the Gülen-inspired [[Cosmos Foundation]] in Texas—which runs the two Texas schools.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

[[Utah]]'s [[Beehive Science and Technology Academy|Beehive Science and Technology Academ]]<nowiki/>y was $337,000 in debt, according to a financial probe by the [[Utah Schools Charter Board]]. The ''[[Deseret News]]'' tried to figure out where all this taxpayer money had gone. "In a time of teacher layoffs, Beehive has recruited a high percentage of teachers from overseas, mainly Turkey," the newspaper reported. “Many of these teachers had little or no teaching experience before they came to the United States. Some of them are still not certified to teach in Utah. The school spent more than $53,000 on immigration fees for foreigners in five years. During the same time, administrators spent less than $100,000 on textbooks, according to state records.” Reports have also claimed that the school board was almost entirely Turkish.<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/>

A reporter for the leftist magazine ''[[In These Times]]'' noted in 2010 that the [[Chicago Math and Science Academy]] obscured its relationship to Gülen. And the school board was strikingly similar to Beehive’s:

<blockquote>“When I went to the school’s board meeting on July 8, I was taken aback to see a board of directors {{sic|hide=y|comprised}} entirely of men. They all appeared of Turkish, Bosnian or Croatian descent. Although I have nothing against Turkish, Bosnian or Croatian men, it does seem that a school board serving students who are 58 percent Hispanic/Latino, 25 percent African American, 12 percent Asian and 5 percent white might be well served by some women board members and board members from ethnic backgrounds the school predominantly serves.''”<ref name="Supra note, Berlinski 2012"/></blockquote>

In April 2009, [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] published a piece about the Gülen schools in [[Central Asia]] stating the "Turkish educational institutions have come under increasing scrutiny... Governments as well as many scholars and journalists suspect that the schools have more than just education on their agendas..." The article quoted [[Hakan Yavuz]], a Turkish professor of political science at the [[University of Utah]], as calling the Gülen movement <blockquote>"a political movement... and it has always been political.... They want to train an elitist class that will then turn Turkey into a centre of the religious World, Islamise the country,... It is the most powerful movement right now in [Turkey]... There is no other movement to balance them in society."<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Turkish_Schools_Coming_Under_Increasing_Scrutiny_In_Central_Asia/1616111.html?page=2&x=1 Turkish Schools Coming Under Increasing Scrutiny in Central Asia.]</ref></blockquote>

The schools in [[Kazakhstan]] have been accused of following admission policies that favor the children from the wealthy and well-connected families.<ref name="Islam in Kazakhstan"/> Schools established by Gülen movement participants in [[Tashkent]] and [[St. Petersburg]] were closed for a period, accused of supporting Islamic groups (Tashkent) and diverging from the state curriculum (St. Petersburg).<ref>Rashid, A. (Spring 2001). [http://www.allbusiness.com/public-administration/national-security-international/896372-1.html The Fires of Faith in Central Asia]. ''World Policy Journal'', 18, 1. p.45. Retrieved 10 July 2008</ref> However, the St. Petersburg school filed an appeal. Subsequently, the school was re-opened in July 2008 after having its license revoked for over a year.<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.zaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=146596
| title=St. Petersburg Turkish college wins case, resumes services | accessdate=10 July 2008 | date=4 July 2008
| work=Zaman | first=Faruk | last=Akkan}} {{Dead link | date=October 2010 | bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

In April 2010, [[Trend News Agency]] published a piece about the Gülen schools in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Excerpt: "The [[Georgian Labor Party]] protested the opening of Turkish schools in Georgia. The party's Political Secretary [[Giorgi Gugava]] called the mass opening of Turkish schools in Georgia, "the dominance of Turkey in the Georgian educational system," and noted that these schools aim to spread Turkish culture and fundamentalist religious ideas…Gugava said the process is headed by Turkish religious leader Fetullah Gülen, whose activities are banned in his motherland…”<ref>[http://en.trend.az/news/politics/foreign/1676685.html Georgian Labor Party protests opening of Turkish schools]</ref>

In other sources, the schools in Central Asia have been described as supporting a philosophy based on Turkish nationalism rather than on Islam.<ref>[http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/meria/journal/2000/issue4/jv4n4a4.html Fethullah Gulen and His Liberal "Turkish Islam" Movement]</ref>

===Interfaith Dialogue ===
[[File:Fethullah Gülen visiting Ioannes Paulus II.jpg|thumb|300px|Gülen and the Pope.]]

Gülen movement participants have founded a number of institutions across the World that claim to promote [[Interfaith dialogue|interfaith]] and [[Interculturalism|intercultural]] dialogue activities.{{Citation needed | date=February 2012}} For example, in 2006 in [[Gothenburg]], [[Sweden]], the Gülen movement started ''[[Dialogslussen]]'' which purports to promote interfaith dialogue in [[Sweden]].<ref>http://en.fgulen.net/conference-papers/gulen-conference-in-washington-dc/3091-the-gulen-movement-gender-and-practice.html</ref> Gülen has met with leaders of other religions, including [[Pope John Paul II]], the Greek Orthodox [[Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople|Patriarch Bartholomew I]], and Israeli Sephardic Head Rabbi [[Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron]].<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/dp/0970437013 Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gülen]</ref> Similar to his role model [[Said Nursi]], Gülen claims to favor cooperation between followers of different religions and different forms of Islam (such as Sunnism vs. [[Alevi]]sm). [[B. Jill Carroll]] of [[Rice University]] in Houston said in an ''Interfaith Voices'' program, an independent public radio program, that "Gülen has greatly impacted three generations in Turkey.". Of the schools she said: "These schools invest in the future and aim at creating a community that offers equal opportunities for everyone."<ref>[http://interfaithradio.org/node/491/ Interfaith Voices: Fethullah Gülen]</ref>

=== Other Activities ===
Movement participants have set up a number of media organs, including Turkish-language TV stations ([[Samanyolu TV]], [[Mehtap TV]]), an English-language TV station in the United States ([[Ebru TV]]), the Turkish-language newspaper ''[[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]]'', the English-language newspaper ''[[Today's Zaman]]'', magazines and journals in Turkish like ''[[Aksiyon]]'', ''[[Sızıntı]]'', ''[[Yeni Ümit]]'', the English language ''[[The Fountain Magazine]]'', and Arabic language ''[[Hira]]'', the international media group [[Cihan News Agency|Cihan]] and the radio station [[Burç FM]]. Since 1998 the Journalists and Writers Foundation non-profit was set up, which claims that its mission is "to organize events promoting love, tolerance and dialogue."<ref>[http://gyv.org.tr/Hakkimizda/Detay/19/About%20the%20Foundation Journalists and Writers Foundation - About]</ref> The aid charity ''Kimse Yok Mu?'' (''Is anybody there?'') was established in March 2004 as a continuation of a TV program of the same name that ran on [[Samanyolu TV]] for some years.

Movement supporters have also formed business [[lobbying]] groups and [[think tank]]s in Washington and Brussels, including [[Interfaith Dialogue Institute]], [[Interfaith Dialog Center]], and [[Rumi Forum]].<ref>[http://gulenconference.org.uk/userfiles/file/Proceedings/Prcd%20-%20Ebaugh%20and%20Koc.pdf Funding Gülen-inspired Good Works: Demonstrating and Generating Commitment to the Movement by Helen Rose Ebaugh & Dogan Koc]</ref> [[Bank Asya]], formerly Asya Finans, was founded by Gülen movement participants in 1994. [[Işık Sigorta]] (Light Insurance) company describes itself as a partner of Bank Asya.

[[Fethullah Gulen]]'s and the Gulen movement's views and practices have been discussed in [[international]] [[Academic conference|conferences]]. In October 2007 in London a conference was sponsored by the [[University of Birmingham]], the Dialogue Society, the [[Irish School of Ecumenics]], [[Leeds Metropolitan University]], the London Middle East Institute, the [[Middle East Institute]] and the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]], University of London.<ref>http://en.fgulen.com/conference-papers/contributions-of-the-gulen-movement</ref> Niagara Foundation of Chicago, together with several academic institutions, organized "The Gülen Movement: Paradigms, Projects and Aspirations" conference, which was held at [[University of Chicago]] on Nov 11-13 2010.<ref>http://www.niagarafoundation.org/the-international-gulen-conference-2010-in-chicago-2/</ref>

===Political Involvement===
Questions have arisen about the Gülen movement’s possible involvement in the ongoing [[Ergenekon (organization)|Ergenekon investigation]] (Ergenekon allegedly being an ultra-nationalist, pro-military, anti-government gang),<ref name=Jenkins/> which critics have characterized as "a pretext" by the government "to neutralize dissidents" in Turkey.<ref>[http://www.cagaptay.com/5593/ergenekon-behind-turkey-witch-hunt Behind Turkey's Witch Hunt, by Soner Cagaptay, Newsweek, May 16, 2009]</ref> In March 2011, seven Turkish journalists were arrested, including [[Ahmet Şık]], who had been writing a book, "Imamin Ordusu" (''[[The Imam's Army]]''),<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/05/turkey-censorship-ahmet-sik-perrier Turkish authorities launch raids to censor book before publication] in the Guardian of 5 April 2011; accessed on 11 April 2011</ref> which alleges that the Gülen movement has infiltrated the country's security forces. As Şik was taken into police custody, he shouted,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/04/world/europe/04turkey.htmll?_r=1%20 | work=The New York Times | first=Sebnem | last=Arsu | title=7 More Journalists Detained in Turkey | date=2011-03-03}}</ref>“Whoever touches it gets burned!”. Gülen Movement newspaper ''[[Today's Zaman]]'' published an interview<ref>{{cite web | last=Vural | first=Fatih | title=‘If whoever touched Gülen was doomed, we would have been ashes by now’ | url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-251440-if-whoever-touched-gulen-was-doomed-we-would-have-been-ashes-by-now.html | publisher=Today's Zaman | accessdate=25 July 2011}}</ref> with publishers and writers who had published or written the harshest pieces against Gulen and they all claim "nothing happened to them" and thus voids claims made by Şik who made his claim apparently in an attempt to divert attention to Gulen rather than his arrest. Upon his arrest, drafts of the book were confiscated and its possession was banned. Şik has also been charged with being part of the Ergenekon plot.<ref>Details can be found in English on the site of [http://www.tuerkeiforum.net/enw/index.php/Ahmet_%C5%9E%C4%B1k:_The_Army_of_the_Imam the Democratic Turkey Forum]; accessed on 5 April 2001. In the footnotes to translated passages of the book you can find other works on the subject.</ref> {{Verify credibility|date=July 2011}}

In a reply, Abdullah Bozkurt, from Gülen Movement newspaper [[Today's Zaman]], has accused Ahmet Şık of not being "an investigative journalist" conducting "independent research," but of hatching "a plot designed and put into action by the terrorist network itself,"<ref>The alleged terrorist network is the [[Ergenekon (organization)|Ergenekon organization]], see [http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-239479-ergenekon-gulen-and-media-freedom.html Article of 29 March 2011]; accessed on 5 April 2011</ref>

According to [[Gareth H. Jenkins]], a Senior Fellow of the [[Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Joint Center]] at [[Johns Hopkins University]]:
<blockquote>From the outset, the pro-AKP media, particularly the newspapers and television channels run by the Gülen Movement such as ''Zaman'', ''Today’s Zaman'' and Samanyolu TV, have vigorously supported the Ergenekon investigation. This has included the illegal publication of “evidence” collected by the investigators before it has been presented in court, misrepresentations and distortions of the content of the indictments and smear campaigns against both the accused and anyone who questions the conduct of the investigations. 
There have long been allegations that not only the media coverage but also the Ergenekon investigation itself is being run by Gülen’s supporters. In August 2010, Hanefi Avcı, a right-wing police chief who had once been sympathetic to the Gülen Movement, published a book in which he alleged that a network of Gülen’s supporters in the police were manipulating judicial processes and fixing internal appointments and promotions. On September 28, 2010, two days before he was due to give a press conference to present documentary evidence to support his allegations, Avcı was arrested and charged with membership of an extremist leftist organization. He remains in jail. On March 14, 2011, Avcı was also formally charged with being a member of the alleged Ergenekon gang.<ref name=Jenkins>[http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/turkey/2011/110404B.html]| Gareth H. Jenkins | silkroadstudies.org | April 2011</ref> </blockquote>

==History==

:'''1938, 1941 or 1942''' [[Fethullah Gülen|Gülen]] born in Korucuk village of [[Pasinler, Erzurum|Pasinler township]] in [[Pasinler District|Pasinler]], [[Erzurum Province]]. {{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1950s''' Gülen's first meeting with people from the Nur movement{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1960''' death of [[Said Nursî]]. {{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1960s''' Gülen begins attracting disciples while a state preacher in [[Izmir]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1971''' Gülen arrested for an alleged crime of organizing and/or participating activities to change the basis of the constitutional system but is released seven months later.{{Citation needed | date=August 2010}}
:'''late 1970s''' Gülen establishes himself independently of other Nurcu organizations; first ''ışık evleri'' ("houses of light," i.e., student residences) {{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}established{{Citation needed | date=August 2010}}
:'''1978''' First ''dershane'' (study center for university exams) opens{{Citation needed | date=August 2010}}
:'''1979''' Science journal ''Sızıntı'' begins publication<ref>[http://tr.fgulen.com/content/view/10747/3/ Son Karakol]</ref>
:'''1981''' Gülen retires{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1982''' First "Gülen school" opens{{Citation needed | date=August 2010}}
:'''1986''' ''[[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]]'', a top selling daily newspaper in Turkey,<ref>http://www.medyatava.com/tiraj/</ref> begins publication<ref>http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_%28gazete%29</ref>
:'''1988-1991''' Gülen gives lectures in Istanbul and Izmir{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1991''' Fall of [[Soviet Union]] permits establishment of Gülen schools in [[Central Asia]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1994''' The (Turkish) [http://gyv.org.tr/Hakkimizda/Detay/19/About%20the%20Foundation Journalists and Writers Foundation], with Gülen as "honorary leader"{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1996''' Creation of [[Asya Finans]] (investment bank aimed at former Soviet Central Asia), with [[Tansu Çiller]] as an investor{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1998''' Gülen meets with [[Pope John Paul II]] in [[Rome]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2013|reason=Was the meeting in Rome or Vatican City? The former would imply an informal meeting while the latter would imply a formal one.}}
:'''1999''' Gülen movement schools in [[Tashkent]] closed by [[Uzbekstan]] government after a rift between Turkish and Uzbek governments{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1999''' Gülen emigrates to [[Pennsylvania]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''1999''' Establishment of Niagara Foundation{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''2004''' Establishment of ''[[Kimse Yok Mu]]'' ("Is there anybody there?"), a charitable organization{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
:'''2005''' Establishment of [[TUSKON]] (Turkish Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists)<ref>http://www.tuskon.org/?p=content&cl=kurumsal&l=kurumsal</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Turkey|Islam|Religion}}

=== Independent Sources ===
* [http://www.city-journal.org/2012/22_4_fethullah-gulen.html Claire Berlinski, City Journal, Autumn 2012, Vol. 22, Issue 4: "Who Is Fethullah Gülen?"]
* [http://www.meforum.org/2045/fethullah-gulens-grand-ambition Fethullah Gülen's Grand Ambition: Turkey's Islamist Danger, by Rachel Sharon-Krespin, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2009, pp. 55-66]
* [http://www.meforum.org/2047/islamists-approach-europe Islamists Approach Europe: Turkey's Islamist Danger, by Bassam Tibi, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2009, pp. 47-54]
* [http://www.meforum.org/404/turkish-islams-moderate-face Turkish Islam's Moderate Face, by Bülent Aras, Middle East Quarterly September 1998, pp. 23-29]
* [http://azstarnet.com/news/blogs/senor-reporter/sr-reporter-sociologist-calls-on-g-lenist-charter-schools-to/article_78c5b71e-0e01-11e0-9e51-001cc4c03286.html Sociologist calls on Gülenist charter schools to come clean, December 22, 2010, Tim Steller, Arizona Daily Star]
* [http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-1090/i.html Interview with Helen Rose Ebaugh on the Gülen Movement: "An Alternative to Fundamentalism"]
* [http://religion.info/english/interviews/article_74.shtml The Gülen Movement: a modern expression of Turkish Islam]
* [http://www.springer.com/978-1-4020-9893-2 The Gülen Movement] A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam by Helen Rose Ebaugh
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/audio/2008/jun/23/turkey The Guardian, Islamophonic: Turkey edition Riazat Butt travels to Istanbul to look at the Gulen movement and check out the country's designer headscarves]
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2008/jun/23/gulen.movement Video, The Guardian: Turkey's most powerful man, Does the movement inspired by Fethullah Gülen represent a modern brand of Islam, or a subtle attempt to infiltrate religion into secular Turkey?]
* Park, Bill. [http://www.globalpolitician.com/25355-fethullah-gulen-turkey%20 "The Fethullah Gulen Movement."] ''Global Politician'' 12 Dec. 2008
* "Gulen Movement: Turkey's Third Power."] ''Jane's Islamic Affairs Analyst'' Feb. 2009 http://tool.donation-net.net/Images/Email/1097/Gulen_movement.pdf
* Hendrick, Joshua. [http://www.docstoc.com/docs/47042946/Globalization-and-marketized-Islam-in-Turkey-The-case-of-Fethullah-Gulen%20 "Globalization and Marketed Islam in Turkey: The Case of Fethullah Gulen."] PhD dissertation UC Santa Cruz June 2009 (partial view, pp. 1–40)
* News report video. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjjY750wTs0%20 "Rising Islamist movements challenge secularism in Turkey."] ''Worldfocus'' (produced by WNET, distributed by American Public Television) 21 Oct. 2009
* [http://edtech.rice.edu/www/?option=com_iwebcast&task=webcast&action=details&event=2363%20 "Transnational Religious Nationalism in the New Turkey: The Case of Fethullah Gulen."] ''Baker Institute event at Rice University (webcast)'' 09 Dec. 2010
* [http://voices.washingtonpost.com/spy-talk/2011/01/islamic_group_is_cia_front_ex-.html#more "Islamic group is CIA front, ex-Turkish intel chief says."] ''[[Washington Post]]'' 05 Jan. 2010
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p00gyhhd/Heart_And_Soul_Islam_Inc./ "Islam Inc."] A 28 minute programme on the ''Heart and Soul'' series of the BBC, 4 June 2011.

=== Gulen Movement Websites ===
* {{Official website|1=http://www.gulenmovement.com/}}
* [http://hizmetnews.com Gulen Movement news]
* [http://gulenlibrary.org/ Gulen library]
* [http://gulenmovement.us GulenMovement, USA]
* [http://www.gulenmovement.ca Gulen Movement Canada]
* [http://www.pacificainstitute.org Pacifica Institute]
* [http://www.niagarafoundation.org Niagara Foundation]
* [http://www.guleninstitute.org/ The Gulen Institute]
* [http://www.rumiforum.org/gulen-movement/ Rumi Forum - Washington DC]
* [http://www.gulenarticles.com/ Gulen Articles]
* [http://www.interfaithdialog.org/ Dialogue Institute of the Southwest]
* [http://www.interfaithdialog.org/ Dialogue Institute of the Southwest]
* [http://www.thegulenmovement.info/ The Gulen Movement]
* [http://www.interculturaldialog.com Intercultural Dialogue Institute]
* [http://gulenschools.org/ Gulen Schools]
* [http://www.whatisgulenmovement.com/gulen-movement.html What is the Gulen Movement?]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulen Movement}}

[[Category:Religion in Turkey]]
[[Category:Religious faiths, traditions, and movements]]
[[Category:Islamism in Turkey]]

Das Venus Projekt

2013-12-17T17:16:06Z

Ruby Murray: added Category:The Zeitgeist Movement using HotCat

{{Coord|27.073667|-81.43079|region:US_type:landmark|display=title}}

{{Infobox organization
| name = The Venus Project
| image = The Venus Project logo and wordmark.svg
| size = 200px
| caption = The Venus Project logo
| formation = {{Start date and age|1995}}
| motto = Beyond Politics, Poverty and War
| type = [[For-profit corporation]]
| purpose = Society restructuration
| location = [[Venus, Florida]], [[United States]]
| key_people = [[Jacque Fresco]], Roxanne Meadows
| website = {{URL|http://www.thevenusproject.com}}
}}

'''The Venus Project''' is an organization started by [[self-educated]] [[structural engineering|structural engineer]], [[industrial design]]er, and [[futurism|futurist]] [[Jacque Fresco]]. Fresco's project aims to restructure society through worldwide utilization of a theoretical design that he calls a ''resource-based economy''. Those ideas use a version of [[sustainable development|sustainable]] cities, [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]], [[natural resource management]] and advanced [[automation]] with a global socio-economic system based on [[cooperation|social cooperation]] and [[science|scientific methodology]].

== History ==
[[File:Jacque Fresco with Roxanne Meadows.jpg|right|180px|thumb|Futurist [[Jacque Fresco]] (right) with Roxanne Meadows]]

''The Venus Project'' is a [[copyright]] term started in 1995 by Jacque Fresco and Roxanne Meadows in [[Venus, Florida]], [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=the+venus+project&Search_Code=TALL&PID=LPYFCPzRGyQBj6k9ziJymSsIGYYR5&SEQ=20130828200730&CNT=25&HIST=1 |title=WebVoyage Titles |publisher=Cocatalog.loc.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-12-15}}</ref>

A [[nonprofit organization]] started by Fresco and his business partner Roxanne Meadows is Future By Design, started in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResultDetail/EntityName/domnp-n03000001513-b3ea31a2-a03c-4ff1-8574-b6b0b0cfbc01/future%20by%20design/Page1 |title=Detail by Entity Name |publisher=Search.sunbiz.org |date= |accessdate=2013-12-15}}</ref>

==Resource-based economy==

The term 'resource-based economy' is used by the Venus Project to describe a hypothetical [[economic system]] in which, goods, services and information are free. Fresco's system is based on the idea that the earth is abundant with plentiful resources but that our current practice of what he calls 'rationing' resources through monetary methods or a [[price system]] method is irrelevant and counter productive to our survival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevenusproject.com/about/resource-based-economy |title=Resource Based Economy |publisher=Thevenusproject.com |date=2013-12-01 |accessdate=2013-12-15}}</ref>

== Zeitgeist movies and Venus Project ==
{{Main|The Zeitgeist Movement}}
The Venus Project and its proposals for social and environmental problems are featured prominently in the documentary-style film ''[[Zeitgeist: Addendum]]''.<ref name="ZeitgeistAddendumMovie">{{citation |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EewGMBOB4Gg |title=Zeitgeist: Addendum |work=Video |publisher=YouTube |date= |accessdate=2012-04-25}}</ref> The film premiered at the 5th Annual [[Artivist Film Festival]] in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], California on October 2, 2008.<ref>{{citation |title=Home :: The Artivist Film Festival |url=http://www.artivists.org/ |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081021161025/http://www.artivists.org/ |archivedate=2008-10-21 |accessdate=27 August 2012 |month=October |year=2008 |quote=Presenting The 2008 Artivist Award Winners! "ZEITGEIST ADDENDUM" Director: Peter Joseph. Best Feature – Artivist Spirit Award}}</ref> It was released online for free on YouTube.<ref>{{citation |title=Zeitgeist: Moving Forward |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Z9WVZddH9w |accessdate=13 August 2013 |year=2011 |month=January }}</ref> Peter Joseph formed [[the Zeitgeist Movement]], and advocated the aims of the Venus Project. In 2011, an additional film, ''[[Zeitgeist: Moving Forward]]'', was released, again featuring the Venus Project and its proposals.

In April 2011, the Venus Project formally disassociated itself from the Zeitgeist Movement, saying it did not feel properly represented.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}

==Films connected to Venus Project==
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_LKW5byYmw ''Welcome to the Future''] (1998)
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MBjr-uSEFcI ''Cities in the Sea''] (2002)
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3Z9AIAIU_E ''Self-erecting Structures''] (2002)
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6_-XT97Yu8 ''Designing the Future''] (2006)
* Paradise or Oblivion (2011)

==Books regarding Venus Project==
* {{cite book |title=The Venus Project: The Redesign of Culture |url=http://www.archive.org/stream/TheVenusProjectTheRedesignOfCulture/1995-TheVenusProject-TheRedesignOfCulturee-book#page/n1/mode/2up |accessdate=2010-12-30 |year=(1995) |publisher=Global Cyber-Visions |location=Venus, Fla. |isbn=0-9648806-0-1 |oclc=33896367}}
* {{cite book |title=The Best that Money Can't Buy: Beyond Politics, Poverty & War |url=http://zeitgeist.pt/ftp/The%20Venus%20Project/The-Best-That-Money-Cant-Buy.pdf |accessdate=2009-03-26 |year=(2002) |publisher=Global Cyber-Visions |location=Venus, Fla. |isbn=0-9648806-7-9 |oclc=49931422}}

== See also ==
* [[Technocracy movement]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.thevenusproject.com}}
** {{youtube user|thevenusprojectmedia}}
* [http://www.thevenusproject.com/images/stories/Looking-Forward-v2.pdf www.thevenusproject.com/images/stories/Looking-Forward-v2.pdf] – ''Looking Forward – Author: Kenneth S. Keyes, jr. and Jacque Fresco – free pdf ebook''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venus Project, The}}

[[Category:Sustainability organisations]]
[[Category:Highlands County, Florida]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1995]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Florida]]
[[Category:Technocracy movement]]
[[Category:The Zeitgeist Movement]]

Das Venus Projekt

2013-12-17T17:14:56Z

Ruby Murray: added Category:Technocracy movement using HotCat

Das Venus Projekt

2013-12-17T17:14:40Z

Ruby Murray: + 4 categories using HotCat

Liste ungewöhnlicher Todesfälle

2013-12-15T20:31:35Z

Ruby Murray: Filling in 2 references using Reflinks

{{dynamic list}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
{{disputed-list|date=November 2013}}
This is a '''list of unusual deaths'''. This list includes unique or extremely rare circumstances of death recorded throughout history, noted as being unusual by multiple sources. Some of the deaths are mythological or are considered to be unsubstantiated by contemporary researchers. [[Oxford English Dictionary|Oxford Dictionaries]] defines the word "unusual" as "not habitually or commonly occurring or done" and "remarkable or interesting because different from or better than others."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/unusual?q=unusual | title=Definition of unusual in English | publisher=Oxford Dictionaries | accessdate=26 October 2013}}</ref>

Some other articles also cover deaths that might be considered unusual or ironic, including [[List of entertainers who died during a performance]], [[List of inventors killed by their own inventions]], [[List of association footballers who died while playing]], [[List of professional cyclists who died during a race]] and the [[List of political self-immolations]].
{{TOC limit|2}}

== Antiquity ==
{{Hatnote|'''Note:''' Many of these stories are likely to be [[wikt:apocryphal|apocryphal]].}}
[[File:Death of Aeschylus in Florentine Picture Chronicle.jpg|thumb|The death of '''[[Aeschylus]]''' illustrated in the 15th century ''Florentine Picture Chronicle'' by [[Maso Finiguerra]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Meditation in Solitude |author=Ursula Hoff |journal=Journal of the Warburg Institute |volume=vol. 1 |year=1938 |pages=292–294 |publisher=The Warburg Institute |jstor=749994 |issue=44 |doi=10.2307/749994 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>]]

*[[circa|c.]] 620 BC: '''[[Draco (lawgiver)|Draco]]''', Athenian law-maker, was smothered to death by gifts of cloaks and hats showered upon him by appreciative citizens at a theatre on [[Aegina]].<ref>Suidas. "[http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?login=guest&enlogin=guest&db=REAL&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=delta,1495&filter=CD-Unicode {{lang|grc|Δράκων}}]", ''Suda On Line'', Adler number delta, 1495.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |page=161 |chapter=Most Unusual Death |title=Felton & Fowler's Best, Worst, and Most Unusual |author=Bruce Felton, Mark Fowler |publisher=Random House |year=1985 |isbn=9780517462973 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>
*564 BC: '''[[Arrhichion]] of [[Phigalia]]''', Greek [[Pankration|pankratiast]], caused his own death during the [[Ancient Olympic Games|Olympic]] finals. Held by his unidentified opponent in a stranglehold and unable to free himself, Arrichion's trainer shouted "What a fine funeral if you do not submit at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]]!" Arrichion then kicked his opponent with his right foot while casting his body to the left, causing his opponent so much pain that he made the sign of defeat to the [[umpire]]s, while at the same time breaking Arrichion's own neck as the other fighter was still strangleholding him. Since the opponent had conceded defeat, Arrichion was proclaimed victor posthumously.<ref>{{Cite document |title=The Salt Lake Loonie |author=Brett Matlock, Jesse Matlock |publisher=University of Regina Press |year=2011 |page=81 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Journal of Hellenic Studies |author=EN Gardiner |year=1906 |quote=Fatal accidents did occur as in the case of Arrhichion, but they were very rare... |bibcode=1929Natur.124..121 |volume=124 |page=121 |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/124121a0 |issue=3117 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>
*455 BC: '''[[Aeschylus]]''', the great Athenian author of [[tragedy|tragedies]]. [[Valerius Maximus]] wrote that he was killed by a [[tortoise]] dropped by an eagle that had mistaken his head for a rock suitable for shattering the shell of the reptile. [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], in his ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Naturalis Historiæ]]'', adds that Aeschylus had been staying outdoors to avert a prophecy that he would be killed by a falling object.<ref name=CGC>{{Cite book |page=136 |quote=The unusual nature of Aeschylus's death... |title=A Cabinet of Greek Curiosities: Strange Tales and Surprising Facts from the Cradle of Western Civilization |author=J. C. McKeown |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=9780199982103 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref><ref name=tortue>{{Cite book |title=La tortue d'Eschyle et autres morts stupides de l'Histoire |isbn=9782352042211 |publisher=Editions Les Arènes |year=2012 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>
*401 BC: '''[[Mithridates (soldier)|Mithridates]]''', a soldier who embarrassed his king, [[Artaxerxes II]], by boasting of killing his rival, [[Cyrus the Younger]], was executed by [[scaphism]]. The king's physician, [[Ctesias]], reported that he survived the insect torture for 17 days.<ref name=10tbd>{{Cite book |chapter=10 truly bizarre deaths |title=Listverse.Com's Ultimate Book of Bizarre Lists |author=Jamie Frater |publisher=Ulysses Press |year=2010 |isbn=9781569758175 |pages=12–14 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref><ref name=acogc>{{Cite book |title=A Cabinet of Greek Curiosities: Strange Tales and Surprising Facts from the Cradle of Western Civilization |page=102 |author=J. C. McKeown |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=9780199982127 |quote=Ctesias, the Greek physician to Artaxerxes, the king of Persia, gives an appallingly detailed description of the execution inflicted on a soldier named Mithridates, who was misguided enough to claim the credit for killing the king's brother, Cyrus... |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>
*270 BC: '''[[Philitas of Cos]]''', Greek intellectual, is said by [[Athenaeus]] to have studied arguments and erroneous word usage so intensely that he wasted away and starved to death.<ref name="9.401e">[[Athenaeus]], ''[[Deipnosophistae]]'', [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Literature/Literature-idx?type=turn&entity=Literature.AthV2.p0115 9.401e].</ref> British classicist [[Alan Cameron (classical scholar)|Alan Cameron]] speculates that Philitas died from a [[wasting]] disease which his contemporaries joked was caused by his [[pedant]]ry.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= The Classical Quarterly |volume=41 |issue=2 |year=1991 |pages=534–8 |author=Alan Cameron |title= How thin was Philitas? |doi= 10.1017/S0009838800004717}}</ref>
*210 BC: '''[[Qin Shi Huang]]''', the first [[Emperor of China]], died after ingesting several pills of [[mercury poisoning|mercury]] in the belief that it would grant him [[immortality|eternal life]]. His eunuch courtiers concealed the death while they plotted the succession and used carts of fish to disguise the smell of the corpse. He was then buried in a fantastic tomb which is still being excavated. His artifacts and treasures include the famous [[Terracotta Army]] which was created for him to rule from his grave.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Wright, David Curtis |year=2001 |title=The History of China |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |page=49 |isbn=0-313-30940-X |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The First Emperor |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=9780191527630 |pages=82, 150 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.esquire.com/blogs/culture/Royalty-and-their-strange-deaths |title=Royalty and their Strange Deaths |author=Nate Hopper |date=4 Feb 2013 |journal=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>
*206 BC: One ancient account of the death of '''[[Chrysippus]]''', the 3rd century BC [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] [[Stoicism|Stoic]] philosopher, tells that he died of laughter after he saw a [[donkey]] eating his [[common fig|figs]]; he told a slave to give the donkey neat wine to drink to wash them down with, and then, '...having laughed too much, he died' (Diogenes Laertius 7.185).<ref name="Chrysippus">{{cite book|first=Diogenes|last= Laertius|title=Lives, Teachings and Sayings of the Eminent Philosophers, with an English translation by R.D. Hicks|year=1964-5|publisher=Harvard UP/W. Heinemann Ltd|location=Cambridge, Mass/London}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Riginos|first=Alice Swift|title=Platonica|year=1976|publisher=Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition|isbn=90 04 04565 1|page=195|url=http://books.google.com/?id=0LM3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195&dq=Chrysippus+death+unusual#v=onepage&q=Chrysippus%20death%20unusual&f=false}}</ref>
*212 AD: '''[[Lucius Fabius Cilo]]''', a [[Roman senator]] of the 2nd century, "...choked...by a single hair in a draught of milk".<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], {{cite web |title=Nat. History, vii ''7'' |url= http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/7*.html}}</ref>
*258 AD: The martyr '''[[Saint Lawrence]]''' was roasted alive on a giant grill during the persecution of [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]].<ref>[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=366 "St. Lawrence - Martyr" at catholic.org]</ref><ref>[http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-lawrence-of-rome/ "Saint Lawrence of Rome" at saints.sqpn.com]</ref> [[Prudentius]] tells that he joked with his tormentors, "Turn me over — I'm done on this side".<ref>{{Cite book |page=42 |title=Enduring Creation: Art, Pain, and Fortitude |author=Nigel Jonathan Spivey |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=9780520230224 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref> He is now the [[patron saint]] of cooks and firefighters.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Encyclopedia Americana |volume=vol. 17 |page=85 |year=1981 |isbn=9780717201129 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>
*336 AD: '''[[Arius]]''', [[presbyter]] of [[Alexandria]], [[Arius#Exile, return, and death|is said]] to have died of sudden diarrhea followed by copious [[Bleeding|hemorrhaging]] and anal expulsion of the [[intestine]]s while he walked across the imperial forum in [[Constantinople]]. He may have been poisoned.<ref>[[Gregory of Tours]], ''History of the Franks'' 2.23.</ref>
*415 AD: '''[[Hypatia]] of Alexandria''', Greek mathematician, philosopher and intellectual, often called the last librarian of the [[Library of Alexandria]], though it was destroyed long before her time, was murdered by a [[Christianity|Christian]] mob that ripped off her skin with sharp seashells. Various types of shells have been named, including clams, oysters and abalones. Other sources claim tiles or pottery [[Sherd|shard]]s were used.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hypatia.html |title=Hypatia biography |publisher=History.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>

{{Gallery
|width=160| height=250|align=center|lines=6
|File:Antikythera philosopher.JPG|Greek intellectual '''[[Philitas of Cos]]''', said to have studied arguments and erroneous word usage so intensely that he wasted away and starved to death.<ref name="9.401e"/>
|File:Qinshihuang.jpg |'''[[Qin Shi Huang]]''', the first [[Emperor of China]] who sought immortality but died an untimely death which was concealed by his courtiers using smelly fish.
|File:Martyrdom of Lawrence - Edited.jpg |The martyrdom of [[Saint Lawrence]] by [[Titian]]. This painting so impressed [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] that he commissioned another one for his basilica in [[El Escorial]].
|File:Hypatia (Charles William Mitchell).jpg |[[Hypatia]] painted by [[Charles William Mitchell]] in 1885.
}}

== Middle Ages ==
[[File:Charles le Mauvais.jpg|thumb|upright|An illustration of [[Charles II of Navarre]], burned alive when brandy-soaked bandages, in which he was wrapped, were set on fire.]]
*762: '''[[Li Bai|Li Po (Li Bai)]]''', Chinese poet and [[courtier]], supposedly tried to kiss the reflection of the [[Moon]] beside the boat in which he was travelling, fell overboard and drowned.<ref>''[[The Book of Lists]]'', 2004 edition. "...Some scholars believed he actually died of [[cirrhosis]]." Compare [[Li Bai#Death]].</ref>
*892: '''[[Sigurd Eysteinsson|Sigurd the Mighty]]''' of [[Orkney]] strapped the head of his defeated foe, [[Máel Brigte of Moray|Máel Brigte]], to his horse's saddle. The teeth of the head grazed against his leg as he rode, causing a fatal infection.<ref>Translations of the ''Orkneyinga saga'' (chapters 4 and 5), which relates the story, can be read online at [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/ice/is3/is302.htm Sacred texts] and [http://www.northvegr.org/lore/orkney/001.php Northvegr].</ref>
*1063: '''[[Béla I of Hungary]]''' died when his wooden throne collapsed upon him.<ref name=EBO2012>{{cite web | title = Bela I | year = 2012 | work = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/59031/Bela-I | accessdate = 13 August 2012}}</ref>
*1131: '''[[Philip of France (1116–1131)|Crown Prince Philip of France]]''' died while riding through Paris, when his horse tripped over a black pig running out of a dung heap.<ref>Ordericus Vitalis, ''The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy'', v. 4, p. 129</ref>
*1258: '''[[Al-Musta'sim]]''', the last [[Abbasid]] [[Caliph]] of [[Baghdad]], was executed by his [[Mongols|Mongol]] captors by being rolled up in a rug and then trampled by horses.<ref>{{cite book|last=Frater|first=Jamie|title= Listverse.Com's Ultimate Book of Bizarre Lists|year=2010|publisher=Ulysses Press|location=Canada|isbn= 9781569758175|page=400}}</ref>
*1327: '''[[Edward II of England]]''', after being deposed and imprisoned by his [[Queen consort|wife]] [[Isabella of France|Isabella]] and her lover [[Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March|Roger Mortimer]], was rumoured to have been murdered by having a [[Horn (anatomy)|horn]] pushed into his anus through which a red-hot iron was inserted, burning out his internal organs without marking his body.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A History of Great Britain: 3000BC-AD1603|year=2000 |publisher=BBC Worldwide |location= London|id= }} p.220</ref><ref>[http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=176011 A red-hot poker? It was just a red herring | General | Times Higher Education]</ref> However, as Seymour Phillips observes in his recent biography of the king, there is no real academic consensus on the manner of Edward II's death and it has been plausibly argued (for example, by Ian Mortimer) that the story is effectively propaganda.<ref>Phillips, Seymour, Edward II, Yale University Press, copyright 2010. pgs 560-565.</ref>
*1387: '''[[Charles II of Navarre]]''', after having been wrapped in bandages soaked in brandy in an attempt to cure an illness, was burned alive when a servant accidentally set the bandages on fire.<ref>Barbara Tuchman;''A Distant Mirror'', 1978, Alfred A Knopf Ltd</ref>
*1410: '''[[Martin of Aragon]]''' died from a combination of indigestion and [[Death from laughter|uncontrollable laughing]].<ref>[http://www.cc.jyu.fi/mirator/pdf/Morris.pdf "Patronage and Piety – Montserrat and the Royal House of Medieval Catalonia-Aragon"]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}, Paul N. Morris, ''Mirator Lokakuu'', October 2000</ref>
*1478: '''[[George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence|George Plantagenet]]''', [[Duke of Clarence]], was executed by drowning in a barrel of [[Malvasia|Malmsey wine]] at his own request.<ref>Thompson, C. J. S. ''Mysteries of History with Accounts of Some Remarkable Characters and Charlatans'', pp. 31 ''ff.'' Kila, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2004.</ref>

== Renaissance ==
[[File:Tycho Brahe.JPG|thumb|right|[[Tycho Brahe]] survived a duel, losing only his nose, but both he and his pet moose died from the effects of too much drink.]]
*1518: In the '''[[Dancing Plague of 1518]]''' a woman (and eventually a league of 400 people) uncontrollably danced for a month causing dozens of participants to die of heat stroke and exhaustion. The reason for this occurrence is still unclear.<ref name="Discovery Viegas">{{cite web |url= http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/08/01/dancing-death-mystery.html |title= 'Dancing Plague' and Other Odd Afflictions Explained |first= Jennifer |last= Viegas |date= 1 August 2008 |work= Discovery News |publisher= [[Discovery Communications]] |accessdate=8 August 2008 }}</ref>{{dead link|date=April 2013}}
*1552: '''Henry Pert''' a gentleman, of [[Welbeck]], [[Nottinghamshire]], died when he stretched his bow to its full extent and the arrow got lodged. While he was leaning over to look at it, the arrow released.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=BBC News|title=10 strange ways Tudors died|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-13762313}}</ref>
*1556: '''[[Pietro Aretino]]''', an Italian poet, satirist and pornographer, is said to have died by suffocation caused by [[Death from laughter|uncontrollable laughter]].<ref>Waterfield, Gordon, ed. ''First Footsteps in East Africa'', (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1966) pg. 59 footnote.</ref>
*1567: '''Hans Steininger''', the [[burgomaster]] of [[Brunau]], [[Austria]], died when he broke his neck by tripping over his own beard.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1= Charles Winslow|year=1910 |title=The Nobility of the Trades: Barbers and Hairdressers|journal= National Magazine|volume=32 |issue=1 |page=472 |publisher= |date=April 1910}}</ref> The beard, which was {{convert|4.5|ft|m}} long at the time, was usually kept rolled up in a leather pouch.<ref>{{cite web|title=HowStuffWorks - 10 Bizarre Ways to Die|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/human-biology/10-ways-to-die3.htm}}</ref>
*1601: '''[[Tycho Brahe]]''' died from complications of a burst bladder after refusing to leave a dinner table to relieve himself because it would have been a breach of etiquette.<ref>{{cite news |author=John Tierney |coauthors= |title=Murder! Intrigue! Astronomers? |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/30/science/30tierney.html?pagewanted=all |quote=At the time of Tycho's death, in 1601, the blame fell on his failure to relieve himself while drinking profusely at the banquet, supposedly injuring his bladder and making him unable to urinate. |work=[[New York Times]] |date=November 29, 2010 |accessdate=2010-11-30 |authorlink= John Tierney (journalist) }}</ref><ref>Thoren ([[#VET|1990]], p.[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=F5a83U4B8XkC&pg=PA468 468–69])</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|title=Was Tycho Brahe Poisoned? According to New Evidence, Probably Not
|date=17 November 2012
|author=Terri Pous
|journal=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] – Bizarre
|quote="a fatal case of politeness.", "Brahe makes a good case for strangest historical death"
|url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/11/17/was-tycho-brahe-poisoned-according-to-new-evidence-probably-not/
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|title=Tycho Brahe's 'murder' investigated
|date=15 November 2012
|journal=[[The Guardian]]
|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/nov/15/astronomer-tycho-brahe-death-scientists
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Bones of Danish Astronomer Tycho Brahe May Yield Clues to His Death
|date=19 November 2010
|publisher=[http://space.com space.com]
|url=http://www.space.com/9567-bones-danish-astronomer-tycho-brahe-yield-clues-death.html
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Tycho Brahe Died From Burst Bladder, Not Poisoning, Astronomer's Exhumed Body Shows
|date=16 November 2012
|author=Megan Gannon
|publisher=Huffington Post
|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/18/tycho-brahe-death-poison-bladder_n_2148980.html
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Medici Giraffe: And Other Tales of Exotic Animals and Power |author=Marina Belozerskaya |publisher=Hachette UK |year=2009 |isbn=9780316076425 |chapter= Rudolf II's Empire of Knowledge |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>
*1660: [[Thomas Urquhart]], the [[Scottish people|Scottish]] aristocrat, [[polymath]] and first translator of [[François Rabelais]]'s writings into English, is said to have died laughing upon hearing that [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] had taken the throne.<ref>{{cite book | title = Rabelais in English Literature | last = Brown | first = Huntington | isbn = 0-7146-2051-3 | publisher = Routledge | page = 126 | year = 1968}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = The History of Scottish Poetry | publisher = Edmonston & Douglas | year = 1861 | page = 539}}</ref>
*1667: '''James Betts''' died from asphyxiation after being sealed in a cupboard by Elizabeth Spencer, at [[Corpus Christi College, Cambridge]] in an attempt to hide him from her father, [[John Spencer (Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge)|John Spencer]].<ref name=Rackham>{{cite book| last = Rackham | first = Oliver | title= Treasures of Silver at Corpus Christi College | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-521-81880-X}}</ref><ref name="Corpus Christi College">{{cite web|url=http://www.corpus.cam.ac.uk/about-corpus/maps-and-tours/take-a-virtual-tour/225|title=Corpus Christi Website -Corpus Ghost|publisher=Corpus Christi College}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Guiley| first = Rosemary Ellen | title= The Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits | publisher = Checkmark books| edition = 2nd | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8160-4086-5}}</ref>

{{Gallery
|width=160| height=250|align=center|lines=2
|File:PietroAretinobyMarcantonio.PNG|[[Pietro Aretino]], who died from [[Death from laughter|uncontrollable laughter]].
}}

== 18th century ==
[[File:Crown prince Sado of Joseon.jpg|thumb|upright|150px|Crown Prince Sado was sealed alive in a rice chest to prevent him inheriting the throne of Korea.<ref name=sado/>]]

[[File:Hannah Twynnoy's gravestone.jpg|thumb|upright|200px|Hannah Twynnoy was killed by a tiger she mocked.<ref name=twynnoy/>]]

*1701: '''[[Hannah Twynnoy]]''' was killed by a [[tiger]] in [[Great Britain]]. Oral history suggests that, despite warnings, she continued to bother a tiger kept in a menagerie which broke free and killed her.<ref name=twynnoy>{{cite web|url=http://www.malmesbury.com/malmesbury-history/961-hannah-twynnoy.html |title=Hannah Twynnoy|publisher=Malmesbury.com |date=2011-07-11 |accessdate=2013-12-15}}</ref>{{verify credibility|date=December 2013}} 

*1755: '''[[Henry Hall (lighthouse keeper)|Henry Hall]]''' died from injuries he sustained after molten lead fell into his throat while he was looking up at [[Eddystone Lighthouse|a burning lighthouse]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mOgRAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Universal magazine |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=7 August 2011|year=1757}}</ref>

*1762: '''[[Crown Prince Sado]]''', then-heir to [[Kingdom of Korea|King]] [[Yeongjo of Joseon]], was ordered to be sealed alive in a rice chest after his father decided he was unfit to succeed him.<ref name=sado>{{cite web | url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2009/11/142_56275.html | title=Book Reconstitutes Secret of Prince Sado's Death | work=The Korea Times | date=27 November 2009 | accessdate=30 May 2011 | author=Ah-young Chung}}</ref>

*1771: '''[[Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden]]''', died of digestion problems on 12 February 1771 after having consumed a meal of lobster, caviar, sauerkraut, smoked herring and champagne, topped off with 14 servings of his favourite dessert: [[semla|hetvägg]] served in a bowl of hot milk.<ref>[http://www.thelocal.se/6470/20070220/ The lowdown on Sweden's best buns] ''The Local'', February 2007</ref> He is thus remembered by Swedish schoolchildren as "the king who ate himself to death."<ref>[http://www.messengernews.net/page/content.detail/id/503630.html?nav=5007 Semlor are Swedish treat for Lent] Sandy Mickelson, ''The Messenger'', 27 February 2008</ref>

*1782: '''Mrs Fitzherbert''' [[death from laughter|died from laughter]]. On a Wednesday evening she had seen Mr. Bannister at [[The Beggar's Opera]], and laughed with the rest of the audience upon his comical entrance. She was unable to stop laughing, and had to leave the theater. She continued laughing until her death on Friday morning.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=7CEJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA302&dq=A+Selection+of+Curious+Articles+from+the+Gentleman's+Magazine+Bannister&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KTppUuCBNYHkyAGXn4GIAw&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Bannister%20laugh&f=false A Selection of Curious Articles from the Gentleman's Magazine,] Volume 4 By John Walker, page 302. The chapter title states "Deaths of Persons" ..."peculiar circumstances".</ref>
*1783: '''[[James Otis, Jr.]]''', the [[American Revolution]]ary, "often mentioned to friends and relatives that ... he hoped his death would come from a bolt of [[lightning]]." His hope was fulfilled on 23 May 1783 when lightning struck the chimney of a friend's house in whose doorway he was standing.<ref name="Book of Lists">''[[The Book of Lists]]'', 2004 edition.</ref>

*1794: '''[[John Kendrick (American sea captain)|John Kendrick]]''', an American sea captain and explorer, was killed in the [[Hawaii|Hawaiian Islands]] when a fellow trading ship mistakenly used a loaded cannon to fire a salute to Kendrick's vessel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=1983 |title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online |publisher=Biographi.ca |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>

== 19th century ==
*1816: '''[[Gouverneur Morris]]''', an American statesman, died after sticking a piece of whale bone through his urinary tract to relieve a blockage.<ref>{{cite book|last=Adams|first=William Howard|title=Gouverneur Morris: an independent life|year=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=GYxgEf7VbMcC&pg=PA323&dq=Gouverneur+Morris++whalebone#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0-300-09980-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kirschke|first=James J.|title=Gouverneur Morris: author, statesman, and man of the world|year=2005|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-312-24195-X|url=http://books.google.com/?id=MkqBV79cVMkC&pg=PA265&lpg=PA265&dq=Gouverneur+Morris++whalebone#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
*1830: '''[[William Huskisson]]''', statesman and financier, was run over by a locomotive ([[Stephenson's Rocket]]), at the [[Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway|public opening of the world's first mechanically powered railway to offer a scheduled passenger service]], a railway which he had himself done much to promote.<ref>{{cite book|last=Garfield|first=Simon|title=The Last Journey of William Huskisson|year=2002|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=0571216080}}</ref>
*1834: '''[[David Douglas]]''', Scottish [[botany|botanist]], fell into a [[pit trap]] where he was trampled by a wild bull.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=74QkpEL5TCoC&pg=PA106 |title=Early American Naturalists: Exploring The American West, 1804-1900 |page=106 |author=John Moring |publisher=Taylor Trade Publications |year=2005 |isbn=9781589791831 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yDC7gu-sCMsC&pg=PA160 |page=160 |title=Flower Hunters |author=John and Mary Gribbin |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=9780192807182 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>
*1871: '''[[Clement Vallandigham]]''', a lawyer and Ohio politician, accidentally shot himself demonstrating how a victim might possibly have shot himself while in the process of drawing a weapon from a kneeling position. Though the defendant, Thomas McGehan, was ultimately cleared, Vallandigham died from his wound.<ref>[http://www.historiclebanonohio.com/?q=vallandigham Death of Clement Vallandigham | HistoricLebanonOhio.com]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civil-war-150.com/tag/clement-vallandigham/ |title=Fatal Accident to Mr. Vallandigham: The Western Reserve Chronicle, June 21, 1871, page 2 |publisher=civil-war-150.com |date=June 13, 2012 |accessdate=November 2, 2013}}</ref>

{{Gallery
|width=160|height=250|align=center|lines=4
|Image:Clement Vallandigham - Brady-Handy.jpg|Clement Vallandigham - died after demonstrating how a victim might have accidentally shot himself
}}

== 20th century ==

=== 1920s ===
*1920: '''[[Ray Chapman|Ray "Chappie" Chapman]]''', shortstop for the Cleveland Indians baseball team, was killed when a [[submarine (baseball)|submarine ball]] thrown by [[Carl Mays]] hit him in the [[temple (anatomy)|temple]]. Chapman collapsed at the plate, and died about 12 hours later. He remains the only major league baseball player killed by a pitched ball.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/sports/year_in_sports/08.17.html |title=The Death of Ray Chapman|work=[[New York Times]] |date=17 August 1920}}</ref>
*1920: '''[[Dan Andersson]]''', a Swedish author, died of cyanide poisoning while staying at Hotel Hellman in [[Stockholm]]. The hotel staff had failed to clear the room after using hydrogen cyanide against [[bed bug]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://litteraturbanken.se/#!forfattare/AnderssonD/presentation |title=Dan Andersson (1888–1920)}}</ref>
*1920: '''[[Alexander of Greece|Alexander I]]''', King of the Hellenes, was taking a walk in the [[National Garden of Athens|Royal Gardens]], when his dog was attacked by a monkey. The King attempted to defend his dog, receiving bites from both the monkey and its mate.<ref>[[John Van der Kiste]], ''Kings of the Hellenes'' (Alan Sutton Publishing, Stroud, Gloucestershire, England, 1994) ISBN 0-7509-0525-5 p. 119</ref> The diseased animals' bites caused [[sepsis]] and Alexander died three weeks later.
*1923: '''[[Frank Hayes (jockey)|Frank Hayes]]''', a [[jockey]] at [[Belmont Park]], [[New York]], died of a heart attack during his first race. His mount finished first with his body still attached to the saddle, and he was only discovered to be dead when the horse's owner went to congratulate him.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60B13F83C5416738DDDAC0894DE405B838EF1D3&scp=1&sq=jockey+hayes&st=p|title=Jockey Dies as He Wins His First Race; Hayes Collapses Passing the Winning Post |work=New York Times |date=5 June 1923 |accessdate=20 February 2011}}</ref>
*1923: '''[[George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon]]''', died allegedly because of the so-called [[Curse of the pharaohs|King Tut's Curse]] after a mosquito bite on his face, which he cut while shaving, became seriously infected with [[erysipelas]], leading to blood poisoning and eventually pneumonia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/carnarvon.htm |title=The Life of Lord Carnarvon |publisher=Touregypt.net |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |title=Carnarvon Is Dead Of An Insect's Bite At Pharaoh's Tomb. Blood Poisoning and Ensuing Pneumonia Conquer Tut-ankh-Amen Discoverer in Egypt. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20C11F7355416738DDDAC0894DC405B838EF1D3 |quote=The Earl of Carnarvon died peacefully at 2 o'clock this morning. He was conscious almost to the end. |work=[[New York Times]] |date=5 April 1923 |accessdate=12 August 2008 }}</ref>

[[Image:Isadora Duncan portrait.jpg|thumb|150px|Isadora Duncan, ballerina, died when her long scarf, caught on the wheel of a car, broke her neck.]]

*1925: '''[[Zishe Breitbart|Zishe (Siegmund) Breitbart]]''', a circus strongman and Jewish folklore hero, died after demonstrating he could drive a spike through five one-inch (2.54 cm) thick oak boards using only his bare hands. He accidentally pierced his knee and the rusted spike caused an infection which led to fatal blood poisoning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/Competition/Breitbart/breitbart-index.htm |title=Siegmund Breitbart |publisher=Sandowplus.co.uk |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1926: '''Phillip McClean''', 16, from [[Queensland]], Australia, became the only person documented to have been killed by a [[cassowary]]. After encountering the bird on their family property near [[Mossman, Queensland|Mossman]] in April,<ref>{{cite book|last=Christensen|first=Liana|title=Deadly Beautiful: Vanishing Killers of the Animal Kingdom|year=2011|publisher=Exisle Publishing|location=Wollombi, NSW|isbn=9781921497223|page=272}}</ref> McClean and his brother decided to kill it with clubs. When McClean struck the bird it knocked him down, then kicked him in the neck, opening a 1.25 cm (0.5 in) long cut in one of his main blood vessels. Though the boy managed to get back on his feet and run away, he collapsed a short while later and died from the haemorrhage.<ref>Kofron, Christopher P., Chapman, Angela. (2006) "Causes of mortality to the endangered Southern Cassowary Casuarius casuariusjohnsonii in Queensland, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology vol. 12: 175–179</ref>
*1926: '''[[Harry Houdini]]''', the famous American escape artist, was punched in the stomach by an amateur boxer. Though this had been done with Houdini's permission, complications from this injury may have caused him to die days later, on 31 October 1926. It was later determined that Houdini died of a ruptured appendix,<ref>{{cite web|title=Harry Houdini – Biography|url=http://www.apl.org/history/houdini/biography.html|publisher=Appleton History|accessdate=4 August 2009}}</ref> though it is contested as to whether or not the punches actually caused the appendicitis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Death of Houdini|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/houdini.asp|publisher=Urban Legends Reference Paces|accessdate=9 May 2012}}</ref><ref name=cfk/>
*1927: '''[[Isadora Duncan]]''', dancer, died of a broken neck when her long scarf caught on the wheel of a car in which she was a passenger.<ref>{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Ismene|title=Isadora Duncan, Sublime or Ridiculous?|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/dance/4949201/Isadora-Duncan-sublime-or-ridiculous.html|work=The Telegraph|date=6 March 2009|accessdate=26 April 2013}}</ref>

=== 1930s ===
*1930: '''[[William Kogut]]''', an inmate on death row at [[San Quentin State Prison|San Quentin]], committed suicide with a pipe bomb created from several packs of playing cards and the hollow leg from his cot. At the time, the red ink in playing cards contained flammable [[nitrocellulose]], which when wet can create an explosive mixture. Kogut used the heater in his cell to activate the bomb.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/kogut.asp |title=Death by Playing Cards – Solitaire |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
*1932: '''[[Eben Byers]]''', an American golfer and industrialist, died from multiple cancers caused by drinking more than 1400 bottles of a radioactive "health potion" called [[Radithor]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |coauthors= |title=Death Stirs Action on Radium 'Cures'. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F93D5A13738DDDAB0894DC405B828FF1D3 |quote=Federal and local agencies, as well as medical authorities in various parts of the country, were stirred to action yesterday as a result of the death of Eben M. Byers, wealthy Pittsburgh steel manufacturer and sportsman, who died here Wednesday at the Doctors' Hospital from causes attributed to radium poisoning resulting from the drinking of water containing radium in solution. ... |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=2 April 1932 |accessdate=1 October 2011 }}</ref>
[[File:Sherwood Anderson (1933).jpg|thumb|180px|Sherwood Anderson, who died after swallowing a toothpick]]
*1933: '''[[Michael Malloy]]''', a homeless man, was murdered by five men in a plot to collect on [[life insurance]] policies they had purchased. After surviving multiple poisonings, intentional exposure, and being struck by a car, Malloy succumbed to gassing.<ref>{{cite book |last=Read |first=Simon |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Bizarre Killing of Michael Malloy |year=2005 |publisher=Penguin Book Group |location= |id= |isbn=0-425-20678-5 }}</ref>

=== 1940s ===

*1941: '''[[Sherwood Anderson]]''', writer, died of [[peritonitis]] after swallowing a toothpick at a party.<ref>[http://athena.english.vt.edu/~appalach/writersA/anderson.html Virginia Tech article]</ref>
*1944: Inventor and chemist '''[[Thomas Midgley, Jr.]]''' accidentally strangled himself with the cord of a pulley-operated mechanical bed of his own design.<ref>[[Bill Bryson|Bryson, Bill]]. ''[[A Short History of Nearly Everything]]''. (2003) Broadway Books, USA. ISBN 0-385-66004-9</ref>
*1945: Scientist '''[[Harry K. Daghlian, Jr.]]''' accidentally dropped a brick of [[tungsten carbide]] onto a sphere of [[plutonium]] (known as the [[Demon core]]) while working on the [[Manhattan Project]]. This caused the plutonium to come to criticality; Daghlian died of radiation poisoning, becoming the first person to die in a [[criticality accident]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mphpa.org/classic/FH/LA/Harry_Daghlian.htm |title=Harry K. Daghlian – 1 of 1 |publisher=Mphpa.org |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1946: '''[[Louis Slotin]]''', chemist and physicist, died of radiation poisoning after being exposed to lethal amounts of ionizing radiation from the [[Demon core|same core]] that killed [[Harry K. Daghlian, Jr.]] The core went critical after a screwdriver he was using to separate the halves of the spherical beryllium reflector slipped.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hhs55.com/slotin.html |title=hhs55.com |publisher=hhs55.com |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1947: '''[[Collyer brothers|The Collyer Brothers]]''', extreme cases of [[compulsive hoarding|compulsive hoarders]], were found dead in their home in New York. The younger brother, Langley, was crushed to death when he accidentally triggered one of his own booby traps that had consisted of a large pile of objects, books, and newspapers. His blind and paralyzed brother Homer, who had depended on Langley for care, died of starvation some days later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trivia-library.com/c/biography-of-hermits-of-harlem-homer-and-langley-collyer.htm |title=Biography of Hermits of Harlem Homer and Langley Collyer – |publisher=Trivia-library.com |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>

=== 1950s ===
*1958: '''[[Gareth Jones (actor)|Gareth Jones]]''', actor, collapsed and died between scenes of a live television play, ''[[Underground (1958 TV play)|Underground]]'', at the studios of [[Associated British Corporation]] in [[Manchester]]. Director [[Ted Kotcheff]] continued the play to its conclusion, improvising around Jones' absence. Coincidentally, Jones' character was to have a heart-attack, which is what Jones suffered and died of.<ref>Cited by Gareth Rubin [http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2009/may/31/television-drama-theatre "Live TV drama is resurrected as Sky shrugs off lessons of history",] ''The Guardian'', 31 May 2009</ref><ref>Matthew Sweet [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/do-not-adjust-your-set-by-kate-dunn-587580.html Review: "'Do Not Adjust Your Set' By Kate Dunn,] ''The Independent'', 20 July 2003</ref>

=== 1960s ===
*1960: In the '''[[Nedelin catastrophe]]''', more than 100 Soviet rocket technicians and officials died when a switch was accidentally turned on, causing the second stage engines of a rocket to ignite, directly above the fully fueled first stage. The casualties included Red Army [[Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin|Marshal Nedelin]], who was sitting just {{convert|40|m|sp=us}} away overseeing launch preparations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/r16_disaster.html |title=Nedelin disaster |publisher=Russianspaceweb.com |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1960: '''[[Inejiro Asanuma]]''', 61, the head of the [[Social Democratic Party (Japan)|Japanese Socialist Party]], was stabbed to death with a [[wakizashi]] sword by extreme rightist [[Otoya Yamaguchi]] during a televised political rally.<ref>{{cite news|author= |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,711952,00.html |title=Assassin's Apologies |publisher=Time.com |date= 14 November 1960|accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
*1960: '''[[Alan Stacey]]''', [[Formula One]] race driver, died in a crash during the [[1960 Belgian Grand Prix|Belgian Grand Prix]] when a bird flew into his face, causing him to lose control.<ref>{{cite book|last=Daley|first=Robert|title=Cars at Speed: Classic Stories from Grand Prix's Golden Age|year=2007|publisher=MBI Publishing Company|location=United States|isbn=9780760331170|page=304}}</ref>
*1961: U.S. Army Specialists '''John A. Byrnes''' and '''Richard Leroy McKinley''' and Navy Electrician's Mate '''Richard C. Legg''' were killed by a [[water hammer]] explosion during maintenance on the [[SL-1]] nuclear reactor in Idaho.<ref>[http://www.archive.org/details/gov.ntis.A13886VNB1 SL-1 The Accident: Phases I and II] U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Idaho Operations Office video ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIBQMkd96CA Youtube 1]) ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVr6bD-z9hM Youtube 2])</ref><ref>[http://www.inl.gov/proving-the-principle/chapter_15.pdf Chapter 15 "The SL-1 Reactor" (page 142)] 9.5 MB PDF</ref><ref name="Tucker">{{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Todd |title=Atomic America: How a Deadly Explosion and a Feared Admiral Changed the Course of Nuclear History|isbn=978-1-4165-4433-3 |year=2009 |publisher=Free Press |location=New York}} See summary: http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0904/2008013842-s.html</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McKeown |first=William |title=Idaho Falls: The Untold Story of America's First Nuclear Accident |isbn=978-1-55022-562-4 |year=2003 |publisher=ECW Press |location=Toronto}}</ref>
*1961: '''[[Valentin Bondarenko]]''', a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[cosmonaut]] trainee, died after suffering third-degree [[burn]]s from a flash fire in the pure oxygen environment of a training simulator.<ref>Oberg, James, ''Uncovering Soviet Disasters'', [http://www.jamesoberg.com/usd10.html Chapter 10: Dead Cosmonauts], pp 156–176, Random house, New York, 1988. Retrieved 8 January 2008.</ref>
*1966: '''Worth Bingham''', son of [[Barry Bingham, Sr.]], died when a surfboard, lying atop the back of his convertible, hit a parked car, swung around, and broke his neck.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/04/business/media/04bingham.html?pagewanted=2&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/M/McFadden,%20Robert%20D.%20Jr.
|title=Barry Bingham Jr., Louisville Publisher, Is Dead at 72
|author=
|work=The New York Times
|date= 4 April 2006
| first=Robert D.
| last=McFadden
| accessdate=11 May 2010
}}</ref>
[[File:Soviet Union-1964-stamp-Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov.jpg|thumb|USSR postage stamp honoring Vladimir Komarov, the first person to die during a space mission]]
* 1966: Skydiver '''[[Nick Piantanida]]''' died from the effects of [[uncontrolled decompression]] four months after an attempt to break the world record for the highest parachute jump. During his third attempt, his face mask came loose (or he possibly opened it by mistake), causing loss of air pressure and irreversible brain damage.<ref>{{cite book |title=Magnificent Failure: Free Fall from the Edge of Space |last1=Ryan |first1=Craig |publisher=Smithsonian Air and Space Museum Press |year=2003| isbn=978-1-58834-141-9 |oclc=51059086 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/article687679.ece Dive Hard], [[The Globe and Mail]], 25 May 2008</ref>
*1967: '''[[Gus Grissom]]''', '''[[Edward Higgins White|Ed White]]''', and '''[[Roger B. Chaffee]]''', NASA astronauts, died when a flash fire began in their pure oxygen environment during a training exercise inside the [[Apollo 1]] spacecraft. The spacecraft's escape hatch could not be opened because it was designed to seal shut under pressure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/grissom-vi.html |title=Astronaut Bio: Virgil I. Grissom |publisher=Jsc.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1967: Cosmonaut '''[[Vladimir Komarov]]''' became the first person to die during a space mission after the parachute of [[Soyuz 1|his capsule]] failed to deploy following re-entry.<ref>{{cite news|author=Tony Long |url=http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/04/dayintech_0424 |title=24 April 1967: Last Day in the Life of Cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov |publisher=Wired.com |date=24 April 2007|accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>

=== 1970s ===
*1971: '''[[Georgy Dobrovolsky]], [[Vladislav Volkov]] and [[Viktor Patsayev]]''', Soviet cosmonauts, died when their [[Soyuz 11|Soyuz-11]] spacecraft depressurized during preparations for reentry. These are the only known human deaths outside the Earth's atmosphere.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/n-s/space.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081012062830/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/n-s/space.html|archivedate=12 October 2008|title=Space disasters and near misses|publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=29 June 2011}}</ref>
*1974: '''Thomas Bayliss''' died after being run over by two [[Semi-trailer truck|semi-trailers]] and a [[pickup truck]] on [[State Road 64 (Florida)|State Road 64]] near [[Bradenton, Florida]]. None of the three vehicles stopped immediately after the accident.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bizarre death in Manatee probed by Highway Patrol|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SQswAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PnkDAAAAIBAJ&dq=bizarre%20death&pg=1989%2C828207|accessdate= May 2013|newspaper=St Petersburg Times|date=17 October 1974}}</ref>
*1974: '''Basil Brown''', a 48-year-old health food advocate from [[Croydon]], drank himself to death with [[carrot juice]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yLQsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jAoEAAAAIBAJ&dq=unusual-death&pg=6515%2C4463628 | work=Star-News | location=Wilmington, North Carolina |title=Unusual death | date=20 February 1974 | accessdate=12 June 2010| page=28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Staub |first=Jack E.|title=Alluring Lettuces: And Other Seductive Vegetables for Your Garden |year=2005 |publisher=Gibbs Smith|location=Layton, Utah |isbn=1-4236-0829-1|oclc=435711200 |page=230 |chapter=74. Yellowstone Carrot: Daucus carota savicus|chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=qbMz7YrTBMEC&lpg=PA230&ots=zu1Pef9qdF&dq=bl&pg=PA230#v=onepage&q=%22Basil%20Brown%22&f=false}}</ref>
*1974: '''[[Christine Chubbuck]]''', an American television news reporter, committed suicide during a live broadcast on 15 July. Eight minutes into her talk show on WXLT-TV in [[Sarasota, Florida]], she shot herself in the head with a [[revolver]].<ref name="dietz">Dietz, Jon. "On-Air Shot Kills TV Personality", ''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'', 16 July 1974.</ref>
[[File:Kurt gödel.jpg|thumb|180px|Kurt Gödel who, due to his extreme paranoia, died of starvation when his wife was hospitalized]]
*1977: '''[[Tom Pryce]]''', a [[Formula One]] driver at the [[1977 South African Grand Prix]], was killed when he was struck in the face by a track marshal's fire extinguisher. The marshal, '''Frederik Jansen van Vuuren''', was running across the track to attend to Pryce's team-mate's burning car when he was struck and killed by Pryce's car. Van Vuuren himself was torn in half as the car ploughed into him at a speed exceeding 270 km/h (170 mph).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wales/posts/tom_pryce_35th_anniversary_formula_one_south_african_grand_prix|title=The tragedy of Tom Pryce, Wales' Formula One hero|date=4 March 2012|accessdate=10 September 2013|first=James|last=Roberts|publisher=BBC}}</ref>
*1978: '''[[Georgi Markov]]''', a [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] dissident, was assassinated in London with a specially [[Bulgarian umbrella|modified umbrella]] that fired a metal pellet with a small cavity full of [[ricin]] into his [[thigh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/sep/14/bulgaria-umbrella-murder-archive-1978 |title=From the archive, 14 September 1978: Bulgarian dissident killed by poisoned umbrella at London bus stop | From the Guardian |publisher=theguardian.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-25}}</ref>
*1978: '''[[Janet Parker]]''', a British medical photographer, died of [[smallpox]] in 1978, ten months after the disease was eradicated in the wild, when a researcher at the laboratory where Parker worked accidentally released some virus into the air of the building. Parker is the last known smallpox fatality.<ref>[http://www.qmul.ac.uk/news/newsrelease.php?news_id=18 Twenty five years on: Smallpox revisited Queen Mary, University of London]{{dead link|date=December 2010}}</ref>
*1978: '''[[Kurt Gödel]]''', the Austrian/American logician and mathematician, died of starvation when his wife was hospitalized. Gödel suffered from extreme paranoia and refused to eat food prepared by anyone else.<ref>Toates, Frederick; Olga Coschug Toates (2002). Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Practical Tried-and-Tested Strategies to Overcome OCD. Class Publishing, 221. ISBN 978-1-85959-069-0.</ref>
*1979: '''[[Robert Williams (robot fatality)|Robert Williams]]''', a worker at a Ford Motor Co. plant, was the first known human to be killed by a robot,<ref name="rlid">Robot firm liable in death, Tim Kiska, ''The Oregonian'', 11 August 1983.</ref> after the arm of a one-ton factory robot hit him in the head.<ref name="a">{{cite news|last=Kiska|first=Tim|title=Death on the job: Jury awards $10 million to heirs of man killed by robot at auto plant |pages=A10|work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |date=11 August 1983|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/PI/lib00187,0EB295F7D995F801.html |accessdate=11 September 2007}}</ref>
*1979: '''John Bowen''', a 20-year-old from [[Nashua, New Hampshire]], was attending a [[New York Jets]] football game at [[Shea Stadium]] on 9 December. During a half-time show event featuring custom-made remote control flying machines, a 40-pound model plane shaped like a lawnmower accidentally dived into the stands, striking Bowen and another spectator, causing severe head injuries. Bowen died in the hospital four days later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/lawnmower.asp |title=Flying Lawnmower Death – Grim Reaper (contains additional references) |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.courant.com/ny-spsmain28112329894sep28,0,3404154.story It was a grand stage for excitement]{{dead link|date=March 2011}} by Joe Gergen, Hartford Courant, 28 September 2008.</ref>
*1979: '''Nitaro Ito''', a candidate for [[House of Representatives (Japan)|Japan's House of Representatives]], died in an attempt to gain sympathy during his election campaign. Having persuaded one of his employees to punch him in the face, Ito then stabbed himself in the leg. He hit an [[artery]] causing him to bleed to death before any aid could be given.<ref name="Book of Lists"/>

=== 1980s ===
*1981: '''David Allen Kirwan''', a 24-year-old, died from third-degree burns after attempting to rescue a friend's dog from the 200°F (93°C) water in Celestine Pool, a hot spring at [[Yellowstone National Park]] on 20 July 1981.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/hotspring.asp Hot Springs Death – Help Springs Eternal] at Snopes.com</ref><ref>Lee Whittlesey, ''Death in Yellowstone: Accidents and Foolhardiness in the First National Park''. Boulder, Colo. : Roberts Rinehart Publishers, ©1995.</ref>
*1981: '''[[Boris Sagal]]''', a film director, died while shooting the TV miniseries ''[[World War III (TV miniseries)|World War III]]'' when he walked into the tail rotor blade of a helicopter and was nearly [[decapitation|decapitated]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40911FE3E5C0C778EDDAC0894D9484D81 | work=The New York Times | title=Boris Sagal, 58, Movie Director, Dies After A Helicopter Accident|date=24 May 1981|accessdate=11 May 2010|first=Shawn G. | last=Kennedy}}</ref><ref name="salon1">{{cite web|url=http://open.salon.com/blog/jrobertg/2009/07/08/10_strange_celebrity_deaths |title=10 Strange Celebrity Deaths - J. Robert Godbout |publisher=Open Salon |date=2009-07-08 |accessdate=2013-09-27}}</ref>
*1981: '''[[Kenji Urada]]''', a Japanese factory worker, was killed by a malfunctioning robot he was working on at a [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries Motorcycle & Engine|Kawasaki]] plant in Japan. The robot's arm pushed him into a grinding machine, killing him.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/7001829?story_id=7001829 |title=Trust me, I'm a robot |publisher=Economist.com |date=8 June 2006|accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
*1982: Actor '''[[Vic Morrow]]''' and child-actor '''Myca Dinh Le''' (age 7) were decapitated by a rotating helicopter blade, and child-actress '''Renee Shin-Yi Chen''' (age 6) was crushed by a helicopter during filming of ''[[Twilight Zone: The Movie]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/not_guilty/twilight_zone/1.html |title=The Twilight Zone Tragedy – Crime Library on truTV.com |publisher=Crimelibrary.com |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1982: '''David Grundman''' was killed near [[Lake Pleasant Regional Park|Lake Pleasant]], [[Arizona]], while shooting at cacti with his shotgun. After he fired several shots at a 26 ft (8 m) tall [[Saguaro Cactus]] from extremely close range, a 4 ft (1.2 m) limb of the cactus detached and fell on him, crushing him.<ref name="salon1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/saguaro.asp |title=Cactus Courageous – Death by Saguaro |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/content/printVersion/160293 |title=When Cactus and Civilization collide – Trifling with Saguaros can be Hazardous to one's Health |publisher=Phoenixnewtimes.com |date=3 March 1993 |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
*1982: '''Navy Lieutenant George M. Prior''', 30, died in [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington, Virginia]], from a severe allergic reaction to [[Daconil]], a fungicide used on a golf course he attended. He had unwittingly ingested the substance through his habit of carrying the [[tee]] in his mouth when playing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/poison/golftee.asp |title=Fatal-A-Tee |publisher=snopes.com |date=2 September 2006|accessdate=6 March 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Tennessee Williams NYWTS.jpg|thumb|220px|Tennessee Williams who died when he choked on an [[Eye drop|eyedrop]] bottle-cap]]
*1983: '''Four divers and a tender''' were killed on the [[Byford Dolphin]] semi-submersible, when a decompression chamber [[Explosive decompression|explosively decompressed]] from 9 [[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]] to 1 atm in a fraction of a second. The diver nearest the chamber opening was torn apart before his remains were ejected through a 24 inch (60 cm) opening. The other divers' remains showed signs of boiled blood, unusually strong [[rigor mortis]], large amounts of gas in the blood vessels, and scattered hemorrhages in the soft tissues.<ref>Giertsen, J.C. et al., "An Explosive Decompression Accident", The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 9(2):91–101, 1988.</ref>
*1983: '''[[Sergei Chalibashvili]]''', a professional diver, died as a result of a diving accident during the [[1983 Summer Universiade]] in [[Edmonton, Alberta]]. When he attempted a three-and-a-half reverse somersault in the tuck position from the ten-meter platform, he struck his head on the platform and was knocked unconscious. He died after being in a coma for a week.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954031,00.html?promoid=googlep | work=Time | title=Milestones: Jul. 25, 1983 | date=25 July 1983| accessdate=11 May 2010}}</ref>
*1983: American author '''[[Tennessee Williams]]''' died when he choked on an eyedrop bottle-cap in his room at the Hotel Elysee in New York. He would routinely place the cap in his mouth, lean back, and place his eyedrops in each eye.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB35B891D6D7E0F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM | title=Search Results | date=27 February 1983}}</ref>
*1983: '''[[Jimmy Lee Gray]]''', during his execution in a Mississippi [[gas chamber]], died bashing his head against a metal pole behind the chair he was strapped into. The poisonous gas had failed to kill him but left him in agony and gasping for eight minutes.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/reportsfromabroad/macdonald/20071107.html "Might we make executions more civilized, please?"] from [[CBC News]]</ref>
*1983: '''[[Dick Wertheim]]''' was an American tennis linesman who died from blunt cranial trauma at a match at the [[1983 US Open (tennis)|1983 US Open]]. A serve from [[Stefan Edberg]] hit his groin, causing him to fall and hit his head on the pavement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Odd mishap fells tennis official |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fwIMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jFkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7153,2693520 |work=Evening Independent |location=St. Petersburg, Florida |page=3–C |date=12 September 1983 |accessdate=20 November 2008}}</ref>
*1986: More than 1,700 were killed after a [[limnic eruption]] from '''[[Lake Nyos]] in [[Cameroon]]''' released approximately {{nowrap|100,000,000 cubic metres}} ({{nowrap|3,500,000,000 cubic feet}}) of [[carbon dioxide]] that quickly descended on the lake and killed oxygen-dependent life within a {{convert|25|km|mi}} radius, including three villages. The same phenomenon is also blamed for the deaths of 37 near [[Lake Monoun]] in 1984.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/21/newsid_3380000/3380803.stm|title=21 August: 1986: Hundreds gassed in Cameroon lake disaster|publisher=BBC|author=BBC contributors|accessdate=20 May 2009 | date=21 August 1986}}</ref>
*1989: '''Patsy Ann Campbell''' of [[Portage]], [[Indiana]], died when the Psoralen she was taking to cure her psoriasis caused an over sensitivity to light and a 25-minute session in a tanning booth led to burns over 80% of her body. Dr. Alan Dimick, a University of Alabama burn expert, said he believes this was the first death caused by burns from a tanning booth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/vanities/tanningbed.asp |title=Tanning Bed Death |publisher=[[Snopes.com]] |date= |accessdate=2013-12-15}}</ref>

=== 1990s ===
*1991: '''Edward Juchniewicz''', a 76-year-old man from [[Canonsburg, Pennsylvania]], was killed when the unattended ambulance stretcher he was strapped to rolled down a grade and overturned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/medical/emergent/gurney.asp |title=The Runaway Gurney |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Stretcher Accident Kills Man |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/04/us/stretcher-accident-kills-man.html?scp=1&sq=Stretcher%20Accident%20Kills%20Man&st=cse |agency=[[Associated Press|(AP)]] |newspaper= [[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 |oclc=1645522 |date=4 May 1991 |page=8 |accessdate=19 March 2011}}</ref>
*1993: '''[[Garry Hoy]]''', a 38-year-old lawyer in [[Toronto]], fell to his death on 9 July 1993, after he threw himself against a window on the 24th floor of the [[Toronto-Dominion Centre]] in an attempt to prove to a group of visitors that the glass was "unbreakable," a demonstration he had done many times before. The glass did not break, but popped out of the window frame.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/window.asp Window Test Death – Through a Glass, Quickly] at Snopes.com</ref><ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20070315.RGOODMAN15/TPStory/? Goodman and Carr falls prey to rivals] by Jacquie McNish, The Globe and Mail, 15 March 2007.</ref>
*1993: '''Michael A. Shingledecker, Jr.''' was killed when he and a friend were struck by a pickup truck while lying flat on the yellow dividing line of a two-lane highway in [[Polk, Pennsylvania]]. They were copying a daredevil stunt from the movie ''[[The Program]]''. '''Marco Birkhimer''' died in a similar accident while performing the same stunt in Route 206 of [[Bordentown, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CEED7123AF93AA25753C1A965958260&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | work=The New York Times | title=Not Like the Movie: A Dare Leads to Death | date=19 October 1993| accessdate=11 May 2010}}</ref>
*1994: '''Jennifer Jones''', a 15-year-old student, died at her [[Palm Beach, Florida]], home after attempting to inhale [[freon]] gas from the air-conditioning unit.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sanchez Jr|first=Jose Luis|title=Mother Of Victim Plans Crusade Against Freon|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1994-06-09/news/9406090063_1_freon-grace-jones-jones-classmates|accessdate=1 December 2012|newspaper=Florida SunSentinel|date=9 June 1994}}</ref>
*1994: '''[[Gloria Ramirez]]''' was admitted to a hospital in [[Riverside, California]], with symptoms originally thought to be related to her cervical cancer. Before she died Ramirez's body released mysterious toxic fumes that made several hospital employees very ill. Scientists still don't agree on any of the theories as to what could've caused this.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stone |first=Richard |url=http://discovermagazine.com/1995/apr/analysisofatoxic493 |title=Analysis of a Toxic Death | Cancer |work=DISCOVER Magazine |date=1 March 1995 |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1995: A '''39-year-old man''' committed suicide in Canberra, Australia, by shooting himself [[Multiple gunshot suicide|three times]] with a pump action shotgun. The first shot passed through his chest, but missed all of the vital organs. He reloaded and shot away his throat and part of his jaw. Breathing through the throat wound, he again reloaded, held the gun against his chest with his hands and operated the trigger with his toes. This shot entered the thoracic cavity and demolished the heart, killing him.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Herdson PB |title=Shotgun suicide with a difference |journal=Med J Aust. |volume=173 |issue=11–12 |pages=604–5 |year=2000 |pmid=11379504 |url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/173_11_041200/herdson/herdson.html}}</ref>
*1995: '''Joe Buddy Caine''', 35, died in [[Anniston, Alabama]], when he and a friend got drunk and played catch with a [[rattlesnake]]. The snake bit them both, but Caine was the only fatality.<ref>{{cite web|last=Joravsky |first=Ben |url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/news-of-the-weird/Content?oid=888799 |title=News of the Weird | News of the Weird |publisher=Chicago Reader |date=1995-10-19 |accessdate=2013-10-25}}</ref>
*1996: '''[[Death of Sharon Lopatka|Sharon Lopatka]]''', from [[Maryland]], was killed by Robert Glass who claimed that she had solicited him to torture and kill her for the purpose of sexual gratification.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/classics/sharon_lopatka/1.html?sect=13 |title=Internet Assisted Suicide: The Story of Sharon Lopatka at CrimeLibrary.com |publisher=Trutv.com |date= |accessdate=21 July 2011}}</ref>
*1997: '''[[Karen Wetterhahn]]''', a professor of chemistry at [[Dartmouth College]], died of mercury poisoning ten months after a few drops of [[dimethylmercury]] landed on her protective gloves. Although Wetterhahn had been following the required procedures for handling the chemical, it still permeated her gloves and skin within seconds. As a result of her death, regulations were altered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/dimethylmercury/dmmh.htm |title=Dimethylmercury and Mercury Poisoning |publisher=Chm.bris.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaomt.org/testfoundation/dimethylmercury.htm |title=The Trembling Edge of Science |publisher=Iaomt.org |date= |accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref>
*1998 October: The entire [[association football]] team of '''Bena Tshadi''' playing against Basanga was killed by lightning during a match in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Everyone on Basanga, the home team, survived.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/203137.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Lightning kills football team | date=28 October 1998 | accessdate=11 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2006/mar/15/theknowledge.sport | work=Guardian News | title=Did lightning kill an entire team? | date=15 March 2006| accessdate=2 September 2011 | location=London | first=James | last=Dart}}</ref>{{Verify credibility|date=July 2013}}
*1998: 16 year-old Jonathan Capewell of [[Oldham]], [[Greater Manchester]], died of accidental poisoning by methane and butane, after obsessive use of [[aerosol]] [[deodorant]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/boy-who-wanted-to-smell-good-killed-by-deodorant-1181309.html |title=Boy who 'wanted to smell good' killed by deodorant - News |publisher=The Independent |date=1998-10-29 |accessdate=2013-10-25}}</ref>
*1999: '''Jon Desborough''', a [[physical education]] teacher at [[Liverpool College]], died when he slipped and fell onto the blunt end of a [[javelin]] he was retrieving. The javelin passed through his [[eye socket]] and into his brain, causing severe brain damage and putting him into a coma. He died a month later.<ref>{{cite news |last=Breslin |first=Maria |title=Teacher hit by javelin dies |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/teacher-hit-by-javelin-dies-1099330.html |accessdate=26 April 2012 |newspaper=The Independent |date=11 June 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Javelin teacher dies in hospital |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/365923.stm |accessdate=26 April 2012 |publisher=BBC News |date=10 June 1999}}</ref>

== 21st century ==

=== 2000s ===
* 2001: '''Bernd-Jürgen Brandes''', from Germany, was voluntarily stabbed repeatedly and then partly eaten by [[Armin Meiwes]] (who was later called the Cannibal of [[Rotenburg an der Fulda|Rotenburg]]). Brandes had answered an internet advertisement by Meiwes looking for someone for this purpose. Brandes explicitly stated in his will that he wished to be killed and eaten.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4752797.stm |title=German cannibal guilty of murder|publisher=BBC News|date= 9 May 2006}}</ref>
* 2001: '''Michael Colombini''', a 6-year-old American boy from [[Croton-on-Hudson, New York]], was struck and killed at Westchester Regional Medical Centre by an [[oxygen tank]] when it was pulled into the [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) machine while he underwent a test. He had begun to experience breathing difficulties while in the MRI and when an anaesthesiologist brought a portable oxygen canister into the magnetic field, it was pulled from his hands and struck the boy in the head.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/22/nyregion/hospital-details-failures-leading-to-mri-fatality.html |title=Hospital Details Failures Leading To MRI Fatality |publisher=Nytimes.com |date=22 October 2001 |accessdate=11 December 2010 |first=Randal C. |last=Archibold}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mri-planning.com/articles/2005_newsletter/0508_four_years_after.html MRI Newsletter: Four Years After The Tragedy]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}.</ref>
* 2002: '''[[Death of Brittanie Cecil|Brittanie Cecil]]''', a 13-year-old American, was struck in the head by a [[hockey puck]] shot by [[Espen Knutsen]] and deflected into the crowd at an NHL hockey game in [[Columbus, Ohio]]. She died two days later in the hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espn.go.com/nhl/news/2002/0319/1354060.html|title=Girl dies after getting hit by puck at NHL game|publisher=ESPN.com|date= 20 May 2002}}</ref>
* 2003: '''[[Brian Douglas Wells]]''', an American [[pizza delivery]] man in [[Erie, Pennsylvania]], was killed when a [[time bomb]] fastened around his neck exploded. At the time of his death he had been apprehended by the police for robbing a bank. Wells told police that three people had locked the bomb around his neck and would not release it had he refused to commit the robbery.<ref>{{cite news| title=Pizza Deliveryman Who Robbed Bank Had Neck Measured for Bomb Collar| agency=Associated Press| date=19 July 2007| url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,289860,00.html| accessdate=30 September 2008 | publisher=Fox News}}</ref>
* 2004: '''Ronald McClagish''', from [[Murrow, Cambridgeshire]] in England, was trapped inside a cupboard when a wardrobe outside fell over and made it impossible for him to get out. McClagish survived for a week before succumbing to [[bronchitis]], which he had contracted when he removed a waterpipe in an attempt to free himself and the cupboard was partially flooded.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cambridgeshire/4483137.stm Call For New Cupboard Death Probe] BBC News</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1476175/Man-trapped-in-cupboard-died-as-water-gushed-down.html|title= Man trapped in cupboard died as water gushed down|work= Telegraph}}</ref>
* 2004: An '''unidentified [[Taiwan]]ese woman''' died of alcohol intoxication after immersion for twelve hours in a bathtub filled with 40% ethanol. Her [[blood alcohol content]] was 1.35%. It was believed that she had immersed herself as a response to the [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]] epidemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fsijournal.org/article/S0379-0738%2804%2900389-5/abstract |title=Elsevier |publisher=Fsijournal.org |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
* 2004: '''Francis "Franky" Brohm''', 23, of [[Marietta, Georgia]], was leaning out of a car window and decapitated by a telephone pole support wire. The car's intoxicated driver, John Hutcherson, 21, drove nearly {{convert|12|mi}} to his home with the headless body in the passenger seat, parked the car in his driveway, then went to bed. A neighbour saw the bloody corpse still in the car and notified police. Brohm's head was later discovered at the accident scene.<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnston |first=Lori |url=http://www.ajc.com/news/q-a-on-the-1198589.html |title='''AJC'', 11 Oct 2011 |publisher=Ajc.com |date= 11 October 2011|accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref>
* 2005: '''[[Enumclaw horse sex case|Kenneth Pinyan]]''' from [[Seattle, Washington]], died of acute [[peritonitis]] after receiving anal intercourse from a stallion. The case led to the criminalization of [[zoophilia|bestiality]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington state]].<ref>[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002569751_horsesex19m.html "Trespassing charged in horse-sex case"] ''The Seattle Times''</ref>
* 2005: '''[[Lee Seung Seop]]''', a 28-year-old from [[South Korea]], collapsed of fatigue and died after playing the videogame ''[[StarCraft]]'' online for almost 50 consecutive hours.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4137782.stm |title=Technology | S Korean dies after games session |publisher=BBC News |date=10 August 2005 |accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref>
* 2006: '''Erika Tomanu''', a seven-year-old girl in [[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]], Japan, died when she was sucked 10 metres down the intake pipe of a current pool at a water park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weekly.japantimes.co.jp/news/nn2006/girl-sucked-into-intake-at-city-run-pool |title=Girl sucked into intake at city-run pool |publisher=Japantimes.co.jp |date=5 August 2006|accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
* 2006: '''An unidentified airline mechanic''' was sucked into the engine of a [[Boeing 737-500]] at [[El Paso International Airport]] while performing routine maintenance on the tarmac.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2006-01-16/us/airplane.fatality_1_jet-engine-fatal-accident-passengers-and-five-crew?_s=PM:US|title=Mechanic sucked into jet engine|publisher=CNN|accessdate=11 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,181825,00.html |title=Airplane Mechanic Sucked Into Jet Engine, Killed at El Paso Airport |date= 16 January 2006 |agency=Associated Press |accessdate= 30 August 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Steve Irwin.jpg|thumb|220px|Steve Irwin, whose heart was impaled by a [[stingray]] barb]]
* 2006: '''[[Steve Irwin]]''', an Australian television personality and naturalist known as [[the Crocodile Hunter]], died when his heart was impaled by a [[stingray]] barb while filming a documentary in [[Queensland]]'s [[Great Barrier Reef]].<ref name=cfk/><ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/09/04/australia.irwin/index.html CNN Reports: 'Crocodile Hunter' dead], 4 September 2006</ref>
* 2006: '''Mariesa Weber''', a petite 38-year-old woman, asphyxiated when she became wedged upside-down behind a bookcase in her bedroom while trying to adjust a plug on her television set. Her family, believing she had been abducted, searched for eleven days before finally finding the body.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15895965/#.T_rYyoGwXmU Woman found dead behind bookcase - US news - Weird news | NBC News]</ref>
* 2006: '''[[Alexander Litvinenko]]''', a former officer of the [[Federal Security Service (Russia)|Russian State Security Service]] and later a [[dissident]] and writer, died from [[Radiation poisoning|acute radiation syndrome]] after being poisoned with [[polonium]]-210.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alexander V. Litvinenko |work=The New York Times |date= 31 May 2007 |url=http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/l/alexander_v_litvinenko/index.html |accessdate= 27 April 2011 |first1=Alan |last1=Cowell |first2=Clifford J. |last2=Levy |first3=Scott |last3=Shane}}</ref>
* 2007: '''[[Water intoxication#Notable cases|Jennifer Strange]]''', a 28-year-old woman from [[Sacramento, California]], died of [[water intoxication]] while trying to win a [[Nintendo]] [[Wii]] console in a [[KDND]] 107.9 "The End" radio station's "[[Hold Your Wee for a Wii]]" contest, which involved drinking large quantities of water without urinating.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/california/la-me-water14jan14,1,1368543.story?coll=la-headlines-pe-california "Woman dies after being in water-drinking contest"]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}, ''The Los Angeles Times'', 14 January 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.knbc.com/news/10761800/detail.html "Woman's Death After Water-Drinking Contest Investigated"]{{dead link|date=March 2011}} ''KNBC.com'', 16 January 2007</ref>
* 2007: '''Humberto Hernandez''', a 24-year-old [[Oakland, California]] resident, was killed after being struck in the face by an airborne fire hydrant while walking. A passing car had struck the fire hydrant and the water pressure shot the hydrant at Hernandez with enough force to kill him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/hydrant.asp |title=Fire Hydrant Death – Fire Plugged |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://cbs5.com/local/Humberto.Hernandez.fire.2.456707.html Oakland Man Killed By Airborne Fire Hydrant]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}, CBS5.com, 22 June 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/offbeat/2007-06-23-fire-hydrant_N.htm |title=Flying fire hydrant kills Calif. man |publisher=Usatoday.com |date=23 June 2007 |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
* 2007: '''[[Kevin Whitrick]]''', a 42-year-old British man, committed suicide by hanging himself live in front of a webcam during an Internet chat session.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/article1560877.ece |title=Get on with it, said net audience as man hanged himself on webcam |accessdate=27 May 2007 |last=Bale |first=Joanna |date=24 March 2007 |work=Times Online | location=London}}{{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref>
* 2007: A ten month old camel killed the woman who owned it, by knocking her to the ground and straddling her. A camel expert confirmed the attack was sexual in nature.<ref>{{cite web|author=By metrowebukmetro |url=http://metro.co.uk/2007/08/19/humped-to-death-by-a-pet-camel-47660/ |title=Humped to death by a pet camel | Metro News |publisher=Metro.co.uk |date=2007-08-19 |accessdate=2013-09-21}}</ref>
* 2008: '''David Phyall''', 50, the last resident in a block of flats due to be demolished in [[Bishopstoke]], near [[Southampton]], [[Hampshire]], England, decapitated himself with a chainsaw to highlight the injustice of being forced to move out.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/death-was-carefully-thought-through-suicide-1025503.html|title= Chainsaw death was 'carefully thought through suicide'|last=Halfpenny|first=Martin|date=19 November 2008|work=The Independent|accessdate=22 November 2008 | location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/7737721.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Man cut off head in flat protest | date=19 November 2008}}</ref>
[[File:Alg taylor mitchell.jpg|thumb|220px|Taylor Mitchell, the only adult person to have been killed by a [[coyote]]]]
* 2009: '''[[Taylor Mitchell]]''', a Canadian [[Folk music|folk]] singer, was attacked and killed by three [[coyote]]s, the only recorded adult person to have been killed by this species.<ref name="CBC">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/nova-scotia/story/2009/10/28/ns-coyote-attack-died.html|title=Coyotes kill Toronto singer in Cape Breton|publisher=[[CBC.ca]]|date=12 October 2009|accessdate=29 October 2009}}</ref><ref>''A History of Urban Coyote Problems'', Robert M. Tim & Rex O. Baker, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, 2007</ref>

===2010s===

*2010: '''[[Jimi Heselden]]''', British owner of the [[Segway Inc.|Segway]] motorized scooter company, was killed when he accidentally drove off a cliff on a Segway at his estate at [[Thorp Arch, West Yorkshire|Thorp Arch]] near [[Boston Spa]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/09/27/2010-09-27_segway_company_owner_jimi_heselden_dies_in_england_after_riding_a_segway_off_cli.html | location=New York | work=Daily News | first1=Michael | last1=Sheridan | first2=Corky | last2=Siemaszko | title=Segway company owner James 'Jimi' Heselden dies in England after riding a Segway off cliff | date=27 September 2010}}</ref>
*2010: '''[[Mike Edwards (musician)|Mike Edwards]]''', British founding member and cellist for the band [[ELO]], died when a large round bale of hay rolled down the hill and smashed his car while he was out driving.<ref name=cfk>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/celebritynews/7984944/Mike-Edwards-hay-bale-death-celebrities-in-freak-killings.html |title=Mike Edwards hay bale death: celebrities in freak killings |journal=[[Daily Telegraph]] |date=06 Sep 2010 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-20259274 |title=ELO cellist Mike Edwards's hay bale death 'preventable' |publisher=BBC News |date=8 November 2012 |accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://ultimateclassicrock.com/mike-edwards-strange-rock-deaths/ Mike Edwards — Killed by a Hay Bale]</ref>
*2011: '''Jose Luis Ochoa''', 35, died after being stabbed in the leg at a [[cockfight]] in [[Tulare County, California]] U.S., by one of the birds that had a knife attached to its limb.<ref>{{cite news |title=Man stabbed to death by cockfighting bird |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12393125 |publisher=BBC News |date=8 February 2011 |accessdate=19 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Peralta |first=Eyder |url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/02/07/133565050/weird-news-california-man-fatally-stabbed-by-rooster |title=Weird News: California Man Fatally Stabbed By Rooster : The Two-Way |publisher=NPR |date=2011-02-07 |accessdate=2013-09-26}}</ref>
*2011: '''Harry''', '''Kimberly''' and their father '''Trevor Wallwork''' (and their two dogs) died of [[carbon monoxide poisoning]] when a [[Potato chip|crisp]] packet became lodged in the chimney and caused the carbon monoxide to flood the room of their cottage in Gurteen, [[County Sligo]], Ireland.<ref name="bolton2011">{{cite news|last=Jeremy Culley|title=Dad and two children died from carbon monoxide poisoning after discarded snack packet got stuck in chimney|url=http://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/news/10695202.Dad_and_two_children_died_after_discarded_snack_packet_got_stuck_in_chimney/|accessdate=26 September 2013|newspaper=Bolton News|date=24 September 2013}}</ref>
*2012: '''Erica Marshall''', a 28-year-old British [[veterinarian]] in Ocala, Florida, died when the horse she was treating in a [[hyperbaric chamber]] kicked the wall, released a spark from its [[horseshoe]]s and triggered an explosion.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/wildlife/9079168/Equine-expert-killed-as-horse-shoe-sparks-explosion-heard-30-miles-away.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Equine expert killed as horse shoe sparks explosion heard 30 miles away | date=13 February 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://usnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/02/17/10434135-officials-horses-metal-shoes-sparked-fatal-blast-in-oxygen-chamber?lite "Officials: Horse's metal shoes sparked fatal blast in oxygen chamber" (Feb 17, 2012) NBCNews]</ref><ref>[http://cnsnews.com/news/article/explosion-fla-horse-center-kills-worker-horse Explosion at Fla. horse center kills worker, horse | CNS News]</ref>
* 2012:''' Edward Archbold''', 32, a man of [[West Palm Beach, Florida]], died after winning a cockroach eating contest. The cause of death was determined to be accidental choking due to "arthropod body parts." <ref>{{cite news| url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/11/26/15460502-florida-man-who-died-in-cockroach-eating-contest-choked-to-death-autopsy-says?lite |title=Florida man who died in cockroach-eating contest choked to death, autopsy says |work=[[NBC News]] |date=26 November 2012}}</ref> Florence Vaccarello Dunkel, Associate Professor of Entomology at [[Montana State University]], said of Archbold's death: "I've never heard of that happening."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wptv.com/dpp/news/region_c_palm_beach_county/west_palm_beach/edward-archbold-roach-eating-contest-death-what-really-killed-the-west-palm-beach-man |title=Edward Archbold, roach eating contest death: What really killed the West Palm Beach man? |author=By: Robert Nolin, Sun Sentinel |date=October 10, 2012 |accessdate=27 October 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Darwin Awards]]
* [[Death from laughter]]
* [[Execution by elephant]]
* [[List of causes of death by rate]]
* [[List of inventors killed by their own inventions]]
* [[List of people who disappeared mysteriously]]
* [[Spontaneous human combustion]]
* ''[[1000 Ways to Die]]''
* [[Toilet-related injuries and deaths]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal bar|Death|History}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite document |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JS5mHAAACAAJ |title=Curious and Unusual Deaths|author=[[Russell Robert Winterbotham]] |publisher= Haldeman-Julius, Girard, Kansas |year=1929 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}
*{{Cite document |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7HTfGRRllAQC |title=Curious Events in History |author=Michael Powell |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc |date=5 August 2008 |isbn=9781402763076 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}
*Nick Daws ''Daft Deaths and Famous Last Words''
*Tracey Turner, ''Dreadful Fates''
*Dale Dreher, ebook ''Death by Misadventure: 210 Dumb Ways to Die.''
*{{Cite document |url=http://books.google.com/?id=HCExOEknBQ0C |title=Mysterious Deaths and Disappearances |author=[[David Southwell]] and Sean Twist |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |date=1 September 2007 |isbn=9781404210813 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}
*[[John Dunning (journalist)|John Dunning]] ''Strange Deaths'' (true crime)
*{{cite web |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fijmTMOJrJcC |title=Strange Deaths: More Than 375 Freakish Fatalites |isbn=9780760719473 |date=2000-01-01 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}
*{{cite web |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1wrJygAACAAJ |title=Strange Inhuman Deaths |isbn=9780750938648 |author1=Bellamy |first1=John G |date=2008-12-01 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}
*{{Cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5RpLMwEACAAJ |title=The Fortean Times Book of Strange Deaths |isbn=9781907779978 |year=2011 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}
*{{cite web |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=py_ZAAAACAAJ |title=The Fortean Times Book of More Strange Deaths |isbn=9781902212029 |date=1998-10 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}

==External links==
* [http://health.discovery.com/tv-shows/curious-and-unusual-deaths-pictures.htm Curious and Unusual Deaths Pictures]. Discovery Channel.
* [http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/freakish.asp Freakish Fatalities] Snopes.com

{{death}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unusual deaths}}
[[Category:Death-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of people by cause of death]]
[[Category:Lists of things considered unusual|Deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths by cause]]

Liste ungewöhnlicher Todesfälle

2013-12-15T20:18:31Z

Ruby Murray:

{{dynamic list}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
{{disputed-list|date=November 2013}}
This is a '''list of unusual deaths'''. This list includes unique or extremely rare circumstances of death recorded throughout history, noted as being unusual by multiple sources. Some of the deaths are mythological or are considered to be unsubstantiated by contemporary researchers. [[Oxford English Dictionary|Oxford Dictionaries]] defines the word "unusual" as "not habitually or commonly occurring or done" and "remarkable or interesting because different from or better than others."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/unusual?q=unusual | title=Definition of unusual in English | publisher=Oxford Dictionaries | accessdate=26 October 2013}}</ref>

Some other articles also cover deaths that might be considered unusual or ironic, including [[List of entertainers who died during a performance]], [[List of inventors killed by their own inventions]], [[List of association footballers who died while playing]], [[List of professional cyclists who died during a race]] and the [[List of political self-immolations]].
{{TOC limit|2}}

== Antiquity ==
{{Hatnote|'''Note:''' Many of these stories are likely to be [[wikt:apocryphal|apocryphal]].}}
[[File:Death of Aeschylus in Florentine Picture Chronicle.jpg|thumb|The death of '''[[Aeschylus]]''' illustrated in the 15th century ''Florentine Picture Chronicle'' by [[Maso Finiguerra]].<ref>{{citation |title=Meditation in Solitude |author=Ursula Hoff |journal=Journal of the Warburg Institute |volume=vol. 1 |number=44 |year=1938 |pages=292–294 |publisher=The Warburg Institute |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/749994}}</ref>]]

*[[circa|c.]] 620 BC: '''[[Draco (lawgiver)|Draco]]''', Athenian law-maker, was smothered to death by gifts of cloaks and hats showered upon him by appreciative citizens at a theatre on [[Aegina]].<ref>Suidas. "[http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?login=guest&enlogin=guest&db=REAL&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=delta,1495&filter=CD-Unicode {{lang|grc|Δράκων}}]", ''Suda On Line'', Adler number delta, 1495.</ref><ref>{{citation |page=161 |chapter=Most Unusual Death |title=Felton & Fowler's Best, Worst, and Most Unusual |author=Bruce Felton, Mark Fowler |publisher=Random House |year=1985 |isbn=9780517462973}}</ref>
*564 BC: '''[[Arrhichion]] of [[Phigalia]]''', Greek [[Pankration|pankratiast]], caused his own death during the [[Ancient Olympic Games|Olympic]] finals. Held by his unidentified opponent in a stranglehold and unable to free himself, Arrichion's trainer shouted "What a fine funeral if you do not submit at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]]!" Arrichion then kicked his opponent with his right foot while casting his body to the left, causing his opponent so much pain that he made the sign of defeat to the [[umpire]]s, while at the same time breaking Arrichion's own neck as the other fighter was still strangleholding him. Since the opponent had conceded defeat, Arrichion was proclaimed victor posthumously.<ref>{{citation |title=The Salt Lake Loonie |author=Brett Matlock, Jesse Matlock |publisher=University of Regina Press |year=2011 |page=81}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=The Pankration and Wrestling |author=EN Gardiner |title=The Journal of Hellenic Studies |year=1906 |quote=Fatal accidents did occur as in the case of Arrhichion, but they were very rare...}}</ref>
*455 BC: '''[[Aeschylus]]''', the great Athenian author of [[tragedy|tragedies]]. [[Valerius Maximus]] wrote that he was killed by a [[tortoise]] dropped by an eagle that had mistaken his head for a rock suitable for shattering the shell of the reptile. [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], in his ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Naturalis Historiæ]]'', adds that Aeschylus had been staying outdoors to avert a prophecy that he would be killed by a falling object.<ref name=CGC>{{citation |page=136 |quote=The unusual nature of Aeschylus's death... |title=A Cabinet of Greek Curiosities: Strange Tales and Surprising Facts from the Cradle of Western Civilization |author=J. C. McKeown |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=9780199982103}}</ref><ref name=tortue>{{citation |title=La tortue d'Eschyle et autres morts stupides de l'Histoire |isbn=9782352042211 |publisher=Editions Les Arènes |year=2012}}</ref>
*401 BC: '''[[Mithridates (soldier)|Mithridates]]''', a soldier who embarrassed his king, [[Artaxerxes II]], by boasting of killing his rival, [[Cyrus the Younger]], was executed by [[scaphism]]. The king's physician, [[Ctesias]], reported that he survived the insect torture for 17 days.<ref name=10tbd>{{citation |chapter=10 truly bizarre deaths |title=Listverse.Com's Ultimate Book of Bizarre Lists |author=Jamie Frater |publisher=Ulysses Press |year=2010 |isbn=9781569758175 |pages=12–14}}</ref><ref name=acogc>{{citation |title=A Cabinet of Greek Curiosities: Strange Tales and Surprising Facts from the Cradle of Western Civilization |page=102 |author=J. C. McKeown |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=9780199982127 |quote=Ctesias, the Greek physician to Artaxerxes, the king of Persia, gives an appallingly detailed description of the execution inflicted on a soldier named Mithridates, who was misguided enough to claim the credit for killing the king's brother, Cyrus...}}</ref>
*270 BC: '''[[Philitas of Cos]]''', Greek intellectual, is said by [[Athenaeus]] to have studied arguments and erroneous word usage so intensely that he wasted away and starved to death.<ref name="9.401e">[[Athenaeus]], ''[[Deipnosophistae]]'', [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Literature/Literature-idx?type=turn&entity=Literature.AthV2.p0115 9.401e].</ref> British classicist [[Alan Cameron (classical scholar)|Alan Cameron]] speculates that Philitas died from a [[wasting]] disease which his contemporaries joked was caused by his [[pedant]]ry.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= The Classical Quarterly |volume=41 |issue=2 |year=1991 |pages=534–8 |author=Alan Cameron |title= How thin was Philitas? |doi= 10.1017/S0009838800004717}}</ref>
*210 BC: '''[[Qin Shi Huang]]''', the first [[Emperor of China]], died after ingesting several pills of [[mercury poisoning|mercury]] in the belief that it would grant him [[immortality|eternal life]]. His eunuch courtiers concealed the death while they plotted the succession and used carts of fish to disguise the smell of the corpse. He was then buried in a fantastic tomb which is still being excavated. His artifacts and treasures include the famous [[Terracotta Army]] which was created for him to rule from his grave.<ref>{{citation |author=Wright, David Curtis |year=2001 |title=The History of China |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |page=49 |isbn=0-313-30940-X}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=The First Emperor |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=9780191527630 |pages=82, 150}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.esquire.com/blogs/culture/Royalty-and-their-strange-deaths |title=Royalty and their Strange Deaths |author=Nate Hopper |date=4 Feb 2013 |journal=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]}}</ref>
*206 BC: One ancient account of the death of '''[[Chrysippus]]''', the 3rd century BC [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] [[Stoicism|Stoic]] philosopher, tells that he died of laughter after he saw a [[donkey]] eating his [[common fig|figs]]; he told a slave to give the donkey neat wine to drink to wash them down with, and then, '...having laughed too much, he died' (Diogenes Laertius 7.185).<ref name="Chrysippus">{{cite book|first=Diogenes|last= Laertius|title=Lives, Teachings and Sayings of the Eminent Philosophers, with an English translation by R.D. Hicks|year=1964-5|publisher=Harvard UP/W. Heinemann Ltd|location=Cambridge, Mass/London}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Riginos|first=Alice Swift|title=Platonica|year=1976|publisher=Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition|isbn=90 04 04565 1|page=195|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=0LM3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195&dq=Chrysippus+death+unusual&hl=en&sa=X&ei=f_OsUvGSAo3jlAX_rIHIBQ&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Chrysippus%20death%20unusual&f=false}}</ref>
*212 AD: '''[[Lucius Fabius Cilo]]''', a [[Roman senator]] of the 2nd century, "...choked...by a single hair in a draught of milk".<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], {{cite web |title=Nat. History, vii ''7'' |url= http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/7*.html}}</ref>
*258 AD: The martyr '''[[Saint Lawrence]]''' was roasted alive on a giant grill during the persecution of [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]].<ref>[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=366 "St. Lawrence - Martyr" at catholic.org]</ref><ref>[http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-lawrence-of-rome/ "Saint Lawrence of Rome" at saints.sqpn.com]</ref> [[Prudentius]] tells that he joked with his tormentors, "Turn me over — I'm done on this side".<ref>{{citation |page=42 |title=Enduring Creation: Art, Pain, and Fortitude |author=Nigel Jonathan Spivey |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=9780520230224}}</ref> He is now the [[patron saint]] of cooks and firefighters.<ref>{{citation |title=The Encyclopedia Americana |volume=vol. 17 |page=85 |year=1981 |isbn=9780717201129}}</ref>
*336 AD: '''[[Arius]]''', [[presbyter]] of [[Alexandria]], [[Arius#Exile, return, and death|is said]] to have died of sudden diarrhea followed by copious [[Bleeding|hemorrhaging]] and anal expulsion of the [[intestine]]s while he walked across the imperial forum in [[Constantinople]]. He may have been poisoned.<ref>[[Gregory of Tours]], ''History of the Franks'' 2.23.</ref>
*415 AD: '''[[Hypatia]] of Alexandria''', Greek mathematician, philosopher and intellectual, often called the last librarian of the [[Library of Alexandria]], though it was destroyed long before her time, was murdered by a [[Christianity|Christian]] mob that ripped off her skin with sharp seashells. Various types of shells have been named, including clams, oysters and abalones. Other sources claim tiles or pottery [[Sherd|shard]]s were used.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hypatia.html |title=Hypatia biography |publisher=History.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>

{{Gallery
|width=160| height=250|align=center|lines=6
|File:Antikythera philosopher.JPG|Greek intellectual '''[[Philitas of Cos]]''', said to have studied arguments and erroneous word usage so intensely that he wasted away and starved to death.<ref name="9.401e"/>
|File:Qinshihuang.jpg |'''[[Qin Shi Huang]]''', the first [[Emperor of China]] who sought immortality but died an untimely death which was concealed by his courtiers using smelly fish.
|File:Martyrdom of Lawrence - Edited.jpg |The martyrdom of [[Saint Lawrence]] by [[Titian]]. This painting so impressed [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] that he commissioned another one for his basilica in [[El Escorial]].
|File:Hypatia (Charles William Mitchell).jpg |[[Hypatia]] painted by [[Charles William Mitchell]] in 1885.
}}

== Middle Ages ==
[[File:Charles le Mauvais.jpg|thumb|upright|An illustration of [[Charles II of Navarre]], burned alive when brandy-soaked bandages, in which he was wrapped, were set on fire.]]
*762: '''[[Li Bai|Li Po (Li Bai)]]''', Chinese poet and [[courtier]], supposedly tried to kiss the reflection of the [[Moon]] beside the boat in which he was travelling, fell overboard and drowned.<ref>''[[The Book of Lists]]'', 2004 edition. "...Some scholars believed he actually died of [[cirrhosis]]." Compare [[Li Bai#Death]].</ref>
*892: '''[[Sigurd Eysteinsson|Sigurd the Mighty]]''' of [[Orkney]] strapped the head of his defeated foe, [[Máel Brigte of Moray|Máel Brigte]], to his horse's saddle. The teeth of the head grazed against his leg as he rode, causing a fatal infection.<ref>Translations of the ''Orkneyinga saga'' (chapters 4 and 5), which relates the story, can be read online at [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/ice/is3/is302.htm Sacred texts] and [http://www.northvegr.org/lore/orkney/001.php Northvegr].</ref>
*1063: '''[[Béla I of Hungary]]''' died when his wooden throne collapsed upon him.<ref name=EBO2012>{{cite web | title = Bela I | year = 2012 | work = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/59031/Bela-I | accessdate = 13 August 2012}}</ref>
*1131: '''[[Philip of France (1116–1131)|Crown Prince Philip of France]]''' died while riding through Paris, when his horse tripped over a black pig running out of a dung heap.<ref>Ordericus Vitalis, ''The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy'', v. 4, p. 129</ref>
*1258: '''[[Al-Musta'sim]]''', the last [[Abbasid]] [[Caliph]] of [[Baghdad]], was executed by his [[Mongols|Mongol]] captors by being rolled up in a rug and then trampled by horses.<ref>{{cite book|last=Frater|first=Jamie|title= Listverse.Com's Ultimate Book of Bizarre Lists|year=2010|publisher=Ulysses Press|location=Canada|isbn= 9781569758175|page=400}}</ref>
*1327: '''[[Edward II of England]]''', after being deposed and imprisoned by his [[Queen consort|wife]] [[Isabella of France|Isabella]] and her lover [[Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March|Roger Mortimer]], was rumoured to have been murdered by having a [[Horn (anatomy)|horn]] pushed into his anus through which a red-hot iron was inserted, burning out his internal organs without marking his body.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A History of Great Britain: 3000BC-AD1603|year=2000 |publisher=BBC Worldwide |location= London|id= }} p.220</ref><ref>[http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=176011 A red-hot poker? It was just a red herring | General | Times Higher Education]</ref> However, as Seymour Phillips observes in his recent biography of the king, there is no real academic consensus on the manner of Edward II's death and it has been plausibly argued (for example, by Ian Mortimer) that the story is effectively propaganda.<ref>Phillips, Seymour, Edward II, Yale University Press, copyright 2010. pgs 560-565.</ref>
*1387: '''[[Charles II of Navarre]]''', after having been wrapped in bandages soaked in brandy in an attempt to cure an illness, was burned alive when a servant accidentally set the bandages on fire.<ref>Barbara Tuchman;''A Distant Mirror'', 1978, Alfred A Knopf Ltd</ref>
*1410: '''[[Martin of Aragon]]''' died from a combination of indigestion and [[Death from laughter|uncontrollable laughing]].<ref>[http://www.cc.jyu.fi/mirator/pdf/Morris.pdf "Patronage and Piety – Montserrat and the Royal House of Medieval Catalonia-Aragon"]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}, Paul N. Morris, ''Mirator Lokakuu'', October 2000</ref>
*1478: '''[[George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence|George Plantagenet]]''', [[Duke of Clarence]], was executed by drowning in a barrel of [[Malvasia|Malmsey wine]] at his own request.<ref>Thompson, C. J. S. ''Mysteries of History with Accounts of Some Remarkable Characters and Charlatans'', pp. 31 ''ff.'' Kila, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2004.</ref>

== Renaissance ==
[[File:Tycho Brahe.JPG|thumb|right|[[Tycho Brahe]] survived a duel, losing only his nose, but both he and his pet moose died from the effects of too much drink.]]
*1518: In the '''[[Dancing Plague of 1518]]''' a woman (and eventually a league of 400 people) uncontrollably danced for a month causing dozens of participants to die of heat stroke and exhaustion. The reason for this occurrence is still unclear.<ref name="Discovery Viegas">{{cite web |url= http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/08/01/dancing-death-mystery.html |title= 'Dancing Plague' and Other Odd Afflictions Explained |first= Jennifer |last= Viegas |date= 1 August 2008 |work= Discovery News |publisher= [[Discovery Communications]] |accessdate=8 August 2008 }}</ref>{{dead link|date=April 2013}}
*1552: '''Henry Pert''' a gentleman, of [[Welbeck]], [[Nottinghamshire]], died when he stretched his bow to its full extent and the arrow got lodged. While he was leaning over to look at it, the arrow released.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=BBC News|title=10 strange ways Tudors died|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-13762313}}</ref>
*1556: '''[[Pietro Aretino]]''', an Italian poet, satirist and pornographer, is said to have died by suffocation caused by [[Death from laughter|uncontrollable laughter]].<ref>Waterfield, Gordon, ed. ''First Footsteps in East Africa'', (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1966) pg. 59 footnote.</ref>
*1567: '''Hans Steininger''', the [[burgomaster]] of [[Brunau]], [[Austria]], died when he broke his neck by tripping over his own beard.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1= Charles Winslow|year=1910 |title=The Nobility of the Trades: Barbers and Hairdressers|journal= National Magazine|volume=32 |issue=1 |page=472 |publisher= |date=April 1910}}</ref> The beard, which was {{convert|4.5|ft|m}} long at the time, was usually kept rolled up in a leather pouch.<ref>{{cite web|title=HowStuffWorks - 10 Bizarre Ways to Die|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/human-biology/10-ways-to-die3.htm}}</ref>
*1601: '''[[Tycho Brahe]]''' died from complications of a burst bladder after refusing to leave a dinner table to relieve himself because it would have been a breach of etiquette.<ref>{{cite news |author=John Tierney |coauthors= |title=Murder! Intrigue! Astronomers? |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/30/science/30tierney.html?pagewanted=all |quote=At the time of Tycho's death, in 1601, the blame fell on his failure to relieve himself while drinking profusely at the banquet, supposedly injuring his bladder and making him unable to urinate. |work=[[New York Times]] |date=November 29, 2010 |accessdate=2010-11-30 |authorlink= John Tierney (journalist) }}</ref><ref>Thoren ([[#VET|1990]], p.[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=F5a83U4B8XkC&pg=PA468 468–69])</ref><ref>{{Cite news
|title=Was Tycho Brahe Poisoned? According to New Evidence, Probably Not
|date=17 November 2012
|author=Terri Pous
|journal=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] – Bizarre
|quote="a fatal case of politeness.", "Brahe makes a good case for strangest historical death"
|url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/11/17/was-tycho-brahe-poisoned-according-to-new-evidence-probably-not/
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
|title=Tycho Brahe's 'murder' investigated
|date=15 November 2012
|journal=[[The Guardian]]
|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/nov/15/astronomer-tycho-brahe-death-scientists
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Bones of Danish Astronomer Tycho Brahe May Yield Clues to His Death
|date=19 November 2010
|publisher=[http://space.com space.com]
|url=http://www.space.com/9567-bones-danish-astronomer-tycho-brahe-yield-clues-death.html
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Tycho Brahe Died From Burst Bladder, Not Poisoning, Astronomer's Exhumed Body Shows
|date=16 November 2012
|author=Megan Gannon
|publisher=[[Huffington Post]]
|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/18/tycho-brahe-death-poison-bladder_n_2148980.html
}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=The Medici Giraffe: And Other Tales of Exotic Animals and Power |author=Marina Belozerskaya |publisher=Hachette UK |year=2009 |isbn=9780316076425 |chapter= Rudolf II's Empire of Knowledge}}</ref>
*1660: [[Thomas Urquhart]], the [[Scottish people|Scottish]] aristocrat, [[polymath]] and first translator of [[François Rabelais]]'s writings into English, is said to have died laughing upon hearing that [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] had taken the throne.<ref>{{cite book | title = Rabelais in English Literature | last = Brown | first = Huntington | isbn = 0-7146-2051-3 | publisher = Routledge | page = 126 | year = 1968}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = The History of Scottish Poetry | publisher = Edmonston & Douglas | year = 1861 | page = 539}}</ref>
*1667: '''James Betts''' died from asphyxiation after being sealed in a cupboard by Elizabeth Spencer, at [[Corpus Christi College, Cambridge]] in an attempt to hide him from her father, [[John Spencer (Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge)|John Spencer]].<ref name=Rackham>{{cite book| last = Rackham | first = Oliver | title= Treasures of Silver at Corpus Christi College | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-521-81880-X}}</ref><ref name="Corpus Christi College">{{cite web|url=http://www.corpus.cam.ac.uk/about-corpus/maps-and-tours/take-a-virtual-tour/225|title=Corpus Christi Website -Corpus Ghost|publisher=Corpus Christi College}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Guiley| first = Rosemary Ellen | title= The Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits | publisher = Checkmark books| edition = 2nd | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8160-4086-5}}</ref>

{{Gallery
|width=160| height=250|align=center|lines=2
|File:PietroAretinobyMarcantonio.PNG|[[Pietro Aretino]], who died from [[Death from laughter|uncontrollable laughter]].
}}

== 18th century ==
[[File:Crown prince Sado of Joseon.jpg|thumb|upright|150px|Crown Prince Sado was sealed alive in a rice chest to prevent him inheriting the throne of Korea.<ref name=sado/>]]

[[File:Hannah Twynnoy's gravestone.jpg|thumb|upright|200px|Hannah Twynnoy was killed by a tiger she mocked.<ref name=twynnoy/>]]

*1701: '''[[Hannah Twynnoy]]''' was killed by a [[tiger]] in [[Great Britain]]. Oral history suggests that, despite warnings, she continued to bother a tiger kept in a menagerie which broke free and killed her.<ref name=twynnoy>http://www.malmesbury.com/malmesbury-history/961-hannah-twynnoy.html</ref>{{verify credibility|date=December 2013}} 

*1755: '''[[Henry Hall (lighthouse keeper)|Henry Hall]]''' died from injuries he sustained after molten lead fell into his throat while he was looking up at [[Eddystone Lighthouse|a burning lighthouse]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mOgRAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Universal magazine |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=7 August 2011|year=1757}}</ref>

*1762: '''[[Crown Prince Sado]]''', then-heir to [[Kingdom of Korea|King]] [[Yeongjo of Joseon]], was ordered to be sealed alive in a rice chest after his father decided he was unfit to succeed him.<ref name=sado>{{cite web | url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2009/11/142_56275.html | title=Book Reconstitutes Secret of Prince Sado's Death | work=The Korea Times | date=27 November 2009 | accessdate=30 May 2011 | author=Ah-young Chung}}</ref>

*1771: '''[[Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden]]''', died of digestion problems on 12 February 1771 after having consumed a meal of lobster, caviar, sauerkraut, smoked herring and champagne, topped off with 14 servings of his favourite dessert: [[semla|hetvägg]] served in a bowl of hot milk.<ref>[http://www.thelocal.se/6470/20070220/ The lowdown on Sweden's best buns] ''The Local'', February 2007</ref> He is thus remembered by Swedish schoolchildren as "the king who ate himself to death."<ref>[http://www.messengernews.net/page/content.detail/id/503630.html?nav=5007 Semlor are Swedish treat for Lent] Sandy Mickelson, ''The Messenger'', 27 February 2008</ref>

*1782: '''Mrs Fitzherbert''' [[death from laughter|died from laughter]]. On a Wednesday evening she had seen Mr. Bannister at [[The Beggar's Opera]], and laughed with the rest of the audience upon his comical entrance. She was unable to stop laughing, and had to leave the theater. She continued laughing until her death on Friday morning.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=7CEJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA302&dq=A+Selection+of+Curious+Articles+from+the+Gentleman's+Magazine+Bannister&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KTppUuCBNYHkyAGXn4GIAw&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Bannister%20laugh&f=false A Selection of Curious Articles from the Gentleman's Magazine,] Volume 4 By John Walker, page 302. The chapter title states "Deaths of Persons" ..."peculiar circumstances".</ref>
*1783: '''[[James Otis, Jr.]]''', the [[American Revolution]]ary, "often mentioned to friends and relatives that ... he hoped his death would come from a bolt of [[lightning]]." His hope was fulfilled on 23 May 1783 when lightning struck the chimney of a friend's house in whose doorway he was standing.<ref name="Book of Lists">''[[The Book of Lists]]'', 2004 edition.</ref>

*1794: '''[[John Kendrick (American sea captain)|John Kendrick]]''', an American sea captain and explorer, was killed in the [[Hawaii|Hawaiian Islands]] when a fellow trading ship mistakenly used a loaded cannon to fire a salute to Kendrick's vessel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=1983 |title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online |publisher=Biographi.ca |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>

== 19th century ==
*1816: '''[[Gouverneur Morris]]''', an American statesman, died after sticking a piece of whale bone through his urinary tract to relieve a blockage.<ref>{{cite book|last=Adams|first=William Howard|title=Gouverneur Morris: an independent life|year=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=GYxgEf7VbMcC&pg=PA323&dq=Gouverneur+Morris++whalebone#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0-300-09980-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kirschke|first=James J.|title=Gouverneur Morris: author, statesman, and man of the world|year=2005|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-312-24195-X|url=http://books.google.com/?id=MkqBV79cVMkC&pg=PA265&lpg=PA265&dq=Gouverneur+Morris++whalebone#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
*1830: '''[[William Huskisson]]''', statesman and financier, was run over by a locomotive ([[Stephenson's Rocket]]), at the [[Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway|public opening of the world's first mechanically powered railway to offer a scheduled passenger service]], a railway which he had himself done much to promote.<ref>{{cite book|last=Garfield|first=Simon|title=The Last Journey of William Huskisson|year=2002|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=0571216080}}</ref>
*1834: '''[[David Douglas]]''', Scottish [[botany|botanist]], fell into a [[pit trap]] where he was trampled by a wild bull.<ref>{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=74QkpEL5TCoC&pg=PA106 |title=Early American Naturalists: Exploring The American West, 1804-1900 |page=106 |author=John Moring |publisher=Taylor Trade Publications |year=2005 |isbn=9781589791831}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yDC7gu-sCMsC&pg=PA160 |page=160 |title=Flower Hunters |author=John and Mary Gribbin |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=9780192807182}}</ref>
*1871: '''[[Clement Vallandigham]]''', a lawyer and Ohio politician, accidentally shot himself demonstrating how a victim might possibly have shot himself while in the process of drawing a weapon from a kneeling position. Though the defendant, Thomas McGehan, was ultimately cleared, Vallandigham died from his wound.<ref>[http://www.historiclebanonohio.com/?q=vallandigham Death of Clement Vallandigham | HistoricLebanonOhio.com]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civil-war-150.com/tag/clement-vallandigham/ |title=Fatal Accident to Mr. Vallandigham: The Western Reserve Chronicle, June 21, 1871, page 2 |publisher=civil-war-150.com |date=June 13, 2012 |accessdate=November 2, 2013}}</ref>

{{Gallery
|width=160|height=250|align=center|lines=4
|Image:Clement Vallandigham - Brady-Handy.jpg|Clement Vallandigham - died after demonstrating how a victim might have accidentally shot himself
}}

== 20th century ==

=== 1920s ===
*1920: '''[[Ray Chapman|Ray "Chappie" Chapman]]''', shortstop for the Cleveland Indians baseball team, was killed when a [[submarine (baseball)|submarine ball]] thrown by [[Carl Mays]] hit him in the [[temple (anatomy)|temple]]. Chapman collapsed at the plate, and died about 12 hours later. He remains the only major league baseball player killed by a pitched ball.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/sports/year_in_sports/08.17.html |title=The Death of Ray Chapman|work=[[New York Times]] |date=17 August 1920}}</ref>
*1920: '''[[Dan Andersson]]''', a Swedish author, died of cyanide poisoning while staying at Hotel Hellman in [[Stockholm]]. The hotel staff had failed to clear the room after using hydrogen cyanide against [[bed bug]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://litteraturbanken.se/#!forfattare/AnderssonD/presentation |title=Dan Andersson (1888–1920)}}</ref>
*1920: '''[[Alexander of Greece|Alexander I]]''', King of the Hellenes, was taking a walk in the [[National Garden of Athens|Royal Gardens]], when his dog was attacked by a monkey. The King attempted to defend his dog, receiving bites from both the monkey and its mate.<ref>[[John Van der Kiste]], ''Kings of the Hellenes'' (Alan Sutton Publishing, Stroud, Gloucestershire, England, 1994) ISBN 0-7509-0525-5 p. 119</ref> The diseased animals' bites caused [[sepsis]] and Alexander died three weeks later.
*1923: '''[[Frank Hayes (jockey)|Frank Hayes]]''', a [[jockey]] at [[Belmont Park]], [[New York]], died of a heart attack during his first race. His mount finished first with his body still attached to the saddle, and he was only discovered to be dead when the horse's owner went to congratulate him.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60B13F83C5416738DDDAC0894DE405B838EF1D3&scp=1&sq=jockey+hayes&st=p|title=Jockey Dies as He Wins His First Race; Hayes Collapses Passing the Winning Post |work=New York Times |date=5 June 1923 |accessdate=20 February 2011}}</ref>
*1923: '''[[George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon]]''', died allegedly because of the so-called [[Curse of the pharaohs|King Tut's Curse]] after a mosquito bite on his face, which he cut while shaving, became seriously infected with [[erysipelas]], leading to blood poisoning and eventually pneumonia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/carnarvon.htm |title=The Life of Lord Carnarvon |publisher=Touregypt.net |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |title=Carnarvon Is Dead Of An Insect's Bite At Pharaoh's Tomb. Blood Poisoning and Ensuing Pneumonia Conquer Tut-ankh-Amen Discoverer in Egypt. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20C11F7355416738DDDAC0894DC405B838EF1D3 |quote=The Earl of Carnarvon died peacefully at 2 o'clock this morning. He was conscious almost to the end. |work=[[New York Times]] |date=5 April 1923 |accessdate=12 August 2008 }}</ref>

[[Image:Isadora Duncan portrait.jpg|thumb|150px|Isadora Duncan, ballerina, died when her long scarf, caught on the wheel of a car, broke her neck.]]

*1925: '''[[Zishe Breitbart|Zishe (Siegmund) Breitbart]]''', a circus strongman and Jewish folklore hero, died after demonstrating he could drive a spike through five one-inch (2.54 cm) thick oak boards using only his bare hands. He accidentally pierced his knee and the rusted spike caused an infection which led to fatal blood poisoning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/Competition/Breitbart/breitbart-index.htm |title=Siegmund Breitbart |publisher=Sandowplus.co.uk |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1926: '''Phillip McClean''', 16, from [[Queensland]], Australia, became the only person documented to have been killed by a [[cassowary]]. After encountering the bird on their family property near [[Mossman, Queensland|Mossman]] in April,<ref>{{cite book|last=Christensen|first=Liana|title=Deadly Beautiful: Vanishing Killers of the Animal Kingdom|year=2011|publisher=Exisle Publishing|location=Wollombi, NSW|isbn=9781921497223|page=272}}</ref> McClean and his brother decided to kill it with clubs. When McClean struck the bird it knocked him down, then kicked him in the neck, opening a 1.25 cm (0.5 in) long cut in one of his main blood vessels. Though the boy managed to get back on his feet and run away, he collapsed a short while later and died from the haemorrhage.<ref>Kofron, Christopher P., Chapman, Angela. (2006) "Causes of mortality to the endangered Southern Cassowary Casuarius casuariusjohnsonii in Queensland, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology vol. 12: 175–179</ref>
*1926: '''[[Harry Houdini]]''', the famous American escape artist, was punched in the stomach by an amateur boxer. Though this had been done with Houdini's permission, complications from this injury may have caused him to die days later, on 31 October 1926. It was later determined that Houdini died of a ruptured appendix,<ref>{{cite web|title=Harry Houdini – Biography|url=http://www.apl.org/history/houdini/biography.html|publisher=Appleton History|accessdate=4 August 2009}}</ref> though it is contested as to whether or not the punches actually caused the appendicitis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Death of Houdini|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/houdini.asp|publisher=Urban Legends Reference Paces|accessdate=9 May 2012}}</ref><ref name=cfk/>
*1927: '''[[Isadora Duncan]]''', dancer, died of a broken neck when her long scarf caught on the wheel of a car in which she was a passenger.<ref>{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Ismene|title=Isadora Duncan, Sublime or Ridiculous?|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/dance/4949201/Isadora-Duncan-sublime-or-ridiculous.html|work=The Telegraph|date=6 March 2009|accessdate=26 April 2013}}</ref>

=== 1930s ===
*1930: '''[[William Kogut]]''', an inmate on death row at [[San Quentin State Prison|San Quentin]], committed suicide with a pipe bomb created from several packs of playing cards and the hollow leg from his cot. At the time, the red ink in playing cards contained flammable [[nitrocellulose]], which when wet can create an explosive mixture. Kogut used the heater in his cell to activate the bomb.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/kogut.asp |title=Death by Playing Cards – Solitaire |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
*1932: '''[[Eben Byers]]''', an American golfer and industrialist, died from multiple cancers caused by drinking more than 1400 bottles of a radioactive "health potion" called [[Radithor]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |coauthors= |title=Death Stirs Action on Radium 'Cures'. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F93D5A13738DDDAB0894DC405B828FF1D3 |quote=Federal and local agencies, as well as medical authorities in various parts of the country, were stirred to action yesterday as a result of the death of Eben M. Byers, wealthy Pittsburgh steel manufacturer and sportsman, who died here Wednesday at the Doctors' Hospital from causes attributed to radium poisoning resulting from the drinking of water containing radium in solution. ... |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=2 April 1932 |accessdate=1 October 2011 }}</ref>
[[File:Sherwood Anderson (1933).jpg|thumb|180px|Sherwood Anderson, who died after swallowing a toothpick]]
*1933: '''[[Michael Malloy]]''', a homeless man, was murdered by five men in a plot to collect on [[life insurance]] policies they had purchased. After surviving multiple poisonings, intentional exposure, and being struck by a car, Malloy succumbed to gassing.<ref>{{cite book |last=Read |first=Simon |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Bizarre Killing of Michael Malloy |year=2005 |publisher=Penguin Book Group |location= |id= |isbn=0-425-20678-5 }}</ref>

=== 1940s ===

*1941: '''[[Sherwood Anderson]]''', writer, died of [[peritonitis]] after swallowing a toothpick at a party.<ref>[http://athena.english.vt.edu/~appalach/writersA/anderson.html Virginia Tech article]</ref>
*1944: Inventor and chemist '''[[Thomas Midgley, Jr.]]''' accidentally strangled himself with the cord of a pulley-operated mechanical bed of his own design.<ref>[[Bill Bryson|Bryson, Bill]]. ''[[A Short History of Nearly Everything]]''. (2003) Broadway Books, USA. ISBN 0-385-66004-9</ref>
*1945: Scientist '''[[Harry K. Daghlian, Jr.]]''' accidentally dropped a brick of [[tungsten carbide]] onto a sphere of [[plutonium]] (known as the [[Demon core]]) while working on the [[Manhattan Project]]. This caused the plutonium to come to criticality; Daghlian died of radiation poisoning, becoming the first person to die in a [[criticality accident]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mphpa.org/classic/FH/LA/Harry_Daghlian.htm |title=Harry K. Daghlian – 1 of 1 |publisher=Mphpa.org |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1946: '''[[Louis Slotin]]''', chemist and physicist, died of radiation poisoning after being exposed to lethal amounts of ionizing radiation from the [[Demon core|same core]] that killed [[Harry K. Daghlian, Jr.]] The core went critical after a screwdriver he was using to separate the halves of the spherical beryllium reflector slipped.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hhs55.com/slotin.html |title=hhs55.com |publisher=hhs55.com |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1947: '''[[Collyer brothers|The Collyer Brothers]]''', extreme cases of [[compulsive hoarding|compulsive hoarders]], were found dead in their home in New York. The younger brother, Langley, was crushed to death when he accidentally triggered one of his own booby traps that had consisted of a large pile of objects, books, and newspapers. His blind and paralyzed brother Homer, who had depended on Langley for care, died of starvation some days later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trivia-library.com/c/biography-of-hermits-of-harlem-homer-and-langley-collyer.htm |title=Biography of Hermits of Harlem Homer and Langley Collyer – |publisher=Trivia-library.com |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>

=== 1950s ===
*1958: '''[[Gareth Jones (actor)|Gareth Jones]]''', actor, collapsed and died between scenes of a live television play, ''[[Underground (1958 TV play)|Underground]]'', at the studios of [[Associated British Corporation]] in [[Manchester]]. Director [[Ted Kotcheff]] continued the play to its conclusion, improvising around Jones' absence. Coincidentally, Jones' character was to have a heart-attack, which is what Jones suffered and died of.<ref>Cited by Gareth Rubin [http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2009/may/31/television-drama-theatre "Live TV drama is resurrected as Sky shrugs off lessons of history",] ''The Guardian'', 31 May 2009</ref><ref>Matthew Sweet [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/do-not-adjust-your-set-by-kate-dunn-587580.html Review: "'Do Not Adjust Your Set' By Kate Dunn,] ''The Independent'', 20 July 2003</ref>

=== 1960s ===
*1960: In the '''[[Nedelin catastrophe]]''', more than 100 Soviet rocket technicians and officials died when a switch was accidentally turned on, causing the second stage engines of a rocket to ignite, directly above the fully fueled first stage. The casualties included Red Army [[Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin|Marshal Nedelin]], who was sitting just {{convert|40|m|sp=us}} away overseeing launch preparations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/r16_disaster.html |title=Nedelin disaster |publisher=Russianspaceweb.com |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1960: '''[[Inejiro Asanuma]]''', 61, the head of the [[Social Democratic Party (Japan)|Japanese Socialist Party]], was stabbed to death with a [[wakizashi]] sword by extreme rightist [[Otoya Yamaguchi]] during a televised political rally.<ref>{{cite news|author= |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,711952,00.html |title=Assassin's Apologies |publisher=Time.com |date= 14 November 1960|accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
*1960: '''[[Alan Stacey]]''', [[Formula One]] race driver, died in a crash during the [[1960 Belgian Grand Prix|Belgian Grand Prix]] when a bird flew into his face, causing him to lose control.<ref>{{cite book|last=Daley|first=Robert|title=Cars at Speed: Classic Stories from Grand Prix's Golden Age|year=2007|publisher=MBI Publishing Company|location=United States|isbn=9780760331170|page=304}}</ref>
*1961: U.S. Army Specialists '''John A. Byrnes''' and '''Richard Leroy McKinley''' and Navy Electrician's Mate '''Richard C. Legg''' were killed by a [[water hammer]] explosion during maintenance on the [[SL-1]] nuclear reactor in Idaho.<ref>[http://www.archive.org/details/gov.ntis.A13886VNB1 SL-1 The Accident: Phases I and II] U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Idaho Operations Office video ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIBQMkd96CA Youtube 1]) ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVr6bD-z9hM Youtube 2])</ref><ref>[http://www.inl.gov/proving-the-principle/chapter_15.pdf Chapter 15 "The SL-1 Reactor" (page 142)] 9.5 MB PDF</ref><ref name="Tucker">{{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Todd |title=Atomic America: How a Deadly Explosion and a Feared Admiral Changed the Course of Nuclear History|isbn=978-1-4165-4433-3 |year=2009 |publisher=Free Press |location=New York}} See summary: http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0904/2008013842-s.html</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McKeown |first=William |title=Idaho Falls: The Untold Story of America's First Nuclear Accident |isbn=978-1-55022-562-4 |year=2003 |publisher=ECW Press |location=Toronto}}</ref>
*1961: '''[[Valentin Bondarenko]]''', a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[cosmonaut]] trainee, died after suffering third-degree [[burn]]s from a flash fire in the pure oxygen environment of a training simulator.<ref>Oberg, James, ''Uncovering Soviet Disasters'', [http://www.jamesoberg.com/usd10.html Chapter 10: Dead Cosmonauts], pp 156–176, Random house, New York, 1988. Retrieved 8 January 2008.</ref>
*1966: '''Worth Bingham''', son of [[Barry Bingham, Sr.]], died when a surfboard, lying atop the back of his convertible, hit a parked car, swung around, and broke his neck.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/04/business/media/04bingham.html?pagewanted=2&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/M/McFadden,%20Robert%20D.%20Jr.
|title=Barry Bingham Jr., Louisville Publisher, Is Dead at 72
|author=
|work=The New York Times
|date= 4 April 2006
| first=Robert D.
| last=McFadden
| accessdate=11 May 2010
}}</ref>
[[File:Soviet Union-1964-stamp-Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov.jpg|thumb|USSR postage stamp honoring Vladimir Komarov, the first person to die during a space mission]]
* 1966: Skydiver '''[[Nick Piantanida]]''' died from the effects of [[uncontrolled decompression]] four months after an attempt to break the world record for the highest parachute jump. During his third attempt, his face mask came loose (or he possibly opened it by mistake), causing loss of air pressure and irreversible brain damage.<ref>{{cite book |title=Magnificent Failure: Free Fall from the Edge of Space |last1=Ryan |first1=Craig |publisher=Smithsonian Air and Space Museum Press |year=2003| isbn=978-1-58834-141-9 |oclc=51059086 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/article687679.ece Dive Hard], [[The Globe and Mail]], 25 May 2008</ref>
*1967: '''[[Gus Grissom]]''', '''[[Edward Higgins White|Ed White]]''', and '''[[Roger B. Chaffee]]''', NASA astronauts, died when a flash fire began in their pure oxygen environment during a training exercise inside the [[Apollo 1]] spacecraft. The spacecraft's escape hatch could not be opened because it was designed to seal shut under pressure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/grissom-vi.html |title=Astronaut Bio: Virgil I. Grissom |publisher=Jsc.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1967: Cosmonaut '''[[Vladimir Komarov]]''' became the first person to die during a space mission after the parachute of [[Soyuz 1|his capsule]] failed to deploy following re-entry.<ref>{{cite news|author=Tony Long |url=http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/04/dayintech_0424 |title=24 April 1967: Last Day in the Life of Cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov |publisher=Wired.com |date=24 April 2007|accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>

=== 1970s ===
*1971: '''[[Georgy Dobrovolsky]], [[Vladislav Volkov]] and [[Viktor Patsayev]]''', Soviet cosmonauts, died when their [[Soyuz 11|Soyuz-11]] spacecraft depressurized during preparations for reentry. These are the only known human deaths outside the Earth's atmosphere.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/n-s/space.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081012062830/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/n-s/space.html|archivedate=12 October 2008|title=Space disasters and near misses|publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=29 June 2011}}</ref>
*1974: '''Thomas Bayliss''' died after being run over by two [[Semi-trailer truck|semi-trailers]] and a [[pickup truck]] on [[State Road 64 (Florida)|State Road 64]] near [[Bradenton, Florida]]. None of the three vehicles stopped immediately after the accident.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bizarre death in Manatee probed by Highway Patrol|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SQswAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PnkDAAAAIBAJ&dq=bizarre%20death&pg=1989%2C828207|accessdate= May 2013|newspaper=St Petersburg Times|date=17 October 1974}}</ref>
*1974: '''Basil Brown''', a 48-year-old health food advocate from [[Croydon]], drank himself to death with [[carrot juice]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yLQsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jAoEAAAAIBAJ&dq=unusual-death&pg=6515%2C4463628 | work=Star-News | location=Wilmington, North Carolina |title=Unusual death | date=20 February 1974 | accessdate=12 June 2010| page=28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Staub |first=Jack E.|title=Alluring Lettuces: And Other Seductive Vegetables for Your Garden |year=2005 |publisher=Gibbs Smith|location=Layton, Utah |isbn=1-4236-0829-1|oclc=435711200 |page=230 |chapter=74. Yellowstone Carrot: Daucus carota savicus|chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=qbMz7YrTBMEC&lpg=PA230&ots=zu1Pef9qdF&dq=bl&pg=PA230#v=onepage&q=%22Basil%20Brown%22&f=false}}</ref>
*1974: '''[[Christine Chubbuck]]''', an American television news reporter, committed suicide during a live broadcast on 15 July. Eight minutes into her talk show on WXLT-TV in [[Sarasota, Florida]], she shot herself in the head with a [[revolver]].<ref name="dietz">Dietz, Jon. "On-Air Shot Kills TV Personality", ''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'', 16 July 1974.</ref>
[[File:Kurt gödel.jpg|thumb|180px|Kurt Gödel who, due to his extreme paranoia, died of starvation when his wife was hospitalized]]
*1977: '''[[Tom Pryce]]''', a [[Formula One]] driver at the [[1977 South African Grand Prix]], was killed when he was struck in the face by a track marshal's fire extinguisher. The marshal, '''Frederik Jansen van Vuuren''', was running across the track to attend to Pryce's team-mate's burning car when he was struck and killed by Pryce's car. Van Vuuren himself was torn in half as the car ploughed into him at a speed exceeding 270 km/h (170 mph).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wales/posts/tom_pryce_35th_anniversary_formula_one_south_african_grand_prix|title=The tragedy of Tom Pryce, Wales' Formula One hero|date=4 March 2012|accessdate=10 September 2013|first=James|last=Roberts|publisher=BBC}}</ref>
*1978: '''[[Georgi Markov]]''', a [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] dissident, was assassinated in London with a specially [[Bulgarian umbrella|modified umbrella]] that fired a metal pellet with a small cavity full of [[ricin]] into his [[thigh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/sep/14/bulgaria-umbrella-murder-archive-1978 |title=From the archive, 14 September 1978: Bulgarian dissident killed by poisoned umbrella at London bus stop | From the Guardian |publisher=theguardian.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-25}}</ref>
*1978: '''[[Janet Parker]]''', a British medical photographer, died of [[smallpox]] in 1978, ten months after the disease was eradicated in the wild, when a researcher at the laboratory where Parker worked accidentally released some virus into the air of the building. Parker is the last known smallpox fatality.<ref>[http://www.qmul.ac.uk/news/newsrelease.php?news_id=18 Twenty five years on: Smallpox revisited Queen Mary, University of London]{{dead link|date=December 2010}}</ref>
*1978: '''[[Kurt Gödel]]''', the Austrian/American logician and mathematician, died of starvation when his wife was hospitalized. Gödel suffered from extreme paranoia and refused to eat food prepared by anyone else.<ref>Toates, Frederick; Olga Coschug Toates (2002). Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Practical Tried-and-Tested Strategies to Overcome OCD. Class Publishing, 221. ISBN 978-1-85959-069-0.</ref>
*1979: '''[[Robert Williams (robot fatality)|Robert Williams]]''', a worker at a Ford Motor Co. plant, was the first known human to be killed by a robot,<ref name="rlid">Robot firm liable in death, Tim Kiska, ''The Oregonian'', 11 August 1983.</ref> after the arm of a one-ton factory robot hit him in the head.<ref name="a">{{cite news|last=Kiska|first=Tim|title=Death on the job: Jury awards $10 million to heirs of man killed by robot at auto plant |pages=A10|work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |date=11 August 1983|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/PI/lib00187,0EB295F7D995F801.html |accessdate=11 September 2007}}</ref>
*1979: '''John Bowen''', a 20-year-old from [[Nashua, New Hampshire]], was attending a [[New York Jets]] football game at [[Shea Stadium]] on 9 December. During a half-time show event featuring custom-made remote control flying machines, a 40-pound model plane shaped like a lawnmower accidentally dived into the stands, striking Bowen and another spectator, causing severe head injuries. Bowen died in the hospital four days later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/lawnmower.asp |title=Flying Lawnmower Death – Grim Reaper (contains additional references) |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.courant.com/ny-spsmain28112329894sep28,0,3404154.story It was a grand stage for excitement]{{dead link|date=March 2011}} by Joe Gergen, Hartford Courant, 28 September 2008.</ref>
*1979: '''Nitaro Ito''', a candidate for [[House of Representatives (Japan)|Japan's House of Representatives]], died in an attempt to gain sympathy during his election campaign. Having persuaded one of his employees to punch him in the face, Ito then stabbed himself in the leg. He hit an [[artery]] causing him to bleed to death before any aid could be given.<ref name="Book of Lists"/>

=== 1980s ===
*1981: '''David Allen Kirwan''', a 24-year-old, died from third-degree burns after attempting to rescue a friend's dog from the 200°F (93°C) water in Celestine Pool, a hot spring at [[Yellowstone National Park]] on 20 July 1981.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/hotspring.asp Hot Springs Death – Help Springs Eternal] at Snopes.com</ref><ref>Lee Whittlesey, ''Death in Yellowstone: Accidents and Foolhardiness in the First National Park''. Boulder, Colo. : Roberts Rinehart Publishers, ©1995.</ref>
*1981: '''[[Boris Sagal]]''', a film director, died while shooting the TV miniseries ''[[World War III (TV miniseries)|World War III]]'' when he walked into the tail rotor blade of a helicopter and was nearly [[decapitation|decapitated]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40911FE3E5C0C778EDDAC0894D9484D81 | work=The New York Times | title=Boris Sagal, 58, Movie Director, Dies After A Helicopter Accident|date=24 May 1981|accessdate=11 May 2010|first=Shawn G. | last=Kennedy}}</ref><ref name="salon1">{{cite web|url=http://open.salon.com/blog/jrobertg/2009/07/08/10_strange_celebrity_deaths |title=10 Strange Celebrity Deaths - J. Robert Godbout |publisher=Open Salon |date=2009-07-08 |accessdate=2013-09-27}}</ref>
*1981: '''[[Kenji Urada]]''', a Japanese factory worker, was killed by a malfunctioning robot he was working on at a [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries Motorcycle & Engine|Kawasaki]] plant in Japan. The robot's arm pushed him into a grinding machine, killing him.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/7001829?story_id=7001829 |title=Trust me, I'm a robot |publisher=Economist.com |date=8 June 2006|accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
*1982: Actor '''[[Vic Morrow]]''' and child-actor '''Myca Dinh Le''' (age 7) were decapitated by a rotating helicopter blade, and child-actress '''Renee Shin-Yi Chen''' (age 6) was crushed by a helicopter during filming of ''[[Twilight Zone: The Movie]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/not_guilty/twilight_zone/1.html |title=The Twilight Zone Tragedy – Crime Library on truTV.com |publisher=Crimelibrary.com |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1982: '''David Grundman''' was killed near [[Lake Pleasant Regional Park|Lake Pleasant]], [[Arizona]], while shooting at cacti with his shotgun. After he fired several shots at a 26 ft (8 m) tall [[Saguaro Cactus]] from extremely close range, a 4 ft (1.2 m) limb of the cactus detached and fell on him, crushing him.<ref name="salon1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/saguaro.asp |title=Cactus Courageous – Death by Saguaro |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/content/printVersion/160293 |title=When Cactus and Civilization collide – Trifling with Saguaros can be Hazardous to one's Health |publisher=Phoenixnewtimes.com |date=3 March 1993 |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
*1982: '''Navy Lieutenant George M. Prior''', 30, died in [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington, Virginia]], from a severe allergic reaction to [[Daconil]], a fungicide used on a golf course he attended. He had unwittingly ingested the substance through his habit of carrying the [[tee]] in his mouth when playing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/poison/golftee.asp |title=Fatal-A-Tee |publisher=snopes.com |date=2 September 2006|accessdate=6 March 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Tennessee Williams NYWTS.jpg|thumb|220px|Tennessee Williams who died when he choked on an [[Eye drop|eyedrop]] bottle-cap]]
*1983: '''Four divers and a tender''' were killed on the [[Byford Dolphin]] semi-submersible, when a decompression chamber [[Explosive decompression|explosively decompressed]] from 9 [[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]] to 1 atm in a fraction of a second. The diver nearest the chamber opening was torn apart before his remains were ejected through a 24 inch (60 cm) opening. The other divers' remains showed signs of boiled blood, unusually strong [[rigor mortis]], large amounts of gas in the blood vessels, and scattered hemorrhages in the soft tissues.<ref>Giertsen, J.C. et al., "An Explosive Decompression Accident", The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 9(2):91–101, 1988.</ref>
*1983: '''[[Sergei Chalibashvili]]''', a professional diver, died as a result of a diving accident during the [[1983 Summer Universiade]] in [[Edmonton, Alberta]]. When he attempted a three-and-a-half reverse somersault in the tuck position from the ten-meter platform, he struck his head on the platform and was knocked unconscious. He died after being in a coma for a week.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954031,00.html?promoid=googlep | work=Time | title=Milestones: Jul. 25, 1983 | date=25 July 1983| accessdate=11 May 2010}}</ref>
*1983: American author '''[[Tennessee Williams]]''' died when he choked on an eyedrop bottle-cap in his room at the Hotel Elysee in New York. He would routinely place the cap in his mouth, lean back, and place his eyedrops in each eye.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB35B891D6D7E0F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM | title=Search Results | date=27 February 1983}}</ref>
*1983: '''[[Jimmy Lee Gray]]''', during his execution in a Mississippi [[gas chamber]], died bashing his head against a metal pole behind the chair he was strapped into. The poisonous gas had failed to kill him but left him in agony and gasping for eight minutes.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/reportsfromabroad/macdonald/20071107.html "Might we make executions more civilized, please?"] from [[CBC News]]</ref>
*1983: '''[[Dick Wertheim]]''' was an American tennis linesman who died from blunt cranial trauma at a match at the [[1983 US Open (tennis)|1983 US Open]]. A serve from [[Stefan Edberg]] hit his groin, causing him to fall and hit his head on the pavement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Odd mishap fells tennis official |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fwIMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jFkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7153,2693520 |work=Evening Independent |location=St. Petersburg, Florida |page=3–C |date=12 September 1983 |accessdate=20 November 2008}}</ref>
*1986: More than 1,700 were killed after a [[limnic eruption]] from '''[[Lake Nyos]] in [[Cameroon]]''' released approximately {{nowrap|100,000,000 cubic metres}} ({{nowrap|3,500,000,000 cubic feet}}) of [[carbon dioxide]] that quickly descended on the lake and killed oxygen-dependent life within a {{convert|25|km|mi}} radius, including three villages. The same phenomenon is also blamed for the deaths of 37 near [[Lake Monoun]] in 1984.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/21/newsid_3380000/3380803.stm|title=21 August: 1986: Hundreds gassed in Cameroon lake disaster|publisher=BBC|author=BBC contributors|accessdate=20 May 2009 | date=21 August 1986}}</ref>
*1989: '''Patsy Ann Campbell''' of [[Portage]], [[Indiana]], died when the Psoralen she was taking to cure her psoriasis caused an over sensitivity to light and a 25-minute session in a tanning booth led to burns over 80% of her body. Dr. Alan Dimick, a University of Alabama burn expert, said he believes this was the first death caused by burns from a tanning booth.<ref>http://www.snopes.com/horrors/vanities/tanningbed.asp</ref>

=== 1990s ===
*1991: '''Edward Juchniewicz''', a 76-year-old man from [[Canonsburg, Pennsylvania]], was killed when the unattended ambulance stretcher he was strapped to rolled down a grade and overturned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/medical/emergent/gurney.asp |title=The Runaway Gurney |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Stretcher Accident Kills Man |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/04/us/stretcher-accident-kills-man.html?scp=1&sq=Stretcher%20Accident%20Kills%20Man&st=cse |agency=[[Associated Press|(AP)]] |newspaper= [[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 |oclc=1645522 |date=4 May 1991 |page=8 |accessdate=19 March 2011}}</ref>
*1993: '''[[Garry Hoy]]''', a 38-year-old lawyer in [[Toronto]], fell to his death on 9 July 1993, after he threw himself against a window on the 24th floor of the [[Toronto-Dominion Centre]] in an attempt to prove to a group of visitors that the glass was "unbreakable," a demonstration he had done many times before. The glass did not break, but popped out of the window frame.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/window.asp Window Test Death – Through a Glass, Quickly] at Snopes.com</ref><ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20070315.RGOODMAN15/TPStory/? Goodman and Carr falls prey to rivals] by Jacquie McNish, The Globe and Mail, 15 March 2007.</ref>
*1993: '''Michael A. Shingledecker, Jr.''' was killed when he and a friend were struck by a pickup truck while lying flat on the yellow dividing line of a two-lane highway in [[Polk, Pennsylvania]]. They were copying a daredevil stunt from the movie ''[[The Program]]''. '''Marco Birkhimer''' died in a similar accident while performing the same stunt in Route 206 of [[Bordentown, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CEED7123AF93AA25753C1A965958260&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | work=The New York Times | title=Not Like the Movie: A Dare Leads to Death | date=19 October 1993| accessdate=11 May 2010}}</ref>
*1994: '''Jennifer Jones''', a 15-year-old student, died at her [[Palm Beach, Florida]], home after attempting to inhale [[freon]] gas from the air-conditioning unit.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sanchez Jr|first=Jose Luis|title=Mother Of Victim Plans Crusade Against Freon|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1994-06-09/news/9406090063_1_freon-grace-jones-jones-classmates|accessdate=1 December 2012|newspaper=Florida SunSentinel|date=9 June 1994}}</ref>
*1994: '''[[Gloria Ramirez]]''' was admitted to a hospital in [[Riverside, California]], with symptoms originally thought to be related to her cervical cancer. Before she died Ramirez's body released mysterious toxic fumes that made several hospital employees very ill. Scientists still don't agree on any of the theories as to what could've caused this.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stone |first=Richard |url=http://discovermagazine.com/1995/apr/analysisofatoxic493 |title=Analysis of a Toxic Death | Cancer |work=DISCOVER Magazine |date=1 March 1995 |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1995: A '''39-year-old man''' committed suicide in Canberra, Australia, by shooting himself [[Multiple gunshot suicide|three times]] with a pump action shotgun. The first shot passed through his chest, but missed all of the vital organs. He reloaded and shot away his throat and part of his jaw. Breathing through the throat wound, he again reloaded, held the gun against his chest with his hands and operated the trigger with his toes. This shot entered the thoracic cavity and demolished the heart, killing him.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Herdson PB |title=Shotgun suicide with a difference |journal=Med J Aust. |volume=173 |issue=11–12 |pages=604–5 |year=2000 |pmid=11379504 |url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/173_11_041200/herdson/herdson.html}}</ref>
*1995: '''Joe Buddy Caine''', 35, died in [[Anniston, Alabama]], when he and a friend got drunk and played catch with a [[rattlesnake]]. The snake bit them both, but Caine was the only fatality.<ref>{{cite web|last=Joravsky |first=Ben |url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/news-of-the-weird/Content?oid=888799 |title=News of the Weird | News of the Weird |publisher=Chicago Reader |date=1995-10-19 |accessdate=2013-10-25}}</ref>
*1996: '''[[Death of Sharon Lopatka|Sharon Lopatka]]''', from [[Maryland]], was killed by Robert Glass who claimed that she had solicited him to torture and kill her for the purpose of sexual gratification.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/classics/sharon_lopatka/1.html?sect=13 |title=Internet Assisted Suicide: The Story of Sharon Lopatka at CrimeLibrary.com |publisher=Trutv.com |date= |accessdate=21 July 2011}}</ref>
*1997: '''[[Karen Wetterhahn]]''', a professor of chemistry at [[Dartmouth College]], died of mercury poisoning ten months after a few drops of [[dimethylmercury]] landed on her protective gloves. Although Wetterhahn had been following the required procedures for handling the chemical, it still permeated her gloves and skin within seconds. As a result of her death, regulations were altered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/dimethylmercury/dmmh.htm |title=Dimethylmercury and Mercury Poisoning |publisher=Chm.bris.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaomt.org/testfoundation/dimethylmercury.htm |title=The Trembling Edge of Science |publisher=Iaomt.org |date= |accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref>
*1998 October: The entire [[association football]] team of '''Bena Tshadi''' playing against Basanga was killed by lightning during a match in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Everyone on Basanga, the home team, survived.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/203137.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Lightning kills football team | date=28 October 1998 | accessdate=11 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2006/mar/15/theknowledge.sport | work=Guardian News | title=Did lightning kill an entire team? | date=15 March 2006| accessdate=2 September 2011 | location=London | first=James | last=Dart}}</ref>{{Verify credibility|date=July 2013}}
*1998: 16 year-old Jonathan Capewell of [[Oldham]], [[Greater Manchester]], died of accidental poisoning by methane and butane, after obsessive use of [[aerosol]] [[deodorant]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/boy-who-wanted-to-smell-good-killed-by-deodorant-1181309.html |title=Boy who 'wanted to smell good' killed by deodorant - News |publisher=The Independent |date=1998-10-29 |accessdate=2013-10-25}}</ref>
*1999: '''Jon Desborough''', a [[physical education]] teacher at [[Liverpool College]], died when he slipped and fell onto the blunt end of a [[javelin]] he was retrieving. The javelin passed through his [[eye socket]] and into his brain, causing severe brain damage and putting him into a coma. He died a month later.<ref>{{cite news |last=Breslin |first=Maria |title=Teacher hit by javelin dies |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/teacher-hit-by-javelin-dies-1099330.html |accessdate=26 April 2012 |newspaper=The Independent |date=11 June 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Javelin teacher dies in hospital |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/365923.stm |accessdate=26 April 2012 |publisher=BBC News |date=10 June 1999}}</ref>

== 21st century ==

=== 2000s ===
* 2001: '''Bernd-Jürgen Brandes''', from Germany, was voluntarily stabbed repeatedly and then partly eaten by [[Armin Meiwes]] (who was later called the Cannibal of [[Rotenburg an der Fulda|Rotenburg]]). Brandes had answered an internet advertisement by Meiwes looking for someone for this purpose. Brandes explicitly stated in his will that he wished to be killed and eaten.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4752797.stm |title=German cannibal guilty of murder|publisher=BBC News|date= 9 May 2006}}</ref>
* 2001: '''Michael Colombini''', a 6-year-old American boy from [[Croton-on-Hudson, New York]], was struck and killed at Westchester Regional Medical Centre by an [[oxygen tank]] when it was pulled into the [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) machine while he underwent a test. He had begun to experience breathing difficulties while in the MRI and when an anaesthesiologist brought a portable oxygen canister into the magnetic field, it was pulled from his hands and struck the boy in the head.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/22/nyregion/hospital-details-failures-leading-to-mri-fatality.html |title=Hospital Details Failures Leading To MRI Fatality |publisher=Nytimes.com |date=22 October 2001 |accessdate=11 December 2010 |first=Randal C. |last=Archibold}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mri-planning.com/articles/2005_newsletter/0508_four_years_after.html MRI Newsletter: Four Years After The Tragedy]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}.</ref>
* 2002: '''[[Death of Brittanie Cecil|Brittanie Cecil]]''', a 13-year-old American, was struck in the head by a [[hockey puck]] shot by [[Espen Knutsen]] and deflected into the crowd at an NHL hockey game in [[Columbus, Ohio]]. She died two days later in the hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espn.go.com/nhl/news/2002/0319/1354060.html|title=Girl dies after getting hit by puck at NHL game|publisher=ESPN.com|date= 20 May 2002}}</ref>
* 2003: '''[[Brian Douglas Wells]]''', an American [[pizza delivery]] man in [[Erie, Pennsylvania]], was killed when a [[time bomb]] fastened around his neck exploded. At the time of his death he had been apprehended by the police for robbing a bank. Wells told police that three people had locked the bomb around his neck and would not release it had he refused to commit the robbery.<ref>{{cite news| title=Pizza Deliveryman Who Robbed Bank Had Neck Measured for Bomb Collar| agency=Associated Press| date=19 July 2007| url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,289860,00.html| accessdate=30 September 2008 | publisher=Fox News}}</ref>
* 2004: '''Ronald McClagish''', from [[Murrow, Cambridgeshire]] in England, was trapped inside a cupboard when a wardrobe outside fell over and made it impossible for him to get out. McClagish survived for a week before succumbing to [[bronchitis]], which he had contracted when he removed a waterpipe in an attempt to free himself and the cupboard was partially flooded.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cambridgeshire/4483137.stm Call For New Cupboard Death Probe] BBC News</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1476175/Man-trapped-in-cupboard-died-as-water-gushed-down.html|title= Man trapped in cupboard died as water gushed down|work= Telegraph}}</ref>
* 2004: An '''unidentified [[Taiwan]]ese woman''' died of alcohol intoxication after immersion for twelve hours in a bathtub filled with 40% ethanol. Her [[blood alcohol content]] was 1.35%. It was believed that she had immersed herself as a response to the [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]] epidemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fsijournal.org/article/S0379-0738%2804%2900389-5/abstract |title=Elsevier |publisher=Fsijournal.org |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
* 2004: '''Francis "Franky" Brohm''', 23, of [[Marietta, Georgia]], was leaning out of a car window and decapitated by a telephone pole support wire. The car's intoxicated driver, John Hutcherson, 21, drove nearly {{convert|12|mi}} to his home with the headless body in the passenger seat, parked the car in his driveway, then went to bed. A neighbour saw the bloody corpse still in the car and notified police. Brohm's head was later discovered at the accident scene.<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnston |first=Lori |url=http://www.ajc.com/news/q-a-on-the-1198589.html |title='''AJC'', 11 Oct 2011 |publisher=Ajc.com |date= 11 October 2011|accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref>
* 2005: '''[[Enumclaw horse sex case|Kenneth Pinyan]]''' from [[Seattle, Washington]], died of acute [[peritonitis]] after receiving anal intercourse from a stallion. The case led to the criminalization of [[zoophilia|bestiality]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington state]].<ref>[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002569751_horsesex19m.html "Trespassing charged in horse-sex case"] ''The Seattle Times''</ref>
* 2005: '''[[Lee Seung Seop]]''', a 28-year-old from [[South Korea]], collapsed of fatigue and died after playing the videogame ''[[StarCraft]]'' online for almost 50 consecutive hours.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4137782.stm |title=Technology | S Korean dies after games session |publisher=BBC News |date=10 August 2005 |accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref>
* 2006: '''Erika Tomanu''', a seven-year-old girl in [[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]], Japan, died when she was sucked 10 metres down the intake pipe of a current pool at a water park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weekly.japantimes.co.jp/news/nn2006/girl-sucked-into-intake-at-city-run-pool |title=Girl sucked into intake at city-run pool |publisher=Japantimes.co.jp |date=5 August 2006|accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
* 2006: '''An unidentified airline mechanic''' was sucked into the engine of a [[Boeing 737-500]] at [[El Paso International Airport]] while performing routine maintenance on the tarmac.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2006-01-16/us/airplane.fatality_1_jet-engine-fatal-accident-passengers-and-five-crew?_s=PM:US|title=Mechanic sucked into jet engine|publisher=CNN|accessdate=11 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,181825,00.html |title=Airplane Mechanic Sucked Into Jet Engine, Killed at El Paso Airport |date= 16 January 2006 |agency=Associated Press |accessdate= 30 August 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Steve Irwin.jpg|thumb|220px|Steve Irwin, whose heart was impaled by a [[stingray]] barb]]
* 2006: '''[[Steve Irwin]]''', an Australian television personality and naturalist known as [[the Crocodile Hunter]], died when his heart was impaled by a [[stingray]] barb while filming a documentary in [[Queensland]]'s [[Great Barrier Reef]].<ref name=cfk/><ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/09/04/australia.irwin/index.html CNN Reports: 'Crocodile Hunter' dead], 4 September 2006</ref>
* 2006: '''Mariesa Weber''', a petite 38-year-old woman, asphyxiated when she became wedged upside-down behind a bookcase in her bedroom while trying to adjust a plug on her television set. Her family, believing she had been abducted, searched for eleven days before finally finding the body.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15895965/#.T_rYyoGwXmU Woman found dead behind bookcase - US news - Weird news | NBC News]</ref>
* 2006: '''[[Alexander Litvinenko]]''', a former officer of the [[Federal Security Service (Russia)|Russian State Security Service]] and later a [[dissident]] and writer, died from [[Radiation poisoning|acute radiation syndrome]] after being poisoned with [[polonium]]-210.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alexander V. Litvinenko |work=The New York Times |date= 31 May 2007 |url=http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/l/alexander_v_litvinenko/index.html |accessdate= 27 April 2011 |first1=Alan |last1=Cowell |first2=Clifford J. |last2=Levy |first3=Scott |last3=Shane}}</ref>
* 2007: '''[[Water intoxication#Notable cases|Jennifer Strange]]''', a 28-year-old woman from [[Sacramento, California]], died of [[water intoxication]] while trying to win a [[Nintendo]] [[Wii]] console in a [[KDND]] 107.9 "The End" radio station's "[[Hold Your Wee for a Wii]]" contest, which involved drinking large quantities of water without urinating.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/california/la-me-water14jan14,1,1368543.story?coll=la-headlines-pe-california "Woman dies after being in water-drinking contest"]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}, ''The Los Angeles Times'', 14 January 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.knbc.com/news/10761800/detail.html "Woman's Death After Water-Drinking Contest Investigated"]{{dead link|date=March 2011}} ''KNBC.com'', 16 January 2007</ref>
* 2007: '''Humberto Hernandez''', a 24-year-old [[Oakland, California]] resident, was killed after being struck in the face by an airborne fire hydrant while walking. A passing car had struck the fire hydrant and the water pressure shot the hydrant at Hernandez with enough force to kill him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/hydrant.asp |title=Fire Hydrant Death – Fire Plugged |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://cbs5.com/local/Humberto.Hernandez.fire.2.456707.html Oakland Man Killed By Airborne Fire Hydrant]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}, CBS5.com, 22 June 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/offbeat/2007-06-23-fire-hydrant_N.htm |title=Flying fire hydrant kills Calif. man |publisher=Usatoday.com |date=23 June 2007 |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
* 2007: '''[[Kevin Whitrick]]''', a 42-year-old British man, committed suicide by hanging himself live in front of a webcam during an Internet chat session.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/article1560877.ece |title=Get on with it, said net audience as man hanged himself on webcam |accessdate=27 May 2007 |last=Bale |first=Joanna |date=24 March 2007 |work=Times Online | location=London}}{{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref>
* 2007: A ten month old camel killed the woman who owned it, by knocking her to the ground and straddling her. A camel expert confirmed the attack was sexual in nature.<ref>{{cite web|author=By metrowebukmetro |url=http://metro.co.uk/2007/08/19/humped-to-death-by-a-pet-camel-47660/ |title=Humped to death by a pet camel | Metro News |publisher=Metro.co.uk |date=2007-08-19 |accessdate=2013-09-21}}</ref>
* 2008: '''David Phyall''', 50, the last resident in a block of flats due to be demolished in [[Bishopstoke]], near [[Southampton]], [[Hampshire]], England, decapitated himself with a chainsaw to highlight the injustice of being forced to move out.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/death-was-carefully-thought-through-suicide-1025503.html|title= Chainsaw death was 'carefully thought through suicide'|last=Halfpenny|first=Martin|date=19 November 2008|work=The Independent|accessdate=22 November 2008 | location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/7737721.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Man cut off head in flat protest | date=19 November 2008}}</ref>
[[File:Alg taylor mitchell.jpg|thumb|220px|Taylor Mitchell, the only adult person to have been killed by a [[coyote]]]]
* 2009: '''[[Taylor Mitchell]]''', a Canadian [[Folk music|folk]] singer, was attacked and killed by three [[coyote]]s, the only recorded adult person to have been killed by this species.<ref name="CBC">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/nova-scotia/story/2009/10/28/ns-coyote-attack-died.html|title=Coyotes kill Toronto singer in Cape Breton|publisher=[[CBC.ca]]|date=12 October 2009|accessdate=29 October 2009}}</ref><ref>''A History of Urban Coyote Problems'', Robert M. Tim & Rex O. Baker, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, 2007</ref>

===2010s===

*2010: '''[[Jimi Heselden]]''', British owner of the [[Segway Inc.|Segway]] motorized scooter company, was killed when he accidentally drove off a cliff on a Segway at his estate at [[Thorp Arch, West Yorkshire|Thorp Arch]] near [[Boston Spa]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/09/27/2010-09-27_segway_company_owner_jimi_heselden_dies_in_england_after_riding_a_segway_off_cli.html | location=New York | work=Daily News | first1=Michael | last1=Sheridan | first2=Corky | last2=Siemaszko | title=Segway company owner James 'Jimi' Heselden dies in England after riding a Segway off cliff | date=27 September 2010}}</ref>
*2010: '''[[Mike Edwards (musician)|Mike Edwards]]''', British founding member and cellist for the band [[ELO]], died when a large round bale of hay rolled down the hill and smashed his car while he was out driving.<ref name=cfk>{{citation |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/celebritynews/7984944/Mike-Edwards-hay-bale-death-celebrities-in-freak-killings.html |title=Mike Edwards hay bale death: celebrities in freak killings |journal=[[Daily Telegraph]] |date=06 Sep 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-20259274 |title=ELO cellist Mike Edwards's hay bale death 'preventable' |publisher=BBC News |date=8 November 2012 |accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://ultimateclassicrock.com/mike-edwards-strange-rock-deaths/ Mike Edwards — Killed by a Hay Bale]</ref>
*2011: '''Jose Luis Ochoa''', 35, died after being stabbed in the leg at a [[cockfight]] in [[Tulare County, California]] U.S., by one of the birds that had a knife attached to its limb.<ref>{{cite news |title=Man stabbed to death by cockfighting bird |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12393125 |publisher=BBC News |date=8 February 2011 |accessdate=19 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Peralta |first=Eyder |url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/02/07/133565050/weird-news-california-man-fatally-stabbed-by-rooster |title=Weird News: California Man Fatally Stabbed By Rooster : The Two-Way |publisher=NPR |date=2011-02-07 |accessdate=2013-09-26}}</ref>
*2011: '''Harry''', '''Kimberly''' and their father '''Trevor Wallwork''' (and their two dogs) died of [[carbon monoxide poisoning]] when a [[Potato chip|crisp]] packet became lodged in the chimney and caused the carbon monoxide to flood the room of their cottage in Gurteen, [[County Sligo]], Ireland.<ref name="bolton2011">{{cite news|last=Jeremy Culley|title=Dad and two children died from carbon monoxide poisoning after discarded snack packet got stuck in chimney|url=http://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/news/10695202.Dad_and_two_children_died_after_discarded_snack_packet_got_stuck_in_chimney/|accessdate=26 September 2013|newspaper=Bolton News|date=24 September 2013}}</ref>
*2012: '''Erica Marshall''', a 28-year-old British [[veterinarian]] in Ocala, Florida, died when the horse she was treating in a [[hyperbaric chamber]] kicked the wall, released a spark from its [[horseshoe]]s and triggered an explosion.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/wildlife/9079168/Equine-expert-killed-as-horse-shoe-sparks-explosion-heard-30-miles-away.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Equine expert killed as horse shoe sparks explosion heard 30 miles away | date=13 February 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://usnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/02/17/10434135-officials-horses-metal-shoes-sparked-fatal-blast-in-oxygen-chamber?lite "Officials: Horse's metal shoes sparked fatal blast in oxygen chamber" (Feb 17, 2012) NBCNews]</ref><ref>[http://cnsnews.com/news/article/explosion-fla-horse-center-kills-worker-horse Explosion at Fla. horse center kills worker, horse | CNS News]</ref>
* 2012:''' Edward Archbold''', 32, a man of [[West Palm Beach, Florida]], died after winning a cockroach eating contest. The cause of death was determined to be accidental choking due to "arthropod body parts." <ref>{{cite news| url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/11/26/15460502-florida-man-who-died-in-cockroach-eating-contest-choked-to-death-autopsy-says?lite |title=Florida man who died in cockroach-eating contest choked to death, autopsy says |work=[[NBC News]] |date=26 November 2012}}</ref> Florence Vaccarello Dunkel, Associate Professor of Entomology at [[Montana State University]], said of Archbold's death: "I've never heard of that happening."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wptv.com/dpp/news/region_c_palm_beach_county/west_palm_beach/edward-archbold-roach-eating-contest-death-what-really-killed-the-west-palm-beach-man |title=Edward Archbold, roach eating contest death: What really killed the West Palm Beach man? |author=By: Robert Nolin, Sun Sentinel |date=October 10, 2012 |accessdate=27 October 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Darwin Awards]]
* [[Death from laughter]]
* [[Execution by elephant]]
* [[List of causes of death by rate]]
* [[List of inventors killed by their own inventions]]
* [[List of people who disappeared mysteriously]]
* [[Spontaneous human combustion]]
* ''[[1000 Ways to Die]]''
* [[Toilet-related injuries and deaths]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal bar|Death|History}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JS5mHAAACAAJ |title=Curious and Unusual Deaths|author=[[Russell Robert Winterbotham]] |publisher= Haldeman-Julius, Girard, Kansas |year=1929}}
*{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7HTfGRRllAQC |title=Curious Events in History |author=Michael Powell |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc |date=5 August 2008}}
*Nick Daws ''Daft Deaths and Famous Last Words''
*Tracey Turner, ''Dreadful Fates''
*Dale Dreher, ebook ''Death by Misadventure: 210 Dumb Ways to Die.''
*{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Mysterious_Deaths_and_Disappearances.html?id=HCExOEknBQ0C&redir_esc=y |title=Mysterious Deaths and Disappearances |author=[[David Southwell]] and Sean Twist |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |date=1 September 2007}}
*[[John Dunning (journalist)|John Dunning]] ''Strange Deaths'' (true crime)
*{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fijmTMOJrJcC |title=Strange Deaths: More Than 375 Freakish Fatalites}}
*{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1wrJygAACAAJ |title=Strange Inhuman Deaths}}
*{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5RpLMwEACAAJ |title=The Fortean Times Book of Strange Deaths}}
*{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=py_ZAAAACAAJ |title=The Fortean Times Book of More Strange Deaths}}

==External links==
* [http://health.discovery.com/tv-shows/curious-and-unusual-deaths-pictures.htm Curious and Unusual Deaths Pictures]. Discovery Channel.
* [http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/freakish.asp Freakish Fatalities] Snopes.com

{{death}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unusual deaths}}
[[Category:Death-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of people by cause of death]]
[[Category:Lists of things considered unusual|Deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths by cause]]

Liste ungewöhnlicher Todesfälle

2013-12-15T20:17:37Z

Ruby Murray: Fix broken reference names – You can help: Category:Pages with broken reference names

{{dynamic list}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
{{disputed-list|date=November 2013}}
This is a '''list of unusual deaths'''. This list includes unique or extremely rare circumstances of death recorded throughout history, noted as being unusual by multiple sources. Some of the deaths are mythological or are considered to be unsubstantiated by contemporary researchers. [[Oxford English Dictionary|Oxford Dictionaries]] defines the word "unusual" as "not habitually or commonly occurring or done" and "remarkable or interesting because different from or better than others."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/unusual?q=unusual | title=Definition of unusual in English | publisher=Oxford Dictionaries | accessdate=26 October 2013}}</ref>

Some other articles also cover deaths that might be considered unusual or ironic, including [[List of entertainers who died during a performance]], [[List of inventors killed by their own inventions]], [[List of association footballers who died while playing]], [[List of professional cyclists who died during a race]] and the [[List of political self-immolations]].
{{TOC limit|2}}

== Antiquity ==
{{Hatnote|'''Note:''' Many of these stories are likely to be [[wikt:apocryphal|apocryphal]].}}
[[File:Death of Aeschylus in Florentine Picture Chronicle.jpg|thumb|The death of '''[[Aeschylus]]''' illustrated in the 15th century ''Florentine Picture Chronicle'' by [[Maso Finiguerra]].<ref>{{citation |title=Meditation in Solitude |author=Ursula Hoff |journal=Journal of the Warburg Institute |volume=vol. 1 |number=44 |year=1938 |pages=292–294 |publisher=The Warburg Institute |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/749994}}</ref>]]

*[[circa|c.]] 620 BC: '''[[Draco (lawgiver)|Draco]]''', Athenian law-maker, was smothered to death by gifts of cloaks and hats showered upon him by appreciative citizens at a theatre on [[Aegina]].<ref>Suidas. "[http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?login=guest&enlogin=guest&db=REAL&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=delta,1495&filter=CD-Unicode {{lang|grc|Δράκων}}]", ''Suda On Line'', Adler number delta, 1495.</ref><ref>{{citation |page=161 |chapter=Most Unusual Death |title=Felton & Fowler's Best, Worst, and Most Unusual |author=Bruce Felton, Mark Fowler |publisher=Random House |year=1985 |isbn=9780517462973}}</ref>
*564 BC: '''[[Arrhichion]] of [[Phigalia]]''', Greek [[Pankration|pankratiast]], caused his own death during the [[Ancient Olympic Games|Olympic]] finals. Held by his unidentified opponent in a stranglehold and unable to free himself, Arrichion's trainer shouted "What a fine funeral if you do not submit at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]]!" Arrichion then kicked his opponent with his right foot while casting his body to the left, causing his opponent so much pain that he made the sign of defeat to the [[umpire]]s, while at the same time breaking Arrichion's own neck as the other fighter was still strangleholding him. Since the opponent had conceded defeat, Arrichion was proclaimed victor posthumously.<ref>{{citation |title=The Salt Lake Loonie |author=Brett Matlock, Jesse Matlock |publisher=University of Regina Press |year=2011 |page=81}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=The Pankration and Wrestling |author=EN Gardiner |title=The Journal of Hellenic Studies |year=1906 |quote=Fatal accidents did occur as in the case of Arrhichion, but they were very rare...}}</ref>
*455 BC: '''[[Aeschylus]]''', the great Athenian author of [[tragedy|tragedies]]. [[Valerius Maximus]] wrote that he was killed by a [[tortoise]] dropped by an eagle that had mistaken his head for a rock suitable for shattering the shell of the reptile. [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], in his ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Naturalis Historiæ]]'', adds that Aeschylus had been staying outdoors to avert a prophecy that he would be killed by a falling object.<ref name=CGC>{{citation |page=136 |quote=The unusual nature of Aeschylus's death... |title=A Cabinet of Greek Curiosities: Strange Tales and Surprising Facts from the Cradle of Western Civilization |author=J. C. McKeown |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=9780199982103}}</ref><ref name=tortue>{{citation |title=La tortue d'Eschyle et autres morts stupides de l'Histoire |isbn=9782352042211 |publisher=Editions Les Arènes |year=2012}}</ref>
*401 BC: '''[[Mithridates (soldier)|Mithridates]]''', a soldier who embarrassed his king, [[Artaxerxes II]], by boasting of killing his rival, [[Cyrus the Younger]], was executed by [[scaphism]]. The king's physician, [[Ctesias]], reported that he survived the insect torture for 17 days.<ref name=10tbd>{{citation |chapter=10 truly bizarre deaths |title=Listverse.Com's Ultimate Book of Bizarre Lists |author=Jamie Frater |publisher=Ulysses Press |year=2010 |isbn=9781569758175 |pages=12–14}}</ref><ref name=acogc>{{citation |title=A Cabinet of Greek Curiosities: Strange Tales and Surprising Facts from the Cradle of Western Civilization |page=102 |author=J. C. McKeown |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=9780199982127 |quote=Ctesias, the Greek physician to Artaxerxes, the king of Persia, gives an appallingly detailed description of the execution inflicted on a soldier named Mithridates, who was misguided enough to claim the credit for killing the king's brother, Cyrus...}}</ref>
*270 BC: '''[[Philitas of Cos]]''', Greek intellectual, is said by [[Athenaeus]] to have studied arguments and erroneous word usage so intensely that he wasted away and starved to death.<ref name="9.401e">[[Athenaeus]], ''[[Deipnosophistae]]'', [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Literature/Literature-idx?type=turn&entity=Literature.AthV2.p0115 9.401e].</ref> British classicist [[Alan Cameron (classical scholar)|Alan Cameron]] speculates that Philitas died from a [[wasting]] disease which his contemporaries joked was caused by his [[pedant]]ry.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= The Classical Quarterly |volume=41 |issue=2 |year=1991 |pages=534–8 |author=Alan Cameron |title= How thin was Philitas? |doi= 10.1017/S0009838800004717}}</ref>
*210 BC: '''[[Qin Shi Huang]]''', the first [[Emperor of China]], died after ingesting several pills of [[mercury poisoning|mercury]] in the belief that it would grant him [[immortality|eternal life]]. His eunuch courtiers concealed the death while they plotted the succession and used carts of fish to disguise the smell of the corpse. He was then buried in a fantastic tomb which is still being excavated. His artifacts and treasures include the famous [[Terracotta Army]] which was created for him to rule from his grave.<ref>{{citation |author=Wright, David Curtis |year=2001 |title=The History of China |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |page=49 |isbn=0-313-30940-X}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=The First Emperor |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=9780191527630 |pages=82, 150}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.esquire.com/blogs/culture/Royalty-and-their-strange-deaths |title=Royalty and their Strange Deaths |author=Nate Hopper |date=4 Feb 2013 |journal=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]}}</ref>
*206 BC: One ancient account of the death of '''[[Chrysippus]]''', the 3rd century BC [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] [[Stoicism|Stoic]] philosopher, tells that he died of laughter after he saw a [[donkey]] eating his [[common fig|figs]]; he told a slave to give the donkey neat wine to drink to wash them down with, and then, '...having laughed too much, he died' (Diogenes Laertius 7.185).<ref name="Chrysippus">{{cite book|first=Diogenes|last= Laertius|title=Lives, Teachings and Sayings of the Eminent Philosophers, with an English translation by R.D. Hicks|year=1964-5|publisher=Harvard UP/W. Heinemann Ltd|location=Cambridge, Mass/London}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Riginos|first=Alice Swift|title=Platonica|year=1976|publisher=Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition|isbn=90 04 04565 1|page=195|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=0LM3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195&dq=Chrysippus+death+unusual&hl=en&sa=X&ei=f_OsUvGSAo3jlAX_rIHIBQ&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Chrysippus%20death%20unusual&f=false}}</ref>
*212 AD: '''[[Lucius Fabius Cilo]]''', a [[Roman senator]] of the 2nd century, "...choked...by a single hair in a draught of milk".<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], {{cite web |title=Nat. History, vii ''7'' |url= http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/7*.html}}</ref>
*258 AD: The martyr '''[[Saint Lawrence]]''' was roasted alive on a giant grill during the persecution of [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]].<ref>[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=366 "St. Lawrence - Martyr" at catholic.org]</ref><ref>[http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-lawrence-of-rome/ "Saint Lawrence of Rome" at saints.sqpn.com]</ref> [[Prudentius]] tells that he joked with his tormentors, "Turn me over — I'm done on this side".<ref>{{citation |page=42 |title=Enduring Creation: Art, Pain, and Fortitude |author=Nigel Jonathan Spivey |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=9780520230224}}</ref> He is now the [[patron saint]] of cooks and firefighters.<ref>{{citation |title=The Encyclopedia Americana |volume=vol. 17 |page=85 |year=1981 |isbn=9780717201129}}</ref>
*336 AD: '''[[Arius]]''', [[presbyter]] of [[Alexandria]], [[Arius#Exile, return, and death|is said]] to have died of sudden diarrhea followed by copious [[Bleeding|hemorrhaging]] and anal expulsion of the [[intestine]]s while he walked across the imperial forum in [[Constantinople]]. He may have been poisoned.<ref>[[Gregory of Tours]], ''History of the Franks'' 2.23.</ref>
*415 AD: '''[[Hypatia]] of Alexandria''', Greek mathematician, philosopher and intellectual, often called the last librarian of the [[Library of Alexandria]], though it was destroyed long before her time, was murdered by a [[Christianity|Christian]] mob that ripped off her skin with sharp seashells. Various types of shells have been named, including clams, oysters and abalones. Other sources claim tiles or pottery [[Sherd|shard]]s were used.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hypatia.html |title=Hypatia biography |publisher=History.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>

{{Gallery
|width=160| height=250|align=center|lines=6
|File:Antikythera philosopher.JPG|Greek intellectual '''[[Philitas of Cos]]''', said to have studied arguments and erroneous word usage so intensely that he wasted away and starved to death.<ref name="9.401e"/>
|File:Qinshihuang.jpg |'''[[Qin Shi Huang]]''', the first [[Emperor of China]] who sought immortality but died an untimely death which was concealed by his courtiers using smelly fish.
|File:Martyrdom of Lawrence - Edited.jpg |The martyrdom of [[Saint Lawrence]] by [[Titian]]. This painting so impressed [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] that he commissioned another one for his basilica in [[El Escorial]].
|File:Hypatia (Charles William Mitchell).jpg |[[Hypatia]] painted by [[Charles William Mitchell]] in 1885.
}}

== Middle Ages ==
[[File:Charles le Mauvais.jpg|thumb|upright|An illustration of [[Charles II of Navarre]], burned alive when brandy-soaked bandages, in which he was wrapped, were set on fire.]]
*762: '''[[Li Bai|Li Po (Li Bai)]]''', Chinese poet and [[courtier]], supposedly tried to kiss the reflection of the [[Moon]] beside the boat in which he was travelling, fell overboard and drowned.<ref>''[[The Book of Lists]]'', 2004 edition. "...Some scholars believed he actually died of [[cirrhosis]]." Compare [[Li Bai#Death]].</ref>
*892: '''[[Sigurd Eysteinsson|Sigurd the Mighty]]''' of [[Orkney]] strapped the head of his defeated foe, [[Máel Brigte of Moray|Máel Brigte]], to his horse's saddle. The teeth of the head grazed against his leg as he rode, causing a fatal infection.<ref>Translations of the ''Orkneyinga saga'' (chapters 4 and 5), which relates the story, can be read online at [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/ice/is3/is302.htm Sacred texts] and [http://www.northvegr.org/lore/orkney/001.php Northvegr].</ref>
*1063: '''[[Béla I of Hungary]]''' died when his wooden throne collapsed upon him.<ref name=EBO2012>{{cite web | title = Bela I | year = 2012 | work = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/59031/Bela-I | accessdate = 13 August 2012}}</ref>
*1131: '''[[Philip of France (1116–1131)|Crown Prince Philip of France]]''' died while riding through Paris, when his horse tripped over a black pig running out of a dung heap.<ref>Ordericus Vitalis, ''The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy'', v. 4, p. 129</ref>
*1258: '''[[Al-Musta'sim]]''', the last [[Abbasid]] [[Caliph]] of [[Baghdad]], was executed by his [[Mongols|Mongol]] captors by being rolled up in a rug and then trampled by horses.<ref>{{cite book|last=Frater|first=Jamie|title= Listverse.Com's Ultimate Book of Bizarre Lists|year=2010|publisher=Ulysses Press|location=Canada|isbn= 9781569758175|page=400}}</ref>
*1327: '''[[Edward II of England]]''', after being deposed and imprisoned by his [[Queen consort|wife]] [[Isabella of France|Isabella]] and her lover [[Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March|Roger Mortimer]], was rumoured to have been murdered by having a [[Horn (anatomy)|horn]] pushed into his anus through which a red-hot iron was inserted, burning out his internal organs without marking his body.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A History of Great Britain: 3000BC-AD1603|year=2000 |publisher=BBC Worldwide |location= London|id= }} p.220</ref><ref>[http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=176011 A red-hot poker? It was just a red herring | General | Times Higher Education]</ref> However, as Seymour Phillips observes in his recent biography of the king, there is no real academic consensus on the manner of Edward II's death and it has been plausibly argued (for example, by Ian Mortimer) that the story is effectively propaganda.<ref>Phillips, Seymour, Edward II, Yale University Press, copyright 2010. pgs 560-565.</ref>
*1387: '''[[Charles II of Navarre]]''', after having been wrapped in bandages soaked in brandy in an attempt to cure an illness, was burned alive when a servant accidentally set the bandages on fire.<ref>Barbara Tuchman;''A Distant Mirror'', 1978, Alfred A Knopf Ltd</ref>
*1410: '''[[Martin of Aragon]]''' died from a combination of indigestion and [[Death from laughter|uncontrollable laughing]].<ref>[http://www.cc.jyu.fi/mirator/pdf/Morris.pdf "Patronage and Piety – Montserrat and the Royal House of Medieval Catalonia-Aragon"]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}, Paul N. Morris, ''Mirator Lokakuu'', October 2000</ref>
*1478: '''[[George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence|George Plantagenet]]''', [[Duke of Clarence]], was executed by drowning in a barrel of [[Malvasia|Malmsey wine]] at his own request.<ref>Thompson, C. J. S. ''Mysteries of History with Accounts of Some Remarkable Characters and Charlatans'', pp. 31 ''ff.'' Kila, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2004.</ref>

== Renaissance ==
[[File:Tycho Brahe.JPG|thumb|right|[[Tycho Brahe]] survived a duel, losing only his nose, but both he and his pet moose died from the effects of too much drink.]]
*1518: In the '''[[Dancing Plague of 1518]]''' a woman (and eventually a league of 400 people) uncontrollably danced for a month causing dozens of participants to die of heat stroke and exhaustion. The reason for this occurrence is still unclear.<ref name="Discovery Viegas">{{cite web |url= http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/08/01/dancing-death-mystery.html |title= 'Dancing Plague' and Other Odd Afflictions Explained |first= Jennifer |last= Viegas |date= 1 August 2008 |work= Discovery News |publisher= [[Discovery Communications]] |accessdate=8 August 2008 }}</ref>{{dead link|date=April 2013}}
*1552: '''Henry Pert''' a gentleman, of [[Welbeck]], [[Nottinghamshire]], died when he stretched his bow to its full extent and the arrow got lodged. While he was leaning over to look at it, the arrow released.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=BBC News|title=10 strange ways Tudors died|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-13762313}}</ref>
*1556: '''[[Pietro Aretino]]''', an Italian poet, satirist and pornographer, is said to have died by suffocation caused by [[Death from laughter|uncontrollable laughter]].<ref>Waterfield, Gordon, ed. ''First Footsteps in East Africa'', (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1966) pg. 59 footnote.</ref>
*1567: '''Hans Steininger''', the [[burgomaster]] of [[Brunau]], [[Austria]], died when he broke his neck by tripping over his own beard.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1= Charles Winslow|year=1910 |title=The Nobility of the Trades: Barbers and Hairdressers|journal= National Magazine|volume=32 |issue=1 |page=472 |publisher= |date=April 1910}}</ref> The beard, which was {{convert|4.5|ft|m}} long at the time, was usually kept rolled up in a leather pouch.<ref>{{cite web|title=HowStuffWorks - 10 Bizarre Ways to Die|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/human-biology/10-ways-to-die3.htm}}</ref>
*1601: '''[[Tycho Brahe]]''' died from complications of a burst bladder after refusing to leave a dinner table to relieve himself because it would have been a breach of etiquette.<ref>{{cite news |author=John Tierney |coauthors= |title=Murder! Intrigue! Astronomers? |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/30/science/30tierney.html?pagewanted=all |quote=At the time of Tycho's death, in 1601, the blame fell on his failure to relieve himself while drinking profusely at the banquet, supposedly injuring his bladder and making him unable to urinate. |work=[[New York Times]] |date=November 29, 2010 |accessdate=2010-11-30 |authorlink= John Tierney (journalist) }}</ref><ref>Thoren ([[#VET|1990]], p.[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=F5a83U4B8XkC&pg=PA468 468–69])</ref><ref>{{Cite news
|title=Was Tycho Brahe Poisoned? According to New Evidence, Probably Not
|date=17 November 2012
|author=Terri Pous
|journal=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] – Bizarre
|quote="a fatal case of politeness.", "Brahe makes a good case for strangest historical death"
|url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/11/17/was-tycho-brahe-poisoned-according-to-new-evidence-probably-not/
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
|title=Tycho Brahe's 'murder' investigated
|date=15 November 2012
|journal=[[The Guardian]]
|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/nov/15/astronomer-tycho-brahe-death-scientists
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Bones of Danish Astronomer Tycho Brahe May Yield Clues to His Death
|date=19 November 2010
|publisher=[http://space.com space.com]
|url=http://www.space.com/9567-bones-danish-astronomer-tycho-brahe-yield-clues-death.html
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Tycho Brahe Died From Burst Bladder, Not Poisoning, Astronomer's Exhumed Body Shows
|date=16 November 2012
|author=Megan Gannon
|publisher=[[Huffington Post]]
|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/18/tycho-brahe-death-poison-bladder_n_2148980.html
}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=The Medici Giraffe: And Other Tales of Exotic Animals and Power |author=Marina Belozerskaya |publisher=Hachette UK |year=2009 |isbn=9780316076425 |chapter= Rudolf II's Empire of Knowledge}}</ref>
*1660: [[Thomas Urquhart]], the [[Scottish people|Scottish]] aristocrat, [[polymath]] and first translator of [[François Rabelais]]'s writings into English, is said to have died laughing upon hearing that [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] had taken the throne.<ref>{{cite book | title = Rabelais in English Literature | last = Brown | first = Huntington | isbn = 0-7146-2051-3 | publisher = Routledge | page = 126 | year = 1968}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = The History of Scottish Poetry | publisher = Edmonston & Douglas | year = 1861 | page = 539}}</ref>
*1667: '''James Betts''' died from asphyxiation after being sealed in a cupboard by Elizabeth Spencer, at [[Corpus Christi College, Cambridge]] in an attempt to hide him from her father, [[John Spencer (Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge)|John Spencer]].<ref name=Rackham>{{cite book| last = Rackham | first = Oliver | title= Treasures of Silver at Corpus Christi College | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-521-81880-X}}</ref><ref name="Corpus Christi College">{{cite web|url=http://www.corpus.cam.ac.uk/about-corpus/maps-and-tours/take-a-virtual-tour/225|title=Corpus Christi Website -Corpus Ghost|publisher=Corpus Christi College}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Guiley| first = Rosemary Ellen | title= The Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits | publisher = Checkmark books| edition = 2nd | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8160-4086-5}}</ref>

{{Gallery
|width=160| height=250|align=center|lines=2
|File:PietroAretinobyMarcantonio.PNG|[[Pietro Aretino]], who died from [[Death from laughter|uncontrollable laughter]].
}}

== 18th century ==
[[File:Crown prince Sado of Joseon.jpg|thumb|upright|150px|Crown Prince Sado was sealed alive in a rice chest to prevent him inheriting the throne of Korea.<ref name=sado/>]]

[[File:Hannah Twynnoy's gravestone.jpg|thumb|upright|200px|Hannah Twynnoy was killed by a tiger she mocked.<ref name=twynnoy/>]]

*1701: '''[[Hannah Twynnoy]]''' was killed by a [[tiger]] in [[Great Britain]]. Oral history suggests that, despite warnings, she continued to bother a tiger kept in a menagerie which broke free and killed her.<ref name=twynnoy>[http://www.malmesbury.com/malmesbury-history/961-hannah-twynnoy.html]</ref>{{verify credibility|date=December 2013}} 

*1755: '''[[Henry Hall (lighthouse keeper)|Henry Hall]]''' died from injuries he sustained after molten lead fell into his throat while he was looking up at [[Eddystone Lighthouse|a burning lighthouse]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mOgRAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Universal magazine |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=7 August 2011|year=1757}}</ref>

*1762: '''[[Crown Prince Sado]]''', then-heir to [[Kingdom of Korea|King]] [[Yeongjo of Joseon]], was ordered to be sealed alive in a rice chest after his father decided he was unfit to succeed him.<ref name=sado>{{cite web | url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2009/11/142_56275.html | title=Book Reconstitutes Secret of Prince Sado's Death | work=The Korea Times | date=27 November 2009 | accessdate=30 May 2011 | author=Ah-young Chung}}</ref>

*1771: '''[[Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden]]''', died of digestion problems on 12 February 1771 after having consumed a meal of lobster, caviar, sauerkraut, smoked herring and champagne, topped off with 14 servings of his favourite dessert: [[semla|hetvägg]] served in a bowl of hot milk.<ref>[http://www.thelocal.se/6470/20070220/ The lowdown on Sweden's best buns] ''The Local'', February 2007</ref> He is thus remembered by Swedish schoolchildren as "the king who ate himself to death."<ref>[http://www.messengernews.net/page/content.detail/id/503630.html?nav=5007 Semlor are Swedish treat for Lent] Sandy Mickelson, ''The Messenger'', 27 February 2008</ref>

*1782: '''Mrs Fitzherbert''' [[death from laughter|died from laughter]]. On a Wednesday evening she had seen Mr. Bannister at [[The Beggar's Opera]], and laughed with the rest of the audience upon his comical entrance. She was unable to stop laughing, and had to leave the theater. She continued laughing until her death on Friday morning.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=7CEJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA302&dq=A+Selection+of+Curious+Articles+from+the+Gentleman's+Magazine+Bannister&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KTppUuCBNYHkyAGXn4GIAw&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Bannister%20laugh&f=false A Selection of Curious Articles from the Gentleman's Magazine,] Volume 4 By John Walker, page 302. The chapter title states "Deaths of Persons" ..."peculiar circumstances".</ref>
*1783: '''[[James Otis, Jr.]]''', the [[American Revolution]]ary, "often mentioned to friends and relatives that ... he hoped his death would come from a bolt of [[lightning]]." His hope was fulfilled on 23 May 1783 when lightning struck the chimney of a friend's house in whose doorway he was standing.<ref name="Book of Lists">''[[The Book of Lists]]'', 2004 edition.</ref>

*1794: '''[[John Kendrick (American sea captain)|John Kendrick]]''', an American sea captain and explorer, was killed in the [[Hawaii|Hawaiian Islands]] when a fellow trading ship mistakenly used a loaded cannon to fire a salute to Kendrick's vessel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=1983 |title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online |publisher=Biographi.ca |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>

== 19th century ==
*1816: '''[[Gouverneur Morris]]''', an American statesman, died after sticking a piece of whale bone through his urinary tract to relieve a blockage.<ref>{{cite book|last=Adams|first=William Howard|title=Gouverneur Morris: an independent life|year=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=GYxgEf7VbMcC&pg=PA323&dq=Gouverneur+Morris++whalebone#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0-300-09980-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kirschke|first=James J.|title=Gouverneur Morris: author, statesman, and man of the world|year=2005|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-312-24195-X|url=http://books.google.com/?id=MkqBV79cVMkC&pg=PA265&lpg=PA265&dq=Gouverneur+Morris++whalebone#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
*1830: '''[[William Huskisson]]''', statesman and financier, was run over by a locomotive ([[Stephenson's Rocket]]), at the [[Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway|public opening of the world's first mechanically powered railway to offer a scheduled passenger service]], a railway which he had himself done much to promote.<ref>{{cite book|last=Garfield|first=Simon|title=The Last Journey of William Huskisson|year=2002|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=0571216080}}</ref>
*1834: '''[[David Douglas]]''', Scottish [[botany|botanist]], fell into a [[pit trap]] where he was trampled by a wild bull.<ref>{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=74QkpEL5TCoC&pg=PA106 |title=Early American Naturalists: Exploring The American West, 1804-1900 |page=106 |author=John Moring |publisher=Taylor Trade Publications |year=2005 |isbn=9781589791831}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yDC7gu-sCMsC&pg=PA160 |page=160 |title=Flower Hunters |author=John and Mary Gribbin |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=9780192807182}}</ref>
*1871: '''[[Clement Vallandigham]]''', a lawyer and Ohio politician, accidentally shot himself demonstrating how a victim might possibly have shot himself while in the process of drawing a weapon from a kneeling position. Though the defendant, Thomas McGehan, was ultimately cleared, Vallandigham died from his wound.<ref>[http://www.historiclebanonohio.com/?q=vallandigham Death of Clement Vallandigham | HistoricLebanonOhio.com]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civil-war-150.com/tag/clement-vallandigham/ |title=Fatal Accident to Mr. Vallandigham: The Western Reserve Chronicle, June 21, 1871, page 2 |publisher=civil-war-150.com |date=June 13, 2012 |accessdate=November 2, 2013}}</ref>

{{Gallery
|width=160|height=250|align=center|lines=4
|Image:Clement Vallandigham - Brady-Handy.jpg|Clement Vallandigham - died after demonstrating how a victim might have accidentally shot himself
}}

== 20th century ==

=== 1920s ===
*1920: '''[[Ray Chapman|Ray "Chappie" Chapman]]''', shortstop for the Cleveland Indians baseball team, was killed when a [[submarine (baseball)|submarine ball]] thrown by [[Carl Mays]] hit him in the [[temple (anatomy)|temple]]. Chapman collapsed at the plate, and died about 12 hours later. He remains the only major league baseball player killed by a pitched ball.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/sports/year_in_sports/08.17.html |title=The Death of Ray Chapman|work=[[New York Times]] |date=17 August 1920}}</ref>
*1920: '''[[Dan Andersson]]''', a Swedish author, died of cyanide poisoning while staying at Hotel Hellman in [[Stockholm]]. The hotel staff had failed to clear the room after using hydrogen cyanide against [[bed bug]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://litteraturbanken.se/#!forfattare/AnderssonD/presentation |title=Dan Andersson (1888–1920)}}</ref>
*1920: '''[[Alexander of Greece|Alexander I]]''', King of the Hellenes, was taking a walk in the [[National Garden of Athens|Royal Gardens]], when his dog was attacked by a monkey. The King attempted to defend his dog, receiving bites from both the monkey and its mate.<ref>[[John Van der Kiste]], ''Kings of the Hellenes'' (Alan Sutton Publishing, Stroud, Gloucestershire, England, 1994) ISBN 0-7509-0525-5 p. 119</ref> The diseased animals' bites caused [[sepsis]] and Alexander died three weeks later.
*1923: '''[[Frank Hayes (jockey)|Frank Hayes]]''', a [[jockey]] at [[Belmont Park]], [[New York]], died of a heart attack during his first race. His mount finished first with his body still attached to the saddle, and he was only discovered to be dead when the horse's owner went to congratulate him.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60B13F83C5416738DDDAC0894DE405B838EF1D3&scp=1&sq=jockey+hayes&st=p|title=Jockey Dies as He Wins His First Race; Hayes Collapses Passing the Winning Post |work=New York Times |date=5 June 1923 |accessdate=20 February 2011}}</ref>
*1923: '''[[George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon]]''', died allegedly because of the so-called [[Curse of the pharaohs|King Tut's Curse]] after a mosquito bite on his face, which he cut while shaving, became seriously infected with [[erysipelas]], leading to blood poisoning and eventually pneumonia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/carnarvon.htm |title=The Life of Lord Carnarvon |publisher=Touregypt.net |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |title=Carnarvon Is Dead Of An Insect's Bite At Pharaoh's Tomb. Blood Poisoning and Ensuing Pneumonia Conquer Tut-ankh-Amen Discoverer in Egypt. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20C11F7355416738DDDAC0894DC405B838EF1D3 |quote=The Earl of Carnarvon died peacefully at 2 o'clock this morning. He was conscious almost to the end. |work=[[New York Times]] |date=5 April 1923 |accessdate=12 August 2008 }}</ref>

[[Image:Isadora Duncan portrait.jpg|thumb|150px|Isadora Duncan, ballerina, died when her long scarf, caught on the wheel of a car, broke her neck.]]

*1925: '''[[Zishe Breitbart|Zishe (Siegmund) Breitbart]]''', a circus strongman and Jewish folklore hero, died after demonstrating he could drive a spike through five one-inch (2.54 cm) thick oak boards using only his bare hands. He accidentally pierced his knee and the rusted spike caused an infection which led to fatal blood poisoning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/Competition/Breitbart/breitbart-index.htm |title=Siegmund Breitbart |publisher=Sandowplus.co.uk |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1926: '''Phillip McClean''', 16, from [[Queensland]], Australia, became the only person documented to have been killed by a [[cassowary]]. After encountering the bird on their family property near [[Mossman, Queensland|Mossman]] in April,<ref>{{cite book|last=Christensen|first=Liana|title=Deadly Beautiful: Vanishing Killers of the Animal Kingdom|year=2011|publisher=Exisle Publishing|location=Wollombi, NSW|isbn=9781921497223|page=272}}</ref> McClean and his brother decided to kill it with clubs. When McClean struck the bird it knocked him down, then kicked him in the neck, opening a 1.25 cm (0.5 in) long cut in one of his main blood vessels. Though the boy managed to get back on his feet and run away, he collapsed a short while later and died from the haemorrhage.<ref>Kofron, Christopher P., Chapman, Angela. (2006) "Causes of mortality to the endangered Southern Cassowary Casuarius casuariusjohnsonii in Queensland, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology vol. 12: 175–179</ref>
*1926: '''[[Harry Houdini]]''', the famous American escape artist, was punched in the stomach by an amateur boxer. Though this had been done with Houdini's permission, complications from this injury may have caused him to die days later, on 31 October 1926. It was later determined that Houdini died of a ruptured appendix,<ref>{{cite web|title=Harry Houdini – Biography|url=http://www.apl.org/history/houdini/biography.html|publisher=Appleton History|accessdate=4 August 2009}}</ref> though it is contested as to whether or not the punches actually caused the appendicitis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Death of Houdini|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/houdini.asp|publisher=Urban Legends Reference Paces|accessdate=9 May 2012}}</ref><ref name=cfk/>
*1927: '''[[Isadora Duncan]]''', dancer, died of a broken neck when her long scarf caught on the wheel of a car in which she was a passenger.<ref>{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Ismene|title=Isadora Duncan, Sublime or Ridiculous?|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/dance/4949201/Isadora-Duncan-sublime-or-ridiculous.html|work=The Telegraph|date=6 March 2009|accessdate=26 April 2013}}</ref>

=== 1930s ===
*1930: '''[[William Kogut]]''', an inmate on death row at [[San Quentin State Prison|San Quentin]], committed suicide with a pipe bomb created from several packs of playing cards and the hollow leg from his cot. At the time, the red ink in playing cards contained flammable [[nitrocellulose]], which when wet can create an explosive mixture. Kogut used the heater in his cell to activate the bomb.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/kogut.asp |title=Death by Playing Cards – Solitaire |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
*1932: '''[[Eben Byers]]''', an American golfer and industrialist, died from multiple cancers caused by drinking more than 1400 bottles of a radioactive "health potion" called [[Radithor]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |coauthors= |title=Death Stirs Action on Radium 'Cures'. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F93D5A13738DDDAB0894DC405B828FF1D3 |quote=Federal and local agencies, as well as medical authorities in various parts of the country, were stirred to action yesterday as a result of the death of Eben M. Byers, wealthy Pittsburgh steel manufacturer and sportsman, who died here Wednesday at the Doctors' Hospital from causes attributed to radium poisoning resulting from the drinking of water containing radium in solution. ... |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=2 April 1932 |accessdate=1 October 2011 }}</ref>
[[File:Sherwood Anderson (1933).jpg|thumb|180px|Sherwood Anderson, who died after swallowing a toothpick]]
*1933: '''[[Michael Malloy]]''', a homeless man, was murdered by five men in a plot to collect on [[life insurance]] policies they had purchased. After surviving multiple poisonings, intentional exposure, and being struck by a car, Malloy succumbed to gassing.<ref>{{cite book |last=Read |first=Simon |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Bizarre Killing of Michael Malloy |year=2005 |publisher=Penguin Book Group |location= |id= |isbn=0-425-20678-5 }}</ref>

=== 1940s ===

*1941: '''[[Sherwood Anderson]]''', writer, died of [[peritonitis]] after swallowing a toothpick at a party.<ref>[http://athena.english.vt.edu/~appalach/writersA/anderson.html Virginia Tech article]</ref>
*1944: Inventor and chemist '''[[Thomas Midgley, Jr.]]''' accidentally strangled himself with the cord of a pulley-operated mechanical bed of his own design.<ref>[[Bill Bryson|Bryson, Bill]]. ''[[A Short History of Nearly Everything]]''. (2003) Broadway Books, USA. ISBN 0-385-66004-9</ref>
*1945: Scientist '''[[Harry K. Daghlian, Jr.]]''' accidentally dropped a brick of [[tungsten carbide]] onto a sphere of [[plutonium]] (known as the [[Demon core]]) while working on the [[Manhattan Project]]. This caused the plutonium to come to criticality; Daghlian died of radiation poisoning, becoming the first person to die in a [[criticality accident]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mphpa.org/classic/FH/LA/Harry_Daghlian.htm |title=Harry K. Daghlian – 1 of 1 |publisher=Mphpa.org |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1946: '''[[Louis Slotin]]''', chemist and physicist, died of radiation poisoning after being exposed to lethal amounts of ionizing radiation from the [[Demon core|same core]] that killed [[Harry K. Daghlian, Jr.]] The core went critical after a screwdriver he was using to separate the halves of the spherical beryllium reflector slipped.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hhs55.com/slotin.html |title=hhs55.com |publisher=hhs55.com |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1947: '''[[Collyer brothers|The Collyer Brothers]]''', extreme cases of [[compulsive hoarding|compulsive hoarders]], were found dead in their home in New York. The younger brother, Langley, was crushed to death when he accidentally triggered one of his own booby traps that had consisted of a large pile of objects, books, and newspapers. His blind and paralyzed brother Homer, who had depended on Langley for care, died of starvation some days later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trivia-library.com/c/biography-of-hermits-of-harlem-homer-and-langley-collyer.htm |title=Biography of Hermits of Harlem Homer and Langley Collyer – |publisher=Trivia-library.com |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>

=== 1950s ===
*1958: '''[[Gareth Jones (actor)|Gareth Jones]]''', actor, collapsed and died between scenes of a live television play, ''[[Underground (1958 TV play)|Underground]]'', at the studios of [[Associated British Corporation]] in [[Manchester]]. Director [[Ted Kotcheff]] continued the play to its conclusion, improvising around Jones' absence. Coincidentally, Jones' character was to have a heart-attack, which is what Jones suffered and died of.<ref>Cited by Gareth Rubin [http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2009/may/31/television-drama-theatre "Live TV drama is resurrected as Sky shrugs off lessons of history",] ''The Guardian'', 31 May 2009</ref><ref>Matthew Sweet [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/do-not-adjust-your-set-by-kate-dunn-587580.html Review: "'Do Not Adjust Your Set' By Kate Dunn,] ''The Independent'', 20 July 2003</ref>

=== 1960s ===
*1960: In the '''[[Nedelin catastrophe]]''', more than 100 Soviet rocket technicians and officials died when a switch was accidentally turned on, causing the second stage engines of a rocket to ignite, directly above the fully fueled first stage. The casualties included Red Army [[Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin|Marshal Nedelin]], who was sitting just {{convert|40|m|sp=us}} away overseeing launch preparations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/r16_disaster.html |title=Nedelin disaster |publisher=Russianspaceweb.com |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1960: '''[[Inejiro Asanuma]]''', 61, the head of the [[Social Democratic Party (Japan)|Japanese Socialist Party]], was stabbed to death with a [[wakizashi]] sword by extreme rightist [[Otoya Yamaguchi]] during a televised political rally.<ref>{{cite news|author= |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,711952,00.html |title=Assassin's Apologies |publisher=Time.com |date= 14 November 1960|accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
*1960: '''[[Alan Stacey]]''', [[Formula One]] race driver, died in a crash during the [[1960 Belgian Grand Prix|Belgian Grand Prix]] when a bird flew into his face, causing him to lose control.<ref>{{cite book|last=Daley|first=Robert|title=Cars at Speed: Classic Stories from Grand Prix's Golden Age|year=2007|publisher=MBI Publishing Company|location=United States|isbn=9780760331170|page=304}}</ref>
*1961: U.S. Army Specialists '''John A. Byrnes''' and '''Richard Leroy McKinley''' and Navy Electrician's Mate '''Richard C. Legg''' were killed by a [[water hammer]] explosion during maintenance on the [[SL-1]] nuclear reactor in Idaho.<ref>[http://www.archive.org/details/gov.ntis.A13886VNB1 SL-1 The Accident: Phases I and II] U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Idaho Operations Office video ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIBQMkd96CA Youtube 1]) ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVr6bD-z9hM Youtube 2])</ref><ref>[http://www.inl.gov/proving-the-principle/chapter_15.pdf Chapter 15 "The SL-1 Reactor" (page 142)] 9.5 MB PDF</ref><ref name="Tucker">{{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Todd |title=Atomic America: How a Deadly Explosion and a Feared Admiral Changed the Course of Nuclear History|isbn=978-1-4165-4433-3 |year=2009 |publisher=Free Press |location=New York}} See summary: http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0904/2008013842-s.html</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McKeown |first=William |title=Idaho Falls: The Untold Story of America's First Nuclear Accident |isbn=978-1-55022-562-4 |year=2003 |publisher=ECW Press |location=Toronto}}</ref>
*1961: '''[[Valentin Bondarenko]]''', a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[cosmonaut]] trainee, died after suffering third-degree [[burn]]s from a flash fire in the pure oxygen environment of a training simulator.<ref>Oberg, James, ''Uncovering Soviet Disasters'', [http://www.jamesoberg.com/usd10.html Chapter 10: Dead Cosmonauts], pp 156–176, Random house, New York, 1988. Retrieved 8 January 2008.</ref>
*1966: '''Worth Bingham''', son of [[Barry Bingham, Sr.]], died when a surfboard, lying atop the back of his convertible, hit a parked car, swung around, and broke his neck.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/04/business/media/04bingham.html?pagewanted=2&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/M/McFadden,%20Robert%20D.%20Jr.
|title=Barry Bingham Jr., Louisville Publisher, Is Dead at 72
|author=
|work=The New York Times
|date= 4 April 2006
| first=Robert D.
| last=McFadden
| accessdate=11 May 2010
}}</ref>
[[File:Soviet Union-1964-stamp-Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov.jpg|thumb|USSR postage stamp honoring Vladimir Komarov, the first person to die during a space mission]]
* 1966: Skydiver '''[[Nick Piantanida]]''' died from the effects of [[uncontrolled decompression]] four months after an attempt to break the world record for the highest parachute jump. During his third attempt, his face mask came loose (or he possibly opened it by mistake), causing loss of air pressure and irreversible brain damage.<ref>{{cite book |title=Magnificent Failure: Free Fall from the Edge of Space |last1=Ryan |first1=Craig |publisher=Smithsonian Air and Space Museum Press |year=2003| isbn=978-1-58834-141-9 |oclc=51059086 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/article687679.ece Dive Hard], [[The Globe and Mail]], 25 May 2008</ref>
*1967: '''[[Gus Grissom]]''', '''[[Edward Higgins White|Ed White]]''', and '''[[Roger B. Chaffee]]''', NASA astronauts, died when a flash fire began in their pure oxygen environment during a training exercise inside the [[Apollo 1]] spacecraft. The spacecraft's escape hatch could not be opened because it was designed to seal shut under pressure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/grissom-vi.html |title=Astronaut Bio: Virgil I. Grissom |publisher=Jsc.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1967: Cosmonaut '''[[Vladimir Komarov]]''' became the first person to die during a space mission after the parachute of [[Soyuz 1|his capsule]] failed to deploy following re-entry.<ref>{{cite news|author=Tony Long |url=http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/04/dayintech_0424 |title=24 April 1967: Last Day in the Life of Cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov |publisher=Wired.com |date=24 April 2007|accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>

=== 1970s ===
*1971: '''[[Georgy Dobrovolsky]], [[Vladislav Volkov]] and [[Viktor Patsayev]]''', Soviet cosmonauts, died when their [[Soyuz 11|Soyuz-11]] spacecraft depressurized during preparations for reentry. These are the only known human deaths outside the Earth's atmosphere.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/n-s/space.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081012062830/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/n-s/space.html|archivedate=12 October 2008|title=Space disasters and near misses|publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=29 June 2011}}</ref>
*1974: '''Thomas Bayliss''' died after being run over by two [[Semi-trailer truck|semi-trailers]] and a [[pickup truck]] on [[State Road 64 (Florida)|State Road 64]] near [[Bradenton, Florida]]. None of the three vehicles stopped immediately after the accident.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bizarre death in Manatee probed by Highway Patrol|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SQswAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PnkDAAAAIBAJ&dq=bizarre%20death&pg=1989%2C828207|accessdate= May 2013|newspaper=St Petersburg Times|date=17 October 1974}}</ref>
*1974: '''Basil Brown''', a 48-year-old health food advocate from [[Croydon]], drank himself to death with [[carrot juice]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yLQsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jAoEAAAAIBAJ&dq=unusual-death&pg=6515%2C4463628 | work=Star-News | location=Wilmington, North Carolina |title=Unusual death | date=20 February 1974 | accessdate=12 June 2010| page=28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Staub |first=Jack E.|title=Alluring Lettuces: And Other Seductive Vegetables for Your Garden |year=2005 |publisher=Gibbs Smith|location=Layton, Utah |isbn=1-4236-0829-1|oclc=435711200 |page=230 |chapter=74. Yellowstone Carrot: Daucus carota savicus|chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=qbMz7YrTBMEC&lpg=PA230&ots=zu1Pef9qdF&dq=bl&pg=PA230#v=onepage&q=%22Basil%20Brown%22&f=false}}</ref>
*1974: '''[[Christine Chubbuck]]''', an American television news reporter, committed suicide during a live broadcast on 15 July. Eight minutes into her talk show on WXLT-TV in [[Sarasota, Florida]], she shot herself in the head with a [[revolver]].<ref name="dietz">Dietz, Jon. "On-Air Shot Kills TV Personality", ''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'', 16 July 1974.</ref>
[[File:Kurt gödel.jpg|thumb|180px|Kurt Gödel who, due to his extreme paranoia, died of starvation when his wife was hospitalized]]
*1977: '''[[Tom Pryce]]''', a [[Formula One]] driver at the [[1977 South African Grand Prix]], was killed when he was struck in the face by a track marshal's fire extinguisher. The marshal, '''Frederik Jansen van Vuuren''', was running across the track to attend to Pryce's team-mate's burning car when he was struck and killed by Pryce's car. Van Vuuren himself was torn in half as the car ploughed into him at a speed exceeding 270 km/h (170 mph).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wales/posts/tom_pryce_35th_anniversary_formula_one_south_african_grand_prix|title=The tragedy of Tom Pryce, Wales' Formula One hero|date=4 March 2012|accessdate=10 September 2013|first=James|last=Roberts|publisher=BBC}}</ref>
*1978: '''[[Georgi Markov]]''', a [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] dissident, was assassinated in London with a specially [[Bulgarian umbrella|modified umbrella]] that fired a metal pellet with a small cavity full of [[ricin]] into his [[thigh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/sep/14/bulgaria-umbrella-murder-archive-1978 |title=From the archive, 14 September 1978: Bulgarian dissident killed by poisoned umbrella at London bus stop | From the Guardian |publisher=theguardian.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-25}}</ref>
*1978: '''[[Janet Parker]]''', a British medical photographer, died of [[smallpox]] in 1978, ten months after the disease was eradicated in the wild, when a researcher at the laboratory where Parker worked accidentally released some virus into the air of the building. Parker is the last known smallpox fatality.<ref>[http://www.qmul.ac.uk/news/newsrelease.php?news_id=18 Twenty five years on: Smallpox revisited Queen Mary, University of London]{{dead link|date=December 2010}}</ref>
*1978: '''[[Kurt Gödel]]''', the Austrian/American logician and mathematician, died of starvation when his wife was hospitalized. Gödel suffered from extreme paranoia and refused to eat food prepared by anyone else.<ref>Toates, Frederick; Olga Coschug Toates (2002). Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Practical Tried-and-Tested Strategies to Overcome OCD. Class Publishing, 221. ISBN 978-1-85959-069-0.</ref>
*1979: '''[[Robert Williams (robot fatality)|Robert Williams]]''', a worker at a Ford Motor Co. plant, was the first known human to be killed by a robot,<ref name="rlid">Robot firm liable in death, Tim Kiska, ''The Oregonian'', 11 August 1983.</ref> after the arm of a one-ton factory robot hit him in the head.<ref name="a">{{cite news|last=Kiska|first=Tim|title=Death on the job: Jury awards $10 million to heirs of man killed by robot at auto plant |pages=A10|work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |date=11 August 1983|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/PI/lib00187,0EB295F7D995F801.html |accessdate=11 September 2007}}</ref>
*1979: '''John Bowen''', a 20-year-old from [[Nashua, New Hampshire]], was attending a [[New York Jets]] football game at [[Shea Stadium]] on 9 December. During a half-time show event featuring custom-made remote control flying machines, a 40-pound model plane shaped like a lawnmower accidentally dived into the stands, striking Bowen and another spectator, causing severe head injuries. Bowen died in the hospital four days later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/lawnmower.asp |title=Flying Lawnmower Death – Grim Reaper (contains additional references) |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.courant.com/ny-spsmain28112329894sep28,0,3404154.story It was a grand stage for excitement]{{dead link|date=March 2011}} by Joe Gergen, Hartford Courant, 28 September 2008.</ref>
*1979: '''Nitaro Ito''', a candidate for [[House of Representatives (Japan)|Japan's House of Representatives]], died in an attempt to gain sympathy during his election campaign. Having persuaded one of his employees to punch him in the face, Ito then stabbed himself in the leg. He hit an [[artery]] causing him to bleed to death before any aid could be given.<ref name="Book of Lists"/>

=== 1980s ===
*1981: '''David Allen Kirwan''', a 24-year-old, died from third-degree burns after attempting to rescue a friend's dog from the 200°F (93°C) water in Celestine Pool, a hot spring at [[Yellowstone National Park]] on 20 July 1981.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/hotspring.asp Hot Springs Death – Help Springs Eternal] at Snopes.com</ref><ref>Lee Whittlesey, ''Death in Yellowstone: Accidents and Foolhardiness in the First National Park''. Boulder, Colo. : Roberts Rinehart Publishers, ©1995.</ref>
*1981: '''[[Boris Sagal]]''', a film director, died while shooting the TV miniseries ''[[World War III (TV miniseries)|World War III]]'' when he walked into the tail rotor blade of a helicopter and was nearly [[decapitation|decapitated]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40911FE3E5C0C778EDDAC0894D9484D81 | work=The New York Times | title=Boris Sagal, 58, Movie Director, Dies After A Helicopter Accident|date=24 May 1981|accessdate=11 May 2010|first=Shawn G. | last=Kennedy}}</ref><ref name="salon1">{{cite web|url=http://open.salon.com/blog/jrobertg/2009/07/08/10_strange_celebrity_deaths |title=10 Strange Celebrity Deaths - J. Robert Godbout |publisher=Open Salon |date=2009-07-08 |accessdate=2013-09-27}}</ref>
*1981: '''[[Kenji Urada]]''', a Japanese factory worker, was killed by a malfunctioning robot he was working on at a [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries Motorcycle & Engine|Kawasaki]] plant in Japan. The robot's arm pushed him into a grinding machine, killing him.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/7001829?story_id=7001829 |title=Trust me, I'm a robot |publisher=Economist.com |date=8 June 2006|accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
*1982: Actor '''[[Vic Morrow]]''' and child-actor '''Myca Dinh Le''' (age 7) were decapitated by a rotating helicopter blade, and child-actress '''Renee Shin-Yi Chen''' (age 6) was crushed by a helicopter during filming of ''[[Twilight Zone: The Movie]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/not_guilty/twilight_zone/1.html |title=The Twilight Zone Tragedy – Crime Library on truTV.com |publisher=Crimelibrary.com |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1982: '''David Grundman''' was killed near [[Lake Pleasant Regional Park|Lake Pleasant]], [[Arizona]], while shooting at cacti with his shotgun. After he fired several shots at a 26 ft (8 m) tall [[Saguaro Cactus]] from extremely close range, a 4 ft (1.2 m) limb of the cactus detached and fell on him, crushing him.<ref name="salon1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/saguaro.asp |title=Cactus Courageous – Death by Saguaro |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/content/printVersion/160293 |title=When Cactus and Civilization collide – Trifling with Saguaros can be Hazardous to one's Health |publisher=Phoenixnewtimes.com |date=3 March 1993 |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
*1982: '''Navy Lieutenant George M. Prior''', 30, died in [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington, Virginia]], from a severe allergic reaction to [[Daconil]], a fungicide used on a golf course he attended. He had unwittingly ingested the substance through his habit of carrying the [[tee]] in his mouth when playing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/poison/golftee.asp |title=Fatal-A-Tee |publisher=snopes.com |date=2 September 2006|accessdate=6 March 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Tennessee Williams NYWTS.jpg|thumb|220px|Tennessee Williams who died when he choked on an [[Eye drop|eyedrop]] bottle-cap]]
*1983: '''Four divers and a tender''' were killed on the [[Byford Dolphin]] semi-submersible, when a decompression chamber [[Explosive decompression|explosively decompressed]] from 9 [[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]] to 1 atm in a fraction of a second. The diver nearest the chamber opening was torn apart before his remains were ejected through a 24 inch (60 cm) opening. The other divers' remains showed signs of boiled blood, unusually strong [[rigor mortis]], large amounts of gas in the blood vessels, and scattered hemorrhages in the soft tissues.<ref>Giertsen, J.C. et al., "An Explosive Decompression Accident", The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 9(2):91–101, 1988.</ref>
*1983: '''[[Sergei Chalibashvili]]''', a professional diver, died as a result of a diving accident during the [[1983 Summer Universiade]] in [[Edmonton, Alberta]]. When he attempted a three-and-a-half reverse somersault in the tuck position from the ten-meter platform, he struck his head on the platform and was knocked unconscious. He died after being in a coma for a week.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954031,00.html?promoid=googlep | work=Time | title=Milestones: Jul. 25, 1983 | date=25 July 1983| accessdate=11 May 2010}}</ref>
*1983: American author '''[[Tennessee Williams]]''' died when he choked on an eyedrop bottle-cap in his room at the Hotel Elysee in New York. He would routinely place the cap in his mouth, lean back, and place his eyedrops in each eye.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB35B891D6D7E0F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM | title=Search Results | date=27 February 1983}}</ref>
*1983: '''[[Jimmy Lee Gray]]''', during his execution in a Mississippi [[gas chamber]], died bashing his head against a metal pole behind the chair he was strapped into. The poisonous gas had failed to kill him but left him in agony and gasping for eight minutes.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/reportsfromabroad/macdonald/20071107.html "Might we make executions more civilized, please?"] from [[CBC News]]</ref>
*1983: '''[[Dick Wertheim]]''' was an American tennis linesman who died from blunt cranial trauma at a match at the [[1983 US Open (tennis)|1983 US Open]]. A serve from [[Stefan Edberg]] hit his groin, causing him to fall and hit his head on the pavement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Odd mishap fells tennis official |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fwIMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jFkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7153,2693520 |work=Evening Independent |location=St. Petersburg, Florida |page=3–C |date=12 September 1983 |accessdate=20 November 2008}}</ref>
*1986: More than 1,700 were killed after a [[limnic eruption]] from '''[[Lake Nyos]] in [[Cameroon]]''' released approximately {{nowrap|100,000,000 cubic metres}} ({{nowrap|3,500,000,000 cubic feet}}) of [[carbon dioxide]] that quickly descended on the lake and killed oxygen-dependent life within a {{convert|25|km|mi}} radius, including three villages. The same phenomenon is also blamed for the deaths of 37 near [[Lake Monoun]] in 1984.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/21/newsid_3380000/3380803.stm|title=21 August: 1986: Hundreds gassed in Cameroon lake disaster|publisher=BBC|author=BBC contributors|accessdate=20 May 2009 | date=21 August 1986}}</ref>
*1989: '''Patsy Ann Campbell''' of [[Portage]], [[Indiana]], died when the Psoralen she was taking to cure her psoriasis caused an over sensitivity to light and a 25-minute session in a tanning booth led to burns over 80% of her body. Dr. Alan Dimick, a University of Alabama burn expert, said he believes this was the first death caused by burns from a tanning booth.<ref>http://www.snopes.com/horrors/vanities/tanningbed.asp</ref>

=== 1990s ===
*1991: '''Edward Juchniewicz''', a 76-year-old man from [[Canonsburg, Pennsylvania]], was killed when the unattended ambulance stretcher he was strapped to rolled down a grade and overturned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/medical/emergent/gurney.asp |title=The Runaway Gurney |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Stretcher Accident Kills Man |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/04/us/stretcher-accident-kills-man.html?scp=1&sq=Stretcher%20Accident%20Kills%20Man&st=cse |agency=[[Associated Press|(AP)]] |newspaper= [[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 |oclc=1645522 |date=4 May 1991 |page=8 |accessdate=19 March 2011}}</ref>
*1993: '''[[Garry Hoy]]''', a 38-year-old lawyer in [[Toronto]], fell to his death on 9 July 1993, after he threw himself against a window on the 24th floor of the [[Toronto-Dominion Centre]] in an attempt to prove to a group of visitors that the glass was "unbreakable," a demonstration he had done many times before. The glass did not break, but popped out of the window frame.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/window.asp Window Test Death – Through a Glass, Quickly] at Snopes.com</ref><ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20070315.RGOODMAN15/TPStory/? Goodman and Carr falls prey to rivals] by Jacquie McNish, The Globe and Mail, 15 March 2007.</ref>
*1993: '''Michael A. Shingledecker, Jr.''' was killed when he and a friend were struck by a pickup truck while lying flat on the yellow dividing line of a two-lane highway in [[Polk, Pennsylvania]]. They were copying a daredevil stunt from the movie ''[[The Program]]''. '''Marco Birkhimer''' died in a similar accident while performing the same stunt in Route 206 of [[Bordentown, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CEED7123AF93AA25753C1A965958260&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | work=The New York Times | title=Not Like the Movie: A Dare Leads to Death | date=19 October 1993| accessdate=11 May 2010}}</ref>
*1994: '''Jennifer Jones''', a 15-year-old student, died at her [[Palm Beach, Florida]], home after attempting to inhale [[freon]] gas from the air-conditioning unit.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sanchez Jr|first=Jose Luis|title=Mother Of Victim Plans Crusade Against Freon|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1994-06-09/news/9406090063_1_freon-grace-jones-jones-classmates|accessdate=1 December 2012|newspaper=Florida SunSentinel|date=9 June 1994}}</ref>
*1994: '''[[Gloria Ramirez]]''' was admitted to a hospital in [[Riverside, California]], with symptoms originally thought to be related to her cervical cancer. Before she died Ramirez's body released mysterious toxic fumes that made several hospital employees very ill. Scientists still don't agree on any of the theories as to what could've caused this.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stone |first=Richard |url=http://discovermagazine.com/1995/apr/analysisofatoxic493 |title=Analysis of a Toxic Death | Cancer |work=DISCOVER Magazine |date=1 March 1995 |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1995: A '''39-year-old man''' committed suicide in Canberra, Australia, by shooting himself [[Multiple gunshot suicide|three times]] with a pump action shotgun. The first shot passed through his chest, but missed all of the vital organs. He reloaded and shot away his throat and part of his jaw. Breathing through the throat wound, he again reloaded, held the gun against his chest with his hands and operated the trigger with his toes. This shot entered the thoracic cavity and demolished the heart, killing him.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Herdson PB |title=Shotgun suicide with a difference |journal=Med J Aust. |volume=173 |issue=11–12 |pages=604–5 |year=2000 |pmid=11379504 |url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/173_11_041200/herdson/herdson.html}}</ref>
*1995: '''Joe Buddy Caine''', 35, died in [[Anniston, Alabama]], when he and a friend got drunk and played catch with a [[rattlesnake]]. The snake bit them both, but Caine was the only fatality.<ref>{{cite web|last=Joravsky |first=Ben |url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/news-of-the-weird/Content?oid=888799 |title=News of the Weird | News of the Weird |publisher=Chicago Reader |date=1995-10-19 |accessdate=2013-10-25}}</ref>
*1996: '''[[Death of Sharon Lopatka|Sharon Lopatka]]''', from [[Maryland]], was killed by Robert Glass who claimed that she had solicited him to torture and kill her for the purpose of sexual gratification.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/classics/sharon_lopatka/1.html?sect=13 |title=Internet Assisted Suicide: The Story of Sharon Lopatka at CrimeLibrary.com |publisher=Trutv.com |date= |accessdate=21 July 2011}}</ref>
*1997: '''[[Karen Wetterhahn]]''', a professor of chemistry at [[Dartmouth College]], died of mercury poisoning ten months after a few drops of [[dimethylmercury]] landed on her protective gloves. Although Wetterhahn had been following the required procedures for handling the chemical, it still permeated her gloves and skin within seconds. As a result of her death, regulations were altered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/dimethylmercury/dmmh.htm |title=Dimethylmercury and Mercury Poisoning |publisher=Chm.bris.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaomt.org/testfoundation/dimethylmercury.htm |title=The Trembling Edge of Science |publisher=Iaomt.org |date= |accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref>
*1998 October: The entire [[association football]] team of '''Bena Tshadi''' playing against Basanga was killed by lightning during a match in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Everyone on Basanga, the home team, survived.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/203137.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Lightning kills football team | date=28 October 1998 | accessdate=11 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2006/mar/15/theknowledge.sport | work=Guardian News | title=Did lightning kill an entire team? | date=15 March 2006| accessdate=2 September 2011 | location=London | first=James | last=Dart}}</ref>{{Verify credibility|date=July 2013}}
*1998: 16 year-old Jonathan Capewell of [[Oldham]], [[Greater Manchester]], died of accidental poisoning by methane and butane, after obsessive use of [[aerosol]] [[deodorant]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/boy-who-wanted-to-smell-good-killed-by-deodorant-1181309.html |title=Boy who 'wanted to smell good' killed by deodorant - News |publisher=The Independent |date=1998-10-29 |accessdate=2013-10-25}}</ref>
*1999: '''Jon Desborough''', a [[physical education]] teacher at [[Liverpool College]], died when he slipped and fell onto the blunt end of a [[javelin]] he was retrieving. The javelin passed through his [[eye socket]] and into his brain, causing severe brain damage and putting him into a coma. He died a month later.<ref>{{cite news |last=Breslin |first=Maria |title=Teacher hit by javelin dies |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/teacher-hit-by-javelin-dies-1099330.html |accessdate=26 April 2012 |newspaper=The Independent |date=11 June 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Javelin teacher dies in hospital |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/365923.stm |accessdate=26 April 2012 |publisher=BBC News |date=10 June 1999}}</ref>

== 21st century ==

=== 2000s ===
* 2001: '''Bernd-Jürgen Brandes''', from Germany, was voluntarily stabbed repeatedly and then partly eaten by [[Armin Meiwes]] (who was later called the Cannibal of [[Rotenburg an der Fulda|Rotenburg]]). Brandes had answered an internet advertisement by Meiwes looking for someone for this purpose. Brandes explicitly stated in his will that he wished to be killed and eaten.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4752797.stm |title=German cannibal guilty of murder|publisher=BBC News|date= 9 May 2006}}</ref>
* 2001: '''Michael Colombini''', a 6-year-old American boy from [[Croton-on-Hudson, New York]], was struck and killed at Westchester Regional Medical Centre by an [[oxygen tank]] when it was pulled into the [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) machine while he underwent a test. He had begun to experience breathing difficulties while in the MRI and when an anaesthesiologist brought a portable oxygen canister into the magnetic field, it was pulled from his hands and struck the boy in the head.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/22/nyregion/hospital-details-failures-leading-to-mri-fatality.html |title=Hospital Details Failures Leading To MRI Fatality |publisher=Nytimes.com |date=22 October 2001 |accessdate=11 December 2010 |first=Randal C. |last=Archibold}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mri-planning.com/articles/2005_newsletter/0508_four_years_after.html MRI Newsletter: Four Years After The Tragedy]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}.</ref>
* 2002: '''[[Death of Brittanie Cecil|Brittanie Cecil]]''', a 13-year-old American, was struck in the head by a [[hockey puck]] shot by [[Espen Knutsen]] and deflected into the crowd at an NHL hockey game in [[Columbus, Ohio]]. She died two days later in the hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espn.go.com/nhl/news/2002/0319/1354060.html|title=Girl dies after getting hit by puck at NHL game|publisher=ESPN.com|date= 20 May 2002}}</ref>
* 2003: '''[[Brian Douglas Wells]]''', an American [[pizza delivery]] man in [[Erie, Pennsylvania]], was killed when a [[time bomb]] fastened around his neck exploded. At the time of his death he had been apprehended by the police for robbing a bank. Wells told police that three people had locked the bomb around his neck and would not release it had he refused to commit the robbery.<ref>{{cite news| title=Pizza Deliveryman Who Robbed Bank Had Neck Measured for Bomb Collar| agency=Associated Press| date=19 July 2007| url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,289860,00.html| accessdate=30 September 2008 | publisher=Fox News}}</ref>
* 2004: '''Ronald McClagish''', from [[Murrow, Cambridgeshire]] in England, was trapped inside a cupboard when a wardrobe outside fell over and made it impossible for him to get out. McClagish survived for a week before succumbing to [[bronchitis]], which he had contracted when he removed a waterpipe in an attempt to free himself and the cupboard was partially flooded.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cambridgeshire/4483137.stm Call For New Cupboard Death Probe] BBC News</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1476175/Man-trapped-in-cupboard-died-as-water-gushed-down.html|title= Man trapped in cupboard died as water gushed down|work= Telegraph}}</ref>
* 2004: An '''unidentified [[Taiwan]]ese woman''' died of alcohol intoxication after immersion for twelve hours in a bathtub filled with 40% ethanol. Her [[blood alcohol content]] was 1.35%. It was believed that she had immersed herself as a response to the [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]] epidemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fsijournal.org/article/S0379-0738%2804%2900389-5/abstract |title=Elsevier |publisher=Fsijournal.org |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
* 2004: '''Francis "Franky" Brohm''', 23, of [[Marietta, Georgia]], was leaning out of a car window and decapitated by a telephone pole support wire. The car's intoxicated driver, John Hutcherson, 21, drove nearly {{convert|12|mi}} to his home with the headless body in the passenger seat, parked the car in his driveway, then went to bed. A neighbour saw the bloody corpse still in the car and notified police. Brohm's head was later discovered at the accident scene.<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnston |first=Lori |url=http://www.ajc.com/news/q-a-on-the-1198589.html |title='''AJC'', 11 Oct 2011 |publisher=Ajc.com |date= 11 October 2011|accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref>
* 2005: '''[[Enumclaw horse sex case|Kenneth Pinyan]]''' from [[Seattle, Washington]], died of acute [[peritonitis]] after receiving anal intercourse from a stallion. The case led to the criminalization of [[zoophilia|bestiality]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington state]].<ref>[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002569751_horsesex19m.html "Trespassing charged in horse-sex case"] ''The Seattle Times''</ref>
* 2005: '''[[Lee Seung Seop]]''', a 28-year-old from [[South Korea]], collapsed of fatigue and died after playing the videogame ''[[StarCraft]]'' online for almost 50 consecutive hours.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4137782.stm |title=Technology | S Korean dies after games session |publisher=BBC News |date=10 August 2005 |accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref>
* 2006: '''Erika Tomanu''', a seven-year-old girl in [[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]], Japan, died when she was sucked 10 metres down the intake pipe of a current pool at a water park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weekly.japantimes.co.jp/news/nn2006/girl-sucked-into-intake-at-city-run-pool |title=Girl sucked into intake at city-run pool |publisher=Japantimes.co.jp |date=5 August 2006|accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
* 2006: '''An unidentified airline mechanic''' was sucked into the engine of a [[Boeing 737-500]] at [[El Paso International Airport]] while performing routine maintenance on the tarmac.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2006-01-16/us/airplane.fatality_1_jet-engine-fatal-accident-passengers-and-five-crew?_s=PM:US|title=Mechanic sucked into jet engine|publisher=CNN|accessdate=11 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,181825,00.html |title=Airplane Mechanic Sucked Into Jet Engine, Killed at El Paso Airport |date= 16 January 2006 |agency=Associated Press |accessdate= 30 August 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Steve Irwin.jpg|thumb|220px|Steve Irwin, whose heart was impaled by a [[stingray]] barb]]
* 2006: '''[[Steve Irwin]]''', an Australian television personality and naturalist known as [[the Crocodile Hunter]], died when his heart was impaled by a [[stingray]] barb while filming a documentary in [[Queensland]]'s [[Great Barrier Reef]].<ref name=cfk/><ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/09/04/australia.irwin/index.html CNN Reports: 'Crocodile Hunter' dead], 4 September 2006</ref>
* 2006: '''Mariesa Weber''', a petite 38-year-old woman, asphyxiated when she became wedged upside-down behind a bookcase in her bedroom while trying to adjust a plug on her television set. Her family, believing she had been abducted, searched for eleven days before finally finding the body.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15895965/#.T_rYyoGwXmU Woman found dead behind bookcase - US news - Weird news | NBC News]</ref>
* 2006: '''[[Alexander Litvinenko]]''', a former officer of the [[Federal Security Service (Russia)|Russian State Security Service]] and later a [[dissident]] and writer, died from [[Radiation poisoning|acute radiation syndrome]] after being poisoned with [[polonium]]-210.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alexander V. Litvinenko |work=The New York Times |date= 31 May 2007 |url=http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/l/alexander_v_litvinenko/index.html |accessdate= 27 April 2011 |first1=Alan |last1=Cowell |first2=Clifford J. |last2=Levy |first3=Scott |last3=Shane}}</ref>
* 2007: '''[[Water intoxication#Notable cases|Jennifer Strange]]''', a 28-year-old woman from [[Sacramento, California]], died of [[water intoxication]] while trying to win a [[Nintendo]] [[Wii]] console in a [[KDND]] 107.9 "The End" radio station's "[[Hold Your Wee for a Wii]]" contest, which involved drinking large quantities of water without urinating.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/california/la-me-water14jan14,1,1368543.story?coll=la-headlines-pe-california "Woman dies after being in water-drinking contest"]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}, ''The Los Angeles Times'', 14 January 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.knbc.com/news/10761800/detail.html "Woman's Death After Water-Drinking Contest Investigated"]{{dead link|date=March 2011}} ''KNBC.com'', 16 January 2007</ref>
* 2007: '''Humberto Hernandez''', a 24-year-old [[Oakland, California]] resident, was killed after being struck in the face by an airborne fire hydrant while walking. A passing car had struck the fire hydrant and the water pressure shot the hydrant at Hernandez with enough force to kill him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/hydrant.asp |title=Fire Hydrant Death – Fire Plugged |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://cbs5.com/local/Humberto.Hernandez.fire.2.456707.html Oakland Man Killed By Airborne Fire Hydrant]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}, CBS5.com, 22 June 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/offbeat/2007-06-23-fire-hydrant_N.htm |title=Flying fire hydrant kills Calif. man |publisher=Usatoday.com |date=23 June 2007 |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
* 2007: '''[[Kevin Whitrick]]''', a 42-year-old British man, committed suicide by hanging himself live in front of a webcam during an Internet chat session.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/article1560877.ece |title=Get on with it, said net audience as man hanged himself on webcam |accessdate=27 May 2007 |last=Bale |first=Joanna |date=24 March 2007 |work=Times Online | location=London}}{{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref>
* 2007: A ten month old camel killed the woman who owned it, by knocking her to the ground and straddling her. A camel expert confirmed the attack was sexual in nature.<ref>{{cite web|author=By metrowebukmetro |url=http://metro.co.uk/2007/08/19/humped-to-death-by-a-pet-camel-47660/ |title=Humped to death by a pet camel | Metro News |publisher=Metro.co.uk |date=2007-08-19 |accessdate=2013-09-21}}</ref>
* 2008: '''David Phyall''', 50, the last resident in a block of flats due to be demolished in [[Bishopstoke]], near [[Southampton]], [[Hampshire]], England, decapitated himself with a chainsaw to highlight the injustice of being forced to move out.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/death-was-carefully-thought-through-suicide-1025503.html|title= Chainsaw death was 'carefully thought through suicide'|last=Halfpenny|first=Martin|date=19 November 2008|work=The Independent|accessdate=22 November 2008 | location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/7737721.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Man cut off head in flat protest | date=19 November 2008}}</ref>
[[File:Alg taylor mitchell.jpg|thumb|220px|Taylor Mitchell, the only adult person to have been killed by a [[coyote]]]]
* 2009: '''[[Taylor Mitchell]]''', a Canadian [[Folk music|folk]] singer, was attacked and killed by three [[coyote]]s, the only recorded adult person to have been killed by this species.<ref name="CBC">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/nova-scotia/story/2009/10/28/ns-coyote-attack-died.html|title=Coyotes kill Toronto singer in Cape Breton|publisher=[[CBC.ca]]|date=12 October 2009|accessdate=29 October 2009}}</ref><ref>''A History of Urban Coyote Problems'', Robert M. Tim & Rex O. Baker, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, 2007</ref>

===2010s===

*2010: '''[[Jimi Heselden]]''', British owner of the [[Segway Inc.|Segway]] motorized scooter company, was killed when he accidentally drove off a cliff on a Segway at his estate at [[Thorp Arch, West Yorkshire|Thorp Arch]] near [[Boston Spa]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/09/27/2010-09-27_segway_company_owner_jimi_heselden_dies_in_england_after_riding_a_segway_off_cli.html | location=New York | work=Daily News | first1=Michael | last1=Sheridan | first2=Corky | last2=Siemaszko | title=Segway company owner James 'Jimi' Heselden dies in England after riding a Segway off cliff | date=27 September 2010}}</ref>
*2010: '''[[Mike Edwards (musician)|Mike Edwards]]''', British founding member and cellist for the band [[ELO]], died when a large round bale of hay rolled down the hill and smashed his car while he was out driving.<ref name=cfk>{{citation |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/celebritynews/7984944/Mike-Edwards-hay-bale-death-celebrities-in-freak-killings.html |title=Mike Edwards hay bale death: celebrities in freak killings |journal=[[Daily Telegraph]] |date=06 Sep 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-20259274 |title=ELO cellist Mike Edwards's hay bale death 'preventable' |publisher=BBC News |date=8 November 2012 |accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://ultimateclassicrock.com/mike-edwards-strange-rock-deaths/ Mike Edwards — Killed by a Hay Bale]</ref>
*2011: '''Jose Luis Ochoa''', 35, died after being stabbed in the leg at a [[cockfight]] in [[Tulare County, California]] U.S., by one of the birds that had a knife attached to its limb.<ref>{{cite news |title=Man stabbed to death by cockfighting bird |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12393125 |publisher=BBC News |date=8 February 2011 |accessdate=19 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Peralta |first=Eyder |url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/02/07/133565050/weird-news-california-man-fatally-stabbed-by-rooster |title=Weird News: California Man Fatally Stabbed By Rooster : The Two-Way |publisher=NPR |date=2011-02-07 |accessdate=2013-09-26}}</ref>
*2011: '''Harry''', '''Kimberly''' and their father '''Trevor Wallwork''' (and their two dogs) died of [[carbon monoxide poisoning]] when a [[Potato chip|crisp]] packet became lodged in the chimney and caused the carbon monoxide to flood the room of their cottage in Gurteen, [[County Sligo]], Ireland.<ref name="bolton2011">{{cite news|last=Jeremy Culley|title=Dad and two children died from carbon monoxide poisoning after discarded snack packet got stuck in chimney|url=http://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/news/10695202.Dad_and_two_children_died_after_discarded_snack_packet_got_stuck_in_chimney/|accessdate=26 September 2013|newspaper=Bolton News|date=24 September 2013}}</ref>
*2012: '''Erica Marshall''', a 28-year-old British [[veterinarian]] in Ocala, Florida, died when the horse she was treating in a [[hyperbaric chamber]] kicked the wall, released a spark from its [[horseshoe]]s and triggered an explosion.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/wildlife/9079168/Equine-expert-killed-as-horse-shoe-sparks-explosion-heard-30-miles-away.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Equine expert killed as horse shoe sparks explosion heard 30 miles away | date=13 February 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://usnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/02/17/10434135-officials-horses-metal-shoes-sparked-fatal-blast-in-oxygen-chamber?lite "Officials: Horse's metal shoes sparked fatal blast in oxygen chamber" (Feb 17, 2012) NBCNews]</ref><ref>[http://cnsnews.com/news/article/explosion-fla-horse-center-kills-worker-horse Explosion at Fla. horse center kills worker, horse | CNS News]</ref>
* 2012:''' Edward Archbold''', 32, a man of [[West Palm Beach, Florida]], died after winning a cockroach eating contest. The cause of death was determined to be accidental choking due to "arthropod body parts." <ref>{{cite news| url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/11/26/15460502-florida-man-who-died-in-cockroach-eating-contest-choked-to-death-autopsy-says?lite |title=Florida man who died in cockroach-eating contest choked to death, autopsy says |work=[[NBC News]] |date=26 November 2012}}</ref> Florence Vaccarello Dunkel, Associate Professor of Entomology at [[Montana State University]], said of Archbold's death: "I've never heard of that happening."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wptv.com/dpp/news/region_c_palm_beach_county/west_palm_beach/edward-archbold-roach-eating-contest-death-what-really-killed-the-west-palm-beach-man |title=Edward Archbold, roach eating contest death: What really killed the West Palm Beach man? |author=By: Robert Nolin, Sun Sentinel |date=October 10, 2012 |accessdate=27 October 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Darwin Awards]]
* [[Death from laughter]]
* [[Execution by elephant]]
* [[List of causes of death by rate]]
* [[List of inventors killed by their own inventions]]
* [[List of people who disappeared mysteriously]]
* [[Spontaneous human combustion]]
* ''[[1000 Ways to Die]]''
* [[Toilet-related injuries and deaths]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal bar|Death|History}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JS5mHAAACAAJ |title=Curious and Unusual Deaths|author=[[Russell Robert Winterbotham]] |publisher= Haldeman-Julius, Girard, Kansas |year=1929}}
*{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7HTfGRRllAQC |title=Curious Events in History |author=Michael Powell |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc |date=5 August 2008}}
*Nick Daws ''Daft Deaths and Famous Last Words''
*Tracey Turner, ''Dreadful Fates''
*Dale Dreher, ebook ''Death by Misadventure: 210 Dumb Ways to Die.''
*{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Mysterious_Deaths_and_Disappearances.html?id=HCExOEknBQ0C&redir_esc=y |title=Mysterious Deaths and Disappearances |author=[[David Southwell]] and Sean Twist |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |date=1 September 2007}}
*[[John Dunning (journalist)|John Dunning]] ''Strange Deaths'' (true crime)
*{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fijmTMOJrJcC |title=Strange Deaths: More Than 375 Freakish Fatalites}}
*{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1wrJygAACAAJ |title=Strange Inhuman Deaths}}
*{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5RpLMwEACAAJ |title=The Fortean Times Book of Strange Deaths}}
*{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=py_ZAAAACAAJ |title=The Fortean Times Book of More Strange Deaths}}

==External links==
* [http://health.discovery.com/tv-shows/curious-and-unusual-deaths-pictures.htm Curious and Unusual Deaths Pictures]. Discovery Channel.
* [http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/freakish.asp Freakish Fatalities] Snopes.com

{{death}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unusual deaths}}
[[Category:Death-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of people by cause of death]]
[[Category:Lists of things considered unusual|Deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths by cause]]

Liste ungewöhnlicher Todesfälle

2013-12-15T20:17:12Z

Ruby Murray: Fix broken reference names – You can help: Category:Pages with broken reference names

{{dynamic list}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
{{disputed-list|date=November 2013}}
This is a '''list of unusual deaths'''. This list includes unique or extremely rare circumstances of death recorded throughout history, noted as being unusual by multiple sources. Some of the deaths are mythological or are considered to be unsubstantiated by contemporary researchers. [[Oxford English Dictionary|Oxford Dictionaries]] defines the word "unusual" as "not habitually or commonly occurring or done" and "remarkable or interesting because different from or better than others."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/unusual?q=unusual | title=Definition of unusual in English | publisher=Oxford Dictionaries | accessdate=26 October 2013}}</ref>

Some other articles also cover deaths that might be considered unusual or ironic, including [[List of entertainers who died during a performance]], [[List of inventors killed by their own inventions]], [[List of association footballers who died while playing]], [[List of professional cyclists who died during a race]] and the [[List of political self-immolations]].
{{TOC limit|2}}

== Antiquity ==
{{Hatnote|'''Note:''' Many of these stories are likely to be [[wikt:apocryphal|apocryphal]].}}
[[File:Death of Aeschylus in Florentine Picture Chronicle.jpg|thumb|The death of '''[[Aeschylus]]''' illustrated in the 15th century ''Florentine Picture Chronicle'' by [[Maso Finiguerra]].<ref>{{citation |title=Meditation in Solitude |author=Ursula Hoff |journal=Journal of the Warburg Institute |volume=vol. 1 |number=44 |year=1938 |pages=292–294 |publisher=The Warburg Institute |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/749994}}</ref>]]

*[[circa|c.]] 620 BC: '''[[Draco (lawgiver)|Draco]]''', Athenian law-maker, was smothered to death by gifts of cloaks and hats showered upon him by appreciative citizens at a theatre on [[Aegina]].<ref>Suidas. "[http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?login=guest&enlogin=guest&db=REAL&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=delta,1495&filter=CD-Unicode {{lang|grc|Δράκων}}]", ''Suda On Line'', Adler number delta, 1495.</ref><ref>{{citation |page=161 |chapter=Most Unusual Death |title=Felton & Fowler's Best, Worst, and Most Unusual |author=Bruce Felton, Mark Fowler |publisher=Random House |year=1985 |isbn=9780517462973}}</ref>
*564 BC: '''[[Arrhichion]] of [[Phigalia]]''', Greek [[Pankration|pankratiast]], caused his own death during the [[Ancient Olympic Games|Olympic]] finals. Held by his unidentified opponent in a stranglehold and unable to free himself, Arrichion's trainer shouted "What a fine funeral if you do not submit at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]]!" Arrichion then kicked his opponent with his right foot while casting his body to the left, causing his opponent so much pain that he made the sign of defeat to the [[umpire]]s, while at the same time breaking Arrichion's own neck as the other fighter was still strangleholding him. Since the opponent had conceded defeat, Arrichion was proclaimed victor posthumously.<ref>{{citation |title=The Salt Lake Loonie |author=Brett Matlock, Jesse Matlock |publisher=University of Regina Press |year=2011 |page=81}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=The Pankration and Wrestling |author=EN Gardiner |title=The Journal of Hellenic Studies |year=1906 |quote=Fatal accidents did occur as in the case of Arrhichion, but they were very rare...}}</ref>
*455 BC: '''[[Aeschylus]]''', the great Athenian author of [[tragedy|tragedies]]. [[Valerius Maximus]] wrote that he was killed by a [[tortoise]] dropped by an eagle that had mistaken his head for a rock suitable for shattering the shell of the reptile. [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], in his ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Naturalis Historiæ]]'', adds that Aeschylus had been staying outdoors to avert a prophecy that he would be killed by a falling object.<ref name=CGC>{{citation |page=136 |quote=The unusual nature of Aeschylus's death... |title=A Cabinet of Greek Curiosities: Strange Tales and Surprising Facts from the Cradle of Western Civilization |author=J. C. McKeown |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=9780199982103}}</ref><ref name=tortue>{{citation |title=La tortue d'Eschyle et autres morts stupides de l'Histoire |isbn=9782352042211 |publisher=Editions Les Arènes |year=2012}}</ref>
*401 BC: '''[[Mithridates (soldier)|Mithridates]]''', a soldier who embarrassed his king, [[Artaxerxes II]], by boasting of killing his rival, [[Cyrus the Younger]], was executed by [[scaphism]]. The king's physician, [[Ctesias]], reported that he survived the insect torture for 17 days.<ref name=10tbd>{{citation |chapter=10 truly bizarre deaths |title=Listverse.Com's Ultimate Book of Bizarre Lists |author=Jamie Frater |publisher=Ulysses Press |year=2010 |isbn=9781569758175 |pages=12–14}}</ref><ref name=acogc>{{citation |title=A Cabinet of Greek Curiosities: Strange Tales and Surprising Facts from the Cradle of Western Civilization |page=102 |author=J. C. McKeown |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=9780199982127 |quote=Ctesias, the Greek physician to Artaxerxes, the king of Persia, gives an appallingly detailed description of the execution inflicted on a soldier named Mithridates, who was misguided enough to claim the credit for killing the king's brother, Cyrus...}}</ref>
*270 BC: '''[[Philitas of Cos]]''', Greek intellectual, is said by [[Athenaeus]] to have studied arguments and erroneous word usage so intensely that he wasted away and starved to death.<ref name="9.401e">[[Athenaeus]], ''[[Deipnosophistae]]'', [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Literature/Literature-idx?type=turn&entity=Literature.AthV2.p0115 9.401e].</ref> British classicist [[Alan Cameron (classical scholar)|Alan Cameron]] speculates that Philitas died from a [[wasting]] disease which his contemporaries joked was caused by his [[pedant]]ry.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= The Classical Quarterly |volume=41 |issue=2 |year=1991 |pages=534–8 |author=Alan Cameron |title= How thin was Philitas? |doi= 10.1017/S0009838800004717}}</ref>
*210 BC: '''[[Qin Shi Huang]]''', the first [[Emperor of China]], died after ingesting several pills of [[mercury poisoning|mercury]] in the belief that it would grant him [[immortality|eternal life]]. His eunuch courtiers concealed the death while they plotted the succession and used carts of fish to disguise the smell of the corpse. He was then buried in a fantastic tomb which is still being excavated. His artifacts and treasures include the famous [[Terracotta Army]] which was created for him to rule from his grave.<ref>{{citation |author=Wright, David Curtis |year=2001 |title=The History of China |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |page=49 |isbn=0-313-30940-X}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=The First Emperor |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=9780191527630 |pages=82, 150}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.esquire.com/blogs/culture/Royalty-and-their-strange-deaths |title=Royalty and their Strange Deaths |author=Nate Hopper |date=4 Feb 2013 |journal=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]}}</ref>
*206 BC: One ancient account of the death of '''[[Chrysippus]]''', the 3rd century BC [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] [[Stoicism|Stoic]] philosopher, tells that he died of laughter after he saw a [[donkey]] eating his [[common fig|figs]]; he told a slave to give the donkey neat wine to drink to wash them down with, and then, '...having laughed too much, he died' (Diogenes Laertius 7.185).<ref name="Chrysippus">{{cite book|first=Diogenes|last= Laertius|title=Lives, Teachings and Sayings of the Eminent Philosophers, with an English translation by R.D. Hicks|year=1964-5|publisher=Harvard UP/W. Heinemann Ltd|location=Cambridge, Mass/London}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Riginos|first=Alice Swift|title=Platonica|year=1976|publisher=Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition|isbn=90 04 04565 1|page=195|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=0LM3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195&dq=Chrysippus+death+unusual&hl=en&sa=X&ei=f_OsUvGSAo3jlAX_rIHIBQ&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Chrysippus%20death%20unusual&f=false}}</ref>
*212 AD: '''[[Lucius Fabius Cilo]]''', a [[Roman senator]] of the 2nd century, "...choked...by a single hair in a draught of milk".<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], {{cite web |title=Nat. History, vii ''7'' |url= http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/7*.html}}</ref>
*258 AD: The martyr '''[[Saint Lawrence]]''' was roasted alive on a giant grill during the persecution of [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]].<ref>[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=366 "St. Lawrence - Martyr" at catholic.org]</ref><ref>[http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-lawrence-of-rome/ "Saint Lawrence of Rome" at saints.sqpn.com]</ref> [[Prudentius]] tells that he joked with his tormentors, "Turn me over — I'm done on this side".<ref>{{citation |page=42 |title=Enduring Creation: Art, Pain, and Fortitude |author=Nigel Jonathan Spivey |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=9780520230224}}</ref> He is now the [[patron saint]] of cooks and firefighters.<ref>{{citation |title=The Encyclopedia Americana |volume=vol. 17 |page=85 |year=1981 |isbn=9780717201129}}</ref>
*336 AD: '''[[Arius]]''', [[presbyter]] of [[Alexandria]], [[Arius#Exile, return, and death|is said]] to have died of sudden diarrhea followed by copious [[Bleeding|hemorrhaging]] and anal expulsion of the [[intestine]]s while he walked across the imperial forum in [[Constantinople]]. He may have been poisoned.<ref>[[Gregory of Tours]], ''History of the Franks'' 2.23.</ref>
*415 AD: '''[[Hypatia]] of Alexandria''', Greek mathematician, philosopher and intellectual, often called the last librarian of the [[Library of Alexandria]], though it was destroyed long before her time, was murdered by a [[Christianity|Christian]] mob that ripped off her skin with sharp seashells. Various types of shells have been named, including clams, oysters and abalones. Other sources claim tiles or pottery [[Sherd|shard]]s were used.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hypatia.html |title=Hypatia biography |publisher=History.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>

{{Gallery
|width=160| height=250|align=center|lines=6
|File:Antikythera philosopher.JPG|Greek intellectual '''[[Philitas of Cos]]''', said to have studied arguments and erroneous word usage so intensely that he wasted away and starved to death.<ref name="9.401e"/>
|File:Qinshihuang.jpg |'''[[Qin Shi Huang]]''', the first [[Emperor of China]] who sought immortality but died an untimely death which was concealed by his courtiers using smelly fish.
|File:Martyrdom of Lawrence - Edited.jpg |The martyrdom of [[Saint Lawrence]] by [[Titian]]. This painting so impressed [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] that he commissioned another one for his basilica in [[El Escorial]].
|File:Hypatia (Charles William Mitchell).jpg |[[Hypatia]] painted by [[Charles William Mitchell]] in 1885.
}}

== Middle Ages ==
[[File:Charles le Mauvais.jpg|thumb|upright|An illustration of [[Charles II of Navarre]], burned alive when brandy-soaked bandages, in which he was wrapped, were set on fire.]]
*762: '''[[Li Bai|Li Po (Li Bai)]]''', Chinese poet and [[courtier]], supposedly tried to kiss the reflection of the [[Moon]] beside the boat in which he was travelling, fell overboard and drowned.<ref>''[[The Book of Lists]]'', 2004 edition. "...Some scholars believed he actually died of [[cirrhosis]]." Compare [[Li Bai#Death]].</ref>
*892: '''[[Sigurd Eysteinsson|Sigurd the Mighty]]''' of [[Orkney]] strapped the head of his defeated foe, [[Máel Brigte of Moray|Máel Brigte]], to his horse's saddle. The teeth of the head grazed against his leg as he rode, causing a fatal infection.<ref>Translations of the ''Orkneyinga saga'' (chapters 4 and 5), which relates the story, can be read online at [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/ice/is3/is302.htm Sacred texts] and [http://www.northvegr.org/lore/orkney/001.php Northvegr].</ref>
*1063: '''[[Béla I of Hungary]]''' died when his wooden throne collapsed upon him.<ref name=EBO2012>{{cite web | title = Bela I | year = 2012 | work = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/59031/Bela-I | accessdate = 13 August 2012}}</ref>
*1131: '''[[Philip of France (1116–1131)|Crown Prince Philip of France]]''' died while riding through Paris, when his horse tripped over a black pig running out of a dung heap.<ref>Ordericus Vitalis, ''The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy'', v. 4, p. 129</ref>
*1258: '''[[Al-Musta'sim]]''', the last [[Abbasid]] [[Caliph]] of [[Baghdad]], was executed by his [[Mongols|Mongol]] captors by being rolled up in a rug and then trampled by horses.<ref>{{cite book|last=Frater|first=Jamie|title= Listverse.Com's Ultimate Book of Bizarre Lists|year=2010|publisher=Ulysses Press|location=Canada|isbn= 9781569758175|page=400}}</ref>
*1327: '''[[Edward II of England]]''', after being deposed and imprisoned by his [[Queen consort|wife]] [[Isabella of France|Isabella]] and her lover [[Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March|Roger Mortimer]], was rumoured to have been murdered by having a [[Horn (anatomy)|horn]] pushed into his anus through which a red-hot iron was inserted, burning out his internal organs without marking his body.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A History of Great Britain: 3000BC-AD1603|year=2000 |publisher=BBC Worldwide |location= London|id= }} p.220</ref><ref>[http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=176011 A red-hot poker? It was just a red herring | General | Times Higher Education]</ref> However, as Seymour Phillips observes in his recent biography of the king, there is no real academic consensus on the manner of Edward II's death and it has been plausibly argued (for example, by Ian Mortimer) that the story is effectively propaganda.<ref>Phillips, Seymour, Edward II, Yale University Press, copyright 2010. pgs 560-565.</ref>
*1387: '''[[Charles II of Navarre]]''', after having been wrapped in bandages soaked in brandy in an attempt to cure an illness, was burned alive when a servant accidentally set the bandages on fire.<ref>Barbara Tuchman;''A Distant Mirror'', 1978, Alfred A Knopf Ltd</ref>
*1410: '''[[Martin of Aragon]]''' died from a combination of indigestion and [[Death from laughter|uncontrollable laughing]].<ref>[http://www.cc.jyu.fi/mirator/pdf/Morris.pdf "Patronage and Piety – Montserrat and the Royal House of Medieval Catalonia-Aragon"]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}, Paul N. Morris, ''Mirator Lokakuu'', October 2000</ref>
*1478: '''[[George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence|George Plantagenet]]''', [[Duke of Clarence]], was executed by drowning in a barrel of [[Malvasia|Malmsey wine]] at his own request.<ref>Thompson, C. J. S. ''Mysteries of History with Accounts of Some Remarkable Characters and Charlatans'', pp. 31 ''ff.'' Kila, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2004.</ref>

== Renaissance ==
[[File:Tycho Brahe.JPG|thumb|right|[[Tycho Brahe]] survived a duel, losing only his nose, but both he and his pet moose died from the effects of too much drink.]]
*1518: In the '''[[Dancing Plague of 1518]]''' a woman (and eventually a league of 400 people) uncontrollably danced for a month causing dozens of participants to die of heat stroke and exhaustion. The reason for this occurrence is still unclear.<ref name="Discovery Viegas">{{cite web |url= http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/08/01/dancing-death-mystery.html |title= 'Dancing Plague' and Other Odd Afflictions Explained |first= Jennifer |last= Viegas |date= 1 August 2008 |work= Discovery News |publisher= [[Discovery Communications]] |accessdate=8 August 2008 }}</ref>{{dead link|date=April 2013}}
*1552: '''Henry Pert''' a gentleman, of [[Welbeck]], [[Nottinghamshire]], died when he stretched his bow to its full extent and the arrow got lodged. While he was leaning over to look at it, the arrow released.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=BBC News|title=10 strange ways Tudors died|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-13762313}}</ref>
*1556: '''[[Pietro Aretino]]''', an Italian poet, satirist and pornographer, is said to have died by suffocation caused by [[Death from laughter|uncontrollable laughter]].<ref>Waterfield, Gordon, ed. ''First Footsteps in East Africa'', (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1966) pg. 59 footnote.</ref>
*1567: '''Hans Steininger''', the [[burgomaster]] of [[Brunau]], [[Austria]], died when he broke his neck by tripping over his own beard.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1= Charles Winslow|year=1910 |title=The Nobility of the Trades: Barbers and Hairdressers|journal= National Magazine|volume=32 |issue=1 |page=472 |publisher= |date=April 1910}}</ref> The beard, which was {{convert|4.5|ft|m}} long at the time, was usually kept rolled up in a leather pouch.<ref>{{cite web|title=HowStuffWorks - 10 Bizarre Ways to Die|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/human-biology/10-ways-to-die3.htm}}</ref>
*1601: '''[[Tycho Brahe]]''' died from complications of a burst bladder after refusing to leave a dinner table to relieve himself because it would have been a breach of etiquette.<ref>{{cite news |author=John Tierney |coauthors= |title=Murder! Intrigue! Astronomers? |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/30/science/30tierney.html?pagewanted=all |quote=At the time of Tycho's death, in 1601, the blame fell on his failure to relieve himself while drinking profusely at the banquet, supposedly injuring his bladder and making him unable to urinate. |work=[[New York Times]] |date=November 29, 2010 |accessdate=2010-11-30 |authorlink= John Tierney (journalist) }}</ref><ref>Thoren ([[#VET|1990]], p.[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=F5a83U4B8XkC&pg=PA468 468–69])</ref><ref>{{Cite news
|title=Was Tycho Brahe Poisoned? According to New Evidence, Probably Not
|date=17 November 2012
|author=Terri Pous
|journal=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] – Bizarre
|quote="a fatal case of politeness.", "Brahe makes a good case for strangest historical death"
|url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/11/17/was-tycho-brahe-poisoned-according-to-new-evidence-probably-not/
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
|title=Tycho Brahe's 'murder' investigated
|date=15 November 2012
|journal=[[The Guardian]]
|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/nov/15/astronomer-tycho-brahe-death-scientists
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Bones of Danish Astronomer Tycho Brahe May Yield Clues to His Death
|date=19 November 2010
|publisher=[http://space.com space.com]
|url=http://www.space.com/9567-bones-danish-astronomer-tycho-brahe-yield-clues-death.html
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Tycho Brahe Died From Burst Bladder, Not Poisoning, Astronomer's Exhumed Body Shows
|date=16 November 2012
|author=Megan Gannon
|publisher=[[Huffington Post]]
|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/18/tycho-brahe-death-poison-bladder_n_2148980.html
}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=The Medici Giraffe: And Other Tales of Exotic Animals and Power |author=Marina Belozerskaya |publisher=Hachette UK |year=2009 |isbn=9780316076425 |chapter= Rudolf II's Empire of Knowledge}}</ref>
*1660: [[Thomas Urquhart]], the [[Scottish people|Scottish]] aristocrat, [[polymath]] and first translator of [[François Rabelais]]'s writings into English, is said to have died laughing upon hearing that [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] had taken the throne.<ref>{{cite book | title = Rabelais in English Literature | last = Brown | first = Huntington | isbn = 0-7146-2051-3 | publisher = Routledge | page = 126 | year = 1968}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = The History of Scottish Poetry | publisher = Edmonston & Douglas | year = 1861 | page = 539}}</ref>
*1667: '''James Betts''' died from asphyxiation after being sealed in a cupboard by Elizabeth Spencer, at [[Corpus Christi College, Cambridge]] in an attempt to hide him from her father, [[John Spencer (Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge)|John Spencer]].<ref name=Rackham>{{cite book| last = Rackham | first = Oliver | title= Treasures of Silver at Corpus Christi College | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-521-81880-X}}</ref><ref name="Corpus Christi College">{{cite web|url=http://www.corpus.cam.ac.uk/about-corpus/maps-and-tours/take-a-virtual-tour/225|title=Corpus Christi Website -Corpus Ghost|publisher=Corpus Christi College}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Guiley| first = Rosemary Ellen | title= The Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits | publisher = Checkmark books| edition = 2nd | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8160-4086-5}}</ref>

{{Gallery
|width=160| height=250|align=center|lines=2
|File:PietroAretinobyMarcantonio.PNG|[[Pietro Aretino]], who died from [[Death from laughter|uncontrollable laughter]].
}}

== 18th century ==
[[File:Crown prince Sado of Joseon.jpg|thumb|upright|150px|Crown Prince Sado was sealed alive in a rice chest to prevent him inheriting the throne of Korea.<ref name=sado/>]]

[[File:Hannah Twynnoy's gravestone.jpg|thumb|upright|200px|Hannah Twynnoy was killed by a tiger she mocked.<ref name=twynnoy/>]]

*1701: '''[[Hannah Twynnoy]]''' was killed by a [[tiger]] in [[Great Britain]]. Oral history suggests that, despite warnings, she continued to bother a tiger kept in a menagerie which broke free and killed her.<ref ref name=twynnoy>[http://www.malmesbury.com/malmesbury-history/961-hannah-twynnoy.html]</ref>{{verify credibility|date=December 2013}} 

*1755: '''[[Henry Hall (lighthouse keeper)|Henry Hall]]''' died from injuries he sustained after molten lead fell into his throat while he was looking up at [[Eddystone Lighthouse|a burning lighthouse]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mOgRAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Universal magazine |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=7 August 2011|year=1757}}</ref>

*1762: '''[[Crown Prince Sado]]''', then-heir to [[Kingdom of Korea|King]] [[Yeongjo of Joseon]], was ordered to be sealed alive in a rice chest after his father decided he was unfit to succeed him.<ref name=sado>{{cite web | url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2009/11/142_56275.html | title=Book Reconstitutes Secret of Prince Sado's Death | work=The Korea Times | date=27 November 2009 | accessdate=30 May 2011 | author=Ah-young Chung}}</ref>

*1771: '''[[Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden]]''', died of digestion problems on 12 February 1771 after having consumed a meal of lobster, caviar, sauerkraut, smoked herring and champagne, topped off with 14 servings of his favourite dessert: [[semla|hetvägg]] served in a bowl of hot milk.<ref>[http://www.thelocal.se/6470/20070220/ The lowdown on Sweden's best buns] ''The Local'', February 2007</ref> He is thus remembered by Swedish schoolchildren as "the king who ate himself to death."<ref>[http://www.messengernews.net/page/content.detail/id/503630.html?nav=5007 Semlor are Swedish treat for Lent] Sandy Mickelson, ''The Messenger'', 27 February 2008</ref>

*1782: '''Mrs Fitzherbert''' [[death from laughter|died from laughter]]. On a Wednesday evening she had seen Mr. Bannister at [[The Beggar's Opera]], and laughed with the rest of the audience upon his comical entrance. She was unable to stop laughing, and had to leave the theater. She continued laughing until her death on Friday morning.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=7CEJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA302&dq=A+Selection+of+Curious+Articles+from+the+Gentleman's+Magazine+Bannister&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KTppUuCBNYHkyAGXn4GIAw&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Bannister%20laugh&f=false A Selection of Curious Articles from the Gentleman's Magazine,] Volume 4 By John Walker, page 302. The chapter title states "Deaths of Persons" ..."peculiar circumstances".</ref>
*1783: '''[[James Otis, Jr.]]''', the [[American Revolution]]ary, "often mentioned to friends and relatives that ... he hoped his death would come from a bolt of [[lightning]]." His hope was fulfilled on 23 May 1783 when lightning struck the chimney of a friend's house in whose doorway he was standing.<ref name="Book of Lists">''[[The Book of Lists]]'', 2004 edition.</ref>

*1794: '''[[John Kendrick (American sea captain)|John Kendrick]]''', an American sea captain and explorer, was killed in the [[Hawaii|Hawaiian Islands]] when a fellow trading ship mistakenly used a loaded cannon to fire a salute to Kendrick's vessel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=1983 |title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online |publisher=Biographi.ca |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>

== 19th century ==
*1816: '''[[Gouverneur Morris]]''', an American statesman, died after sticking a piece of whale bone through his urinary tract to relieve a blockage.<ref>{{cite book|last=Adams|first=William Howard|title=Gouverneur Morris: an independent life|year=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=GYxgEf7VbMcC&pg=PA323&dq=Gouverneur+Morris++whalebone#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0-300-09980-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kirschke|first=James J.|title=Gouverneur Morris: author, statesman, and man of the world|year=2005|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-312-24195-X|url=http://books.google.com/?id=MkqBV79cVMkC&pg=PA265&lpg=PA265&dq=Gouverneur+Morris++whalebone#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
*1830: '''[[William Huskisson]]''', statesman and financier, was run over by a locomotive ([[Stephenson's Rocket]]), at the [[Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway|public opening of the world's first mechanically powered railway to offer a scheduled passenger service]], a railway which he had himself done much to promote.<ref>{{cite book|last=Garfield|first=Simon|title=The Last Journey of William Huskisson|year=2002|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=0571216080}}</ref>
*1834: '''[[David Douglas]]''', Scottish [[botany|botanist]], fell into a [[pit trap]] where he was trampled by a wild bull.<ref>{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=74QkpEL5TCoC&pg=PA106 |title=Early American Naturalists: Exploring The American West, 1804-1900 |page=106 |author=John Moring |publisher=Taylor Trade Publications |year=2005 |isbn=9781589791831}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yDC7gu-sCMsC&pg=PA160 |page=160 |title=Flower Hunters |author=John and Mary Gribbin |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=9780192807182}}</ref>
*1871: '''[[Clement Vallandigham]]''', a lawyer and Ohio politician, accidentally shot himself demonstrating how a victim might possibly have shot himself while in the process of drawing a weapon from a kneeling position. Though the defendant, Thomas McGehan, was ultimately cleared, Vallandigham died from his wound.<ref>[http://www.historiclebanonohio.com/?q=vallandigham Death of Clement Vallandigham | HistoricLebanonOhio.com]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civil-war-150.com/tag/clement-vallandigham/ |title=Fatal Accident to Mr. Vallandigham: The Western Reserve Chronicle, June 21, 1871, page 2 |publisher=civil-war-150.com |date=June 13, 2012 |accessdate=November 2, 2013}}</ref>

{{Gallery
|width=160|height=250|align=center|lines=4
|Image:Clement Vallandigham - Brady-Handy.jpg|Clement Vallandigham - died after demonstrating how a victim might have accidentally shot himself
}}

== 20th century ==

=== 1920s ===
*1920: '''[[Ray Chapman|Ray "Chappie" Chapman]]''', shortstop for the Cleveland Indians baseball team, was killed when a [[submarine (baseball)|submarine ball]] thrown by [[Carl Mays]] hit him in the [[temple (anatomy)|temple]]. Chapman collapsed at the plate, and died about 12 hours later. He remains the only major league baseball player killed by a pitched ball.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/sports/year_in_sports/08.17.html |title=The Death of Ray Chapman|work=[[New York Times]] |date=17 August 1920}}</ref>
*1920: '''[[Dan Andersson]]''', a Swedish author, died of cyanide poisoning while staying at Hotel Hellman in [[Stockholm]]. The hotel staff had failed to clear the room after using hydrogen cyanide against [[bed bug]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://litteraturbanken.se/#!forfattare/AnderssonD/presentation |title=Dan Andersson (1888–1920)}}</ref>
*1920: '''[[Alexander of Greece|Alexander I]]''', King of the Hellenes, was taking a walk in the [[National Garden of Athens|Royal Gardens]], when his dog was attacked by a monkey. The King attempted to defend his dog, receiving bites from both the monkey and its mate.<ref>[[John Van der Kiste]], ''Kings of the Hellenes'' (Alan Sutton Publishing, Stroud, Gloucestershire, England, 1994) ISBN 0-7509-0525-5 p. 119</ref> The diseased animals' bites caused [[sepsis]] and Alexander died three weeks later.
*1923: '''[[Frank Hayes (jockey)|Frank Hayes]]''', a [[jockey]] at [[Belmont Park]], [[New York]], died of a heart attack during his first race. His mount finished first with his body still attached to the saddle, and he was only discovered to be dead when the horse's owner went to congratulate him.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60B13F83C5416738DDDAC0894DE405B838EF1D3&scp=1&sq=jockey+hayes&st=p|title=Jockey Dies as He Wins His First Race; Hayes Collapses Passing the Winning Post |work=New York Times |date=5 June 1923 |accessdate=20 February 2011}}</ref>
*1923: '''[[George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon]]''', died allegedly because of the so-called [[Curse of the pharaohs|King Tut's Curse]] after a mosquito bite on his face, which he cut while shaving, became seriously infected with [[erysipelas]], leading to blood poisoning and eventually pneumonia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/carnarvon.htm |title=The Life of Lord Carnarvon |publisher=Touregypt.net |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |title=Carnarvon Is Dead Of An Insect's Bite At Pharaoh's Tomb. Blood Poisoning and Ensuing Pneumonia Conquer Tut-ankh-Amen Discoverer in Egypt. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20C11F7355416738DDDAC0894DC405B838EF1D3 |quote=The Earl of Carnarvon died peacefully at 2 o'clock this morning. He was conscious almost to the end. |work=[[New York Times]] |date=5 April 1923 |accessdate=12 August 2008 }}</ref>

[[Image:Isadora Duncan portrait.jpg|thumb|150px|Isadora Duncan, ballerina, died when her long scarf, caught on the wheel of a car, broke her neck.]]

*1925: '''[[Zishe Breitbart|Zishe (Siegmund) Breitbart]]''', a circus strongman and Jewish folklore hero, died after demonstrating he could drive a spike through five one-inch (2.54 cm) thick oak boards using only his bare hands. He accidentally pierced his knee and the rusted spike caused an infection which led to fatal blood poisoning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/Competition/Breitbart/breitbart-index.htm |title=Siegmund Breitbart |publisher=Sandowplus.co.uk |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1926: '''Phillip McClean''', 16, from [[Queensland]], Australia, became the only person documented to have been killed by a [[cassowary]]. After encountering the bird on their family property near [[Mossman, Queensland|Mossman]] in April,<ref>{{cite book|last=Christensen|first=Liana|title=Deadly Beautiful: Vanishing Killers of the Animal Kingdom|year=2011|publisher=Exisle Publishing|location=Wollombi, NSW|isbn=9781921497223|page=272}}</ref> McClean and his brother decided to kill it with clubs. When McClean struck the bird it knocked him down, then kicked him in the neck, opening a 1.25 cm (0.5 in) long cut in one of his main blood vessels. Though the boy managed to get back on his feet and run away, he collapsed a short while later and died from the haemorrhage.<ref>Kofron, Christopher P., Chapman, Angela. (2006) "Causes of mortality to the endangered Southern Cassowary Casuarius casuariusjohnsonii in Queensland, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology vol. 12: 175–179</ref>
*1926: '''[[Harry Houdini]]''', the famous American escape artist, was punched in the stomach by an amateur boxer. Though this had been done with Houdini's permission, complications from this injury may have caused him to die days later, on 31 October 1926. It was later determined that Houdini died of a ruptured appendix,<ref>{{cite web|title=Harry Houdini – Biography|url=http://www.apl.org/history/houdini/biography.html|publisher=Appleton History|accessdate=4 August 2009}}</ref> though it is contested as to whether or not the punches actually caused the appendicitis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Death of Houdini|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/houdini.asp|publisher=Urban Legends Reference Paces|accessdate=9 May 2012}}</ref><ref name=cfk/>
*1927: '''[[Isadora Duncan]]''', dancer, died of a broken neck when her long scarf caught on the wheel of a car in which she was a passenger.<ref>{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Ismene|title=Isadora Duncan, Sublime or Ridiculous?|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/dance/4949201/Isadora-Duncan-sublime-or-ridiculous.html|work=The Telegraph|date=6 March 2009|accessdate=26 April 2013}}</ref>

=== 1930s ===
*1930: '''[[William Kogut]]''', an inmate on death row at [[San Quentin State Prison|San Quentin]], committed suicide with a pipe bomb created from several packs of playing cards and the hollow leg from his cot. At the time, the red ink in playing cards contained flammable [[nitrocellulose]], which when wet can create an explosive mixture. Kogut used the heater in his cell to activate the bomb.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/kogut.asp |title=Death by Playing Cards – Solitaire |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
*1932: '''[[Eben Byers]]''', an American golfer and industrialist, died from multiple cancers caused by drinking more than 1400 bottles of a radioactive "health potion" called [[Radithor]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |coauthors= |title=Death Stirs Action on Radium 'Cures'. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F16F93D5A13738DDDAB0894DC405B828FF1D3 |quote=Federal and local agencies, as well as medical authorities in various parts of the country, were stirred to action yesterday as a result of the death of Eben M. Byers, wealthy Pittsburgh steel manufacturer and sportsman, who died here Wednesday at the Doctors' Hospital from causes attributed to radium poisoning resulting from the drinking of water containing radium in solution. ... |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=2 April 1932 |accessdate=1 October 2011 }}</ref>
[[File:Sherwood Anderson (1933).jpg|thumb|180px|Sherwood Anderson, who died after swallowing a toothpick]]
*1933: '''[[Michael Malloy]]''', a homeless man, was murdered by five men in a plot to collect on [[life insurance]] policies they had purchased. After surviving multiple poisonings, intentional exposure, and being struck by a car, Malloy succumbed to gassing.<ref>{{cite book |last=Read |first=Simon |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Bizarre Killing of Michael Malloy |year=2005 |publisher=Penguin Book Group |location= |id= |isbn=0-425-20678-5 }}</ref>

=== 1940s ===

*1941: '''[[Sherwood Anderson]]''', writer, died of [[peritonitis]] after swallowing a toothpick at a party.<ref>[http://athena.english.vt.edu/~appalach/writersA/anderson.html Virginia Tech article]</ref>
*1944: Inventor and chemist '''[[Thomas Midgley, Jr.]]''' accidentally strangled himself with the cord of a pulley-operated mechanical bed of his own design.<ref>[[Bill Bryson|Bryson, Bill]]. ''[[A Short History of Nearly Everything]]''. (2003) Broadway Books, USA. ISBN 0-385-66004-9</ref>
*1945: Scientist '''[[Harry K. Daghlian, Jr.]]''' accidentally dropped a brick of [[tungsten carbide]] onto a sphere of [[plutonium]] (known as the [[Demon core]]) while working on the [[Manhattan Project]]. This caused the plutonium to come to criticality; Daghlian died of radiation poisoning, becoming the first person to die in a [[criticality accident]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mphpa.org/classic/FH/LA/Harry_Daghlian.htm |title=Harry K. Daghlian – 1 of 1 |publisher=Mphpa.org |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1946: '''[[Louis Slotin]]''', chemist and physicist, died of radiation poisoning after being exposed to lethal amounts of ionizing radiation from the [[Demon core|same core]] that killed [[Harry K. Daghlian, Jr.]] The core went critical after a screwdriver he was using to separate the halves of the spherical beryllium reflector slipped.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hhs55.com/slotin.html |title=hhs55.com |publisher=hhs55.com |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1947: '''[[Collyer brothers|The Collyer Brothers]]''', extreme cases of [[compulsive hoarding|compulsive hoarders]], were found dead in their home in New York. The younger brother, Langley, was crushed to death when he accidentally triggered one of his own booby traps that had consisted of a large pile of objects, books, and newspapers. His blind and paralyzed brother Homer, who had depended on Langley for care, died of starvation some days later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trivia-library.com/c/biography-of-hermits-of-harlem-homer-and-langley-collyer.htm |title=Biography of Hermits of Harlem Homer and Langley Collyer – |publisher=Trivia-library.com |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>

=== 1950s ===
*1958: '''[[Gareth Jones (actor)|Gareth Jones]]''', actor, collapsed and died between scenes of a live television play, ''[[Underground (1958 TV play)|Underground]]'', at the studios of [[Associated British Corporation]] in [[Manchester]]. Director [[Ted Kotcheff]] continued the play to its conclusion, improvising around Jones' absence. Coincidentally, Jones' character was to have a heart-attack, which is what Jones suffered and died of.<ref>Cited by Gareth Rubin [http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2009/may/31/television-drama-theatre "Live TV drama is resurrected as Sky shrugs off lessons of history",] ''The Guardian'', 31 May 2009</ref><ref>Matthew Sweet [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/do-not-adjust-your-set-by-kate-dunn-587580.html Review: "'Do Not Adjust Your Set' By Kate Dunn,] ''The Independent'', 20 July 2003</ref>

=== 1960s ===
*1960: In the '''[[Nedelin catastrophe]]''', more than 100 Soviet rocket technicians and officials died when a switch was accidentally turned on, causing the second stage engines of a rocket to ignite, directly above the fully fueled first stage. The casualties included Red Army [[Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin|Marshal Nedelin]], who was sitting just {{convert|40|m|sp=us}} away overseeing launch preparations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/r16_disaster.html |title=Nedelin disaster |publisher=Russianspaceweb.com |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1960: '''[[Inejiro Asanuma]]''', 61, the head of the [[Social Democratic Party (Japan)|Japanese Socialist Party]], was stabbed to death with a [[wakizashi]] sword by extreme rightist [[Otoya Yamaguchi]] during a televised political rally.<ref>{{cite news|author= |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,711952,00.html |title=Assassin's Apologies |publisher=Time.com |date= 14 November 1960|accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
*1960: '''[[Alan Stacey]]''', [[Formula One]] race driver, died in a crash during the [[1960 Belgian Grand Prix|Belgian Grand Prix]] when a bird flew into his face, causing him to lose control.<ref>{{cite book|last=Daley|first=Robert|title=Cars at Speed: Classic Stories from Grand Prix's Golden Age|year=2007|publisher=MBI Publishing Company|location=United States|isbn=9780760331170|page=304}}</ref>
*1961: U.S. Army Specialists '''John A. Byrnes''' and '''Richard Leroy McKinley''' and Navy Electrician's Mate '''Richard C. Legg''' were killed by a [[water hammer]] explosion during maintenance on the [[SL-1]] nuclear reactor in Idaho.<ref>[http://www.archive.org/details/gov.ntis.A13886VNB1 SL-1 The Accident: Phases I and II] U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Idaho Operations Office video ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIBQMkd96CA Youtube 1]) ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVr6bD-z9hM Youtube 2])</ref><ref>[http://www.inl.gov/proving-the-principle/chapter_15.pdf Chapter 15 "The SL-1 Reactor" (page 142)] 9.5 MB PDF</ref><ref name="Tucker">{{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Todd |title=Atomic America: How a Deadly Explosion and a Feared Admiral Changed the Course of Nuclear History|isbn=978-1-4165-4433-3 |year=2009 |publisher=Free Press |location=New York}} See summary: http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0904/2008013842-s.html</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McKeown |first=William |title=Idaho Falls: The Untold Story of America's First Nuclear Accident |isbn=978-1-55022-562-4 |year=2003 |publisher=ECW Press |location=Toronto}}</ref>
*1961: '''[[Valentin Bondarenko]]''', a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[cosmonaut]] trainee, died after suffering third-degree [[burn]]s from a flash fire in the pure oxygen environment of a training simulator.<ref>Oberg, James, ''Uncovering Soviet Disasters'', [http://www.jamesoberg.com/usd10.html Chapter 10: Dead Cosmonauts], pp 156–176, Random house, New York, 1988. Retrieved 8 January 2008.</ref>
*1966: '''Worth Bingham''', son of [[Barry Bingham, Sr.]], died when a surfboard, lying atop the back of his convertible, hit a parked car, swung around, and broke his neck.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/04/business/media/04bingham.html?pagewanted=2&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/M/McFadden,%20Robert%20D.%20Jr.
|title=Barry Bingham Jr., Louisville Publisher, Is Dead at 72
|author=
|work=The New York Times
|date= 4 April 2006
| first=Robert D.
| last=McFadden
| accessdate=11 May 2010
}}</ref>
[[File:Soviet Union-1964-stamp-Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov.jpg|thumb|USSR postage stamp honoring Vladimir Komarov, the first person to die during a space mission]]
* 1966: Skydiver '''[[Nick Piantanida]]''' died from the effects of [[uncontrolled decompression]] four months after an attempt to break the world record for the highest parachute jump. During his third attempt, his face mask came loose (or he possibly opened it by mistake), causing loss of air pressure and irreversible brain damage.<ref>{{cite book |title=Magnificent Failure: Free Fall from the Edge of Space |last1=Ryan |first1=Craig |publisher=Smithsonian Air and Space Museum Press |year=2003| isbn=978-1-58834-141-9 |oclc=51059086 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/article687679.ece Dive Hard], [[The Globe and Mail]], 25 May 2008</ref>
*1967: '''[[Gus Grissom]]''', '''[[Edward Higgins White|Ed White]]''', and '''[[Roger B. Chaffee]]''', NASA astronauts, died when a flash fire began in their pure oxygen environment during a training exercise inside the [[Apollo 1]] spacecraft. The spacecraft's escape hatch could not be opened because it was designed to seal shut under pressure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/grissom-vi.html |title=Astronaut Bio: Virgil I. Grissom |publisher=Jsc.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1967: Cosmonaut '''[[Vladimir Komarov]]''' became the first person to die during a space mission after the parachute of [[Soyuz 1|his capsule]] failed to deploy following re-entry.<ref>{{cite news|author=Tony Long |url=http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/04/dayintech_0424 |title=24 April 1967: Last Day in the Life of Cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov |publisher=Wired.com |date=24 April 2007|accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>

=== 1970s ===
*1971: '''[[Georgy Dobrovolsky]], [[Vladislav Volkov]] and [[Viktor Patsayev]]''', Soviet cosmonauts, died when their [[Soyuz 11|Soyuz-11]] spacecraft depressurized during preparations for reentry. These are the only known human deaths outside the Earth's atmosphere.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/n-s/space.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081012062830/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/n-s/space.html|archivedate=12 October 2008|title=Space disasters and near misses|publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=29 June 2011}}</ref>
*1974: '''Thomas Bayliss''' died after being run over by two [[Semi-trailer truck|semi-trailers]] and a [[pickup truck]] on [[State Road 64 (Florida)|State Road 64]] near [[Bradenton, Florida]]. None of the three vehicles stopped immediately after the accident.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bizarre death in Manatee probed by Highway Patrol|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SQswAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PnkDAAAAIBAJ&dq=bizarre%20death&pg=1989%2C828207|accessdate= May 2013|newspaper=St Petersburg Times|date=17 October 1974}}</ref>
*1974: '''Basil Brown''', a 48-year-old health food advocate from [[Croydon]], drank himself to death with [[carrot juice]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yLQsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jAoEAAAAIBAJ&dq=unusual-death&pg=6515%2C4463628 | work=Star-News | location=Wilmington, North Carolina |title=Unusual death | date=20 February 1974 | accessdate=12 June 2010| page=28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Staub |first=Jack E.|title=Alluring Lettuces: And Other Seductive Vegetables for Your Garden |year=2005 |publisher=Gibbs Smith|location=Layton, Utah |isbn=1-4236-0829-1|oclc=435711200 |page=230 |chapter=74. Yellowstone Carrot: Daucus carota savicus|chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=qbMz7YrTBMEC&lpg=PA230&ots=zu1Pef9qdF&dq=bl&pg=PA230#v=onepage&q=%22Basil%20Brown%22&f=false}}</ref>
*1974: '''[[Christine Chubbuck]]''', an American television news reporter, committed suicide during a live broadcast on 15 July. Eight minutes into her talk show on WXLT-TV in [[Sarasota, Florida]], she shot herself in the head with a [[revolver]].<ref name="dietz">Dietz, Jon. "On-Air Shot Kills TV Personality", ''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'', 16 July 1974.</ref>
[[File:Kurt gödel.jpg|thumb|180px|Kurt Gödel who, due to his extreme paranoia, died of starvation when his wife was hospitalized]]
*1977: '''[[Tom Pryce]]''', a [[Formula One]] driver at the [[1977 South African Grand Prix]], was killed when he was struck in the face by a track marshal's fire extinguisher. The marshal, '''Frederik Jansen van Vuuren''', was running across the track to attend to Pryce's team-mate's burning car when he was struck and killed by Pryce's car. Van Vuuren himself was torn in half as the car ploughed into him at a speed exceeding 270 km/h (170 mph).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wales/posts/tom_pryce_35th_anniversary_formula_one_south_african_grand_prix|title=The tragedy of Tom Pryce, Wales' Formula One hero|date=4 March 2012|accessdate=10 September 2013|first=James|last=Roberts|publisher=BBC}}</ref>
*1978: '''[[Georgi Markov]]''', a [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] dissident, was assassinated in London with a specially [[Bulgarian umbrella|modified umbrella]] that fired a metal pellet with a small cavity full of [[ricin]] into his [[thigh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/sep/14/bulgaria-umbrella-murder-archive-1978 |title=From the archive, 14 September 1978: Bulgarian dissident killed by poisoned umbrella at London bus stop | From the Guardian |publisher=theguardian.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-25}}</ref>
*1978: '''[[Janet Parker]]''', a British medical photographer, died of [[smallpox]] in 1978, ten months after the disease was eradicated in the wild, when a researcher at the laboratory where Parker worked accidentally released some virus into the air of the building. Parker is the last known smallpox fatality.<ref>[http://www.qmul.ac.uk/news/newsrelease.php?news_id=18 Twenty five years on: Smallpox revisited Queen Mary, University of London]{{dead link|date=December 2010}}</ref>
*1978: '''[[Kurt Gödel]]''', the Austrian/American logician and mathematician, died of starvation when his wife was hospitalized. Gödel suffered from extreme paranoia and refused to eat food prepared by anyone else.<ref>Toates, Frederick; Olga Coschug Toates (2002). Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Practical Tried-and-Tested Strategies to Overcome OCD. Class Publishing, 221. ISBN 978-1-85959-069-0.</ref>
*1979: '''[[Robert Williams (robot fatality)|Robert Williams]]''', a worker at a Ford Motor Co. plant, was the first known human to be killed by a robot,<ref name="rlid">Robot firm liable in death, Tim Kiska, ''The Oregonian'', 11 August 1983.</ref> after the arm of a one-ton factory robot hit him in the head.<ref name="a">{{cite news|last=Kiska|first=Tim|title=Death on the job: Jury awards $10 million to heirs of man killed by robot at auto plant |pages=A10|work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |date=11 August 1983|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/PI/lib00187,0EB295F7D995F801.html |accessdate=11 September 2007}}</ref>
*1979: '''John Bowen''', a 20-year-old from [[Nashua, New Hampshire]], was attending a [[New York Jets]] football game at [[Shea Stadium]] on 9 December. During a half-time show event featuring custom-made remote control flying machines, a 40-pound model plane shaped like a lawnmower accidentally dived into the stands, striking Bowen and another spectator, causing severe head injuries. Bowen died in the hospital four days later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/lawnmower.asp |title=Flying Lawnmower Death – Grim Reaper (contains additional references) |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.courant.com/ny-spsmain28112329894sep28,0,3404154.story It was a grand stage for excitement]{{dead link|date=March 2011}} by Joe Gergen, Hartford Courant, 28 September 2008.</ref>
*1979: '''Nitaro Ito''', a candidate for [[House of Representatives (Japan)|Japan's House of Representatives]], died in an attempt to gain sympathy during his election campaign. Having persuaded one of his employees to punch him in the face, Ito then stabbed himself in the leg. He hit an [[artery]] causing him to bleed to death before any aid could be given.<ref name="Book of Lists"/>

=== 1980s ===
*1981: '''David Allen Kirwan''', a 24-year-old, died from third-degree burns after attempting to rescue a friend's dog from the 200°F (93°C) water in Celestine Pool, a hot spring at [[Yellowstone National Park]] on 20 July 1981.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/hotspring.asp Hot Springs Death – Help Springs Eternal] at Snopes.com</ref><ref>Lee Whittlesey, ''Death in Yellowstone: Accidents and Foolhardiness in the First National Park''. Boulder, Colo. : Roberts Rinehart Publishers, ©1995.</ref>
*1981: '''[[Boris Sagal]]''', a film director, died while shooting the TV miniseries ''[[World War III (TV miniseries)|World War III]]'' when he walked into the tail rotor blade of a helicopter and was nearly [[decapitation|decapitated]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40911FE3E5C0C778EDDAC0894D9484D81 | work=The New York Times | title=Boris Sagal, 58, Movie Director, Dies After A Helicopter Accident|date=24 May 1981|accessdate=11 May 2010|first=Shawn G. | last=Kennedy}}</ref><ref name="salon1">{{cite web|url=http://open.salon.com/blog/jrobertg/2009/07/08/10_strange_celebrity_deaths |title=10 Strange Celebrity Deaths - J. Robert Godbout |publisher=Open Salon |date=2009-07-08 |accessdate=2013-09-27}}</ref>
*1981: '''[[Kenji Urada]]''', a Japanese factory worker, was killed by a malfunctioning robot he was working on at a [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries Motorcycle & Engine|Kawasaki]] plant in Japan. The robot's arm pushed him into a grinding machine, killing him.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/7001829?story_id=7001829 |title=Trust me, I'm a robot |publisher=Economist.com |date=8 June 2006|accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
*1982: Actor '''[[Vic Morrow]]''' and child-actor '''Myca Dinh Le''' (age 7) were decapitated by a rotating helicopter blade, and child-actress '''Renee Shin-Yi Chen''' (age 6) was crushed by a helicopter during filming of ''[[Twilight Zone: The Movie]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/not_guilty/twilight_zone/1.html |title=The Twilight Zone Tragedy – Crime Library on truTV.com |publisher=Crimelibrary.com |date= |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1982: '''David Grundman''' was killed near [[Lake Pleasant Regional Park|Lake Pleasant]], [[Arizona]], while shooting at cacti with his shotgun. After he fired several shots at a 26 ft (8 m) tall [[Saguaro Cactus]] from extremely close range, a 4 ft (1.2 m) limb of the cactus detached and fell on him, crushing him.<ref name="salon1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/saguaro.asp |title=Cactus Courageous – Death by Saguaro |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/content/printVersion/160293 |title=When Cactus and Civilization collide – Trifling with Saguaros can be Hazardous to one's Health |publisher=Phoenixnewtimes.com |date=3 March 1993 |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
*1982: '''Navy Lieutenant George M. Prior''', 30, died in [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington, Virginia]], from a severe allergic reaction to [[Daconil]], a fungicide used on a golf course he attended. He had unwittingly ingested the substance through his habit of carrying the [[tee]] in his mouth when playing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/poison/golftee.asp |title=Fatal-A-Tee |publisher=snopes.com |date=2 September 2006|accessdate=6 March 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Tennessee Williams NYWTS.jpg|thumb|220px|Tennessee Williams who died when he choked on an [[Eye drop|eyedrop]] bottle-cap]]
*1983: '''Four divers and a tender''' were killed on the [[Byford Dolphin]] semi-submersible, when a decompression chamber [[Explosive decompression|explosively decompressed]] from 9 [[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]] to 1 atm in a fraction of a second. The diver nearest the chamber opening was torn apart before his remains were ejected through a 24 inch (60 cm) opening. The other divers' remains showed signs of boiled blood, unusually strong [[rigor mortis]], large amounts of gas in the blood vessels, and scattered hemorrhages in the soft tissues.<ref>Giertsen, J.C. et al., "An Explosive Decompression Accident", The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 9(2):91–101, 1988.</ref>
*1983: '''[[Sergei Chalibashvili]]''', a professional diver, died as a result of a diving accident during the [[1983 Summer Universiade]] in [[Edmonton, Alberta]]. When he attempted a three-and-a-half reverse somersault in the tuck position from the ten-meter platform, he struck his head on the platform and was knocked unconscious. He died after being in a coma for a week.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954031,00.html?promoid=googlep | work=Time | title=Milestones: Jul. 25, 1983 | date=25 July 1983| accessdate=11 May 2010}}</ref>
*1983: American author '''[[Tennessee Williams]]''' died when he choked on an eyedrop bottle-cap in his room at the Hotel Elysee in New York. He would routinely place the cap in his mouth, lean back, and place his eyedrops in each eye.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB35B891D6D7E0F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM | title=Search Results | date=27 February 1983}}</ref>
*1983: '''[[Jimmy Lee Gray]]''', during his execution in a Mississippi [[gas chamber]], died bashing his head against a metal pole behind the chair he was strapped into. The poisonous gas had failed to kill him but left him in agony and gasping for eight minutes.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/reportsfromabroad/macdonald/20071107.html "Might we make executions more civilized, please?"] from [[CBC News]]</ref>
*1983: '''[[Dick Wertheim]]''' was an American tennis linesman who died from blunt cranial trauma at a match at the [[1983 US Open (tennis)|1983 US Open]]. A serve from [[Stefan Edberg]] hit his groin, causing him to fall and hit his head on the pavement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Odd mishap fells tennis official |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fwIMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jFkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7153,2693520 |work=Evening Independent |location=St. Petersburg, Florida |page=3–C |date=12 September 1983 |accessdate=20 November 2008}}</ref>
*1986: More than 1,700 were killed after a [[limnic eruption]] from '''[[Lake Nyos]] in [[Cameroon]]''' released approximately {{nowrap|100,000,000 cubic metres}} ({{nowrap|3,500,000,000 cubic feet}}) of [[carbon dioxide]] that quickly descended on the lake and killed oxygen-dependent life within a {{convert|25|km|mi}} radius, including three villages. The same phenomenon is also blamed for the deaths of 37 near [[Lake Monoun]] in 1984.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/21/newsid_3380000/3380803.stm|title=21 August: 1986: Hundreds gassed in Cameroon lake disaster|publisher=BBC|author=BBC contributors|accessdate=20 May 2009 | date=21 August 1986}}</ref>
*1989: '''Patsy Ann Campbell''' of [[Portage]], [[Indiana]], died when the Psoralen she was taking to cure her psoriasis caused an over sensitivity to light and a 25-minute session in a tanning booth led to burns over 80% of her body. Dr. Alan Dimick, a University of Alabama burn expert, said he believes this was the first death caused by burns from a tanning booth.<ref>http://www.snopes.com/horrors/vanities/tanningbed.asp</ref>

=== 1990s ===
*1991: '''Edward Juchniewicz''', a 76-year-old man from [[Canonsburg, Pennsylvania]], was killed when the unattended ambulance stretcher he was strapped to rolled down a grade and overturned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/medical/emergent/gurney.asp |title=The Runaway Gurney |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Stretcher Accident Kills Man |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/04/us/stretcher-accident-kills-man.html?scp=1&sq=Stretcher%20Accident%20Kills%20Man&st=cse |agency=[[Associated Press|(AP)]] |newspaper= [[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 |oclc=1645522 |date=4 May 1991 |page=8 |accessdate=19 March 2011}}</ref>
*1993: '''[[Garry Hoy]]''', a 38-year-old lawyer in [[Toronto]], fell to his death on 9 July 1993, after he threw himself against a window on the 24th floor of the [[Toronto-Dominion Centre]] in an attempt to prove to a group of visitors that the glass was "unbreakable," a demonstration he had done many times before. The glass did not break, but popped out of the window frame.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/window.asp Window Test Death – Through a Glass, Quickly] at Snopes.com</ref><ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20070315.RGOODMAN15/TPStory/? Goodman and Carr falls prey to rivals] by Jacquie McNish, The Globe and Mail, 15 March 2007.</ref>
*1993: '''Michael A. Shingledecker, Jr.''' was killed when he and a friend were struck by a pickup truck while lying flat on the yellow dividing line of a two-lane highway in [[Polk, Pennsylvania]]. They were copying a daredevil stunt from the movie ''[[The Program]]''. '''Marco Birkhimer''' died in a similar accident while performing the same stunt in Route 206 of [[Bordentown, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CEED7123AF93AA25753C1A965958260&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | work=The New York Times | title=Not Like the Movie: A Dare Leads to Death | date=19 October 1993| accessdate=11 May 2010}}</ref>
*1994: '''Jennifer Jones''', a 15-year-old student, died at her [[Palm Beach, Florida]], home after attempting to inhale [[freon]] gas from the air-conditioning unit.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sanchez Jr|first=Jose Luis|title=Mother Of Victim Plans Crusade Against Freon|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1994-06-09/news/9406090063_1_freon-grace-jones-jones-classmates|accessdate=1 December 2012|newspaper=Florida SunSentinel|date=9 June 1994}}</ref>
*1994: '''[[Gloria Ramirez]]''' was admitted to a hospital in [[Riverside, California]], with symptoms originally thought to be related to her cervical cancer. Before she died Ramirez's body released mysterious toxic fumes that made several hospital employees very ill. Scientists still don't agree on any of the theories as to what could've caused this.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stone |first=Richard |url=http://discovermagazine.com/1995/apr/analysisofatoxic493 |title=Analysis of a Toxic Death | Cancer |work=DISCOVER Magazine |date=1 March 1995 |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
*1995: A '''39-year-old man''' committed suicide in Canberra, Australia, by shooting himself [[Multiple gunshot suicide|three times]] with a pump action shotgun. The first shot passed through his chest, but missed all of the vital organs. He reloaded and shot away his throat and part of his jaw. Breathing through the throat wound, he again reloaded, held the gun against his chest with his hands and operated the trigger with his toes. This shot entered the thoracic cavity and demolished the heart, killing him.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Herdson PB |title=Shotgun suicide with a difference |journal=Med J Aust. |volume=173 |issue=11–12 |pages=604–5 |year=2000 |pmid=11379504 |url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/173_11_041200/herdson/herdson.html}}</ref>
*1995: '''Joe Buddy Caine''', 35, died in [[Anniston, Alabama]], when he and a friend got drunk and played catch with a [[rattlesnake]]. The snake bit them both, but Caine was the only fatality.<ref>{{cite web|last=Joravsky |first=Ben |url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/news-of-the-weird/Content?oid=888799 |title=News of the Weird | News of the Weird |publisher=Chicago Reader |date=1995-10-19 |accessdate=2013-10-25}}</ref>
*1996: '''[[Death of Sharon Lopatka|Sharon Lopatka]]''', from [[Maryland]], was killed by Robert Glass who claimed that she had solicited him to torture and kill her for the purpose of sexual gratification.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/classics/sharon_lopatka/1.html?sect=13 |title=Internet Assisted Suicide: The Story of Sharon Lopatka at CrimeLibrary.com |publisher=Trutv.com |date= |accessdate=21 July 2011}}</ref>
*1997: '''[[Karen Wetterhahn]]''', a professor of chemistry at [[Dartmouth College]], died of mercury poisoning ten months after a few drops of [[dimethylmercury]] landed on her protective gloves. Although Wetterhahn had been following the required procedures for handling the chemical, it still permeated her gloves and skin within seconds. As a result of her death, regulations were altered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/dimethylmercury/dmmh.htm |title=Dimethylmercury and Mercury Poisoning |publisher=Chm.bris.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaomt.org/testfoundation/dimethylmercury.htm |title=The Trembling Edge of Science |publisher=Iaomt.org |date= |accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref>
*1998 October: The entire [[association football]] team of '''Bena Tshadi''' playing against Basanga was killed by lightning during a match in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Everyone on Basanga, the home team, survived.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/203137.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Lightning kills football team | date=28 October 1998 | accessdate=11 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2006/mar/15/theknowledge.sport | work=Guardian News | title=Did lightning kill an entire team? | date=15 March 2006| accessdate=2 September 2011 | location=London | first=James | last=Dart}}</ref>{{Verify credibility|date=July 2013}}
*1998: 16 year-old Jonathan Capewell of [[Oldham]], [[Greater Manchester]], died of accidental poisoning by methane and butane, after obsessive use of [[aerosol]] [[deodorant]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/boy-who-wanted-to-smell-good-killed-by-deodorant-1181309.html |title=Boy who 'wanted to smell good' killed by deodorant - News |publisher=The Independent |date=1998-10-29 |accessdate=2013-10-25}}</ref>
*1999: '''Jon Desborough''', a [[physical education]] teacher at [[Liverpool College]], died when he slipped and fell onto the blunt end of a [[javelin]] he was retrieving. The javelin passed through his [[eye socket]] and into his brain, causing severe brain damage and putting him into a coma. He died a month later.<ref>{{cite news |last=Breslin |first=Maria |title=Teacher hit by javelin dies |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/teacher-hit-by-javelin-dies-1099330.html |accessdate=26 April 2012 |newspaper=The Independent |date=11 June 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Javelin teacher dies in hospital |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/365923.stm |accessdate=26 April 2012 |publisher=BBC News |date=10 June 1999}}</ref>

== 21st century ==

=== 2000s ===
* 2001: '''Bernd-Jürgen Brandes''', from Germany, was voluntarily stabbed repeatedly and then partly eaten by [[Armin Meiwes]] (who was later called the Cannibal of [[Rotenburg an der Fulda|Rotenburg]]). Brandes had answered an internet advertisement by Meiwes looking for someone for this purpose. Brandes explicitly stated in his will that he wished to be killed and eaten.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4752797.stm |title=German cannibal guilty of murder|publisher=BBC News|date= 9 May 2006}}</ref>
* 2001: '''Michael Colombini''', a 6-year-old American boy from [[Croton-on-Hudson, New York]], was struck and killed at Westchester Regional Medical Centre by an [[oxygen tank]] when it was pulled into the [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) machine while he underwent a test. He had begun to experience breathing difficulties while in the MRI and when an anaesthesiologist brought a portable oxygen canister into the magnetic field, it was pulled from his hands and struck the boy in the head.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/22/nyregion/hospital-details-failures-leading-to-mri-fatality.html |title=Hospital Details Failures Leading To MRI Fatality |publisher=Nytimes.com |date=22 October 2001 |accessdate=11 December 2010 |first=Randal C. |last=Archibold}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mri-planning.com/articles/2005_newsletter/0508_four_years_after.html MRI Newsletter: Four Years After The Tragedy]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}.</ref>
* 2002: '''[[Death of Brittanie Cecil|Brittanie Cecil]]''', a 13-year-old American, was struck in the head by a [[hockey puck]] shot by [[Espen Knutsen]] and deflected into the crowd at an NHL hockey game in [[Columbus, Ohio]]. She died two days later in the hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espn.go.com/nhl/news/2002/0319/1354060.html|title=Girl dies after getting hit by puck at NHL game|publisher=ESPN.com|date= 20 May 2002}}</ref>
* 2003: '''[[Brian Douglas Wells]]''', an American [[pizza delivery]] man in [[Erie, Pennsylvania]], was killed when a [[time bomb]] fastened around his neck exploded. At the time of his death he had been apprehended by the police for robbing a bank. Wells told police that three people had locked the bomb around his neck and would not release it had he refused to commit the robbery.<ref>{{cite news| title=Pizza Deliveryman Who Robbed Bank Had Neck Measured for Bomb Collar| agency=Associated Press| date=19 July 2007| url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,289860,00.html| accessdate=30 September 2008 | publisher=Fox News}}</ref>
* 2004: '''Ronald McClagish''', from [[Murrow, Cambridgeshire]] in England, was trapped inside a cupboard when a wardrobe outside fell over and made it impossible for him to get out. McClagish survived for a week before succumbing to [[bronchitis]], which he had contracted when he removed a waterpipe in an attempt to free himself and the cupboard was partially flooded.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cambridgeshire/4483137.stm Call For New Cupboard Death Probe] BBC News</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1476175/Man-trapped-in-cupboard-died-as-water-gushed-down.html|title= Man trapped in cupboard died as water gushed down|work= Telegraph}}</ref>
* 2004: An '''unidentified [[Taiwan]]ese woman''' died of alcohol intoxication after immersion for twelve hours in a bathtub filled with 40% ethanol. Her [[blood alcohol content]] was 1.35%. It was believed that she had immersed herself as a response to the [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]] epidemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fsijournal.org/article/S0379-0738%2804%2900389-5/abstract |title=Elsevier |publisher=Fsijournal.org |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
* 2004: '''Francis "Franky" Brohm''', 23, of [[Marietta, Georgia]], was leaning out of a car window and decapitated by a telephone pole support wire. The car's intoxicated driver, John Hutcherson, 21, drove nearly {{convert|12|mi}} to his home with the headless body in the passenger seat, parked the car in his driveway, then went to bed. A neighbour saw the bloody corpse still in the car and notified police. Brohm's head was later discovered at the accident scene.<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnston |first=Lori |url=http://www.ajc.com/news/q-a-on-the-1198589.html |title='''AJC'', 11 Oct 2011 |publisher=Ajc.com |date= 11 October 2011|accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref>
* 2005: '''[[Enumclaw horse sex case|Kenneth Pinyan]]''' from [[Seattle, Washington]], died of acute [[peritonitis]] after receiving anal intercourse from a stallion. The case led to the criminalization of [[zoophilia|bestiality]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington state]].<ref>[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002569751_horsesex19m.html "Trespassing charged in horse-sex case"] ''The Seattle Times''</ref>
* 2005: '''[[Lee Seung Seop]]''', a 28-year-old from [[South Korea]], collapsed of fatigue and died after playing the videogame ''[[StarCraft]]'' online for almost 50 consecutive hours.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4137782.stm |title=Technology | S Korean dies after games session |publisher=BBC News |date=10 August 2005 |accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref>
* 2006: '''Erika Tomanu''', a seven-year-old girl in [[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]], Japan, died when she was sucked 10 metres down the intake pipe of a current pool at a water park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weekly.japantimes.co.jp/news/nn2006/girl-sucked-into-intake-at-city-run-pool |title=Girl sucked into intake at city-run pool |publisher=Japantimes.co.jp |date=5 August 2006|accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref>
* 2006: '''An unidentified airline mechanic''' was sucked into the engine of a [[Boeing 737-500]] at [[El Paso International Airport]] while performing routine maintenance on the tarmac.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2006-01-16/us/airplane.fatality_1_jet-engine-fatal-accident-passengers-and-five-crew?_s=PM:US|title=Mechanic sucked into jet engine|publisher=CNN|accessdate=11 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,181825,00.html |title=Airplane Mechanic Sucked Into Jet Engine, Killed at El Paso Airport |date= 16 January 2006 |agency=Associated Press |accessdate= 30 August 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Steve Irwin.jpg|thumb|220px|Steve Irwin, whose heart was impaled by a [[stingray]] barb]]
* 2006: '''[[Steve Irwin]]''', an Australian television personality and naturalist known as [[the Crocodile Hunter]], died when his heart was impaled by a [[stingray]] barb while filming a documentary in [[Queensland]]'s [[Great Barrier Reef]].<ref name=cfk/><ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/09/04/australia.irwin/index.html CNN Reports: 'Crocodile Hunter' dead], 4 September 2006</ref>
* 2006: '''Mariesa Weber''', a petite 38-year-old woman, asphyxiated when she became wedged upside-down behind a bookcase in her bedroom while trying to adjust a plug on her television set. Her family, believing she had been abducted, searched for eleven days before finally finding the body.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15895965/#.T_rYyoGwXmU Woman found dead behind bookcase - US news - Weird news | NBC News]</ref>
* 2006: '''[[Alexander Litvinenko]]''', a former officer of the [[Federal Security Service (Russia)|Russian State Security Service]] and later a [[dissident]] and writer, died from [[Radiation poisoning|acute radiation syndrome]] after being poisoned with [[polonium]]-210.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alexander V. Litvinenko |work=The New York Times |date= 31 May 2007 |url=http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/l/alexander_v_litvinenko/index.html |accessdate= 27 April 2011 |first1=Alan |last1=Cowell |first2=Clifford J. |last2=Levy |first3=Scott |last3=Shane}}</ref>
* 2007: '''[[Water intoxication#Notable cases|Jennifer Strange]]''', a 28-year-old woman from [[Sacramento, California]], died of [[water intoxication]] while trying to win a [[Nintendo]] [[Wii]] console in a [[KDND]] 107.9 "The End" radio station's "[[Hold Your Wee for a Wii]]" contest, which involved drinking large quantities of water without urinating.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/california/la-me-water14jan14,1,1368543.story?coll=la-headlines-pe-california "Woman dies after being in water-drinking contest"]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}, ''The Los Angeles Times'', 14 January 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.knbc.com/news/10761800/detail.html "Woman's Death After Water-Drinking Contest Investigated"]{{dead link|date=March 2011}} ''KNBC.com'', 16 January 2007</ref>
* 2007: '''Humberto Hernandez''', a 24-year-old [[Oakland, California]] resident, was killed after being struck in the face by an airborne fire hydrant while walking. A passing car had struck the fire hydrant and the water pressure shot the hydrant at Hernandez with enough force to kill him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/hydrant.asp |title=Fire Hydrant Death – Fire Plugged |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://cbs5.com/local/Humberto.Hernandez.fire.2.456707.html Oakland Man Killed By Airborne Fire Hydrant]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}, CBS5.com, 22 June 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/offbeat/2007-06-23-fire-hydrant_N.htm |title=Flying fire hydrant kills Calif. man |publisher=Usatoday.com |date=23 June 2007 |accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref>
* 2007: '''[[Kevin Whitrick]]''', a 42-year-old British man, committed suicide by hanging himself live in front of a webcam during an Internet chat session.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/article1560877.ece |title=Get on with it, said net audience as man hanged himself on webcam |accessdate=27 May 2007 |last=Bale |first=Joanna |date=24 March 2007 |work=Times Online | location=London}}{{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref>
* 2007: A ten month old camel killed the woman who owned it, by knocking her to the ground and straddling her. A camel expert confirmed the attack was sexual in nature.<ref>{{cite web|author=By metrowebukmetro |url=http://metro.co.uk/2007/08/19/humped-to-death-by-a-pet-camel-47660/ |title=Humped to death by a pet camel | Metro News |publisher=Metro.co.uk |date=2007-08-19 |accessdate=2013-09-21}}</ref>
* 2008: '''David Phyall''', 50, the last resident in a block of flats due to be demolished in [[Bishopstoke]], near [[Southampton]], [[Hampshire]], England, decapitated himself with a chainsaw to highlight the injustice of being forced to move out.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/death-was-carefully-thought-through-suicide-1025503.html|title= Chainsaw death was 'carefully thought through suicide'|last=Halfpenny|first=Martin|date=19 November 2008|work=The Independent|accessdate=22 November 2008 | location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/7737721.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Man cut off head in flat protest | date=19 November 2008}}</ref>
[[File:Alg taylor mitchell.jpg|thumb|220px|Taylor Mitchell, the only adult person to have been killed by a [[coyote]]]]
* 2009: '''[[Taylor Mitchell]]''', a Canadian [[Folk music|folk]] singer, was attacked and killed by three [[coyote]]s, the only recorded adult person to have been killed by this species.<ref name="CBC">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/nova-scotia/story/2009/10/28/ns-coyote-attack-died.html|title=Coyotes kill Toronto singer in Cape Breton|publisher=[[CBC.ca]]|date=12 October 2009|accessdate=29 October 2009}}</ref><ref>''A History of Urban Coyote Problems'', Robert M. Tim & Rex O. Baker, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, 2007</ref>

===2010s===

*2010: '''[[Jimi Heselden]]''', British owner of the [[Segway Inc.|Segway]] motorized scooter company, was killed when he accidentally drove off a cliff on a Segway at his estate at [[Thorp Arch, West Yorkshire|Thorp Arch]] near [[Boston Spa]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/09/27/2010-09-27_segway_company_owner_jimi_heselden_dies_in_england_after_riding_a_segway_off_cli.html | location=New York | work=Daily News | first1=Michael | last1=Sheridan | first2=Corky | last2=Siemaszko | title=Segway company owner James 'Jimi' Heselden dies in England after riding a Segway off cliff | date=27 September 2010}}</ref>
*2010: '''[[Mike Edwards (musician)|Mike Edwards]]''', British founding member and cellist for the band [[ELO]], died when a large round bale of hay rolled down the hill and smashed his car while he was out driving.<ref name=cfk>{{citation |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/celebritynews/7984944/Mike-Edwards-hay-bale-death-celebrities-in-freak-killings.html |title=Mike Edwards hay bale death: celebrities in freak killings |journal=[[Daily Telegraph]] |date=06 Sep 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-20259274 |title=ELO cellist Mike Edwards's hay bale death 'preventable' |publisher=BBC News |date=8 November 2012 |accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://ultimateclassicrock.com/mike-edwards-strange-rock-deaths/ Mike Edwards — Killed by a Hay Bale]</ref>
*2011: '''Jose Luis Ochoa''', 35, died after being stabbed in the leg at a [[cockfight]] in [[Tulare County, California]] U.S., by one of the birds that had a knife attached to its limb.<ref>{{cite news |title=Man stabbed to death by cockfighting bird |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12393125 |publisher=BBC News |date=8 February 2011 |accessdate=19 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Peralta |first=Eyder |url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/02/07/133565050/weird-news-california-man-fatally-stabbed-by-rooster |title=Weird News: California Man Fatally Stabbed By Rooster : The Two-Way |publisher=NPR |date=2011-02-07 |accessdate=2013-09-26}}</ref>
*2011: '''Harry''', '''Kimberly''' and their father '''Trevor Wallwork''' (and their two dogs) died of [[carbon monoxide poisoning]] when a [[Potato chip|crisp]] packet became lodged in the chimney and caused the carbon monoxide to flood the room of their cottage in Gurteen, [[County Sligo]], Ireland.<ref name="bolton2011">{{cite news|last=Jeremy Culley|title=Dad and two children died from carbon monoxide poisoning after discarded snack packet got stuck in chimney|url=http://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/news/10695202.Dad_and_two_children_died_after_discarded_snack_packet_got_stuck_in_chimney/|accessdate=26 September 2013|newspaper=Bolton News|date=24 September 2013}}</ref>
*2012: '''Erica Marshall''', a 28-year-old British [[veterinarian]] in Ocala, Florida, died when the horse she was treating in a [[hyperbaric chamber]] kicked the wall, released a spark from its [[horseshoe]]s and triggered an explosion.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/wildlife/9079168/Equine-expert-killed-as-horse-shoe-sparks-explosion-heard-30-miles-away.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Equine expert killed as horse shoe sparks explosion heard 30 miles away | date=13 February 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://usnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/02/17/10434135-officials-horses-metal-shoes-sparked-fatal-blast-in-oxygen-chamber?lite "Officials: Horse's metal shoes sparked fatal blast in oxygen chamber" (Feb 17, 2012) NBCNews]</ref><ref>[http://cnsnews.com/news/article/explosion-fla-horse-center-kills-worker-horse Explosion at Fla. horse center kills worker, horse | CNS News]</ref>
* 2012:''' Edward Archbold''', 32, a man of [[West Palm Beach, Florida]], died after winning a cockroach eating contest. The cause of death was determined to be accidental choking due to "arthropod body parts." <ref>{{cite news| url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/11/26/15460502-florida-man-who-died-in-cockroach-eating-contest-choked-to-death-autopsy-says?lite |title=Florida man who died in cockroach-eating contest choked to death, autopsy says |work=[[NBC News]] |date=26 November 2012}}</ref> Florence Vaccarello Dunkel, Associate Professor of Entomology at [[Montana State University]], said of Archbold's death: "I've never heard of that happening."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wptv.com/dpp/news/region_c_palm_beach_county/west_palm_beach/edward-archbold-roach-eating-contest-death-what-really-killed-the-west-palm-beach-man |title=Edward Archbold, roach eating contest death: What really killed the West Palm Beach man? |author=By: Robert Nolin, Sun Sentinel |date=October 10, 2012 |accessdate=27 October 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Darwin Awards]]
* [[Death from laughter]]
* [[Execution by elephant]]
* [[List of causes of death by rate]]
* [[List of inventors killed by their own inventions]]
* [[List of people who disappeared mysteriously]]
* [[Spontaneous human combustion]]
* ''[[1000 Ways to Die]]''
* [[Toilet-related injuries and deaths]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal bar|Death|History}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JS5mHAAACAAJ |title=Curious and Unusual Deaths|author=[[Russell Robert Winterbotham]] |publisher= Haldeman-Julius, Girard, Kansas |year=1929}}
*{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7HTfGRRllAQC |title=Curious Events in History |author=Michael Powell |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc |date=5 August 2008}}
*Nick Daws ''Daft Deaths and Famous Last Words''
*Tracey Turner, ''Dreadful Fates''
*Dale Dreher, ebook ''Death by Misadventure: 210 Dumb Ways to Die.''
*{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Mysterious_Deaths_and_Disappearances.html?id=HCExOEknBQ0C&redir_esc=y |title=Mysterious Deaths and Disappearances |author=[[David Southwell]] and Sean Twist |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |date=1 September 2007}}
*[[John Dunning (journalist)|John Dunning]] ''Strange Deaths'' (true crime)
*{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fijmTMOJrJcC |title=Strange Deaths: More Than 375 Freakish Fatalites}}
*{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1wrJygAACAAJ |title=Strange Inhuman Deaths}}
*{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5RpLMwEACAAJ |title=The Fortean Times Book of Strange Deaths}}
*{{citation |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=py_ZAAAACAAJ |title=The Fortean Times Book of More Strange Deaths}}

==External links==
* [http://health.discovery.com/tv-shows/curious-and-unusual-deaths-pictures.htm Curious and Unusual Deaths Pictures]. Discovery Channel.
* [http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/freakish.asp Freakish Fatalities] Snopes.com

{{death}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unusual deaths}}
[[Category:Death-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of people by cause of death]]
[[Category:Lists of things considered unusual|Deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths by cause]]

Sleep Paralysis

2013-12-06T14:56:42Z

Ruby Murray: reverted good-faith but unreferenced additions and unexplained blanking by new editor

'''Sleep paralysis''' is a phenomenon in which people, either when falling [[sleep|asleep]] or wakening, temporarily experience an inability to move. More formally, it is a transition state between wakefulness and rest characterized by complete muscle [[atonia]] (muscle weakness). It can occur at sleep onset or upon awakening, and it is often associated with terrifying visions (e.g. an intruder in the room), to which one is unable to react due to paralysis. It is believed a result of disrupted [[REM sleep]], which is normally characterized by complete muscle atonia that prevents individuals from acting out their [[dream]]s. Sleep paralysis has been linked to disorders such as [[narcolepsy]], [[migraine]]s, [[anxiety disorder]]s, and [[obstructive sleep apnea]]; however, it can also occur in isolation.<ref name=Ohayon>{{cite journal |last=Ohayon|first=M. |last2=Zulley|first2=J. |last3=Guilleminault|first3=C. |last4=Smirne|first4=S. |title=Prevalence and pathologic associations of sleep paralysis in the general population |journal=Neurology |year=1999 |volume=52 |pages=1194–2000 |doi=10.1212/WNL.52.6.1194 |issue=6}}</ref><ref name=Terrillon>{{cite journal |last=Terrillon |first=J. |last2=Marques-Bonham|first2=S. |title=Does Recurrent Isolated Sleep Paralysis Involve More Than Cognitive Neurosciences? |journal=Journal of Scientific Exploration |year=2001 |volume=15 |pages=97–123}}</ref> When linked to another disorder, sleep paralysis commonly occurs in association with the neurological sleep disorder [[narcolepsy]].<ref name=Terrillon />

[[Image:John Henry Fuseli - The Nightmare.JPG|thumb|280px|''[[The Nightmare]]'', by [[Henry Fuseli]] (1781) is thought to be one of the classic depictions of sleep paralysis perceived as a [[demon]]ic visitation.]]

==Classification==
The two major classifications of sleep paralysis are ''isolated sleep paralysis (ISP)'' and ''recurrent isolated sleep paralysis (RISP).'' Of these two types, ISP is much more common than RISP.<ref name=Terrillon /> ISP episodes are infrequent and of short duration, approximately one minute. Sleep paralysis might even only occur once in an individual's lifetime.<ref name=Terrillon /> As the name suggests, recurrent isolated sleep paralysis is a chronic condition. The individual suffers from frequent episodes throughout their lifetime.<ref name=Terrillon /> One of the major differences between ISP and RISP is duration. RISP episodes can last for up to an hour or longer, and have a much higher occurrence of perceived [[out of body experiences]]—while ISP episodes are generally short (usually no longer than one minute) and are typically associated with the intruder and [[incubus]] hallucinations. ISP episodes can, however, persist for up to half an hour.<ref name=Terrillon /> With RISP the individual can also suffer back to back episodes of sleep paralysis in the same night while this is unlikely in individuals who suffer from ISP.<ref name=Terrillon />

It can be difficult to differentiate between [[cataplexy]] brought on by narcolepsy and true sleep paralysis, because the two phenomena are physically indistinguishable.<ref name=Terrillon /> The best way to differentiate between the two is to note when the attacks occur most often. Narcolepsy attacks are more common when the individual is falling asleep; ISP and RISP attacks are more common on awakening.<ref name=FISP>{{cite journal |last=Sharpless |first=B. |last2=McCarthy|first2=K.|last3=Chambless|first3=D. |last4=Milrod|first4=B. |last5=Khalsa |first5=S. |last6=Barber |first6=J. |title=Isolated sleep paralysis and fearful isolated sleep paralysis in outpatients with panic attacks |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology |year=2010 |volume=66|pages=1292–1306 |doi=10.1002/jclp.20724 |pmid=20715166 |issue=12}}</ref>

==Prevalence==
Isolated sleep paralysis is commonly seen in patients that have been diagnosed with narcolepsy. Approximately 30-50% of people that have been diagnosed with narcolepsy have experienced sleep paralysis as an auxiliary symptom.<ref name=Ohayon /><ref name=Dauvilliers>{{cite journal |last=Dauvilliers |first=Y. |last2=Billiard|first2=M. |last3=Montplaisir|first3=J. |title=Clinical aspects and pathophysiology of narcolepsy |journal=Clinical Neurophysiology |year=2003 |volume=114 |pages=2000–2017 |doi=10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00203-7 |pmid=14580598 |issue=11}}</ref> The prevalence of sleep paralysis in the general population is approximately 6.2%. A majority of the individuals who have experienced sleep paralysis have sporadic episodes that occur once a month to once a year. Only 3% of individuals experiencing sleep paralysis that is not associated with a neuromuscular disorder have nightly episodes, as mentioned earlier, these individuals are diagnosed as having RISP.<ref name=Ohayon /> Sleep paralysis is just as common for males as it is for females, however, different age groups have been found to be more susceptible to developing isolated sleep paralysis. Approximately 36% of the general population that experiences isolated sleep paralysis is likely to develop it between 25 and 44 years of age.<ref name=Ohayon />

==Pathophysiology==
The pathophysiology of sleep paralysis has not been concretely identified, although there are several theories about what causes an individual to develop sleep paralysis. The first of these stems from the understanding that sleep paralysis is a [[parasomnia]] resulting from inappropriate overlap of the REM and waking stages of sleep.<ref name=Goldstein>{{cite journal |last=Goldstein |first=K. |title=Parasomnias|journal=Dis Mon|year=2011|volume=57 |pages=364–88 |doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2011.04.007 |pmid=21807161 |issue=7}}</ref> Polysomnographic studies found that individuals with sleep paralysis had shorter REM sleep latencies than normal along with shortened NREM and REM sleep cycles, and fragmentation of REM sleep.<ref name=Walther>{{cite journal |last=Walther |first=B. |last2=Schulz|first2=H. |title=Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis: Polysomnographic and clinical findings |journal=Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin|year=2004 |volume=8 |pages=53–60 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-054X.2004.00017.x |issue=2}}</ref> This study supports the observation that disturbance of regular sleeping patterns can instigate an episode of sleep paralysis, because fragmentation of REM sleep commonly occurs when sleep patterns are disrupted and has now been seen in combination with sleep paralysis.<ref name=Walther />

Another major theory is that the neural bodies that regulate sleep are out of balance in such a way that allows for the different sleep states to overlap.<ref name=Cheyneninenine>{{cite journal |last=Cheyne|first=J. |last2=Rueffer|first2=S. |last3=Newby-Clark|first3=I. |title=Hypnagogic and Hypnopompic Hallucinations during Sleep Paralysis: Neurological and Cultural Construction of the Night-Mare|journal=Consciousness and Cognition |year=1999 |volume=8 |pages=319–337 |doi=10.1006/ccog.1999.0404 |pmid=10487786 |issue=3}}</ref> In this case, cholinergic sleep on neural populations are hyper activated and the serotonergic sleep off neural populations are under-activated.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> As a result the cells capable of sending the signals that would allow for complete arousal from the sleep state, the serotonergic neural populations, have difficulty in overcoming the signals sent by the cells that keep the brain in the sleep state.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> Normally during REM sleep the threshold for a stimulus capable of causing arousal is greatly elevated; however, in individuals with SP there is almost no blocking of exogenous stimuli, which means it is much easier for the individual to be aroused by a stimulus.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> There may also be a problem with the regulation of [[melatonin]], which under normal circumstances regulates the serotonergic neural populations.<ref name=Terrillon /> Melatonin is typically at its lowest point during REM sleep.<ref name=Terrillon /> Inhibition of melatonin at an inappropriate time would make it impossible for the sleep off neural populations to depolarize when presented with a stimulus that would normally lead to complete arousal.<ref name=Terrillon /> This could explain why the REM and waking stages of sleep overlap during sleep paralysis, and definitely explains the muscle paralysis experienced on awakening.<ref name=Terrillon /> If the effects of the sleep on neural populations cannot be counteracted, we retain characteristics of the REM stage of sleep once we have awoken. Common consequences of sleep paralysis includes headaches, muscle pains or weakness and/or paranoia.

Research has found a genetic component in sleep paralysis.<ref>(Sehgal 2011)</ref> The characteristic fragmentation of REM sleep, hypnopompic, and hypnagogic hallucinations have a heritable component in other parasomnias, which lends credence to the idea that sleep paralysis is also genetic.<ref name=Sehgal>{{cite journal |last=Sehgal |first=A. |last2=Mignot|first2=E. |title=Genetics of Sleep and Sleep Disorders |journal=Cell|year=2011 |volume=146 |pages=194–207 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.004 |pmid=21784243 |issue=2 |pmc=3153991}}</ref> Twin studies have shown that if one twin of a monozygotic pair experiences sleep paralysis that other twin is very likely to experience it as well.<ref name=Sehgal /> The identification of a genetic component means that there is some sort of disruption of function at the physiological level. Further studies must be conducted to determine whether there is a mistake in the signaling pathway for arousal as suggested by the first theory presented, or whether the regulation of melatonin or the neural populations themselves have been disrupted.

==Signs and symptoms==
Physiologically, sleep paralysis is closely related to [[REM atonia]], the paralysis that occurs as a natural part of [[Rapid eye movement sleep|REM (rapid eye movement) sleep]]. Sleep paralysis occurs either when falling asleep, or when awakening. When it occurs upon falling asleep, the person remains aware while the body shuts down for REM sleep, and it is called [[hypnagogic]] or predormital sleep paralysis. When it occurs upon awakening, the person becomes aware before the REM cycle is complete, and it is called [[hypnopompic]] or postdormital.<ref>http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/guide/sleep-paralysis</ref> The paralysis can last from several seconds to several minutes, with some rare cases being hours, "by which the individual may experience panic symptoms"<ref name="Hersen, Turner 2007 p. 380">Hersen, Turner & Beidel. (2007) Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis. p. 380</ref> (described below). As the correlation with REM sleep suggests, the paralysis is not entirely complete; use of [[EOG]] traces shows that eye movement is still possible during such episodes; however, the individual experiencing sleep paralysis is unable to speak.<ref>Hearne, K. (1990) The Dream Machine: Lucid dreams and how to control them, p18. ISBN 0-85030-906-9</ref>
[[Image:Augustins cauchemar 03.JPG|thumb|280px | left |''Le Cauchemar'' (''The Nightmare''), by Eugène Thivier (1894)]]

Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations are symptoms commonly experienced during episodes of sleep paralysis. Some scientists have proposed this condition as an explanation for reports of [[alien abduction]]s and [[ghost]]ly encounters.<ref name="pmid15881271">{{cite journal |author=McNally RJ, Clancy SA. |title=Sleep Paralysis, Sexual Abuse, and Space Alien Abduction |journal=Transcultural Psychiatry |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=113–122 |year=2005|pmid=15881271 |doi=10.1177/1363461505050715}}</ref> A study by [[Susan Blackmore]] and [[Marcus Cox]] (the Blackmore-Cox study) of the [[University of the West of England]] supports the suggestion that reports of alien abductions are related to sleep paralysis rather than to [[temporal lobe]] lability.<ref name="ejufoas">{{cite journal | last = Blackmore | first = Susan | authorlink = Susan Blackmore | coauthors = Marcus Cox | title = Alien Abductions, Sleep Paralysis and the Temporal Lobe | journal = European Journal of UFO and Abduction Studies | volume = | issue = 1 | pages = 113–118 | publisher = | location = | date = | url = http://72.14.235.132/search?q=cache:oDUW-O3VERkJ:www.susanblackmore.co.uk/Articles/ejufoas00.html+%22Alien+Abductions,+Sleep+Paralysis+and+the+Temporal+Lobe%22&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=au&client=firefox-a | doi = | id = | accessdate = 2008-07-26}}</ref> There are three main types of these hallucinations that can be linked to pathologic neurophysiology.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> These include the belief that there is an intruder in the room, the [[incubus]], and vestibular motor sensations.<ref name=Cheynetwothree>{{cite journal |last=Cheyne |first=J. |title=Sleep Paralysis and the Structure of Waking-Nightmare Hallucinations |journal=Dreaming |year=2003 |volume=13 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1023/A:1025373412722 |issue=3}}</ref>

Many people that experience sleep paralysis are struck with a deep sense of terror, because they sense a menacing presence in the room while paralyzed—hereafter referred to as ''the intruder''. This phenomenon is believed to be the result of a hyper vigilant state created in the midbrain.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> More specifically, the emergency response activates in the brain when individuals wake up paralyzed and feel vulnerable to attack.<ref name=Cheynetwothree /> This helplessness can intensify the effects of the threat response well above the level typical to normal dreams; this could explain why hallucinations during sleep paralysis are so vivid.<ref name=Cheynetwothree /> Normally the threat activated vigilance system is a protective mechanism the body uses to differentiate between dangerous situations and determine whether the fear response is appropriate.<ref name=Cheynetwothree /> This threat vigilance system is evolutionarily biased to interpret ambiguous stimuli as dangerous, because "erring on the side of caution" increases survival chances.<ref name=Cheynetwothree /> This could explain why those who experience sleep paralysis generally believe the presence they sense is evil.<ref name=Cheynetwothree /> The amygdala is heavily involved in the threat activation response mechanism, which is implicated in both intruder and incubus SP hallucinations.<ref name=FISP /> The specific pathway the threat-activated vigilance system acts through is not perfectly understood. It is believed that either the thalamus receives sensory information and sends it on the [[amygdala]], which regulates emotional experience—or that the amygdaloid complex, anterior cingulate, and the structures in the pontine tegmentum interact to create the hallucination.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> It is also highly possible that SP hallucinations could result from a combination of these. The anterior cingulate has an extensive array of cortical connections to other cortical area, which lets it integrate the different sensations and emotions we experience.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> The amygdaloid complex helps us interpret emotional experience and act appropriately.<ref name=Jolkkonen>{{cite journal |last=Jolkkonen |first=E. |last2=Miettinen|first2=R. |last3=Pikkarainen|first3=M. |last4=Pitkänen|first4=A. |title=Projections from the amygdaloid complex to the magnocellular cholinergic basal forebrain in rats|journal=Neuroscience|year=2002|volume=111 |pages=133–149 |doi=10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00578-4 |pmid=11955718 |issue=1}}</ref> Most importantly, it helps us direct our attention to the most pertinent stimuli in a potentially dangerous situation and act appropriately.<ref name=Jolkkonen /> Proper amygdaloid complex function requires input from the thalamus. This creates a thalamoamygdala pathway capable of bypassing intense scrutiny of incoming stimuli, which allows for quick responses in a potentially life-threatening situation.<ref name=Cheyneninenine/><ref name=Jolkkonen />

Typically these pathways let us quickly disregard non-threatening situations. In sleep paralysis, however, these pathways become over-excited and move into a state of hypervigilance where the mind perceives every external stimulus as a threat. The individual can create endogenous stimuli that contribute to the perceived threat.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> A similar process occurs in the incubus hallucination, with slight variations.

The incubus hallucination is associated with the subject's belief that an intruder is attempting to suffocate them, usually by strangulation.<ref name=Cheynetwothree /> It is believed that the incubus hallucination is a combination of the threat vigilance activation system and the muscle paralysis associated with sleep paralysis that removes voluntary control of breathing.<ref name=Cheynetwothree /> Several features of REM breathing patterns exacerbate the feeling of suffocation.<ref name=Cheynetwothree /> These include shallow rapid breathing, [[hypercapnia]], and slight blockage of the airway, a symptom prevalent in sleep apnea patients.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> Attempts at breathing deeply fail, and give the individual a sense of resistance, which the threat-activated vigilance system interprets as someone sitting on their chest, suffocating them.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> The sensation of entrapment causes a feedback loop that involves the threat-activated vigilance system: fear of suffocation increases as a result of continued helplessness, which makes the individual struggle to end the SP episode.<ref name=Cheynetwothree /> The intruder and incubus hallucinations highly correlate with one another, and moderately correlate with the third type of hallucination, vestibular-motor hallucination, also known as out-of-body experiences.<ref name=Cheynetwothree />

The third hallucination type differs from the other two in that it involves the brainstem, cerebellar, and cortical vestibular centers—not the threat activation vigilance system.<ref name=FISP /> Under normal conditions, medial and vestibular nuclei, cortical, thalamic, and cerebellar centers coordinate things such as head and eye movement, and orientation in space.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> In sleep paralysis, these mechanisms—which usually coordinate body movement and provide information on body position—activate and, because there is no actual movement, become confused and induce a floating sensation.<ref name=Cheynetwothree /> The vestibular nuclei in particular has been identified as being closely related to dreaming during the REM stage of sleep.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> Unlike the other two types of hallucinations, vestibular-motor experiences arise from completely endogenous sources of stimuli.<ref name=Cheynetwothree />

==Diagnosis==
Sleep paralysis is mainly diagnosed by ruling out other potential sleep disorders that could account for the feelings of paralysis.<ref name=Goldstein /> The main disorder that is checked for is narcolepsy due to the high prevalence of narcolepsy in conjunction with sleep paralysis. The availability of a genetic test for narcolepsy makes this an easy disorder to rule out.<ref name=Sehgal /> Once all other conditions have been ruled out, the description that the patient gives of their episode is compared to the typical experiences of sleep paralysis that have been well documented.<ref name=Goldstein /> If the two descriptions match and no other sleep disorder can account for the symptoms, the patient is diagnosed with sleep paralysis.<ref name=Goldstein />

==Prevention==
Several circumstances have been identified that are associated with an increased risk of sleep paralysis. These include insomnia and sleep deprivation, an erratic sleep schedule, stress, overuse of stimulants, physical fatigue, as well as certain medications that are used to treat ADHD.<ref name=Terrillon /> It is also believed that there may be a genetic component in the development of RISP due to a high concurrent incidence of sleep paralysis in monozygotic twins.<ref name=Sehgal /> Sleeping in the [[supine position]] has been found to be an especially prominent instigator of sleep paralysis.<ref name=Cheynetwotwo>{{cite journal |last=Cheyne |first=J. |title=Situational factors affecting sleep paralysis and associated hallucinations: position and timing effects |journal=Journal of Sleep Research|year=2002|volume=11 |pages=169–177 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00297.x |pmid=12028482 |issue=2}}</ref>

Sleeping in the supine position is believed to make the sleeper more vulnerable to episodes of sleep paralysis because in this sleeping position it is possible for the soft palate to collapse and obstruct the airway.<ref name=Cheynetwotwo/> This is a possibility regardless of whether the individual has been diagnosed with sleep apnea or not. There may also be a greater rate of microarousals while sleeping in the supine position because there is a greater amount of pressure being exerted on the lungs by gravity.<ref name=Cheynetwotwo/>

While many factors can increase risk for ISP or RISP, they can be avoided with minor lifestyle changes.<ref name=Goldstein /> By maintaining a regular sleep schedule and observing good [[sleep hygiene]], one can reduce chances of sleep paralysis. It helps subjects to reduce the intake of stimulants and stress in daily life by taking up a hobby or seeing a trained psychologist who can suggest coping mechanisms for stress. However, some cases of ISP and RISP involve a genetic factor—which means some people may find sleep paralysis unavoidable.

==Treatment==
Treatment starts with patient education about sleep stages and muscle atonia associated with REM sleep. Patients should be evaluated for [[narcolepsy]] if symptoms persist.<ref>Wills L, Garcia J. Parasomnias: Epidemiology and Management. CNS Drugs [serial online]. December 2002;16(12):803-810.</ref> The safest treatment for sleep paralysis is for people to adopt healthier sleeping habits. However, in serious cases more clinical treatments are available. The most commonly used drugs are [[tricyclic antidepressants]] and [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] (SSRIs).<ref name=Med>{{cite journal |last=Stores|first=G. |title=Medication for sleep-wake disorders|journal=Archives of disease in childhood |year=2003 |volume=88 |pages=899–903 |doi=10.1136/adc.88.10.899 |pmid=14500311 |issue=10 |pmc=1719336}}</ref> Despite the fact that these treatments are prescribed for serious cases of RISP, it is important to note that these drugs are not effective for everyone. There is currently no drug that has been found to completely interrupt episodes of sleep paralysis a majority of the time.<ref name=Med />

==Prognosis==
Sleep paralysis poses no serious health risk to those that experience it, despite the fact that it can be an intensely terrifying experience. [[SUNDS]] is a deadly disorder believed to be related to sleep paralysis; however, they are still considered completely separate disorders, so sleep paralysis sufferers should not be alarmed.<ref name=Terrillon />

==History==
The original definition of sleep paralysis was codified by [[Samuel Johnson]] in his ''[[A Dictionary of the English Language]]'' as ''nightmare'', a term that evolved into our modern definition. Such sleep paralysis was widely considered to be the work of [[demon]]s, and more specifically [[Incubus|incubi]], which were thought to sit on the chests of sleepers. In [[Old English language|Old English]] the name for these beings was ''mare'' or ''mære'' (from a [[proto-Germanic language|proto-Germanic]] ''*marōn'', cf. [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]] ''[[mara (folklore)|mara]]''), hence comes the ''mare'' part in ''nightmare''. The word might be etymologically cognate to [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ''Marōn'' (in the [[Odyssey]]) and [[Sanskrit]] ''[[Mara (demon)|Māra]]''.

Various forms of [[magic (paranormal)|magic]] and [[spiritual possession]] were also advanced as causes. In nineteenth century [[Europe]], the vagaries of diet were thought to be responsible. For example, in [[Charles Dickens]]'s ''[[A Christmas Carol]]'', [[Ebenezer Scrooge]] attributes the [[ghost]] he sees to "... an undigested bit of beef, a blot of mustard, a crumb of cheese, a fragment of an underdone potato..." In a similar vein, the ''[[Household Cyclopedia]]'' (1881) offers the following advice about nightmares:

:"Great attention is to be paid to regularity and choice of diet. Intemperance of every kind is hurtful, but nothing is more productive of this disease than drinking bad wine. Of eatables those which are most prejudicial are all fat and greasy meats and pastry... Moderate exercise contributes in a superior degree to promote the digestion of food and prevent flatulence; those, however, who are necessarily confined to a sedentary occupation, should particularly avoid applying themselves to study or bodily labor immediately after eating... Going to bed before the usual hour is a frequent cause of night-mare, as it either occasions the patient to sleep too long or to lie long awake in the night. Passing a whole night or part of a night without rest likewise gives birth to the disease, as it occasions the patient, on the succeeding night, to sleep too soundly. Indulging in sleep too late in the morning, is an almost certain method to bring on the paroxysm, and the more frequently it returns, the greater strength it acquires; the propensity to sleep at this time is almost irresistible."<ref>[http://www.mspong.org/cyclopedia/medicine.html#nightmare The Household Cyclopedia - Medicine]</ref>

==Folklore==
* In [[Scandinavian folklore]], sleep paralysis is caused by a [[Mare (folklore)|mare]], a supernatural creature related to incubi and [[Succubus|succubi]]. The mare is a damned woman, who is cursed and her body is carried mysteriously during sleep and without her noticing. In this state, she visits villagers to sit on their rib cages while they are asleep, causing them to experience nightmares. The Swedish film [[Marianne (2011 film)|''Marianne'']] examines the folklore surrounding sleep paralysis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://translate.google.com.au/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://lesgivresdlabobine.wordpress.com/2010/12/13/entretien-avec-le-realisateur-filip-tegstedt-a-propos-de-marianne/&ei=BLVqTaK9D4nQceTO_Y0M&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEAQ7gEwBg|title=Interview with director Filip Tegstedt, about Marianne |first=Aurore|last=Bjursell|date=13 December 2010|accessdate=13 May 2011}}</ref>

* Folk belief in [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]], [[South Carolina]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] describe the negative figure of the [[hag]] who leaves her physical body at night, and sits on the chest of her victim. The victim usually wakes with a feeling of terror, has difficulty breathing because of a perceived heavy invisible weight on his or her chest, and is unable to move i.e., experiences sleep paralysis. This nightmare experience is described as being "hag-ridden" in the [[Gullah]] lore. The "Old Hag" was a nightmare spirit in British and also Anglophone North American folklore.

* In [[Fiji]], the experience is interpreted as ''kana tevoro'', being "eaten" by a demon. In many cases the demon can be the spirit of a recently dead relative who has come back for some unfinished business, or has come to communicate some important news to the living. Often persons sleeping near the afflicted person say ''kania, kania'', "eat! eat!" in an attempt to prolong the possession for a chance to converse with the dead relative or spirit and seek answers as to why he or she has come back. The person waking up from the experience is often asked to immediately curse or chase the spirit of the dead relative, which sometimes involves literally speaking to the spirit and telling him or her to go away or using expletives.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}

* In Nigeria, "ISP appears to be far more common and recurrent among people of African descent than among whites or Nigerian Africans,"<ref name="Hersen, Turner 2007 p. 380"/> and is often referred to within African communities as "the Devil on your back."<ref name="Mattek, 2005 Memoirs p. 34">Mattek, (2005) Memoirs p. 34</ref><ref name="Katherine Roberts">{{Cite web|url=http://www.louisianafolklife.org/LT/Articles_Essays/main_misc_cauchemar.html|title=Contemporary Cauchemar: Experience, Belief, Prevention|work=Folklife in Louisiana|author=Katherine Roberts|publisher=The Louisiana Folklife Program}}</ref><ref name="pmid6737506">{{cite journal |author=Bell CC, Shakoor B, Thompson B, Dew D, Hughley E, Mays R, Shorter-Gooden K |title=Prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis in black subjects |journal=Journal of the National Medical Association |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=501–508 |year=1984 |pmid=6737506 |pmc=2561758}}</ref>

* In [[Turkey]] sleep paralysis is called ''karabasan'', and is similar to other stories of demonic visitation during sleep. A supernatural being, commonly known as a ''[[djinn]]'' (''cin'' in [[Turkish language|Turkish]]), comes to the victim's room, holds him or her down hard enough not to allow any kind of movement, and starts to strangle the person. To get rid of the demonic creature, one needs to pray to [[Allah]] with certain lines from the [[Qur'an]].

* In [[Thailand]] it is believed that sleep paralysis and discomfort is caused by a [[ghost]] of the [[Thai folklore]] known as ''Phi Am'' ({{lang-th|ผีอำ}}).<ref>[http://lungkitti.tarad.com/img-lib/spd_20120725124110_b.jpg ผีอำ]</ref> Some people claim that this spirit may even cause bruises.<ref>[http://m2.truelife.com/foodhealth/d.php?sub=2656&id=104700 รอยช้ำตามร่างกายบอกโรค]</ref> Stories about this spirit are common in [[Thai comics]].<ref>[http://i76.photobucket.com/albums/j40/freeze_taker/toon/pheeum-ex.jpg Phi Am comics]</ref>

* In the Southern states of the United States, elders refer to it as the "witch riding your back."{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}}

* In Eastern Chinese folklore, it is thought that a mouse can steal human breath at night. Human breath strengthens the mouse, allowing longevity and the ability to briefly become human at night, in a similar fashion to fox spirits. The person whose breath is being stolen by a mouse sitting near his face or under the nostrils, experiences sleep paralysis.

==Around the world==
{{More footnotes|section|date=May 2009}}
Complete references to many cultures are given in [[Sleep paralysis#References|the References section]]




===East Asia===
* In [[Chinese culture]], sleep paralysis is widely known as "鬼壓身/鬼压身" ([[pinyin]]: guǐ yā shēn) or "鬼壓床/鬼压床" ([[pinyin]]: guǐ yā chuáng), which literally translate into "ghost pressing on body" or "ghost pressing on bed." A more modern term is "夢魘/梦魇" ([[pinyin]]: mèng yǎn).
* In [[Japanese language|Japanese]] culture, sleep paralysis is referred to as ''kanashibari'' ([[:ja:金縛り|金縛り]]), literally "bound or fastened in metal," from "kane" (metal) and "shibaru" (to bind, to tie, to fasten). This term is occasionally used by English speaking authors to refer to the phenomenon both in academic papers and in [[popular psychology|pop psych]] literature.<ref name="shibaru">{{Cite journal |title=High prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis: kanashibari phenomenon in Japan |last=Fukuda |first=K. |last2=Miyasita |first2=A. |last3=Inugami |first3=M. |last4=Ishihara |first4=K. |journal=Sleep |year=1987 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=279–286 |doi= |pmid=3629091 }}</ref>
* In [[Korean culture]], sleep paralysis is called ''gawi nulim'' ({{Ko-hhrm|hangul=[[:ko:가위눌림|가위눌림]]}}), literally, "being pressed down by a ghost." It is often associated with a belief that a ghost or spirit is lying on top of or pressing down on the sufferer.
* In [[Mongolian culture]], nightmares in general as well as sleep paralysis is referred to by the verb-phrase ''khar darakh'' (written kara darahu), meaning "to be pressed by the Black" or "when the Dark presses." ''Kara'' means black, and may refer to the dark side personified. ''Kharin buu'' means "shaman of the black" (shamans of the dark side only survive in far-northern [[Mongolia]]), while ''tsaghaan zugiin buu'' means "shaman of the white direction" (referring to shamans who only invoke benevolent spirits). Compare 'karabasan' (the dark presser) in Turkish, which may date from pre-Islamic times when the Turks had the same religion and mythology as the Mongols. See [[Mythology of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples]] and [[Tengriism]].

===South-East Asia===
* In [[Cambodian culture|Cambodian]], [[Lao culture|Lao]], and [[Thai culture]] sleep paralysis is called ''phǐǐ am'' ({{IPA-th|pʰǐi.ʔam}}, {{IPA-lo|pʰǐi.ʔàm}}) and ''khmout sukkhot''. It is described as an event in which the person is sleeping and dreams that one or more ghostly figures are nearby or even holding him or her down. The sufferer is unable to move or make any noises. This is not to be confused with ''pee khao'' and ''khmout jool'', ghost possession.
* In [[Hmong people|Hmong]] culture, sleep paralysis is understood to be caused by a nocturnal pressing spirit, ''dab tsog''. ''Dab tsog'' attacks "sleepers" by sitting on their chests, sometimes attempting to strangle them. Some believe that ''dab tsog'' is responsible for [[Sudden unexpected death syndrome|sudden unexpected nocturnal death syndrome]] (SUNDS), which claimed the lives of over 100 Southeast Asian immigrants in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Adler (2011) offers a biocultural perspective on sleep paralysis and the sudden deaths. She suggests that an interplay between the [[Brugada syndrome]] (a genetic cardiac disorder) and the traditional meaning of a ''dab tsog'' attack are at the heart of the sudden deaths.<ref>{{cite book |last=Adler |first=Shelley R. |year=2011 |title=Sleep Paralysis: Night-mares, Nocebos, and the Mind-Body Connection |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-4885-2 }}</ref>
* In [[Vietnamese culture]], sleep paralysis is called ''ma đè'', meaning "held down by a ghost," or ''bóng đè'', meaning "held down by a shadow."
* In [[Culture of the Philippines|Philippine culture]], ''[[Sudden unexpected death syndrome|bangungut]]'' has traditionally been attributed to nightmares.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Munger|first=Ronald G.|coauthors=Elizabeth A. Booton|year=1998|title=Bangungut in Manila: sudden and unexplained death in sleep of adult Filipinos|journal=[[International Journal of Epidemiology]]|volume=27|issue=4|pages=677–684 |doi=10.1093/ije/27.4.677|pmid=9758125}}</ref> People who claim to survive such nightmares report symptoms of sleep paralysis.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
* In New Guinea, people refer to this phenomenon as ''Suk Ninmyo'', believed to originate from sacred trees that use human essence to sustain its life. The trees are said to feed on human essence during night as to not disturb the human's daily life, but sometimes people wake unnaturally during the feeding, resulting in the paralysis.
* In Malay of Malay Peninsula, sleep paralysis is known as ''kena tindih'' (or ''ketindihan'' in Indonesia), which means "being pressed."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sleepclinicjakarta.tblog.com/post/1969898557 |title=Klinik Gangguan Tidur }}</ref> Incidents are commonly considered to be the work of a malign agency; occurring in what are explained as blind spots in the field of vision, they are reported as demonic figures.

===South Asia===
* In [[Pakistan]], sleep paralysis is considered to be an encounter with [[Shaitan]] ([[Urdu language|Urdu]]: شيطان ) ([[Satan]]), [[evil]] [[jinn]]s or [[demon]]s who have taken over one's body. Like [[Iran]], this [[ghoul]] is known as 'bakhtak' ([[Urdu language|Urdu]]: بختک) or 'ifrit'. It is also assumed that it is caused by the [[black magic]] performed by enemies and [[jealous]] persons. People, especially children and young girls, wear [[Ta'wiz]] ([[Urdu language|Urdu]]: تعویز) ([[Amulet]]) to ward off [[evil eye]]. [[Spell (paranormal)|Spells]], [[incantation]]s and [[curse]]s could also result in [[ghoul]]s [[haunting]] a person. Some homes and places are also believed to be [[Haunting|haunted]] by [[evil]] [[ghost]]s, [[satan]]ic or other [[supernatural]] beings and they could [[Haunting|haunt]] people living there especially during the night. [[Muslim]] holy persons ([[Imam]]s, [[Maulvi]]s, [[Sufi]]s, [[Mullah]]s, [[Fakir|Faqirs]]) perform [[exorcism]] on individuals who are believed to be [[Demonic possession|possessed]]. The homes, houses, buildings and grounds are [[Blessing|blessed]] and [[Consecration|consecrated]] by [[Mullah]]s or [[Imam]]s by reciting [[Qur'an]] and [[Adhan]] ([[Urdu language|Urdu]]: أَذَان), the [[Islam]]ic call to [[Salah|prayer]], recited by the [[muezzin]].
* In [[Bangladesh]], the phenomenon of sleep paralysis is referred to as ''boba'' meaning "speechless" for the reason that people can't move their body and can't talk even if they want to.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}
* In Tamil Nadu and Sri Lankan Tamil culture, this particular phenomenon is referred to as 'Amuku Be' or 'Amuku Pei' meaning "the ghost that forces one down."{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}
* In Nepal, especially [[Newa people|Newari]] culture it is also known as 'Khyaak' a ghost-like figure believed to reside in the darkness under the staircases of a house.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}

===Middle-East, Western and Central Asia===
* In [[Arabic]] Culture, sleep paralysis is often referred to as 'Kaboos' ({{lang-ar|كابوس}}), literally "pressers" or 'Ja-thoom' ({{lang-ar|جاثوم}}) literally "What sits heavily on something," though the term ''kaboos'' can also refer to any bad dream. In folklore across Arab countries, the 'kaboos' is believed to be a ''[[Shaitan|shayṭān]]'' or a ''[[ifrit|‘ifrīt]]''.
* In [[Turkey|Turkish]] culture, sleep paralysis is often referred to as "karabasan" ("The dark presser/assailer"). It is believed to be a creature that attacks people in their sleep, pressing on their chest and stealing their breath. However, folk legends do not provide a reason why the devil or ifrit does that.
* In [[Persian people|Persian]] culture it is known as 'bakhtak' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: بختک), which is a ghost-like creature that sits on the dreamer's chest, making breathing hard for him/her.
* In [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] culture, sleep paralysis is often referred to as "motakka". It is believed to be a demon that attacks people in their sleep, and particularly children of young age, which they breathe heavily as for "motakka" will be stealing their breath away and keep it out of reach.

===In Kashmir===
In Kashmiri mythology this is caused by an invisible creature called a "pasikdhar". Some people believe that a pasikdhar lives in every house and attacks somebody if the house has not been cleaned or if god is not being worshiped in the house. One also experiences this if one has been doing something evil or derives pleasure from the misfortunes of others.

===Africa===
* In African American culture, isolated sleep paralysis is commonly referred to as "the witch riding your back."<ref name="Mattek, 2005 Memoirs p. 34"/><ref name="Katherine Roberts"/>
* Ogun Oru is a traditional explanation for nocturnal disturbances among the Yoruba of Southwest Nigeria; ogun oru (nocturnal warfare) involves an acute night-time disturbance that is culturally attributed to demonic infiltration of the body and psyche during dreaming. Ogun oru is characterized by its occurrence, a female preponderance, the perception of an underlying feud between the sufferer's earthly spouse and a 'spiritual' spouse, and the event of bewitchment through eating while dreaming. The condition is believed to be treatable through Christian prayers or elaborate traditional rituals designed to exorcise the imbibed demonic elements.<ref name="pmid17379609">{{cite journal |author=Aina OF, Famuyiwa OO |title=Ogun Oru: a traditional explanation for nocturnal neuropsychiatric disturbances among the Yoruba of Southwest Nigeria |journal=Transcultural psychiatry |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=44–54 |year=2007 |pmid=17379609 |doi=10.1177/1363461507074968}}</ref>
* In Zimbabwean Shona culture the word Madzikirira is used to refer something really pressing one down. This mostly refers to the spiritual world in which some spirit—especially an evil one—tries to use its victim for some evil purpose. The people believe that witches can only be people of close relations to be effective, and hence a witches often try to use one's spirit to bewitch one's relatives.
* In Ethiopian culture the word 'dukak' (ዱካክ - Amharic) is used, which is believed to be an evil spirit that possesses people during their sleep. Some people believe this experience is linked to use of [[Khat]] ( [[:am:ጫት|ጫት]] 'Chat' - Amharic). Khat users experience sleep paralysis when suddenly quitting chewing [[Khat]] after use for a long time. In [[Amharic]], the official language of Ethiopia, the word 'dukak' taken out of the context of [[Khat]] withdrawal related sleep paralysis, means depression. The evil spirit 'dukak' is an [[anthropomorphism]] (anthropomorphic personification) of the depression that often results from the act of quitting chewing [[Khat]]. 'Dukak' often appears in hallucinations of the quitters and metes out punishments to its victims for offending him by quitting. The punishments are often in the form of implausible physical punishments (e.g., the 'dukak' puts the victim in a bottle and shakes the bottle vigorously) or outrageous tasks the victim must perform (e.g., swallow a bag of gravel).<ref name="gorfu06">{{cite journal | last1 = Gorfu| first1 = M. | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = 2006| title = The Prevalence of Khat –Induced Psychotic Reactions among College Students: A Case in Jimma University College of Agriculture | url = http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejesc/article/viewFile/41977 | journal = Ethiopian Journal of Education and Science | volume = 2 | issue = 1| pages = 63–84 | issn= 1998-8907 | doi = 10.4314/ejesc.v2i1.41977 }}</ref>
* In [[Swahili language|Swahili speaking East Africa]], it is known as ''jinamizi'', which refers to a creature sitting on one's chest making it difficult for him/her to breathe. It is attributed to result from a person sleeping on his back. Most people also recall being strangled by this 'creature'. People generally survive these 'attacks'

===Europe===
* In [[Finland|Finnish]] folk culture sleep paralysis is called ''unihalvaus'' (dream paralysis), but the Finnish word for nightmare, ''painajainen'', is believed to originally have meant sleep paralysis, as the word ''painaja'' translates to ''pusher'' or ''presser'', but with ''nen'' added to the end.
* In [[Hungary|Hungarian]] folk culture sleep paralysis is called ''lidércnyomás'' (''lidérc pressing'') and can be attributed to a number of supernatural entities like ''lidérc'' (wraith), ''boszorkány'' (witch), ''tündér'' (fairy) or ''ördögszerető'' (demon lover).<ref>[http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02115/html/3-1332.html lidérc], Magyar Néprajzi Lexikon, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1977, ISBN</ref> The word ''boszorkány'' itself stems from the Turkish root ''bas-'', meaning "to press."<ref>[http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02115/html/1-925.html boszorkány], Magyar Néprajzi Lexikon, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1977, ISBN</ref>
* In [[Iceland]] folk culture sleep paralysis is generally called having a ''[[Mara (folklore)|Mara]]''. A [[goblin]] or a [[succubus]] (since it is generally female) believed to cause nightmares (the origin of the word 'Nightmare' itself is derived from an English cognate of her name). Other European cultures share variants of the same folklore, calling her under different names; Proto-Germanic: ''marōn''; Old English: ''mære''; German: ''Mahr''; Dutch: ''nachtmerrie''; Icelandic, Old Norse, Faroese, and Swedish: ''mara''; Danish: ''mare''; Norwegian: ''mare''; Old Irish: ''morrigain''; Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Slovene: ''môra''; Bulgarian, Polish: ''mara''; French: ''cauchemar''; Romanian: ''moroi''; Czech: ''můra''; Slovak: ''mora''. The origin of the belief itself is much older, back to the reconstructed Proto Indo-European root ''mora-'', an incubus, from the root ''mer-'' "to rub away" or "to harm."
* In [[Malta]], folk culture attributes a sleep paralysis incident to an attack by the ''Haddiela,'' who is the wife of the ''Hares'', an entity in Maltese folk culture that haunts the individual in ways similar to a poltergeist.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}} As believed in folk culture, to get rid of the Haddiela, one must place a piece of silverware or a knife under the pillow prior to sleep.
* In [[Greece]] and [[Cyprus]], it is believed that sleep paralysis occurs when a ghost-like creature or Demon named Mora, Vrahnas or Varypnas (Greek: Μόρα, Βραχνάς, Βαρυπνάς) tries to steal the victim's speech or sits on the victim's chest causing asphyxiation.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}
* In [[Catalonia|Catalan]] legend and popular culture, the ''Pesanta'' is an enormous dog (or sometimes a cat) that goes into people's houses in the night and puts itself on their chests making it difficult for them to breathe and causing them the most horrible nightmares. The Pesanta is black and hairy, with steel paws, but with holes so it can't take anything.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}}
* In [[Latvia|Latvian]] folk culture sleep paralysis is called a torture or strangling by ''[[Lietuvēns]]''. It is thought to be a ''[[soul]]'' of a killed (strangled, drowned, hanged) person and attacks both people and domestic animals. When under attack, one must move the toe of the left foot to get rid of the attacker.<ref>{{cite web|title=Latviešu tautas ticējumi|url=http://valoda.ailab.lv/folklora/ticejumi/lietuven.htm|work=Artificial Intelligence Laboratory|publisher=Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Latvia|accessdate=21 February 2013|author=P. Šmits|language=Latvian}}</ref>

===Americas===
* During the [[Salem witch trials]] several people reported nighttime attacks by various alleged witches, including [[Bridget Bishop]], that may have been caused by sleep paralysis.<ref>[http://www.justiceatsalem.com/Cooke%20justice%20text%20100109.pdf Justice at Salem] ''William H. Cooke''</ref>
* In Mexico, it is believed that this is caused by the spirit of a dead person. This ghost lies down upon the body of the sleeper, rendering him unable to move. People refer to this as "subirse el muerto" (dead person on you).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/575017.html |title = ¿Has sentido que se te sube el muerto? | publisher = El Universal | date= February 6, 2009}}</ref>
* In many parts of the Southern United States, the phenomenon is known as a ''[[hag]]'', and the event is said to portend an approaching tragedy or accident.{{Citation needed|reason=needs to ref published folklorist research|date=October 2011}}
* In [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]], it is known as the 'Old Hag'.<ref name="OldHag">{{Cite book|author=Firestone, M.|title=The "Old Hag": sleep paralysis in Newfoundland|work=The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology|year=1985|chapter=Section 8|pages=47–66}}</ref> In island folklore, the Hag can be summoned to attack a third party, like a [[curse]]. In his 1982 book, ''The Terror that Comes in the Night'', David J. Hufford writes that in local culture the way to call the Hag is to recite the [[Lord's Prayer]] backwards.
* In contemporary western culture the phenomenon of supernatural assault are thought{{By whom|date=November 2011}} to be the work of what are known as [[shadow people]]. Victims report primarily three different entities, a man with a hat, the old hag noted above, and a hooded figure.<ref>Adler, Shelley R. (2011). Sleep Paralysis: Night-mares, Nocebos, and the Mind-Body Connection. New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4886-9</ref> Sleep paralysis is known to involve a component of hallucination in 20% of the cases, which may explain these sightings. Sleep paralysis in combination with hallucinations has long been suggested as a possible explanation for reported [[alien abduction]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.skepdic.com/sleepparalysis.html |title= Sleep Paralysis|publisher = The Skeptics Dictionary}}</ref>
* Several studies show that African-Americans may be predisposed to isolated sleep paralysis—known in folklore as "the witch is riding you" or "the haint is riding you."<ref name="pmid6737506"/> Other studies show that African-Americans who experience frequent episodes of isolated sleep paralysis, i.e., reporting having one or more sleep paralysis episodes per month coined as "sleep paralysis disorder," were predisposed to panic attacks.<ref name="pmid3746934">{{cite journal |author=Bell CC, Dixie-Bell DD, Thompson B |title=Further studies on the prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis in black subjects |journal=Journal of the National Medical Association |volume=78 |issue=7 |pages=649–659 |year=1986|pmid=3746934 |pmc=2571385}}</ref> This finding has been replicated by other independent researchers.<ref name="pmid15881272">{{cite journal |author=Paradis CM, Friedman S |title=Sleep Paralysis in African Americans with Panic Disorder |journal=Transcultural psychiatry |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=692–694 |year=2006 |pmid=15881272 |doi=10.1177/1363461505050720}}</ref><ref name="pmid7982696">{{cite journal |author=Friedman S, Paradis CM, Hatch M |title=Characteristics of African-Americans and white patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia |journal=Hospital and Community Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=8 |pages=798–803 |year=1994 |pmid=7982696}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Amitriptyline]]
* [[Hypnagogia]]
* [[Hypnopompic]]
* [[Pesanta]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.stanford.edu/~dement/paralysis.html Sleep information and links] from Stanford University
* [http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/~acheyne/S_P.html Sleep Paralysis and Associated Hypnagogic and Hypnopompic Experiences] from University of Waterloo
* [http://www.csicop.org/doubtandabout/sleep/ Waking Up to Sleep Paralysis]
* [http://www.realitysandwich.com/sleep_paralysis Sleep Paralysis Visions: Demons, Succubi, and the Archetypal Mind] by Ryan Hurd
* [http://www.thesleepparalysisproject.org/ Film and cross platform resource exploring the phenomenon] by Carla MacKinnon

{{SleepSeries2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sleep Paralysis}}
[[Category:Sleep physiology]]
[[Category:Sleep disorders]]
[[Category:Neuropsychology]]
[[Category:Psychiatric diagnosis]]

Carnival Vista

2013-12-01T01:35:51Z

Ruby Murray:

{{refimprove|date=November 2013}}
{{italic title}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
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}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header =
| Ship name = ''Carnival Vista''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://carnival-news.com/2013/07/20/new-135000-ton-fun-ship-set-to-debut-in-2016-to-be-named-carnival-vista/ |title=New 135,000-ton 'Fun Ship' Set to Debut in 2016 to Be Named Carnival Vista |publisher=Carnival-News.com |date=July 20, 2013 |accessdate=July 20, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/cruiselog/2013/07/20/carnival-vista-cruise-ship/2571669/ |last=Sloan |first=Gene |title=Next Carnival ship to be called Carnival Vista |publisher=''USA Today''.com |date=July 20, 2013 |accessdate=July 20, 2013}}</ref>
|Ship flag=
| Ship renamed =
| Ship owner = [[Carnival Corporation & plc]]
| Ship operator = [[Carnival Cruise Lines]]
| Ship registry = {{PAN}}
| Ship route =
| Ship ordered = 2012
| Ship builder = [[Fincantieri]]
| Ship original cost = US$940 million ''[[citation needed]]''
| Ship yard number =
| Ship way number =
| Ship laid down =
| Ship launched =
| Ship completed =
| Ship christened =
| Ship acquired =
| Ship maiden voyage =
| Ship in service = Winter 2016
| Ship out of service =
| Ship identification =
| Ship fate =
| Ship status = Under Construction
| Ship notes = <ref name=news1>{{cite press release|url=http://carnival-news.com/2010/05/10/carnival-cruise-lines%E2%80%99-new-130000-ton-ship-to-be-named-carnival-breeze/ |title=Carnival Cruise Lines’ New 130,000-Ton Ship to be Named Carnival Breeze |publisher=Carnival Cruise Lines |date=10 May 2010 |accessdate=18 September 2011}}</ref>
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header =
| Header caption =
| Ship class = {{sclass|Vista|cruise ship}}
| Ship type =
| Ship tonnage = {{GT|128,500}}
| Ship displacement =
| Ship length =
| Ship beam =
| Ship height =
| Ship draught =
| Ship depth =
| Ship decks =
| Ship deck clearance =
| Ship ramps =
| Ship ice class =
| Ship sail plan =
| Ship power =
| Ship propulsion =
| Ship speed = {{convert|23|kn}}
| Ship capacity = 4000 passengers
| Ship crew = 2000
| Ship notes = Under construction in [[Fincantieri]] shipyard.
}}
|}

'''''Carnival Vista''''' is a Vista class cruise ship [[cruise ship]] of [[Carnival Cruise Lines]] which will be delivered by Winter 2016. She will be home ported in [[Miami, Florida]] and will sail from 6- to 10-day [[Caribbean]], [[Hawaiian]], and [[Mediterranean]] voyages.

==Concept and construction==
''Carnival Vista'' will have a completely different design and the biggest cruise ship compared to the other ships in [[Carnival Cruise Lines|Carnival]]'s current fleet. The ship is under construction in the [[Fincantieri]] shipyard and will be expected to be delivered by Winter 2016 to enter service and sail for its maiden voyage.

==Highlights==
"Carnival Vista"

==Ports of call==
Carnival Vista will be home ported in [[Miami, Florida]] and will sail from 6- to 10-day [[Caribbean]], [[Hawaiian]], and [[Mediterranean]] voyages.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.carnival.com/ Carnival Cruise Lines Website]

{{Carnival Cruise Line}}

[[Category:Ships of Carnival Cruise Lines|Vista]]
[[Category:Ships built in Italy]]
[[Category:Ships built by Fincantieri]]
[[Category:Cruise ships]]
[[Category:2016 ships]]

Carnival Vista

2013-12-01T01:35:11Z

Ruby Murray: removed new empty reference, ref name="vesseltracker"

{{more footnotes|date=November 2013}}

{{italic title}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image =
| Ship caption =
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header =
| Ship name = ''Carnival Vista''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://carnival-news.com/2013/07/20/new-135000-ton-fun-ship-set-to-debut-in-2016-to-be-named-carnival-vista/ |title=New 135,000-ton 'Fun Ship' Set to Debut in 2016 to Be Named Carnival Vista |publisher=Carnival-News.com |date=July 20, 2013 |accessdate=July 20, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/cruiselog/2013/07/20/carnival-vista-cruise-ship/2571669/ |last=Sloan |first=Gene |title=Next Carnival ship to be called Carnival Vista |publisher=''USA Today''.com |date=July 20, 2013 |accessdate=July 20, 2013}}</ref>
|Ship flag=
| Ship renamed =
| Ship owner = [[Carnival Corporation & plc]]
| Ship operator = [[Carnival Cruise Lines]]
| Ship registry = {{PAN}}
| Ship route =
| Ship ordered = 2012
| Ship builder = [[Fincantieri]]
| Ship original cost = US$940 million ''[[citation needed]]''
| Ship yard number =
| Ship way number =
| Ship laid down =
| Ship launched =
| Ship completed =
| Ship christened =
| Ship acquired =
| Ship maiden voyage =
| Ship in service = Winter 2016
| Ship out of service =
| Ship identification =
| Ship fate =
| Ship status = Under Construction
| Ship notes = <ref name=news1>{{cite press release|url=http://carnival-news.com/2010/05/10/carnival-cruise-lines%E2%80%99-new-130000-ton-ship-to-be-named-carnival-breeze/ |title=Carnival Cruise Lines’ New 130,000-Ton Ship to be Named Carnival Breeze |publisher=Carnival Cruise Lines |date=10 May 2010 |accessdate=18 September 2011}}</ref>
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header =
| Header caption =
| Ship class = {{sclass|Vista|cruise ship}}
| Ship type =
| Ship tonnage = {{GT|128,500}}
| Ship displacement =
| Ship length =
| Ship beam =
| Ship height =
| Ship draught =
| Ship depth =
| Ship decks =
| Ship deck clearance =
| Ship ramps =
| Ship ice class =
| Ship sail plan =
| Ship power =
| Ship propulsion =
| Ship speed = {{convert|23|kn}}
| Ship capacity = 4000 passengers
| Ship crew = 2000
| Ship notes = Under construction in [[Fincantieri]] shipyard.
}}
|}

'''''Carnival Vista''''' is a Vista class cruise ship [[cruise ship]] of [[Carnival Cruise Lines]] which will be delivered by Winter 2016. She will be home ported in [[Miami, Florida]] and will sail from 6- to 10-day [[Caribbean]], [[Hawaiian]], and [[Mediterranean]] voyages.

==Concept and construction==
''Carnival Vista'' will have a completely different design and the biggest cruise ship compared to the other ships in [[Carnival Cruise Lines|Carnival]]'s current fleet. The ship is under construction in the [[Fincantieri]] shipyard and will be expected to be delivered by Winter 2016 to enter service and sail for its maiden voyage.

==Highlights==
"Carnival Vista"

==Ports of call==
Carnival Vista will be home ported in [[Miami, Florida]] and will sail from 6- to 10-day [[Caribbean]], [[Hawaiian]], and [[Mediterranean]] voyages.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.carnival.com/ Carnival Cruise Lines Website]

{{Carnival Cruise Line}}

[[Category:Ships of Carnival Cruise Lines|Vista]]
[[Category:Ships built in Italy]]
[[Category:Ships built by Fincantieri]]
[[Category:Cruise ships]]
[[Category:2016 ships]]

Amazonische Sprachen

2013-11-27T11:04:55Z

Ruby Murray: +Category:Amazon Basin; ±Category:Indigenous languages of South America (Central)→Category:Indigenous languages of the Americas using HotCat

{{ref improve|date=November 2013}}
{{translation WIP|Lenguas amazónicas|Spanish|es}}
[[File:Tupi languages.png|250px|thumb|The [[Tupian languages|Tupian language family]] is the language family most widely spoken in the Amazon.]]
'''Amazonian languages''' is the term used to refer to the [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|indigenous languages]] of the [[Amazon Basin|Amazon]]. They are a heterogeneous group of languages that belong to separate [[language family|families]] and don't have a phylogenetic similarity. Nevertheless, there are certain typological features in common, due to continuous contact between the different families. Because of this some authors propose to speak of the '''amazon linguistic area'''.<ref>Dixon, 1999, p. 8</ref>

== Introduction ==
[[File:Arawak-Languages.png|250px|thumb|The [[Arawak languages]] of South America, the second largest family of Amazonian languages. The dark blue shows Southern Arawak languages.]]
[[File:Pano-Takanan languages.png|250px|thumb|[[Pano-Tacanan languages]]: Pano (dark green) and Takana (light green), the points indicating the documented localizations of the languages.]]
From a cultural perspective the Amazonian rainforest is one of the most diverse linguistic regions of the planet.<ref>R. M. Dixon, "Introduction", The Amazonian Languages, p.2-4.</ref> In the [[Amazon Basin]] 300 languages were spoken at the end of the 20th century. The indigenous villages that speak these languages belong to separate [[language families]]. There are around 20 distinct families, and a clear phylogenetic relation hasn't been proven, suggesting cultural as much as linguistic diversity that goes back millennia. This diversity was maintained, in part, due to the fact that the Amazonian regions never had organized societies or empires that lasted long enough to have a mitigating effect in regards to culture and language. The large language families of the region are:

* [[Tupi languages]]: the widest family of indigenous languages spoken in the region today, even though part of its expansion in the region happened recently.
* [[Macro-Jê languages|ye or gê languages]]: among the Tupi languages, this is the widest-spoken language in the Amazonian region.
* [[Cariban languages]]: a family that probably expanded from the northern part of the Amazon, although members of this language family exist in the middle of the Amazon.
* [[Arawakan languages]]: a family basically circling the Amazonian region.
* [[Pano-Tacanan languages]]: Southwest Amazon
* [[Tucanoan languages]]: in the higher regions of the amazon and higher [[Vaupés Department|Vaupés]].

Besides these phylogenetic linguistic groups, there are a number of important small language families that haven´t been categorized in relation to these and therefore are considered independent groups.

[[Multilingualism]] was (and is) the norm among Amazonian Indians.

== History of the Amazonian villages ==

[[Image:Kaiapos.jpeg|275px|left|thumb|Four chiefs of the [[Kayapó]] ethnic groups, whose language originally belonged to the yê family.]]

The majority of the Amazon Basin and the [[Orinoco]] are the lowlands of a [[tropical rainforest]], rich in edible vegetables and animals. Archeologists estimate that this territory has been populated for less than 12,000 years. The entire population of the area would have arrived only a couple millennia ago. The principle source of [[protein]] is fish, supplemented by hunting [[pecari]]s, [[tapir]]s, [[rodent]]s and [[monkey]]s. The domestication of plants, at first concentrated in the bitter [[Cassava|yuca]] root, dates back 5,000 years. [[Neolithic revolution|Agricultural expansion]], with its version of [[shifting cultivation|slash and burn cultivation]], began in the mountainsides of the western [[Andes]] and was brought to the majority of the main rivers in the Amazon. The villages based on [[Hunter-gatherer|hunting and gathering]] were pushed to the more inaccessible areas.

Each linguistic group tends to share certain characteristics relative to the type of territory they occupy, the [[mode of production]] and the type of [[Cultural materialism (anthropology)|cultural materialism]]. For example, practically all the [[ethnic groups]] of the Arawakan, Cariban, and Tupi families occupy areas of tropical rainforest, extensively use agriculture and make canoes, hammocks, and ceramics. On the other hand, the Yê ethnic groups usually live in [[grasslands]], have little agriculture and don't make canoes, hammocks, or ceramics. Nevertheless, they have a more complex social organization. Scattered among the farming villages, in the heart of the jungle, live hunter-gatherers that belong to minor language families, such as the [[Nadahup languages|Nadahup]], [[Pirahã language|Pirahã]] and [[Guajiboan languages|Guajiboan]] families, more or less the direct descendents of the first hunter-gatherers.

Some groups, especially the agriculturally based ones, have been particularly aggressive and are prone to attack their neighbors. Nevertheless, symbiotic relations exist between different groups: for example the Tucanoans, who are agricultural based, trade with the Nadahup, who are hunter-gatherers. The latter provide animal meat from the jungle and poison obtained from fish, and in exchange receive yuca grain from the Tucanoan plantations, as well as ceramics. Even so, the Nadahup are considered "inferior" by the Tucanoans and aren't considered in inter-ethic marriage like the Tucanoans do with other ethnic groups.

The [[Europe]]ans burst in on the region in the 16th century, quickly taking control of the coastal areas and the main rivers as far as they were navigable. The indigenous population began to drastically diminish around 1900; it is estimated that the population was only a 10th of what it had been in 1500 (estimated at between 2 and 5 million).<ref>R. M. Dixon (1999), p. 7</ref> The majority of this loss of life was involuntary, due to European diseases the native Amazonian population didn't have immunity to. The Europeans also used the native Amazonians as slaves. There are testimonies of the Europeans navigating upriver from the mouth of the Amazon, capturing entire tribes and carrying them downriver to the plantations where they worked under difficult conditions, dying in a few years.<ref>Hemming, 1978.</ref> The Europeans, due to their superior weapons, were able to take whatever piece of land they wanted. Previously the incursions of the colonists were motivated by the possession of resources like [[rubber]] or certain minerals, that frequently were preceded by violent actions against the indigenous Amazonians.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indigenous languages of the Americas]]
[[Category:Amazon Basin]]

Amazonische Sprachen

2013-11-27T11:02:55Z

Ruby Murray: Added {{ref improve}} tag to article (TW)

Amazonische Sprachen

2013-11-27T11:02:26Z

Ruby Murray: added Category:Indigenous languages of South America (Central); removed {{uncategorized}} using HotCat

{{translation WIP|Lenguas amazónicas|Spanish|es}}
[[File:Tupi languages.png|250px|thumb|The [[Tupian languages|Tupian language family]] is the language family most widely spoken in the Amazon.]]
'''Amazonian languages''' is the term used to refer to the [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|indigenous languages]] of the [[Amazon Basin|Amazon]]. They are a heterogeneous group of languages that belong to separate [[language family|families]] and don't have a phylogenetic similarity. Nevertheless, there are certain typological features in common, due to continuous contact between the different families. Because of this some authors propose to speak of the '''amazon linguistic area'''.<ref>Dixon, 1999, p. 8</ref>

== Introduction ==
[[File:Arawak-Languages.png|250px|thumb|The [[Arawak languages]] of South America, the second largest family of Amazonian languages. The dark blue shows Southern Arawak languages.]]
[[File:Pano-Takanan languages.png|250px|thumb|[[Pano-Tacanan languages]]: Pano (dark green) and Takana (light green), the points indicating the documented localizations of the languages.]]
From a cultural perspective the Amazonian rainforest is one of the most diverse linguistic regions of the planet.<ref>R. M. Dixon, "Introduction", The Amazonian Languages, p.2-4.</ref> In the [[Amazon Basin]] 300 languages were spoken at the end of the 20th century. The indigenous villages that speak these languages belong to separate [[language families]]. There are around 20 distinct families, and a clear phylogenetic relation hasn't been proven, suggesting cultural as much as linguistic diversity that goes back millennia. This diversity was maintained, in part, due to the fact that the Amazonian regions never had organized societies or empires that lasted long enough to have a mitigating effect in regards to culture and language. The large language families of the region are:

* [[Tupi languages]]: the widest family of indigenous languages spoken in the region today, even though part of its expansion in the region happened recently.
* [[Macro-Jê languages|ye or gê languages]]: among the Tupi languages, this is the widest-spoken language in the Amazonian region.
* [[Cariban languages]]: a family that probably expanded from the northern part of the Amazon, although members of this language family exist in the middle of the Amazon.
* [[Arawakan languages]]: a family basically circling the Amazonian region.
* [[Pano-Tacanan languages]]: Southwest Amazon
* [[Tucanoan languages]]: in the higher regions of the amazon and higher [[Vaupés Department|Vaupés]].

Besides these phylogenetic linguistic groups, there are a number of important small language families that haven´t been categorized in relation to these and therefore are considered independent groups.

[[Multilingualism]] was (and is) the norm among Amazonian Indians.

== History of the Amazonian villages ==

[[Image:Kaiapos.jpeg|275px|left|thumb|Four chiefs of the [[Kayapó]] ethnic groups, whose language originally belonged to the yê family.]]

The majority of the Amazon Basin and the [[Orinoco]] are the lowlands of a [[tropical rainforest]], rich in edible vegetables and animals. Archeologists estimate that this territory has been populated for less than 12,000 years. The entire population of the area would have arrived only a couple millennia ago. The principle source of [[protein]] is fish, supplemented by hunting [[pecari]]s, [[tapir]]s, [[rodent]]s and [[monkey]]s. The domestication of plants, at first concentrated in the bitter [[Cassava|yuca]] root, dates back 5,000 years. [[Neolithic revolution|Agricultural expansion]], with its version of [[shifting cultivation|slash and burn cultivation]], began in the mountainsides of the western [[Andes]] and was brought to the majority of the main rivers in the Amazon. The villages based on [[Hunter-gatherer|hunting and gathering]] were pushed to the more inaccessible areas.

Each linguistic group tends to share certain characteristics relative to the type of territory they occupy, the [[mode of production]] and the type of [[Cultural materialism (anthropology)|cultural materialism]]. For example, practically all the [[ethnic groups]] of the Arawakan, Cariban, and Tupi families occupy areas of tropical rainforest, extensively use agriculture and make canoes, hammocks, and ceramics. On the other hand, the Yê ethnic groups usually live in [[grasslands]], have little agriculture and don't make canoes, hammocks, or ceramics. Nevertheless, they have a more complex social organization. Scattered among the farming villages, in the heart of the jungle, live hunter-gatherers that belong to minor language families, such as the [[Nadahup languages|Nadahup]], [[Pirahã language|Pirahã]] and [[Guajiboan languages|Guajiboan]] families, more or less the direct descendents of the first hunter-gatherers.

Some groups, especially the agriculturally based ones, have been particularly aggressive and are prone to attack their neighbors. Nevertheless, symbiotic relations exist between different groups: for example the Tucanoans, who are agricultural based, trade with the Nadahup, who are hunter-gatherers. The latter provide animal meat from the jungle and poison obtained from fish, and in exchange receive yuca grain from the Tucanoan plantations, as well as ceramics. Even so, the Nadahup are considered "inferior" by the Tucanoans and aren't considered in inter-ethic marriage like the Tucanoans do with other ethnic groups.

The [[Europe]]ans burst in on the region in the 16th century, quickly taking control of the coastal areas and the main rivers as far as they were navigable. The indigenous population began to drastically diminish around 1900; it is estimated that the population was only a 10th of what it had been in 1500 (estimated at between 2 and 5 million).<ref>R. M. Dixon (1999), p. 7</ref> The majority of this loss of life was involuntary, due to European diseases the native Amazonian population didn't have immunity to. The Europeans also used the native Amazonians as slaves. There are testimonies of the Europeans navigating upriver from the mouth of the Amazon, capturing entire tribes and carrying them downriver to the plantations where they worked under difficult conditions, dying in a few years.<ref>Hemming, 1978.</ref> The Europeans, due to their superior weapons, were able to take whatever piece of land they wanted. Previously the incursions of the colonists were motivated by the possession of resources like [[rubber]] or certain minerals, that frequently were preceded by violent actions against the indigenous Amazonians.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indigenous languages of South America (Central)]]

J.Lo (Album)

2013-11-20T17:50:47Z

Ruby Murray: Reverted 1 edit by H.Mandem (talk) to last revision by Ruby Murray. (TW)

{{Infobox album
| Name = J.Lo
| Type = studio
| Artist = [[Jennifer Lopez]]
| Cover = Jennifer Lopez - J.Lo.png
| Border = yes
| Released = {{Start date|2001|01|22}}
| Recorded = 2000
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = {{Duration|m=61|s=30}}
| Label = [[Epic Records|Epic]]
| Producer = {{flat list|
*[[Channel 7 (musician)|7]]
*[[Bagge & Peer|Bag & Arnthor]]
*Manny Benito
*[[Kip Collins]]
*[[Sean Combs|Sean "P. Diddy" Combs]]
*Ray Contreras
*[[LaShawn Daniels|LaShawn "Big Shiz" Daniels]]
*Guillermo Edghill Jr.
*[[Rodney Jerkins|Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins]]
*Richie Jones
*Joe Kelley
*Jimmy Greco
*[[Troy Oliver]]
*[[Irv Gotti]]
*[[L.E.S. (producer)|L.E.S.]]
*Jennifer Lopez
*[[Guy Roche]]
*Frank Rodriguez
*[[Cory Rooney]]
*Jose Sanchez
*[[Dan Shea (producer)|Dan Shea]]
*[[Ric Wake]]
*[[Mario Winans|Mario "Yellow Man" Winans]]
}}
| Last album = {{ubl|''[[On the 6]]''|(1999)}}
| This album = {{ubl|'''''J.Lo'''''|(2001)}}
| Next album = {{ubl|''[[J to tha L–O! The Remixes]]''|(2002)}}
| Misc = {{Singles
| Name = J.Lo
| Type = studio
| Single 1 = [[Love Don't Cost a Thing (song)|Love Don't Cost a Thing]]
| Single 1 date = {{Start date|2001|01|08}}
| Single 2 = [[Play (Jennifer Lopez song)|Play]]
| Single 2 date = {{Start date|2001|04|17}}
| Single 3 = [[Ain't It Funny]]
| Single 3 date = {{Start date|2001|06|20}}
| Single 4 = [[I'm Real (Jennifer Lopez song)|I'm Real]]
| Single 4 date = {{Start date|2001|09|04}}
}}}}

'''''J.Lo''''' is the second studio album by American singer [[Jennifer Lopez]]. It was released on January 22, 2001, by [[Epic Records]]. The follow-up to her commercially successful debut ''[[On the 6]]'' (1999), Lopez had more creative control over ''J.Lo'', which was aptly titled by the nickname her fans gave her. She described it as a homage to her fans in appreciation of their support. In mid-2000, Lopez began recording the album under its working title ''The Passionate Journey'', using more of her own personal experiences as inspiration for its lyrics. Unlike ''On the 6'', the album was predominantly [[Pop music|Pop]] music, with [[Latin music|Latin]] and [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] influences. Musically, it also included 80's inspired [[retro]] pop, dance-pop, Latin pop and ballads. For the album, Lopez worked with [[Cory Rooney]], [[Troy Oliver]], [[Dan Shea (producer)|Dan Shea]] and her boyfriend at the time [[Sean Combs]], who all contributed to her debut effort.

Her first set to include a [[Parental Advisory]] sticker, ''J.Lo'' was more daring than her previous material. Lyrically, It explored deeper into [[Sexual intercourse|sexual themes]] and included explicit language. The album also explores themes such as female empowerment and facing the reality of unethical relationships. However, it became the subject to mixed critical reception. It was criticized for its lack of musical growth, along with its manufactured sound. Although, it did receive praise for its Spanish songs and "catchy" dance material. ''J.Lo ''remains Lopez's most commercially successful album, debuting atop the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] the same week her film ''[[The Wedding Planner]]'' (2001) led the United States [[box office]]. This made her the first entertainer to have a number one film and album simultaneously in the United States. ''J.Lo'' was the sixth best-selling album of the year, selling 6.8 million copies worldwide during 2001 alone.<ref>http://books.google.com.au/books?id=FBAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42&dq&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vSssUvaFI8G-lQWnzoGAAw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>

"[[Love Don't Cost a Thing (song)|Love Don't Cost a Thing]]" was released as the album's lead single in January 2001. It reached the top ten in the United States, followed by "[[Play (Jennifer Lopez song)|Play]]" which reached the top twenty. A Latin pop song entitled "[[Ain't It Funny]]" served as the third single. "[[I'm Real (song)|I'm Real]]" was released as the album's fourth and final single. To further its success, record executives at Epic recruited [[Ja Rule]] of [[Murder, Inc.]] records who was popular in the Urban market create a remix of the song, "I'm Real (Murder Remix)". The remix, which featured Ja Rule, allowed the song to reach the top of the charts in the United States, while shifting Lopez's personal style away from Pop to an Urban-oriented sound. To continue Lopez's chart success in this market, a [[Ain't it Funny (Murder Remix)|Murder Remix]] version of "Ain't It Funny" was produced as the lead single of the album's remix version, ''[[J to tha L–O! The Remixes]]'', which consisted of remixes from ''J.Lo'' and ''On the 6''. The remix album as well as "Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)" featuring Rule reached number one in the United States, capitalizing the entertainer's success during this era.

== Background and development ==
{{Quote box
|bgcolor=#FDF5E6
| quote = "It's been a couple of years since I finished my last album, so I feel like I have more experience with the whole music thing and I have more of a point of view as to exactly what I wanted to do on this album, as opposed to the last album, but I'm very excited about it"
| source = —Lopez on the album's release<ref name="Genre" />
| width = 20em
| align = left}}
Prior to the release of ''J.Lo'', Lopez had joined an elite group of limited actors to crossover successfully into the music industry <ref name="club">{{cite web|title=Puff Daddy out on bail|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/579912.stm|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=April 3, 2013|date=December 28, 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Billboard (magazine){{!}}Billboard]]|date=June 12, 1999|volume= 111| issue = 24|title=International|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=uw0EAAAAMBAJ&source=gbs_all_issues_r&cad=1|accessdate=April 3, 2013|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]], Inc.}}</ref> Inspired to pursue a music career after playing [[Selena]] in a musical biopic about the late singer [[Selena (film)|of the same time]], Lopez was signed to [[The Work Group]] and released her debut album ''[[On the 6]]'' (1999).<ref>Mendible, M. (2007). "From bananas to buttocks: the Latina body in popular film and culture". Austin: [[University of Texas Press]]. Retrieved September 4, 2012.</ref> Initially, the entertainer planned to release music in Spanish, although [[Tommy Mottola]], the head of [[Sony Music Entertainment]] at the time, suggested that she sing in English.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TxIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27&dq=jennifer+lopez+tommy+Mottola&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wQzwT9uPOJL0rAGXmJmSAg&ved=0CGEQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=jennifer%20lopez%20tommy%20Mottola&f=false |page=27 | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]], Inc. | volume=119 | number=5 | title=On the Down Lo |date=February 3, 2007 |accessdate=July 1, 2012}}</ref> Subsequently, Lopez along with [[Ricky Martin]] led a large group of Hispanics who had crossed over into mainstream music with English material, including [[Enrique Iglesias]], [[Marc Anthony]] and [[Christina Aguilera]]. At the time, this was referred to by the media as a Latin pop crossover "explosion" and "ethnic boom".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tarradell|first=Mario|title=Latin aftershocks Music's ethnic boom reshapes the Grammy landscape|journal=The Dallas Morning News|date=February 20, 2000|accessdate=April 7, 2013|publisher=A. H. Belo Corporation}}</ref> Lopez was described as "crossover royalty".<ref>{{cite web|last=Gaurino|first=Mark|title=Wild percussion, guitars lead Los Lobos' fiesta Time Out Today!|work=[[Daily Herald (Utah)|Daily Herald]]|publisher=([[Lee Enterprises]])|accessdate=November 4, 2012|page=2|date=August 11, 1999}}</ref> Musically, ''On the 6'' explored a [[Latin soul]] genre, and featured Lopez singing about love.<ref name="Back">{{cite news|last=Morales|first=Ed|title=It's Not La Vida Loca to Her|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1999/may/30/entertainment/ca-42339|accessdate=March 11, 2012|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=March 30, 1999}}</ref> It produced the number-one hit "[[If You Had My Love]]", as well as "[[Waiting for Tonight]]" which reached the top ten in the United States, among other singles. The album itself was a success, reaching number eight in the United States and selling 8,000,000 copies by 2003.<ref name="Divas" />

In April 2000, [[MTV News]] reported that Lopez, who had just finished filming a romantic comedy entitled ''[[The Wedding Planner]]'', would begin recording her second studio album after wrapping up filming for another film, ''[[Angel Eyes (film)|Angel Eyes]]'' (2001).<ref>{{cite web|last=vanHorn|first=Teri|title=Jennifer Lopez To Begin Recording Second Album|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/821097/lopez-begin-recording-second-album.jhtml|publisher=MTV News. Viacom International, Inc.|accessdate=April 12, 2013|date=April 18, 2000}}</ref> That August, Lopez told [[LaunchCast]] that the album would be titled ''My Passionate Journey''. "I'm halfway done right now. Hopefully I'll have it out by October," she said. It was reported that Lopez's boyfriend at the time, [[Sean Combs]], who co-produced some of the tracks on ''On the 6'', would contribute to the album.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rosen|first=Craig|title=Jennifer Lopez Talks New Album, Success & 'The Cell'|url=http://www.music.yahoo.ca/read/news/12051570|publisher=Yahoo! Music News|accessdate=April 12, 2013|date=August 15, 2000}}</ref> Additionally, it was also reported that [[Rodney Jerkins]], who produced "If You Had My Love", was working with Lopez. She said "I've grown musically, vocally, and everything" and wanted her second album to "be more of a reflection of who I am, my own experiences".<ref>{{cite web|title=Jennifer Lopez In Frida Kahlo Biopic?|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1436819/jennifer-lopezs-casting-kahlo.jhtml|publisher=MTV News. Viacom International, Inc.|accessdate=April 12, 2013|date=August 16, 2000}}</ref>

The album was tentatively titled ''The Passionate Journey'' and set for release in November 2000, with the first single scheduled for release in late September. Lopez revealed in August 2000: "I had a deadline, but then I went and did three movies. So I'd been writing it during the movies and getting it together. And now I'm in there recording it."<ref>http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,85441,00.html</ref> Lopez eventually decided to name the album ''J.Lo'', which was a nickname her fans called her on the streets since the beginning of her career. She titled the album this as a homage to her fans, "My fans call me J.Lo. Giving the album this title is my way of telling them that this is for them in appreciation of their support".<ref name="Personal">{{cite web|title=A whole lotta Lopez|url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Movies/Artists/L/Lopez_Jennifer/2001/01/21/759920.html|publisher=Canoe|accessdate=April 12, 2013|date=January 21, 2001}}</ref> Several artists followed this trend, such as [[Janet Jackson]] with her album ''[[Damita Jo (album)|Damita Jo]]'' (2004) and [[Mariah Carey]] with ''[[The Emancipation of Mimi]]'' (2005).<ref>{{cite web|title=Mariah: 'Call me Mimi'|url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/entertainment/mariah-call-me-mimi-177106.html|publisher=Breaking News|accessdate=April 12, 2013|date=November 22, 2004}}</ref>

Prior to releasing the album, Lopez knew how important it was to "stay fresh", wanting to innovate the music industry. She made the decision to tweak her [[public relations|public image]], dying her hair and changing her stage name to J.Lo.<ref name="Divas">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1ZGMcUEvkyEC&pg=PA104 |title=Alicia Keys, Ashanti, Beyoncé, Destiny's Child, Jennifer Lopez & Mya: Divas of the New Millennium |publisher=Amber Books Publishing |date=June 1, 2005 |accessdate=July 1, 2012|isbn=9780974977966|page=104|author=Stacy Deanne, Kelly Kenyatta, Natasha Lowery, Kwynn Sanders}}</ref> The album was released on January 23, 2001.<ref>{{cite web|title=J.Lo|url=http://www.amazon.com/J-Lo-Jennifer-Lopez/dp/B000056VIY|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=April 12, 2013}}</ref> She had "creative control" over ''J.Lo'', even more than ''On the 6'', explaining that "I really felt like this time it was even more mine".<ref name="feat">{{cite web|last=Loder|first=Kurt|title=Jennifer Lopez: j.lo's lowdown|url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/archive/j/jlo01/index2.jhtml|publisher=MTV Music. MTV Networks|accessdate=April 13, 2013}}</ref> During the album's release, Lopez began to transition into a [[sex symbol]].<ref name="Divas" /> Previously, she had been vocal in living her life while acknowledging her responsibility as a role model to youth. The entertainer stated, "I mean, I feel like you can't take on the responsibility of the world, you know? I think it's destructive [...] You start thinking, Oh God, I have to do this or do that. You have to live your life. I don't do drugs, I don't drink or smoke or do anything like that. So, those are the type of things that people like [in] role models: 'Oh, you can't be human.' You are human."<ref>{{cite web|last=Rosen|first=Craig|title=Jennifer Lopez Party Out Of Bounds|url=http://www.music.yahoo.ca/read/news/12057092|publisher=Yahoo! Music News|accessdate=April 12, 2013|date=October 27, 2000}}</ref>

== Music and lyrics ==
{{Listen
|pos = left
|filename = Jennifer Lopez - Play.ogg
|title = "Play"
|description = A twenty-second sample of "[[Play (Jennifer Lopez song)|Play]]", dance-pop song in which Lopez explicitly pleads with a DJ to "play her favorite song".<ref name="Play1" />

|filename2 = Come Over.ogg
|title2 = "Come Over"
|description2 = A thirty-second sample of "Come Over", a sexually themed ballad which was heavily compared to the works of [[Janet Jackson]]. Lopez sings lyrics such as "when you come, it gives me fever", while she whispers seductively in the background.<ref name="rs" /><ref name="Slant Magazine" />

}}
Lopez described ''J.Lo'' as a [[Pop music|Pop]] album with [[Latin music|Latin]] and [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] influences.<ref name="Genre">{{cite web|last=Rosen|first=Craig|title=Jennifer Lopez's 'J.Lo' Hits Stores Tuesday|url=http://www.music.yahoo.ca/read/news/12050340|publisher=Yahoo! Music News|accessdate=April 12, 2013|date=January 19, 2001}}</ref> This differs to ''On the 6'', which was branded by Lopez as predominantly [[Latin soul]] music.<ref name="Back">{{cite news|last=Morales|first=Ed|title=It's Not La Vida Loca to Her|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1999/may/30/entertainment/ca-42339|accessdate=March 11, 2012|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=March 30, 1999}}</ref> "I don't think what I make is real Latin pop. I make pop music that has some Latin influence. Latin pop is in Spanish," Lopez stated.<ref name="feat" /> Lyrically, the album is described as more personal and romantic than her debut album.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vincent|first=Mal|title=Jennifer's Big Week|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=VP&p_theme=vp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAFF2AEC58AF595&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|accessdate=August 3, 2012|newspaper=[[The Virginian-Pilot]]|date=January 26, 2001}}</ref> Lopez stated, "The songs reflect a lot of what I've observed and witnessed my sisters and my girlfriends going through. The songs are about having a good time and not having a good time, or partying a lot and partying too much".<ref name="Personal" /> The album opens with its lead single, "[[Love Don't Cost a Thing (song)|Love Don't Cost a Thing]]", a pop song which was produced by [[Ric Wake]]. Lyrically, Lopez sings about the "inner workings of love" in a "materialistic relationship", with lyrics such as "Think I'm gonna spend your cash? I won't" and "Even if you were broke/ My love don't cost a thing".<ref>{{cite web|last=Jocelyn|first=Vena|title=Jennifer Lopez Questioned Love On Album Before Split|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1667472/jennifer-lopez-love.jhtml|publisher=MTV News. Viacom International, Inc.|accessdate=February 11, 2013|date=July 19, 2011}}</ref><ref name="ABOUTp">{{cite web|last=Dinh|first=James|title=J.Lo Contemplates 'Love' (And Love?) Through The Years|url=http://newsroom.mtv.com/2011/05/03/jlo-contemplates-love-and-love-through-the-years/|publisher=MTV Newsroom. Viacom International, Inc.|accessdate=February 11, 2013|date=May 3, 2011}}</ref> "[[I'm Real (song)|I'm Real]]" is a [[retro]] pop song composed by Lopez with [[Cory Rooney]] and [[Troy Oliver]], which was compared to [[Janet Jackson]] in her ''[[Control (Janet Jackson album)|Control]]'' (1986) era.<ref name="Slant Magazine" /> In the song, Lopez offers her lover a "good time" as long as he doesn't "ask me where I've been", while a male voice chants in the background "She's a bad, bad bitch".<ref name="rs" />

"[[Play (Jennifer Lopez song)|Play]]" is a [[dance-pop]] track which received production from Swedish producers, [[Arnthor Birgisson]] and [[Anders Bagge]]. It was written by [[Christina Milian]] before her debut as a recording artist, who also appears as a back-up singer.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mytton|first=Leigh|title=Milian charts pop success|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2057502.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=April 5, 2013|date=June 21, 2002}}</ref> On the track, Lopez pleas with a nightclub DJ to "play her favorite song" over a shuffling [[electric guitar]] and dance beat. It has been described as "[[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]-esque".<ref name="Play1">{{cite journal|title=Jennifer Lopez gets better with 'J.Lo'|journal=[[Telegram & Gazette]]|date=February 4, 2001|accessdate=April 5, 2013|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]}}</ref> "Walking on Sunshine", one of the four songs on the album produced by [[Sean Combs]], is an uptempo dance song which also maintains the retro sound of "I'm Real". "[[Ain't it Funny]]" is a Latin-pop song which returns Lopez to her "Latin roots". Written by Lopez and Cory, it contains lyrics about "creating the perfect romance in your mind, then facing reality when Mr. Right is less than ideal".<ref name="BB">{{cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Chuck|title=Reviews & Previews|journal=Billboard|date=December 22, 2001|volume= 113| issue = 51|page=18|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=dhIEAAAAMBAJ&q=Jennifer+Lopez+Ain%27t+it+Funny#v=snippet&q=Jennifer%20Lopez%20Ain't%20it%20Funny&f=false|accessdate=April 9, 2013|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]], Inc}}</ref>

Her first bilingual album, ''J.Lo'' contains Spanish songs such as "Cariño", "Si Ya Se Acabo" and "Dame (Touch Me)", a duet with Latin recording artist [[Chayanne]]. "Cariño" is described by Lopez as "a cha-cha-inspired, Latin-y pop track", which took "forever" to write. The term "Cariño" means "love and affection", and according to Lopez, "It's when you touch and it's very affectionate. You can also call someone cariño".<ref name="feat" /> "That's Not Me" is a dramatic song about self-empowerment, also composed by Combs, which has an arrangement of an acoustic guitar, piano and a "complex" vocal arrangement.<ref name="Slant Magazine" /> Another aspect of the album are sexually themed ballads. [[Slant Magazine]] and ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' heavily compared these ballads to Janet Jackson. Over instruments such as chimes and finger-snaps, "Come Over" is a song about "forbidden lust", with lyrics including "I love when you come over/ And when you come it gives me fever", as well as whispers in the background such as asking her lover to give her a "sweet kiss on my thigh".<ref name="rs" /><ref name="Slant Magazine" /> In "Secretly", the entertainer praises a "guy whom she can smell across the room".<ref name="rs" /> Later, Jackson herself, whom Lopez worked for as a back-up dancer in the early 90s, lauded "Secretly" as her favorite Lopez song.<ref>{{cite web|title=Living Single (Janet Jackson Interview)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gCYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA100&dq=This+Is+Me...+Then+jennifer+lopez+million+copies&hl=en&sa=X&ei=s03xT_70N8z3rAG1hqG1Cg&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=This%20Is%20Me...%20Then%20jennifer%20lopez%20million%20copies&f=false|work=[[Vibe (magazine){{!}}Vibe]]|publisher=[[InterMedia Partners]]|accessdate=June 7, 2012|page=100|date=May 2001}}</ref> In July 2001, ''J.Lo'' was re-released with a remix version of "I'm Real", entitled "I'm Real (Murder Remix)". It was developed by and features rapper [[Ja Rule]] of [[Murder, Inc.]]. The [[Urban music|urban]] oriented remix shifted Lopez to more of a pure R&B sound.<ref name="Hot Crossover">{{cite web|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|title=Ja Rule Helps J. Lo Deliver Hot Crossover Joints|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1448513/ja-rule-helps-j-lo-deliver.jhtml|publisher=MTV News. Viacom International, Inc.|accessdate=April 12, 2013|date=August 29, 2001}}</ref>

{{Quote box
|bgcolor=#FDF5E6
| quote = "It's J. Lo now because of 'I'm Real'. It's gonna put her in another zone. After this one, they gonna be expecting hot crossover R&B joints from J. Lo. They ain't gonna want the pop version of J. Lo no more, they gonna want the 'I'm Real' version."
| source = —[[Ja Rule]] on the impact "I'm Real (Murder Remix)" had on Lopez's music style.<ref name="Hot Crossover" />
| width = 20em
| align = right}}

=== Controversy ===
The "Murder Remix" version of "I'm Real" features Lopez using the word [[nigga]]. This caused backlash, with people calling it [[racism|racist]]. While being interviewed by ''[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]]'', Lopez stated, "For anyone to think or suggest that I'm racist is really absurd and hateful to me. The use of the word in the song, it was actually written by Ja Rule, it was not meant to be hurtful to anybody".<ref>{{cite web|title=Billboard Bits: Wilco, J-Lo, Windham Hill|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/79114/billboard-bits-wilco-j-lo-windham-hill|work=Billboard|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]], Inc|accessdate=April 12, 2013}}</ref> Later, Rule was confused as to why Lopez "received flack" for using the track. The rapper thought it was "silly" and said, "I think the whole thing, like everything else, is being blown out of proportion. She's not the first Latino to use that word on a record, and it's never been an issue before. I think it's just that she's a very high-profile star and it's something to let people get a chance to poke at her."<ref>{{cite web|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|title=Ja Rule Defends J. Lo, Gets Stevie Wonder Seal Of Approval For New Cut|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1445967/ja-rule-preps-pain-love.jhtml|publisher=MTV News. Viacom International, Inc.|accessdate=April 12, 2013|date=August 3, 2001}}</ref> Furthermore, ''J.Lo'' was also criticized for its overtly sexual lyrics in spite of Lopez's preteen fanbase.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Bye, J.Lo! Forget this seedy disc|journal=[[The Indianapolis Star]]|date=February 4, 2001|page=9|accessdate=April 5, 2013|publisher=Gannett Company}}</ref>

{{Listen
|pos = left
|filename = J-Lo - I'm Real.ogg
|title = "I'm Real"
|description = A thirty-second sample of "[[I'm Real (song)|I'm Real]]", which heavily uses an interpolation of [[Yellow Magic Orchestra]]'s song "Firecracker".<ref name="Mottola theft2" />
}}

The original version of "I'm Real" is based around a sample of the [[Yellow Magic Orchestra]]'s song "[[Yellow Magic Orchestra (album)|Firecracker]]", using an [[interpolation (music)|interpolation]] throughout introduction and chorus. Tommy Mottola, in addition to being the head of Sony, was the head of [[Columbia Records]], which recording artist [[Mariah Carey]] had left at the time. Mottola, Carey's ex-husband, heard the sampling of "Firecracker" in a trailer for Corey's musical film ''[[Glitter (film)|Glitter]]'' (2001). According to [[The Inc. Records|The Inc.]]'s [[Irv Gotti]], Mottola knew of Carey's usage of the "Firecracker" sample, and attempted to have Lopez use the same sample before her.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mariah 'Ripped Off' Twice on Same Record|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,49437,00.html|work=''[[Fox News Channel|Fox News]]''|publisher=[[News Corporation]]|date=April 4, 2002|accessdate=May 28, 2011}}</ref> When the music publisher's for "Firecracker" were questioned, they admitted Carey had licensed usage of the sample first, and Lopez had signed for it over one month later, under Mottola's arrangement.<ref name="Mottola theft2">{{cite web|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6WRWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cfIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6642,5453173&dq=mariah+carey+loverboy+jennifer+lopez&hl=en|title=Mariah Carey Is Still In No mood To Talk|last=Kresse|first=Jim|work=[[The Spokesman-Review]]|publisher=[[Cowles Publishing Company]]|date=July 9, 2001|accessdate=June 19, 2011}}</ref> Following the scandal, Carey was unable to use the sample. Also according to Gotti, Mottola contacted him with instructions to create an additional song that sounded exactly like another ''Glitter'' track he produced, titled "If We" featuring rappers [[Ja Rule]] and [[Nate Dogg]].<ref name="Mottola theft2" />

== Promotion ==
The audio [[Compact Disc|CD]] of ''J.Lo'' was "equipped" with special technology, which allowed buyers to access exclusive bonus features via Lopez's official website. Fans could place their CD in their CD-ROM drive of a computer and go to the entertainer's website where they would "unlock" a "secret" area of the site, which would contain the features. Lopez appeared on various television shows and performed live on several occasions to promote the album.<ref name="Secret Code" /> On January 12, 2001, the entertainer appeared on ''[[Top of the Pops]]'', performing singles such as "Love Don't Cost a Thing" and "Play".<ref>{{Cite episode |title= |episodelink= |series=[[Top of the Pops]] |serieslink= |credits=Executive producer: [[Chris Cowey]]; |network=[[BBC One]] |station= |date=January 12, 2001|season= |seriesno= |number= |minutes= |quote= |language=}}</ref> On January 24, Lopez appeared at the [[Virgin Megastore]] on [[Sunset Boulevard]], Los Angeles. Fans who purchased the album at 12 a.m. only would exclusively be given the chance to get Lopez's autograph.<ref name="Secret Code">{{cite web|last=Ashare|first=Matt|title=Jennifer Lopez Returns With 'J.Lo' And 'The Wedding Planner'|url=http://www.music.yahoo.ca/read/news/12045296|publisher=Yahoo! Music News|accessdate=April 12, 2013|date=January 23, 2001}}</ref> Lopez traveled to Australia briefly to promote ''J.Lo''. According to the ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' who wrote about her visit years later, she arrived in "true superstar style", "Her press conference at the Boomerang mansion in Elizabeth Bay was an absolute circus of beefy security guards (watching over J.Lo's arrival by boat), gushing publicists and one of the largest entertainment media packs I've ever seen".<ref>{{cite web|last=Sams|first=Christine|title=Lopez show hits road for encore|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/Music/Lopez-show-hits-road-for-encore/2005/01/16/1105810769148.html|work=Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=April 12, 2013|date=January 17, 2005}}</ref>

On February 10, 2001, Lopez was the musical guest and host of ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''. She appeared in comedy sketches as well as performing songs from the album, in her second appearance on the television series.<ref>{{cite web|last=Atwood|first=Brett|title=Jennifer Lopez To Host & Perform On 'Saturday Night Live'|url=http://www.music.yahoo.ca/read/news/12033390|publisher=Yahoo! Music News|accessdate=April 12, 2013|date=February 9, 2001}}</ref> Elsewhere, she appeared on ''[[Live with Regis|Live! With Regis]]'', ''[[The Tonight Show With Jay Leno]]'', ''[[The Late Show With David Letterman]]'', ''[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]]'' and the [[43rd Grammy Awards]], among other television appearances.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ashare|first=Matt|title=Jennifer Lopez Returns With 'J.Lo' And 'The Wedding Planner'|url=http://www.music.yahoo.ca/read/news/12045296|publisher=Yahoo! Music News|accessdate=April 12, 2013|date=January 23, 2001}}</ref> That February, Lopez performed "Love Don't Cost a Thing" and "Play" at a special ''[[Total Request Live]]'' event, [[CBS Sports]] Presents: MTV's TRL The Super Bowl Sunday, which occurred in [[Tampa, Florida]] at [[The NFL Experience]] theme park.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Before and After the Game|journal=[[The Daytona Beach News-Journal]]|date=January 28, 2001|accessdate=February 13, 2013|publisher=[[Halifax Media Group]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Peterson|first=Jennifer|title=MTV and CBS Team Up For 'TRL' Special|accessdate=February 13, 2013|newspaper=[[Dayton Daily News]]|date=January 23, 2001}}</ref> At the [[2001 MTV Video Music Awards]], held days before [[9/11]] on September 6, Lopez performed "Love Don't Cost a Thing" as well as "I'm Real (Murder Remix)", where she was joined by Ja Rule.<ref>{{cite web|title='Lady Marmalade,' 'N Sync top MTV awards|url=http://app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2001/0913/ls12-1.html|work=[[Shanghai Star]]|date=September 13, 2001}}</ref>

From September 22–23, 2001, Lopez performed a set of two concerts in Puerto Rico, entitled [[Let's Get Loud (concerts)|Let's Get Loud]]. These served as the first concerts of her career, in which she was, "flanked by a 10-piece orchestra, a five-person choir and 11 dancers". It would later air as a special on [[NBC]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Wiederhorn|first=Jon|title=J. Lo's Puerto Rico Concerts Set For DVD|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1451676/j-los-puerto-rico-concerts-set-dvd.jhtml|publisher=MTV News. Viacom International, Inc.|accessdate=February 13, 2013|date=January 7, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.whdh.com/features/articles/buzz/32/|title=The Buzz"Jennifer Lopez in Concert|date=November 20, 2001|accessdate=September 6, 2010|work=WHDH Boston|publisher=Sunbeam Television Corporation}}</ref> Later, a [[DVD]] of the concert entitled ''[[Jennifer Lopez: Let's Get Loud]]'' was released on February 11, 2003, and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of 500,000.<ref>{{cite web|title=RIAA - Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - Lopez, Jennifer|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=Lopez,_Jennifer|publisher=Recording Industry Association of America|accessdate=April 13, 2013}}</ref>

== Singles ==
{{Listen
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|filename = Ain't It Funny.ogg
|title = "Ain't it Funny"
|description = A twenty-three second sample of the original version of "Ain't it Funny". It was written for the film ''[[The Wedding Planner]]'', although rejected for having too much of a Latin sound.
}}
On November 16, 2000, Lopez globally premiered "Love Don't Cost a Thing" as the album's first single at the [[MTV Europe Video Music Awards]].<ref name="FPE">{{cite web|last=Basham|first=David|title=Madonna, Eminem Lead American Romp Through EMAs|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1428564/madonna-eminem-lead-american-romp-through-emas.jhtml|publisher=MTV News. Viacom International, Inc.|accessdate=February 13, 2013|date=November 17, 2000}}</ref> It was released as a single that December.<ref>{{cite web|title=Love Don't Cost a Thing - EP|url=http://itunes.apple.com/de/album/love-dont-cost-a-thing-ep/id407714156|publisher=iTunes. Apple, Inc.|accessdate=February 13, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jennifer's CD made Puffy Pushy|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/nypost/access/68889320.html?dids=68889320:68889320&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+12%2C+2000&author=&pub=New+York+Post&desc=JENNIFER'S+CD+MADE+PUFFY+PUSHY&pqatl=google|work=[[New York Post]]|publisher=Paul Carlucci|accessdate=February 13, 2013|date=December 12, 2000}}</ref> The song received mixed feedback from critics. ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' noted its bold female empowerment message,<ref name="EW">{{cite web|last=Weingarten|first=Marc|title=Love Don't Cost a Thing Review|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,93406,00.html|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=[[Time Warner]]|accessdate=February 10, 2013|date=December 31, 2000}}</ref> while Slant Magazine called it a "cheap".<ref name="Slant Magazine" /> "Love Don't Cost a Thing" was a wide commercial success, reaching the top ten of most music markets internationally; most notably reaching number one in the United Kingdom.<ref name="UK Stats" /> It peaked at number three in the United States, making it her third top-ten hit at the time.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Vol. 113, No. 8|title=Hot 100 |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=NxQEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Billboard+Hot+100+December+9+2000&source=gbs_all_issues_r&cad=1|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|accessdate=February 12, 2013|pages=96|date=February 24, 2001}}</ref> A notorious video directed by [[Paul Hunter]] was released. It featured Lopez frolicking on the beach after her wealthy lover stands her up once again. It featured [[Cris Judd]] as a back-up dancer.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carter|first=Kelly|title=Cris Judd gets ready for his TV close-up|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2003-02-18-judd_x.htm|work=[[USA Today]]|publisher=Gannett Company|accessdate=February 11, 2013|date=February 18, 2003}}</ref> Lopez and Judd became close during the video's production, and soon began a relationship after she split from Sean Combs.<ref name="PDI">{{cite web|last=Gallardo|first=Ricky|title=It doesn't cost a thing to love Jennifer Lopez|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vKU2AAAAIBAJ&sjid=hSUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2852,29255881&dq=jennifer+lopez+love+don-t+cost+a+thing+cris+judd&hl=en|work=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc.|accessdate=February 11, 2013|date=March 17, 2001}}</ref> "Play" was released on March 27, 2001, as the second single from ''J.Lo''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Play - EP|url=http://itunes.apple.com/my/album/play-ep/id457269415|publisher=[[iTunes]]|accessdate=April 5, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bowers|first=Katherine|title=How J.Lo can you go? Plenty, with new line|journal=[[The Dallas Morning News]]|date=May 3, 2001|accessdate=April 5, 2013|publisher=[[A. H. Belo Corporation]]}}</ref> Although not as much of a success as "Love Don't Cost a Thing", "Play" was a commercial success internationally, while peaking at number 18 in the United States. It performed strongly on the [[Hot 100 Airplay]] chart, reaching number seven.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Billboard Hot 100|journal=Billboard|date=May 19, 2001|volume= 113| issue = 20|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=BhQEAAAAMBAJ&q=Jennifer+Lopez+Play#v=snippet&q=Jennifer%20Lopez%20Play&f=false|accessdate=April 5, 2013|publisher=Neilsen Business Media}}</ref> A [[Francis Lawrence]]-directed "futuristic" themed music video for "Play" was released. It similarly featured Judd as a back-up dancer. Eventually, a few months after, Judd would become her next husband.<ref name=2ndweddingdetails>{{cite web|url=http://www.lovetripper.com/bridal/wedding-database/lopez-judd.html |title=Jennifer Lopez and Cris Judd Wedding |publisher=Lovetripper.com |date=September 29, 2001 |accessdate=April 1, 2012}}</ref>

On June 20, 2001, the Latin pop inspired "Ain't it Funny" was released as the third single from ''J.Lo''. It was originally written for the soundtrack of ''[[The Wedding Planner]]'', a film Lopez starred in. However, [[Adam Shankman]], the director, chose not to include it in the film because it had too much Latin influence, and "Love Don't Cost a Thing" was used instead.<ref name="Billboard Book of Number One Hits">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PgGqNrqfrsoC&pg=PT931&lpg=PT931 |title=The Billboard Book of Number One Hits: Updated and Expanded 5Th Edition – Fred Bronson – Google Boeken |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=April 7, 2013}}</ref> Although "Ain't it Funny" did not chart on the Hot 100, it was a success worldwide, reaching the top ten in multiple countries, including the United Kingdom where it peaked at number three. It was her second consecutive single to reach number three there, after "Play".<ref name="UK Stats">{{cite web|title=Jennifer Lopez {{!}} Artist|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/jennifer%20lopez/|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=April 5, 2013}}</ref> That July, following the album's re-release with the addition of "I'm Real (Murder Remix)", the new track along with the original version of "I'm Real" were simultaneously released as one single. Two music videos produced. "I'm Real (Murder Remix)", however, had more of an impact on the charts. This allowed the single reached number one in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Hot 100|journal=Billboard|date=September 8, 2001|volume= 113| issue = 36|page=95|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=GxQEAAAAMBAJ&q=I%27m+Real+Airplay#v=snippet&q=I'm%20Real%20Airplay&f=false|accessdate=April 13, 2013|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]], Inc}}</ref>

== Commercial performance ==
The album remains Lopez's most successful to date. For the week ending January 31, 2001, ''J.Lo'' debuted at number one on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] and the ''Billboard'' [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] chart with first-week sales of 272,300 copies. ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' said it was a "a somewhat modest arrival given the publicity machinery behind the album". Doing so, Lopez ended [[The Beatles]]' eight-week rein at number one with their greatest hits album ''[[1 (Beatles album)|1]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dansby|first=Andrew|title=J.Lo Dethrones Beatles|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/j-lo-dethrones-beatles-20010131|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Jan Wenner|accessdate=April 12, 2013|date=January 31, 2001}}</ref> This week, Lopez's feature film ''[[The Wedding Planner]]'' debuted at number one in the United States box office after grossing $13.5 million during its opening weekend. This made Lopez the first entertainer in history to have a number one film and album at the same time.<ref>{{cite web|last=vanHorn|first=Teri|title=Jennifer Lopez Tops With Moviegoers, Music Buyers|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1438890/jennifer-lopez-tops-with-moviegoers-music-buyers.jhtml|publisher=MTV News. Viacom International, Inc.|accessdate=April 13, 2013|date=January 30, 2001}}</ref><ref name="timeTyrangiel">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1093638,00.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090301064251/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1093638,00.html |archivedate=March 1, 2009 |title=Jennifer Lopez |author=[[Josh Tyrangiel]] |accessdate=January 13, 2007 |work=Time |date=August 13, 2005}}</ref> Lopez became the first female solo artist under [[Epic Records]] to reach the number one spot of the ''Billboard'' 200, joining other Epic artists such as [[Michael Jackson]], [[Pearl Jam]] and [[Sly & the Family Stone]] among others. Additionally, ''J.Lo'' was the first number one album of the year 2001.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Billboard 200|journal=Billboard|date=February 10, 2001|volume= 113| issue = 6|page=88|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ghMEAAAAMBAJ&q=Jennifer+Lopez+J.Lo#v=snippet&q=Jennifer%20Lopez%20J.Lo&f=false|accessdate=April 13, 2013|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]], Inc}}</ref> During its second week, the album slipped to number two on the ''Billboard'' 200.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Shaggy Wrests No. 1 Away From J. Lo|journal=Billboard|date=February 7, 2001|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/80655/shaggy-wrests-no-1-away-from-j-lo|accessdate=April 13, 2013|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]], Inc}}</ref> In its third week, ''J.Lo'' sold 134,000 copies and fell to number four. [[MTV News]] reported its sales after three weeks of availability to have exceeding 586,000 copies.<ref>{{cite web|last=Basham|first=David|title=Hotshot Shaggy Holds On To #1|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1439382/hotshot-shaggy-holds-on-1.jhtml|publisher=MTV News. Viacom International, Inc.|accessdate=April 13, 2013|date=February 14, 2001}}</ref> The following week, the album sold 130,000 copies, remaining in the chart's top five.<ref>{{cite web|last=Basham|first=David|title=Shaggy, Beatles Hold Strong On Albums Chart|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1439618/shaggy-beatles-hold-strong-on-albums-chart.jhtml|publisher=MTV News. Viacom International, inc.|accessdate=April 13, 2013|date=February 21, 2001}}</ref> For the ''Billboard'' issue of March 17, 2001, ''J.Lo'' dropped out of the chart's top ten, falling to number 17.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Billboard|journal=Billboard|date=March 17, 2001|volume= 113| issue = 11|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RxQEAAAAMBAJ&q=Jennifer+Lopez+#v=onepage&q=Jennifer%20Lopez&f=false|accessdate=April 13, 2013|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]], Inc}}</ref> For the week of April 7, 2001, ''J.Lo'' fell out of the ''Billboard'' 200's top 40.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Billboard|journal=Billboard|date=April 7, 2001|volume= 113| issue = 14|page=50|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=uBMEAAAAMBAJ&q=Jennifer+Lopez#v=snippet&q=Jennifer%20Lopez&f=false|accessdate=April 13, 2013|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]], Inc}}</ref>

After being re-released with the addition of the number one single "I'm Real (Murder Remix)", ''J.Lo'' began climbing the US charts once more.<ref name="Hot Crossover" /> It was certified triple Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of 3,000,000 copies.<ref name="albumcertification">{{cite web |url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS |title=Jennifer Lopez – J.Lo – RIAA certification|work=RIAA |publisher=Recording Industry Association of America |date=February 28, 2001|accessdate=2010-04-16}}</ref> For the week of September 1, 2001, the album had re-entered the top ten at number ten, where it remained for two weeks.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Billboard 200|journal=Billboard|date=September 1, 2001|volume= 113| issue = 35|page=66|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=8xEEAAAAMBAJ&q=Jennifer+Lopez#v=snippet&q=Jennifer%20Lopez&f=false|accessdate=April 13, 2013|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]], Inc}}</ref> Overall, ''J.Lo'' was the eleventh best-selling record of the year in the United States, with sales of 3.03 million copies.<ref>{{cite web|last=Basham|first=David|title=Got Charts? Linkin Park, Shaggy, 'NSYNC Are 2001's Top-Sellers|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1451664/got-charts-analyzing-2001s-top-sellers.jhtml|publisher=MTV News. Viacom International, Inc.|accessdate=April 13, 2013|date=January 4, 2002}}</ref> On October 31, 2003, the album was certified quadruple Platinum for shipments of 4,000,000 copies in the United States.<ref name="albumcertification"/> By February 2002, ''J.Lo'' had reached sales of 3,180,000 units in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|last=Basham|first=David|title=Got Charts? J. Lo Gives Remixes A Good Name; R&B Ladies Face Off|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1452313/got-charts-j-lo-mix.jhtml|publisher=MTV News (Viacom International, Inc.)|accessdate=June 18, 2013|date=February 14, 2002}}</ref> In June 2013, Gary Trust of ''Billboard'' revealed that ''J.Lo'' had now sold a total of 3,800,000 copies in the United States.<ref name="Updated US">{{cite web|last=Trust|first=Gary|title=Ask Billboard: Robin Thicke Makes Chart History|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/955571/ask-billboard-analyzing-american-idol|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=June 12, 2013|date=June 11, 2013}}</ref>

''J.Lo'' also experienced a large amount of commercial success internationally. In Canada, the album sold over 100,000 copies in its first week alone, instantly being certified Platinum by the [[Canadian Recording Industry Association]]. Additionally, it debuted and peaked atop the [[Canadian Albums Chart]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cantin|first=Paul|title=Lopez, O-Town collect Platinum, Gold|url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Movies/Artists/L/Lopez_Jennifer/2001/02/02/759914.html|publisher=Canoe|accessdate=April 13, 2013|date=February 2, 2001}}</ref> In total, it sold 200,000 copies in Canada, certified double Platinum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cria.ca/gold/1001_g.php|title=Gold & Platinum Certification – October 2001|publisher=Canadian Recording Industry Association|accessdate=August 17, 2010 }}</ref> The album peaked at number two on the [[UK Singles Chart]], and remains her most successful album there, remaining on the chart for 48 weeks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jennifer Lopez {{!}} Artist|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/jennifer%20lopez/|publisher=[[The Official UK Charts Company]]|accessdate=April 13, 2013}}</ref> It was eventually certified Platinum by the [[British Phonographic Industry]] for sales of over 300,000.<ref name=bpi>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx|title=BPI Certified Awards Search|publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]]|accessdate=April 9, 2009|format=To access, enter the search parameter "Jennifer Lopez" and select "Search by Keyword"}}</ref> For the week commencing February 5, 2001, ''J.Lo'' was the highest-selling album throughout Europe.<ref name="Europe" /> It also peaked at number one in Poland, Switzerland and Greece.<ref name="SWISS" /> The album had its longest European chart run in France. After entering and peaking at number six on the [[French Albums Chart]], it spent a total of 70 weeks charting, last appearing on September 28, 2002, after two re-entries.<ref>{{cite web|title=lescharts.com - Jennifer Lopez - J.Lo|url=http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Jennifer+Lopez&titel=J%2ELo&cat=a|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=April 13, 2013}}</ref> ''J.Lo'' entered the [[Australian Albums Chart]] at number two on February 4, 2001. It remained in the top ten for six weeks, and in the top forty for 26 weeks including re-entries.<ref>{{cite web|title=australian-charts.com - Jennifer Lopez - J.Lo|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Jennifer+Lopez&titel=J%2ELo&cat=a|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=April 13, 2013}}</ref> It was certified double platinum by the [[Australian Recording Industry Association]] for sales of 140,000.<ref name="Australia's certification on J.Lo">{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-albums-2001.htm|title= ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2001 Albums|work=ARIA Charts|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|accessdate=October 18, 2009}}</ref> ''J.Lo'' was certified double Platinum in other countries including New Zealand<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp?chartNum=1297&chartKind=A|title=New Zealand Music Charts: Chart#1297 (Sunday, February 24, 2002)|publisher=Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|accessdate=April 28, 2011}}</ref> and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2003|title=The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community|work=''swisscharts.com''|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=February 24, 2011}}</ref>

==Critical response==
{{Album reviews
| rev1 = [[Allmusic]]
|rev1Score = {{rating|3|5}}<ref name="allmusic"/>
| rev2 = ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''
|rev2Score = (favorable)<ref name="metacritic"/>
| rev3 = ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''
|rev3Score = C−<ref name="ew"/>
| rev4 = ''[[NME]]''
|rev4Score = (3/10)<ref name="NME"/>
| rev5 = ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]''
|rev5Score = {{rating|2|5}}<ref name="metacritic"/>
| rev6 = ''[[Rolling Stone]]''
|rev6Score = {{rating|2.5|5}}<ref name="rs"/>
| rev7 = [[Slant Magazine]]
|rev7Score = {{rating|3|5}}<ref name="Slant Magazine"/>
| rev8 = [[Wall of Sound (record label)|Wall of Sound]]
|rev8Score = {{rating|2.5|5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wallofsound.go.com/reviews/stories/jenniferlopez_jloIndex.html|title=Wall of Sound Review: J.Lo|author=Josh Freedom du Lac|publisher=[[Wall of Sound (record label)|Wall of Sound]]|accessdate=2012-07-24|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20010330204656/http://wallofsound.go.com/reviews/stories/jenniferlopez_jloIndex.html|archivedate=2001-03-30|deadurl=yes}}</ref>
| rev9 = [[Yahoo! Music|Yahoo! Music UK]]
|rev9Score = {{rating|2.5|5}}<ref name="yahoo!">{{cite web|url=http://uk.launch.yahoo.com/l_reviews_a/17555.html|title=Jennifer Lopez – 'J-Lo'|last=Barnes|first=Jake|date=January 24, 2001|work=Yahoo! Music|publisher=[[Yahoo!]]|accessdate=2010-04-16|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20040625113301/http://uk.launch.yahoo.com/l_reviews_a/17555.html|archivedate=2004-06-25|deadurl=yes}}</ref>
}}
''J.Lo'' received generally mixed reviews from [[music critics]].<ref name="metacritic">{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/j-lo/jennifer-lopez/critic-reviews|title=Critic Reviews for J. Lo|publisher=Metacritic|accessdate=April 16, 2010}}</ref> [[Stephen Thomas Erlewine]] of [[Allmusic]] said it is "essentially the same album" as ''On the 6'', "only a little longer with a little less focus and not as many memorable songs". While describing Lopez as "musically a mixed bag", he said, "Its longer running time makes it a little less appealing than its predecessor, yet it has just about the same number of strong songs".<ref name="allmusic">{{cite web|title=J.Lo|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/j-lo-mw0000103727|publisher=[[Allmusic]]. Alrovi corporation|accessdate=April 13, 2013}}</ref> Erlewine criticized the album's lack of variety, stating that the music and vocals "remain the same from song to song, with the occasional Latin cut thrown in to vary the rhythm somewhat. Since both the production and Lopez play it cool, not hot".<ref name="allmusic" /> [[Sonic.net]] said in its positive review of the album, "J.Lo has a feisty, damn-I-know-I'm-all-that attitude, combined with pulsating, insistent beats that leap out of the speakers and make you wanna move".<ref name="metacritic" /> ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''{{'}}s Tom Sinclair gave the album an unfavorable review, writing that Lopez "seems lost amid the cluttered, high-gloss arrangements. A glance at the CD booklet offers amusing confirmation that there were plenty of cooks in the kitchen". He said her vocals "seems to be in key", although she's "clearly no Aretha". However, Sinclair did feel that Lopez "deserves props" for the Spanish language songs, such as "Dame" and "Si Ya Se Acabó", although said she "aims for the lowest common denominator" by "cooing" about love and sex.<ref name=ew>{{cite web|last=Sinclair|first=Tom|title=Album Review: 'J.Lo' Review|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,279680,00.html|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=[[Time Warner]]|accessdate=April 13, 2013|date=February 9, 2001}}</ref>

Jon Pareles of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' was also mixed, stating that "most of the music sounds like jigsaw puzzles: showers of tiny bits and pieces that interlock as complex, coherent songs".<ref name="rs">{{cite news|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/j-lo-20010205|title=Jennifer Lopez: J. Lo : Music Reviews : Rolling Stone|last=Pareles|first=Jon|date=February 5, 2001|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|publisher=[[Jann Wenner]]|accessdate=April 16, 2010}}</ref> Pareles compared Lopez's vocals on ballads such as "Come Over" to that of [[Janet Jackson]]'s. He also disapproaved of the Latin-pop tracks such as "Ain't it Funny" and "Si Ya Se Acabó", "She piles on Hispanic signifiers ... only to sound like she's repeatedly remaking [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]'s "[[La Isla Bonita|Isla Bonita]]".<ref name="rs"/> ''[[NME]]'''s Christian Ward, on the other hand, was negative, "you begin to wonder: does this woman actually exist, or was she dreamed up by some demographic-hugging, zeitgeist-fellating exec who saw a gap in the market between, like, Janet Jackson and Gloria Estefan?"<ref name="NME">{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/reviews/jennifer-lopez/3951|title=Jennifer Lopez : J.Lo|last=Ward|first=Christian|date=February 5, 2001|work=NME|publisher=Media Entertainment Network|accessdate=April 16, 2010}}</ref>

[[Slant Magazine]]'s Sal Cinquemani said, "Lopez is a child of the '80s [...] So it's not surprising that so many of the tracks on her sophomore effort, J. Lo, sound like they're straight out of 1986". He compared ''J.Lo'' to Janet Jackson's ''[[Control (Janet Jackson album)|Control]]'', while calling the album "a mixed bag: part retro dance-pop, part prescription R&B, and part Latin. But Lopez's voice seems best suited for dance-pop rather than R&B and, judging from this album, it's where her heart is too". Cinquemani praised the "empowerment" track "That's Not Me", "While Lopez's voice has never been her fortune, she manages to pull this one off, and the effect is almost operatic". Overall, he called the album "Ok-Lo".<ref name="Slant Magazine">{{cite web|last=Cinquemani|first=Sal|title=Jennifer Lopez: J.Lo|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/jennifer-lopez-j-lo/208|publisher=[[Slant Magazine]]|accessdate=April 13, 2013|date=February 11, 2001}}</ref> Mike Ross of [[Canoe.ca]] was generally unfavorable writing, "Like cotton candy, this music is made from air, sugar and artificial colour". Ross felt that the album's only good aspects were its Spanish tracks and "Come Over", which he said is "guaranteed to steam up a few bedroom windows".<ref>{{cite web|last=Ross|first=Mike|title=J.Lo|url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/L/Lopez_Jennifer/AlbumReviews/2001/01/20/771294.html|publisher=[[Canoe.ca]]. [[Quebecor Media]]|accessdate=April 14, 2013|date=January 20, 2001}}</ref>

== Remix version ==
{{Main|J to tha L–O! The Remixes}}
In December 2001, it was announced that Lopez would release a remix album of ''J.Lo''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|title=J. Lo Teams With Ja Rule Again For Remix Disc|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1451547/j-lo-teams-with-ja-rule-again.jhtml|publisher=MTV News. Viacom International, Inc.|accessdate=April 9, 2013|date=December 18, 2001}}</ref> According to Cory Rooney, "We had changed the sound of Jennifer Lopez [with "I'm Real"] and we didn't have anything else on the [''J.Lo''] album we could release as a single. We had to do another remix to keep the momentum going".<ref name="Billboard Book of Number One Hits">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PgGqNrqfrsoC&pg=PT931&lpg=PT931 |title=The Billboard Book of Number One Hits: Updated and Expanded 5Th Edition – Fred Bronson – Google Boeken |publisher=Google Books|date= |accessdate=April 7, 2013}}</ref> After the success of "I'm Real (Murder Remix)", Lopez once again recruited Ja Rule for a remix version of "Ain't it Funny".<ref name="Hot Crossover" /> Prior to the release of ''[[J to tha L–O! The Remixes]]'', "[[Ain't it Funny (Murder Remix)]]" was released and peaked at number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 for six weeks, one of the most successful singles of Lopez's career. The remix album debuted atop the ''Billboard'' 200 with first-week sales of 156,000 copies. It became the first number one remix album in the United States.<ref name="Finally">{{cite journal|title=Hot 100|journal=Billboard|date=March 9, 2002|volume= 114| issue = 10|page=80|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=SBAEAAAAMBAJ&q=Jennifer+Lopez+Ain%27t+it+Funny#v=snippet&q=Jennifer%20Lopez%20Ain't%20it%20Funny&f=false|accessdate=April 9, 2013|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]], Inc}}</ref>

==Track listings==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| writing_credits = yes
| total_length = 61:30

| title1 = [[Love Don't Cost a Thing (song)|Love Don't Cost a Thing]]
| writer1 = {{flat list|
*[[Damon Sharpe]]
*Greg Lawson
*Georgette Franklin
*Jeremy Monroe
*Amille D. Harris}}
| extra1 = {{flat list|
*[[Ric Wake]]
*Richie Jones{{ref|a|[a]}}
*[[Cory Rooney]]{{ref|a|[a]}}}}
| length1 = 3:41

| title2 = [[I'm Real (song)|I'm Real]]
| writer2 = {{flat list|
*[[Jennifer Lopez]]
*[[Troy Oliver]]
*Rooney
*[[L.E.S. (producer)|Leshan Lewis]]
*Martin Denny}}
| extra2 = {{flat list|
*Oliver
*Rooney
*[[L.E.S. (producer)|L.E.S.]]}}
| length2 = 4:58

| title3 = [[Play (Jennifer Lopez song)|Play]]
| writer3 = {{flat list|
*[[Anders Bagge]]
*[[Arnthor Birgisson]]
*[[Christina Milian]]
*Rooney}}
| extra3 = [[Bagge & Peer|Bag & Arnthor]]
| length3 = 3:31

| title4 = Walking on Sunshine
| writer4 = {{flat list|
*Lopez
*[[Mario Winans|Mario "Yellow Man" Winans]]
*[[Sean Combs|Sean "P. Diddy" Combs]]
*Michael "Lo" Jones
*[[Jack Knight (songwriter)|Jack Knight]]
*[[Karen Anderson]]
*[[Adonis Shropshire]]
*Mechalie Jamison}}
| extra4 = {{flat list|
*Combs
*Winans
*Rooney}}
| length4 = 3:46

| title5 = [[Ain't It Funny]]
| writer5 = {{flat list|
*Lopez
*Rooney}}
| extra5 = {{flat list|
*Rooney
*[[Dan Shea (producer)|Dan Shea]]}}
| length5 = 4:05

| title6 = [[Cariño (song)|Cariño]]
| writer6 = {{flat list|
*Lopez
*Rooney
*Manny Benito
*Neal Creque
*Jose Sanchez
*Frank Rodriguez
*Guillermo Edghill Jr.
*Mongo Santamaria}}
| extra6 = {{flat list|
*Sanchez
*Rodriguez
*Edghill Jr.
*Rooney}}
| length6 = 4:15

| title7 = Come Over
| writer7 = {{flat list|
*Combs
*[[Michelle Bell]]
*[[Kip Collins]]
*Winans}}
| extra7 = {{flat list|
*Collins
*Combs
*Winans}}
| length7 = 4:52

| title8 = We Gotta Talk
| writer8 = {{flat list|
*Lopez
*Tina Morrison
*Rooney
*Joe Kelley
*Steve Estiverne
*Oliver}}
| extra8 = {{flat list|
*Rooney
*Oliver
*Kelley{{ref|b|[b]}}}}
| length8 = 4:06

| title9 = That's Not Me
| writer9 = {{flat list|
*Combs
*Winans
*Kandice Love}}
| extra9 = {{flat list|
*Winans
*Combs}}
| length9 = 4:31

| title10 = Dance with Me
| writer10 = {{flat list|
*Combs
*Winans
*Knight
*Jones
*Jamison}}
| extra10 = {{flat list|
*Winans
*Combs}}
| length10 = 3:52

| title11 = Secretly
| writer11 = {{flat list|
*Lopez
*Rooney
*Oliver
*Kalilah Shakir}}
| extra11 = {{flat list|
*Oliver
*Rooney}}
| length11 = 4:25

| title12 = [[I'm Gonna Be Alright]]
| writer12 = {{flat list|
*Lopez
*Rooney
*Oliver
*Lorraine Cheryl Cook
*[[Commodores|Ronald LaPread]]}}
| extra12 = {{flat list|
*Rooney
*Oliver}}
| length12 = 3:43

| title13 = That's the Way
| writer13 = {{flat list|
*[[Rodney Jerkins|Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins]]
*[[LaShawn Daniels|LaShawn "Big Shiz" Daniels]]
*Nora Payne
*[[Fred Jerkins III]]}}
| extra13 = {{flat list|
*Jerkins
*Daniels{{ref|c|[c]}}}}
| length13 = 3:53

| title14 = Dame (Touch Me)
| note14 = duet with [[Chayanne]]
| writer14 = {{flat list|
*Benito
*Jerkins
*Jerkins III
*Daniels
*Mischke}}
| extra14 = {{flat list|
*Jerkins
*Benito}}
| length14 = 4:23

| title15 = Si Ya Se Acabo
| writer15 = {{flat list|
*Benito
*Jimmy Greco
*Ray Contreras}}
| extra15 = {{flat list|
*Benito
*Greco
*Contreras}}
| length15 = 3:36
}}
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| writing_credits = yes
| collapsed = no
| headline = Spanish and Latin American bonus tracks<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/album/release/jlo-holland-bonus-tracks-mr0001083503 J.Lo [Holland Bonus Tracks] - : Release Information, Reviews and Credits : AllMusic]</ref>

| title16 = Amor Se Paga con Amor
| writer16 = {{flat list|
*Sharpe
*Lawson
*Franklin
*Monroe
*Harris
*Benito}}
| extra16 = {{flat list|
*Wake
*Jones{{ref|a|[a]}}
*Rooney{{ref|a|[a]}}}}
| length16 = 3:44

| title17 = Cariño
| note17 = Spanish
| writer17 = {{flat list|
*Lopez
*Rooney
*Benito
*Creque
*Sanchez
*Rodriguez
*Edghill Jr.
*Santamaria}}
| extra17 = {{flat list|
*Sanchez
*Rodriguez
*Edghill Jr.
*Rooney}}
| length17 = 4:15

| title18 = Qué Ironía (Ain't It Funny)
| writer18 = {{flat list|
*Lopez
*Rooney
*Benito}}
| extra18 = {{flat list|
*Rooney
*Shea}}
| length18 = 4:05
}}
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| writing_credits = yes
| collapsed = no
| headline = Japanese bonus track<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/album/release/jlo-japan-bonus-track-mr0000463506 J.Lo [Japan Bonus Track] - : Release Information, Reviews and Credits : AllMusic]</ref>

| title16 = I'm Waiting
| writer16 = {{flat list|
*Combs
*Winans
*Knight
*Jones
*Jamison}}
| extra16 = {{flat list|
*Winans
*Combs}}
| length16 = 3:11
}}
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| writing_credits = yes
| collapsed = no
| headline = North American Special edition bonus track<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00005N83M |title=J.Lo (Explicit): Jennifer Lopez: Music |publisher=Amazon.com |date= |accessdate=2011-08-24}}</ref>

| title16 = [[I'm Real (Murder Remix)]]
| note16 = featuring [[Ja Rule]]
| writer16 = {{flat list|
*Lopez
*Oliver
*Rooney
*Lewis
*[[Ja Rule|Jeffrey Atkins]]
*[[Irv Gotti|Irving Lorenzo]]
*[[Rick James]]}}
| extra16 = {{flat list|
*[[Irv Gotti]]
*[[Channel 7 (musician)|7]]}}
| length16 = 4:22
}}
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| writing_credits = yes
| collapsed = no
| headline = European and Australian Special edition bonus tracks<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/album/release/jlo-australia-bonus-tracks-mr0001102338 J.Lo [Australia Bonus Tracks] - : Release Information, Reviews and Credits : AllMusic]</ref>
| total_length = 73:19

| title16 = Pleasure Is Mine
| writer16 = {{flat list|
*[[Shelly Peiken]]
*[[Guy Roche]]}}
| extra16 = Roche
| length16 = 4:17

| title17 = I'm Waiting
| writer17 = {{flat list|
*Combs
*Winans
*Knight
*Jones
*Jamison}}
| extra17 = {{flat list|
*Winans
*Combs}}
| length17 = 3:11

| title18 = I'm Real (Murder Remix)
| note18 = featuring Ja Rule
| writer18 = {{flat list|
*Lopez
*Oliver
*Rooney
*Lewis
*Atkins
*Lorenzo
*James}}
| extra18 = {{flat list|
*Irv Gotti
*7}}
| length18 = 4:22
}}

;Notes
* {{note|a|a}} signifies an additional [[record producer|producer]]
* {{note|b|b}} signifies an co-[[record producer|producer]]
* {{note|c|c}} signifies a vocal [[record producer|producer]]

==Personnel==

;Musicians
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*Jennifer Lopez – lead vocals
*Karen Anderson – backing vocals
*[[Michelle Bell]] – backing vocals
*Manny Benito – backing vocals
*Jeannie Cruz – backing vocals
*William Dubal – backing vocals
*Kip Collins – [[instrumentation (music)|instrumentation]]
*Angel Fernandez – guitar
*Mario Gonzalez – guitar
*Ricky Gonzalez – piano, backing vocals
*Jimmy Greco – keyboards
*Nelson Gasu Jaime – piano
*Richie Jones – drums
{{col-2}}
*Ozzie Melendez – trombone, horn
*[[Christina Milian]] – backing vocals
*Troy Oliver – instrumentation
*Nora Payne – backing vocals
*Erben Perez – bass
*Lena Pérez – backing vocals
*Paul Pesco – guitar
*Corey Rooney – backing vocals
*Shelene Thomas – backing vocals
*Rene Toledo – guitar
*[[Mario Winans]] – backing vocals
*Yanko – backing vocals
{{col-end}}

;Production
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*Jennifer Lopez – executive producer
*[[Arnthor Birgisson]] – producer
*Scott Barnes – [[make-up artist|make-up]]
*Manny Benito – [[audio engineering|engineer]], producer
*Jorge Calandrelli – string arrangements
*Kip Collins – producer
*[[Sean Combs|Sean "Puffy" Combs]] – producer, [[audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]]
*Ray Contreras – producer, arranger
*Angel Fernandez – arranger
*Paul Foley – engineer
*Jimmy Greco – producer, arranger, [[drum machine|drum programming]]
*Dan Hetzel – engineer, mixing
*Jean-Marie Horvat – mixing
*Richie Jones – producer, arranger, mixing, [[programming (music)|programming]]
*[[Jack Knight (songwriter)|Jack Knight]] – arranger
*Matt Kormondy – production assistant
*Greg Lawson – arranger, programming
*Glen Marchese – engineer
*Rob Martinez – production assistant
{{col-2}}
*Tony Maserati – mixing
*William Nelson – production assistant
*Joel Numa – engineer, string engineer
*Troy Oliver – producer, programming, drum programming, keyboard programming
*Michael Patterson – engineer, mixing
*[[Julian Peploe]] – art direction, design
*Cory Rooney – producer, executive producer, arranger, drum programming, keyboard programming
*José R. Sanchez – producer, programming, drum programming, keyboard programming
*Dave "Young Dave" Scheur – engineer
*Dan Shea – producer, programming
*Cesar Sogbe – mixing
*Manelich Sotolong – assistant engineer
*David Swope – engineer, assistant engineer, mixing assistant
*Michael Hart Thompson – photography
*J.C. Ulloa – engineer
*Rick Wake – producer, arranger
*Mario Winans – producer, instrumentation
*Joe Zee – [[fashion design|stylist]]
{{col-end}}

==Awards and nominations==
;'''Nominations'''
*[[MTV Video Music Awards]]
:*[[Best Female Video]]: "[[Love Don't Cost a Thing (song)|Love Don't Cost a Thing]]"
:*[[Best Dance Video]]: "Love Don't Cost a Thing"

;'''Wins'''
*[[MTV Europe Music Awards]]
:*Best Female Artist

*MTV Video Music Awards
:*[[Best Hip-Hop Video]]: "[[I'm Real (Murder Remix)]]"

==Charts and certifications==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2001)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Albums Chart]]<ref name=SWISS/>
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
! scope="row"|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Austrian Albums Chart]]<ref name=SWISS/>
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|-
! scope="row"|[[Ultratop 50|Belgian Flanders Albums Chart]]<ref name=SWISS/>
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|-
! scope="row"|[[Ultratop 50|Belgian Wallonia Albums Chart]]<ref name=SWISS/>
| style="text-align:center;"|4
|-
! scope="row"|[[Canadian Albums Chart]]<ref name=allmusicchart/>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
! scope="row"|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Danish Albums Chart]]<ref name=SWISS/>
| style="text-align:center;"|15
|-
! scope="row"|[[MegaCharts|Dutch Albums Chart]]<ref name=SWISS/>
| style="text-align:center;"|4
|-
! scope="row"|[[European Top 100 Albums]]<ref name="Europe">{{cite web |url=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20020221-0000/www.aria.com.au/issue571.PDF |title=European Top 20 Albums Chart – Week Commencing 5th February 2001 |accessdate=2008-11-17 |format=PDF |work=Music & Media}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
! scope="row"|[[Finland's Official List|Finnish Albums Chart]]<ref name=SWISS/>
| style="text-align:center;"|6
|-
! scope="row"|[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|French Albums Chart]]<ref name=SWISS/>
| style="text-align:center;"|6
|-
! scope="row"|[[Media Control Charts|German Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Lopez%2C+Jennifer/J.lo/longplay |title=Musicline.de – Jennifer Lopez – J.lo |accessdate=2008-11-17 |work=Musicline.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
! scope="row"|[[Greek International Albums Chart]]{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Greece|title=J.Lo|artist=Jennifer Lopez|type=album|id=20020223041151}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
! scope="row"|[[Mahasz|Hungarian Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mahasz.hu/m/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=archivum&lista=top40&ev=2001&het=20&submit_=Keresés |title=Top 40 album- és válogatáslemez-lista – 2001. 20. hét |accessdate=2008-11-17 |work=Mahasz |language=Hungarian}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|15
|-
! scope="row"|[[Irish Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240002&arch=t&lyr=2001&year=2001&week=4 |title=Irish Top 75 Artist Album, Week Ending 25 January 2001 |accessdate=2008-11-17 |work=[[Chart-Track]]}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|18
|-
! scope="row"|[[Federation of the Italian Music Industry|Italian Albums Chart]]<ref name=SWISS/>
| style="text-align:center;"|8
|-
! scope="row"|[[Oricon|Japanese Albums Chart]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/music/release/d/232891/1/ |title=J.Lo – Oricon |accessdate=2008-11-27 |work=Oricon |language=Japanese}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|14
|-
! scope="row"|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand Albums Chart]]<ref name=SWISS/>
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|-
! scope="row"|[[VG-lista|Norwegian Albums Chart]]<ref name=SWISS/>
| style="text-align:center;"|15
|-
! scope="row"|[[Polish Music Charts|Polish Albums Chart]]<ref name="Poland">{{cite web |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=14&lang=en |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży – 12 February 2001 |accessdate=2008-11-28 |work=[[OLiS]]}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
! scope="row"|[[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Albums Chart]]<ref name=SWISS/>
| style="text-align:center;"|7
|-
! scope="row"|[[Swiss Music Charts|Swiss Albums Chart]]<ref name=SWISS>{{cite web |url=http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?key=3553&cat=a |title=Jennifer Lopez – J.Lo – swisscharts.com |accessdate=2008-11-17 |work=SwissCharts.com}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
! scope="row"|[[UK Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chartstats.com/albuminfo.php?id=5777 |title=Chart Stats – Jennifer Lopez – J Lo |accessdate=2008-11-17 |work=Chart Stats|archiveurl=http://archive.is/XlON|archivedate=2012-12-06}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
! scope="row"|US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref name=allmusicchart>{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r544813|label=J.Lo [Clean Bonus Track]|accessdate=2008-11-17|tab=charts-awards}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
! scope="row"|US [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]]<ref name=allmusicchart/>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
! scope="row"|US [[Top Internet Albums]]<ref name=allmusicchart/>
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|}
{{col-2}}

===Certifications===
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Argentina|title=J.Lo|artist=Jennifer Lopez|type=album|award=Gold|relyear=2001|autocat=yes}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Australia|title=J Lo|artist=Jennifer Lopez|type=album|award=Platinum|number=2|certyear=2001|autocat=yes|ref name=Australia}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Austria|title=J.Lo.|artist=Jennifer Lopez|type=album|award=Gold|relyear=2001|nosales=yes|autocat=yes}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Belgium|title=J.Lo|artist=Jennifer Lopez|type=album|award=Platinum|relyear=2001|certyear=2002|autocat=yes|<ref name="belg" />}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Brazil|title=J.Lo|artist=Jennifer Lopez|type=album|award=Gold|relyear=2001|autocat=yes}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Canada|title=J. Lo|artist=Jennifer Lopez|type=album|award=Platinum|number=2|relyear=2001|certyear=2001|certmonth=10|autocat=yes|ref name="Canada1"}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Finland|title=J.Lo.|artist=Jennifer Lopez|type=album|award=Gold|salesamount=19,596|autocat=yes}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=France|title=J.Lo|artist=Jennifer Lopez|type=album|award=Gold|certyear=2001|relyear=2001|autocat=yes}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Germany|title=J.Lo|artist=Jennifer Lopez|type=album|award=Platinum|relyear=2001|autocat=yes|ref name="Ger"}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Greece|title=J.Lo|artist=Jennifer Lopez|type=album|award=Gold|id=20020223041151|relyear=2001|autocat=yes}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Netherlands|title=J.Lo|artist=Jennifer Lopez|type=album|award=Platinum|relyear=2001|id=1235815|autocat=yes|ref name="Nether"}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=New Zealand|title=J.Lo|artist=Jennifer Lopez|type=album|award=Platinum|number=2|id=1302|autocat=yes|refname="NZ3"}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Norway|title=J.Lo|artist=Jennifer Lopez|type=album|award=Gold|relyear=2001|autocat=yes}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Poland|title=J.Lo|artist=Jennifer Lopez|type=album|award=Gold|relyear=2001|autocat=yes}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Sweden|title=J.Lo|artist=Jennifer Lopez|type=album|award=Gold|certyear=2001|relyear=2001|autocat=yes}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Switzerland|title=J.Lo|artist=Jennifer Lopez|type=album|award=Platinum|number=2|relyear=2001|autocat=yes|ref name="Swiss1"}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|title=J Lo|artist=Jennifer Lopez|type=album|award=Platinum|autocat=yes|refname="UK"}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|title=J. Lo|artist=Jennifer Lopez|type=album|award=Platinum|number=4|autocat=yes|refname=US Plat}}
{{Certification Table Summary}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Europe|title=J.Lo|artist=Jennifer Lopez|type=album|award=Platinum|number=2|certyear=2002|autocat=yes}}
{{Certification Table Bottom}}
{{col-end}}

===Chart precession and succession===
{{s-start}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
{{s-bef | rows=5 | before=''[[1 (The Beatles album)|1]]'' by [[The Beatles]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[European Top 100 Albums]] [[Hot 100 number-one hits of 2001 (Europe)|number-one album]] | years=February 3, 2001 – February 10, 2001}}
{{s-aft | after=''[[No Angel]]'' by [[Dido (singer)|Dido]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl | title=[[Swiss Music Charts|Swiss Albums Chart]] number-one album | years=February 4, 2001}}
{{s-aft | after=''[[Homerun (Gotthard album)|Homerun]]'' by [[Gotthard (band)|Gotthard]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl | title=[[Media Control Charts|German Albums Chart]] number-one album | years=February 5, 2001 – February 19, 2001}}
{{s-aft | after=''1'' by The Beatles}}
|-
{{s-ttl | title=[[Billboard 200|U.S. ''Billboard'' 200]] [[number-one albums of 2001 (U.S.)|number-one album]] | years=February 10, 2001}}
{{s-aft | after=''[[Hot Shot (album)|Hot Shot]]'' by [[Shaggy (musician)|Shaggy]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl | title=[[Polish Music Charts|Polish Albums Chart]] [[number-one albums of 2001 (Poland)|number-one album]] | years=February 12, 2001 – February 19, 2001}}
{{s-aft | after=''Golec uOrkiestra 2'' by Golec uOrkiestra}}
{{end}}

==Release history==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Country
! Date
! Version
|-
|rowspan="2"| United States
| January 23, 2001
| Original
|-
| July 24, 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00005N83M|title=Amazon.com: J.Lo (Explicit): Jennifer Lopez: Music|publisher=Amazon|accessdate=2010-04-19|date=July 24, 2001 }}</ref>
| Re-release
|-
|rowspan="2"| Japan
| January 24, 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B00005A45R |title=Amazon.co.jp : J.LO|date=|work=[[Amazon.com|Amazon.co.jp]]|accessdate=2010-04-20|language=Japanese}}</ref>
| Original
|-
| July 30, 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B00005N83M|title=Amazon.co.jp : J.Lo:Jennifer Lopez|date=|work=Amazon.co.jp|accessdate=2010-04-20|language=Japanese}}</ref>
| Re-release
|-
| United Kingdom
| July 22, 2001
| Original
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Jennifer Lopez}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:J.Lo (Album)}}
[[Category:2001 albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Rodney Jerkins]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Ric Wake]]
[[Category:Epic Records albums]]
[[Category:Jennifer Lopez albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Sean Combs]]

J.Lo (Album)

2013-11-20T17:41:09Z

Ruby Murray: Reverted 1 edit by H.Mandem (talk) to last revision by Ruby Murray. (TW)

J.Lo (Album)

2013-11-20T16:32:52Z

Ruby Murray: Reverted 1 edit by H.Mandem (talk) to last revision by Ruby Murray. (TW)

J.Lo (Album)

2013-11-20T12:24:06Z

Ruby Murray: reverted unsourced genre change by 93.186.31.115 (talk)

J.Lo (Album)

2013-11-20T10:02:31Z

Ruby Murray: Reverted 1 edit by 86.142.55.12 (talk) to last revision by Ruby Murray. (TW)

Xavier Woods

2013-11-19T12:56:40Z

Ruby Murray: Fix broken reference name – You can help :Category:Pages with broken reference names

{{Infobox professional wrestler
|name = Xavier Woods
|image = Austin Creed.jpg
|birthname = Austin Watson<ref name=OWOW/>
|names = Austin Creed<ref name=OWOW/> Austin Watson<ref name=FCWdebut/> Consequences Creed<ref name=OWOW/> Rasheed Lucius Creed<ref name=OWOW/> '''Xavier Woods'''<ref name=FCW/>
|height = {{height|ft=5|in=9}}<ref name=FCW/>
|weight = {{convert|205|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref name=FCW/>
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1986|9|4}}<ref name=OWOW/>
|death_date =
|birth_place = [[Marietta, Georgia]]<ref name=OWOW/><ref name=FCW/>
|resides = [[Tampa, Florida]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/#!/xavierwoodsphd|title=Xavier Woods|publisher=[[Twitter]]|accessdate=2012-03-17}}</ref>
|billed = Marietta, Georgia<ref name=FCW/> '''[[Angel Grove]], [[California]]'''<ref name=FCW/>
|trainer = Rob Adonis<ref name=OWOW/> Brodie Ray Chase<ref name=OWOW/>
|debut = June 2005<ref name=OWOW/>
|retired =
}}
'''Austin Watson'''<ref name=OWOW>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/c/consequences-creed.html|title=Austin Creed profile|accessdate=2008-08-19|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> (born September 4, 1986) is an American [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]], better known by his [[ring name]] '''Xavier Woods'''. He is signed to [[WWE]], but also performs in their [[Farm team#Professional wrestling|developmental territory]] [[WWE NXT]]. While the promotion was known as Florida Championship Wrestling, Watson won the promotion's [[Florida Tag Team Championship|Tag Team Championship]] once with [[Wes Brisco]].<ref name="FCWtag"/> He previously worked for [[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling]] as Consequences Creed, where he was a [[List of TNA World Tag Team Champions|one time]] [[TNA World Tag Team Championship|World Tag Team Champion]] with [[Jay Lethal]] as [[Lethal Consequences]]. Watson has also worked for [[NWA Anarchy]] and other [[Independent circuit|independent promotions]]. His Creed persona was based on [[Apollo Creed]] from the [[Rocky (series)|''Rocky'' movie series]].<ref name="SLAM!"/>

==Early life==
Watson was born in [[Columbus, Georgia]] in 1986 and graduated from [[Sprayberry High School]] in [[Marietta, Georgia]] in 2004. That same year he began studying [[psychology]] and [[philosophy]] at [[Furman University]] in [[Greenville, South Carolina]]. Watson graduated from Furman University with two degrees a Bachelor of Arts in psychology and philosophy on May 29, 2008. He is now the mentor of his 10 year old cousin. Went to the same High School as Buff Bagwell

==Career==

===Early career and NWA Anarchy (2005–2007)===
While attending Furman University, Creed began training for a career in professional wrestling and, in 2005, began wrestling part-time with Rob Adonis's Ultimate Christian Wrestling promotion. While in the Greenville, South Carolina-based World Wrestling Council, run by former NWA professional wrestler Brodie Ray Chase, he developed his current ring persona based heavily on the character [[Apollo Creed]] from the ''Rocky'' series.<ref name="SLAM!">{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2007/10/23/4600159.html|title=SLAM! Wrestling: Creed makes "Awesome" TNA debut|last=Kamchen|first=Richard|date=2007-10-25|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref>

During his time in [[NWA Anarchy]], Creed was part of a tag team called Awesome Attraction with Hayden Young. The pair had one of the longest title reigns in the promotion's history after defeating Justice Served (Jason Justice and Mike Free) in [[Cornelia, Georgia]] on April 7, 2007.<ref name="nwa-anarchy-tag"/> In 2006, Creed won NWA's Most Popular Wrestler, voted for by the NWA fans.

On July 12, 2007 Creed defeated Murder-One to become the first [[Deep South Heavyweight Championship|DSW Heavyweight Champion]] following the promotion's split from [[WWE|World Wrestling Entertainment]]. He also worked with [[Jody Hamilton|The Assassin]] while in Deep South Wrestling.<ref name="SLAM!"/>

===Total Nonstop Action Wrestling===

====Pursuit of the X Division Championship (2007–2008)====
Creed appeared at [[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling]]'s [[Bound for Glory (2007)|Bound For Glory]] [[pay-per-view]] [[List of TNA pay-per-view events|event]], teaming with [[Ron Killings]] as the replacement for [[Pacman Jones|Adam "Pacman" Jones]]. Creed wrestled under the name Rasheed Lucius "Consequences" Creed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/news2006/1192417826.shtml|title=Bound For Glory PPV Results – 10/14 – Atlanta, GA (Kurt Angle – Sting)|last=Martin|first=Adam|date=2007-10-14|publisher=WrestleView|accessdate=2010-07-30}}</ref> His union with Ron Killings was made to be a play on words, with Killings' nickname "The Truth" being combined with Creed's nickname "Consequences" to form Truth and Consequences, which is similar to the name of a town, ([[Truth or Consequences, New Mexico]] named for an old [[Truth or Consequences|game show]]).

[[Image:Consequences Creed in London Sep 2008.jpg|thumb|right|Creed in action in September 2008]]
On October 21, 2007, it was reported that Creed had signed a contract with TNA.<ref name="SLAM!"/> The signing was reported when Creed appeared on the radio show ''Trash Talking Radio'' on October 23 with [[Tommy Cairo]] and Sabian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.georgiawrestlinghistory.com/news-notes/2007/10/22/06.html|title=Austin Creed Heading to TNA?|date=2007-10-22|publisher=GeorgiaWrestlingHistory.com}}</ref> His signing was also confirmed later at a NWA Anarchy show where Creed was presented with the contract by TNA Booking Director Bill Behrens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nwa-wildside.com/news/viewnews.cgi?category=all&id=1193069460|title=10/20 NWA Anarchy Report|last=Goodman|first=Larry|date=2007-10-20|publisher=NWA-Wildside.com}}</ref> Following Bound For Glory, Creed was not seen on TNA television for months after Killings asked for and was later granted his release from the company.

On February 10, 2008, Creed wrestled in a [[List of professional wrestling terms#Dark match|dark match]] before [[TNA Against All Odds#2008|Against All Odds]]. He teamed with [[Sonjay Dutt]] defeating [[The Rock 'n Rave Infection]]. On the March 13 edition of ''[[TNA Impact!|Impact!]]'' a promo video with the words "prepare to face the consequences" showed Creed training and announced that he would make his return at the [[Lockdown (2008)|Lockdown]] [[pay-per-view]] on April 13. The following week the return date was changed to April 10. On the April 10 edition of ''Impact!'', Creed made his in-ring return and defeated [[Jimmy Rave]] of [[The Rock 'n Rave Infection]], thus qualifying for the [[Professional wrestling match types#Xscape match|Xscape match]] at Lockdown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2008/04/10/5252916.html|title=Impact: Last push to Lockdown|date=2008-04-10|last=Sokol|first=Chris|accessdate=2009-02-04|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref> During the match, Creed eliminated [[Shark Boy]], but was later eliminated by Curry Man.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/PPVReports/2008/04/13/5275576.html|title=TNA Lockdown: Joe captures gold|date=2008-04-13|last=Sokol|first=Chris|accessdate=2009-02-04|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref> Creed would later wrestle in the first ever [[Professional wrestling match types#Thundercage|TerrorDome match]] at [[Sacrifice (2008)|Sacrifice]], which was won by [[Frankie Kazarian|Kaz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/PPVReports/2008/05/12/5539601.html|title=TNA Sacrifice: Joe retains; LAX regains|date=2008-05-12|last=Sokol|first=Chris|accessdate=2009-02-04|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref>

At [[Hard Justice (2008)|Hard Justice]], Creed faced [[Petey Williams]] for the [[TNA X Division Championship]], but lost after interference from [[Shawn Daivari|Sheik Abdul Bashir]]. On the September 4, 2008 edition of ''[[TNA Impact!]]'', he won a number one contenders match against Bashir for the right to face Williams again at [[No Surrender (2008)|No Surrender]] for the X Division title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2008/09/05/6665696.html|title=Impact: Sting calls out the King of the Mountain|date=2008-09-05|last=Sokol|first=Chris|accessdate=2009-02-04|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref> The match was changed to a triple threat after Bashir repeatedly attacked Creed. Bashir won the match and the X Division title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/PPVReports/2008/09/14/6765681.html|title=No Surrender a bore|date=2008-09-14|last=Clevett|first=Jason|accessdate=2009-02-04|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref>

====Lethal Consequences (2008–2010)====
{{Main|Lethal Consequences}}
[[File:Consequences Creed at Slammiversary, The Palace of Auburn Hills, Michigan - 20090621.jpg|thumb|left|Creed at [[Slammiversary (2009)|Slammiversary 2009]].]]
On the October 30, 2008, episode of ''Impact!'', Creed, along with [[Samoa Joe]], [[A.J. Styles]], [[Jay Lethal]], [[Petey Williams]], [[Eric Young (wrestler)|Eric Young]], [[Jessica Kresa|ODB]] and [[The Motor City Machineguns]] formed a faction of younger wrestlers, known as [[The TNA Frontline|The Frontline]], to oppose [[The Main Event Mafia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2008/10/31/7259146.html|title=Impact: Steiner joins the mafia|date=2008-10-31|last=Sokol|first=Chris|accessdate=2009-02-04|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref>

On January 8, 2009, fellow Frontline member Lethal chose Creed to cash in his Feast or Fired briefcase with, and the pair won the [[TNA World Tag Team Championship]] from the champions [[Beer Money, Inc.]] ([[Robert Roode]] and [[James Storm]]). Creed and Lethal went on to be named [[Lethal Consequences]], a combination of their respective names.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2009/01/09/7969081.html|title=Impact: Mafia shatters an ankle before Genesis|date=2009-01-09|last=Sokol|first=Chris|accessdate=2009-02-04|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref> Beer Money, Inc. regained their titles in a three-way match just three days later at [[Genesis (2009)|Genesis]]. For the next few months, Creed and Lethal teamed with the Motor City Machineguns to try and unmask [[Suicide (character)|Suicide]]. On the October 1, 2009 episode of ''Impact!'', Creed and Lethal were part of a 5-man ladder match for a future X Division title match. During the match, [[Amazing Red]], who ended up winning the match, performed a [[Professional wrestling throws#Hurricanrana driver|hurricanrana driver]], which caused Creed to projectile vomit as his head hit the mat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/tv_reports/117967/411%5C%5Cs-TNA-Impact-Report-10.01.09.htm|title=411's TNA Impact Report 10.01.09|work=411Mania|accessdate=2009-10-02}}</ref> Watson was released from TNA on March 29, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/TNA_News_1/article_40265.shtml|title=TNA News: X Division wrestler released from TNA, wrestler comments on his release|last=Caldwell|first=James|date=2010-03-29|publisher=Pro Wrestling Torch|accessdate=2010-03-30}}</ref>

===Independent circuit (2010)===
On April 4 [[New Japan Pro Wrestling]] announced Watson, under his Consequences Creed ring name, as a participant in the first Super J Tag Tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njpw.co.jp/news/article.php?nwid=11688|title=5/8 Super J Tag Tournament 1st|date=2010-04-04|work=[[New Japan Pro Wrestling]]|accessdate=2010-04-04|language=Japanese}}</ref> On May 8 Creed and his partner [[Kota Ibushi]] were eliminated from the tournament in the first round by the team of [[Keiji Takayama|Gedo]] and [[Yujiro Kushida|KUSHIDA]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.njpw.co.jp/result/index.php?COM=result_main&SRNO=160&TKNO=1|title=43歳コンビの金本＆サムライが「SUPER J TAG」初代王者に輝く!!/無念！タイガー玉砕でまたしてもIWGP Jr.奪還ならず!!|publisher=[[New Japan Pro Wrestling]]|date=2010-05-08|accessdate=2010-05-08|language=Japanese}}</ref> Creed returned to New Japan on June 28, 2010, teaming up with [[IWGP Heavyweight Championship|IWGP Heavyweight Champion]] [[Togi Makabe]] and [[Tomoaki Honma]] in the J Sports Crown Openweight 6 Man Tag Tournament.<ref name=NewJapan062810>{{cite web|url=http://www.puroresufan.com/njpw/?p=1694|title=(Results) New Japan, 6/28/10|work=Strong Style Spirit|date=2010-06-28|accessdate=2010-06-29}}</ref> After defeating [[Tamon Honda]], [[Kentaro Shiga]] and [[Makoto Hashi]] in the opening round, the trio was eliminated from the tournament in the second round by [[Shinsuke Nakamura]], [[Masato Tanaka]] and [[Tomohiro Ishii]].<ref name=NewJapan062810/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.puroresufan.com/njpw/?p=1700|title=(Results) New Japan 6/29/10|work=Strong Style Spirit|date=2010-06-29|accessdate=2010-06-29}}</ref> On July 10 Creed defeated Brian Milonas, [[Nick Dinsmore|U–Gene]] and [[Tommaso Ciampa]] to win [[East Coast Wrestling Association]]'s [[ECWA Super 8 Tournament#2010|2010 Super 8 Tournament]].<ref name=Super82010>{{cite web|url=http://wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1278825138|title=Former TNA star wins the ECWA Super 8|date=2010-07-11|accessdate=2010-07-11|first=Steve|last=Gerweck|publisher=WrestleView}}</ref><ref name=PWISuper8>{{cite web|url=http://pwinsider.com/article/49014/former-tna-star-consequences-creed-captures-2010-ecwa-super-8-tournament-complete-report.html?p=1|title=Former TNA star Consequences Creed captures 2010 ECWA Super 8 tournament, complete report|date=2010-07-11|accessdate=2010-07-11|first=Mike|last=Johnson|publisher=Pro Wrestling Insider}}</ref>{{verify credibility|date=November 2010}}

===World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE ===

====Developmental territories (2010–present)====
On July 22, 2010, it was announced that Watson had signed a developmental contract with [[WWE|World Wrestling Entertainment]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1279808390|title=Former TNA wrestler signs WWE development deal|date=2010-07-22|accessdate=2010-07-22|first=Roy|last=Nemer|publisher=WrestleView}}</ref> Watson, using his real name, made his debut for WWE's [[Farm team#Professional wrestling|developmental territory]] [[NXT Wrestling|Florida Championship Wrestling]] on July 29 in a tag team match, where he and [[Percy Watson]] were defeated by Brodus Clay and Donny Marlow.<ref name=FCWdebut>{{cite web|url=http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/news/147528/Florida-Championship-Wrestling-Results-7.29.10.htm|title=Florida Championship Wrestling Results 7.29.10|date=2010-07-30|accessdate=2010-07-30|first=Larry|last=Csonka|work=411Mania}}</ref> He has since been added to the company's official website under the name Xavier Woods.<ref name=FCW>{{cite web | url= http://www.fcwwrestling.info/Roster/Xavier-Woods.html|title= Xavier Woods profile | accessdate= 2011-01-13 | work = [[Florida Championship Wrestling]]}}</ref> In October, Woods began to team up with [[Wes Brisco]] and to prove themselves took part in a tag team turmoil match on October 14 where they defeated three other teams.<ref name="zero">http://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=4955&page=4</ref> On November 4, Woods and Brisco defeated [[Johnny Curtis]] and [[Derrick Bateman]] to become the [[Florida Tag Team Championship|Florida Tag Team Champions]], the match also included [[Brodus Clay]] and [[Jackson Andrews]].<ref name="FCWtag">{{cite web|url=http://www.fcwwrestling.info/talent.html|title=FCW roster|accessdate=2010-11-06|publisher=[[Florida Championship Wrestling]]|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5u1uiiFru|archivedate=2010-11-06}}</ref> On December 1, Woods and Brisco vacated the Tag Team Championship after Brisco was sidelined with an injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcwwrestling.info/news.html|title=Media Alert: December 1, 2010|date=2010-12-01|accessdate=2010-12-03|publisher=[[Florida Championship Wrestling]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Other_News_4/article_45743.shtml|title=FCW/Other News: Big wrestling weekend in Florida - WWE developmental to determine new tag champions, Jeff Peterson Cup, Scott Hall appearance|date=2010-12-03|accessdate=2010-12-03|first=James|last=Caldwell|work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> With Brisco sidelined with an injury, Woods teamed up with Marcus Owens to take on [[Damien Sandow]] and [[Titus O'Neill]] for the vacant Florida Tag Team Championship, but were unsuccessful.<ref name="zero"/> Following this, Woods began performing as a singles competitor throughout 2011 and 2012, though without much success.<ref name="zero"/>

When WWE [[Rebranding|rebranded]] its developmental territory, FCW, into NXT Wrestling,<ref name="FCWtoNXT">{{cite web|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/118-daily-updates/27030-wwe-news-fcw-name-being-phased-out|title= WWE News: FCW name being phased out|accessdate=August 14, 2012|publisher=Wrestling Observer}}</ref> Woods made his televised ''[[WWE NXT|NXT]]'' debut on the October 31, 2012 episode of ''NXT'' with a loss to [[Leo Kruger]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Chiverton|first=George|title=CHIVERTON'S NXT SCOUTING REPORT 10/31: Latest Rankings & Evaluation of WWE Developmental wrestlers|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/The_Specialists_34/article_66419.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|accessdate=30 January 2013}}</ref> While picking up wins on NXT over the likes of [[Ricardo Rodriguez (wrestler)|El Local]] and [[Jake Carter (wrestler)|Jake Carter]], Woods developed a character with a love of the 1990s culture.<ref>{{cite web|last=James|first=Justin|title=JAMES'S WWE NXT RESULTS 2/20: Big E. in main event, Kidd injury speech, Wyatt Family Feud, Overall Reax to strong episode|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwenxtreport/article_68843.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|accessdate=24 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=James|first=Justin|title=JAMES'S WWE NXT RESULTS 6/19: Wyatts vs. Ohno & Graves & Neville six-man tag, Summer Rae wins tourney match, El Generico, Xavier Woods, more|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwenxtreport/article_71408.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torcb|accessdate=26 August 2013|quote=He says it's "morphing time" to play up his "stuck in the '90s" character.}}</ref> Similar to how [[CM Punk]] uses the pop culture slogan "it's clobberin' time" (from the Thing of the [[Fantastic Four]]), Xavier uses the entrance slogan "it's morphin time!" from the [[Mighty Morphin Power Rangers]], a show that takes place in Angel Grove, where he is now billed from.

==== Main roster, teaming with R-Truth (2013-present)====
Xavier Woods made his main roster debut on the November 18, 2013 edition of ''Raw'', being introduced as [[Ron Killings|R-Truth]]'s new partner in a match against 3MB, scoring the winning pin. This was not the first time Truth and Woods had worked as a tag team, having previously teamed in TNA.

==In wrestling==
[[File:Awesome Attraction Hayden Young - Austin Creed.jpg|thumb|Creed, with Hayden Young, as the NWA Anarchy Tag Team Champions]]
*'''Finishing moves'''

**'''As Xavier Woods'''
***''Culture Shock''<ref>{{cite web | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110721202803/http://www.fcwwrestling.info/xavierwoods1.html | url= http://www.fcwwrestling.info/xavierwoods1.html |title= Xavier Woods profile | archivedate=2011-07-21 | accessdate= 2012-03-17 | work = [[Florida Championship Wrestling]]}}</ref> ([[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Diving DDT|Diving DDT]])
*** ''Lost in the Woods'' ([[Professional wrestling throws#Inverted stomp facebreaker|Inverted stomp facebreaker]]) -2013-present
***[[DDT (professional wrestling)#Tornado DDT|Tornado DDT]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwenxtreport/article_68843.shtml|title=JAMES'S WWE NXT RESULTS 2/20: Big E. in main event, Kidd injury speech, Wyatt Family Feud, Overall Reax to strong episode}}</ref><ref name="Trionfo">{{cite web|last=Trionfo|first=Richard|title=WWE NXT REPORT: WYATT FAMILY IN SIX MAN ACTION; WOMEN'S TOURNAMENT CONTINUES; ZAYN/CESARO III IS COMING|url=http://www.pwinsider.com/article/78376/wwe-nxt-report-wyatt-family-in-six-man-action-womens-tournament-continues-zayncesaro-iii-is-coming.html?p=1|accessdate=June 21|publisher=PWInsider}}</ref> - 2013–present
**'''As Austin Creed / Consequences Creed'''
***''ACT – Austin Creed Test''<ref name=ACT>{{cite web|url=http://gocreedgo.com/cutenews/show_news?subaction=showcomments&id=1271563568&archive=&start_from=&ucat=&|title=Indy show updates!|date=2010-04-17|accessdate=2010-07-11|work=GoCreedGo.com}}</ref> ([[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Diving DDT|Diving DDT]])<ref name=PWISuper8/> – 2010
***''Creed-DT''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/The_Specialists_34/article_25288.shtml|title=4/31 TNA Lockdown PPV Review by Wilkenfeld: Pacing killed the TNA star|date=2008-04-13|accessdate=2010-03-30|first=Daniel|last=Wilkenfeld|publisher=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> ([[Professional wrestling holds#Hammerlock|Hammerlock]] [[DDT (professional wrestling)#Legsweep DDT|legsweep DDT]]) – 2007–2008
***[[Cutter (professional wrestling)#TKO|Fireman's carry cutter]]<ref name=PWISuper8/><ref name=Lock09/>
***''Monti-Fisto'' ([[Professional wrestling attacks#Punch|Three left-handed punches]] followed by [[Split (gymnastics)|splits]] followed by a [[Professional wrestling attacks#Punch|right-handed hook]])<ref name=OWOW/>

*'''Signature moves'''
**'''As Xavier Woods'''
***[[Dropkick#Front dropkick|Front dropkick]]<ref name="Trionfo"/>
***[[Professional wrestling throws#Headscissor takedown|Headscissor takedown]]<ref name="Trionfo"/>
***''Honor Roll'' ([[Professional wrestling attacks#Rolling Thunder|Rolling thunder]] into a [[Professional wrestling attacks#Clothesline|leaping clothesline]])

*'''Signature moves'''
**'''As Austin Creed / Consequences Creed'''

***[[Professional wrestling throws#Arm drag|Arm drag]]<ref name=OWOW/>
***[[Piledriver (professional wrestling)#Back-to-belly piledriver|Cradle back to belly piledriver]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.411mania.com/MMA/columns/82459/411%5Cs-Instant-PPV-Analysis-08.10.08:-TNA-Hard-Justice-2008.htm|title=411's Instant PPV Analysis 08.10.08: TNA Hard Justice 2008|date=2008-08-10|accessdate=2009-10-13|first=Chris|last=Lansdell|publisher=411Mania}}</ref>
***[[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Diving fist drop|Diving fist drop]]<ref name=Cage>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.de/?id=2&nr=4955|title=Cagematch profile}}</ref>
***[[Professional wrestling throws#Gorilla press gutbuster|Military press double knee gutbuster]]<ref name=411BFGIV>{{cite web|url=http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/tv_reports/87627|title=411's TNA Bound for Glory IV Report 10.12.08|date=2008-10-12|accessdate=2009-10-13|first=Larry|last=Csonka|publisher=411Mania}}</ref>
***[[Professional wrestling attacks#Punch|Right-handed hook]]<ref name=Cage/>{{verify credibility|date=November 2010}}
***[[Professional wrestling attacks#Rolling Thunder|Rolling thunder]] into a [[Professional wrestling attacks#Clothesline|clothesline]]<ref name="Trionfo"/><ref name=411BFGIV/>
***[[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Springboard bulldog|Springboard]] [[Professional wrestling throws#One-handed bulldog|one-handed bulldog]]<ref name=April23>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/news2009/1240547469.php|title=Impact Results – 4/23/09|date=2009-04-24|accessdate=2009-10-13|first=Josh|last=Boutwell|publisher=WrestleView}}</ref>
***[[Suplex#Swinging fisherman suplex|Swinging cradle suplex]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/results/tnaimpact/tnaimpact2008/1227246290.shtml|title=Impact Results – 11/20/08 – Orlando, FL|date=2008-11-21|accessdate=2009-10-13|first=Josh|last=Boutwell|publisher=WrestleView}}</ref>

*'''With [[Jay Lethal]]'''
**'''Finishing moves'''
***[[Cutter (professional wrestling)#TKO|Fireman's carry cutter]] (Creed) followed by a [[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Diving elbow drop|diving elbow drop]] (Lethal)<ref name=Lock09>{{cite web|url=http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/tv_reports/102422/411%5Cs-TNA-Lockdown-Report-04.19.09.htm|title=411's TNA Lockdown Report 04.19.09|date=2009-04-19|accessdate=2009-10-13|first=Chris|last=Lansdell|publisher=411Mania}}</ref>
**'''Signature moves'''
***[[Professional wrestling throws#Gorilla press|Military press]] (Lethal) / [[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Springboard bulldog|Springboard one-handed bulldog]] (Creed) combination<ref name=Lock09/>
***[[Professional wrestling double-team maneuvers#Suplex, flying attack combination|Vertical suplex (Lethal) / Diving crossbody (Creed) combination]]<ref name=April23/>

*'''[[Nickname]]s'''
**"Awesome"<ref name=OWOW/>
**"Awesome Consequences"<ref name=Cage/>{{verify credibility|date=November 2010}}
**"Consequences"<ref name=OWOW/>
**"The Valedictorian"<ref name=ACT/>

*'''[[Music in professional wrestling|Entrance themes]]'''
**"Consequences" by [[Dale Oliver]] (TNA)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/ace/search.cfm?requesttimeout=300&mode=results&searchstr=334538693&search_in=i&search_type=exact&search_det=t,s,w,p,b,v&results_pp=25&start=1|accessdate=2010-06-20|title=Creed (Consequences Mix 1)|publisher=The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers}}</ref>
**"[[Living in America (song)|Living in America]]" by [[James Brown]] (TNA / Independent circuit)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/news2009/1241382276.php|title=5/2 TNA Results: Huntington, WV|date=2009-05-03|accessdate=2010-03-30|first=Adam|last=Martin|publisher=WrestleView}}</ref>
**"Get Funky" by 5 Alarm (NXT)

==Championships and accomplishments==
[[File:Creed como campeón.jpg|thumb|Creed as one half of the NWA Anarchy Tag Team Champions]]
*'''[[Deep South Wrestling]]'''
**[[Deep South Heavyweight Championship|DSW Heavyweight Championship]] ([[Deep South Heavyweight Championship#Title history|1 time]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/ga/dsw/dsw-h.html|title=D.S.W. Heavyweight Title|year=2003|publisher=Puroresu Dojo}}</ref>

*'''[[East Coast Wrestling Association]]'''
**[[ECWA Super 8 Tournament]] ([[ECWA Super 8 Tournament#2010|2010]])<ref name=Super82010/>

*'''[[Florida Championship Wrestling]]
**[[FCW Florida Tag Team Championship]] ([[Florida Tag Team Championship#Title history|1 time]]) – with [[Wes Brisco]]<ref name="FCWtag"/>

*'''[[NWA Anarchy]]'''
**[[NWA Anarchy Tag Team Championship]] ([[NWA Anarchy Tag Team Championship#Title history|1 time]]) – with Hayden Young<ref name="nwa-anarchy-tag">{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/ga/anarchy/anarchy-t.html|title=N.W.A. Anarchy Tag Team Title|year=2003|publisher=Puroresu Dojo}}</ref>
**Most Popular Wrestler (2006)

*'''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'''
**PWI ranked him #'''93''' of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the [[Pro Wrestling Illustrated#PWI 500|PWI 500]] in 2009<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Editors|first=PWI|title=PWI 500|newspaper=[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]|year=2008|date=August 2009|url= http://www.pwi-online.com}}</ref>

*'''[[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling]]
**[[TNA World Tag Team Championship]] ([[List of TNA World Tag Team Champions|1 time]]) – with [[Jay Lethal]]<ref name=OWOW/>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Professional wrestling}}
{{Commons category|Austin Creed|Consequences Creed}}
*{{Official website|http://www.gocreedgo.com/}}
*[http://www.cagematch.de/?id=2&nr=4955 CageMatch.de – Austin Creed] {{de icon}}
*[http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/a/austin-creed.html Profile] at Online World Of Wrestling

{{World Wrestling Entertainment employees}}
{{TNA World Tag Team Championship}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Creed, Consequences
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Watson, Austin; Creed, Austin; Creed, Rasheed Lucius; Woods, Xavier
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Professional wrestler
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 4, 1986
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Marietta, Georgia]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Creed, Consequences}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:African-American professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:American male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Marietta, Georgia]]
[[Category:Professional wrestlers from Georgia (U.S. state)]]

Aitzaz Ahsan

2013-11-17T09:49:24Z

Ruby Murray: Filling in 3 references using Reflinks

{{BLP sources|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix =
|name =Chaudhry Aitzaz Ahsan
|honorific-suffix =
|colorcode = 
|image = Aitzaz ahsan.jpg
|imagesize =
|smallimage = 
|alt =
|caption =Aitzaz Ahsan
|order =[[Law Minister of Pakistan|19th]] [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Law and]] [[Ministry of Justice (Pakistan)|Justice]]
|office =
|term_start =October 21, 1993
|term_end = November 5, 1996
|alongside = 
|vicepresident =
|viceprimeminister =
|deputy =
|lieutenant =
|monarch =
|president =[[Farooq Leghari]]
|primeminister =[[Benazir Bhutto]]
|taoiseach =
|chancellor =
|governor =
|governor-general =
|governor_general =
|succeeding = 
|predecessor =[[Rana Sanaullah Khan]]
|successor =[[Ashtar Ausaf Ali]]
|constituency =
|majority =
|order2 =[[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)#List of Interior Ministers of Pakistan|25th]] [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Minister of Interior]]
|office2 = 
|term_start2 =December 4, 1988
|term_end2 =August 6, 1990
|alongside2 = 
|vicepresident2 = 
|viceprimeminister2 = 
|deputy2 = 
|lieutenant2 = 
|monarch2 = 
|president2 =[[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]
|primeminister2 = [[Benazir Bhutto]]
|governor2 = 
|succeeding2 = 
|predecessor2 =[[Vice Admiral|VAdm]] [[Malik Nasim Ahmed Aheer|Malik Nasim Ahmad]]
|successor2 =[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain|Ch. Schuja'at Hussain]]
|constituency2 = 
|majority2 = 
|order3 =[[President]] of [[Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan|Supreme Court Bar Association]]
|office3 = 
|term_start3 =25 November 2007
|term_end3 =28 October 2008
|predecessor3 =[[Munir A. Malik]]
|successor3 =[[Ali Ahmad Kurd]]
|lieutenant3 =[[Asma Jahangir]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1945|09|27}}
| birth_place = [[Murree]], [[British Indian Empire]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Pakistan]]i
| party = [[Pakistan Peoples Party|Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)]]
| otherparty = 
| spouse = Bushra aityzaz
| relations =
| children =
| residence = [[Lahore]], Pakistan
| alma_mater =[[Government College University, Lahore]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]) [[Downing College, Cambridge|Downing College]], Cambridge ([[Master of Laws|LLM]] and [[Juris Doctor|JD]])
| occupation =Lawyer
| profession = [[Barrister|Barrister-at-Law]] [[Politician|statesman]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| cabinet =[[Bainazir Bhuttoo Government]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chaudhry Aitzaz Ahsan''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|چودھری اعتزاز احسن}}}}; b. 27 September 1945) is a [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]] lawyer, politician and political activist. He is best known as a [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[:wikt:statesman|statesman]], constitutional theorist, and [[Marxist philosophy|Marxist intellectual]], and currently serves as the [[Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Senate of Pakistan]]. Prior to his political career, he briefly served as president of [[Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan|Supreme Court Bar Association]] of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/561678/fresh-adjustments-zafarul-haq-appointed-senate-house-leader/ |title=Fresh adjustments: Zafarul Haq appointed Senate house leader |publisher=The Express Tribune |date=2013-06-11 |accessdate=2013-11-17}}</ref>

A senior member of the [[Central Executive Committee of the Pakistan Peoples Party|Central Executive Committee]] of the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP), Ahsan started his political career in the [[Bainazir Bhuttoo Government|government]] of [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]] as [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|minister]] of [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Interior ministry]] from 1988 until 1990. In addition, he served as the [[Law Minister of Pakistan|minister]] of [[Law Minister of Pakistan|law]] and [[Ministry of Justice (Pakistan)|justice ministry]] from 1993 until 1996.

In public circles, he is known for his long advocacy of [[social democracy]], and represented the case of the former prime minister [[Nawaz Sharif|Navaz Sharif]] in 1999. In 2007, he successfully represented the case of chief justice [[Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry]], followed by his arrest by the former president [[Pervez Musharraf]].

==Early life and education==

Aitzaz Ahsan was born in [[Murree]], [[Rawalpindi District]] of [[Punjab (British India)|British-controlled]] [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab Province]]. He was educated at a private high school{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} and attended the two-year [[Aitchison College]].<ref name="aa"/>

He [[College transfer|transferred]] from Aitchison to the [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College University]] (GCU) in 1963, where he studied law. In 1965, he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Law|LLB]] degree in law.<ref name="aa"/>

After receiving a law scholarship, Ahsan went to [[United Kingdom]] and was accepted at the [[University of Cambridge]] and studied international law at [[Downing College, Cambridge|Downing College]] where he obtained a [[Master of Law|LLM]] in 1967. Upon graduating, Ahsan was [[called to the Bar|called]] at [[Gray's Inn]] in 1967.<ref name="aa">{{cite web|url=http://www.aitzazahsan.com/profile.htm|title=Aitzaz Ahsan : AitzazAhsan.com|publisher=Aitzaz|accessdate=2009-11-10| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091026162546/http://www.aitzazahsan.com/profile.htm| archivedate= 26 October 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

==Political career==

===Statesmanship and parliamentary services===

Despite having belong to a ''[[bourgeoisie]]'' family,{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} Ahsan's interest further grew in [[Socialism|left-wing]] ideas, initially taking cases at the [[Lahore High Court]] against industrialists and powerful feudal families.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} In 1975 he became an active member of the [[Socialism in Pakistan|left-leaning]] [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP). In his writings and speeches, Ahsan wrote in support of [[left-wing politics|left-wing]] politics and [[social democracy]] in Pakistan.

On the PPP's political platform, Ahsan secured his electoral membership of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Punjab Assembly]] in 1977. His name for the nomination came after his senior associate [[Chaudhry Anwar Samma|Anvar Sama]] was assassinated in a [[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]] political rally during the [[Pakistani general elections, 1977|general elections]] held in 1977. Initially, Ahsan was appointed as a minister of [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Pakistan)|Ministry of Information and Mass-media Broadcasting]], by [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]].<ref name="aa"/>

He lost his PPP membership after resigning his ministry appointment, after learning the news of [[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Police]] opening fire on a rally of lawyers during the [[Pakistan National Alliance|PNA]] demonstrations against the alleged rigging of elections by the PPP government in 1977.<ref name="aa"/>

Though he maintained his relations with the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and rejoined the PPP following the [[1977 Pakistani coup d'état|1977 military coup d'état]] led by [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|chief of army staff]] General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]]. He consistently followed up with the case hearing by the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]] of Pakistan against Bhutto in 1978.<ref name="aa"/>

Ahsan renewed his public and political activities and actively became involved with the leftist alliance the [[Movement for the Restoration of Democracy]] led under various Marxist leaders. For his participation in the MRD he was repeatedly imprisoned.<ref name="aa"/> Ahsan was elected to the National Assembly as a PPP candidate in 1988, serving as Minister for Law and Justice, the Interior and Narcotics Control, before winning re-election in 1990 and losing in 1993. In 1994 he was elected to the [[Senate of Pakistan]], where he sat as Leader of the Opposition until 1999. He was re-elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] as a Peoples Party candidate in the 2002 General Elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.com.pk/candidatedetails.php?id=1242|title=PPP - Aitzaz Ahsan's profile|publisher=[[Pakistani People's Party]]|accessdate=2009-11-10}}</ref>

===Law career===

Ahsan is a Senior Advocate in the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]], and senior partner of the firm Aitzaz Ahsan & Associates,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aaa-law.net |title=:-Aitzaz Ahsan & Associates-: |publisher=Aaa-law.net |date= |accessdate=2013-11-17}}</ref> consistently given the highest rank by Chambers and Partners' ranking of legal professionals.<ref>[http://www.corporatecounsel.co.uk/global/resultseditorial.aspx?fid=91614&cid=75&pid=467&solbar=1&grouptype=1#91614 Aitzaz Ahsan Firm profile]{{dead link|date=September 2013}}</ref> He also made legal history by having defended three Prime Ministers in the court of law. Having previously fought cases in defence of [[Benazir Bhutto]] in 2001, he took up the case for the defence of former prime minister [[Nawaz Sharif]].

During his tenure as a member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] he was a member of the Standing Committee on Interior and the Standing Committee on Public Accounts.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

====Chief Justice case====
{{Main|Suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry}}
Ahsan and his team, consisting of Shahid Saeed, Gohar Khan and Nadeem Ahmed successfully represented [[Chief Justice of Pakistan]], Justice [[Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry]]'s case in the Supreme Court of Pakistan [PLD 2007 SC 578]. They were pitted against a team consisting of 16 senior lawyers representing the Federation. The hearing was being conducted by a full court headed by Justice Khalil-ur-Rehman Ramday, and the 13-member panel reinstated the Chief Justice, declaring his suspension by [[Pervez Musharraf]] regime "illegal."

====Contempt of Court case and subsequent disqualification of PM Gilani====
In 2011 he was the defense lawyer for [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]], when Pakistan's Supreme Court charged him with contempt.<ref>{{cite web|last=Khan |first=Sumera |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/370187/gilani-to-appeal-contempt-conviction-aitzaz-ahsan/ |title=Gilani to appeal contempt conviction: Aitzaz Ahsan |publisher=The Express Tribune |date= |accessdate=2013-11-17}}</ref> During the trial in Court his objections including jurisdictional and on merit were rejected and Gilani was convicted with punishment to remain in Court until the rising.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} Ahsan disagreed with the ruling, claiming the decision for scandalizing and ridicule of court were not in the ambit of charges put forth by Supreme court of Pakistan. The Speaker of Pakistan Parliament declared the conviction and sentence of PM of Pakistan was not on a matter of 'moral turpitude'. The sentence, she maintained, did not rise to a level of disqualification for a sitting MNA; dismissing the verdict altogether. Mr. Ahsan, announced that his client will not further appeal this matter. This ruling by the Speaker was challenged in the Supreme Court of Pakistan and on June 19, 2012, the highest court of Pakistan ruled that Mr. Gilani stands disqualified as a member of Parliament as of April 26, 2012 and also as PM of Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

===During and after Emergency===
{{Main|2007 Pakistani state of emergency}}


Ahsan was arrested soon after the declaration of emergency and martial law,.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqKoZVFcc_k |title=youtube video 1 |publisher=Youtube.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWZ9wyFYz98 |title=youtube video 2 |publisher=Youtube.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref> At the time he and his team (Shahid Saeed, Gohar Khan and Nadeem Ahmed) were arguing against the eligibility of General Musharraf to contest the 2007 Presidential Elections before a full bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. 33 US Senators wrote to President Musharraf to release Barrister Aitzaz Ahsan immediately.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

He withdrew his papers of nomination to run for the National Parliament, in deference to the National Lawyers' Convention decision to boycott elections under Mr. Musharraf.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

He was rearrested during his three days' reprieve for celebrating a religious holiday, when he decided to offer prayers with Mr. Iftikhar Chaudhry and was heading to Islamabad. He has served detention in his house for 90 days and has declared his detention as illegal.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} He refused to abandon his work for the restoration of the judiciary, and was reluctant to negotiate when approached by Attorney General.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

Ahsan has been awarded the Asian Human Rights Defender Award by the Hong Kong-based Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC), along with Munir A Malik (past President SCBA).{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} The annual Award for Distinction in International Law and Affairs will be presented to Aitzaz Ahsan in asbentia as more than 5,000 lawyers gather for the annual meeting of the New York State Bar Association (NYSBA).{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

Freed for two days, Mr. Ahsan was rearrested for 30 days on 2 February 2008 before he was to board a flight to Sindh to offer his condolences to Benazir Bhutto's husband.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

===Literary contribution===

He was the author of the book ''The Indus Saga and the Making of Pakistan'' and its [[Urdu]] translation, ''Sindh Sagar Aur Qyam-e-Pakistan'' which presents the cultural history of Pakistan.<ref name="PIL">[http://www.pildat.org/mna/profile.asp?detid=124 Aitzaz Ahsan representative for NA-124 , Lahore-VII]{{dead link|date=September 2013}}</ref>

He has also co-authored the book ''Divided by Democracy'' with [[Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai|Lord Meghnad Desai]] of the [[London School of Economics]].<ref>[https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43341.htm Divided by Democracy/Meghnad Desai and Aitzaz Ahsan. New Delhi, Roli, 2005]{{dead link|date=September 2013}}</ref>

===Honours===

Ahsan received an Honorary [[Fellow]]ship of [[Downing College]], one of the constituent colleges of the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dow.cam.ac.uk/dow_server/mfs/honorary_fellows/A._Ahsan.html |title=Aitzaz Ahsan Honorary Fellow - Downing College Cambridge |publisher=Dow.cam.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref> In an Internet poll of the US magazine Foreign Policy, Ahsan was voted one of the top 10 public intellectuals in the world in May 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4293 |title=Top 100 Intellectuals |publisher=Foreign Policy |date= |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref>

In 2008, in an open online poll, Ahsan was voted into fifth place in the world on the list of [[Top 100 Public Intellectuals Poll|Top 100 Public Intellectuals]] by ''[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect Magazine]]'' ([[UK]]) and ''[[Foreign Policy (magazine)|Foreign Policy]]'' ([[United States]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/prospect-100-intellectuals/ |title=Intellectuals |publisher=Prospectmagazine.co.uk |date=2009-10-14 |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Pakistan Bar Council]] (PBC)
* [[Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan]] (SCBA)
* [[Fakhruddin G. Ebrahim]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{more footnotes|date=November 2013}}
* [http://www.aitzazahsan.com AitzazAhsan.com]
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01EFDC1430F930A25752C1A9619C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print New York Times story, Nov 2007]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/28/world/asia/28islamabad.html?ref=asia&pagewanted=print New York Times story, July 2007]
* [http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsMay2003/cover3may2003.htm 2003 Interview]
* [http://www.pildat.org/mna/profile.asp?detid=124 PILDAT profile]
* [http://www.ibitians.com/category/personalities/aitzaz-ahsan/ Read Columns for Aitzaz Ahsan at IBITIANS.com (Urdu)]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |title=[[Interior Minister of Pakistan]]|
years=1988 – 1990|
before=Malik Nasim Ahmed Aheer|
after=Mian Zahid Sarfraz}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=17453839}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Ahsan, Aitzaz
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Pakistani lawyer and politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = 27 September 1945
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Murree]], [[Pakistan]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahsan, Aitzaz}}
[[Category:Aitchison College alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani Marxists]]
[[Category:Pakistan Peoples Party politicians]]
[[Category:Interior Ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani barristers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Downing College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of Downing College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Members of Gray's Inn]]
[[Category:Pakistani politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistani democracy activists]]
[[Category:Government College University, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Murree]]

Aitzaz Ahsan

2013-11-17T09:48:00Z

Ruby Murray: /* Contempt of Court case and subsequent disqualification of PM Gilani */ better reference

{{BLP sources|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix =
|name =Chaudhry Aitzaz Ahsan
|honorific-suffix =
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|image = Aitzaz ahsan.jpg
|imagesize =
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|caption =Aitzaz Ahsan
|order =[[Law Minister of Pakistan|19th]] [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Law and]] [[Ministry of Justice (Pakistan)|Justice]]
|office =
|term_start =October 21, 1993
|term_end = November 5, 1996
|alongside = 
|vicepresident =
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|deputy =
|lieutenant =
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|president =[[Farooq Leghari]]
|primeminister =[[Benazir Bhutto]]
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|succeeding = 
|predecessor =[[Rana Sanaullah Khan]]
|successor =[[Ashtar Ausaf Ali]]
|constituency =
|majority =
|order2 =[[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)#List of Interior Ministers of Pakistan|25th]] [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Minister of Interior]]
|office2 = 
|term_start2 =December 4, 1988
|term_end2 =August 6, 1990
|alongside2 = 
|vicepresident2 = 
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|president2 =[[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]
|primeminister2 = [[Benazir Bhutto]]
|governor2 = 
|succeeding2 = 
|predecessor2 =[[Vice Admiral|VAdm]] [[Malik Nasim Ahmed Aheer|Malik Nasim Ahmad]]
|successor2 =[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain|Ch. Schuja'at Hussain]]
|constituency2 = 
|majority2 = 
|order3 =[[President]] of [[Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan|Supreme Court Bar Association]]
|office3 = 
|term_start3 =25 November 2007
|term_end3 =28 October 2008
|predecessor3 =[[Munir A. Malik]]
|successor3 =[[Ali Ahmad Kurd]]
|lieutenant3 =[[Asma Jahangir]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1945|09|27}}
| birth_place = [[Murree]], [[British Indian Empire]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Pakistan]]i
| party = [[Pakistan Peoples Party|Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)]]
| otherparty = 
| spouse = Bushra aityzaz
| relations =
| children =
| residence = [[Lahore]], Pakistan
| alma_mater =[[Government College University, Lahore]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]) [[Downing College, Cambridge|Downing College]], Cambridge ([[Master of Laws|LLM]] and [[Juris Doctor|JD]])
| occupation =Lawyer
| profession = [[Barrister|Barrister-at-Law]] [[Politician|statesman]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| cabinet =[[Bainazir Bhuttoo Government]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chaudhry Aitzaz Ahsan''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|چودھری اعتزاز احسن}}}}; b. 27 September 1945) is a [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]] lawyer, politician and political activist. He is best known as a [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[:wikt:statesman|statesman]], constitutional theorist, and [[Marxist philosophy|Marxist intellectual]], and currently serves as the [[Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Senate of Pakistan]]. Prior to his political career, he briefly served as president of [[Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan|Supreme Court Bar Association]] of Pakistan.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/561678/fresh-adjustments-zafarul-haq-appointed-senate-house-leader/</ref>

A senior member of the [[Central Executive Committee of the Pakistan Peoples Party|Central Executive Committee]] of the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP), Ahsan started his political career in the [[Bainazir Bhuttoo Government|government]] of [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]] as [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|minister]] of [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Interior ministry]] from 1988 until 1990. In addition, he served as the [[Law Minister of Pakistan|minister]] of [[Law Minister of Pakistan|law]] and [[Ministry of Justice (Pakistan)|justice ministry]] from 1993 until 1996.

In public circles, he is known for his long advocacy of [[social democracy]], and represented the case of the former prime minister [[Nawaz Sharif|Navaz Sharif]] in 1999. In 2007, he successfully represented the case of chief justice [[Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry]], followed by his arrest by the former president [[Pervez Musharraf]].

==Early life and education==

Aitzaz Ahsan was born in [[Murree]], [[Rawalpindi District]] of [[Punjab (British India)|British-controlled]] [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab Province]]. He was educated at a private high school{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} and attended the two-year [[Aitchison College]].<ref name="aa"/>

He [[College transfer|transferred]] from Aitchison to the [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College University]] (GCU) in 1963, where he studied law. In 1965, he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Law|LLB]] degree in law.<ref name="aa"/>

After receiving a law scholarship, Ahsan went to [[United Kingdom]] and was accepted at the [[University of Cambridge]] and studied international law at [[Downing College, Cambridge|Downing College]] where he obtained a [[Master of Law|LLM]] in 1967. Upon graduating, Ahsan was [[called to the Bar|called]] at [[Gray's Inn]] in 1967.<ref name="aa">{{cite web|url=http://www.aitzazahsan.com/profile.htm|title=Aitzaz Ahsan : AitzazAhsan.com|publisher=Aitzaz|accessdate=2009-11-10| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091026162546/http://www.aitzazahsan.com/profile.htm| archivedate= 26 October 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

==Political career==

===Statesmanship and parliamentary services===

Despite having belong to a ''[[bourgeoisie]]'' family,{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} Ahsan's interest further grew in [[Socialism|left-wing]] ideas, initially taking cases at the [[Lahore High Court]] against industrialists and powerful feudal families.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} In 1975 he became an active member of the [[Socialism in Pakistan|left-leaning]] [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP). In his writings and speeches, Ahsan wrote in support of [[left-wing politics|left-wing]] politics and [[social democracy]] in Pakistan.

On the PPP's political platform, Ahsan secured his electoral membership of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Punjab Assembly]] in 1977. His name for the nomination came after his senior associate [[Chaudhry Anwar Samma|Anvar Sama]] was assassinated in a [[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]] political rally during the [[Pakistani general elections, 1977|general elections]] held in 1977. Initially, Ahsan was appointed as a minister of [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Pakistan)|Ministry of Information and Mass-media Broadcasting]], by [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]].<ref name="aa"/>

He lost his PPP membership after resigning his ministry appointment, after learning the news of [[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Police]] opening fire on a rally of lawyers during the [[Pakistan National Alliance|PNA]] demonstrations against the alleged rigging of elections by the PPP government in 1977.<ref name="aa"/>

Though he maintained his relations with the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and rejoined the PPP following the [[1977 Pakistani coup d'état|1977 military coup d'état]] led by [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|chief of army staff]] General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]]. He consistently followed up with the case hearing by the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]] of Pakistan against Bhutto in 1978.<ref name="aa"/>

Ahsan renewed his public and political activities and actively became involved with the leftist alliance the [[Movement for the Restoration of Democracy]] led under various Marxist leaders. For his participation in the MRD he was repeatedly imprisoned.<ref name="aa"/> Ahsan was elected to the National Assembly as a PPP candidate in 1988, serving as Minister for Law and Justice, the Interior and Narcotics Control, before winning re-election in 1990 and losing in 1993. In 1994 he was elected to the [[Senate of Pakistan]], where he sat as Leader of the Opposition until 1999. He was re-elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] as a Peoples Party candidate in the 2002 General Elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.com.pk/candidatedetails.php?id=1242|title=PPP - Aitzaz Ahsan's profile|publisher=[[Pakistani People's Party]]|accessdate=2009-11-10}}</ref>

===Law career===

Ahsan is a Senior Advocate in the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]], and senior partner of the firm Aitzaz Ahsan & Associates<ref>http://www.aaa-law.net </ref>, consistently given the highest rank by Chambers and Partners' ranking of legal professionals.<ref>[http://www.corporatecounsel.co.uk/global/resultseditorial.aspx?fid=91614&cid=75&pid=467&solbar=1&grouptype=1#91614 Aitzaz Ahsan Firm profile]{{dead link|date=September 2013}}</ref> He also made legal history by having defended three Prime Ministers in the court of law. Having previously fought cases in defence of [[Benazir Bhutto]] in 2001, he took up the case for the defence of former prime minister [[Nawaz Sharif]].

During his tenure as a member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] he was a member of the Standing Committee on Interior and the Standing Committee on Public Accounts.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

====Chief Justice case====
{{Main|Suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry}}
Ahsan and his team, consisting of Shahid Saeed, Gohar Khan and Nadeem Ahmed successfully represented [[Chief Justice of Pakistan]], Justice [[Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry]]'s case in the Supreme Court of Pakistan [PLD 2007 SC 578]. They were pitted against a team consisting of 16 senior lawyers representing the Federation. The hearing was being conducted by a full court headed by Justice Khalil-ur-Rehman Ramday, and the 13-member panel reinstated the Chief Justice, declaring his suspension by [[Pervez Musharraf]] regime "illegal."

====Contempt of Court case and subsequent disqualification of PM Gilani====
In 2011 he was the defense lawyer for [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]], when Pakistan's Supreme Court charged him with contempt.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/370187/gilani-to-appeal-contempt-conviction-aitzaz-ahsan/</ref> During the trial in Court his objections including jurisdictional and on merit were rejected and Gilani was convicted with punishment to remain in Court until the rising.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} Ahsan disagreed with the ruling, claiming the decision for scandalizing and ridicule of court were not in the ambit of charges put forth by Supreme court of Pakistan. The Speaker of Pakistan Parliament declared the conviction and sentence of PM of Pakistan was not on a matter of 'moral turpitude'. The sentence, she maintained, did not rise to a level of disqualification for a sitting MNA; dismissing the verdict altogether. Mr. Ahsan, announced that his client will not further appeal this matter. This ruling by the Speaker was challenged in the Supreme Court of Pakistan and on June 19, 2012, the highest court of Pakistan ruled that Mr. Gilani stands disqualified as a member of Parliament as of April 26, 2012 and also as PM of Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

===During and after Emergency===
{{Main|2007 Pakistani state of emergency}}


Ahsan was arrested soon after the declaration of emergency and martial law,.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqKoZVFcc_k |title=youtube video 1 |publisher=Youtube.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWZ9wyFYz98 |title=youtube video 2 |publisher=Youtube.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref> At the time he and his team (Shahid Saeed, Gohar Khan and Nadeem Ahmed) were arguing against the eligibility of General Musharraf to contest the 2007 Presidential Elections before a full bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. 33 US Senators wrote to President Musharraf to release Barrister Aitzaz Ahsan immediately.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

He withdrew his papers of nomination to run for the National Parliament, in deference to the National Lawyers' Convention decision to boycott elections under Mr. Musharraf.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

He was rearrested during his three days' reprieve for celebrating a religious holiday, when he decided to offer prayers with Mr. Iftikhar Chaudhry and was heading to Islamabad. He has served detention in his house for 90 days and has declared his detention as illegal.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} He refused to abandon his work for the restoration of the judiciary, and was reluctant to negotiate when approached by Attorney General.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

Ahsan has been awarded the Asian Human Rights Defender Award by the Hong Kong-based Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC), along with Munir A Malik (past President SCBA).{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} The annual Award for Distinction in International Law and Affairs will be presented to Aitzaz Ahsan in asbentia as more than 5,000 lawyers gather for the annual meeting of the New York State Bar Association (NYSBA).{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

Freed for two days, Mr. Ahsan was rearrested for 30 days on 2 February 2008 before he was to board a flight to Sindh to offer his condolences to Benazir Bhutto's husband.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

===Literary contribution===

He was the author of the book ''The Indus Saga and the Making of Pakistan'' and its [[Urdu]] translation, ''Sindh Sagar Aur Qyam-e-Pakistan'' which presents the cultural history of Pakistan.<ref name="PIL">[http://www.pildat.org/mna/profile.asp?detid=124 Aitzaz Ahsan representative for NA-124 , Lahore-VII]{{dead link|date=September 2013}}</ref>

He has also co-authored the book ''Divided by Democracy'' with [[Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai|Lord Meghnad Desai]] of the [[London School of Economics]].<ref>[https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43341.htm Divided by Democracy/Meghnad Desai and Aitzaz Ahsan. New Delhi, Roli, 2005]{{dead link|date=September 2013}}</ref>

===Honours===

Ahsan received an Honorary [[Fellow]]ship of [[Downing College]], one of the constituent colleges of the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dow.cam.ac.uk/dow_server/mfs/honorary_fellows/A._Ahsan.html |title=Aitzaz Ahsan Honorary Fellow - Downing College Cambridge |publisher=Dow.cam.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref> In an Internet poll of the US magazine Foreign Policy, Ahsan was voted one of the top 10 public intellectuals in the world in May 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4293 |title=Top 100 Intellectuals |publisher=Foreign Policy |date= |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref>

In 2008, in an open online poll, Ahsan was voted into fifth place in the world on the list of [[Top 100 Public Intellectuals Poll|Top 100 Public Intellectuals]] by ''[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect Magazine]]'' ([[UK]]) and ''[[Foreign Policy (magazine)|Foreign Policy]]'' ([[United States]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/prospect-100-intellectuals/ |title=Intellectuals |publisher=Prospectmagazine.co.uk |date=2009-10-14 |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Pakistan Bar Council]] (PBC)
* [[Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan]] (SCBA)
* [[Fakhruddin G. Ebrahim]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{more footnotes|date=November 2013}}
* [http://www.aitzazahsan.com AitzazAhsan.com]
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01EFDC1430F930A25752C1A9619C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print New York Times story, Nov 2007]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/28/world/asia/28islamabad.html?ref=asia&pagewanted=print New York Times story, July 2007]
* [http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsMay2003/cover3may2003.htm 2003 Interview]
* [http://www.pildat.org/mna/profile.asp?detid=124 PILDAT profile]
* [http://www.ibitians.com/category/personalities/aitzaz-ahsan/ Read Columns for Aitzaz Ahsan at IBITIANS.com (Urdu)]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |title=[[Interior Minister of Pakistan]]|
years=1988 – 1990|
before=Malik Nasim Ahmed Aheer|
after=Mian Zahid Sarfraz}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=17453839}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Ahsan, Aitzaz
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Pakistani lawyer and politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = 27 September 1945
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Murree]], [[Pakistan]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahsan, Aitzaz}}
[[Category:Aitchison College alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani Marxists]]
[[Category:Pakistan Peoples Party politicians]]
[[Category:Interior Ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani barristers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Downing College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of Downing College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Members of Gray's Inn]]
[[Category:Pakistani politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistani democracy activists]]
[[Category:Government College University, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Murree]]

Aitzaz Ahsan

2013-11-16T23:09:41Z

Ruby Murray: copyediting and a few references. More references are needed. Also removed some POV commentary.

{{BLP sources|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix =
|name =Chaudhry Aitzaz Ahsan
|honorific-suffix =
|colorcode = 
|image = Aitzaz ahsan.jpg
|imagesize =
|smallimage = 
|alt =
|caption =Aitzaz Ahsan
|order =[[Law Minister of Pakistan|19th]] [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Law and]] [[Ministry of Justice (Pakistan)|Justice]]
|office =
|term_start =October 21, 1993
|term_end = November 5, 1996
|alongside = 
|vicepresident =
|viceprimeminister =
|deputy =
|lieutenant =
|monarch =
|president =[[Farooq Leghari]]
|primeminister =[[Benazir Bhutto]]
|taoiseach =
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|governor_general =
|succeeding = 
|predecessor =[[Rana Sanaullah Khan]]
|successor =[[Ashtar Ausaf Ali]]
|constituency =
|majority =
|order2 =[[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)#List of Interior Ministers of Pakistan|25th]] [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Minister of Interior]]
|office2 = 
|term_start2 =December 4, 1988
|term_end2 =August 6, 1990
|alongside2 = 
|vicepresident2 = 
|viceprimeminister2 = 
|deputy2 = 
|lieutenant2 = 
|monarch2 = 
|president2 =[[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]
|primeminister2 = [[Benazir Bhutto]]
|governor2 = 
|succeeding2 = 
|predecessor2 =[[Vice Admiral|VAdm]] [[Malik Nasim Ahmed Aheer|Malik Nasim Ahmad]]
|successor2 =[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain|Ch. Schuja'at Hussain]]
|constituency2 = 
|majority2 = 
|order3 =[[President]] of [[Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan|Supreme Court Bar Association]]
|office3 = 
|term_start3 =25 November 2007
|term_end3 =28 October 2008
|predecessor3 =[[Munir A. Malik]]
|successor3 =[[Ali Ahmad Kurd]]
|lieutenant3 =[[Asma Jahangir]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1945|09|27}}
| birth_place = [[Murree]], [[British Indian Empire]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Pakistan]]i
| party = [[Pakistan Peoples Party|Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)]]
| otherparty = 
| spouse = Bushra aityzaz
| relations =
| children =
| residence = [[Lahore]], Pakistan
| alma_mater =[[Government College University, Lahore]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]) [[Downing College, Cambridge|Downing College]], Cambridge ([[Master of Laws|LLM]] and [[Juris Doctor|JD]])
| occupation =Lawyer
| profession = [[Barrister|Barrister-at-Law]] [[Politician|statesman]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| cabinet =[[Bainazir Bhuttoo Government]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chaudhry Aitzaz Ahsan''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|چودھری اعتزاز احسن}}}}; b. 27 September 1945) is a [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]] lawyer, politician and political activist. He is best known as a [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[:wikt:statesman|statesman]], constitutional theorist, and [[Marxist philosophy|Marxist intellectual]], and currently serves as the [[Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Senate of Pakistan]]. Prior to his political career, he briefly served as president of [[Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan|Supreme Court Bar Association]] of Pakistan.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/561678/fresh-adjustments-zafarul-haq-appointed-senate-house-leader/</ref>

A senior member of the [[Central Executive Committee of the Pakistan Peoples Party|Central Executive Committee]] of the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP), Ahsan started his political career in the [[Bainazir Bhuttoo Government|government]] of [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]] as [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|minister]] of [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Interior ministry]] from 1988 until 1990. In addition, he served as the [[Law Minister of Pakistan|minister]] of [[Law Minister of Pakistan|law]] and [[Ministry of Justice (Pakistan)|justice ministry]] from 1993 until 1996.

In public circles, he is known for his long advocacy of [[social democracy]], and represented the case of the former prime minister [[Nawaz Sharif|Navaz Sharif]] in 1999. In 2007, he successfully represented the case of chief justice [[Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry]], followed by his arrest by the former president [[Pervez Musharraf]].

==Early life and education==

Aitzaz Ahsan was born in [[Murree]], [[Rawalpindi District]] of [[Punjab (British India)|British-controlled]] [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab Province]]. He was educated at a private high school{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} and attended the two-year [[Aitchison College]].<ref name="aa"/>

He [[College transfer|transferred]] from Aitchison to the [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College University]] (GCU) in 1963, where he studied law. In 1965, he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Law|LLB]] degree in law.<ref name="aa"/>

After receiving a law scholarship, Ahsan went to [[United Kingdom]] and was accepted at the [[University of Cambridge]] and studied international law at [[Downing College, Cambridge|Downing College]] where he obtained a [[Master of Law|LLM]] in 1967. Upon graduating, Ahsan was [[called to the Bar|called]] at [[Gray's Inn]] in 1967.<ref name="aa">{{cite web|url=http://www.aitzazahsan.com/profile.htm|title=Aitzaz Ahsan : AitzazAhsan.com|publisher=Aitzaz|accessdate=2009-11-10| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091026162546/http://www.aitzazahsan.com/profile.htm| archivedate= 26 October 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

==Political career==

===Statesmanship and parliamentary services===

Despite having belong to a ''[[bourgeoisie]]'' family,{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} Ahsan's interest further grew in [[Socialism|left-wing]] ideas, initially taking cases at the [[Lahore High Court]] against industrialists and powerful feudal families.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} In 1975 he became an active member of the [[Socialism in Pakistan|left-leaning]] [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP). In his writings and speeches, Ahsan wrote in support of [[left-wing politics|left-wing]] politics and [[social democracy]] in Pakistan.

On the PPP's political platform, Ahsan secured his electoral membership of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Punjab Assembly]] in 1977. His name for the nomination came after his senior associate [[Chaudhry Anwar Samma|Anvar Sama]] was assassinated in a [[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]] political rally during the [[Pakistani general elections, 1977|general elections]] held in 1977. Initially, Ahsan was appointed as a minister of [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Pakistan)|Ministry of Information and Mass-media Broadcasting]], by [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]].<ref name="aa"/>

He lost his PPP membership after resigning his ministry appointment, after learning the news of [[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Police]] opening fire on a rally of lawyers during the [[Pakistan National Alliance|PNA]] demonstrations against the alleged rigging of elections by the PPP government in 1977.<ref name="aa"/>

Though he maintained his relations with the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and rejoined the PPP following the [[1977 Pakistani coup d'état|1977 military coup d'état]] led by [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|chief of army staff]] General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]]. He consistently followed up with the case hearing by the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]] of Pakistan against Bhutto in 1978.<ref name="aa"/>

Ahsan renewed his public and political activities and actively became involved with the leftist alliance the [[Movement for the Restoration of Democracy]] led under various Marxist leaders. For his participation in the MRD he was repeatedly imprisoned.<ref name="aa"/> Ahsan was elected to the National Assembly as a PPP candidate in 1988, serving as Minister for Law and Justice, the Interior and Narcotics Control, before winning re-election in 1990 and losing in 1993. In 1994 he was elected to the [[Senate of Pakistan]], where he sat as Leader of the Opposition until 1999. He was re-elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] as a Peoples Party candidate in the 2002 General Elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.com.pk/candidatedetails.php?id=1242|title=PPP - Aitzaz Ahsan's profile|publisher=[[Pakistani People's Party]]|accessdate=2009-11-10}}</ref>

===Law career===

Ahsan is a Senior Advocate in the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]], and senior partner of the firm Aitzaz Ahsan & Associates<ref>http://www.aaa-law.net </ref>, consistently given the highest rank by Chambers and Partners' ranking of legal professionals.<ref>[http://www.corporatecounsel.co.uk/global/resultseditorial.aspx?fid=91614&cid=75&pid=467&solbar=1&grouptype=1#91614 Aitzaz Ahsan Firm profile]{{dead link|date=September 2013}}</ref> He also made legal history by having defended three Prime Ministers in the court of law. Having previously fought cases in defence of [[Benazir Bhutto]] in 2001, he took up the case for the defence of former prime minister [[Nawaz Sharif]].

During his tenure as a member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] he was a member of the Standing Committee on Interior and the Standing Committee on Public Accounts.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

====Chief Justice case====
{{Main|Suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry}}
Ahsan and his team, consisting of Shahid Saeed, Gohar Khan and Nadeem Ahmed successfully represented [[Chief Justice of Pakistan]], Justice [[Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry]]'s case in the Supreme Court of Pakistan [PLD 2007 SC 578]. They were pitted against a team consisting of 16 senior lawyers representing the Federation. The hearing was being conducted by a full court headed by Justice Khalil-ur-Rehman Ramday, and the 13-member panel reinstated the Chief Justice, declaring his suspension by [[Pervez Musharraf]] regime "illegal."

====Contempt of Court case and subsequent disqualification of PM Gilani====
In 2011 he was the defense lawyer for [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]], when Pakistan's Supreme Court charged him with contempt.<ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2100654/Pakistani-Prime-MinisterYousaf-Raza-Gilani-courts-trouble-Supreme-Court-charges-contempt.html</ref> During the trial in Court his objections including jurisdictional and on merit were rejected and Gilani was convicted with punishment to remain in Court until the rising.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} Ahsan disagreed with the ruling, claiming the decision for scandalizing and ridicule of court were not in the ambit of charges put forth by Supreme court of Pakistan. The Speaker of Pakistan Parliament declared the conviction and sentence of PM of Pakistan was not on a matter of 'moral turpitude'. The sentence, she maintained, did not rise to a level of disqualification for a sitting MNA; dismissing the verdict altogether. Mr. Ahsan, announced that his client will not further appeal this matter. This ruling by the Speaker was challenged in the Supreme Court of Pakistan and on June 19, 2012, the highest court of Pakistan ruled that Mr. Gilani stands disqualified as a member of Parliament as of April 26, 2012 and also as PM of Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

===During and after Emergency===
{{Main|2007 Pakistani state of emergency}}


Ahsan was arrested soon after the declaration of emergency and martial law,.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqKoZVFcc_k |title=youtube video 1 |publisher=Youtube.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWZ9wyFYz98 |title=youtube video 2 |publisher=Youtube.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref> At the time he and his team (Shahid Saeed, Gohar Khan and Nadeem Ahmed) were arguing against the eligibility of General Musharraf to contest the 2007 Presidential Elections before a full bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. 33 US Senators wrote to President Musharraf to release Barrister Aitzaz Ahsan immediately.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

He withdrew his papers of nomination to run for the National Parliament, in deference to the National Lawyers' Convention decision to boycott elections under Mr. Musharraf.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

He was rearrested during his three days' reprieve for celebrating a religious holiday, when he decided to offer prayers with Mr. Iftikhar Chaudhry and was heading to Islamabad. He has served detention in his house for 90 days and has declared his detention as illegal.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} He refused to abandon his work for the restoration of the judiciary, and was reluctant to negotiate when approached by Attorney General.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

Ahsan has been awarded the Asian Human Rights Defender Award by the Hong Kong-based Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC), along with Munir A Malik (past President SCBA).{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} The annual Award for Distinction in International Law and Affairs will be presented to Aitzaz Ahsan in asbentia as more than 5,000 lawyers gather for the annual meeting of the New York State Bar Association (NYSBA).{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

Freed for two days, Mr. Ahsan was rearrested for 30 days on 2 February 2008 before he was to board a flight to Sindh to offer his condolences to Benazir Bhutto's husband.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

===Literary contribution===

He was the author of the book ''The Indus Saga and the Making of Pakistan'' and its [[Urdu]] translation, ''Sindh Sagar Aur Qyam-e-Pakistan'' which presents the cultural history of Pakistan.<ref name="PIL">[http://www.pildat.org/mna/profile.asp?detid=124 Aitzaz Ahsan representative for NA-124 , Lahore-VII]{{dead link|date=September 2013}}</ref>

He has also co-authored the book ''Divided by Democracy'' with [[Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai|Lord Meghnad Desai]] of the [[London School of Economics]].<ref>[https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43341.htm Divided by Democracy/Meghnad Desai and Aitzaz Ahsan. New Delhi, Roli, 2005]{{dead link|date=September 2013}}</ref>

===Honours===

Ahsan received an Honorary [[Fellow]]ship of [[Downing College]], one of the constituent colleges of the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dow.cam.ac.uk/dow_server/mfs/honorary_fellows/A._Ahsan.html |title=Aitzaz Ahsan Honorary Fellow - Downing College Cambridge |publisher=Dow.cam.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref> In an Internet poll of the US magazine Foreign Policy, Ahsan was voted one of the top 10 public intellectuals in the world in May 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4293 |title=Top 100 Intellectuals |publisher=Foreign Policy |date= |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref>

In 2008, in an open online poll, Ahsan was voted into fifth place in the world on the list of [[Top 100 Public Intellectuals Poll|Top 100 Public Intellectuals]] by ''[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect Magazine]]'' ([[UK]]) and ''[[Foreign Policy (magazine)|Foreign Policy]]'' ([[United States]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/prospect-100-intellectuals/ |title=Intellectuals |publisher=Prospectmagazine.co.uk |date=2009-10-14 |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Pakistan Bar Council]] (PBC)
* [[Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan]] (SCBA)
* [[Fakhruddin G. Ebrahim]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{more footnotes|date=November 2013}}
* [http://www.aitzazahsan.com AitzazAhsan.com]
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01EFDC1430F930A25752C1A9619C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print New York Times story, Nov 2007]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/28/world/asia/28islamabad.html?ref=asia&pagewanted=print New York Times story, July 2007]
* [http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsMay2003/cover3may2003.htm 2003 Interview]
* [http://www.pildat.org/mna/profile.asp?detid=124 PILDAT profile]
* [http://www.ibitians.com/category/personalities/aitzaz-ahsan/ Read Columns for Aitzaz Ahsan at IBITIANS.com (Urdu)]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |title=[[Interior Minister of Pakistan]]|
years=1988 – 1990|
before=Malik Nasim Ahmed Aheer|
after=Mian Zahid Sarfraz}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=17453839}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Ahsan, Aitzaz
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Pakistani lawyer and politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = 27 September 1945
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Murree]], [[Pakistan]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahsan, Aitzaz}}
[[Category:Aitchison College alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani Marxists]]
[[Category:Pakistan Peoples Party politicians]]
[[Category:Interior Ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani barristers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Downing College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of Downing College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Members of Gray's Inn]]
[[Category:Pakistani politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistani democracy activists]]
[[Category:Government College University, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Murree]]

Aitzaz Ahsan

2013-11-16T22:44:58Z

Ruby Murray: please stop making the grammar and spelling even worse, and please stop removing links and references.

{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix =
|name =Chaudhry Aitzaz Ahsan
|honorific-suffix =
|colorcode = 
|image = Aitzaz ahsan.jpg
|imagesize =
|smallimage = 
|alt =
|caption =Aitzaz Ahsan
|order =[[Law Minister of Pakistan|19th]] [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Law and]] [[Ministry of Justice (Pakistan)|Justice]]
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|term_start =October 21, 1993
|term_end = November 5, 1996
|alongside = 
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|viceprimeminister =
|deputy =
|lieutenant =
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|president =[[Farooq Leghari]]
|primeminister =[[Benazir Bhutto]]
|taoiseach =
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|governor_general =
|succeeding = 
|predecessor =[[Rana Sanaullah Khan]]
|successor =[[Ashtar Ausaf Ali]]
|constituency =
|majority =
|order2 =[[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)#List of Interior Ministers of Pakistan|25th]] [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Minister of Interior]]
|office2 = 
|term_start2 =December 4, 1988
|term_end2 =August 6, 1990
|alongside2 = 
|vicepresident2 = 
|viceprimeminister2 = 
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|president2 =[[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]
|primeminister2 = [[Benazir Bhutto]]
|governor2 = 
|succeeding2 = 
|predecessor2 =[[Vice Admiral|VAdm]] [[Malik Nasim Ahmed Aheer|Malik Nasim Ahmad]]
|successor2 =[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain|Ch. Schuja'at Hussain]]
|constituency2 = 
|majority2 = 
|order3 =[[President]] of [[Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan|Supreme Court Bar Association]]
|office3 = 
|term_start3 =25 November 2007
|term_end3 =28 October 2008
|predecessor3 =[[Munir A. Malik]]
|successor3 =[[Ali Ahmad Kurd]]
|lieutenant3 =[[Asma Jahangir]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1945|09|27}}
| birth_place = [[Murree]], [[British Indian Empire]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Pakistan]]i
| party = [[Pakistan Peoples Party|Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)]]
| otherparty = 
| spouse = Bushra aityzaz
| relations =
| children =
| residence = [[Lahore]], Pakistan
| alma_mater =[[Government College University, Lahore]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]) [[Downing College, Cambridge|Downing College]], Cambridge ([[Master of Laws|LLM]] and [[Juris Doctor|JD]])
| occupation =Lawyer
| profession = [[Barrister|Barrister-at-Law]] [[Politician|statesman]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| cabinet =[[Bainazir Bhuttoo Government]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chaudhry Aitzaz Ahsan''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|چودھری اعتزاز احسن}}}}; b. 27 September 1945) is a notable [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[:wikt:statesman|statesman]], constitutional theorist, and [[Marxist philosophy|Marxist intellectual]], currently serving as the senator to the [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] of Pakistan. Prior to this political career, he briefly tenured as president of [[Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan|Supreme Court Bar Association]] of Pakistan.

A senior and high-ranking member of the [[Central Executive Committee of the Pakistan Peoples Party|Central Executive Committee]] of the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP), Ahsan started his statesmanship in the [[Bainazir Bhuttoo Government|government]] of [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]] as [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|minister]] of [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Interior ministry]] from 1988 until 1990. In addition, Ahsan also served as the [[Law Minister of Pakistan|minister]] of [[Law Minister of Pakistan|law]] and [[Ministry of Justice (Pakistan)|justice ministry]] from 1993 until 1996.

In public circles, he is notable for his long advocacy for [[social democracy]] and represented the case of former prime minister [[Nawaz Sharif|Navaz Sharif]] in 1999. In 2007, he successfully represented the case of chief justice [[Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry]], followed by his arrest by the former president [[Pervez Musharraf]].

==Early life and education==

Aitzaz Ahsan was born in [[Murree]], [[Rawalpindi District]] of [[Punjab (British India)|British-controlled]] [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab Province]] to an educated and financially stable family, on 27 September 1945. Ahsan educated at the expensive private high school and attended the two-year [[Aitchison College]].<ref name="aa"/>

Upon [[College transfer|transferring]] from [[Aitchison College|Aitchison]] to famed [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College University]] (GCU) in 1963, Ahsan studied law at [[Government College University, Lahore|GCU]]. In 1965, he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Law|LLB]] degree in law.<ref name="aa"/>

After winning the law scholarship, Ahsan went to [[United Kingdom]] after having being accepted at the [[Cambridge University]] and studied international law at the law at the [[Downing College, Cambridge|Downing College]] where he obtained [[Master of Law|LLM]] in 1967. Upon graduating, Ahsan was [[called to the Bar|called]] at [[Gray's Inn]] in 1967.<ref name="aa">{{cite web|url=http://www.aitzazahsan.com/profile.htm|title=Aitzaz Ahsan : AitzazAhsan.com|publisher=Aitzaz|accessdate=2009-11-10| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091026162546/http://www.aitzazahsan.com/profile.htm| archivedate= 26 October 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

==Political activism in national politics==

===Statesmanship and parliamentary services===

Despite having belong to a ''[[bourgeoisie]]'' family, Ahsan's interest further grew in [[Socialism|left-wing]] ideas, initially taking cases at the [[Lahore High Court]] against the industrialist and powerful feudal families. In 1975, his interest further grew and became an active member of [[Socialism in Pakistan|left-oriented]] [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] after becoming its legal member. In his writings and speeches, Ahsan strong written in support of [[left-wing politics|left-wing]] politics and [[social democracy]] in Pakistan.

On [[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]]'s political platform, Ahsan successfully secured his electoral membership at the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Punjab Assembly]] in 1977. His name for the nomination came after his senior associate [[Chaudhry Anwar Samma|Anvar Sama]] was assassinated in a [[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]] political rally during the [[Pakistani general elections, 1977|general elections]] held in 1977. Initially, Ahsan was appointed as a minister of [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Pakistan)|Ministry of Information and Mass-media Broadcasting]], by [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]].<ref name="aa"/>

He lost his membership of [[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]] after resigning ministry appointment after learning the news of [[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Police]] opening fire on a rally of lawyers during the [[Pakistan National Alliance|PNA]] demonstrations against the alleged rigging of elections by the PPP government in 1977.<ref name="aa"/>

Though, he remained his relations with the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and, rejoined the [[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]] following the [[1977 Pakistani coup d'état|military coup d'état]] initiated under [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|chief of army staff]] General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]]. He consistently followed up with the case hearing by the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]] of Pakistan against Bhutto in 1978.<ref name="aa"/>

Ahsan started his public and political activities and actively became involved with the massive leftist alliance, the [[Movement for the Restoration of Democracy]] led under various Marxist leaders. For his participation in the MRD he was repeatedly imprisoned.<ref name="aa"/> Ahsan was elected to the National Assembly as a PPP candidate in 1988, serving as Minister for Law and Justice, the Interior and Narcotics Control before winning re-election in 1990 and losing in 1993. In 1994 he was elected to the [[Senate of Pakistan]], where he sat as Leader of the Opposition until 1999. He was re-elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] as a Peoples Party candidate in the 2002 General Elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.com.pk/candidatedetails.php?id=1242|title=PPP - Aitzaz Ahsan's profile|publisher=[[Pakistani People's Party]]|accessdate=2009-11-10}}</ref>

===As a lawyer===

A Senior Advocate in the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]], and senior partner of the firm [http://www.aaa-law.net Aitzaz Ahsan & Associates] Ahsan is a well-respected Pakistani [[lawyer]], consistently given the highest rank by Chambers and Partners ranking of legal professionals.<ref>[http://www.corporatecounsel.co.uk/global/resultseditorial.aspx?fid=91614&cid=75&pid=467&solbar=1&grouptype=1#91614 Aitzaz Ahsan Firm profile]{{dead link|date=September 2013}}</ref> He also made legal history by having defended three Prime Ministers in the court of law. Having previously fought cases in defence of [[Benazir Bhutto]] in 2001 he took up a case in defence of former prime minister [[Nawaz Sharif]]. recently in 2011 he fought case of yousaf raza gillani

During his most recent tenure as a member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] he was a member of the Standing Committee on Interior and the Standing Committee on Public Accounts.

====Chief Justice case====
{{Main|Suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry}}
Recently Barrister Aitzaz Ahsan and his team consisting of Shahid Saeed, Gohar Khan and Nadeem Ahmed successfully represented [[Chief Justice of Pakistan]], Justice [[Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry]]'s case in the Supreme Court of Pakistan [PLD 2007 SC 578]. They were pitted against a team consisting of 16 senior lawyers representing the Federation in this misadventure. The hearing was being conducted by a full court headed by Justice Khalil-ur-Rehman Ramday, and the 13-member panel reinstated the Chief Justice declaring his suspension by [[Pervez Musharraf]] regime "illegal."

====Contempt of Court case and subsequent disqualification of PM Gilani====
Unequivocally, this was a controversial case for Barrister Ahsan. Contrary to the case of Chief Justice, he did not have the wind of his fraternity at his back. To his defense, history was on his side; John Adams represented British soldiers, yet he was considered patriotic enough to be elected 2nd President of the United States. During the trial in Court his objections including jurisdictional and on merit were rejected and Gilani was convicted with punishment to remain in Court until the rising.(Dawn TV April 26, 2012). Mr. Ahsan (AAJ TV) disagreed with the ruling, claiming the decision for scandalizing and ridicule of court were not in the ambit of charges put forth by Supreme court of Pakistan. The Speaker of Pakistan Parliament declared (PTV) the conviction and sentence of PM of Pakistan was not on a matter of 'moral turpitude'. The sentence, she maintained, did not rise to a level of disqualification for a sitting MNA; dismissing the verdict altogether. Mr. Ahsan, announced (Dunya TV May 24, 2012) that his client will not further appeal this matter. This ruling by the Speaker was challenged in the Supreme Court of Pakistan and on June 19, 2012, the highest court of Pakistan ruled that Mr. Gilani stands disqualified as a member of Parliament as of April 26, 2012 and also as PM of Pakistan (Dunya TV).

===During and after Emergency===
{{Main|2007 Pakistani state of emergency}}


Aitzaz Ahsan was arrested soon after the declaration of emergency/martial law,.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqKoZVFcc_k |title=youtube video 1 |publisher=Youtube.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWZ9wyFYz98 |title=youtube video 2 |publisher=Youtube.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref> At the time he and his team [Shahid Saeed, Gohar Khan and Nadeem Ahmed] were arguing against the eligibility of General Musharraf to contest the 2007 Presidential Elections before a full bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. There have also been rumours that he is being kept in solitary confinement and being tortured. Recently, 33 US Senators wrote to President Musharraf to release Barrister Aitzaz Ahsan immediately, as he is widely respected all around the world.
He withdrew his papers of nomination to run for the National Parliament, this in deference to National Lawyers' Convention decision to boycott elections under Mr. Musharraf. It has lifted his stature by putting the lawyers cause above his own.

Barrister Ahsan was succinct in his resolute to restore democracy and pre-emergency judiciary in Pakistan with peaceful resistance. He was rearrested during his three days reprieve for celebrating religious holiday; when he decided to offer prayers with Mr. Iftikhar Chaudhry and was heading to Islamabad. He has served detention in his house for 90 days and has declared his detention as illegal. It is reported (Nawaiwaqt 19 Jan 2008), with a dour determination he refused to abandon restoration of judiciary movement and was reluctant to negotiate when approached by Attorney General.
His role in PPP after the assassination of Benazir Bhutto will be pivotal since he commands the respect of representatives of Punjab, the nations lawyers; elected President of Supreme Court Bar Association by an overwhelming majority, and public at large.

Aitzaz Ahsan, has been awarded the Asian Human Rights Defender Award by the Hong Kong-based Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC) along with Munir A Malik (past President SCBA)(Dawn 23 Jan 2008). The annual Award for Distinction in International Law and Affairs will be presented to Aitzaz Ahsan in asbentia as more than 5,000 lawyers gather for the annual meeting of the New York State Bar Association (NYSBA).
Freed for two days, Mr. Ahsan was rearrested for 30 days on 2 February 2008 before he was to board a flight to Sindh to offer his condolences to Benazir Bhutto's husband (Dawn 2 February 2008).

===Literary contribution===

He has also authored the book ''The Indus Saga and the Making of Pakistan'' and its Urdu translation, ''Sindh Sagar Aur Qyam-e-Pakistan'' which presents the cultural history of Pakistan.<ref name="PIL">[http://www.pildat.org/mna/profile.asp?detid=124 Aitzaz Ahsan representative for NA-124 , Lahore-VII]{{dead link|date=September 2013}}</ref>

He has also co-authored the book ''Divided by Democracy'' with Lord Meghnad Desai of the London School of Economics.<ref>[https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43341.htm Divided by Democracy/Meghnad Desai and Aitzaz Ahsan. New Delhi, Roli, 2005]{{dead link|date=September 2013}}</ref>

===Honours===

Aitzaz Ahsan has been admitted to an Honorary [[Fellow]]ship at [[Downing College]], one of the constituent colleges of the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dow.cam.ac.uk/dow_server/mfs/honorary_fellows/A._Ahsan.html |title=Aitzaz Ahsan Honorary Fellow - Downing College Cambridge |publisher=Dow.cam.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref> In an Internet poll of the US magazine Foreign Policy, Ahsan was voted one of the top 10 public intellectuals in the world in May 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4293 |title=Top 100 Intellectuals |publisher=Foreign Policy |date= |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref>

In 2008, in an open online poll, Ahsan was voted the 5th topmost intellectual person in the world on the list of [[Top 100 Public Intellectuals Poll|Top 100 Public Intellectuals]] by ''[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect Magazine]]'' ([[UK]]) and ''[[Foreign Policy (magazine)|Foreign Policy]]'' ([[United States]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/prospect-100-intellectuals/ |title=Intellectuals |publisher=Prospectmagazine.co.uk |date=2009-10-14 |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Pakistan Bar Council]] (PBC)
* [[Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan]] (SCBA)
* [[Fakhruddin G. Ebrahim]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.aitzazahsan.com AitzazAhsan.com]
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01EFDC1430F930A25752C1A9619C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print New York Times story, Nov 2007]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/28/world/asia/28islamabad.html?ref=asia&pagewanted=print New York Times story, July 2007]
* [http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsMay2003/cover3may2003.htm 2003 Interview]
* [http://www.pildat.org/mna/profile.asp?detid=124 PILDAT profile]
* [http://www.ibitians.com/category/personalities/aitzaz-ahsan/ Read Columns for Aitzaz Ahsan at IBITIANS.com (Urdu)]
{{refend}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |title=[[Interior Minister of Pakistan]]|
years=1988 – 1990|
before=Malik Nasim Ahmed Aheer|
after=Mian Zahid Sarfraz}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=17453839}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Ahsan, Aitzaz
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Pakistani lawyer and politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = 27 September 1945
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Murree]], [[Pakistan]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahsan, Aitzaz}}
[[Category:Aitchison College alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani Marxists]]
[[Category:Pakistan Peoples Party politicians]]
[[Category:Interior Ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani barristers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Downing College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of Downing College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Members of Gray's Inn]]
[[Category:Pakistani politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistani democracy activists]]
[[Category:Government College University, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Murree]]

J.Lo (Album)

2013-11-16T22:36:04Z

Ruby Murray: reverted unsourced genre change by 217.43.164.89 (talk)

J.Lo (Album)

2013-11-14T16:21:22Z

Ruby Murray: reverted unsourced genre change by 217.43.164.89 (talk)

Aitzaz Ahsan

2013-11-13T15:07:44Z

Ruby Murray: Undid revision 581484089 by 116.58.40.38 (talk): new edit is no better grammatically, and removed many internal links and a reference

J.Lo (Album)

2013-11-13T14:35:15Z

Ruby Murray: reverted unsourced genre change by 86.142.54.250 (talk)

Anatolischer Leopard

2013-11-12T12:03:10Z

Ruby Murray: Fix broken reference name – You can help :Category:Pages with broken reference names

{{Taxobox
| name = Anatolian leopard
| image =
| status= EN
| status_system=IUCN3.1
| status_ref =<ref name=iucn />
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| ordo = [[Carnivora]]
| familia = [[Felidae]]
| genus = [[Panthera]]
| species = [[Leopard|Panthera pardus]]
| subspecies = '''''Anatolian leopard'''''
| trinomial = ''Panthera pardus tulliana''
| trinomial_authority = ([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1856)
}}

The '''Anatolian leopard''' (''Panthera pardus tulliana''), also called the '''Asia Minor leopard''', was proposed in the 19th century as a distinct [[leopard]] [[subspecies]] native to southwestern [[Turkey]], and is currently subsumed to the [[Caucasian leopard]].<ref name=iucn>{{IUCN |assessors=Khorozyan, I. |year=2008 |id=15961 |taxon=Panthera pardus ssp. saxicolor |version=2013.1}}</ref>

The first [[camera trap]] photograph of a leopard in Turkey was obtained in September 2013 in the [[Trabzon Province]].<ref name=WB13>World Bulletin (2013). [http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=117601 "Panthera pardus" spotted in Turkey]. World Bulletin, 11 September 2013.</ref> In November 2013, a leopard was killed in the [[Çınar, Diyarbakır|Çınar district]] of [[Diyarbakır Province]].<ref name=HDN13>[[Hürriyet]] Daily News (2013). [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/shepherd-kills-first-anatolian-leopard-sighted-in-turkey-for-years.aspx?PageID=238&NID=57317&NewsCatID=378 ''Shepherd kills first Anatolian leopard sighted in Turkey for years''] Hürriyet Daily News, 3 November 2013.</ref>

== Distribution and habitat==
The Anatolian leopard was first described on the basis of a skin of a leopard that was shot in the extreme west of [[Asia Minor]], near [[Izmir]] in [[Turkey]].<ref>Valenciennes, M. A. (1856). ''Sur une nouvelles espèce de Panthère tuée par M. Tchihatcheff à Ninfi, village situé à huit lieues est de Smyrne.'' Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences 42: 1035–1039.</ref>
Anatolian leopards are thought to have ranged in the [[Aegean Region, Turkey|Aegean]] and western parts of Turkey but were not known to be present in the [[Black Sea]] region.<ref>Can, O. E. (2004). ''Status, conservation and management of large carnivores in Turkey''. Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. Standing Committee, 24th meeting, 29 November-3 December 2004, Strasbourg.</ref>

Since surveys were not carried out in western Turkey until the mid 1980s, biologists doubted whether leopards still survived in this part of [[Anatolia]]. Sighting reports from the environs of [[Alanya]] in the south of the [[Lycia]]n peninsula suggested that a scattered population existed between [[Finike]], [[Antalya]] and Alanya in the early 1990s. Fresh faecal pellets found in [[Termessos|Termessos National Park]] in 1992 were attributed to an Anatolian leopard.<ref>Ullrich, B., Riffel, M. (1993). ''New evidence for the occurrence of the Anatolian Leopard, Panthera pardus tulliana (Valenciennes, 1856), in Western Turkey.'' Mammalia 57: 5–14.</ref>
A decade later, no signs of the presence of leopards were detected in the Termessos National Park. Interviews conducted with local people and national park personnel did not corroborate the presence of leopards in this area.<ref>Giannatos, G., Albayrak, T., Erdogan, A. (2006). ''Status of the Caracal in Protected Areas in Southwestern Turkey''. Cat News 45: 23–24.</ref>

During surveys carried out between 1993 and 2002, zoologists found evidence of leopards in the upper forest and alpine zones of the [[Pontic Mountains]] in northern Anatolia. In this area, possible prey species include wild [[ungulates]] such as [[deer]], [[chamois]], [[wild goat]], [[wild pig]] but also [[mountain hare]] and [[Caucasian Grouse|Caucasian grouse]].<ref name="b+b04">Baskaya, S., Bilgili, E. (2004). ''Does the leopard Panthera pardus still exist in the Eastern Karadeniz Mountains of Turkey ?'' Oryx 38 (2): 228–232.</ref> It is unknown whether a significant number of leopards still exist in Anatolia. Extensive [[trophy hunting]] is thought to be the prime factor for the decline and possible extinction of the Anatolian leopard. One hunter named Mantolu Hasan killed at least fifteen leopards between 1930 and 1950.<ref name="Ertüzün06">Ertüzün, M. (2006). [http://www.ergir.com/last_anatolian_panther.htm ''The last Anatolian Panther''].</ref>

In eastern Turkey, the range of Anatolian leopards converges with the range of [[Caucasian leopard]]s.<ref name="khorozyan+al06">Khorozyan, I. G., Gennady, F., Baryshnikov, G. F. and Abramov, A. V. (2006). [http://wild-cat.org/pardus/infos/Khorozyan2006Leopard-taxonomy.pdf ''Taxonomic status of the leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) in the Caucasus and adjacent areas'']. Russian Journal of Theriology 5(1): 41–52.</ref>
A male leopard camera trapped in the [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]n [[Vashlovani National Park]] in 2003 was considered a Caucasian leopard.<ref>Antelava, N. (2004). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3746491.stm ''Lone leopard spotted in Georgia'']. BBC News, 25 May 2004</ref>

The last leopard in [[Syria]] is reputed to have been killed in 1963 about {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Turkish border in the [[Al-Ansariyah mountains]].<ref>Masseti, M. (2009). [http://pensoftonline.net/zookeys/index.php/journal/article/download/170/343 ''Carnivores of Syria''] In: Neubert E, Amr Z, Taiti S, Gümüs B (eds.) Animal Biodiversity in the Middle East. Proceedings of the First Middle Eastern Biodiversity Congress, Aqaba, Jordan, 20–23 October 2008. ZooKeys 31: 229–252.</ref> Leopards reported from the [[Galilee]] and the [[Golan Heights]] in [[Israel]] are considered [[Arabian leopard]]s.<ref>Perez I., Geffen, E., Mokady, O. (2006). ''Critically endangered Arabian leopards Panthera pardus nimr in Israel: estimating population parameters using molecular scatology''. Oryx 40 (3): 295–301.</ref>

==Sightings and encounters==
In 1974, a leopard was killed in [[Bağözü, Beypazarı|Bağözü village]] near [[Beypazarı, Ankara|Beypazarı]] following an attack on a woman. For three decades, this encounter was considered to have been the last confirmed sighting of an Anatolian leopard.<ref name="b+b04" /><ref name="Ertüzün06"/>

In 2010, a leopard was killed and skinned in the [[Siirt Province]].<ref name=HDN13/>
In September 2013, an animal captured by camera traps in the [[Trabzon Province]] in Turkey's northern region was identified as a leopard by biologists from the [[Karadeniz Technical University]] who asserted to have obtained several photos of leopards in the surveyed area.<ref name=WB13/>
On 3 November 2013, a leopard was killed after it attacked a shepherd in Diyarbakır Province in the country's southern region.<ref name=HDN13/><ref name=GMT13>{{cite news |url=http://www.goodmorningturkey.com/anatolian-leopard-sighted-turkey-first-time-years-killed-shepherd/ |title=Anatolian Leopard Sighted in Turkey for First Time in Years After Being Killed by Shepherd |year=2013 |publisher=GoodMorningTurkey.com |author=HDN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.goodmorningturkey.com/mystery-anatolian-leopard-seen-shot-forensics/ |title=Mystery Anatolian Leopard Seen, Shot Before: Forensics |year=2013 |author=HDN |publisher=GoodMorningTurkey.com}}</ref>

== The ''Kaplani'' of Samos Island in Greece ==
There are no recent reports of encounters with the animal in [[Greece]], though at the end of the 18th century an Anatolian leopard from [[Asia Minor]] was forced, either by a [[flooding]] of the [[Maeander River]] or by [[wildfire]], to swim over to the nearby [[Samos Island]], where it became the apex predator and the scourge of domestic animals.

The ''Kaplani'' ({{lang-el| Καπλάνι}} from {{lang-tr|Kaplan}} meaning [[Tiger]]) was hunted by farmers and shepherds and was forced to take refuge in a cave. The entrance was documented as being blocked with large stones so that the animal would die out of [[hunger]] and [[thirst]]. After some time, a villager named Gerasimos Gliarmis opened a hole and climbed down the cave unarmed, in order to find the leopard's corpse. But the animal had managed to survive eating the remains of its old prey and drinking the water which had gathered in the cave's hollow. The leopard tried to fight his way out, but the villager's brother, Nikolaos Gliarmis, also climbed down the cave for help and managed to kill it. Gerasimos Gliarmis was injured by the wildcat in his chest and died a short time later from infection.

The dead leopard was embalmed and is today displayed at the Natural History Museum of the Aegean on Samos Island.<ref>[http://www.nhma.gr/?p=0&l=2 ''Natural History Museum of the Aegean'']</ref> The story of the animal and the exhibit inspired distinguished Greek author [[Alki Zei]] for her novel ''Wildcat under glass'' ({{lang-el| ''Το καπλάνι της βιτρίνας''}}, a.k.a. ''The Tiger in the Shop Window'', 1963).

== See also ==
{{Portal|Cats}}
*[[Pardus (operating system)|Pardus]], a Turkish Linux distribution named after the Anatolian leopard
*[[Ankaraspor A.Ş.]], Turkish football club which is nicknamed after the animal

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Panthera pardus tulliana}}
{{Commons|Panthera pardus tulliana}}
* [http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/15961/0 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: ''Panthera pardus saxicolor'']
* [http://gazelle.8m.net/whats_new.html Leopards in Palestine] Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Bulletin
* [http://leopards.wild-cat.org/ Leopards .:. wild-cat.org : ''The story of the last Anatolian Leopard'']
* [http://www.freewebs.com/anatolianleopard/photos.htm Anatolian Leopard Research Group: photos of footprints and scat]
* http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=b6f_1383518533
{{Carnivora|Fe.}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anatolian Leopard}}
[[Category:Leopards]]
[[Category:Mammals of Turkey|Leopard, Anatolian]]

Bernard Fisher (Mediziner)

2013-11-06T10:09:18Z

Ruby Murray: removed Category:People from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; added Category:Scientists from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania using HotCat

{{Infobox person
|name = Bernard Fisher
|image = Nci-vol-8226-300 bernard fisher.jpg
|caption = Bernard Fisher
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1918|8|23}}
|birth_place = [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|resting_place =
|ethnicity =
|spouse =
|citizenship =
|fields = [[Medicine]]
|workplaces = {{Unbulleted list|[[University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine]]}}
|alma_mater = University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
|doctoral_advisor =
|academic_advisors =
|notable_students =
|awards =
|signature =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Bernard Fisher,''' MD, FACS, (born 23 August 1918) is an American scientist and a pioneer in the biology and treatment of [[breast cancer]]. He is a native of [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]].<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=c29mAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Fisher,+bernard%22+August+1918+pittsburgh&dq=%22Fisher,+bernard%22+August+1918+pittsburgh&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0d2WUf6vBaeEjALCuYCQBg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg]</ref> He was Chairman of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project at the [[University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine]].<ref>http://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=8226</ref> His work established definitively that early-stage breast cancer could be more effectively treated by [[lumpectomy]], in combination with [[radiology]], [[chemotherapy]], and/or [[Hormonal therapy (oncology)|hormonal therapy]], than by [[radical mastectomy]].<ref name=onco>{{cite web| title =Bernard Fisher at 95| work =Oncology Practice | url =http://www.oncologypractice.com/views/blognosis/blog/bernard-fisher-at-95/556688a4b17b3b6c827e2d3b9c4a1b14.html }}</ref>

The oncology journal ''The ASCO Post'' described Fisher's research as “groundbreaking,” noting that it “ultimately ended the standard practice of performing the Halsted radical mastectomy, a treatment that had been in place for more than 75 years.”<ref name=asco>{{cite web| title =Dr. Bernard Fisher's Breast Cancer Research Left a Lasting Legacy of Improved Therapeutic Efficacy and Survival| work =The ASCO Post | url =http://www.ascopost.com/issues/may-15,-2013/dr-bernard-fishers-breast-cancer-research-left-a-lasting-legacy-of-improved-therapeutic-efficacy-and-survival.aspx }}</ref> Thanks to Fisher, notes another major oncology journal, breast-cancer survival rates have improved worldwide.<ref name=onco/>

Fisher has been described as “an iconoclastic figure” who brought about “far reaching changes...in the understanding of cancer and its treatment.”<ref name=surgery>{{cite web| title =Dr. Bernard Fisher is Distinguished Service
Professor of Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh| work =Penn Surgery Society| url =http://surgery.uphs.upenn.edu/?page=history_Fisher }}</ref> The Atlantic Monthly has called him “a medical hero.”<ref name=atl>{{cite web| title =How Clinical Trials Saved Women With Breast Cancer From Disfiguring Surgery| work =The Atlantic| url =http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/08/how-clinical-trials-saved-women-with-breast-cancer-from-disfiguring-surgery/278531/ }}</ref> He was awarded the [[Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research]] in 1985 “for his pioneering studies that have led to a dramatic improvement in survival and in the quality of life for women with breast cancer.”<ref name=lask>{{cite web| title =Albert Lasker: Clinical Medical Research Award| work =Lasker Foundation| url =http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/1985_c_description.htm }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Fisher graduated from [[Taylor Allderdice High School]] in 1936 and was inducted in their alumni hall of fame in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hecht|first=Steve|title=Comedian Marty Allen part of Allderdice's first hall class|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/neighborhoods-east/comedian-marty-allen-part-of-allderdices-first-hall-class-355087/|accessdate=July 18, 2012|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=August 27, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Comedian Marty Allen part of Allderdice's first hall class| work =Pittsburg Post Gazette | url =http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/neighborhoods-east/comedian-marty-allen-part-of-allderdices-first-hall-class-355087/ }}</ref>

He graduated from the medical school at the [[University of Pittsburgh]] in 1943, then completed a surgical residency.<ref name=surgery/>

==Career==
===Early surgery, research, and postgraduate study===
Fisher was named assistant professor at the University of Pittsburgh and established the laboratory of surgical research at that institution, of which he was director. Among his research interests were [[liver regeneration]] in rats, the physiologic effects of [[hypothermia]], and [[transplant rejection]]. While engaged in research, he also performed general and [[vascular surgery]]. He was one of the first surgeons to perform [[kidney transplant]]s.<ref name=surgery/>

From 1950 through 1952, he was a fellow in experimental surgery at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. In 1955, he was a research fellow at the [[London Postgraduate Medical School]] at [[Hammersmith Hospital]], where he sought to increase his knowledge about transplantation.<ref name=asco/><ref name=psych>{{cite web| title =Bernard Fisher receives AACR Lifetime Achievement Award| work =Psych Central| url =http://psychcentral.com/news/archives/2006-03/aafc-bfr032706.html}}</ref>

===NSABP===
In the spring of 1957, having returned to the University of Pittsburgh, Fisher received a request from I.S. Ravdin, M.D., who had been his mentor at the University of Pennsylvania, and who at the time was Chairman of the Clinical Studies Panel of the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center at the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH). Ravdin asked Fisher to join 22 other surgeons in attending an NIH meeting to discuss the establishment of the Surgical Adjuvant Chemotherapy Breast Project, later known as the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP).<ref name=asco/><ref name=jnci>{{cite web| title =Bernard Fisher Reflects on a Half-Century’s Worth of Breast Cancer Research | work =Oxford Journals | url =http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/97/22/1636.full.pdf }}</ref>

“I wasn’t the least bit interested in breast cancer,” Fisher later said. “But since Dr. Ravdin was an army general who had operated on President Eisenhower, when he commanded me to attend the meeting, I did so. At the time of that first meeting in 1956, the idea of using clinical trials to obtain information, and certainly the idea of giving therapy following surgery, were novel approaches to treatment.” Fisher was initially reluctant to relinquish his research on liver regeneration and transplantation and to take up the study of breast cancer and other malignant diseases, but he became intrigued by the subject of tumor metastasis.<ref name=asco/> Indeed, he “was captivated,” he later said, both by “the mystery of metastasis” and by “the new concept of the clinical trial.”<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925">{{cite web| title =Cancer Researcher No Longer The Hero Bernard Fisher Was Fired Amid Allegations Of Faulty Research| work =Philly.com| url =http://articles.philly.com/1994-07-07/living/25847032_1_cancer-researcher-bernard-fisher-breast }}</ref>

Fisher later said that after that NIH meeting, “I discovered how little information there was related to the biology of breast cancer and what a lack of interest there was in understanding the disease. At the meeting, I learned about the need for randomized clinical trials and the use of biostatistics to obtain credible information from those trials.” Giving up the liver regeneration and transplantation research in which he had been engaged, he began, along with his brother Edwin, a member of the University of Pittsburgh's pathology department, to study the biology of tumor [[metastasis]].<ref name=surgery/> He would spend the next 4 decades studying breast cancer.<ref name=asco/><ref name=surgery/>

In 1958, Fisher took part in the first [[randomized clinical trial]] examining the results of systemic therapy following radical mastectomy for breast cancer. This study of more than 800 women, which was the first project to emerge from the NIH meeting, concluded that while chemotherapy involving the drug thiotepa positively affected the survival rates of [[premenopausal]] women, physicians were hesitant to begin using systemic [[adjuvant therapy]].<ref name=asco/>

===Chairman of NSABP===
In a March 20, 1967, letter, Dr. Rudolf J. Noer suggested that Fisher apply for the position of chairman of the NSABP. He was officially appointed to that post on May 9 of that year.<ref>{{cite web| title =Fisher Page| work =NSABP| url =http://www.nsabp.pitt.edu/Breaking_Barriers.pdf }}</ref> During the succeeding decades he would lead clinical trials that would result in transformative changes in the treatment of breast cancer.<ref name=atl/>

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Fisher studied cancer biology and performed randomized clinical studies comparing the relative effectiveness of lumpectomy, total mastectomy, and lumpectomy followed by chemotherapy or radiation.<ref name=asco/>

Fisher's impact on breast-cancer treatment was the subject of an August 2013 article in the Atlantic Monthly that was occasioned by his 95th birthday. “Before 1971, if you had breast cancer, chances are you’d have to get your breast cut off,” the article recalled. “Surgeons had been taught one thing: radical surgery saves lives. It was Bernard Fisher who changed their minds.”

“For more than the first half of the 20th century,” Fisher later explained, “surgery was the only treatment for breast cancer. During that time, there was uniform agreement about breast cancer treatment. Disagreement related to whether or not surgery should be more radical. Improvements in [[anesthesia]] and [[blood transfusion]]s made it possible for surgeons to perform more extensive operations.” Such was the situation when Fisher began working on breast cancer. At that time, moreover, “researchers theorized that women died of breast cancer despite radical surgery because tumor cells were dislodged during the operation. It was believed that the dissemination of those cells resulted in metastasis and subsequent death.”<ref name=jnci/>

Since the late 19th century, breast cancer had been treated with the Halsted radical mastectomy, named for its originator, [[William Stewart Halsted]] (1852-1922), a famous surgeon at [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]]. This procedure involved the removal not only of the entire breast but also the underarm lymph nodes and chest wall muscles. Such operations left women with gaping holes in their chests.<ref name=atl/> The argument for this approach was “that cancer cells, originating from the breast, always passed through the [[lymph node]]s prior to metastatic spread and, therefore, required radical surgery to remove the entire breast, underlying chest muscle, and axillary lymph nodes to halt metastasis.”<ref name=asco/>

For over ten years, Fisher and his research team carried out “a multitude of investigations regarding the biology of tumor metastasis.” Their findings caused them to question the very theories upon which Halsted's approach had been based,<ref name=atl/> and led them to formulate an alternative hypothesis. This was “that breast cancer was a systemic disease in that tumor cells were likely to have been disseminated throughout the body by the time of diagnosis and that more expensive locoregional therapy was unlikely to improve survival.”<ref name=jnci/> In other words, they believed that cancer cells was spread through the blood and lymph systems and that it entered these systems at an earlier stage than had previously been thought. This meant that the best way to fight breast cancer was not to perform an extensive excision of local tissue. Instead, a lumpectomy, in which only the tumor itself and a small amount of surrounding tissue are excised, would likely be just as effective and would have the added advantage of not causing disfigurement.<ref name=asco/>

What Fisher introduced, in short, was an entirely new theory about the spread of breast cancer: while Halsted had posited that it spread by permeating surrounding tissues, Fisher argued that it was spread through the blood and [[lymph system]]s.<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

By the late 1960s, Fisher's research had established that radical mastectomy was indeed “no more effective than total mastectomy,” and that a total mastectomy, in turn, was “no more effective than lumpectomy in treating breast cancer.”<ref name=upm>{{cite web| title =First Bernard Fisher Professor Of Surgery Appointed At University Of Pittsburgh School Of Medicine| work =UPMC| url =http://www.upmc.com/media/newsreleases/2006/pages/bartlett-appointment.aspx }}</ref> Fisher consequently urged his fellow breast-cancer surgeons to change their approach to the disease. Most of them resisted, however, and continued to perform radical mastectomies, and many accused Fisher and his supporters of placing women's lives at risk by not performing the radical surgery.<ref name=atl/> Fisher later described the widespread resistance to his approach by the medical establishment as “extensive and often unpleasant.”<ref name=asco/> “For 50 years,” he later recalled, “surgeons had been trained to do radical surgery. They felt that performing the lumpectomy was totally inappropriate.” Hence, “my peers were my antagonists....It was difficult to get doctors to put doctors into the trials, and, as might have been anticipated, it was even more difficult to persuade women to be randomized to a study in which some of them would undergo mastectomy and others would have their breasts preserved.”<ref name=jnci/>

Fisher's arguments arguments received considerable positive attention in the 1970s, however, from many women's rights activists. According to women's health activist Cynthia Pearson, the “women's health movement began talking about mastectomy as one of the examples of sexism in medical care in the United States.” Fisher's ideas won the movement's support and became a political issue as well as a medical question.<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

Ultimately, his recommendations for breast-cancer treatment won the approval of the medical establishment. “In 1985,” reported the Atlantic, “the New England Journal of Medicine published two of Fisher’s studies that definitively proved” his earlier findings.<ref name=atl/> His recommended approach to treating breast cancer thereafter gained universal acceptance.

===Achievements===
Fisher's work fundamentally changed the understanding of breast cancer and improved and extended the lives of thousands of women.<ref name=22five>{{cite web| title =Bernard Fisher: Rethinking Cancer Care| work =University of Pittsburg| url =http://www.225.pitt.edu/story/bernard-fisher-rethinking-cancer-care }}</ref> To quote the citation of his Albert Lasker Award, Fisher “demonstrated that the regional lymph nodes were not a barrier to the dissemination of tumor cells, as postulated earlier, but were routes traversed by tumor cells to gain access to the circulating bloodstream and lymphatic system. Out of this basic work on cancer metastasis came a new model for the management of breast cancer based on the premise that the disease is systemic from its inception.”<ref name=lask/>

Fisher was “the first to show that less-invasive lumpectomy surgery treated breast cancer just as effectively as did disfiguring radical mastectomies.” He also demonstrated that postoperative systemic chemotherapy and hormonal therapy could be efficacious elements of postoperative treatments, and that it was possible to prevent breast cancer in women who are at high risk for the disease.<ref name=22five/>

When Fisher began to perform research on breast cancer, “it was widely believed,” he later wrote, “that patients with tumors in the inner quadrants of the breast had a poorer prognosis than those with lesions in the outer quadrants.” Fisher's research led him to conclude, on the contrary, “that the location of a tumor was unrelated to its prognosis” and “that there was no justification for selecting specific surgical or radiation approaches based upon tumor location.” He would stay in that position until 1994, excepting an interlude during which he was removed from the position.

Fisher discovered “that breast cancer metastasis is not solely determined by anatomic considerations, but is also influenced by biologic activity of both the tumor and the host.”<ref name=asco/> Furthermore, a 20-year follow-up from one of his studies proved that “lumpectomy preserved the breast with no deleterious effect on either distant disease-free survival or overall survival.”<ref name=asco/> Additionally, his work “provid[ed] evidence that breast cancer can be both treated and prevented.”<ref name=upm/>

He was the first scientist to reject the idea that cancer was “autonomous of its host,” and to argue that “solid tumors such as breast cancer are likely to be systemic at the time of diagnosis and represent potential metastases during the life of the host.”<ref name=asco/>

In addition, Fisher carried out “the first women’s health trial in the United States to evaluate the use of the preventative agent tamoxifen, which was ultimately shown to reduce by almost 50% the incidence of disease in at-risk women.”<ref name=onco/> The drug is now taken by millions of women who have had breast-cancer surgery.<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

Aside from utterly transforming the treatment of breast cancer, Fisher's pioneering of “the multicenter randomized clinical trial set a standard for the scientific evaluation of therapy for many other diseases.”<ref name=surgery/> His early work on tumor metastasis, moreover, has been described as “pav[ing] the way for later hypotheses about the spread” of breast cancer.<ref name=psych/>

==Poisson case==
In 1990, one of the statisticians on Fisher's research team “noticed a discrepancy on the chart of one breast cancer patient being treated by a researcher in a hospital in Montreal.” Upon being questioned by Fisher, the researcher, Dr. Roger Poisson at [[Hôpital Saint-Luc|St. Luc Hospital]], “admitted that he had falsified data for years to get unqualified patients into trials.” To ensure that Poisson's bad data had not “affected the outcome of the lumpectomy trial, Fisher reanalyzed the study” and found that the results were still valid. “He notified the federal officials at his granting agency, the [[National Cancer Institute]], of the problem with the errant researcher,” and continued his work. But federal investigators stepped in, and eventually a congressional subcommittee called a hearing. “They found problems with Fisher's auditing system, potential problems with misconduct at another site, sloppy paperwork at a few more of the 500 centers that Fisher had been relying upon for data.”<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

The national media reported in 1994 that Poisson had falsified data in 99 cases and that both Fisher and the NCI, under whose auspices the research was being done, had kept this information from the public. One journalist's interpretation of the episode was that “the same self-assured and pugnacious attitude that had helped him triumph over surgical conservatism” had “landed him in hot water.”<ref name=atl/>

In a Philadelphia Inquirer article about Fisher's appearance before the subcommittee, Fisher, once a “magnetic, autocratic genius,” was described as “tired, abstracted, ill-prepared,” with “no trace left of the bravado with which he had led his landmark clinical trials, no trace of the fierce pragmatism that made him a hero of the women's health movement.” According to the article, “his reputation was in ruins....It was hard to believe that this humbled man had been, for decades, the bold field marshal of hundreds of staunchly independent surgeons, thousands of dedicated patients, millions of research dollars....It was hard to believe that the vast clinical network he had built up and run from a crowded headquarters at the University of Pittsburgh had slipped out of his control. That Bernard Fisher had been undone by another scientist's fraud and his own blindness or hubris.”

The article noted, to be sure, that some members of the scientific community “flatly refus[ed] to believe Bernard Fisher could commit bad science,” quoting New York cancer researcher Dr. James Holland as asking: “Do you think...the Pope takes money out of a collection box?”<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

But the news about the falsified data blackened Fisher's image, at least for a time. Many breast-cancer sufferers who had followed Fisher's advice and opted for lumpectomies instead of radical mastectomies were especially outraged. Sharon Batt accused Fisher in her book, Patient No More: The Politics of Breast Cancer, of a “shocking breach of trust.” Amid the charges of scientific malfeasance, the NCI and the University of Pittsburgh removed him as head of the NSABP.<ref name=atl/> At the time of his removal, he was engaged in a clinical trial studying whether tamoxifen could prevent breast cancer.<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

Over time, however, it emerged that Fisher and his colleagues had long since considered Poisson's 99 cases from their data bank and examined the remaining data, and had discovered that Poisson's falsifications had not influenced the results of the study.<ref name=atl/> Indeed, the results were nearly identical.<ref name=lance>{{cite web| title =US investigators exonerate Bernard Fisher| work =The Lancet| url =http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2805%2960215-2/fulltext }}</ref>

Meanwhile, Fisher had taken legal action. After being removed from his position at the NSABP, and being publicly accused by the University of Pittsburgh and NCI of having knowingly published false data, Fisher filed a defamation lawsuit. The defendants were the university; its law firm, Washington, DC-based Hogan & Hartson; the Department of Health and Human Services; the National Institutes of Health; NCI; and the Office of Research Integrity (ORI). Fisher's suit “charged that the dismissal came without due process and that the defendants violated Dr. Fisher’s right to free speech by interfering with his right to publish in medical journals.”<ref name=cancer>{{cite web| title =University of Pittsburg Apologizes to Dr. Bernard Fisher| work =Cancer Network| url =http://www.cancernetwork.com/display/article/10165/72578 }}</ref>

In 1997, after a three-year investigation the [[federal Office of Research Integrity]] ruled that Fisher was innocent of any scientific misconduct.<ref name=atl/>

In the fall of 1997, six weeks before his case was set to go to trial, Fisher accepted an apology from the university and a cash settlement from the defendants and agreed to withdraw his lawsuit. Fisher reportedly received $2.75 million in damages, plus $300,000 from the NCI to cover his legal expenses. After the settlement was announced, Fisher said that the lawsuit had not been about money, which, he indicated, “could hardly compensate for the 3½ years lost from his work,” but about “truth and justice.” He hoped that the settlement would “act as a deterrent to those who would disregard [[due process]] and the [[First Amendment]] right to freedom of speech.”<ref name=cancer/> Responding to the charge “that he had not properly audited the data submitted by other researchers, had published papers knowing that some data had been falsified, and had been slow to publish corrections,” Fisher pointed out “that it was NSABP investigators who first uncovered the data falsification and it was the NSABP that told authorities about the problem.”<ref name=lance/>

The apology from the university read as follows: “The University of Pittsburgh wishes to take this opportunity to apologize to Dr. Fisher and express its sincere regret at any harm or public embarrassment that Dr. Fisher sustained which was in any manner related to the activities of the University of Pittsburgh, and/or its employees.

“The University and Dr. Fisher wish to affirm that at no time was Dr. Fisher found to have engaged in any scientific or ethical misconduct concerning any of his work.

“The University’s acceding to the National Cancer Institute’s decision in the Spring of 1994 to remove Dr. Fisher as Principal Investigator of the NSABP and the subsequent developments in the now settled litigation reaffirms the necessity of the University’s commitment to fully investigate any allegations against faculty members which have the potential to impinge upon their First Amendment rights or the essential rights and freedoms of the academic community.

“The University wishes to express its pride in the many accomplishments Dr. Fisher has had while associated with the University’s Department of Surgery and wishes him success as he continues in the position of Distinguished Service Professor and Scientific Director of the NSABP.”

In addition to the university's apology, the NCI issued a statement calling Fisher a “force in the study of breast cancer for the last 40 years.”<ref name=cancer/>

“There was never any falsified data published, and the ORI acknowledges that now in their report and also that my actions were entirely appropriate and proper,” Fisher said.<ref name=lance/> He told Oncology News International that he was “really very pleased and satisfied that the litigation is over and that I’m able to get back to doing my research under favorable circumstances.”<ref name=cancer/>

In a 1997 medical journal article entitled “The trials of Dr Bernard Fisher: A European perspective on an American episode,” several European doctors protested that although Fisher “was, in any normal usage of the English language, quite innocent” of the charge of “failure of scientific integrity,” he and a colleague had been “summarily removed by their university” from their positions at the NSABP “at the insistence of the then director” of the NCI. The authors found these developments disturbing and “of general relevance to American medical research.”<ref>{{cite web| last =Petro| first =R; R Collins; D Sackett; J Darbyshire; A Babiker; M Buyse; H Stewart; M Baum; A Goldhirsch; G Bonadonna; P Valagussa; L Rutqvist; D Elbourne; C Davies; O Dalesio; M Parmar; C Hill; M Clark; R Gray; & R Doll| title =The trials of Dr Bernard Fisher: A European perspective on an American episode.| work =Control Clin Trials| url =http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/58036/ }}</ref>

==Later career and legacy==
After the Poisson scandal was put to rest and Fisher's reputation restored, Fisher again took up his position at the NSABP, where he resumed his efforts to establish the efficacy of tamoxifen in lowering breast cancer risk in high-risk women.<ref name=onco/>

In 1986, he was appointed Distinguished Service Professor of Surgery.<ref name=psych/> In 1994 he left the position of chairman of the NSABP.<ref name=psych/>

Fisher has said that the greatest contribution of his career “was carrying out laboratory investigations...which have altered our understanding and treatment of breast cancer.”<ref name=asco/> ''The Atlantic'' magazine has commented: “Today, medicine relies almost exclusively on randomized controlled trials and their more sophisticated cousins, meta-analyses, to guide treatment decisions. Bernard Fisher’s story reminds us of the consequences patients faced in a time before such trials were the gold standard.”<ref name=atl/> As remarkable as Fisher’s scientific contributions, one colleague has written, “is that some 60 years into his career as a surgeon scientist he remains actively involved not just with accepting awards (which alone would keep him busy) but with adding to his bibliography of over 600 papers and with continuing to analyze and review the broad implications of his studies in the treatment of human disease.”<ref name=surgery/>

Now in his nineties, Fisher is still a Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh.<ref name=asco/>

==Memberships==
Fisher has been a member of the Institute of Medicine of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] since 1985. He has served on a number of scientific advisory committees and was appointed by the White House to serve on the National Cancer Advisory Board and the President’s Cancer Panel. He has been a member of many editorial boards and belongs to most of the important academic, medical, surgical, and scientific societies.<ref name=surgery/><ref name=asco/>

Fisher served as President of the [[American Society of Clinical Oncology]] from 1992 to 1993<ref name=asco/> and on the board of directors of the [[American Association for Cancer Research]] from 1988 to 1991.

He was elected a Fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] in 1991.<ref name=asco/>

==Honors and awards==
Fisher won the Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award for 1985 , which was given in recognition of “his profound influence in shaping the character of modern breast cancer treatment, thus lengthening and enriching the lives of women suffering from this dread disease.” The citation noted that Fisher had “done more than any other single individual to advance the understanding of the clinical biology of breast cancer” and “conceptually reshaped and improved the treatment of breast cancer, extending and enriching the lives of women suffering from this dread disease....From 1972 to 1981, the use of radical mastectomies has declined progressively from 46.8 percent to 4.5 percent. Each year from 55,000 to 60,000 women in the U.S. have breast cancer of 4 cm or less and are eligible for this breast-preserving therapy.”<ref name=lask/>

In 2006, Fisher was awarded the American Association for Cancer Research Award for Lifetime Achievement in Cancer Research. “Dr. Fisher's important work not only helped those who fight the disease, but has also helped prevent breast cancer in women who are at high risk,” said Margaret Foti, Ph.D., M..D. (h.c.), chief executive officer of the AACR.<ref name=psych/>

Fisher has also won a [[Fulbright Fellowship]], the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation’s [[Kettering Prize]] (1993), the Medallion for Scientific Achievement of the [[American Surgical Association]] (2003), the Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Cancer Research, the [[American Cancer Society]] Medal of Honor (1986), the [[Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center]]’s C. Chester Stock Award, the James Ewing Award of the Society of Surgical Oncology, the Sheen Lifetime Achievement Award of the [[American College of Surgeons]], the Distinguished Service Award from the Friends of the [[National Library of Medicine]],<ref name=surgery/> the AACR-Joseph H. Burchenal Clinical Research Award (1998),<ref name=psych/> the [[AstraZeneca]] Historical Milestones Excellence in Clinical Research Award (2003), the [[Komen Brinker Award for Scientific Distinction]] from the Susan G. Komen Foundation (1988), and the Distinguished Service Award for Scientific Achievement of the [[American Society of Clinical Oncology]] (1999).

In addition, he has been given Pittsburgh's "Man of the Year" Award. He has also won the Jacobson Innovation Award, which is the highest research award given by the American College of Surgeons.<ref name=surgery/>

To honor Fisher's career, the University of Pittsburgh created the Bernard Fisher Lecture in 2005.<ref name=22five/> In January 2006, the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine named David L. Bartlett, M.D., professor of surgery and chief of the division of surgical oncology at the school, as its inaugural Dr. Bernard Fisher Professor of Surgery.<ref name=upm/>

He has also been awarded honorary doctorates by [[Yale University]] (2004), [[Carlow University]], the [[Mount Sinai School of Medicine]] of the [[City University of New York]], and the University of Pittsburgh.<ref name=surgery/>

Early in his career, Fisher won a Markle Scholarship.<ref name=surgery/>

==Personal life==
Dr. Gabriel Hortobagyi has described Fisher as “a very, very complex man” who “could charm you off your feet in no time” but who also has “a reputation for arrogance.”<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

==Notes==
{{refbegin}}
This article uses [[public domain]] text from the [[National Cancer Institute]].
{{refend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Fisher, Bernard
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Biologist
| DATE OF BIRTH = August 23, 1918
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Pittsburgh, PA
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fisher, Bernard}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American scientists]]
[[Category:University of Pittsburgh faculty]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:National Academy of Sciences laureates]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
[[Category:Fulbright Scholars]]
[[Category:University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Physicians from Pennsylvania]]

Bernard Fisher (Mediziner)

2013-11-06T10:03:10Z

Ruby Murray:

{{Infobox person
|name = Bernard Fisher
|image = Nci-vol-8226-300 bernard fisher.jpg
|caption = Bernard Fisher
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1918|8|23}}
|birth_place = [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
|death_date =
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|resting_place =
|ethnicity =
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|fields = [[Medicine]]
|workplaces = {{Unbulleted list|[[University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine]]}}
|alma_mater = University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
|doctoral_advisor =
|academic_advisors =
|notable_students =
|awards =
|signature =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Bernard Fisher,''' MD, FACS, (born 23 August 1918) is an American scientist and a pioneer in the biology and treatment of [[breast cancer]]. He is a native of [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]].<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=c29mAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Fisher,+bernard%22+August+1918+pittsburgh&dq=%22Fisher,+bernard%22+August+1918+pittsburgh&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0d2WUf6vBaeEjALCuYCQBg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg]</ref> He was Chairman of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project at the [[University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine]].<ref>http://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=8226</ref> His work established definitively that early-stage breast cancer could be more effectively treated by [[lumpectomy]], in combination with [[radiology]], [[chemotherapy]], and/or [[Hormonal therapy (oncology)|hormonal therapy]], than by [[radical mastectomy]].<ref name=onco>{{cite web| title =Bernard Fisher at 95| work =Oncology Practice | url =http://www.oncologypractice.com/views/blognosis/blog/bernard-fisher-at-95/556688a4b17b3b6c827e2d3b9c4a1b14.html }}</ref>

The oncology journal ''The ASCO Post'' described Fisher's research as “groundbreaking,” noting that it “ultimately ended the standard practice of performing the Halsted radical mastectomy, a treatment that had been in place for more than 75 years.”<ref name=asco>{{cite web| title =Dr. Bernard Fisher's Breast Cancer Research Left a Lasting Legacy of Improved Therapeutic Efficacy and Survival| work =The ASCO Post | url =http://www.ascopost.com/issues/may-15,-2013/dr-bernard-fishers-breast-cancer-research-left-a-lasting-legacy-of-improved-therapeutic-efficacy-and-survival.aspx }}</ref> Thanks to Fisher, notes another major oncology journal, breast-cancer survival rates have improved worldwide.<ref name=onco/>

Fisher has been described as “an iconoclastic figure” who brought about “far reaching changes...in the understanding of cancer and its treatment.”<ref name=surgery>{{cite web| title =Dr. Bernard Fisher is Distinguished Service
Professor of Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh| work =Penn Surgery Society| url =http://surgery.uphs.upenn.edu/?page=history_Fisher }}</ref> The Atlantic Monthly has called him “a medical hero.”<ref name=atl>{{cite web| title =How Clinical Trials Saved Women With Breast Cancer From Disfiguring Surgery| work =The Atlantic| url =http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/08/how-clinical-trials-saved-women-with-breast-cancer-from-disfiguring-surgery/278531/ }}</ref> He was awarded the [[Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research]] in 1985 “for his pioneering studies that have led to a dramatic improvement in survival and in the quality of life for women with breast cancer.”<ref name=lask>{{cite web| title =Albert Lasker: Clinical Medical Research Award| work =Lasker Foundation| url =http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/1985_c_description.htm }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Fisher graduated from [[Taylor Allderdice High School]] in 1936 and was inducted in their alumni hall of fame in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hecht|first=Steve|title=Comedian Marty Allen part of Allderdice's first hall class|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/neighborhoods-east/comedian-marty-allen-part-of-allderdices-first-hall-class-355087/|accessdate=July 18, 2012|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=August 27, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Comedian Marty Allen part of Allderdice's first hall class| work =Pittsburg Post Gazette | url =http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/neighborhoods-east/comedian-marty-allen-part-of-allderdices-first-hall-class-355087/ }}</ref>

He graduated from the medical school at the [[University of Pittsburgh]] in 1943, then completed a surgical residency.<ref name=surgery/>

==Career==
===Early surgery, research, and postgraduate study===
Fisher was named assistant professor at the University of Pittsburgh and established the laboratory of surgical research at that institution, of which he was director. Among his research interests were [[liver regeneration]] in rats, the physiologic effects of [[hypothermia]], and [[transplant rejection]]. While engaged in research, he also performed general and [[vascular surgery]]. He was one of the first surgeons to perform [[kidney transplant]]s.<ref name=surgery/>

From 1950 through 1952, he was a fellow in experimental surgery at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. In 1955, he was a research fellow at the [[London Postgraduate Medical School]] at [[Hammersmith Hospital]], where he sought to increase his knowledge about transplantation.<ref name=asco/><ref name=psych>{{cite web| title =Bernard Fisher receives AACR Lifetime Achievement Award| work =Psych Central| url =http://psychcentral.com/news/archives/2006-03/aafc-bfr032706.html}}</ref>

===NSABP===
In the spring of 1957, having returned to the University of Pittsburgh, Fisher received a request from I.S. Ravdin, M.D., who had been his mentor at the University of Pennsylvania, and who at the time was Chairman of the Clinical Studies Panel of the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center at the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH). Ravdin asked Fisher to join 22 other surgeons in attending an NIH meeting to discuss the establishment of the Surgical Adjuvant Chemotherapy Breast Project, later known as the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP).<ref name=asco/><ref name=jnci>{{cite web| title =Bernard Fisher Reflects on a Half-Century’s Worth of Breast Cancer Research | work =Oxford Journals | url =http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/97/22/1636.full.pdf }}</ref>

“I wasn’t the least bit interested in breast cancer,” Fisher later said. “But since Dr. Ravdin was an army general who had operated on President Eisenhower, when he commanded me to attend the meeting, I did so. At the time of that first meeting in 1956, the idea of using clinical trials to obtain information, and certainly the idea of giving therapy following surgery, were novel approaches to treatment.” Fisher was initially reluctant to relinquish his research on liver regeneration and transplantation and to take up the study of breast cancer and other malignant diseases, but he became intrigued by the subject of tumor metastasis.<ref name=asco/> Indeed, he “was captivated,” he later said, both by “the mystery of metastasis” and by “the new concept of the clinical trial.”<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925">{{cite web| title =Cancer Researcher No Longer The Hero Bernard Fisher Was Fired Amid Allegations Of Faulty Research| work =Philly.com| url =http://articles.philly.com/1994-07-07/living/25847032_1_cancer-researcher-bernard-fisher-breast }}</ref>

Fisher later said that after that NIH meeting, “I discovered how little information there was related to the biology of breast cancer and what a lack of interest there was in understanding the disease. At the meeting, I learned about the need for randomized clinical trials and the use of biostatistics to obtain credible information from those trials.” Giving up the liver regeneration and transplantation research in which he had been engaged, he began, along with his brother Edwin, a member of the University of Pittsburgh's pathology department, to study the biology of tumor [[metastasis]].<ref name=surgery/> He would spend the next 4 decades studying breast cancer.<ref name=asco/><ref name=surgery/>

In 1958, Fisher took part in the first [[randomized clinical trial]] examining the results of systemic therapy following radical mastectomy for breast cancer. This study of more than 800 women, which was the first project to emerge from the NIH meeting, concluded that while chemotherapy involving the drug thiotepa positively affected the survival rates of [[premenopausal]] women, physicians were hesitant to begin using systemic [[adjuvant therapy]].<ref name=asco/>

===Chairman of NSABP===
In a March 20, 1967, letter, Dr. Rudolf J. Noer suggested that Fisher apply for the position of chairman of the NSABP. He was officially appointed to that post on May 9 of that year.<ref>{{cite web| title =Fisher Page| work =NSABP| url =http://www.nsabp.pitt.edu/Breaking_Barriers.pdf }}</ref> During the succeeding decades he would lead clinical trials that would result in transformative changes in the treatment of breast cancer.<ref name=atl/>

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Fisher studied cancer biology and performed randomized clinical studies comparing the relative effectiveness of lumpectomy, total mastectomy, and lumpectomy followed by chemotherapy or radiation.<ref name=asco/>

Fisher's impact on breast-cancer treatment was the subject of an August 2013 article in the Atlantic Monthly that was occasioned by his 95th birthday. “Before 1971, if you had breast cancer, chances are you’d have to get your breast cut off,” the article recalled. “Surgeons had been taught one thing: radical surgery saves lives. It was Bernard Fisher who changed their minds.”

“For more than the first half of the 20th century,” Fisher later explained, “surgery was the only treatment for breast cancer. During that time, there was uniform agreement about breast cancer treatment. Disagreement related to whether or not surgery should be more radical. Improvements in [[anesthesia]] and [[blood transfusion]]s made it possible for surgeons to perform more extensive operations.” Such was the situation when Fisher began working on breast cancer. At that time, moreover, “researchers theorized that women died of breast cancer despite radical surgery because tumor cells were dislodged during the operation. It was believed that the dissemination of those cells resulted in metastasis and subsequent death.”<ref name=jnci/>

Since the late 19th century, breast cancer had been treated with the Halsted radical mastectomy, named for its originator, [[William Stewart Halsted]] (1852-1922), a famous surgeon at [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]]. This procedure involved the removal not only of the entire breast but also the underarm lymph nodes and chest wall muscles. Such operations left women with gaping holes in their chests.<ref name=atl/> The argument for this approach was “that cancer cells, originating from the breast, always passed through the [[lymph node]]s prior to metastatic spread and, therefore, required radical surgery to remove the entire breast, underlying chest muscle, and axillary lymph nodes to halt metastasis.”<ref name=asco/>

For over ten years, Fisher and his research team carried out “a multitude of investigations regarding the biology of tumor metastasis.” Their findings caused them to question the very theories upon which Halsted's approach had been based,<ref name=atl/> and led them to formulate an alternative hypothesis. This was “that breast cancer was a systemic disease in that tumor cells were likely to have been disseminated throughout the body by the time of diagnosis and that more expensive locoregional therapy was unlikely to improve survival.”<ref name=jnci/> In other words, they believed that cancer cells was spread through the blood and lymph systems and that it entered these systems at an earlier stage than had previously been thought. This meant that the best way to fight breast cancer was not to perform an extensive excision of local tissue. Instead, a lumpectomy, in which only the tumor itself and a small amount of surrounding tissue are excised, would likely be just as effective and would have the added advantage of not causing disfigurement.<ref name=asco/>

What Fisher introduced, in short, was an entirely new theory about the spread of breast cancer: while Halsted had posited that it spread by permeating surrounding tissues, Fisher argued that it was spread through the blood and [[lymph system]]s.<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

By the late 1960s, Fisher's research had established that radical mastectomy was indeed “no more effective than total mastectomy,” and that a total mastectomy, in turn, was “no more effective than lumpectomy in treating breast cancer.”<ref name=upm>{{cite web| title =First Bernard Fisher Professor Of Surgery Appointed At University Of Pittsburgh School Of Medicine| work =UPMC| url =http://www.upmc.com/media/newsreleases/2006/pages/bartlett-appointment.aspx }}</ref> Fisher consequently urged his fellow breast-cancer surgeons to change their approach to the disease. Most of them resisted, however, and continued to perform radical mastectomies, and many accused Fisher and his supporters of placing women's lives at risk by not performing the radical surgery.<ref name=atl/> Fisher later described the widespread resistance to his approach by the medical establishment as “extensive and often unpleasant.”<ref name=asco/> “For 50 years,” he later recalled, “surgeons had been trained to do radical surgery. They felt that performing the lumpectomy was totally inappropriate.” Hence, “my peers were my antagonists....It was difficult to get doctors to put doctors into the trials, and, as might have been anticipated, it was even more difficult to persuade women to be randomized to a study in which some of them would undergo mastectomy and others would have their breasts preserved.”<ref name=jnci/>

Fisher's arguments arguments received considerable positive attention in the 1970s, however, from many women's rights activists. According to women's health activist Cynthia Pearson, the “women's health movement began talking about mastectomy as one of the examples of sexism in medical care in the United States.” Fisher's ideas won the movement's support and became a political issue as well as a medical question.<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

Ultimately, his recommendations for breast-cancer treatment won the approval of the medical establishment. “In 1985,” reported the Atlantic, “the New England Journal of Medicine published two of Fisher’s studies that definitively proved” his earlier findings.<ref name=atl/> His recommended approach to treating breast cancer thereafter gained universal acceptance.

===Achievements===
Fisher's work fundamentally changed the understanding of breast cancer and improved and extended the lives of thousands of women.<ref name=22five>{{cite web| title =Bernard Fisher: Rethinking Cancer Care| work =University of Pittsburg| url =http://www.225.pitt.edu/story/bernard-fisher-rethinking-cancer-care }}</ref> To quote the citation of his Albert Lasker Award, Fisher “demonstrated that the regional lymph nodes were not a barrier to the dissemination of tumor cells, as postulated earlier, but were routes traversed by tumor cells to gain access to the circulating bloodstream and lymphatic system. Out of this basic work on cancer metastasis came a new model for the management of breast cancer based on the premise that the disease is systemic from its inception.”<ref name=lask/>

Fisher was “the first to show that less-invasive lumpectomy surgery treated breast cancer just as effectively as did disfiguring radical mastectomies.” He also demonstrated that postoperative systemic chemotherapy and hormonal therapy could be efficacious elements of postoperative treatments, and that it was possible to prevent breast cancer in women who are at high risk for the disease.<ref name=22five/>

When Fisher began to perform research on breast cancer, “it was widely believed,” he later wrote, “that patients with tumors in the inner quadrants of the breast had a poorer prognosis than those with lesions in the outer quadrants.” Fisher's research led him to conclude, on the contrary, “that the location of a tumor was unrelated to its prognosis” and “that there was no justification for selecting specific surgical or radiation approaches based upon tumor location.” He would stay in that position until 1994, excepting an interlude during which he was removed from the position.

Fisher discovered “that breast cancer metastasis is not solely determined by anatomic considerations, but is also influenced by biologic activity of both the tumor and the host.”<ref name=asco/> Furthermore, a 20-year follow-up from one of his studies proved that “lumpectomy preserved the breast with no deleterious effect on either distant disease-free survival or overall survival.”<ref name=asco/> Additionally, his work “provid[ed] evidence that breast cancer can be both treated and prevented.”<ref name=upm/>

He was the first scientist to reject the idea that cancer was “autonomous of its host,” and to argue that “solid tumors such as breast cancer are likely to be systemic at the time of diagnosis and represent potential metastases during the life of the host.”<ref name=asco/>

In addition, Fisher carried out “the first women’s health trial in the United States to evaluate the use of the preventative agent tamoxifen, which was ultimately shown to reduce by almost 50% the incidence of disease in at-risk women.”<ref name=onco/> The drug is now taken by millions of women who have had breast-cancer surgery.<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

Aside from utterly transforming the treatment of breast cancer, Fisher's pioneering of “the multicenter randomized clinical trial set a standard for the scientific evaluation of therapy for many other diseases.”<ref name=surgery/> His early work on tumor metastasis, moreover, has been described as “pav[ing] the way for later hypotheses about the spread” of breast cancer.<ref name=psych/>

==Poisson case==
In 1990, one of the statisticians on Fisher's research team “noticed a discrepancy on the chart of one breast cancer patient being treated by a researcher in a hospital in Montreal.” Upon being questioned by Fisher, the researcher, Dr. Roger Poisson at [[Hôpital Saint-Luc|St. Luc Hospital]], “admitted that he had falsified data for years to get unqualified patients into trials.” To ensure that Poisson's bad data had not “affected the outcome of the lumpectomy trial, Fisher reanalyzed the study” and found that the results were still valid. “He notified the federal officials at his granting agency, the [[National Cancer Institute]], of the problem with the errant researcher,” and continued his work. But federal investigators stepped in, and eventually a congressional subcommittee called a hearing. “They found problems with Fisher's auditing system, potential problems with misconduct at another site, sloppy paperwork at a few more of the 500 centers that Fisher had been relying upon for data.”<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

The national media reported in 1994 that Poisson had falsified data in 99 cases and that both Fisher and the NCI, under whose auspices the research was being done, had kept this information from the public. One journalist's interpretation of the episode was that “the same self-assured and pugnacious attitude that had helped him triumph over surgical conservatism” had “landed him in hot water.”<ref name=atl/>

In a Philadelphia Inquirer article about Fisher's appearance before the subcommittee, Fisher, once a “magnetic, autocratic genius,” was described as “tired, abstracted, ill-prepared,” with “no trace left of the bravado with which he had led his landmark clinical trials, no trace of the fierce pragmatism that made him a hero of the women's health movement.” According to the article, “his reputation was in ruins....It was hard to believe that this humbled man had been, for decades, the bold field marshal of hundreds of staunchly independent surgeons, thousands of dedicated patients, millions of research dollars....It was hard to believe that the vast clinical network he had built up and run from a crowded headquarters at the University of Pittsburgh had slipped out of his control. That Bernard Fisher had been undone by another scientist's fraud and his own blindness or hubris.”

The article noted, to be sure, that some members of the scientific community “flatly refus[ed] to believe Bernard Fisher could commit bad science,” quoting New York cancer researcher Dr. James Holland as asking: “Do you think...the Pope takes money out of a collection box?”<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

But the news about the falsified data blackened Fisher's image, at least for a time. Many breast-cancer sufferers who had followed Fisher's advice and opted for lumpectomies instead of radical mastectomies were especially outraged. Sharon Batt accused Fisher in her book, Patient No More: The Politics of Breast Cancer, of a “shocking breach of trust.” Amid the charges of scientific malfeasance, the NCI and the University of Pittsburgh removed him as head of the NSABP.<ref name=atl/> At the time of his removal, he was engaged in a clinical trial studying whether tamoxifen could prevent breast cancer.<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

Over time, however, it emerged that Fisher and his colleagues had long since considered Poisson's 99 cases from their data bank and examined the remaining data, and had discovered that Poisson's falsifications had not influenced the results of the study.<ref name=atl/> Indeed, the results were nearly identical.<ref name=lance>{{cite web| title =US investigators exonerate Bernard Fisher| work =The Lancet| url =http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2805%2960215-2/fulltext }}</ref>

Meanwhile, Fisher had taken legal action. After being removed from his position at the NSABP, and being publicly accused by the University of Pittsburgh and NCI of having knowingly published false data, Fisher filed a defamation lawsuit. The defendants were the university; its law firm, Washington, DC-based Hogan & Hartson; the Department of Health and Human Services; the National Institutes of Health; NCI; and the Office of Research Integrity (ORI). Fisher's suit “charged that the dismissal came without due process and that the defendants violated Dr. Fisher’s right to free speech by interfering with his right to publish in medical journals.”<ref name=cancer>{{cite web| title =University of Pittsburg Apologizes to Dr. Bernard Fisher| work =Cancer Network| url =http://www.cancernetwork.com/display/article/10165/72578 }}</ref>

In 1997, after a three-year investigation the [[federal Office of Research Integrity]] ruled that Fisher was innocent of any scientific misconduct.<ref name=atl/>

In the fall of 1997, six weeks before his case was set to go to trial, Fisher accepted an apology from the university and a cash settlement from the defendants and agreed to withdraw his lawsuit. Fisher reportedly received $2.75 million in damages, plus $300,000 from the NCI to cover his legal expenses. After the settlement was announced, Fisher said that the lawsuit had not been about money, which, he indicated, “could hardly compensate for the 3½ years lost from his work,” but about “truth and justice.” He hoped that the settlement would “act as a deterrent to those who would disregard [[due process]] and the [[First Amendment]] right to freedom of speech.”<ref name=cancer/> Responding to the charge “that he had not properly audited the data submitted by other researchers, had published papers knowing that some data had been falsified, and had been slow to publish corrections,” Fisher pointed out “that it was NSABP investigators who first uncovered the data falsification and it was the NSABP that told authorities about the problem.”<ref name=lance/>

The apology from the university read as follows: “The University of Pittsburgh wishes to take this opportunity to apologize to Dr. Fisher and express its sincere regret at any harm or public embarrassment that Dr. Fisher sustained which was in any manner related to the activities of the University of Pittsburgh, and/or its employees.

“The University and Dr. Fisher wish to affirm that at no time was Dr. Fisher found to have engaged in any scientific or ethical misconduct concerning any of his work.

“The University’s acceding to the National Cancer Institute’s decision in the Spring of 1994 to remove Dr. Fisher as Principal Investigator of the NSABP and the subsequent developments in the now settled litigation reaffirms the necessity of the University’s commitment to fully investigate any allegations against faculty members which have the potential to impinge upon their First Amendment rights or the essential rights and freedoms of the academic community.

“The University wishes to express its pride in the many accomplishments Dr. Fisher has had while associated with the University’s Department of Surgery and wishes him success as he continues in the position of Distinguished Service Professor and Scientific Director of the NSABP.”

In addition to the university's apology, the NCI issued a statement calling Fisher a “force in the study of breast cancer for the last 40 years.”<ref name=cancer/>

“There was never any falsified data published, and the ORI acknowledges that now in their report and also that my actions were entirely appropriate and proper,” Fisher said.<ref name=lance/> He told Oncology News International that he was “really very pleased and satisfied that the litigation is over and that I’m able to get back to doing my research under favorable circumstances.”<ref name=cancer/>

In a 1997 medical journal article entitled “The trials of Dr Bernard Fisher: A European perspective on an American episode,” several European doctors protested that although Fisher “was, in any normal usage of the English language, quite innocent” of the charge of “failure of scientific integrity,” he and a colleague had been “summarily removed by their university” from their positions at the NSABP “at the insistence of the then director” of the NCI. The authors found these developments disturbing and “of general relevance to American medical research.”<ref>{{cite web| last =Petro| first =R; R Collins; D Sackett; J Darbyshire; A Babiker; M Buyse; H Stewart; M Baum; A Goldhirsch; G Bonadonna; P Valagussa; L Rutqvist; D Elbourne; C Davies; O Dalesio; M Parmar; C Hill; M Clark; R Gray; & R Doll| title =The trials of Dr Bernard Fisher: A European perspective on an American episode.| work =Control Clin Trials| url =http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/58036/ }}</ref>

==Later career and legacy==
After the Poisson scandal was put to rest and Fisher's reputation restored, Fisher again took up his position at the NSABP, where he resumed his efforts to establish the efficacy of tamoxifen in lowering breast cancer risk in high-risk women.<ref name=onco/>

In 1986, he was appointed Distinguished Service Professor of Surgery.<ref name=psych/> In 1994 he left the position of chairman of the NSABP.<ref name=psych/>

Fisher has said that the greatest contribution of his career “was carrying out laboratory investigations...which have altered our understanding and treatment of breast cancer.”<ref name=asco/> ''The Atlantic'' magazine has commented: “Today, medicine relies almost exclusively on randomized controlled trials and their more sophisticated cousins, meta-analyses, to guide treatment decisions. Bernard Fisher’s story reminds us of the consequences patients faced in a time before such trials were the gold standard.”<ref name=atl/> As remarkable as Fisher’s scientific contributions, one colleague has written, “is that some 60 years into his career as a surgeon scientist he remains actively involved not just with accepting awards (which alone would keep him busy) but with adding to his bibliography of over 600 papers and with continuing to analyze and review the broad implications of his studies in the treatment of human disease.”<ref name=surgery/>

Now in his nineties, Fisher is still a Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh.<ref name=asco/>

==Memberships==
Fisher has been a member of the Institute of Medicine of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] since 1985. He has served on a number of scientific advisory committees and was appointed by the White House to serve on the National Cancer Advisory Board and the President’s Cancer Panel. He has been a member of many editorial boards and belongs to most of the important academic, medical, surgical, and scientific societies.<ref name=surgery/><ref name=asco/>

Fisher served as President of the [[American Society of Clinical Oncology]] from 1992 to 1993<ref name=asco/> and on the board of directors of the [[American Association for Cancer Research]] from 1988 to 1991.

He was elected a Fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] in 1991.<ref name=asco/>

==Honors and awards==
Fisher won the Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award for 1985 , which was given in recognition of “his profound influence in shaping the character of modern breast cancer treatment, thus lengthening and enriching the lives of women suffering from this dread disease.” The citation noted that Fisher had “done more than any other single individual to advance the understanding of the clinical biology of breast cancer” and “conceptually reshaped and improved the treatment of breast cancer, extending and enriching the lives of women suffering from this dread disease....From 1972 to 1981, the use of radical mastectomies has declined progressively from 46.8 percent to 4.5 percent. Each year from 55,000 to 60,000 women in the U.S. have breast cancer of 4 cm or less and are eligible for this breast-preserving therapy.”<ref name=lask/>

In 2006, Fisher was awarded the American Association for Cancer Research Award for Lifetime Achievement in Cancer Research. “Dr. Fisher's important work not only helped those who fight the disease, but has also helped prevent breast cancer in women who are at high risk,” said Margaret Foti, Ph.D., M..D. (h.c.), chief executive officer of the AACR.<ref name=psych/>

Fisher has also won a [[Fulbright Fellowship]], the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation’s [[Kettering Prize]] (1993), the Medallion for Scientific Achievement of the [[American Surgical Association]] (2003), the Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Cancer Research, the [[American Cancer Society]] Medal of Honor (1986), the [[Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center]]’s C. Chester Stock Award, the James Ewing Award of the Society of Surgical Oncology, the Sheen Lifetime Achievement Award of the [[American College of Surgeons]], the Distinguished Service Award from the Friends of the [[National Library of Medicine]],<ref name=surgery/> the AACR-Joseph H. Burchenal Clinical Research Award (1998),<ref name=psych/> the [[AstraZeneca]] Historical Milestones Excellence in Clinical Research Award (2003), the [[Komen Brinker Award for Scientific Distinction]] from the Susan G. Komen Foundation (1988), and the Distinguished Service Award for Scientific Achievement of the [[American Society of Clinical Oncology]] (1999).

In addition, he has been given Pittsburgh's "Man of the Year" Award. He has also won the Jacobson Innovation Award, which is the highest research award given by the American College of Surgeons.<ref name=surgery/>

To honor Fisher's career, the University of Pittsburgh created the Bernard Fisher Lecture in 2005.<ref name=22five/> In January 2006, the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine named David L. Bartlett, M.D., professor of surgery and chief of the division of surgical oncology at the school, as its inaugural Dr. Bernard Fisher Professor of Surgery.<ref name=upm/>

He has also been awarded honorary doctorates by [[Yale University]] (2004), [[Carlow University]], the [[Mount Sinai School of Medicine]] of the [[City University of New York]], and the University of Pittsburgh.<ref name=surgery/>

Early in his career, Fisher won a Markle Scholarship.<ref name=surgery/>

==Personal life==
Dr. Gabriel Hortobagyi has described Fisher as “a very, very complex man” who “could charm you off your feet in no time” but who also has “a reputation for arrogance.”<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

==Notes==
{{refbegin}}
This article uses [[public domain]] text from the [[National Cancer Institute]].
{{refend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Fisher, Bernard
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Biologist
| DATE OF BIRTH = August 23, 1918
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Pittsburgh, PA
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fisher, Bernard}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American scientists]]
[[Category:University of Pittsburgh faculty]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:National Academy of Sciences laureates]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
[[Category:Fulbright Scholars]]
[[Category:University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:People from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Physicians from Pennsylvania]]

Bernard Fisher (Mediziner)

2013-11-06T10:02:26Z

Ruby Murray: +Category:People from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; +Category:Physicians from Pennsylvania using HotCat

{{Infobox person
|name = Bernard Fisher
|image = Nci-vol-8226-300 bernard fisher.jpg
|caption = Bernard Fisher
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1918|8|23}}
|birth_place = Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
|death_date =
|death_place =
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|ethnicity =
|spouse =
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|fields = [[Medicine]]
|workplaces = {{Unbulleted list|[[University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine]]}}
|alma_mater = University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
|doctoral_advisor =
|academic_advisors =
|notable_students =
|awards =
|signature =
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}}
'''Bernard Fisher,''' MD, FACS, (born 23 August 1918) is an American scientist and a pioneer in the biology and treatment of [[breast cancer]]. He is a native of Pittsburgh.<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=c29mAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Fisher,+bernard%22+August+1918+pittsburgh&dq=%22Fisher,+bernard%22+August+1918+pittsburgh&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0d2WUf6vBaeEjALCuYCQBg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg]</ref> He was Chairman of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project at the [[University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine]].<ref>http://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=8226</ref> His work established definitively that early-stage breast cancer could be more effectively treated by [[lumpectomy]], in combination with [[radiology]], [[chemotherapy]], and/or [[Hormonal therapy (oncology)|hormonal therapy]], than by [[radical mastectomy]].<ref name=onco>{{cite web| title =Bernard Fisher at 95| work =Oncology Practice | url =http://www.oncologypractice.com/views/blognosis/blog/bernard-fisher-at-95/556688a4b17b3b6c827e2d3b9c4a1b14.html }}</ref>

The oncology journal ''The ASCO Post'' described Fisher's research as “groundbreaking,” noting that it “ultimately ended the standard practice of performing the Halsted radical mastectomy, a treatment that had been in place for more than 75 years.”<ref name=asco>{{cite web| title =Dr. Bernard Fisher's Breast Cancer Research Left a Lasting Legacy of Improved Therapeutic Efficacy and Survival| work =The ASCO Post | url =http://www.ascopost.com/issues/may-15,-2013/dr-bernard-fishers-breast-cancer-research-left-a-lasting-legacy-of-improved-therapeutic-efficacy-and-survival.aspx }}</ref> Thanks to Fisher, notes another major oncology journal, breast-cancer survival rates have improved worldwide.<ref name=onco/>

Fisher has been described as “an iconoclastic figure” who brought about “far reaching changes...in the understanding of cancer and its treatment.”<ref name=surgery>{{cite web| title =Dr. Bernard Fisher is Distinguished Service
Professor of Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh| work =Penn Surgery Society| url =http://surgery.uphs.upenn.edu/?page=history_Fisher }}</ref> The Atlantic Monthly has called him “a medical hero.”<ref name=atl>{{cite web| title =How Clinical Trials Saved Women With Breast Cancer From Disfiguring Surgery| work =The Atlantic| url =http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/08/how-clinical-trials-saved-women-with-breast-cancer-from-disfiguring-surgery/278531/ }}</ref> He was awarded the [[Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research]] in 1985 “for his pioneering studies that have led to a dramatic improvement in survival and in the quality of life for women with breast cancer.”<ref name=lask>{{cite web| title =Albert Lasker: Clinical Medical Research Award| work =Lasker Foundation| url =http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/1985_c_description.htm }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Fisher graduated from [[Taylor Allderdice High School]] in 1936 and was inducted in their alumni hall of fame in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hecht|first=Steve|title=Comedian Marty Allen part of Allderdice's first hall class|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/neighborhoods-east/comedian-marty-allen-part-of-allderdices-first-hall-class-355087/|accessdate=July 18, 2012|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=August 27, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Comedian Marty Allen part of Allderdice's first hall class| work =Pittsburg Post Gazette | url =http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/neighborhoods-east/comedian-marty-allen-part-of-allderdices-first-hall-class-355087/ }}</ref>

He graduated from the medical school at the [[University of Pittsburgh]] in 1943, then completed a surgical residency.<ref name=surgery/>

==Career==
===Early surgery, research, and postgraduate study===
Fisher was named assistant professor at the University of Pittsburgh and established the laboratory of surgical research at that institution, of which he was director. Among his research interests were [[liver regeneration]] in rats, the physiologic effects of [[hypothermia]], and [[transplant rejection]]. While engaged in research, he also performed general and [[vascular surgery]]. He was one of the first surgeons to perform [[kidney transplant]]s.<ref name=surgery/>

From 1950 through 1952, he was a fellow in experimental surgery at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. In 1955, he was a research fellow at the [[London Postgraduate Medical School]] at [[Hammersmith Hospital]], where he sought to increase his knowledge about transplantation.<ref name=asco/><ref name=psych>{{cite web| title =Bernard Fisher receives AACR Lifetime Achievement Award| work =Psych Central| url =http://psychcentral.com/news/archives/2006-03/aafc-bfr032706.html}}</ref>

===NSABP===
In the spring of 1957, having returned to the University of Pittsburgh, Fisher received a request from I.S. Ravdin, M.D., who had been his mentor at the University of Pennsylvania, and who at the time was Chairman of the Clinical Studies Panel of the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center at the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH). Ravdin asked Fisher to join 22 other surgeons in attending an NIH meeting to discuss the establishment of the Surgical Adjuvant Chemotherapy Breast Project, later known as the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP).<ref name=asco/><ref name=jnci>{{cite web| title =Bernard Fisher Reflects on a Half-Century’s Worth of Breast Cancer Research | work =Oxford Journals | url =http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/97/22/1636.full.pdf }}</ref>

“I wasn’t the least bit interested in breast cancer,” Fisher later said. “But since Dr. Ravdin was an army general who had operated on President Eisenhower, when he commanded me to attend the meeting, I did so. At the time of that first meeting in 1956, the idea of using clinical trials to obtain information, and certainly the idea of giving therapy following surgery, were novel approaches to treatment.” Fisher was initially reluctant to relinquish his research on liver regeneration and transplantation and to take up the study of breast cancer and other malignant diseases, but he became intrigued by the subject of tumor metastasis.<ref name=asco/> Indeed, he “was captivated,” he later said, both by “the mystery of metastasis” and by “the new concept of the clinical trial.”<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925">{{cite web| title =Cancer Researcher No Longer The Hero Bernard Fisher Was Fired Amid Allegations Of Faulty Research| work =Philly.com| url =http://articles.philly.com/1994-07-07/living/25847032_1_cancer-researcher-bernard-fisher-breast }}</ref>

Fisher later said that after that NIH meeting, “I discovered how little information there was related to the biology of breast cancer and what a lack of interest there was in understanding the disease. At the meeting, I learned about the need for randomized clinical trials and the use of biostatistics to obtain credible information from those trials.” Giving up the liver regeneration and transplantation research in which he had been engaged, he began, along with his brother Edwin, a member of the University of Pittsburgh's pathology department, to study the biology of tumor [[metastasis]].<ref name=surgery/> He would spend the next 4 decades studying breast cancer.<ref name=asco/><ref name=surgery/>

In 1958, Fisher took part in the first [[randomized clinical trial]] examining the results of systemic therapy following radical mastectomy for breast cancer. This study of more than 800 women, which was the first project to emerge from the NIH meeting, concluded that while chemotherapy involving the drug thiotepa positively affected the survival rates of [[premenopausal]] women, physicians were hesitant to begin using systemic [[adjuvant therapy]].<ref name=asco/>

===Chairman of NSABP===
In a March 20, 1967, letter, Dr. Rudolf J. Noer suggested that Fisher apply for the position of chairman of the NSABP. He was officially appointed to that post on May 9 of that year.<ref>{{cite web| title =Fisher Page| work =NSABP| url =http://www.nsabp.pitt.edu/Breaking_Barriers.pdf }}</ref> During the succeeding decades he would lead clinical trials that would result in transformative changes in the treatment of breast cancer.<ref name=atl/>

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Fisher studied cancer biology and performed randomized clinical studies comparing the relative effectiveness of lumpectomy, total mastectomy, and lumpectomy followed by chemotherapy or radiation.<ref name=asco/>

Fisher's impact on breast-cancer treatment was the subject of an August 2013 article in the Atlantic Monthly that was occasioned by his 95th birthday. “Before 1971, if you had breast cancer, chances are you’d have to get your breast cut off,” the article recalled. “Surgeons had been taught one thing: radical surgery saves lives. It was Bernard Fisher who changed their minds.”

“For more than the first half of the 20th century,” Fisher later explained, “surgery was the only treatment for breast cancer. During that time, there was uniform agreement about breast cancer treatment. Disagreement related to whether or not surgery should be more radical. Improvements in [[anesthesia]] and [[blood transfusion]]s made it possible for surgeons to perform more extensive operations.” Such was the situation when Fisher began working on breast cancer. At that time, moreover, “researchers theorized that women died of breast cancer despite radical surgery because tumor cells were dislodged during the operation. It was believed that the dissemination of those cells resulted in metastasis and subsequent death.”<ref name=jnci/>

Since the late 19th century, breast cancer had been treated with the Halsted radical mastectomy, named for its originator, [[William Stewart Halsted]] (1852-1922), a famous surgeon at [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]]. This procedure involved the removal not only of the entire breast but also the underarm lymph nodes and chest wall muscles. Such operations left women with gaping holes in their chests.<ref name=atl/> The argument for this approach was “that cancer cells, originating from the breast, always passed through the [[lymph node]]s prior to metastatic spread and, therefore, required radical surgery to remove the entire breast, underlying chest muscle, and axillary lymph nodes to halt metastasis.”<ref name=asco/>

For over ten years, Fisher and his research team carried out “a multitude of investigations regarding the biology of tumor metastasis.” Their findings caused them to question the very theories upon which Halsted's approach had been based,<ref name=atl/> and led them to formulate an alternative hypothesis. This was “that breast cancer was a systemic disease in that tumor cells were likely to have been disseminated throughout the body by the time of diagnosis and that more expensive locoregional therapy was unlikely to improve survival.”<ref name=jnci/> In other words, they believed that cancer cells was spread through the blood and lymph systems and that it entered these systems at an earlier stage than had previously been thought. This meant that the best way to fight breast cancer was not to perform an extensive excision of local tissue. Instead, a lumpectomy, in which only the tumor itself and a small amount of surrounding tissue are excised, would likely be just as effective and would have the added advantage of not causing disfigurement.<ref name=asco/>

What Fisher introduced, in short, was an entirely new theory about the spread of breast cancer: while Halsted had posited that it spread by permeating surrounding tissues, Fisher argued that it was spread through the blood and [[lymph system]]s.<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

By the late 1960s, Fisher's research had established that radical mastectomy was indeed “no more effective than total mastectomy,” and that a total mastectomy, in turn, was “no more effective than lumpectomy in treating breast cancer.”<ref name=upm>{{cite web| title =First Bernard Fisher Professor Of Surgery Appointed At University Of Pittsburgh School Of Medicine| work =UPMC| url =http://www.upmc.com/media/newsreleases/2006/pages/bartlett-appointment.aspx }}</ref> Fisher consequently urged his fellow breast-cancer surgeons to change their approach to the disease. Most of them resisted, however, and continued to perform radical mastectomies, and many accused Fisher and his supporters of placing women's lives at risk by not performing the radical surgery.<ref name=atl/> Fisher later described the widespread resistance to his approach by the medical establishment as “extensive and often unpleasant.”<ref name=asco/> “For 50 years,” he later recalled, “surgeons had been trained to do radical surgery. They felt that performing the lumpectomy was totally inappropriate.” Hence, “my peers were my antagonists....It was difficult to get doctors to put doctors into the trials, and, as might have been anticipated, it was even more difficult to persuade women to be randomized to a study in which some of them would undergo mastectomy and others would have their breasts preserved.”<ref name=jnci/>

Fisher's arguments arguments received considerable positive attention in the 1970s, however, from many women's rights activists. According to women's health activist Cynthia Pearson, the “women's health movement began talking about mastectomy as one of the examples of sexism in medical care in the United States.” Fisher's ideas won the movement's support and became a political issue as well as a medical question.<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

Ultimately, his recommendations for breast-cancer treatment won the approval of the medical establishment. “In 1985,” reported the Atlantic, “the New England Journal of Medicine published two of Fisher’s studies that definitively proved” his earlier findings.<ref name=atl/> His recommended approach to treating breast cancer thereafter gained universal acceptance.

===Achievements===
Fisher's work fundamentally changed the understanding of breast cancer and improved and extended the lives of thousands of women.<ref name=22five>{{cite web| title =Bernard Fisher: Rethinking Cancer Care| work =University of Pittsburg| url =http://www.225.pitt.edu/story/bernard-fisher-rethinking-cancer-care }}</ref> To quote the citation of his Albert Lasker Award, Fisher “demonstrated that the regional lymph nodes were not a barrier to the dissemination of tumor cells, as postulated earlier, but were routes traversed by tumor cells to gain access to the circulating bloodstream and lymphatic system. Out of this basic work on cancer metastasis came a new model for the management of breast cancer based on the premise that the disease is systemic from its inception.”<ref name=lask/>

Fisher was “the first to show that less-invasive lumpectomy surgery treated breast cancer just as effectively as did disfiguring radical mastectomies.” He also demonstrated that postoperative systemic chemotherapy and hormonal therapy could be efficacious elements of postoperative treatments, and that it was possible to prevent breast cancer in women who are at high risk for the disease.<ref name=22five/>

When Fisher began to perform research on breast cancer, “it was widely believed,” he later wrote, “that patients with tumors in the inner quadrants of the breast had a poorer prognosis than those with lesions in the outer quadrants.” Fisher's research led him to conclude, on the contrary, “that the location of a tumor was unrelated to its prognosis” and “that there was no justification for selecting specific surgical or radiation approaches based upon tumor location.” He would stay in that position until 1994, excepting an interlude during which he was removed from the position.

Fisher discovered “that breast cancer metastasis is not solely determined by anatomic considerations, but is also influenced by biologic activity of both the tumor and the host.”<ref name=asco/> Furthermore, a 20-year follow-up from one of his studies proved that “lumpectomy preserved the breast with no deleterious effect on either distant disease-free survival or overall survival.”<ref name=asco/> Additionally, his work “provid[ed] evidence that breast cancer can be both treated and prevented.”<ref name=upm/>

He was the first scientist to reject the idea that cancer was “autonomous of its host,” and to argue that “solid tumors such as breast cancer are likely to be systemic at the time of diagnosis and represent potential metastases during the life of the host.”<ref name=asco/>

In addition, Fisher carried out “the first women’s health trial in the United States to evaluate the use of the preventative agent tamoxifen, which was ultimately shown to reduce by almost 50% the incidence of disease in at-risk women.”<ref name=onco/> The drug is now taken by millions of women who have had breast-cancer surgery.<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

Aside from utterly transforming the treatment of breast cancer, Fisher's pioneering of “the multicenter randomized clinical trial set a standard for the scientific evaluation of therapy for many other diseases.”<ref name=surgery/> His early work on tumor metastasis, moreover, has been described as “pav[ing] the way for later hypotheses about the spread” of breast cancer.<ref name=psych/>

==Poisson case==
In 1990, one of the statisticians on Fisher's research team “noticed a discrepancy on the chart of one breast cancer patient being treated by a researcher in a hospital in Montreal.” Upon being questioned by Fisher, the researcher, Dr. Roger Poisson at [[Hôpital Saint-Luc|St. Luc Hospital]], “admitted that he had falsified data for years to get unqualified patients into trials.” To ensure that Poisson's bad data had not “affected the outcome of the lumpectomy trial, Fisher reanalyzed the study” and found that the results were still valid. “He notified the federal officials at his granting agency, the [[National Cancer Institute]], of the problem with the errant researcher,” and continued his work. But federal investigators stepped in, and eventually a congressional subcommittee called a hearing. “They found problems with Fisher's auditing system, potential problems with misconduct at another site, sloppy paperwork at a few more of the 500 centers that Fisher had been relying upon for data.”<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

The national media reported in 1994 that Poisson had falsified data in 99 cases and that both Fisher and the NCI, under whose auspices the research was being done, had kept this information from the public. One journalist's interpretation of the episode was that “the same self-assured and pugnacious attitude that had helped him triumph over surgical conservatism” had “landed him in hot water.”<ref name=atl/>

In a Philadelphia Inquirer article about Fisher's appearance before the subcommittee, Fisher, once a “magnetic, autocratic genius,” was described as “tired, abstracted, ill-prepared,” with “no trace left of the bravado with which he had led his landmark clinical trials, no trace of the fierce pragmatism that made him a hero of the women's health movement.” According to the article, “his reputation was in ruins....It was hard to believe that this humbled man had been, for decades, the bold field marshal of hundreds of staunchly independent surgeons, thousands of dedicated patients, millions of research dollars....It was hard to believe that the vast clinical network he had built up and run from a crowded headquarters at the University of Pittsburgh had slipped out of his control. That Bernard Fisher had been undone by another scientist's fraud and his own blindness or hubris.”

The article noted, to be sure, that some members of the scientific community “flatly refus[ed] to believe Bernard Fisher could commit bad science,” quoting New York cancer researcher Dr. James Holland as asking: “Do you think...the Pope takes money out of a collection box?”<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

But the news about the falsified data blackened Fisher's image, at least for a time. Many breast-cancer sufferers who had followed Fisher's advice and opted for lumpectomies instead of radical mastectomies were especially outraged. Sharon Batt accused Fisher in her book, Patient No More: The Politics of Breast Cancer, of a “shocking breach of trust.” Amid the charges of scientific malfeasance, the NCI and the University of Pittsburgh removed him as head of the NSABP.<ref name=atl/> At the time of his removal, he was engaged in a clinical trial studying whether tamoxifen could prevent breast cancer.<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

Over time, however, it emerged that Fisher and his colleagues had long since considered Poisson's 99 cases from their data bank and examined the remaining data, and had discovered that Poisson's falsifications had not influenced the results of the study.<ref name=atl/> Indeed, the results were nearly identical.<ref name=lance>{{cite web| title =US investigators exonerate Bernard Fisher| work =The Lancet| url =http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2805%2960215-2/fulltext }}</ref>

Meanwhile, Fisher had taken legal action. After being removed from his position at the NSABP, and being publicly accused by the University of Pittsburgh and NCI of having knowingly published false data, Fisher filed a defamation lawsuit. The defendants were the university; its law firm, Washington, DC-based Hogan & Hartson; the Department of Health and Human Services; the National Institutes of Health; NCI; and the Office of Research Integrity (ORI). Fisher's suit “charged that the dismissal came without due process and that the defendants violated Dr. Fisher’s right to free speech by interfering with his right to publish in medical journals.”<ref name=cancer>{{cite web| title =University of Pittsburg Apologizes to Dr. Bernard Fisher| work =Cancer Network| url =http://www.cancernetwork.com/display/article/10165/72578 }}</ref>

In 1997, after a three-year investigation the [[federal Office of Research Integrity]] ruled that Fisher was innocent of any scientific misconduct.<ref name=atl/>

In the fall of 1997, six weeks before his case was set to go to trial, Fisher accepted an apology from the university and a cash settlement from the defendants and agreed to withdraw his lawsuit. Fisher reportedly received $2.75 million in damages, plus $300,000 from the NCI to cover his legal expenses. After the settlement was announced, Fisher said that the lawsuit had not been about money, which, he indicated, “could hardly compensate for the 3½ years lost from his work,” but about “truth and justice.” He hoped that the settlement would “act as a deterrent to those who would disregard [[due process]] and the [[First Amendment]] right to freedom of speech.”<ref name=cancer/> Responding to the charge “that he had not properly audited the data submitted by other researchers, had published papers knowing that some data had been falsified, and had been slow to publish corrections,” Fisher pointed out “that it was NSABP investigators who first uncovered the data falsification and it was the NSABP that told authorities about the problem.”<ref name=lance/>

The apology from the university read as follows: “The University of Pittsburgh wishes to take this opportunity to apologize to Dr. Fisher and express its sincere regret at any harm or public embarrassment that Dr. Fisher sustained which was in any manner related to the activities of the University of Pittsburgh, and/or its employees.

“The University and Dr. Fisher wish to affirm that at no time was Dr. Fisher found to have engaged in any scientific or ethical misconduct concerning any of his work.

“The University’s acceding to the National Cancer Institute’s decision in the Spring of 1994 to remove Dr. Fisher as Principal Investigator of the NSABP and the subsequent developments in the now settled litigation reaffirms the necessity of the University’s commitment to fully investigate any allegations against faculty members which have the potential to impinge upon their First Amendment rights or the essential rights and freedoms of the academic community.

“The University wishes to express its pride in the many accomplishments Dr. Fisher has had while associated with the University’s Department of Surgery and wishes him success as he continues in the position of Distinguished Service Professor and Scientific Director of the NSABP.”

In addition to the university's apology, the NCI issued a statement calling Fisher a “force in the study of breast cancer for the last 40 years.”<ref name=cancer/>

“There was never any falsified data published, and the ORI acknowledges that now in their report and also that my actions were entirely appropriate and proper,” Fisher said.<ref name=lance/> He told Oncology News International that he was “really very pleased and satisfied that the litigation is over and that I’m able to get back to doing my research under favorable circumstances.”<ref name=cancer/>

In a 1997 medical journal article entitled “The trials of Dr Bernard Fisher: A European perspective on an American episode,” several European doctors protested that although Fisher “was, in any normal usage of the English language, quite innocent” of the charge of “failure of scientific integrity,” he and a colleague had been “summarily removed by their university” from their positions at the NSABP “at the insistence of the then director” of the NCI. The authors found these developments disturbing and “of general relevance to American medical research.”<ref>{{cite web| last =Petro| first =R; R Collins; D Sackett; J Darbyshire; A Babiker; M Buyse; H Stewart; M Baum; A Goldhirsch; G Bonadonna; P Valagussa; L Rutqvist; D Elbourne; C Davies; O Dalesio; M Parmar; C Hill; M Clark; R Gray; & R Doll| title =The trials of Dr Bernard Fisher: A European perspective on an American episode.| work =Control Clin Trials| url =http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/58036/ }}</ref>

==Later career and legacy==
After the Poisson scandal was put to rest and Fisher's reputation restored, Fisher again took up his position at the NSABP, where he resumed his efforts to establish the efficacy of tamoxifen in lowering breast cancer risk in high-risk women.<ref name=onco/>

In 1986, he was appointed Distinguished Service Professor of Surgery.<ref name=psych/> In 1994 he left the position of chairman of the NSABP.<ref name=psych/>

Fisher has said that the greatest contribution of his career “was carrying out laboratory investigations...which have altered our understanding and treatment of breast cancer.”<ref name=asco/> ''The Atlantic'' magazine has commented: “Today, medicine relies almost exclusively on randomized controlled trials and their more sophisticated cousins, meta-analyses, to guide treatment decisions. Bernard Fisher’s story reminds us of the consequences patients faced in a time before such trials were the gold standard.”<ref name=atl/> As remarkable as Fisher’s scientific contributions, one colleague has written, “is that some 60 years into his career as a surgeon scientist he remains actively involved not just with accepting awards (which alone would keep him busy) but with adding to his bibliography of over 600 papers and with continuing to analyze and review the broad implications of his studies in the treatment of human disease.”<ref name=surgery/>

Now in his nineties, Fisher is still a Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh.<ref name=asco/>

==Memberships==
Fisher has been a member of the Institute of Medicine of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] since 1985. He has served on a number of scientific advisory committees and was appointed by the White House to serve on the National Cancer Advisory Board and the President’s Cancer Panel. He has been a member of many editorial boards and belongs to most of the important academic, medical, surgical, and scientific societies.<ref name=surgery/><ref name=asco/>

Fisher served as President of the [[American Society of Clinical Oncology]] from 1992 to 1993<ref name=asco/> and on the board of directors of the [[American Association for Cancer Research]] from 1988 to 1991.

He was elected a Fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] in 1991.<ref name=asco/>

==Honors and awards==
Fisher won the Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award for 1985 , which was given in recognition of “his profound influence in shaping the character of modern breast cancer treatment, thus lengthening and enriching the lives of women suffering from this dread disease.” The citation noted that Fisher had “done more than any other single individual to advance the understanding of the clinical biology of breast cancer” and “conceptually reshaped and improved the treatment of breast cancer, extending and enriching the lives of women suffering from this dread disease....From 1972 to 1981, the use of radical mastectomies has declined progressively from 46.8 percent to 4.5 percent. Each year from 55,000 to 60,000 women in the U.S. have breast cancer of 4 cm or less and are eligible for this breast-preserving therapy.”<ref name=lask/>

In 2006, Fisher was awarded the American Association for Cancer Research Award for Lifetime Achievement in Cancer Research. “Dr. Fisher's important work not only helped those who fight the disease, but has also helped prevent breast cancer in women who are at high risk,” said Margaret Foti, Ph.D., M..D. (h.c.), chief executive officer of the AACR.<ref name=psych/>

Fisher has also won a [[Fulbright Fellowship]], the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation’s [[Kettering Prize]] (1993), the Medallion for Scientific Achievement of the [[American Surgical Association]] (2003), the Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Cancer Research, the [[American Cancer Society]] Medal of Honor (1986), the [[Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center]]’s C. Chester Stock Award, the James Ewing Award of the Society of Surgical Oncology, the Sheen Lifetime Achievement Award of the [[American College of Surgeons]], the Distinguished Service Award from the Friends of the [[National Library of Medicine]],<ref name=surgery/> the AACR-Joseph H. Burchenal Clinical Research Award (1998),<ref name=psych/> the [[AstraZeneca]] Historical Milestones Excellence in Clinical Research Award (2003), the [[Komen Brinker Award for Scientific Distinction]] from the Susan G. Komen Foundation (1988), and the Distinguished Service Award for Scientific Achievement of the [[American Society of Clinical Oncology]] (1999).

In addition, he has been given Pittsburgh's "Man of the Year" Award. He has also won the Jacobson Innovation Award, which is the highest research award given by the American College of Surgeons.<ref name=surgery/>

To honor Fisher's career, the University of Pittsburgh created the Bernard Fisher Lecture in 2005.<ref name=22five/> In January 2006, the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine named David L. Bartlett, M.D., professor of surgery and chief of the division of surgical oncology at the school, as its inaugural Dr. Bernard Fisher Professor of Surgery.<ref name=upm/>

He has also been awarded honorary doctorates by [[Yale University]] (2004), [[Carlow University]], the [[Mount Sinai School of Medicine]] of the [[City University of New York]], and the University of Pittsburgh.<ref name=surgery/>

Early in his career, Fisher won a Markle Scholarship.<ref name=surgery/>

==Personal life==
Dr. Gabriel Hortobagyi has described Fisher as “a very, very complex man” who “could charm you off your feet in no time” but who also has “a reputation for arrogance.”<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

==Notes==
{{refbegin}}
This article uses [[public domain]] text from the [[National Cancer Institute]].
{{refend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Fisher, Bernard
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Biologist
| DATE OF BIRTH = August 23, 1918
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Pittsburgh, PA
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fisher, Bernard}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American scientists]]
[[Category:University of Pittsburgh faculty]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:National Academy of Sciences laureates]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
[[Category:Fulbright Scholars]]
[[Category:University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:People from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Physicians from Pennsylvania]]

Bernard Fisher (Mediziner)

2013-11-06T09:59:45Z

Ruby Murray: + 4 categories using HotCat

{{Infobox person
|name = Bernard Fisher
|image = Nci-vol-8226-300 bernard fisher.jpg
|caption = Bernard Fisher
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1918|8|23}}
|birth_place = Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
|death_date =
|death_place =
|resting_place =
|ethnicity =
|spouse =
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|fields = [[Medicine]]
|workplaces = {{Unbulleted list|[[University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine]]}}
|alma_mater = University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
|doctoral_advisor =
|academic_advisors =
|notable_students =
|awards =
|signature =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Bernard Fisher,''' MD, FACS, (born 23 August 1918) is an American scientist and a pioneer in the biology and treatment of [[breast cancer]]. He is a native of Pittsburgh.<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=c29mAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Fisher,+bernard%22+August+1918+pittsburgh&dq=%22Fisher,+bernard%22+August+1918+pittsburgh&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0d2WUf6vBaeEjALCuYCQBg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg]</ref> He was Chairman of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project at the [[University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine]].<ref>http://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=8226</ref> His work established definitively that early-stage breast cancer could be more effectively treated by [[lumpectomy]], in combination with [[radiology]], [[chemotherapy]], and/or [[Hormonal therapy (oncology)|hormonal therapy]], than by [[radical mastectomy]].<ref name=onco>{{cite web| title =Bernard Fisher at 95| work =Oncology Practice | url =http://www.oncologypractice.com/views/blognosis/blog/bernard-fisher-at-95/556688a4b17b3b6c827e2d3b9c4a1b14.html }}</ref>

The oncology journal ''The ASCO Post'' described Fisher's research as “groundbreaking,” noting that it “ultimately ended the standard practice of performing the Halsted radical mastectomy, a treatment that had been in place for more than 75 years.”<ref name=asco>{{cite web| title =Dr. Bernard Fisher's Breast Cancer Research Left a Lasting Legacy of Improved Therapeutic Efficacy and Survival| work =The ASCO Post | url =http://www.ascopost.com/issues/may-15,-2013/dr-bernard-fishers-breast-cancer-research-left-a-lasting-legacy-of-improved-therapeutic-efficacy-and-survival.aspx }}</ref> Thanks to Fisher, notes another major oncology journal, breast-cancer survival rates have improved worldwide.<ref name=onco/>

Fisher has been described as “an iconoclastic figure” who brought about “far reaching changes...in the understanding of cancer and its treatment.”<ref name=surgery>{{cite web| title =Dr. Bernard Fisher is Distinguished Service
Professor of Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh| work =Penn Surgery Society| url =http://surgery.uphs.upenn.edu/?page=history_Fisher }}</ref> The Atlantic Monthly has called him “a medical hero.”<ref name=atl>{{cite web| title =How Clinical Trials Saved Women With Breast Cancer From Disfiguring Surgery| work =The Atlantic| url =http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/08/how-clinical-trials-saved-women-with-breast-cancer-from-disfiguring-surgery/278531/ }}</ref> He was awarded the [[Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research]] in 1985 “for his pioneering studies that have led to a dramatic improvement in survival and in the quality of life for women with breast cancer.”<ref name=lask>{{cite web| title =Albert Lasker: Clinical Medical Research Award| work =Lasker Foundation| url =http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/1985_c_description.htm }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Fisher graduated from [[Taylor Allderdice High School]] in 1936 and was inducted in their alumni hall of fame in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hecht|first=Steve|title=Comedian Marty Allen part of Allderdice's first hall class|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/neighborhoods-east/comedian-marty-allen-part-of-allderdices-first-hall-class-355087/|accessdate=July 18, 2012|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=August 27, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Comedian Marty Allen part of Allderdice's first hall class| work =Pittsburg Post Gazette | url =http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/neighborhoods-east/comedian-marty-allen-part-of-allderdices-first-hall-class-355087/ }}</ref>

He graduated from the medical school at the [[University of Pittsburgh]] in 1943, then completed a surgical residency.<ref name=surgery/>

==Career==
===Early surgery, research, and postgraduate study===
Fisher was named assistant professor at the University of Pittsburgh and established the laboratory of surgical research at that institution, of which he was director. Among his research interests were [[liver regeneration]] in rats, the physiologic effects of [[hypothermia]], and [[transplant rejection]]. While engaged in research, he also performed general and [[vascular surgery]]. He was one of the first surgeons to perform [[kidney transplant]]s.<ref name=surgery/>

From 1950 through 1952, he was a fellow in experimental surgery at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. In 1955, he was a research fellow at the [[London Postgraduate Medical School]] at [[Hammersmith Hospital]], where he sought to increase his knowledge about transplantation.<ref name=asco/><ref name=psych>{{cite web| title =Bernard Fisher receives AACR Lifetime Achievement Award| work =Psych Central| url =http://psychcentral.com/news/archives/2006-03/aafc-bfr032706.html}}</ref>

===NSABP===
In the spring of 1957, having returned to the University of Pittsburgh, Fisher received a request from I.S. Ravdin, M.D., who had been his mentor at the University of Pennsylvania, and who at the time was Chairman of the Clinical Studies Panel of the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center at the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH). Ravdin asked Fisher to join 22 other surgeons in attending an NIH meeting to discuss the establishment of the Surgical Adjuvant Chemotherapy Breast Project, later known as the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP).<ref name=asco/><ref name=jnci>{{cite web| title =Bernard Fisher Reflects on a Half-Century’s Worth of Breast Cancer Research | work =Oxford Journals | url =http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/97/22/1636.full.pdf }}</ref>

“I wasn’t the least bit interested in breast cancer,” Fisher later said. “But since Dr. Ravdin was an army general who had operated on President Eisenhower, when he commanded me to attend the meeting, I did so. At the time of that first meeting in 1956, the idea of using clinical trials to obtain information, and certainly the idea of giving therapy following surgery, were novel approaches to treatment.” Fisher was initially reluctant to relinquish his research on liver regeneration and transplantation and to take up the study of breast cancer and other malignant diseases, but he became intrigued by the subject of tumor metastasis.<ref name=asco/> Indeed, he “was captivated,” he later said, both by “the mystery of metastasis” and by “the new concept of the clinical trial.”<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925">{{cite web| title =Cancer Researcher No Longer The Hero Bernard Fisher Was Fired Amid Allegations Of Faulty Research| work =Philly.com| url =http://articles.philly.com/1994-07-07/living/25847032_1_cancer-researcher-bernard-fisher-breast }}</ref>

Fisher later said that after that NIH meeting, “I discovered how little information there was related to the biology of breast cancer and what a lack of interest there was in understanding the disease. At the meeting, I learned about the need for randomized clinical trials and the use of biostatistics to obtain credible information from those trials.” Giving up the liver regeneration and transplantation research in which he had been engaged, he began, along with his brother Edwin, a member of the University of Pittsburgh's pathology department, to study the biology of tumor [[metastasis]].<ref name=surgery/> He would spend the next 4 decades studying breast cancer.<ref name=asco/><ref name=surgery/>

In 1958, Fisher took part in the first [[randomized clinical trial]] examining the results of systemic therapy following radical mastectomy for breast cancer. This study of more than 800 women, which was the first project to emerge from the NIH meeting, concluded that while chemotherapy involving the drug thiotepa positively affected the survival rates of [[premenopausal]] women, physicians were hesitant to begin using systemic [[adjuvant therapy]].<ref name=asco/>

===Chairman of NSABP===
In a March 20, 1967, letter, Dr. Rudolf J. Noer suggested that Fisher apply for the position of chairman of the NSABP. He was officially appointed to that post on May 9 of that year.<ref>{{cite web| title =Fisher Page| work =NSABP| url =http://www.nsabp.pitt.edu/Breaking_Barriers.pdf }}</ref> During the succeeding decades he would lead clinical trials that would result in transformative changes in the treatment of breast cancer.<ref name=atl/>

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Fisher studied cancer biology and performed randomized clinical studies comparing the relative effectiveness of lumpectomy, total mastectomy, and lumpectomy followed by chemotherapy or radiation.<ref name=asco/>

Fisher's impact on breast-cancer treatment was the subject of an August 2013 article in the Atlantic Monthly that was occasioned by his 95th birthday. “Before 1971, if you had breast cancer, chances are you’d have to get your breast cut off,” the article recalled. “Surgeons had been taught one thing: radical surgery saves lives. It was Bernard Fisher who changed their minds.”

“For more than the first half of the 20th century,” Fisher later explained, “surgery was the only treatment for breast cancer. During that time, there was uniform agreement about breast cancer treatment. Disagreement related to whether or not surgery should be more radical. Improvements in [[anesthesia]] and [[blood transfusion]]s made it possible for surgeons to perform more extensive operations.” Such was the situation when Fisher began working on breast cancer. At that time, moreover, “researchers theorized that women died of breast cancer despite radical surgery because tumor cells were dislodged during the operation. It was believed that the dissemination of those cells resulted in metastasis and subsequent death.”<ref name=jnci/>

Since the late 19th century, breast cancer had been treated with the Halsted radical mastectomy, named for its originator, [[William Stewart Halsted]] (1852-1922), a famous surgeon at [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]]. This procedure involved the removal not only of the entire breast but also the underarm lymph nodes and chest wall muscles. Such operations left women with gaping holes in their chests.<ref name=atl/> The argument for this approach was “that cancer cells, originating from the breast, always passed through the [[lymph node]]s prior to metastatic spread and, therefore, required radical surgery to remove the entire breast, underlying chest muscle, and axillary lymph nodes to halt metastasis.”<ref name=asco/>

For over ten years, Fisher and his research team carried out “a multitude of investigations regarding the biology of tumor metastasis.” Their findings caused them to question the very theories upon which Halsted's approach had been based,<ref name=atl/> and led them to formulate an alternative hypothesis. This was “that breast cancer was a systemic disease in that tumor cells were likely to have been disseminated throughout the body by the time of diagnosis and that more expensive locoregional therapy was unlikely to improve survival.”<ref name=jnci/> In other words, they believed that cancer cells was spread through the blood and lymph systems and that it entered these systems at an earlier stage than had previously been thought. This meant that the best way to fight breast cancer was not to perform an extensive excision of local tissue. Instead, a lumpectomy, in which only the tumor itself and a small amount of surrounding tissue are excised, would likely be just as effective and would have the added advantage of not causing disfigurement.<ref name=asco/>

What Fisher introduced, in short, was an entirely new theory about the spread of breast cancer: while Halsted had posited that it spread by permeating surrounding tissues, Fisher argued that it was spread through the blood and [[lymph system]]s.<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

By the late 1960s, Fisher's research had established that radical mastectomy was indeed “no more effective than total mastectomy,” and that a total mastectomy, in turn, was “no more effective than lumpectomy in treating breast cancer.”<ref name=upm>{{cite web| title =First Bernard Fisher Professor Of Surgery Appointed At University Of Pittsburgh School Of Medicine| work =UPMC| url =http://www.upmc.com/media/newsreleases/2006/pages/bartlett-appointment.aspx }}</ref> Fisher consequently urged his fellow breast-cancer surgeons to change their approach to the disease. Most of them resisted, however, and continued to perform radical mastectomies, and many accused Fisher and his supporters of placing women's lives at risk by not performing the radical surgery.<ref name=atl/> Fisher later described the widespread resistance to his approach by the medical establishment as “extensive and often unpleasant.”<ref name=asco/> “For 50 years,” he later recalled, “surgeons had been trained to do radical surgery. They felt that performing the lumpectomy was totally inappropriate.” Hence, “my peers were my antagonists....It was difficult to get doctors to put doctors into the trials, and, as might have been anticipated, it was even more difficult to persuade women to be randomized to a study in which some of them would undergo mastectomy and others would have their breasts preserved.”<ref name=jnci/>

Fisher's arguments arguments received considerable positive attention in the 1970s, however, from many women's rights activists. According to women's health activist Cynthia Pearson, the “women's health movement began talking about mastectomy as one of the examples of sexism in medical care in the United States.” Fisher's ideas won the movement's support and became a political issue as well as a medical question.<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

Ultimately, his recommendations for breast-cancer treatment won the approval of the medical establishment. “In 1985,” reported the Atlantic, “the New England Journal of Medicine published two of Fisher’s studies that definitively proved” his earlier findings.<ref name=atl/> His recommended approach to treating breast cancer thereafter gained universal acceptance.

===Achievements===
Fisher's work fundamentally changed the understanding of breast cancer and improved and extended the lives of thousands of women.<ref name=22five>{{cite web| title =Bernard Fisher: Rethinking Cancer Care| work =University of Pittsburg| url =http://www.225.pitt.edu/story/bernard-fisher-rethinking-cancer-care }}</ref> To quote the citation of his Albert Lasker Award, Fisher “demonstrated that the regional lymph nodes were not a barrier to the dissemination of tumor cells, as postulated earlier, but were routes traversed by tumor cells to gain access to the circulating bloodstream and lymphatic system. Out of this basic work on cancer metastasis came a new model for the management of breast cancer based on the premise that the disease is systemic from its inception.”<ref name=lask/>

Fisher was “the first to show that less-invasive lumpectomy surgery treated breast cancer just as effectively as did disfiguring radical mastectomies.” He also demonstrated that postoperative systemic chemotherapy and hormonal therapy could be efficacious elements of postoperative treatments, and that it was possible to prevent breast cancer in women who are at high risk for the disease.<ref name=22five/>

When Fisher began to perform research on breast cancer, “it was widely believed,” he later wrote, “that patients with tumors in the inner quadrants of the breast had a poorer prognosis than those with lesions in the outer quadrants.” Fisher's research led him to conclude, on the contrary, “that the location of a tumor was unrelated to its prognosis” and “that there was no justification for selecting specific surgical or radiation approaches based upon tumor location.” He would stay in that position until 1994, excepting an interlude during which he was removed from the position.

Fisher discovered “that breast cancer metastasis is not solely determined by anatomic considerations, but is also influenced by biologic activity of both the tumor and the host.”<ref name=asco/> Furthermore, a 20-year follow-up from one of his studies proved that “lumpectomy preserved the breast with no deleterious effect on either distant disease-free survival or overall survival.”<ref name=asco/> Additionally, his work “provid[ed] evidence that breast cancer can be both treated and prevented.”<ref name=upm/>

He was the first scientist to reject the idea that cancer was “autonomous of its host,” and to argue that “solid tumors such as breast cancer are likely to be systemic at the time of diagnosis and represent potential metastases during the life of the host.”<ref name=asco/>

In addition, Fisher carried out “the first women’s health trial in the United States to evaluate the use of the preventative agent tamoxifen, which was ultimately shown to reduce by almost 50% the incidence of disease in at-risk women.”<ref name=onco/> The drug is now taken by millions of women who have had breast-cancer surgery.<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

Aside from utterly transforming the treatment of breast cancer, Fisher's pioneering of “the multicenter randomized clinical trial set a standard for the scientific evaluation of therapy for many other diseases.”<ref name=surgery/> His early work on tumor metastasis, moreover, has been described as “pav[ing] the way for later hypotheses about the spread” of breast cancer.<ref name=psych/>

==Poisson case==
In 1990, one of the statisticians on Fisher's research team “noticed a discrepancy on the chart of one breast cancer patient being treated by a researcher in a hospital in Montreal.” Upon being questioned by Fisher, the researcher, Dr. Roger Poisson at [[Hôpital Saint-Luc|St. Luc Hospital]], “admitted that he had falsified data for years to get unqualified patients into trials.” To ensure that Poisson's bad data had not “affected the outcome of the lumpectomy trial, Fisher reanalyzed the study” and found that the results were still valid. “He notified the federal officials at his granting agency, the [[National Cancer Institute]], of the problem with the errant researcher,” and continued his work. But federal investigators stepped in, and eventually a congressional subcommittee called a hearing. “They found problems with Fisher's auditing system, potential problems with misconduct at another site, sloppy paperwork at a few more of the 500 centers that Fisher had been relying upon for data.”<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

The national media reported in 1994 that Poisson had falsified data in 99 cases and that both Fisher and the NCI, under whose auspices the research was being done, had kept this information from the public. One journalist's interpretation of the episode was that “the same self-assured and pugnacious attitude that had helped him triumph over surgical conservatism” had “landed him in hot water.”<ref name=atl/>

In a Philadelphia Inquirer article about Fisher's appearance before the subcommittee, Fisher, once a “magnetic, autocratic genius,” was described as “tired, abstracted, ill-prepared,” with “no trace left of the bravado with which he had led his landmark clinical trials, no trace of the fierce pragmatism that made him a hero of the women's health movement.” According to the article, “his reputation was in ruins....It was hard to believe that this humbled man had been, for decades, the bold field marshal of hundreds of staunchly independent surgeons, thousands of dedicated patients, millions of research dollars....It was hard to believe that the vast clinical network he had built up and run from a crowded headquarters at the University of Pittsburgh had slipped out of his control. That Bernard Fisher had been undone by another scientist's fraud and his own blindness or hubris.”

The article noted, to be sure, that some members of the scientific community “flatly refus[ed] to believe Bernard Fisher could commit bad science,” quoting New York cancer researcher Dr. James Holland as asking: “Do you think...the Pope takes money out of a collection box?”<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

But the news about the falsified data blackened Fisher's image, at least for a time. Many breast-cancer sufferers who had followed Fisher's advice and opted for lumpectomies instead of radical mastectomies were especially outraged. Sharon Batt accused Fisher in her book, Patient No More: The Politics of Breast Cancer, of a “shocking breach of trust.” Amid the charges of scientific malfeasance, the NCI and the University of Pittsburgh removed him as head of the NSABP.<ref name=atl/> At the time of his removal, he was engaged in a clinical trial studying whether tamoxifen could prevent breast cancer.<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

Over time, however, it emerged that Fisher and his colleagues had long since considered Poisson's 99 cases from their data bank and examined the remaining data, and had discovered that Poisson's falsifications had not influenced the results of the study.<ref name=atl/> Indeed, the results were nearly identical.<ref name=lance>{{cite web| title =US investigators exonerate Bernard Fisher| work =The Lancet| url =http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2805%2960215-2/fulltext }}</ref>

Meanwhile, Fisher had taken legal action. After being removed from his position at the NSABP, and being publicly accused by the University of Pittsburgh and NCI of having knowingly published false data, Fisher filed a defamation lawsuit. The defendants were the university; its law firm, Washington, DC-based Hogan & Hartson; the Department of Health and Human Services; the National Institutes of Health; NCI; and the Office of Research Integrity (ORI). Fisher's suit “charged that the dismissal came without due process and that the defendants violated Dr. Fisher’s right to free speech by interfering with his right to publish in medical journals.”<ref name=cancer>{{cite web| title =University of Pittsburg Apologizes to Dr. Bernard Fisher| work =Cancer Network| url =http://www.cancernetwork.com/display/article/10165/72578 }}</ref>

In 1997, after a three-year investigation the [[federal Office of Research Integrity]] ruled that Fisher was innocent of any scientific misconduct.<ref name=atl/>

In the fall of 1997, six weeks before his case was set to go to trial, Fisher accepted an apology from the university and a cash settlement from the defendants and agreed to withdraw his lawsuit. Fisher reportedly received $2.75 million in damages, plus $300,000 from the NCI to cover his legal expenses. After the settlement was announced, Fisher said that the lawsuit had not been about money, which, he indicated, “could hardly compensate for the 3½ years lost from his work,” but about “truth and justice.” He hoped that the settlement would “act as a deterrent to those who would disregard [[due process]] and the [[First Amendment]] right to freedom of speech.”<ref name=cancer/> Responding to the charge “that he had not properly audited the data submitted by other researchers, had published papers knowing that some data had been falsified, and had been slow to publish corrections,” Fisher pointed out “that it was NSABP investigators who first uncovered the data falsification and it was the NSABP that told authorities about the problem.”<ref name=lance/>

The apology from the university read as follows: “The University of Pittsburgh wishes to take this opportunity to apologize to Dr. Fisher and express its sincere regret at any harm or public embarrassment that Dr. Fisher sustained which was in any manner related to the activities of the University of Pittsburgh, and/or its employees.

“The University and Dr. Fisher wish to affirm that at no time was Dr. Fisher found to have engaged in any scientific or ethical misconduct concerning any of his work.

“The University’s acceding to the National Cancer Institute’s decision in the Spring of 1994 to remove Dr. Fisher as Principal Investigator of the NSABP and the subsequent developments in the now settled litigation reaffirms the necessity of the University’s commitment to fully investigate any allegations against faculty members which have the potential to impinge upon their First Amendment rights or the essential rights and freedoms of the academic community.

“The University wishes to express its pride in the many accomplishments Dr. Fisher has had while associated with the University’s Department of Surgery and wishes him success as he continues in the position of Distinguished Service Professor and Scientific Director of the NSABP.”

In addition to the university's apology, the NCI issued a statement calling Fisher a “force in the study of breast cancer for the last 40 years.”<ref name=cancer/>

“There was never any falsified data published, and the ORI acknowledges that now in their report and also that my actions were entirely appropriate and proper,” Fisher said.<ref name=lance/> He told Oncology News International that he was “really very pleased and satisfied that the litigation is over and that I’m able to get back to doing my research under favorable circumstances.”<ref name=cancer/>

In a 1997 medical journal article entitled “The trials of Dr Bernard Fisher: A European perspective on an American episode,” several European doctors protested that although Fisher “was, in any normal usage of the English language, quite innocent” of the charge of “failure of scientific integrity,” he and a colleague had been “summarily removed by their university” from their positions at the NSABP “at the insistence of the then director” of the NCI. The authors found these developments disturbing and “of general relevance to American medical research.”<ref>{{cite web| last =Petro| first =R; R Collins; D Sackett; J Darbyshire; A Babiker; M Buyse; H Stewart; M Baum; A Goldhirsch; G Bonadonna; P Valagussa; L Rutqvist; D Elbourne; C Davies; O Dalesio; M Parmar; C Hill; M Clark; R Gray; & R Doll| title =The trials of Dr Bernard Fisher: A European perspective on an American episode.| work =Control Clin Trials| url =http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/58036/ }}</ref>

==Later career and legacy==
After the Poisson scandal was put to rest and Fisher's reputation restored, Fisher again took up his position at the NSABP, where he resumed his efforts to establish the efficacy of tamoxifen in lowering breast cancer risk in high-risk women.<ref name=onco/>

In 1986, he was appointed Distinguished Service Professor of Surgery.<ref name=psych/> In 1994 he left the position of chairman of the NSABP.<ref name=psych/>

Fisher has said that the greatest contribution of his career “was carrying out laboratory investigations...which have altered our understanding and treatment of breast cancer.”<ref name=asco/> ''The Atlantic'' magazine has commented: “Today, medicine relies almost exclusively on randomized controlled trials and their more sophisticated cousins, meta-analyses, to guide treatment decisions. Bernard Fisher’s story reminds us of the consequences patients faced in a time before such trials were the gold standard.”<ref name=atl/> As remarkable as Fisher’s scientific contributions, one colleague has written, “is that some 60 years into his career as a surgeon scientist he remains actively involved not just with accepting awards (which alone would keep him busy) but with adding to his bibliography of over 600 papers and with continuing to analyze and review the broad implications of his studies in the treatment of human disease.”<ref name=surgery/>

Now in his nineties, Fisher is still a Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh.<ref name=asco/>

==Memberships==
Fisher has been a member of the Institute of Medicine of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] since 1985. He has served on a number of scientific advisory committees and was appointed by the White House to serve on the National Cancer Advisory Board and the President’s Cancer Panel. He has been a member of many editorial boards and belongs to most of the important academic, medical, surgical, and scientific societies.<ref name=surgery/><ref name=asco/>

Fisher served as President of the [[American Society of Clinical Oncology]] from 1992 to 1993<ref name=asco/> and on the board of directors of the [[American Association for Cancer Research]] from 1988 to 1991.

He was elected a Fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] in 1991.<ref name=asco/>

==Honors and awards==
Fisher won the Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award for 1985 , which was given in recognition of “his profound influence in shaping the character of modern breast cancer treatment, thus lengthening and enriching the lives of women suffering from this dread disease.” The citation noted that Fisher had “done more than any other single individual to advance the understanding of the clinical biology of breast cancer” and “conceptually reshaped and improved the treatment of breast cancer, extending and enriching the lives of women suffering from this dread disease....From 1972 to 1981, the use of radical mastectomies has declined progressively from 46.8 percent to 4.5 percent. Each year from 55,000 to 60,000 women in the U.S. have breast cancer of 4 cm or less and are eligible for this breast-preserving therapy.”<ref name=lask/>

In 2006, Fisher was awarded the American Association for Cancer Research Award for Lifetime Achievement in Cancer Research. “Dr. Fisher's important work not only helped those who fight the disease, but has also helped prevent breast cancer in women who are at high risk,” said Margaret Foti, Ph.D., M..D. (h.c.), chief executive officer of the AACR.<ref name=psych/>

Fisher has also won a [[Fulbright Fellowship]], the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation’s [[Kettering Prize]] (1993), the Medallion for Scientific Achievement of the [[American Surgical Association]] (2003), the Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Cancer Research, the [[American Cancer Society]] Medal of Honor (1986), the [[Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center]]’s C. Chester Stock Award, the James Ewing Award of the Society of Surgical Oncology, the Sheen Lifetime Achievement Award of the [[American College of Surgeons]], the Distinguished Service Award from the Friends of the [[National Library of Medicine]],<ref name=surgery/> the AACR-Joseph H. Burchenal Clinical Research Award (1998),<ref name=psych/> the [[AstraZeneca]] Historical Milestones Excellence in Clinical Research Award (2003), the [[Komen Brinker Award for Scientific Distinction]] from the Susan G. Komen Foundation (1988), and the Distinguished Service Award for Scientific Achievement of the [[American Society of Clinical Oncology]] (1999).

In addition, he has been given Pittsburgh's "Man of the Year" Award. He has also won the Jacobson Innovation Award, which is the highest research award given by the American College of Surgeons.<ref name=surgery/>

To honor Fisher's career, the University of Pittsburgh created the Bernard Fisher Lecture in 2005.<ref name=22five/> In January 2006, the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine named David L. Bartlett, M.D., professor of surgery and chief of the division of surgical oncology at the school, as its inaugural Dr. Bernard Fisher Professor of Surgery.<ref name=upm/>

He has also been awarded honorary doctorates by [[Yale University]] (2004), [[Carlow University]], the [[Mount Sinai School of Medicine]] of the [[City University of New York]], and the University of Pittsburgh.<ref name=surgery/>

Early in his career, Fisher won a Markle Scholarship.<ref name=surgery/>

==Personal life==
Dr. Gabriel Hortobagyi has described Fisher as “a very, very complex man” who “could charm you off your feet in no time” but who also has “a reputation for arrogance.”<ref name="renamed_from_199_on_20131105002925"/>

==Notes==
{{refbegin}}
This article uses [[public domain]] text from the [[National Cancer Institute]].
{{refend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Fisher, Bernard
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Biologist
| DATE OF BIRTH = August 23, 1918
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Pittsburgh, PA
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fisher, Bernard}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American scientists]]
[[Category:University of Pittsburgh faculty]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:National Academy of Sciences laureates]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
[[Category:Fulbright Scholars]]
[[Category:University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine alumni]]

{{US-scientist-stub}}