Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Lewis Capaldi

2017-10-21T22:00:17Z

RscprinterBot: Removing article categories and/or interwiki links on non-articles (Why?) (T4)

{{AFC submission|||ts=20171021162106|u=Emir of Wikipedia|ns=118}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Lewis Capaldi
| image =
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1997|10|2}}
| birth_place = [[Bathgate]], [[Scotland]]
| origin =
| occupation = [[Singer-songwriter]]
| instrument = {{hlist|Guitar|piano|vocals}}
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| associated_acts =
| label = {{hlist|[[Capitol Records|Capitol]]|[[Virgin Records|Virgin]]}}
| years_active = 2017–present
| website = {{URL|lewiscapaldi.com}}
}}

'''Lewis Capaldi''' is a Scottish singer-songwriter originating from [[Bathgate]] just outside of [[Glasgow]]. He released his debut extended play recording ''Bloom EP'' on October 20, 2017, <ref>[http://www.clashmusic.com/news/lewis-capaldi-announces-bloom-ep/ Clash Magazine: Lewis Capaldi announces Bloom EP]</ref> where he worked with [[Grammy Award]] winning producer [[Malay]] a long time collaborator of [[Frank Ocean]] <ref>[http://www.onestowatch.com/blog/icymi-lewis-capaldi-emanates-genuine-longing-and/ Ones To Watch: Lewis Capaldi Emanates Genuine Longing and Heartbreak In “Fade”]</ref>

Capaldi rose to prominence following the self release of his first track 'Bruises' in April 2017, very quickly the song had amassed close to 28 million plays on Spotify worldwide. <ref>[http://mahogany.blog/lewis-capaldi-fade-listen/ Mahogany: Written and produced in partnership with long standing Frank Ocean collaborator, Malay, Fade will feature on Lewis’ forthcoming EP, Bloom.]</ref> Shortly after which he was signed to [[Virgin Records]] and [[Capitol Records]]. <ref>[https://twitter.com/CapitolRecords/status/883113723312750592/ Capitol Records welcomes Lewis Capaldi to the Family!]</ref>

He is due to support [[Rag N Bone Man]] on his European tour in November 2017. He has attracted attention from a wide range of celebrity supporters including [[Chloe Moretz]], [[Ellie Goulding]] and [[Niall Horan]] <ref>[https://twitter.com/NiallOfficial/status/918226868406489088/ Niall Horan: Huge fan of this man Lewis Capaldi"]</ref> all of which have voiced their support.

==Discography==
===EPs===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col"| Title and details
! scope="col"| Notes
|-
! scope="row"| '''''Bloom EP'''''
*Type: EP
*Released: 20 October 2017
|
{{Track listing
| collapsed = yes
| title1 = Fade

| title2 = Bruises

| title3 = Mercy

| title4 = Lost On You

}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.lewiscapaldi.com Official website]
*[https://www.facebook.com/lewiscapaldi/ Facebook]

[[:Category:Scottish singer-songwriters]]
[[:Category:Living people]]
[[:Category:People from Glasgow]]

Mit den Menschen von der Brücke

2015-06-11T15:03:25Z

RscprinterBot: Reverted possible test edit(s) to article. Got it wrong? Tell me here (T1)

{{Infobox book
| name = With the People from the Bridge
| title_orig = Με τους ανθρώπους από τη γέφυρα
| translator = Shorsha Sullivan
| image = [[File:With the People from the bridge.jpg|center|thumb]]
| caption = English edition
| author = [[Dimitris Lyacos]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist = Gudrun Bielz
| country = Greece
| language = Greek
| series = Poena Damni
| subject =
| genre = [[World literature]], [[Postmodernism]]
| publisher = [[Shoestring Press]]
| release_date = 2014
| english_release_date = 2014
| media_type =
| pages = 64
| isbn = 9781910323151
| preceded_by = Z213: Exit
| followed_by = The First Death
}}

'''With the People from the Bridge''' (Greek: ''Με τους ανθρώπους από τη γέφυρα'') is the second book of the '''Poena Damni''' trilogy by Greek author [[Dimitris Lyacos]].

==Synopsis==

'''With the People from the Bridge''' follows the line of narrative of [[Z213: Exit]], first book of the [[Poena Damni]] trilogy. The work opens with a [[First-person narrative|first person]] account of the [[narrator]] of [[Z213: Exit]], who describes his arrival at a derelict train station named Nichtovo<ref>Mallory Smart, http://maudlinhouse.tumblr.com/post/113470405890/review-for-with-the-people-from-the-bridge</ref> in search of a place where, he has been told, an improvised performance is staged by what appear to be a band of social outcasts. The [[narrator]] joins the few members of the audience present and records in his diary the setting as well as the events taking place "on stage” as the performance is about to begin.<ref>Max Goodwin Brown, http://www.versaljournal.org/blog/2015/3/12/with-the-people-from-the-bridge-by-dimitris-lyacos</ref> A group of four women in the role of a Chorus and three other protagonists (LG, NCTV, Narrator) are making their final preparations in front of a dilapidated car among machine parts and the noise of a generator. As the lights are lowered the performance sets off with a Chorus monologue followed in turn by the sequence of monologues of the other characters. The content of the story related unfolds in the context of a day of the “return of the dead”, a calendar day of the year appointed for this purpose. The plotline originates in the [[Bible]] incident ([[Gospel According to Mark|Mark]], [[Exorcism of the Gerasene demoniac|5:9]]), in which the Gerasene demoniac begs Jesus to spare him from his torments.<ref>Julie Kovacs, http://exercisebowler.com/issue21.htm</ref> In the book, LG assumes and extends the role of the demoniac, recounting his past condition and describing how he has ended up taking residence in a cemetery. In a kind of simultaneous narration, LG recounts how, led by the voices he hears, has opened the grave of his deceased companion (NCTV). He goes on to find her and feels compelled to stay on her side,<ref>Max Goodwin Brown, http://www.versaljournal.org/blog/2015/3/12/with-the-people-from-the-bridge-by-dimitris-lyacos</ref> eventually making the realization that she is gradually coming back to life. In the meantime, the Chorus prepare for their homecoming and the couple pay them a visit breaking off from a crowd of revenants that also head home on the occasion of the [[Saturday of Souls]]. As the day comes to an end they leave again to prepare for the imminent crossing of “the bridge between worlds", in expectation of a Christian-like resurrection.<ref>Judy Swann, http://portagemagazine.org/with-the-people-from-the-bridge-by-dimitris-lyacos/</ref> The book concludes with the on-stage (internal) Narrator recounting the process by which a mob gathered in a cemetery unearths two bodies, ritually “killing” the female by driving a stake in her chest in a manner akin to handling vampires<ref>Mallory Smart, http://maudlinhouse.tumblr.com/post/113470405890/review-for-with-the-people-from-the-bridge</ref> in the Slavonic tradition.

==Style==

The book exhibits a version of [[Postmodernism|postmodern]] eclecticism,<ref>Artemis Michailidou, https://greysparrowpress.sharepoint.com/Pages/Spring2015Review.aspx</ref> alternating poetry with prose parts. It develops in a series of intermittent [[monologue]]s interspersed with biblical excerpts and the comments of the first-order narrator. Language is sparse and fragmentary, leaving enough loopholes to be completed by the reader. On occasions, the text seems to be ungrammatical and on others the characters seem to be turning back on their words. There is an effect akin to [[Stream of consciousness (narrative mode)|stream of consciousness]]<ref>Raquel Thorne, http://cahoodaloodaling.com/with-the-people-from-the-bridge-by-dimitris-lyacos/</ref>, the text, however, develops in a linear way among the overlapping stories of the four protagonists. The elliptical structure conjoined with the simplicity of stage movement points, in what seems to be a predominantly static performance, to ritual or ritualistic theatre.

==Structure==

The work is structured in the form of an external-frame narrative by a first-order [[narrator]] (the narrator of [[Z213: Exit]]) who sets the stage for the development of the inside story . Within this master narrative, four hyponarratives by Narrator (internal/second-order), Chorus, LG and NCTV contribute fragments of the story from their own point of view. As different narratives within the play evolve, new elements come to the foreground but there is also a sense in which each individual narration overlaps with the other creating an effect of multiple focalization<ref>Manfred Jahn, http://www.uni-koeln.de/~ame02/pppn.htm</ref>. The language of the text is simple and idiomatic and the syntax is occasionally disrupted by lacunae as well as incomplete sentences.<ref>Julie Kovacs, http://exercisebowler.com/issue21.htm</ref> Partial fragmentation combines, however, with a more conventional (although most of the time elliptical) linguistic use for the purpose of bringing forward the story-like character of the work.

==Title==

An earlier version of the text, similar in subject matter and structure but significantly different in content was published in 2001 in Greek and German<ref>http://www.ctl-presse.de/buecher/25ly.htm</ref> and in 2005 in English under the title Nyctivoe<ref>http://www.shoestring-press.com/2009/09/poena-damni-nyctivoe-by-dimitris-lyacos/</ref>. The term Nyctivoe, a rare ancient greek adjective, appears in an incantation to the goddess of the moon<ref>https://books.google.de/books?id=leqORQpn4PsC&pg=PA254&lpg=PA254&dq=νυκτιβόη&source=bl&ots=U82R3jLs6_&sig=tp_2cOgt-r6_Q5pclOsIdJ0mfEc&hl=el&sa=X&ved=0CCsQ6AEwA2oVChMI6eux4baHxgIViFUsCh3mUQAh#v=onepage&q=νυκτιβόη&f=false</ref> in the Magical Papyri, a syncretic compilation of texts from the Hellenistic Period focusing on sorcery and folk religion<ref>https://www.bu.edu/ict/anrw/pub/II/18/brashear.html</ref>. In the previous version of the book, Nyctivoe is a proper name ascribed to the female character of the story, substituted in the new version by NCTV (the sequence of consonants in Nyctivoe).

The current title makes reference both to the setting where the events in the book are described to take place as well as to the bridge crossed by the characters in the final part of the book. The symbol of the bridge as the way of connection of the world of the living with that of the dead points to the [[Chinvat bridge]] in the [[Zoroastrian]] religion<ref>Julie Kovacs,http://exercisebowler.com/issue21.htm</ref>.

==External links==
An excerpt from the book published in Trafika Europe magazine: http://cld.bz/Jrq6Oqe#178-179

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Postmodern theatre]]
[[Category:Postmodern art|Drama]]
[[Category:Postmodern works|Drama]]
[[Category:Drama]]
[[Category:2014 novels]]
[[Category:Greek novels]]

MetaQuotes Language MQL4/MQL5

2014-11-22T19:44:22Z

RscprinterBot: Reverted possible test edit(s) to article. Got it wrong? Tell me here (T1)

{{Notability|date=November 2014}}
{{ Infobox programming language
| name = MetaQuotes Language 4
| year = 2005
| file_ext = .ex4, .mq4, .mqh
| logo = [[File:MQL4-Logo.png|MQL4-Logo]]}}

'''MQL4''' (MetaOuotes Language 4) is an integrated programming language for trading strategies, designed for developing trading robots, [[technical indicator]]s, [[Scripting language|scripts]] and [[Shared libraries|function libraries]]. The primary objective of MQL4 is automation of a [[Trade (financial instrument)|trading]] process and operational analysis facilitation. Today MQL4 comprises an extensive [[codebase]], which is updated daily with a new code for developing trading robots.

==History==
On July 1, 2005, [[MetaQuotes Software]] created [[MetaTrader 4]] - a platform for trading on financial markets. MQL4, an [[object-oriented programming]] language was written specifically for work in this platform. Initially, its [[Syntax (programming languages)|syntax]] was based on C programming language. In 2014, when MetaTrader 4 600 build was released, the language underwent a major update. The MQL4 syntax was brought to the level of MQL5 - a faster and more efficient language, and both languages shared the convenient development environment. Although the updated MQL4 has a lot in common with [[C++]], there are several fundamental differences, which will be considered in a separate section below. The updated MQL4 features new graphical objects and new [[Subroutine|functions]] for analyzing charts. The executable file protection system has been modified, which has made [[Decompiler|decompiling]] impossible. [[Standard library|Standard libraries]] were transferred from MQL5 with the only exception of the trade subsystem, which requires adaptation. New [[data type]]s were added and the micro substitution system expanded (conditional compiling #ifdef, #ifndef, #else, #endif), allowing the use of code from other languages based on the С/C++. Structures, [[Class (computer programming)|classes]] and object [[Pointer (computer programming)|pointers]] were added as well, though it should be noted that their meaning is completely different from the traditional one in С/С++. The updated build of MQL4 supports nearly all standards of object-oriented programming, except [[multiple inheritance]]: [[Encapsulation (object-oriented programming)|encapsulation]] and [[extensibility]] of types, [[Inheritance (object-oriented programming)|inheritance]], [[Polymorphism (computer science)|polymorphism]], overload, [[virtual function]]s. Using classes when writing programs facilitates debugging and development of large applications.

The updated MQL4 features the mode of strict compiling, has higher standards of the coding, which prevents a lot of potential programming errors.

==General principles==
* Compatibility with MQL5 and other highly developed programming languages based on Java/C#/С++. It allows transferring over code written in other languages.
* Intuitive simplicity allowing quickly getting the grasp of the language.
* Object orientation of MQL4, developed for a certain platform and performing a specific function of creating trading robots.
* Maximum protection of the code and safety for traders' computer systems.

==Capabilities==
Capabilities of MQL4 directly address traders’ needs and requirements. Hundreds of programs for automated trading reflecting personal preferences and diversity of trading strategies are written every day. There are four program types that can be written in MQL 4.
# Expert Advisors — automatic systems trading by specified parameters and following a coded algorithm. Occurrence of a previously specified event like receiving a new tick, an alert about a new trading operation or even pressing a button or clicking a mouse, triggers the Expert Advisor to perform a programmed action.
# [[Technical analysis software#Custom indicators|Custom Indicators]]. Written by users, they are used along the ready-made indicators integrated in the MT4 terminal. Their function is purely analytical. Indicators neither perform trading nor carry out operations that slow down the interface stream such as sending emails, surfing the internet or performing a random delay.
# Scripts. A script is a program intended for a single execution of an action. The start event is the only event type processed by the script.
# Custom Functions Libraries.
In addition, there is an opportunity to create 'include files' (#include). 'Include files' allows you to include most frequently used functions and classes without directly pasting their source code into its program. Using functions and classes simplifies creating, debugging and compiling because when using dynamic libraries, functions load only when they are called directly.
MQL4 is a specialized language developed specifically for the MetaTrader 4 platform. It allows traders to implement and automate their strategies. Clearly it is a specific tool for automated trading.
The MQL4 functionality is enriched by the opportunity to easily transfer code from C++.

==The MQL4 syntax and its difference from С++==
The syntax of the new MQL4 is similar to the one of C++, however there are exceptions. Thus, MQL4 does not feature [[Pointer (computer programming)|pointer arithmetic]]: as developers wanted to avoid computer security threats with direct access to [[Random access memory|RAM]]. Operator [[goto]], a possibility to declare anonymous enumeration and [[multiple inheritance]] is not present in this language as well.
Text formatting
Any number of space symbols such as space, tabs, empty strings can be used to make the code more readable and convenient to work with.
There are exceptions, however. A line break symbol must not be used immediately after a hash and space symbols cannot be used inside [[Constant (computer programming)|constants]], [[identifier]]s and [[Reserved word|key words]].
Comments
Similar to the C/C++, MQL4 comments can be both single-line and multi-line. A single-line comment starts with the // symbols and ends with the new line character.
Multi-line comments start with the /* symbols and end with */ ones. They cannot be nested.
Identifiers
Identifiers are used as names for variables and functions. The length of an identifier cannot exceed 63 characters.
The following characters can be used in an identifier: numbers 0-9, Latin upper and lower case letters, recognized as different characters and the underscore character(_). A number cannot be used as the first character.

==Data types==
Main data types used in MQL4:
* integers (char, short, int, long, uchar, ushort, uint, ulong);
* Boolean or logical (bool) ;
* literals (ushort);
* strings (string);
* floating point (double, float);
* color (color);
* date and time (datetime) ;
* enumeration (enum).
Structures and classes are a complex (abstract) data type that can be operated in MQL4. Classes differ from structures in the following characteristics:
* the key word class at declaration;
* all class members have private access by default whereas structure members have public access;
* class objects always have a table of virtual functions when structures cannot have it;
* a new operator can be applied only to class objects. It cannot be applied to structures;
* inheritance: a class inherit from a class only and a structure derives only from a structure.

==Operations and expressions==
All common operations - arithmetic, bool, binary etc.- are present in MQL4. The precedence of operations in MQL4 corresponds to the one adopted in С++.
Below is the table of priority and operation order.
Each group of operations in the table has the same priority. The higher the priority of the group is, the higher its position in the table is. The execution order determines the grouping of operations and operands.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Operation !! Description !! Execution order
|-
|()|| Function call||From left to right
|-
|[]||Referencing to an array element||
|-
|.|| Referencing to a structure element ||
|-
|!|| Logical negation ||
|-
|~|| Bitwise negation (complement)||
|-
|–|| Sign changing||
|-
|++|| Increment by one (increment) ||
|-
|--|| Decrement by one (decrement)||
|-
|(type)|| Typecasting ||
|-
|sizeof || Determining size in bytes ||
|-
|*|| Multiplication ||
|-
|/|| Division ||
|-
|%|| Module division ||
|-
|+|| Addition||
|-
|-|| Subtraction ||
|-
|<<|| Left shift ||
|-
|>>|| Right shift ||
|-
|<|| Less than ||
|-
|<=|| Less than or equal ||
|-
|>|| Greater than ||
|-
|>=|| Greater than or equal ||
|-
|==|| Equal ||
|-
|!=|| Not equal ||
|-
|&|| Bitwise AND operation ||
|-
|^|| Bitwise exclusive OR (eXclude OR) ||
|-
|I || Bitwise OR operation ||
|-
|&&|| Logical AND operation ||
|-
|II || Logical OR operation ||
|-
|?:|| Conditional Operator ||
|-
|=|| Assignment ||
|-
|*=|| Multiplication with assignment ||
|-
|/=|| Division with assignment ||
|-
|%=|| Module with assignment ||
|-
|"+="|| Addition with assignment ||
|-
|"-="|| Subtraction with assignment ||
|-
|<<=|| Left shift with assignment ||
|-
|>>=|| Right shift with assignment ||
|-
|&=|| Bitwise AND with assignment ||
|-
|^=|| Exclusive OR with assignment ||
|-
|I=|| Bitwise OR with assignment ||
|-
|,|| Comma ||
|}

==Client terminal events in the event model of the language==
The MQL4 language allows writing programs handling client terminal events. Unlike procedural languages using the flat functional model, an event model is used in MQL4 starting from 600 build. It allows to write simpler and more understandable codes, which saves development costs and makes the language efficient. There are several event types in MT4:
* Init (event of a program loading, or beginning of work after a financial instrument has been changed, or input parameters have been altered, or the account has been switched);
* DeInit (event generated when the terminal has finished work, before a change of a financial instrument, a chart timeframe, an account or input parameters);
* Start (event starting a script after the latter has been loaded);
* NewTick (event generated upon receiving new quotes);
* Calculate (generated only for indicators when price data gets changed or immediately after the Init event has been generated);
* Timer (generated periodically if the user has activated the timer with a specific function);
* Tester (generated immediately after testing of an Expert Advisor on historical data has finished);
* Chart Event (generated when a user is working with a chart, namely, when graphical objects are created and deleted, when a graphical object gets clicked on or moved with a mouse or when text on a chart gets edited etc).
Each of the above functions is handled by the functions provided in the language.

==Criticism==
Independent applications cannot be written in MQL4 as it is attached to the MetaTrader4 platform and the EX4 programs works only in it.

==References==
In scientific work:
# MetaTrader - investiˇcnáplatforma pre obchodovanie<ref>{{cite web|url=http://is.muni.cz/th/324627/fi_b_a2/thesis.pdf|format=PDF|title=MetaTrader - investiˇcná platforma pre obchodovanie|publisher=Is.muni.cz|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref>
# Evaluating the Effectiveness and Sensitivity of Forex Trading Robots<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unitec.researchbank.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10652/1925/Yu%20Gu%20MComp.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|format=PDF|title=Evaluating the Effectiveness and Sensitivity of Forex Trading Robots|publisher=Unitec.researchbank.ac.nz|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref>
# Forex Analysis and Money Management<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-022912-001013/unrestricted/IQP_Final_Report.pdf|format=PDF|title=Forex Analysis and Money Management : Interactive Qualifying Project|publisher=Wpi.edu|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref>
# INVESTMENT AND TRADING<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-031212-180059/unrestricted/Investment_and_Trading_IQP.pdf|format=PDF|title=INVESTMENT AND TRADING : An Interactive Qualifying Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE|publisher=Wpi.edu|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref>
Documentation and learning:
# MQL4 documentation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.mql4.com|title=MQL4|publisher=Docs.mql4.com|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref>
# Expert Advisor Programming for MetaTrader 4<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expertadvisorbook.com/|title=Expert Advisor Programming for MetaTrader - MQL4 and MQL5 book|publisher=Expertadvisorbook.com|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref>
# Welcome to MQL4. Tutorial<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xpworx.com/metatrader-mql-articles/mql4-articles/welcome-to-mql4-tutorial.php|title=MQL4 Tutorial by Coders' Guru - Lesson 1 - Welcome to MQL4|author=|publisher=Xpworx.com|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref>
# "Currency trading and what is MQL4 for"?<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.selfgrowth.com/articles/currency-trading-and-what-is-mql4-for|title=Currency trading and what is MQL4 for?|publisher=Selfgrowth.com|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref>
# Introduction to Programming Expert Advisors in MQL4<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forexrazor.com/en-us/school/tabid/426/ID/437179/mql4-guide-building-expert-advisor|title=Programming Expert Advisors (EAs) in MQL4 - Forex Social Trading|publisher=Forexrazor.com|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref>
# MQL4 Reference<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myeatrade.com/428/|title=MQL4 Program Run|publisher=Myeatrade.com|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref>
# Programmer en MQL4: Apprenez à automatiser vos stratégies sur MetaTrader<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hwJBoAEACAAJ&dq=MQL4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=V9bZU-WKA8Kv7Aa9-4DYCA&redir_esc=y|title=Programmer en MQL4: Apprenez à automatiser vos stratégies sur MetaTrader|accessdate=17 November 2014}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:C++ programming language family]]
[[Category:Class-based programming languages]]
[[Category:Object-oriented programming languages]]

Chaz Guest

2014-03-15T21:49:29Z

RscprinterBot: Adding back categories which have been nulled (T5)

{{weasel|date=March 2014}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Chaz Guest
| image = [[File:Guest and Kunta Kinte sculpture.jpg|thumb|Chaz Guest with a miniature version of his Kunta Kinte sculpture]]
| imagesize = 375 x 480
| caption = Chaz Guest
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|05|02}}
| birth_place = Niagra Falls, [[New York]], United States
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1985 – Present
| children = Two sons, Zuhri and Xian
| parents = Algirtha Guest Rev. Theodore James Guest
| spouse =
| homepage = {{URL|www.chazguest.com}}
}}
'''Chaz Guest''' (born May 2, 1961)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leftcoastgalleries.com/artists/guest-new/index.htm|title=Chaz Guest Statement|author=Rachelle Ryan Fine Art}}</ref> was born in [[Niagra Falls, New York]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.4realmagazine.com/publication/?i=40875&p=2|title=Feature: Artist Chaz Guest Profile|author=4 Real Magazine}}</ref> to Mrs. Algirtha Guest (born 1933), and Rev. Theodore James Guest (born 1922 - 2006), a Decorated hero in WWII in Europe,including the purple heart. Mr. Chaz Guest is the 7th of nine brothers and sisters. Mr. Chaz Guest has 2 sons<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.4realmagazine.com/publication/?i=40875&p=2|title=Interview with Artist Chaz Guest}}</ref> , Zuhri Charles Guest (born 1994 in N.Y.C.) and Xian T.H.W. Guest (born 2003) in Los Angeles, CA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.4realmagazine.com/publication/?i=40875&p=2|title=Artist Profile|author=Elaine}}</ref> Mr Guest graduated with a Bachelor of Science in [[Graphic Design]] from Southern Connecticut State University in 1985.

==Life and career==
Mr. Guest's story begins in [[Niagara Falls]] where he and his nine brothers and sisters (he being the 7th) were raised by their parents. A crucial early memory set the tone for the path Mr. Guest would choose. Growing up in Niagara Falls, Mr. Guest learned to be comfortable and welcoming of nature and silence. Mr. Guest's parents divorced when he was 10 years old, and his mother moved the children to [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]. He lived in the inner city until he was 18 years old.

Mr. Guest's first passion in school was gymnastics, which brought him to [[Southern Connecticut State University]] (S.C.S.U.), to study [[Kinesiology]] and pursue a degree in [[Graphic Arts]]. He subsequently competed successfully in the U.S. Olympic program. After graduating from S.C.S.U., Guest moved to New York City, where he enrolled in a fashion design curriculum at the [[Fashion Institute of Technology]]. It was during this period that he honed his formal skills in drawing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leftcoastgalleries.com/artists/guest-new/index.htm|title=Chaz Guest Statement|author=Rachelle Ryan}}</ref> While at the Fashion Institute, Mr Guest made the acquaintance of [[Antonio Lopez]], a top illustrator in the world at the time. Antonio Lopez was an inspiration to Mr. Guest and influenced his decision to seek work as an illustrator. Mr. Guest studied at the Fashion Institute for nine months.

In 1986, Mr. Guest went to [[Paris]], [[France]] to find work as a freelance fashion illustrator. While in Paris, Mr. Guest was hired by JOYCE Magazine to illustrate their cover for the 1987/1988 season. It was while working at JOYCE Magazine that Mr. Guest met [[Christian Lacroix]]. Mr. Guest was encouraged by Christian Lacroix to try painting, after Lacroix saw one of Mr. Guest's illustrations of one of the couture designs done for JOYCE Magazine, Paris. In 1987 Mr. Guest took a train to [[Dax]], France. It was while in Dax that Mr. Guest found his direction as a painter.

After leaving the Fashion Institute of Technology, Mr Chaz immersed himself in studying the disciplines of [[Pablo Picasso]] and [[Salvador Dali]]. Mr Guest also studied the paintings of [[Balthus]]. In 1991, Mr. Guest sold his first painting to a passerby outside his [[Soho]] apartment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uptownmagazine.com/uptownsocial/2011/09/chaz-guest/|title=Chaz Guest|author=Uptown Social}}</ref>

In recent years, Mr. Guest has established a large and dedicated following of collectors. The impressive roster of cultural and business luminaries who have supported Mr. Guest’s work includes: Wall Street financier Hugh Quigley, [[Denzel Washington]] & Pauletta Washington, [[Sidney Poitier]], [[Robert De Niro]], [[Naomi Campbell]], and [[Bebe Winans]].

==Politics and Africa==
In 2007, while at the home of Mattie and Michael Lawson in [[Hancock Park, Los Angeles]], Mr. Guest was struck by the presence of [[President Barack Obama]], while interacting with the guests. This image stuck with him, and Mr Guest created a painting of The President based on that mental image. The President saw the painting of himself at a fund raiser at the home of [[Oprah Winfrey]] in 2008.

[[File:President Obama, Chaz Guest, Painting Thurgood Marshall-001.jpg|thumb|left|Artist Chaz Guest presenting his painting of Thurgood Marshall to US President Barack H. Obama at The White House]]Chaz Guest's painting of the late [[Supreme Court Justice]] [[Thurgood Marshall]] hangs in President Barack Obama's [[Oval Office]] at the [[White House]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africandiasporatourism.com/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=752:the-creative-genius-of-artist-chaz-guest&catid=72:features|title=Creative Genius of Artist Chaz Guest|author=Kitty J. Pope, African Diaspora Tourism}}</ref>. Mr. Guest has also authored a serigraph series of President Obama. Subsequently, Mr Guest was invited by Kouji Matsuzaki San, Mayor of [[Obama, Fukui]] prefecture to present the serigraphs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toppa.com/2009/limited-edition-serigraph-of-barack-obama-by-chaz-guest/|title=Limited Edition Serigraph of Barack Obama|author=Mike Toppa}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mckinleyartsolutions.com/obamaportrait.html|title=Obama Portrait: Limited edition serigraph by Chaz Guest|author=Matt McKinley / McKinley Art Solutions}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chazguest.com/downloads/Japan%20Probe%20-%20Obama.pdf|title=American Painter Chaz Guest Visits Obama City}}</ref>

[[File:Guest presents portrait to Gambian President.jpg|thumb|President Jammeh receives a portrait of himself from Chaz Guest during a state banquet.]]On February 24th 2010, Chaz Guest presented the [[Gambia|President of Gambia]], [[Yahya A.J.J. Jammeh|His Excellency Sheikh Professor Alhaji Dr. Yahya A.J.J. Jammeh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statehouse.gm/Chaz-Guest_230210.htm|title=President Jammeh hosts Chaz Guest|author=Office of the Gambian President}}</ref> a portrait of the Gambian President. During his visit to the Gambia, Mr. Guest discussed with the Gambian leader the renaming of [[James Island]] and Juffereh in the North Bank Region. Mr. Guest proposed to the Gambian leader for the Island to be renamed '[[Kunta Kinte]]' Island. On February 6, 2011, James Island, the former British Slave Fort used for the slave trade of [[Africans]] which sits in the [[River Gambia]] in the North Bank Region was renamed by the Gambian President to [[Kunta Kinte Island]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msyinternational.com/thegambiarootsfestival2011/?p=56|title=Renaming of James Island to Kunta Kinte Island during the International Roots Festival 2011–Gambia, West Africa|author=gambiarootsfestival2011}}</ref>.

Mr. Guest was named the Goodwill Ambassador to the [[Republic of Gambia]], [[West Africa]] in 2011, and the U.S. spokesperson for the Roots Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/acclaimed-artist-named-us-national-spokesperson-for-2014-intl-roots-festival|title=Acclaimed artist named US national spokesperson for 2014 Int’l Roots Festival|author=Daily Observer}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://africandiasporatourism.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1035:acclaimed-artist-chaz-guest-chosen-as-us-spokesperson-for-2014-gambia-international-roots-festival-&catid=119:6|author=Kitty J. Pope|title=Acclaimed Artist Chaz Guest Chosen as U.S. National Spokesperson for 2014 International Roots Festival}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.chazguest.com]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Guest, Chaz
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =American Artist
| DATE OF BIRTH =May 2, 1961
| PLACE OF BIRTH =Niagra Falls, [[New York]], [[United States]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Guest, Chaz}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:American male artists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Niagra Falls, New York]]

Gregory Maass & Nayoungim

2014-03-06T17:32:16Z

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{{User sandbox}}

{{Infobox artist
| bgcolour = #6495ED
| name = Gregory Maass & Nayoungim
| image = gilbert-and-george.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt = Book cover showing Gilbert (right) and George (left)
| caption = Book cover showing Gilbert (right) and George (left)
| birth_name = Gregory Stephan Maass (or Maaß) and Kim Nayoung
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|4|29|mf=y}} [[Hagen]], [[Germany]] (Gregory Maass) and {{birth date and age|1966 |3|13|mf=y}} [[Seoul]], [[South-Korea]] (Nayoungim)
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| field =
| training =
| movement =
| works =
| patrons =
| influenced by =
| influenced =
| awards = Regione Lazio Award (Torino, 1981), [[Turner Prize]] (1986), Special International Award (Los Angeles, 1989), South Bank Award (2007), Lorenzo il Magnifico Award (Florence, 2007).
| elected =
| website =
}}
{{Lead too short|date=March 2013}}

'''Gilbert Proesch'''<ref>[[Guggenheim Collection]]: [http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/bio/?artist_name=Gilbert%20%26%20George Biography]</ref><ref>[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]: [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1374428/Gilbert-George Gilbert and George]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford history of the twentieth century|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-820428-2|page=442}}</ref> (sometimes referred to as '''Gilbert Prousch''',<ref>[[Documenta|documenta Archiv]]: [http://documentaarchiv-alephino.stadt-kassel.de/alipac/HHSYWRUKFGTNZLPQHBZE-00001/sysfull?BASE=B-ART&IDN=000000766 Gilbert Prousch]</ref> born 17 September 1943 in [[San Martin de Tor]], [[Italy]]) and '''George Passmore''' (born 8 January 1942 in [[Plymouth]], [[United Kingdom]]) are two [[artists]] who work together as a collaborative duo called '''Gilbert & George'''. They are known for their distinctive and highly formal appearance and manner and also for their brightly coloured graphic-style photo-based artworks.

==Early lives==
Proesch was born in [[San Martin de Tor]] in [[South Tyrol]], northern [[Italy]], his mother tongue being [[Ladin language|Ladin]].<ref name="dt2009">[[Daily Telegraph]]: [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-news/5743120/Gilbert-and-George-Margaret-Thatcher-did-a-lot-for-art.html Gilbert and George: 'Margaret Thatcher did a lot for art']</ref> He studied art at the [[Sëlva]] School of Art and [[Hallein]] School of Art in Austria and the [[Academy of Fine Arts, Munich|Akademie der Kunst, Munich]], before moving to England.

Passmore was born in [[Plymouth]] in the [[United Kingdom]], to a single mother in a poor household. He studied art at the [[Dartington College of Arts]] and the Oxford School of Art, then part of the Oxford College of Technology, which eventually became [[Oxford Brookes University]].

The two first met on 25 September 1967 while studying sculpture at St Martins School of Art, now [[Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design]], one of six colleges in the [[University of the Arts, London]]. The two claim they came together because George was the only person who could understand Gilbert's rather poorly-spoken [[English language|English]]. In a 2002 interview with the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'', they said of their meeting: "it was love at first sight".<ref>Interview with Gilbert & George, ''Daily Telegraph'', 28 May 2002</ref> They have claimed that they married in 2008.<ref name="dt2009"/>

For many years, Gilbert & George have been residents of [[Fournier Street]], [[Spitalfields]], East London. Their entire body of work has been created in, and focused on, [[London's East End]], which they see as a microcosm. According to George, "Nothing happens in the world that doesn't happen in the East End."<ref name="dt2009"/>

==Singing and living sculptures==
Whilst still students, Gilbert & George made ''The Singing Sculpture'', which was first performed at [[Nigel Greenwood (art dealer)|Nigel Greenwood Gallery]] in 1970.<ref>[[The Guardian]]: [http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2004/apr/21/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries Nicholas Serota's obituary of Nigel Greenwood], 21 April 2004</ref> For this performance they covered their heads and hands in multi-coloured metalised powders, stood on a table, and sang along and moved to a recording of [[Flanagan and Allen]]'s song "[[Underneath the Arches (song)|Underneath the Arches]]", sometimes for a day at a time. The suits they wore for this became a sort of uniform for them. They rarely appear in public without wearing them. It is also unusual for one of the pair to be seen without the other. The pair regard themselves as "living sculptures". They refuse to disassociate their art from their everyday lives, insisting that everything they do is art.

==''The Pictures''==

The pair are perhaps best known for their large scale photo works, known as ''The Pictures''. The early work in this style is in black and white, later with hand-painted red and yellow touches. They proceeded to use a range of bolder colours, sometimes backlit, and overlaid with black grids. Their work has addressed a wide variety of subject matter including religion and patriotism. The two artists also often appear in their own "pictures".<ref>[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23688522-jesus-and-an-unholy-union-flag.do London Evening Standard ''"…debate over religion and patriotism."'']</ref> They have described their "pictures" as a sort of "visual love letter from us to the viewer".<ref>[http://www.italymag.co.uk/italy/marche/gilbert-george-deshock-rivoli www.italymag.co.uk "Each of our pictures is a kind of visual love letter from us to the viewer," said George, introducing the retrospective.]</ref>

In 1986, Gilbert & George were criticized for a series of pictures seemingly glamourizing 'rough types' of London's [[East End]] such as [[skinhead]]s, while a picture of an Asian man bore the title "Paki". Some of their work has attracted media attention because of the inclusion of (potentially) shocking imagery, such as [[nudity]], depictions of [[sexual intercourse|sexual acts]], and bodily fluids ([[faeces]], [[urine]] and [[semen]]). The titles of these works, such as "Naked Shit Pictures" (1994) and "Sonofagod Pictures" (2005), also contributed to the attention.

A book, ''The Complete Pictures, 1971–2005'', published in 2007 by [[Tate Modern]], includes over a thousand examples of their art.<ref>{{Cite document | title= Gilbert & George Are Workaholics | author= Robert Ayers | publisher=ARTINFO | date= August 14, 2007 | url= http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/25490/gilbert-george-are-workaholics/ | accessdate=2008-04-15 | postscript= {{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref>

In May 2007, Gilbert & George were the subject of the [[BBC]] documentary ''Imagine'', presented by [[Alan Yentob]]. At the end of the programme a picture entitled 'Planed' was made available as a free file download from the [[BBC]] and ''[[The Guardian]]'' websites for 48 hours. People who downloaded the files could then print and assemble the piece, and thus own an original Gilbert and George picture for free.<ref>''Imagine'', documentary aired on [[BBC]] television, 8 May 2007</ref>

In 2000, they moved galleries to be represented by [[White Cube]] and since 2009 by ARNDT in Berlin.

==''Jack Freak Pictures''==
''Jack Freak Pictures'' is, to date, the largest series of work created by Gilbert & George. According to [[Michael Bracewell]] “the ''Jack Freak Pictures'' are among the most iconic, philosophically astute and visually violent works that Gilbert & George have ever created.” The Union Jack and Gilbert & George are the two dominant pictorial images - appearing contorted, abstracted, and sometimes complete. The entire series is set in the East End of London indicated by flags, maps, street signs, graffiti and other less obvious motifs such as brickwork and foliage that can be found there.

After showing at White Cube’s Hoxton and Mason Yard galleries the exhibition travelled to the Croatian [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Zagreb]]; The [[Kröller-Müller Museum]], the Netherlands; Centro de Arte Contemporaneo de Malaga, Spain; [[Arndt & Partner]] gallery, Berlin; the Baronian Francey Gallery, Brussels; and the Bozar Center for Fine Arts, Brussels.<ref>[http://www.whitecube.com/exhibitions/jack-freak-hox/ White Cube. Jack Freak Pictures]</ref>

==Awards==

In 1981, Gilbert & George won the ''Regione Lazio Award'' (Torino), in 1986, the ''[[Turner Prize]]'', and in 1989, the ''Special International Award'' (Los Angeles).

In 2005, they represented the UK at the [[Venice Biennale]]. Their 2007 retrospective at [[Tate Modern]] was the largest of any of the artists who have had retrospectives there.<ref name="dt2009"/>

In 2007, they won the ''[[South Bank]] Award'', as well as the ''Lorenzo il Magnifico Award'' (Florence).

In December 2008, Gilbert & George were awarded Honorary Doctorates by [[London Metropolitan University]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

In October 2010, Gilbert & George were awarded the honorary title "Magister Artium Gandensis" by [[Hogeschool Gent|University College Ghent]].<ref>Tollenaere, Rudy. [http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=BLRTO_20101007_003] ''Nieuwsblad''. October 8, 2010.</ref>

In November 2010, Gilbert & George were conferred with Honorary Doctorates by the [[University of East London]].<ref>"East London the place to be", say ground-breaking artists [http://www.uel.ac.uk/news/press_releases/AVAHABGrad2010.htm] University of East London November 25, 2010.</ref>

In March 2012, Gilbert & George were conferred with Honorary Doctorates by the [[Open University]].<ref>Andrew Brewerton awards Honorary Degree to Gilbert & George [http://myportal.plymouthart.ac.uk/news/plymouth-college-of-art-principal-awards-honorary-degree-to-gilbert-george] Plymouth College of Art, May 25th, 2012.</ref>

==Political stances==

Gilbert & George are an oddity in the artistic world because of their openly conservative political views and their praise for [[Margaret Thatcher]]. George claims never to have been anti-establishment: "you're not allowed to be Conservative in the art world, of course", he says. "Left equals good. Art equals Left. Pop stars and artists are meant to be so original. So how come everyone has the same opinion? ... We admire Margaret Thatcher greatly. She did a lot for art. Socialism wants everyone to be equal. We want to be different."<ref name="dt2009"/> The duo are [[monarchists]] and have said of the [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince of Wales]]: "We're also fond of the Prince of Wales: he's a gentleman."<ref name="dt2009"/>

==Influences==
*Gilbert & George inspired two characters, ''Man Green and Man Yellow, Chief Constables of the Science Gestapo'', in [[Grant Morrison|Grant Morrison's]] comicbook series ''[[The Filth (comics)|The Filth]]''. The two characters appear in pastiches of Gilbert & George's artwork, with the separate sections of the imagery acting as individual comic book panels.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}
*In the book ''Man, Machine and Music'', Pascale Bussy claims that the look [[Kraftwerk]] adopted between 1974 and 1978 was partly inspired by Gilbert & George.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Baudino, Isabelle; Gautheron, Marie, eds. (2005), ''Gilbert & George, E1'', Lyon: ENS Editions (to accompany an exhibition at the Musée d'art moderne de Saint-Etienne, parallel French and English texts)
* Dutt, Robin (2004), ''Gilbert & George: obsessions & compulsions''. London: Philip Wilson Publishers ISBN 0-85667-570-9
* Farson, Daniel (1999), ''Gilbert & George: a Portrait'', London: HarperCollins
* Farson, Daniel (1991), ''With Gilbert & George in Moscow'', London: Bloomsbury
* Fuchs, Rudi (2007), ''Gilbert & George: the Complete Pictures'', [[Tate Publishing Ltd|Tate Publishing]] ISBN 978-1-85437-681-7
* Jahn, Wolf (1989), ''The Art of Gilbert & George.'' New York: Thames & Hudson
* Jonquet, François (2005), ''Intimate Conversation'', London: Phaidon
* Rosenblum, Robert (2004), ''Introducing Gilbert & George'', London: Thames & Hudson
* The Words of Gilbert & George, Violette Editions, London, 1997 ISBN 978-1-900828-03-1

===Exhibition catalogues===
*1997: Lehmann Maupin, New York, ''[http://www.lehmannmaupin.com/#/exhibitions/1997-05-03_gilbert-and-george/ The Fundamental Pictures]''
*2001: White Cube, London, ''New Horny Pictures''
*2004: Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac, Paris, ''London E1 Pictures''
*2004: Gallery Bernier/Eliades, Athens, ''Thirteen Hooligan Pictures''
*2004: Sonnabend Gallery/Lehmann Maupin, New York ''[http://www.lehmannmaupin.com/#/exhibitions/2004-11-06_gilbert-and-george/ Perversive Pictures 2004]''
*2006: White Cube, London, ''Sonofagod Pictures''
*2012: '

==External links==
{{External links|date=August 2010}}
*[http://news.independent.co.uk/people/profiles/article2259376.ece 2007 interview from Independent on Sunday ABC Arts magazine]
*[http://www.tate.org.uk/modern/exhibitions/gilbertandgeorge/ Gilbert and George: Major Exhibition at Tate Modern, London, 2007]
*[http://www.tate.org.uk/onlineevents/archive/gandg.htm Gilbert and George's film "The World of Gilbert and George" as a RealMedia stream at Tate Online] (includes a question and answer session with the audience)
*[http://www.guggenheimcollection.org/site/artist_bio_52.html Complete Biography]
*{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n98-79330}}
*[http://www.glbtq.com/arts/gilbert_george.html Arts: Gilbert and George] on [[glbtq.com]]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/news/story/0,11711,1490118,00.html 'Gilbert and George unveil new hoodie art' – UK Guardian website, 23/5/2005]
*[http://artabase.net/exhibition/2018-40-years-kaldor-public-art-projects The Singing Sculpture]
*[http://www.arndtberlin.com/website/artist_986?idx=g Gilbert & George at ARNDT Berlin]
*[http://www.lehmannmaupin.com/#/artists/gilbert-and-george/ Gilbert & George at Lehmann Maupin Gallery]
*[http://www.famsf.org/deyoung/exhibitions/exhibition.asp?exhibitionkey=805 Gilbert and George at de Young - San Francisco]
*[http://www.vdb.org/smackn.acgi$artistdetail?GILBERTGEO Gilbert and George] in the [http://www.vdb.org/ Video Data Bank]
*[http://www.tate.org.uk/tateshots/episode.jsp?item=9108 Tateshots video] - the artists speak about their 'Bomb Pictures'
*[http://vimeo.com/9076934 Gilbert & George at the at The Milwaukee Museum of Art] Videos.
*[http://www.fascineshion.com/en/exhibition/gilbert-and-george/319/ G&G interview include URETHRA POSTCARD PICTURES exhibition at Ropac Gallery]
*[http://vernissage.tv/blog/2008/11/24/gilbert-george-at-the-brooklyn-museum-part-12/ Gilbert & George at the Brooklyn Museum New York part 1], [http://vernissage.tv/blog/2008/11/25/gilbert-george-at-the-brooklyn-museum-part-22/ part 2] Video

{{Authority control|VIAF=121038754}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME =George, Gilbert And
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British artist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 17 September 1943
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{:DEFAULTSORT:George, Gilbert And}}

[[:Category:Alumni of the Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design]]
[[:Category:Alumni of the University of the Arts]]
[[:Category:Art duos]]
[[:Category:British sculptors]]
[[:Category:Conceptual artists]]
[[:Category:Gay artists]]
[[:Category:LGBT people from England]]
[[:Category:LGBT people from Italy]]
[[:Category:Living people]]
[[:Category:People connected with Plymouth]]
[[:Category:People from San Martin de Tor]]
[[:Category:Postmodern artists]]
[[:Category:Turner Prize winners]]
[[:Category:British performance artists]]

Paolo Giubellino

2014-01-25T17:41:06Z

RscprinterBot: Removing article categories and/or interwiki links on non-articles (Why?) (T4)

{{AFC submission|t||ts=20140125130004|u=Pcharito|ns=5}} 

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Paolo Giubellino
| image = Paolo Giubellino.jpg
| caption = Paolo Giubellino, Spokesperson of [ALICE: A Large Ion Collider Experiment]]
| birth_place = [[Italy]]
| nationality = [[Italian]]
| languages = English, Italian, Spanish, French
| field = [[Physics]] ([[Particle physics]])
| work_institutions = [[CERN]], [[INFN]]
| Universities = Physics Diploma (1983) [[University of Torino]] [[University of California, Santa Cruz]] Doctorate in Physics (2000)
| known_for = Spokesperson of the [[ALICE]] Collaboration
| prizes = 2000 Honorary title of "Profesor Invitato" of the [[Istituto de Sciencias y Technologias dell’Università di La Havana]], [[Cuba]] 2002 medal of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences 2010 medal of the Mexican Physical Society 2012 Received the title of "Commendatore" from Italian President Napolitano 2012 Honorary title of "Visitante Distinguido" of the city of [[Puebla]] 2013 Awarded the prestigious [["Enrico Fermi" Prize]], the highest recognition of the Italian Physical Society 2013 Honorable Mention of the Ministry of Education, Science and Research and Sport of the [[Slovak Republic]]. }}

'''Paolo Giubellino''', is an [[Experimental particle physics|experimental particle physicist]] working on High-Energy Nuclear Collisions at [[CERN]].<ref>{{cite web|title=CERN|url=http://www.cern.ch}}</ref> Currently he is leading the[[ALICE: A Large Ion Collider Experiment] Collaboration, an international collaboration of more than 1300 countries from 148 scientific institutions from 36 countries.<ref>{{cite news|title=ALICE experiment at CERN url=http://home.web.cern.ch/about/experiments/alice}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=CERN Courier Article: ALICE: on the trail of a new state of matter|url=http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/54674 September 2013 |newspaper=CERN Courier}}</ref>

He has carried several responsibility positions in the ALICE Collaboration since its creation in the early nineties, to be eventually elected deputy spokesperson from 2004 to 2010 and spokesperson since Jan 1st 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=CERN Courier Article: New Spokesperson for the ALICE and LHCb experiments|url=http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/44858/2 January 2011 |newspaper=CERN Courier}}</ref> On July 17, 2013, he was elected with a very large majority for a second term as spokesperson of the Collaboration.

Giubellino has dedicated most of his scientific life to the Physics of High-Energy Heavy-Ion collisions, in which [[Quark-gluon Plasma]] a state of ultra- dense and hot matter like the one prevailing in the first microseconds of life of our Universe is created. Moreover, he has participated in numerous experimental projects first at the CERN [[SPS]] and, since the beginning of the program, at the [[Large Hadron Collider]].

== Early life and education ==

Paolo Giubellino, Italian, graduated in Physics at the University of Torino in 1983 with 110/110 cum laude and special honorable mention and continued his studies as a Fulbright fellow at the University of California in Santa Cruz. In 2000 he was awarded the title of Doctor in Physics and Mathematics (Habilitation) by the Dubna Academic Council (Russia). He is married to ... and have one children.

== Research career ==

[[File:Paolo ALICE.jpg|thumb|Paolo Giubellino in front of ALICE at [[LHC]] Point 2]]

Paolo Giubellino has dedicated most of his scientific life to the Physics of High-Energy Heavy-Ion collisions, first in HELIOS, then in NA50 and finally in the ALICE experiment.

He joined the Torino branch of the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics ([[INFN]])in 1985. In 2006 he was promoted to "research director", the highest in the three-level [[INFN]] career. Giubellino has been responsible for several scientific programs within [[INFN]] and for [[NATO]], [[INTAS]] and [[EU]] grants. From 1990 to 1996 he was coordinator of the Group II (one of the five sections in which [[INFN]] research is organized) of the [[Torino]] branch of the [[INFN]]. From 1995 to 2000 and since 2007 he was is responsible for the involvement of the Torino group in the ALICE [[Inner Tracking System]] project.

Giubellino has participated in [[CERN]] [[heavy-ion]] programme from the early days of his career. He was in charge of the design, construction and operation of the SCI-PAD detector for the NA34/1 experiment as well as for the NA34/2 silicon pad detectors for the Ring Counters.

In 1988 he joined the NA50 collaboration and worked in one of the fixed-target experiments. He was responsible in NA50 for the design, construction and commissioning of the silicon multiplicity detectors (MD).

During his entire career, Giubellino has participated in several R&D projects directed to the development of silicon detectors and radiation tolerant electronics. He is also one of the founding fathers of the microelectronics group at [[INFN]] [[Torino]]

Giubellino has been involved in ALICE from the very first feasibility studies, and has later carried a number of responsibilities in the experiment, including Project Leader for the Inner Tracking System, Chair of Conference Committee, Upgrade Coordinator and, for six years, Deputy Spokesperson (July 2000 - September 2002 and August 2006 - December 2010). He was elected Spokesperson of the ALICE Collaboration for the first time in March 2010 and re-elected in July 2013. During this period he led the ALICE Collaboration to the preparation of an Upgrade proposal for experiment, spanning the years 2018 to 2025. The upgrade project, which will involve 138 Institutions from 37 countries, has been approved by the Large Hadron Collider Committee in September 2012.

== Science Management and Review Committees ==

Paolo Giubellino serves in many scientific committees and panels in [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Russia]], the [[United States]], [[Mexico]], [[Spain]], the [[Czech Republic]], the [[Republic of Korea]] and [[South Africa]] and is currently Chair of the G-PAC of [[GSI]], the largest nuclear physics laboratory in [[Germany]], and member of the Conseil Scientifique of [[IN2P3]] (National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics), France. He has been active in International collaboration, and has promoted and had key roles in several programs funded by the European Union, NATO and numerous bilateral agreements.

* Chair, 2003-2011, of the scrutiny group charged of assessing and monitoring the running and maintenance expenses for the CDF International Finance Committee at [[Fermilab]], [[USA]].
* Member, 2003 -2010, of the Conseil Scientifique of the [[SUBATECH]] Laboratory, [[Nantes]], [[France]].
* Member in 2006 of the 4-yearly [[CNRS]]/[[IN2P3]] Evaluation Committee of the SUBATECH Laboratory, [[Nantes]], [[France]].
* For the Agence d’Evaluation de la Recherche (AERES) of the French Government: member in 2008 of the Evaluation Committee of the IPN Laboratory in Orsay, Member in 2008 of the Evaluation Committee of the LPSC Laboratory in [[Grenoble]], President in 2010 of the Evaluation Committee of the Subatech Laboratory in [[Nantes]].
* Member since 2010 of the Scientific Council of the [[IN2P3]] (National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics) of [[France]].
* For the GSI Laboratory in Germany (largest German Nuclear Physics Laboratory): Member of the General Physics Advisory Committee (G-PAC) April 2007- March 2010, Chair of the G-PAC since March 2010 and as such member of the Laboratory Scientific Council.
* Member from Jan 2008 to Dec 2010 of the [[SPS]] and PS experiments Committee (SPSC) at [[CERN]].
* Member since August 2009 of the EMMI Program Advisory Committee of the Extreme Matter Institute (EMMI), [[Darmstadt]],[[Germany]]
* Member of the "Phases of Nuclear Matter" working group for the 2004 NUPECC (Nuclear Physics European Collaboration Committee) Long Range Plan.
* Convener of the “Phases of nuclear matter” working group for the 2010 NUPECC Long Range Plan.
* Member since August 2000 of the Instrumentation Panel of the [[ICFA]], and therefore member of the International Advisory Committee of the [[ICFA]] instrumentation schools.
* Chair of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the [[HELEN]] project (2005/2009), the largest among the ALFA programs of scientific cooperation between Europe and Latin America.
* Coordinator Work package 1 of the [[EPLANET ]]project of scientific cooperation between Europe and Latin America (about 4 M euros, four-year EU program), member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of [[EPLANET]].

Paolo Giubellino is also member of the International Advisory Committee of numerous International Conferences, including all major conferences in High-Energy Nuclear Physics (Quark Matter, Hard Probes, Strange Quark Matter, ICPAQGP). He has served as referee for several major international Physics Journals, among which Physical Review Letters, Physical Review, Nuclear Physics, Physics Letters and Nuclear Instruments and Methods.

Finally he has been referee for the selection and evaluation of projects for, among others, INTAS, Several European Programs, the Italian Ministry of Education and Research, The Russian Ministry of Education, the Government of the Czech Republic, the Ministry of Economy and Innovation of Spain, the National Research Foundation of the Republic of South Korea and the National Research Foundation of South Africa.

== Invited lectures and outreach ==

Paolo Giubellino is frequently invited to give public lectures on experimental particle physics at the LHC. He has delivered over 35 talks at international conferences and many invited seminars and colloquia about the results of my scientific work, including the closing plenary talk at the 2002 Quark Matter Conference, and chaired sessions in numerous international conferences.

Giubellino has played a significant role in developing collaboration between Europe and Latin American institutes. His support led to Mexico’s involvement in ALICE, particularly in the successful construction of the V0 detector and the Cosmic Ray detector. As a recognition of these efforts he has been the first European to be awarded the medal of the [[Mexican Physical Society]].

Giubellino has also taught short courses at various international schools, among which the instrumentation schools of the ICFA and the International school "Enrico Fermi" and for PhD and Master students at [[Torino University]].

== Awards ==

* In 2000 the Honorary title of “Profesor Invitado” of the Istituto de Sciencias y Tecnologias dell’Università di La Havana, [[Cuba]]
* In 2002 the medal of the [[Ukrainian Academy of Sciences]]
* In 2010 the medal of the [[Mexican Physical Society]]
* In 2012 the Visitante Distinguido of the City of [[Puebla]], [[Mexico]]
* In 2012 the title of "commendatore" for scientific merits from Italian President [[Giorgio Napolitano]] <ref>{{cite news|title= Paolo Giubellino con i ricercatori dell’Istituto nazionale di fisica nucleare e del Cern dal presidente della Repubblica |url=http://www.gazzettadalba.it/2012/09/paolo-giubellino-con-i-ricercatori-dellistituto-nazionale-di-fisica-nucleare-e-del-cern-dal-presidente-della-repubblica/}}</ref>
* In 2013 he was awarded the Honorable Mention of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the [[Slovak Republic]]
* In 2013 the “Enrico Fermi” Prize, highest recognition of the [[Italian Physical Society]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Italian Physics Society "Enrico Fermi" Prize|url=http://en.sif.it/activities/fermi_award}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|1}}

== External links ==
* [http://aliceinfo.ch// CERN ALICE]

{{Persondata
| NAME = Giubellino, Paolo
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Italian physicist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 17 August 1956
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Italy]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{:DEFAULTSORT:Giubellino, Paolo}}
[[:Category:Physicists]]
[[:Category:Living people]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

*
*
*
*

Maroua Kharbouch

2013-10-01T11:03:12Z

RscprinterBot: Removing article categories and/or interwiki links on non-articles (Why?)

{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Maroua Kharbouch
| birth_name = Maroua Kharbouch
| image =
| caption =
| occupation = Client Relationship Manager Assistant
| title = [[Miss Gibraltar|Miss Gibraltar 2013]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place= [[Gibraltar]]
| measurements =
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=8}}
| eye_color = Brown
| hair_color = Brown
| weight = 


| competitions =[[Miss Gibraltar|Miss Gibraltar 2013]] (Winner) [[Miss World 2013]] (Finalist)
| dress_size =
| shoe_size =
| agency =
| films =
| homepage =
}}

'''Maroua Kharbouch''', is a [[Gibraltarian people|Gibraltarian]] [[beauty pageant]] titleholder who was crowned [[Miss Gibraltar]] 2013 and was a finalist at [[Miss World 2013]] in [[Bali]], [[Indonesia]]. She was the first Gibraltarian of [[Moroccan people|Moroccan]] descent to be crowned Miss Gibraltar and the second Gibraltarian finalist at a [[Miss World]] beauty pageant.

==Personal life==
Maroua Kharbouch is a Client Relationship Manager Assistant and her hobbies and interests include [[model (profession)|modelling]], [[physical fitness|fitness]] and [[volunteering]]. She is of Moroccan descent<ref name=Winner/><ref name=MW>{{cite web|title=Maroua Kharbouch biography|url=http://www.missworld.com/Contestants/Gibraltar/|publisher=[[Miss World]]|accessdate=29 September 2013}}</ref> with both her parents being from [[Morocco]]<ref name=vid>{{cite web|title=Miss World 2013 - Gibraltar - Contestant Introduction|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fxkkir3gA8|publisher=[[Miss World]]|accessdate=29 September 2013|date=3 July 2013}}</ref> and is therefore [[multilingualism|trilingual]], speaking [[English language|English]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref name=MG>{{cite web|url=http://www.missgibraltar.gi/miss-gibraltar-2013/maroua-kharbouch|publisher=[[Miss Gibraltar]]|title=Maroua Kharbouch bio|accessdate=29 September 2013}}</ref>

==Miss Gibraltar 2013==
Seven contestants signed up to compete at the 2013 Miss Gibraltar beauty pageant. As at 20 March 2013, Maroua Kharbouch was [[Victor Chandler International|BetVictor]]'s favourite to win Miss Gibraltar with the [[bookmaker|bookie]] offering odds of 8/13.<ref>{{cite news|title=BetVictor offer a flutter in Miss Gib|url=http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=28522|accessdate=29 September 2013|newspaper=[[Gibraltar Chronicle]]|date=20 March 2013}}</ref> As all seven contestants chose their order of appearance for the upcoming pageant at random, in the presence of [[Mayor of Gibraltar]] [[Anthony Lima]] at the [[Gibraltar City Hall|City Hall]], Kharbouch selected number one.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sheil|first=Eyleen|title=Miss Gib pick their order|url=http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=28826|accessdate=29 September 2013|newspaper=[[Gibraltar Chronicle]]|date=12 April 2013}}</ref>

At 22 years of age, Maroua Kharbouch was crowned Miss Gibraltar 2013 at the 51st edition of the pageant held at the [[John Mackintosh Hall]] on 8 June 2013.<ref name=Winner>{{cite news|title=Maroua is crowned Miss Gib 2013, all set to carry our multi-cultural flag|url=http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=29643|accessdate=29 September 2013|newspaper=[[Gibraltar Chronicle]]|date=10 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Maroua Kharbouch is the new Miss Gibraltar 2013|url=http://missosology.org/missworld/news/item/1902-maroua-kharbouch-is-the-new-miss-gibraltar-2013|publisher=Missosology|accessdate=29 September 2013|date=9 June 2013}}</ref> She received part of her prize in the form of a cheque and clothing allowance from the Minister for Culture [[Steven Linares]], at a ceremony held at the City Hall on 25 June 2013. She'll receive a second cheque at the end of her reign.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hope-Wynne|first=Danielle|title=Miss Gibraltar cheque presentations|url=http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=29813|accessdate=29 September 2013|newspaper=[[Gibraltar Chronicle]]|date=26 June 2013}}</ref>

==Miss World 2013==
{{main|Miss World 2013}}
Having been crowned Miss Gibraltar 2013, Maroua Kharbouch would automatically represent Gibraltar at the [[Miss World 2013|2013 Miss World pageant]] in Bali, Indonesia.<ref name=Winner/> By 12 September 2013, Kharbouch was ranked third in Miss World's [[Miss World Special Awards#People's Choice / People's Champion|People's Choice Awards]] which would gain the award holder automatic entry into the Miss World final. Votes were cast by the general public via the official Miss World [[mobile app]] which was available for [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] with proceeds going to charity.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gibraltar urged to vote Maroua for People's Choice|url=http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=30752|accessdate=29 September 2013|newspaper=[[Gibraltar Chronicle]]|date=12 September 2013}}</ref> Kharbouch was leading the voting by 18 September 2013,<ref>{{cite web|title=Gibraltar leads in MW '13 App Voting|url=http://missosology.org/missworld/news/item/2175-gibraltar-leads-in-mw-13-app-voting|publisher=Missosology.org|accessdate=29 September 2013|date=18 September 2013}}</ref> a position which she maintained by 26 September 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Miss Gib People's Choice Vote|url=http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=30935|accessdate=29 September 2013|newspaper=[[Gibraltar Chronicle]]|date=26 September 2013}}</ref> She eventually won the award at the Miss World final two days later which saw her fast-tracked to the Top 6 finalists but fell short of the Top 3 positions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sep 28 - Miss Gibraltar makes it to the 6 finalists|url=http://www.yourgibraltartv.com/ygtv-news/written-news/entertainment/5181-sep-28-miss-gibraltar-makes-it-to-the-6-finalists|accessdate=29 September 2013|newspaper=Your Gibraltar TV|date=28 September 2013}}</ref>

Kharbouch held hands with her [[Miss Spain|Spanish counterpart]] [[Elena Ibarbia]], who also made it to the Top 6, as they anticipated the final results. This was seen as an important gesture which contrasted with the recent political tensions between both countries. [[Chief Minister of Gibraltar]] [[Fabian Picardo]] described the image as "moving", stating that they were an example of "the reality of the symbiotic relationship between the people of Gibraltar and the Spanish people of [[La Línea de la Concepción|La Linea]] and the towns around us. Friendship. Respect. Understanding."<ref>{{cite news|last=Mascarenhas|first=Alice|title=People's Choice Maroua does Gibraltar proud in Miss World|url=http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=30990|accessdate=30 September 2013|newspaper=[[Gibraltar Chronicle]]|date=30 September 2013}}</ref>

==External links==
* [http://www.missgibraltar.gi/ Official Miss Gibraltar pageant website]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Jessica Baldachino]]
| title=[[Miss Gibraltar]]
| years=[[Miss Gibraltar#Winners|2013]]
| after=Incumbent
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Gibraltar topics}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Kharbouch, Maroua
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =[[Miss World 2009]]
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Gibraltar]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{:DEFAULTSORT:Kharbouch, Maroua}}
[[:Category:Living people]]
[[:Category:Miss World 2013 delegates]]
[[:Category:Miss Gibraltar winners]]

Malik Riaz Hussain

2012-07-16T15:47:55Z

RscprinterBot: Reverted possible test edit(s) to article. Got it wrong? Tell me here

{{BLP sources|date=July 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Malik Riaz Hussain
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|2|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]]
| nationality = {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan]]i
| citizenship = {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan]]
| Worth = {{gain}} US$ 10+ [[1000000000 (number)|Billion]]
| residence = [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]]
| occupation = Chairman [[Bahria Town]]
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| country = [[Pakistan]]
| children= Ali Riaz (CEO of [[Bahria Town]])
| religion = [[Muslim]]
| networth = {{profit}} [[United States]] $10+ Billion (2011)
}}

'''Malik Riaz Hussain''' ({{lang-ur|ملک ریاض حسین}}) (born February 8, 1954 [[Islamabad]]), is a [[Pakistan]]i business tycoon and founder/chairman of [[Bahria Town]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malik Riaz Chairman of Bahria Town|url=http://www.pakistanileaders.com.pk/profile/Malik_Riaz_Hussain|publisher=Pakistani Leaders|accessdate=June 14, 2012}}</ref> which is [[Asia]]'s largest private real estate developers. He is from a poor family, due to financial crises in his family he was forced to start working as a clerical staff at the age of 19. Today he is [[List of Pakistanis by net worth|Pakistan's Twelfth Richest Man]] with over $10+ billion worth of assets.<ref>{{Cite news|title=12th Richest person of Pakistan|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/06/13/news/national/a-true-rags-to-riches-story/?printType=article|publisher=[[Pakistan Today]]|date=June 13, 2012|accessdate=June 14, 2012}}</ref> He started off as a small time contractor in 1980s; however, the details on how Hussain, from an ordinary clerk in Military Engineering Service (MES) climbed up the ladder of success and became one of the biggest business magnates of Pakistan are extremely sketchy. All the country knows is that he is the man behind Bahria Town, one of the largest private development projects to have materialised in Southeast Asian region. Bahria town, which spans over an area of 45,000 square acres, along with its owner invited many speculations and controversies since the time of its construction.

== Controversies and allegations ==

The recent round of controversies which accuses Chief Justice’s son Arsalan Iftikhar to have accepted bribes amounting up to Rs400 million from him, is not the only controversy which mars his credibility.

National Accountability Bureau (NAB) is currently looking into another application filed by a former military officer Lt-Col (retd) Tariq Kamal, which states that the land on which Bahria town is constructed, and is further expanding, was not acquired through legal means. It is alleged that Hussain has strong ties with Pakistan’s military which assisted him in building a huge empire. Some claims go as far as saying that a handful of the important serving army officers, bureaucrats and lawyers are practically on Hussian’s payroll. According to the sources and reports, Hussain with the help of Defence Housing Authority (DHA) had grabbed Rs62 billion worth of land from an estimated number of 150,000 people belonging to lower and lower middle income group.

It is also alleged that Malik Riaz, in collaboration with DHA, had grabbed an area of the land of Dadhocha Dam and resold it multiple times under different names. It is alleged that the DHA Islamabad has been receiving money in the name of allotment of plots in DHA Phase I Extension, DHA Phase II Extension and DHA Valley since 2009. Those who got cheated through the DHA Valley project include 110,000 civilians, 41,000 serving and retired military officers, jawans and families of martyrs. Total land in question is considered to be covering 165,000 kanals. DHA and Hussain are also allegedly accused for keeping the people, who paid for the plots, in dark regarding DHA’s agreement with Bahria Town. Col Tariq said that in 2009 the DHA had “transferred all the funds raised from the public, which were Rs62 billion, to the accounts of Bahria Town”.

It is also alleged that DHA employee who voiced their concerns regarding the dubious transactions and exchange of funds were sacked immediately.It is assumed that the reason why Hussain was bribing Arsalan Iftikhar and financing his trips to London was to gain influence into the judicial circle and buy the verdict of the charges levelled against him. Arsalan Iftikhar blatantly denied the allegations; however, various witnesses testified during the hearing of the suo moto action and admitted that Hussain had shown them the documents which proved Iftikhar’s involvement in the scam.

On June 14, 2012, a video leaked on the social media website [[YouTube]] which showed behind the scenes footage of an interview of Malik Riaz hosted by the TV channel [[Dunya News]]. The video shows conversations between Riaz and anchorpersons [[Meher Bukhari]] and [[Mubashir Luqman]] focusing on the kind of questions they will be asking from him. The show aired the day before the video was leaked. Both anchors were also instructed against interrupting Riaz during the interview. During the commercial break, Abdul Qadir Gillani, the Prime Minister's son also phoned Luqman, most probably to get the tone of the show right.

On June 15, 2012, a Supreme Court full court meeting ruled that the interview aired by a private TV channel was clearly indicative of a pre-planned conspiracy against the judiciary to scandalise the court.

The Supreme Court wrapped up the suo motu case and ordered the Attorney General Irfan Qadir to take strict legal action against Dr Arsalan Iftikhar, Malik Riaz and his son-in-law Salman Ali Khan.

== Tax Evasion allegations ==
On June 25, 2012 the Lahore High Court directed Chairman [[Federal Board of Revenue]] and concerned tax officials to decide by June 30 the cases about alleged tax evasion by Bahria Town administration. The court also directed the FBR Chairman to furnish a report about the decisions on tax evasion before the High Court registrar.

The petitioner Tariq Ahmad through Shahid Jami Advocate contended that during audit of Bahria Town for tax year 2006 it was detected by the then officer that the purchase of land expenses claimed at Rs 9.2 billion were not supported with evidence which attracted tax liability of Rs 2.0 billion. He pointed out that the tax officer was transferred on bringing on record the said discrepancy but he refused the high-ups to drop the issue. Later, the case was assigned to a very junior officer who dropped the issue while concluding the audit. During the hearing FBR's counsel objected the jurisdiction of the court to hear the subject matter. However, the court rejected the argument and issued necessary directions to the FBR Chairman and concerned tax officers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alleged Tax Evasion of Bahria Town|url=http://www.brecorder.com/taxation/181/1206181/}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.facebook.com/malikriazhussain Malik Riaz Hussain] at the [[Facebook]]

{{Persondata
| NAME = Hussain, Malik Riaz
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Businessperson
| DATE OF BIRTH = February 8, 1954
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussain, Malik Riaz}}
[[Category:People from Islamabad]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Pakistani billionaires]]
[[Category:Pakistani businesspeople]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pakistani white-collar criminals]]

Sophia Hayden

2012-05-28T15:35:09Z

RscprinterBot: Reverted possible test edit(s) to article. Got it wrong? Tell me here

'''Sophia Hayden Bennett''' (October 17, 1868 – February 3, 1953) was the first woman to receive an [[architecture]] degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Bennett was born in [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], [[Chile]]. Her mother was Chilean and her father was an American dentist from Boston. When she was six she was sent to Boston to live with her grandparents. In high school she found an interest for architecture. She graduated from the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in 1890 with a degree in architecture, with honors. She is best known for designing the Woman's Building at the [[World's Columbian Exposition]]in 1800s, designing the building when she was just 21. She received $1,000 at the time for the design, when male architects earned $10,000 for similar buildings. Bennett died in 1953 in [[Winthrop, Massachusetts]].

After completing her studies Hayden may have had a hard time finding an entry level apprentice position as an architect because she was a woman so she accepted a position as a mechanical drawing teacher at a Boston high school. In 1891 she learned about a design competition. Women were invited to submit architectural drawings for the Woman's Building planned for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. Hayden's design won the competition. During construction, Hayden's design principles were compromised by incessant changes demanded by the construction committee. Her frustration eventually was pointed to as typifying women's unfitness for supervising construction, although many architects sympathized with her position and defended her. In the end the rifts were made up, perhaps, and Hayden's building received an award for "Delicacy or style, artistic taste, and geniality and elegance of the interior." Within a year or two, all the Fair buildings were destroyed. Frustrated with the way she had been treated, Hayden may or may not have decided to retired from architecture, but she did not work again as an architect. Eight years later she married an artist, William Blackstone Bennett. She worked as an artist for years and lived a quite life in Winthrop, Massachusetts until her death in 1953.
== Further reading ==

* Allaback, Sarah; [http://books.google.com/books?id=OpY0KmICqKYC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPA94,M1 ''The first American women architects''], Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-252-03321-6. p. 94-96.

* [[Erik Larson (author)|Larson, Erik]]; ''[[The Devil in the White City|The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair That Changed America]]'', [[Crown Publishing Group|Crown Publishers]], [[2003 in literature|2003]]. ISBN 0-609-60844-4.

* Weimann, Jeanne Madeline. “The Fair Women.” Chicago: Academy Chicago, 1981.

* Gullet, Gayle. “Organized Women Advance Women’s Work at the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893.” Illinois Historical Journal (Winter 1994). [http://dig.lib.niu.edu/ISHS/ishs-1994winter/ishs-1994winter259.pdf PDF edition]. Illinois State Historical Society.

* “Hayden, Sophia Gregoria.” In Notable American Women: The Modern Period, edited by Barbara Sicherman and Carol Hurd Green, 322-24. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980.

==See also==
*[[Women in architecture]]

==External links==
*[http://dbois.8media.org/hayden-s.html Distinguished Women of Past and Present World]
*[http://web.mit.edu/museum/chicago/bennett.html World's Columbian Exposition]
*[http://lumiere.lib.vt.edu/iawa_db/view_all.php3?person_pk=195&region=&table=recog&cSel=]
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Bennett, Sophia Hayden
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = October 17, 1868
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Santiago, Chile
| DATE OF DEATH = February 3, 1953
| PLACE OF DEATH = Massachusetts
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bennett, Sophia Hayden}}
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Santiago]]
[[Category:American architects]]
[[Category:Women architects]]

{{US-architect-stub}}

[[he:סופיה היידן בנט]]

Humayun Azad

2012-03-02T20:31:57Z

RscprinterBot: Reverted possible test edit(s) by Mustakimsiratul (talk) to last version by Kwamikagami. Got it wrong? Tell me here

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Humayun Azad হুমায়ূন আজাদ
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1947|04|28|mf=y}}
| birth_place = Rarhi Khal, [[Munshiganj|Munshiganj District]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2004|08|11|1947|04|28}}
| death_place = [[Munich]], [[Germany]]
| resting_place = Rarhi Khal, [[Munshiganj|Munshiganj District]], [[Bangladesh]]
| occupation = [[author]], [[scholar]], [[columnist]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Dhaka]] [[University of Edinburgh]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]) [[PhD]] ([[linguistics]])
| nationality = [[File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|20px]] [[Bangladesh]]i
| awards = [[Bangla Academy Award]] [[Ekushey Padak]]
| influences = [[Simone de Beauvoir]], [[Gustave Flaubert]]
}}

'''Humayun Azad''' ({{lang-bn|হুমায়ূন আজাদ}}; 28 April 1947 – 11 August 2004) was a [[Bengalidesh]]i [[author]] and [[scholar]]. He wrote more than seventy titles. He was widely known{{by whom|date=December 2011}} for his anti-establishment, anti-religion and anti-military voice and was reputed{{by whom|date=December 2011}} for caustic remarks. In 2012, the [[Government of Bangladesh]] honored him with [[Ekushey Padak]] posthumously.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ns.bdnews24.com/details.php?cid=2&id=218631&hb=1 |title=15 personalities receive Ekushey Padak |publisher=Ns.bdnews24.com |date= |accessdate=2012-02-20}}</ref>

== Professional and literary life ==
Azad was born in the village of Rarhikhal, [[Munshiganj]] district. He earned [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] degree in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language and literature from [[University of Dhaka]]. He obtained his PhD in [[linguistics]] from the [[University of Edinburgh]] in 1976. He later served as a faculty member of the department of Bengali language and literature at the [[University of Dhaka]]. His early career produced works on Bengali linguistics, notably [[syntax]]. He was regarded{{by whom|date=December 2011}} as a leading linguist of the Bengali language.

Towards the end of 1980s, he started to write newspaper column focusing on contemporary socio-political issues. His commentaries continued throughout the 1990s and were later published as books as they grew in numbers. Through his writings of 1990s, he established himself as a freethinker and appeared to be an [[agnostic]]. In his works, he openly criticized [[religious extremism]], as well as [[Islam]], the major religion in Bangladesh.

In 1992 Professor Azad published the first comprehensive feminist book in Bengali titled ''Naari'' (''Woman''). Largely akin to [[The Second Sex]] by [[Simone de Beauvoir]] in contents and ideas, ''Naari'' became a best-seller{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} and earned Humayun Azad popularity as an author. In this work Azad painstakingly compiled the feminist ideas of the West that underlie the feminist contributions of the subcontinent's socio-political reformers and drew attention to the anti-women attitude of some acclaimed [[Bengali writers]] including [[Rabindranath Tagore]].{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} The work, critical of the patriarchal and male-chauvinistic attitude of religion towards women, attracted negative reaction from the conservatives. The [[Government of Bangladesh]] banned the book in 1995. The ban was eventually lifted in 2000, following a legal battle that Azad won in the High Court of the country.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}

== Assassination attempt ==
Azad had been fearing for his life ever since excerpts of his new novel, ''Pak Sar Jamin Sad Bad'' (Pakistan's national anthem; ''Blessed be the Sacred Land'') was first published in [[The Daily Ittefaq]]'s Eid supplement in 2003. In that write-up, he tried to expose the politics and ideology of Islamic fundamentalists of [[Bangladesh]]. After that book had been published, he started receiving various threats from the fundamentalists. In an email to [[Mukto-mona]], an independent website, where he was then a member, Azad wrote:
{{cquote|1=The Ittefaq published a novel by me named Pak Sar Zamin Shaad Baad in its Eid issue in December 3. It deals with the condition of Bangladesh for the last two years. Now the (religious) fundamentalists are bringing out regular processions against me, demanding exemplary punishment. The attached two files with this letter will help you understand.<ref>[http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/humayun_azad/truncated_life_Dstar.htm Humayun Azad - A Truncated Life by Mustafa Zaman And Ahmede Hussain]</ref><ref>[http://mukto-mona.com/bangla_blog/?p=2121 মুক্তমনা সম্পাদকের স্মৃতিতে হুমায়ুন আজাদ]</ref>}}

On February 27, 2004, he became the victim of a vicious [[assassination]] attempt by assailants near the campus of the [[University of Dhaka]] during the annual [[Bangla Academy]] book fair. A week prior to Dr Azad's assault, [[Delwar Hossain Sayeedi]], one of the renowned religious leaders of Bangladesh demanded, in the parliament, that Dr Azad's political satire ''Pak Sar Jamin Sad Bad'' would be banned and demanded the introduction of the Blasphemy Act on the author.<ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2004/09/01/cover.htm Daily Star Cover Story]</ref>

In 2006 the commander of [[Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh|Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB)]] admitted to the [[Rapid Action Battalion|RAB]] interrogators that his operatives carried out the attacks on writer Humayun Azad and another faculty member of [[Rajshahi University]] in 2004.<ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/06/05/d6060501128.htm Daily Star news: JMB killed Humayun Azad, Rajshahi University teacher Prof Yunus, and another writer in Tangail]</ref> The official position of Azad's attempt of assassination is still unidentified.

== Death ==
On August 11, 2004, Professor Azad was found dead in his apartment in [[Munich]], [[Germany]], where he had arrived a week ago to conducting research on the nineteenth century German romantic poet [[Heinrich Heine]]. His family demanded an investigation, alleging that the extremists who had attempted the earlier assassination had a role in this death.<ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=101061 Proper probe into death of Humayun Azad demanded, Daily Star, August 12, 2009]</ref> The conventional explanation by progressive analysts{{who|date=December 2011}} is that death may have been brought on by the physical stress of the earlier injuries.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} He was buried in Rarhikhal, his village home in Bangladesh.

== Literary Achievements ==
{{peacock|section|date =December 2011}}
Literary career of Humayun Azad started with poetry. However, his poems did not show any notable poetic fervour. On the other hand his literary essays, particularly those based on original research, carried significant value.

He earned reputation as a newspaper columnist towards the end of 1980s. These were merciless attacks on social and political injustice, hypocrisy and corruption. He was uncowed in protesting military rule. His collected his critical remarks in a book styled ''Humayun Azader Probochonguccho'' which is apparently an influence of [[Gustave Flaubert]]'s ''[[Dictionary of Received Ideas]]'' .

Publication of ''Naari'', a feminist work, earned him general popularity and paved way for establishing himself in the literary world of [[Bangladesh]]. He started to write novels in 1990s which sold well{{says who|date=December 2011}}. Azad's writings indicate his distaste for corrupted politicians, abusive military rules and the fundamentalist Islam.

Nevertheless, his prose shows a well-knit and compact style of his own. His formation of sentence, choice of words and syntax are very characteristic of him. Although he often fell victim to the temptation of using fiction as a vehicle of conspicuous political and philosophical message, he distinguished himself with his catachrestic style and diction.

=== Awards ===
* [[Bangla Academy Award]]

== Quotations ==
* "Knowledge never springs from faith. It springs from doubt."
* "Nothing is more pleasurable than power."
* "Don't mention [[Taslima Nasrin]] to me - I may contract syphilis."
* "I didn't find more than five Bengalies, namely, Professor [[Abdur Razzaq]]{{Disambiguation needed|date=June 2011}}, [[Ahmad Sharif]], Shawkat Osman, poet [[Shamsur Rahman]] and painter [[Quamrul Hassan]] who deserved to be interviewed by me".
* "I have never referred [[Sheikh Mujib]] as ''Bangabandhu''. I have no idol."
* "Bengali [[Muslim|Mussalmans]] are a bizarre nation. Dictators can spell them with wonders."
* "The sublime constitution of Bangladesh was slaughtered within one hour" (referring to the enactment of the 4th Amendment of the [[Bangladesh Constitution]] by the Parliament under the leadership of Sheikh Mujib, on 25 January 1975.
* "Not a single atheist is corrupt, but all religious men are corrupt".
* "President [[Ershad]] added many new dimensions to military dictatorship ; He made military dictatorship multi-dimensional".
* “The concept of (Father of the Nation) is objectionable to me (referring to Sheikh Mujib being called the Father of the Nation of Bangladesh established in 1971).

== Bibliography ==
=== Poetry ===
* Aloukik Ishtimar (অলৌকিক ইষ্টিমার) (1973)
* Jolo Chitabagh (জ্বলো চিতাবাঘ) (1980)
* Shob Kichu Noshtoder Odhikare Jabe (সব কিছু নষ্টদের অধিকারে যাবে) (1985)
* Jotoi Gobhire Jai Modhu Jotoi Uporay Jai Neel (যতোই গভীরে যাই মধু যতোই ওপরে যাই নীল) (1987)
* Ami Bachay Chilam Onnoder Shomoy (আমি বেঁচেছিলাম অন্যদের সময়ে) (1990)
* Humayun Azader Shreshtho Kobita (হুমায়ূন আজাদের শ্রেষ্ঠ কবিতা) (1993)
* Adhunik Bangla Kobita (আধুনিক বাংলা কবিতা) (1994)
* Kafone Mora Osrubindu (কাফনে মোড়া অশ্রুবিন্দু) (1998)
* Kabya Shonggroho (কাব্য সংগ্রহ) (1998)
* Chosha boi (1999)

=== Fictions ===
* Chappanno Hazar Borgomile (1994)  [http://worldcat.org/oclc/60043495 OCLC 60043495]
* Shob Kichu Bhenge Pore (1995)
* Manush Hishbe Amar Oporadhshomuho (1996)
* Jadukorer Mrittu (1996)
* Shuvobroto, Tar Shomporkito Shushomacher (1997)
* Rajnitibidgon (1998)
* Kobi Othoba Dondito Aupurush (1999)
* Nijer Shongge Nijer Jiboner Modhu (2000)
* Fali Fali Ko're Kata Chand (2001)
* Uponnashshonggroho-Ak (Collection of Novels, Vol.1) (2001)
* Sraboner Brishtite Roktojoba (2002)
* Uponnashshonggroho-Dui (Collection of Novels, Vol.2) (2001)
* Dosh Hazar Abong Aro Akti Dhorshon (2003)
* Pak Sar Jamin Saad Baad (2003) ISBN 984-401-769-6
* Ekti Khuner svapna (2004)

=== Criticism ===
* Rabindraprobondho/Rashtro O Shomajchinta (1973)
* Shamsur Rahman/Nishshonggo Sherpa (1983)
* Shilpokolar Bimanikikoron O Onnanno Probondho (1988)
* Bhasha-Andolon:Shahittik Potobhumi (1990)
* Naari (1992) (banned between November 19, 1995 and March 7, 2000)
* Protikkriashilotar Dirgho Chayar Niche (1992)
* Nibir Nilima (1992)
* Matal Torony (1992)
* Norokay Anonto Hritu (1992)
* Jolpai Ronger Andhokar (1992)
* Shimaboddhotar Shutro (1993)gjf
* Adhar O Adhayo (1993)
* Amar Abishshash (1997)
* Parbotto Chattagram:Shobuj Paharer Bhetor Diye Probahito Hingshar Jhornadhara (1997)
* Nirbachito Probondho (1999)
* Mohabishsho (2000)
* Ditio Lingo (originated from Simone The Bevour) (2001)
* Amra Ki Ai Bangladesh Cheyechilam (2003)
*Amar Notun Jonmo (2005)ISBN 984-401-839-0

=== Linguistics ===
* Pronominalization in Bengali (1983)
* Bangla Bhashar Shotrumitro (1983)
* Bakkototto (1994)
* Bangla Bhasha Vol.1 (1984)
* Bangla Bhasha Vol.2 (1985)
* Tulonamulok O Oitihashik Bhashabiggan (1988)
* Arthobiggan (1999)

=== Teenage Literature ===
* Lal Neel Dipaboli Ba Bangla Shahitter Jiboni
* Fuler Gondhe Ghum Ashena (1985)
* Koto Nodi Shorobor Ba Bangla Bhashar Jiboni (1987)ISBN 984-401-017-9
* Abbuke Mone Pore (1989)ISBN 984-401-555-3
* Bukpokete Jonakipoka (1993)
* Amader Shohoray Akdol Debdut ( 1996)
* Andhokaray Gondhoraj (2003)

=== Others ===
* Humayun Azader Probochonguccho (1992)
* Shakkhatkar (1994)
* Attotayider Shonge Kothopokothon (1995)
* Bohumatrik Jotirmoy (1997)
* Rabindranath Thakurer Prothom Kobita ( 1997)
* Our Beautiful Bangladesh(2004)

== External links ==
*[http://rashal.com/humayun-azad-books-download/ humayun azad Books in internet]
*[http://plabon.com/category/books/bangla-books/humayun-azad/ humayun-azad Books]
*[http://www.bangladeshinovels.com/Humayun_Azad.htm A Critique on His Novels]
*[http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2004/09/01/cover.htm Zaman, Mustafa and Hussain, Ahmede (1 September 2004) "Humayun Azad: A Truncated Life" ''Star Weekend Magazine'' 4(11): p.1, The Daily Star, Dhaka] also at [http://web.archive.org/web/20040907033325/http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2004/09/01/cover.htm Internet Archive];
*[http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA130022004?open&of=ENG-BGD Amnesty International's statement on the assassination attempt on Dr. Humayun Azad];
*[http://www.bangladeshinovels.com/Humayun_Azad.pdf A Bangla-language Critique on Humayun Azad]
*[http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/humayun_azad/Dharmanubhutir_Upakatha.pdf Dharmanubhutir Upakatha (A tale of religious sensitivity) - A Bangla article of Dr. Humayun Azad]
*[http://www.allbdbooks.com/index/w/33 Books by Humayun Azad]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Humayun Azad}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Azad, Humayun
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = April 28, 1947
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Rarhi Khal, [[Dhaka]] [[Bangladesh]]
| DATE OF DEATH = August 11, 2004
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Munich]], [[Germany]].
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Azad, Humayun}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi writers]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi linguists]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi secularists]]
[[Category:Bengali literature]]
[[Category:Bengali poetry]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka faculty]]
[[Category:People from Bikrampur]]

[[bn:হুমায়ুন আজাদ]]
[[fr:Humayun Azad]]
[[hi:हुमायुन आजाद]]

Boy (2010)

2012-01-23T16:12:14Z

RscprinterBot: Reverted possible test edit(s) by 202.180.98.95 (talk) to last version by ClueBot NG. Got it wrong? Tell me here

{{Infobox film
| name = Boy
| image = Boy2010movieposter.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Taika Waititi]]
| producer = [[Cliff Curtis]] Ainsley Gardener Emanuel Michael
| writer = Taika Waititi
| starring = James Rolleston Taika Waititi Te Aho Aho Eketone-Whitu Cohen Holloway Pana Hema Taylor
| music = [[The Phoenix Foundation]]
| cinematography = Adam Clark
| editing = Chris Plummer
| distributor = Transmission
| released = {{Film date|2010|3|25}}
| runtime = 88 minutes
| country = {{Film New Zealand}}
| language = English/Maori
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Boy''''' is a 2010 [[New Zealand]] coming-of-age comedy-drama film written and directed by [[Taika Waititi]] and financed by the [[New Zealand Film Commission]]. In New Zealand, the film has eclipsed previous records for a first week's box office takings for a local production.<ref name="rolling">{{cite news |title = Home Boy hit helps keep local cameras rolling |first = Nick |last = Churchhouse |url = http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/3618619/Home-Boy-hit-helps-keep-local-cameras-rolling |newspaper = [[The Dominion Post (Wellington)]] |date = April 24, 2010 |accessdate = August 15, 2010 |archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5s02FCdCr |archivedate = August 15, 2010 }}</ref> ''Boy'' is the highest grossing New Zealand film of all time.<ref>{{cite news |title = Boy Now Top Grossing NZ Film Of All Time |url = http://www.voxy.co.nz/entertainment/boy-now-top-grossing-nz-film-all-time/5/49284 |work = Voxy.co.nz |date = May 20, 2010 |accessdate = August 15, 2010 |archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5s02SXCBO |archivedate = August 15, 2010 }}</ref>

The soundtrack to ''Boy'' features New Zealand artists such as [[The Phoenix Foundation]], who previously appeared in Waititi's film ''[[Eagle vs Shark]]''.

==Plot==
It's 1984, and [[Michael Jackson]] is king - even in Waihau Bay, New Zealand. Here we meet Boy, an 11-year-old who lives on a farm with his gran, a goat called Leaf, his younger brother, Rocky (who thinks he has super powers) and several cousins. Shortly after Gran leaves for a [[Tangihanga]] (funeral) in Wellington for a week, Boy's father, Alamein, appears out of the blue. Having imagined a heroic version of his father during his absence, Boy comes face to face with the real version - an incompetent hoodlum who has returned to find a bag of money he buried years before.

==Cast==
* James Rolleston as Boy
* Te Aho Aho Eketone-Whitu as Rocky
* [[Taika Waititi]] as Alamein
* Moerangi Tihore as Dynasty
* Cherilee Martin as Kelly
* RickyLee Waipuka-Russell as Chardonnay
* Haze Reweti as Dallas
* Maakariini Butler as Murray
* Rajvinder Eria as Tane
* Rachel Hamblyn as Kingi
* Darcy Ray Flavell-Hudson as Holden
* Rachel House as Aunty Gracey
*[[Craig Hall (actor)|Craig Hall]] as Mr Langston
* Waihoroi Shortland as Weirdo
* Cohen Holloway as Chuppa
* Pana Hema Taylor as Juju
* Mavis Paenga as Nan

==Production==
Waititi started developing ''Boy'' soon after finishing ''[[Two Cars, One Night]]'' and it first emerged as a film called Choice. It was accepted into the Sundance Writer's Lab in 2005 where Waititi workshopped it with script writers [[Frank Pierson]], [[Susan Shilliday]], [[David Benioff]] and [[Naomi Foner Gyllenhaal]]. Instead of making ''Boy'' his first film Waititi went on to make ''[[Eagle vs Shark]]'' and continued to develop the screenplay over the next three years. When the script was finally ready there was a small window of opportunity in which to make it.

Waititi dropped the title ''Choice'' because he felt that it would not translate to international audiences, and the film was retitled ''The Volcano''. “It was a big pain about this kid’s potential to be bigger than he is or just bloom or explode... So it was a character in the script as well. When we were shooting the film it was still called ''Volcano'' and during the editing. We ended up cutting a lot of the stuff out,” he says.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newshit.com.au/content/movies/boytown|title=Boytown|author=Andrew Moraitis|publisher=News Hit|date=2010-08-20|accessdate=2010-08-20}}</ref>

Waititi wanted to shoot the film where he grew up in Waihau Bay. It was a summer film but impossible to shoot in the height of summer due to the popularity of the area as a fishing and holiday destination. The film features the maize fields and the maize is harvested from late April.<ref name="press">{{cite press release |title = Boy Press Kit |url = http://www.dnation.co.nz/boythemovie/media/BoyPressKit.pdf |publisher = Whenua Films |date = January 20, 2010 |accessdate = July 2, 2010 |archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5qudLD3MX |archivedate = July 2, 2010 }}</ref> ''Boy'' was shot entirely in the area of Waihau Bay, [[New Zealand]].<ref name="press" /> James Rolleston was never actually intended to play the lead role of "Boy". Rolleston originally turned up on set for a costume fitting as an extra and after short deliberation the teen was offered the role.<ref>http://www.zmonline.com/WhosOn/MorningCrew/Highlights/Detail.aspx?id=14572 Radio Interview with James Rolleston by Polly Gillespie on ZM</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = A Boy's own tale |first = Russell |last = Baillie |url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10632741 |newspaper = [[The New Zealand Herald]] |date = March 18, 2010 |accessdate = August 15, 2010 |archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5s01rjxR4 |archivedate = August 15, 2010 }}</ref>

==Release==
''Boy'' premiered at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] on January 22, 2010.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1560139/releaseinfo Release Dates for Boy]</ref> It competed in the "World Cinema – Dramatic" category.<ref>{{cite news |title = 2010 Sundance Film Festival Lineup Announced |url = http://www.rottentomatoes.com/news/1858193/2010_sundance_film_festival_lineup_announced/ |work = [[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher = [[Flixster]] |date = December 2, 2009 |accessdate = August 15, 2010 }}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
Peter Calder of ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]'' gave the film five out of five stars, he praised the performances by the three main actors and said "it's hard to praise too highly the pitch-perfect tone of this movie."<ref>{{cite news |title = Boy review |first = Peter |last = Calder |url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10634211 |newspaper = [[The New Zealand Herald]] |date = March 25, 2010 |accessdate = August 15, 2010 |archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5s01S8XUp |archivedate = August 15, 2010 }}</ref>

The film currently has a 100% approval rating from [[Rotten Tomatoes]], based on 17 reviews

===Box office===
On release in New Zealand the film topped the box office receipts for the week, earning more on its opening day than any previous New Zealand film.<ref>{{cite news |title = Boy a hit at Kiwi box office |first = Greer |last = McDonald |url = http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/film/3523210/Boy-a-hit-at-Kiwi-box-office |work = Stuff.co.nz |date = March 29, 2010 |accessdate = August 15, 2010 |archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5s02lNWAB |archivedate = August 15, 2010 }}</ref> The film grossed nearly $900,000 in its first seven days beating ''[[Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' and homegrown pictures ''[[Whale Rider]]'' and ''[[The World's Fastest Indian]]''. It also climbed above international kid blockbuster ''[[How to Train Your Dragon (film)|How to Train Your Dragon]]'' and mythical action flick ''[[Clash of the Titans (2010 film)|Clash of the Titans]]''.<ref name="rolling" /> ''Boy'' then went on to become the highest grossing New Zealand film of all time taking over ''[[The World's Fastest Indian]]'' which held the position for five years.<ref>{{cite news |title = Wellington director's feature to be the highest-grossing NZ production |url = http://wellington.scoop.co.nz/2010/05/wellington-directors-feature-sets-box-office-record/ |work = [[Scoop (website)|Scoop]] |date = May 22, 2010 |accessdate = August 15, 2010 |archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5s0EgmGQ0 |archivedate = August 15, 2010 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.boythemovie.co.nz/}}
* {{imdb title|1560139|Boy}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|boy|Boy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boy}}
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:New Zealand films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:Films set in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Films shot in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Films directed by mari wakopua]]
[[Category:Films set in 1984]]

[[hu:Boy (film, 2010)]]
[[ru:Мальчик (фильм)]]

Andrew Ellicott

2012-01-17T16:12:10Z

RscprinterBot: Changed decade(s) from 0's → 0s per WP:DECADE

{{Redirect|Andrew Ellicott|his uncle (1733–1809)|Andrew Ellicott (miller)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Andrew Ellicott
| image = Andrew Ellicott.jpg
| caption = Andrew Ellicott in miniature portrait, 1799
| birth_date = {{birth date|mf=y|1754|01|24}}
| birth_place = Buckingham Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania
| death_date = {{death date and age|mf=y|1820|08|28|1754|01|24}}
| death_place = West Point, New York
| spouse = Sarah Brown
| known_for = Surveying many territories west of the Appalachians, the boundaries of the District of Columbia, and completing Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's plan for Washington<ref>L'Enfant identified himself as "Peter Charles L'Enfant" during most of his life, while residing in the United States. He wrote this name on his [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3850.ct000512 "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States ...."] (Washington, D.C.) and on other legal documents. However, during the early 1900s, a French ambassador to the U.S., [[Jean Jules Jusserand]], popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name, "Pierre Charles L'Enfant". (Reference: Bowling, Kenneth R (2002). ''Peter Charles L'Enfant: vision, honor, and male friendship in the early American Republic.'' George Washington University, Washington, D.C. ISBN 978-0-9727611-0-9). The [[United States Code]] states in {{USC|40|3309}}: "(a) In General.—The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant." The [[National Park Service]] identifies L'Enfant as "[http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/Wash/text.htm#washington Major Peter Charles L'Enfant]" and as "[http://www.nps.gov/history/Nr/travel/presidents/washington_monument.html Major Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant]" on its website.</ref>
| occupation = Surveyor and town planner
}}

'''Andrew Ellicott''' (January 24, 1754 – August 28, 1820) was a [[United States|U.S.]] [[Surveyor (surveying)|surveyor]] who helped map many of the territories west of the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachians]], surveyed the boundaries of the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]], continued and completed [[Pierre L'Enfant|Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant]]'s work on the plan for [[Washington, D.C.]], and served as a teacher in survey methods for [[Meriwether Lewis]].

==Early life==
Andrew Ellicott was born in [[Buckingham Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania]] as the first of nine children of [[Joseph Ellicott (miller)|Joseph Ellicott]] (1732 – 1780) and his wife Judith (née Blaker or Bleaker, 1729 – 1809).<ref name="gene1">Williams, R.: ''[http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/QUAKER-ROOTS/1998-09/0906936665 Genealogy of Andrew Ellicott (1708 – 1741)]'', September 1998. Last accessed Aug 10, 2005.</ref> The [[Religious Society of Friends|Quaker]] family lived in modest conditions; his father was a [[miller]] and clockmaker. Young Andrew was educated at the local Quaker school, where [[Robert Patterson (educator)|Robert Patterson]], who later became a professor and vice provost at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], was his teacher for some time. Andrew was a talented mechanic like many of the family and showed some mathematical talent, too.

In 1770, his father, together with his uncles [[Andrew Ellicott (miller)|Andrew]] and [[John Ellicott (miller)|John]], purchased land on the [[Patapsco River]] and set up a new milling business there, founding the town of [[Ellicott City, Maryland|Ellicott's Mills]] in 1772. Three years later, Andrew married Sarah Brown (1756/8 – 1827) of [[Newtown, Bucks County, Pennsylvania|Newtown, Pennsylvania]], with whom he would have ten children, one of which died as a child. When the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] broke out, Andrew enlisted as a commissioned officer in the Elk Ridge Battalion of the Maryland militia despite his Quaker upbringing. During the course of the war, he rose to the rank of [[major]], a title he would keep as an honorific throughout his life.

==Survey work==
After the war, Ellicott returned home to [[Ellicott City, Maryland|Ellicott's Mills]] until he was appointed, in 1784, a member of the survey group tasked with extending the survey of the [[Mason-Dixon line]] that had been abandoned in 1767 and then been stalled during the war. In this survey, he worked alongside [[David Rittenhouse]] and [[James Madison (bishop)|James Madison]], making first connections with the scientific society of [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]].

Following the death of their second son, the Ellicotts moved to [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]] in 1785, where Andrew taught mathematics at the Academy of Baltimore and was even elected to the legislature in 1786. The same year, he was called upon for a survey to define the western border of [[Pennsylvania]]. This "Ellicott Line" (running north-south at longitude 80°31'12" W<ref name="uscg">[[United States Coast Guard]]: ''[http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=a9f9cf687e19df023a15df1f2aa05fd5;rgn=div8;view=text;node=33%3A1.0.1.1.3.7.1.2;idno=33;cc=ecfr Coast Guard Organization: Ninth Coast Guard District: Buffalo Marine Inspection Zone]'', 2007.</ref>) later became the [[principal meridian]] for the surveys of the [[Northwest Territory]].<ref name="mile">N.N.: ''[http://www.bchistory.org/beavercounty/BeaverCountyTopical/geologicalinformation/PublicLandSurveyMSA77/LandSurveyMSA77.html The Point of Beginning of the United States Public Land Survey]'', Milestones '''3'''(4), 1977.</ref> His work in Pennsylvania intensified his ties with Rittenhouse and other members of the [[American Philosophical Society]] and led to encounters with [[Benjamin Franklin]] and [[Simeon De Witt]]. When he was subsequently appointed to lead other surveys in Pennsylvania, the family moved again in 1789 to [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]]. By recommendation of Franklin, Ellicott got a position with the newly established government and was tasked by [[George Washington]] to survey the lands between [[Lake Erie]] and Pennsylvania to determine the border between [[Western New York]] and U.S. territory, resulting in the [[Erie Triangle]]. This survey, during which he also made the first topographical study of the [[Niagara River]] including the [[Niagara Falls]], gained Ellicott a reputation for superb accuracy in surveys.

From 1791 to 1792, at the request of [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Thomas Jefferson]],<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=rpMNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Mathews, p.83]</ref> Ellicott worked under the direction of three Commissioners that President [[George Washington]] had appointed, surveying the boundaries of the federal [[History of Washington, D.C.#Founding|Territory of Columbia]], which would become the District of Columbia in 1801. He was assisted in this survey first by the free [[African American|African-American]] [[astronomer]] [[Benjamin Banneker]] and then by Ellicott's brother, [[Joseph Ellicott (surveyor)|Joseph Ellicott]]. Ellicott's team put into place forty boundary stones approximately 1 mile (2 km) apart from each other that marked the borders of the Territory of Columbia of {{convert|100|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2}} (see: [[Boundary Stones (District of Columbia)]]). Most of these stones remain in their original positions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boundarystones.org|title=Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia|work=www.boundarystones.org|accessdate=2010-05-07}}</ref> As [[engraving]]s on many of the stones still show, Ellicott's team placed those that marked the border with Virginia in 1791, and those that marked the border with Maryland in 1792.<ref>Boundary markers of the Nation's Capital : a proposal for their preservation & protection : a National Capital Planning Commission Bicentennial report. [[National Capital Planning Commission]], Washington, DC, 1976; for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office</ref>
[[File:L'Enfant plan.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.2|Thackara & Vallance's March 1792 print of Ellicott's "Plan of the City of Washington".]]
[[File:Ellicott plan.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.2|A contemporary reprint of Samuel Hill's 1792 print of Ellicott's "Plan of the City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia", showing lot numbers and legends.]]
[[File:Ellicott House Lancaster PA.JPG|right|thumb|upright=1.2|Ellicott's house at 123 N. Prince Street, Lancaster, Pennsylvania is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]]]

During 1791–1792, Ellicott also surveyed the future city of Washington, which was located within a relatively small area at the center of the Territory of Columbia. Ellicott also served under the Commissioners' supervision in this effort. He first worked with Pierre (Peter) Charles L' Enfant, who had prepared the initial plans for the capital city during the early months of 1791 and had presented one of these early plans to President Washington in August of that year.<ref>{{cite book|first=Joseph R.|last=Passanneau|title=Washington Through Two Centuries: A History in Maps and Images|place=New York|publisher=The Monacelli Press, Inc.|year=2004|pages=14–16, 24–27|isbn=1-58093-091-3}}</ref> However, L'Enfant subsequently entered into a number of conflicts with the Commissioners and others involved in the enterprise.

During a particularly contentious period in February 1792, Ellicott informed the Commissioners that L'Enfant had not been able to have the city plan engraved and had refused to provide him with an original plan that L'Enfant was then holding.<ref name=Tindall>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=D_ZJBxoCYeAC&pg=PA148#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Standard History of the City of Washington From a Study of the Original Sources|last=Tindall|first=William|chapter=IV. The First Board of Commissioners|pages=148-149|location=Knoxville, Tennessee|publisher=H. W. Crew and Company|year=1914}}</ref><ref name="Ellicott 1792">Ellicott, Andrew (February 23, 1792). "To Thomas Johnson, Daniel Carroll and David Stuart, Esqs." ''In'' {{cite web|last=Arnebeck|first=Bob|url=http://www.bobarnebeck.com/ellicott.html|title=Ellicott's letter to the commissioners on engraving the plan of the city, in which no reference is made to Banneker|work=[http://www.bobarnebeck.com/swamp1800.html The General and the Plan]|publisher=[http://www.bobarnebeck.com Bob Arnebeck's Web Pages|accessdate=2010-08-30]}}</ref> Ellicott, with the aid of his brother, Benjamin Ellicott, then revised the plan, despite L'Enfant's protests.<ref name=Tindall /><ref name="Ellicott 1792" /><ref>Bowling</ref><ref>Kite, Elizabeth S. ''"L'Enfant and Washington 1791–1792"''. New York: Arno Press & The New York Times, 1970 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1929) ''from'' ''"[http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/washington_dc/kite.html L'Enfant and Washington]"'' '’in’’ [http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca website of Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons (Freemasons)] Retrieved January 11, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wash/lenfant.htm The L'Enfant and McMillan Plans] ''in'' [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wash/ "Washington, D.C., A National Register of Historic Places Travel Inventory"] ''in'' [http://www.nps.gov official website of the U.S. National Park Service] Accessed August 14, 2008.</ref> Ellicott's revisions realigned and straightened [[Massachusetts Avenue (Washington, D.C.)|Massachusetts Avenue]], eliminated five short radial avenues and added two others, removed several plazas and straightened the borders of the future [[Judiciary Square]].<ref name=Tindall /><ref name="Plan of the City of Washington">[http://home.earthlink.net/~docktor/wmslogo.htm Plan of the City of Washington] ''in'' [http://home.earthlink.net/~docktor/washmap.htm Washington Map Society official website]. Accessed May 2, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ellicott|first=Andrew|url=http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?strucID=253036|title=Plan of the city of Washington in the territory of Columbia : ceded by the states of Virginia and Maryland to the United...; engraved by Thakara & Vallance|work=[http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/ Digital Gallery]|publisher=[[New York Public Library]]|year=1792|accessdate=2010-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=L'Enfant|first=Peter Charles|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/gmd:@field(NUMBER+@band(g3850+ct000512))|title=Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States : projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac": (Washington, D.C.)|work=[http://memory.loc.gov/ American Memory]|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|year=1791|accessdate=2010-10-28}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/62wash/62locate1.htm High resolution image of central portion of "The L'Enfant Plan for Washington" in Library of Congress, with transcribed excerpts of key to map] and [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/62wash/62images/62map1.pdf enlarged image] ''in'' [http://www.nps.gov official website of the U.S. National Park Service] Accessed October 23, 2009</ref><ref>The U.S. [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] holds a copy of "''Ellicott's engraved Plan superimposed on the Plan of L'Enfant showing the changes made in the engraved Plan under the direction of President Washington''". See '' "Scope & Contents" page of "Archival Description" for National Archives holding of "Miscellaneous Oversize Prints, Drawings and Posters of Projects Associated with the Commission of Fine Arts, compiled 1893–1950", ARC Identifier 518229/Local Identifier 66-M; Series from Record Group 66: Records of the Commission of Fine Arts, 1893–1981. Record of holding available from the [http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/index.html Archival Research Catalog (ARC) of the National Archives and Records Administration] under the ARC Identifier 518229. Accessed February 3, 2009.</ref>

Shortly thereafter, Washington dismissed L'Enfant.<ref name="bryan-p113">{{cite journal |author=Bryan, W.B.|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GgULOzNSafMC&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=L’Enfant's Personal Affairs |journal=Records of the Columbia Historical Society |year=1899 |volume=2 |page=113}}</ref> Ellicott gave the first version of his own plan to James Thakara and John Valance of Philadelphia, who engraved, printed and published it. This version, printed in March 1792, was the first Washington city plan that received wide circulation.<ref name="Plan of the City of Washington" />

After L'Enfant departed, Ellicott continued the city survey in accordance with his revised plan, several larger and more detailed versions of which were also engraved, published and distributed. As a result, Ellicott's revisions became the basis for the capital city's future development. When he quit the City of Washington project, Ellicott was relieved to escape the political pressures surrounding that venture.

In 1794, Ellicott accepted a commission from Pennsylvania to plan the city of [[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]]. He spent the next two years with this task, plotting a road from [[Reading, Pennsylvania]] to [[Presque Isle State Park|Presqu'Isle]], where the city was to be built, and supervising the construction of Fort Erie.

In 1796, George Washington commissioned Ellicott as the U.S. representative on the commission for the survey of the border between the [[Spain|Spanish]] territories in [[Florida]] and the United States negotiated in the [[Treaty of San Lorenzo]]. Ellicott travelled with a military escort via the [[Ohio river|Ohio]] and [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] rivers and worked together with Spanish commissioners, despite many difficulties, for the next four years. Another "Ellicott's Line" from this survey, running along [[31st parallel north|latitude 31°N]], still defines the border between [[Alabama]] and Florida.<ref name="ala">[[Alabama|State of Alabama]]: ''[http://www.legislature.state.al.us/CodeofAlabama/1975/41-2-3.htm Code of Alabama, sect. 41.2.3: Boundary between Alabama and Florida - Generally]'', 1975.</ref> One of his markers for the boundary line survives to this day and bears his name, [[Ellicott's Stone]]. In 1798, he complained to the government about four American generals receiving pensions from Spain, including General [[James Wilkinson]]. Ellicott showed considerable diplomatic talent during this joint project to bring it to a successful completion, and he presented his final report with maps to the government in 1800.

The [[John Adams|Adams]] administration, however, then refused to pay Ellicott for his work done in this survey, and even refused him access to his maps he had submitted with the report. He was forced to sell some of his possessions, including books from his library, in order to support his family. Finally the maps were released in 1803, and Ellicott published his ''Journal of Andrew Ellicott'' detailing the Florida survey, including the maps. When Thomas Jefferson offered him the post of [[Surveyor General of the Northwest Territory|Surveyor General]], Ellicott turned him down. His prior negative experiences with the administration may have had something to do with this<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=rpMNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA204 Mathews, pp. 204–206]</ref>, but at the age of 49, he also wanted to spend more time with his family and feared that this new position might require him to travel too much. Instead, he accepted an offer by Pennsylvania governor [[Thomas McKean]] and took a position as Secretary of the Pennsylvania Land Office. The family moved to [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], and Ellicott seemed content with a clerk's job that left him enough time for his own scientific and private interests and that provided a steady income for the family.

Also in 1803, Jefferson engaged Ellicott as a mentor and teacher for [[Meriwether Lewis]], one of the leaders of the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] that was to start the following year. From April to May 1803, Lewis stayed at Ellicott's home and studied survey techniques, and Ellicott made many recommendations on the expedition's equipment and survey procedures that were later followed. The two men apparently got along well.

When [[Simon Snyder]] followed McKean as governor of Pennsylvania, he fired Ellicott in 1809 due to political differences. A prominent supporter of Snyder was General [[James Wilkinson]], one of the four generals that Ellicott had denounced eleven years earlier. Ellicott returned to private practice and was hired in February 1811 by [[David Brydie Mitchell|David B. Mitchell]], then governor of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], to re-survey the border between Georgia and [[North Carolina]] to settle a [[Walton War|border dispute]] between these two states. Although he started out in July, his expedition was delayed and had to work throughout the hard winter. Ellicott confirmed earlier findings that the border, which was supposed to follow [[35th parallel north|latitude 35°N]], was several miles further south than the Georgians claimed. His report was not well received by the Georgian administration, who furthermore refused to pay his fees. Ellicott returned in July 1812 to Pennsylvania.

In 1813, Ellicott accepted a position as a professor for mathematics at the military academy at [[United States Military Academy|West Point]], and the family left Lancaster and moved to [[West Point, New York]]. In 1817, Ellicott was again called upon to participate as astronomer in a field survey to establish the western border between [[Canada]] and the United States, which had been defined after the [[War of 1812]] in the [[Treaty of Ghent]] to run along [[45th parallel north|latitude 45°N]]. It was the last significant survey that he performed. Ellicott died three years later from a [[stroke]] in his home at West Point.

==In memoriam==
Andrew Ellicott Park at the West Cornerstone, located in [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington County]], [[Falls Church, Virginia|the City of Falls Church]] and [[Fairfax County, Virginia|Fairfax County]] in [[Northern Virginia]] at the original west corner of the District of Columbia, memorializes Ellicott.<ref>[http://www.arlingtonva.us/departments/ParksRecreation/scripts/parks/parks_details.asp?ParkName=Andrew%20Ellicott%20Park%20at%20the%20West%20Cornerstone Andrew Ellicott Park at the West Cornerstone] ''in'' [http://www.arlingtonva.us Arlington County, Virginia official website] Accessed May 2, 2008</ref><ref>Coordinates of Andrew Ellicott Park at the West Cornerstone {{coord|38.8932436|-77.1723354|type:landmark|name=Andrew Ellicott Park at the West Cornerstone}}</ref> [[List_of_Circles_in_Washington,_D.C.#Southeast|Ellicott Circle]] and Ellicott Street in the District of Columbia also memorialize him.<ref>Coordinates of Ellicott Circle in the District of Columbia: {{coord|38.8755991|-76.9746888|type:landmark|name=Ellicott Circle in the District of Columbia}}</ref><ref>Coordinates of Ellicott Street in the District of Columbia: {{coord|38.953402|-77.08937|type:landmark|name=Ellicott Street in the District of Columbia}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* Bedini, S. ''Andrew Ellicott, Surveyor of the Wilderness,'' Surveying and Mapping (June 1976): 113–135.
* Crim, R. D.: ''[http://www.spsu.edu/cet/ellicott/Rock/Crim/ellicott1811.htm Andrew Ellicott and the North Georgia Boundary of 1811]'', paper submitted to the ACSM/FIG Conference in April 2002 in Washington, D.C. Last accessed Aug 10, 2005.
* Davis, N.M.: ''[http://www.lewisandclarkphila.org/philadelphia/philadelphiaellicott.html Andrew Ellicott: Astronomer, mathematician, surveyor]'', Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Philadelphia Chapter, 2001. Last accessed Aug 10, 2005.
* Davis, N.M.: ''[http://www.lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=2338 Andrew Ellicott and Meriwether Lewis]'', Discovering Lewis & Clark, May 2005. Last accessed Aug 10, 2005.
* {{citation
| last1 = Linklater
| first1 = Andro
| title = The fabric of America: how our borders and boundaries shaped the country and forged our national identity
| publisher = Walker & Co.
| year = 2007
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=08d1AAAAMAAJ
| doi =
}}
*{{cite book |ref=mathews1908|last1=Mathews |first1=Catherine Van Cortlandt ||title=Andrew Ellicott, His Life and Letters |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rpMNAAAAYAAJ|year=1908 |publisher=The Grafton Press |location=New York |pages= }}
* Nolan, A. (revised by Kerwin, P.), [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?faid/faid:@field(DOCID+ms006045) ''Andrew Ellicott: An Register of His Papers in the Library of Congress''], Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 2003, ''in'' official website of [http://www.loc.gov/index.html U.S. Library of Congress] Last accessed February 13, 2009.
* Spies, G.C.: ''[http://www.fig.net/pub/fig_2002/HS2/HS2_spies.pdf Major Andrew Ellicott, Esq. — Colonial American Astronomical Surveyor, Patriot, Cartographer,Legislator, Scientific Instrument Maker, Boundary Commissioner & Professor of Mathematics]'', presented at the FIG XXII International Congress, Washington, D.C., April 19–26, 2002, ''in'' website of [http://www.fig.net International Federation of Surveyors, FIG] Last accessed February 13, 2009.
* Toscano, P.: ''[http://www.profsurv.com/ps_scripts/article.idc?id=186 Book Review: Andrew Ellicott, His Life and Letters]'', Professional Surveyor Magazine '''17'''(6), September 1996.

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zOgQAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Andrew+Ellicott%22+married+%22Sarah+Brown%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0
| author=Mathews, Catherine VanCortland | title=Andrew Ellicott, His Life and Letters | edition=The Grafton Press, Reprint | publisher=WorldComm | origyear=1908 | year=1997 | isbn=1-56664-111-X}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070913161922/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/people/patterson_robert.html Robert Patterson] was one of Andrew Ellicott's teachers.
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20050105195553/http://www.profsurv.com/ps_scripts/article.idc?id=165 A report on Ellicott's Florida survey].
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20050106021353/http://www.profsurv.com/ps_scripts/article.idc?id=1303 On the quality of Ellicott's Florida survey].
* [http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Bluffs/3010/gene-19e.htm Some information of the Florida-Alabama border] ([http://www.webcitation.org/5kmrbv2b5 Archived] 2009-10-25).
* [http://www.enetis.net/~surveyor/nshof/charter.html National Surveyors Hall of Fame].
* [http://www.lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=2338 Article and portrait at "Discovering Lewis & Clark"]
* [http://www.antiquesandfineart.com/articles/article.cfm?request=387 Image of Andrew Ellicott, 1809] by painter [[Jacob Eichholtz]] of Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
* [http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/surveying/object.cfm?recordnumber=758993 A surveying instrument] of Andrew Ellicott, with images.

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Ellicott, Andrew
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = January 24, 1754
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Buckingham Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania
| DATE OF DEATH = August 28, 1820
| PLACE OF DEATH = West Point, New York
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ellicott, Andrew}}
[[Category:History of Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:History of Lancaster, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:American surveyors]]
[[Category:People from Bucks County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:1754 births]]
[[Category:1820 deaths]]

[[es:Andrew Ellicott]]

Geschichte der kanadischen Zeitungen

2012-01-16T20:51:02Z

RscprinterBot: /* Public sphere partisan period (1800-1850) */Changed decade(s) from 0's → 0s per WP:DECADE

{{Culture of Canada sidebar}}
In Canada, the emergence of the '''free press''' was a difficult process that took many years to come to realization after a beginning rife with censorship and government control. "Compared to Europe, or even what became the United States, newspapering came to Canada rather late in the day, in the second half of the eighteenth century".<ref name=Fetherline /> Newspapers existed in the British colonies before the [[French and Indian War]], but they had been transplanted from America. Presses were forbidden in Quebec until the Conquest; after the Conquest, they too were brought in from the U.S. "It remains an unassailable irony, however, that printing became a part of Canadian society only with the establishment of British rule and, moreover, that nearly all the earliest printers were Americans."<ref name=Fetherline />

The press in Canada was born as a tool of the government, subsidized and controlled by the overseas British rulers of the colonies and their colonial governors. Eventually, the government powers came to realize that the press held the potential for a great amount of power. "The discovery of such unrealized potential frightened the powers that be, who commenced a centuries-long period of harassment and intimidation in order to check what today is called the power of the press".<ref name=Fetherline /> In fact, it was due to persecution that the earliest newspaper editors of the America's fled from England and immigrated to the American colonies, where they then moved the craft north, to the Canadian colonies. However, being a colonial society, the editors and printers were perhaps even more censored and persecuted for printing anything that could be construed as being an anti-government sentiment, especially after the explosive [[American Revolution]] in 1763.<ref name=Fetherline /> New France (after the Conquest known as Lower Canada or Quebec) experienced the heaviest censorship; printing presses were banned by the French government in an effort to foster a sense of loyalty to and dependence upon the motherland. The French colonial authorities kept the colonial inhabitants illiterate and didn't let them communicate with each other.<ref name=Raible />

Eventually, the Canadian printers began the process of printing more than just government news and proclamations. However, due to such strict censorship, they were heavily persecuted for what was perceived as disloyalty and a threat to the power of the government. Many of the early editors and printers were large personalities who used their newspapers as instruments of their own political beliefs and suffered great hardships at the hands of the government because of it.<ref name=Raible /> It was their suffering that made the way for the press to become its own liberated entity.

There were three important periods in the history of Canadian newspapers responsible for the eventual development of the newspaper in the [[public sphere]]. These are the Transplant Period from 1750-1800, when printing and newspapers initially came to Canada as publications of Government news and proclamations; followed by the Public Sphere Partisan Period from 1800-1850, when individual printers and editors began 'freeing' the press and moving away from the "Sphere of Public Authority"<ref name=Habermas /> and into the [[public sphere]]; and finally the Nation Building Period from 1850-1900, when Canadian editors began the work of establishing a common nationalistic view of Canadian society.

== Gazette and transplant period (1750-1800) ==
This was the period that introduced print culture to British North America and began fostering a reading public. All newspapers but ''The Upper Canada Gazette'' were started by Americans. This is partly because the British-American colonies settled earlier than British-Canadian colonies. In 1763 50,000 British loyalists moved north after the American Revolution, bringing printing presses with them. All of the first newspapers started life as official government organs. They were all dependent on government patronage and printed solely information condoned by the government. In every province, there was a weekly "Gazette" (named after the [[London Gazette]], the English governmental organ since 1665) that carried the many notices colonial administrators wanted to circulate.<ref name=Raible />

At this time, there was no "political sphere", as all political news was controlled by the elite.<ref name=Raible /> In the early decades of British North America, the primary purpose of the press was to propagate official propaganda - freedom of the press was an alien idea.<ref name=Raible /> Prior to the approximate turn of the 18th into the 19th century, there was no "public sphere" in Canada and therefore no press in the public sphere.

===First printers and publishers===
It was the first printers and publishers working during the turn of the century who began the slow and difficult work of creating a true, liberated press in Canada. These men faced many obstacles, including beatings, jailing, and the very serious and oft-carried out threat of being charged with criminal or seditious libel. As the early printing press was an essential tool of colonial administration, anyone who attempted to publish anything other than the government notices experienced hardships. There was a prohibition on publishing legislature proceedings which kept the writers out of the courts. These were colonial laws used by British authorities to manufacture loyalty, and the punishments were severe.<ref name=Raible /><ref name=Fetherline /> As a result, many of these brave early printers and publishers lived in fear, massive debt, and constant persecution.

==== John Bushell (1715-1761) ====
{{main|John Bushell}}

Bushell partnered with [[Bartholomew Green]] (1690-1751), who died before their plans were realized. Bushell relocated from Boston to Halifax and opened up a printing office, and on March 23, 1752, Bushell published the first edition of the [[Halifax Gazette]] and became the colony's first "Kings Printer".<ref name=Raible /> He was an independent entrepreneur, given no government salary,<ref name=Fetherline /> and what government administrators thought their subjects needed and what Bushell's subscribers and advertisers wanted were not necessarily the same. He was stuck in between. The government did not trust his loyalty and so made the Provincial Secretary the editor of his paper.<ref name=Raible /> Bushell, faced with these obstacles, struggled with debt and alcoholism which eventually led to his death.<ref name=Raible />

====Anton Heinrich (1734-1800)====
{{main|Henry B. Anthony}}

Heinrich learned his trade in Germany but came to America as a fifer in the British Army before relocating to Halifax and anglicizing his name to the more appropriate Henry Anthony.<ref name=Raible /> Henry acquired Bushell's enterprise, including the ''Gazette''. In October of 1765 he printed an editorial in the ''Gazette'' that suggested that Nova Scotians were opposed to the [[Stamp Act]] which resulted in doubts about his loyalty, and he fled back to Massachusetts and the ''Gazette'' was shut down. Eventually, he made his way back into the government's good graces and was recommissioned to print the ''Royal Gazette''.<ref name=Dictionary />

==== William Brown (1737-1789) and Thomas Gilmore (1741-1773) ====
Originally from Philadelphia,<ref name=Dictionary /> in 1764 the two men launched the government sponsored [[Quebec Gazette]]. The paper was bilingual and was heavily censured and scrutinized by the government.<ref name=Raible /><ref name=Dictionary />

====Fleury Mesplet (1734-1794)====
{{main|Fleury Mesplet}}
Immigrated to Montreal from France with the intent of being a printer. However, he was jailed out of suspicion before printing anything due to his status as an American sympathizer and relationship with Benjamin Franklin.<ref name=Dictionary /> In 1778 he printed Canada's first entirely French newspaper, [[The Gazette (Montreal)]]. His editor, Valentin Jautard, chose articles with a radical tone and both men were imprisoned. In 1782, Mesplet was released and allowed to go back to work for the government because he was the only capable printer, though he technically remained imprisoned.<ref name=Raible />

====Louis Roy (1771-1799)====
On April 18, 1793, Roy launched the "Upper Canada Gazette", which continued until 1845. In 1797, Roy left the paper due to political persecution after printing some incendiary opinions and fled to New York.<ref name=Dictionary />

==Public sphere partisan period (1800-1850) ==
{{see also|Public sphere}}

This is the period in which the printers and publishers began to see success in their efforts to free the press from its government control. The discussion and debate surrounding the "public sphere" in the North Atlantic was actively undertaken in Upper Canada and partisan newspapers of the 1800s became "pure" inhabitants of the public sphere.<ref name=Fetherline /> Big steps were taken towards the democratization of the press, and in 1891, the right to report on political proceedings was finally won.<ref name=Fetherline /> The papers of this period were non-deferrential, and demanded democratization of information. They undermined finally began to undermine the traditional hierarchical societal structure.

===Printers and publishers===
The development of the public sphere in Canada was closely linked with the development of a free press and there are many parallels. Most of the early publishers were - or became - very active politicians up to the mid-1800s.
At this time, there was a growing market for political debate, and the independent printers of this period began using their columns for opinions, to challenge policies, expose government errors, and even promote certain candidates. These men were large personalities, unafraid to strongly voice unpopular opinions. As a result, the newspapers often became a forum for debate between the disagreeing printers.

The political issue most often debated was that of [[responsible government]]. In responsible government the executive branch is responsible to the elected legislature and no laws can be passed without the approval of said legislature. However, in Upper Canada, the appointed executive remained responsible only to the colonial governor who had to answer to Britain until 1855. Many of the publisher and printer-cum-politicians of this time were debating this key issue.

During this period the printers were still working under very difficult conditions. Like the printers before them, many of the printers and publishers were still plagued by debt and had to work tirelessly to earn enough to support their political careers and keep the newspapers running. These men continued the difficult work of liberating the Canadian press and it is in the stories of these men that we start to see some success along with the difficulty.

====Gideon and Sylvester Tiffany====
These brothers started as official government printers in the 1790's, but refused to print only government sanctioned news and instead printed news from America. When they refused to heed warnings from the government, they were more formally persecuted. In April of 1797, Gideon was charged with blasphemy, fired, fined, and jailed. Sylvester was then also charged with "treasonable and seditious conduct". In his defense he declared that "As the people's printer, it is my duty to devote my head, heart and hands to their service...The interests of the King and people are inseparable".<ref name=Raible /> Eventually the brothers were forced to give up printing, through Sylvester attempted a number of other papers before moving to New York.

====Titus Geer Simons====
Simmons was appointed as the new King's printer following the legal persecution of the Tiffany brothers, though he was not officially trained in printing. The Tiffany brothers remained on, and continued to determine much of the paper's content until 1799. <ref name=Dictionary />

====William Lyon Mackenzie====
{{main|William Lyon Mackenzie}}

Mackenzie was a great influence for political development in [[Upper Canada]] and a fierce advocate for '''responsible government'''. In 1824, he founded the ''Colonial Advocate'', which was the first independent paper in the province to have significant political impact.<ref name="Colonial Advocate"/><ref name=Raible /> Mackenzie viewed the colonial administration as incompetent, ineffective, and expensive, and he used the Advocate to state these opinions. Though the paper became the most widely circulated paper, it was not profitable for Mackenzie and he struggled with debt for many years. In 1826 his printing office was broken into and destroyed by a mob. When MacKenzie sued the assailants, he won his case and collected enough in damages to repair the press and pay off his debts, as well as gain public sympathy.<ref name=Dictionary />

Two years after the incident he was elected to the general house of assembly where he became a vigorous advocate of reform and critic of government waste and excess until in 1834 he became the first mayor of Toronto. By 1837, he was out of office and still remained politically frustrated. He planned a rebellion against the government, and when it failed he fled to the U.S.<ref name=Raible /> Mackenzie is a prime example of an editor who used his printing as a tool to take on the troubled politics of the time and open the door for the newspaper to enter the public sphere.

====Joseph Howe====
{{main|Joseph Howe}}

In 1828, Joseph Howe took over Halifax's ''Weekly Chronicle'', renaming it the ''Acadian''. He then also purchased the ''[[Novascotian]]''; these papers were both very loyal to the British government. It was over the next few years that he became increasingly loyal to his Nova Scotia and frustrated with the British administration. Howe, like MacKenzie, was in favor of "responsible government".

In 1835, Howe was prosecuted for criminal libel for one of his articles. He spoke in argument for a free press at his trial and though he was technically guilty according to the law, the jury was quick to acquit. His success during his trial made him a local hero in Nova Scotia. It was this success that took Howe into the provincial parliament, and he eventually became a provincial premiere.<ref name=Raible /><ref name=Dictionary />

====Henry David Winton (1793-1855)====
Winton arrived in Newfoundland on August 28, 1818. In 1820, he founded the ''Public Ledger and Newfoundland General Advisor'', the fourth newspaper in St. John's. Winton used the paper to publish his own political ideas staunchly in support of responsible government. Because of his strong political sentiments he eventually became the enemy of Catholics as well as those in favor of reform - to the extent that some people wished him harm. On May 19, 1835, Winton was attacked by a group of unknown assailants and his ears were cut off. Despite this and further similar threats, Winton continued to write in opposition of the reform government until his death.<ref name=Dictionary />

====William Wilkie====
Wilkie lived in Halifax and in 1820 was charged by the crown with criminal libel for having published a pamphlet entitled "A letter to the people of Halifax, containing strictures on the conduct of the magistrates" which heavily criticized the appointed civic authorities of Halifax at the time. He was found guilty and sentenced to two years of hard labor. Throughout this, public sentiment remained in favor of Wilkie.<ref name=Dictionary />

====John Ryan (1761-1847) and William Lewis====
Ryan was an American expatriate who, in 1807 and with the help of William Lewis, published the first issue of the ''Royal St. John's Gazette'', the earliest newspaper in Newfoundland. Ryan soon began exposing government favoritism and unfairness in the Gazette, much to the chagrin of officials. In March of 1784, both men were indicted for libel.<ref name=Dictionary />

====Joseph Willcocks (1773-1814)====
{{main|Joseph Willcocks}}
In 1806, Willcocks moved to Niagra where he began publishing the ''Upper Canada Guardian; or Freeman's Journal'' which he used as a vehicle for his political opinions and criticisms. That same year, he was jailed for contempt of the house.
in 1808, he rejoined politics officially and became Canada's first true leader of the Opposition against those aligned with the colonial government. He stopped printing his journal in 1812. In July of 1813, he offered his services to the Americans while holding a seat in the Legislative Assembly and was formally charged with treason in 1814. He died a traitor.<ref name=Dictionary />

====Pierre Bédard, Francois Blancet, and Étienne Parent====
All three of these men were imprisoned in Quebec for publishing - or attempting to publish - writings that opposed the colonial administration.<ref name=Dictionary />

== Nation-building and myth making period (1850-1900) ==
By this period, newspaper editors were free from direct governmental control. However, the government continued to influence them in other underhanded ways, such as privately persuading editorial content and putting paid advertising only into assenting newspapers.<ref name=Raible /> For the most part, the radical newspapers of the Public Sphere Period had served their purposes and the papers of this period were somewhat more unbiased. More than ever, technology and progress were of great importance.
The papers of this time took on the role of establishing the Canadian identity. In publications of this period, there was a celebration of conformity and orthodoxy. Unlike the incendiary publications of the past, there was no justification seen for the rejection of order.<ref name=Fetherline />

===Printers and publishers===
During this period, largely free from the government restrictions of the past, that the printers and publishers took on the role of establishing the Canadian identity. As before, many of them were personally involved in politics as well and continued to use their papers to exert their political sentiments and to push for progress and change.

====George Brown (1818-1880)====
In 1844, Brown founded [[The Globe and Mail]], a paper with strong political ambitions. Brown bought out many competitors and increased circulation using advanced technology. By 1860 it was Canada's largest newspaper.
In the 1850's, Brown entered politics and became the Reform Party leader and eventually reached an agreement that led to the Confederation and the founding of the Dominion of Canada. Afterwards, he resigned from Parliament, but continued to write about his politics in the "Globe".
Throughout his publishing career, he struggled with his employees and the unions. In 1880 he was shot by a disgruntled employee and died.<ref name=Fetherline /><ref name=Dictionary /><ref name=Raible />

====Modeste Demers (1809-1871)====
In Victoria in 1856, Bishop Modeste Demers imported a hand press intending to publish religious materials. It remained unused until 1858, when the American printer Frederick Marriott used the "Demers press" to publish four different British Columbia newspapers, the most influential of which was the ''British Colonist''. The Demers press continued to be used for printing until 1908.<ref name=Dictionary />

====Amor De Cosmos (1825-1897)====
{{main|Amor De Cosmos}}

Amor De Cosmos was the founder of the "British Colonist". He was well known for using its pages to express his political opinions.
De Cosmos also eventually entered politics, assumed leadership, urged political reform and pushed for "responsible government''. He was elected to represent Victoria in the House of Commons while at the same time serving as the provincial premiere of British Columbia.
He was outspoken and eccentric, and made quite a few enemies throughout his life. He was accused of a scandal with the unions which eventually forced him to leave politics. When he died he had fallen into a complete breakdown.<ref name=Raible /><ref name=Dictionary />

==See also==
{{portal box|Journalism|Canada}}
*[[The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere]]
*[[Mass media in Canada]]
*[[List of early Canadian newspapers]] - (historical)
*[[List of defunct newspapers of Quebec]] - (historical)
*[[List of newspapers in Canada]] - (modern)
*[[List of newspapers in Canada by circulation]] - (modern)
*[[First Nations Periodicals]]
*[[Freedom of the press]]
*[[History of free speech in Canada]]

==References==
{{reflist
|refs=
<ref name=Fetherline>{{cite book|last=Fetherling|first=Douglas|title=The Rise of the Canadian Newspaper|year=1949|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Toronto}}</ref>
<ref name=Raible>{{cite book|last=Raible|first=Chris|title=The Power of the Press: The Story of Early Canadian Printers and Publishers|year=2007|publisher=James Lorimer & Company LTD|location=Toronto}}</ref>
<ref name=Dictionary>{{cite web|last=English|first=John|title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography|url=http://www.biographi.ca/index-e.html}}</ref>
<ref name=Habermas>{{cite book|last=Jürgen|first=Habermas|title=The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeoise Society|year=German(1962) English Translation 1989|publisher=The MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=0-262-58108-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=e799caakIWoC&pg=PA30|pages=30|editor=Thomas Burger}}</ref>
<ref name="Colonial Advocate">{{cite news|last=Mackenzie|first=William Lyon|newspaper=The Colonial Advocate|date=January 26, 1832}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book
| publisher = Available from Canadian Govt. Pub. Centre Supply and Services Canada
| isbn = 9780660109541
| last = Canada.
| title = Royal Commission on Newspapers.
| location = Hull Que.
| date = 1981
| url = http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/pco-bcp/commissions-ef/kent1981-eng/kent1981-eng.htm
}}
*{{cite book|last=Rutherford|first=Paul|title=A Victorian Authority: the daily press in late nineteenth-century Canada|year=1944|publisher=University of Toronto Press|location=Toronto}}
*{{cite book|last=Craick|first=W.A.|title=A History of Canadian Journalism|year=1959|publisher=The Ontario Publishing Company, Limited|location=Toronto}}
*{{cite book|last=Desbarats|first=Peter|title=Guide to Canadian News Media|year=1996|publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company, Ltd.|location=1996}}
*{{cite book|last=Kesterton|first=W.H.|title=A History of Journalism in Canada|year=1967|publisher=McClelland and Stewart Limited|location=Toronto}}
*{{cite book|first=Marjory |last=Louise Lang|title=Women who made the news: female journalists in Canada, 1880-1945|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cAt4MQ-da1AC&pg=PP1|date=26 August 1999|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-1838-4}}
*{{cite book|author= Russell, Nick|title=Morals and the media: ethics in Canadian journalism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=V3RqfJkN-8oC&pg=PP1|year=2006|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-1089-0}}
{{refend}}

==External links ==
{{commons cat|Newspapers of Canada}}
*[http://library.uvic.ca/micro/newsmicroguide.pdf An Annotated Guide to Historical Canadian Newspapers on Microfilm (PDF)] - University of Victoria
*[http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/intro_e.shtml Canadian Newspapers and the Second World War] - Canadian War Museum
*[http://historicalnewspapers.library.ubc.ca University of British Columbia Historical Newspapers] - Digitized newspapers from British Columbia, 1865-1930

[[Category:History of mass media|Canadian newspapers]]
[[Category:Canadian journalism|Newspapers, History of]]
[[Category:Canadian media|Newspapers]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Canada]]
[[Category:History of journalism by country|Canadian]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Canada]]

Bau (Fidschi)

2012-01-16T20:45:55Z

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'''Bau''' (pronounced {{IPA-fj|ˈmba.u|}}) is a small [[island]] in [[Fiji]], off the east coast of the main island of [[Viti Levu]].
Bau rose to prominence in the mid 1800s and became Fiji dominant power until it cession to Britain it has maintained it's influence in Politics and leadership right through to modern Fiji.

==History==
Kubuna is known as a confederacy or Matanitu in Fiji but in pre-colonial times [[Kubuna Confederacy|Kubuna]] was a place name with that in mind, as recorded in Bauan pre colonial history, It was at Kubuna that the great ancestral Chief, Ratu Vueti<ref>Tukutuku Raraba – History of Bau</ref> Koroi-Ratu mai Bulu, Serui-Ratu mai Bulu, the first Roko Tui Bau Vuani-ivi, (according to legend he was the fourth (4) generation from Ratu Lutunasobasoba) who established the Kingdom of Kubuna, and formed one of the earliest known Fijian settlements after hostilities ceased the people of Nakauvadra and the victorious Bauan army upon leaving the Mountains and finding their way to the sea made a Cairn named Ulunivuaka<ref>"Fiji Page 54" A History of Fiji ,Chapter 4 Page 54 and 55</ref> and later called it [[Bau Island|Bau]] in honour of Ratu Vueti and his achievements.(it was named after a shrine in the Nakauvadra hill range in the province of Ra, He took the titles of Roko Tui Bau Vuani-ivi and Koroi Ratu Maibulu. After his death, he was buried in Kubuna in a throne called Tabukasivi, and was deified and became the ancestral god of the people of Kubuna, they worshiped him in the form of a serpent.

After his death a division arose between Bucaira and Vunibuca over the installation of a successor to Ratu Vueti. Other clans went to Namuka and wandered from place to place. Eventually a new Roko Tui Bau, Ratu Serumataidrau, was selected from the Vuaniivi, a Tokatoka Valelevu of the Mataqali and the Yavusa Ratu Vuani-ivi Buca clan, which had settled at Namuka.<ref>Ai Tukutuku Kei Viti - By Rev. Epeli Rokowaqa</ref>

Naulivou was installed in 1791 as the Vunivalu (in modern Fiji this is now the highest chiefly title in the Kingdom of Kubuna, but was not so in Fiji's early history) after the death of his father Banuve<ref>Fiji and the Fijians Volume 1, Page 19</ref> who had three sons Naulivou, Tanoa II and Celua in 1791. Ratu Raiwalui of the Roko Tui Bau Vuaniivi Clan, Yavusa-Ratu, became the sixth Roko Tui Bau Vuani-Ivi which was the highest chiefly title in the greater area of Kubuna and the second Roko Tui Bau Vuani-Ivi that occupied the Island Delainakorolevu or Ulunivuaka,<ref>A History of Fiji ,Chapter 4 Page 54 & 55</ref> which was then called Bau in 1760 which was named by the fifth Roko Tui Bau Vuani-ivi Ratu Lele who was then buried at Delai Daku the hilly range of Viwa Island. But the relationship between these two men was not a happy one. When they came into conflict, the Vuaniivi clan fled to Kubuna and sought the protection of Titokobitu, the Chief of Namara. Together with some other chiefs of Namara, they reached Koro and from there went to Vuna, on the island of Taveuni, and thence to Vanuabalavu. The Namara people who later joinned their early travellers now of Levukana village on Lomaloma, were left behind at Vuna and they fled to the mountains lest the Bauans should pursue them. The Vuaniivi warriors left some of their war canoes high and dry on the beach at Vuna when they set off for Vanuabalavu.

With the aid of [[Charles Savage (beachcomber)|Charlie Savage]], who brought firearms to Bau Island, opportunities for new wealth and power, symbolized by the acquisition of muskets, intensified political rivalries and hastened the rise of the kingdom of Bau, ruled by Naulivou as Vunivalu and then by his nephew Cakobau. By the 1850s Bau dominated western Fiji. Cakobau’s main rival was the Tongan chief Ma’afu, who led an army of Christian Tongans and their allies from eastern Fiji. After a short-lived alliance with Ma’afu, Cakobau became a Christian in 1854, The Bauan people quickly established themselves as an undefeatable military force. With that unmatched power, [[Seru Epenisa Cakobau]] was able to unite all of Fiji's disparate tribes under his authority in 1871.<ref>Encyclopedia Brittanica</ref>

==Chiefly titles==

Significant chiefly titles from Bau include the [[Vunivalu of Bau|Vunivalu]] (considered to be Fiji's premier chiefly title), and the [[Roko Tui Bau]], currently held by [[Joni Madraiwiwi|''Ratu'' Joni Madraiwiwi]], the former [[Vice-President of Fiji]].

==Territories and landmarks==

Bau is the capital of the [[Kubuna Confederacy]] (also known as the Kubuna Tribe) and the chiefly centre of [[Tailevu Province]]. It is divided into three villages - Bau, Lasakau, and Soso.

Among Bau's landmarks are Fiji's oldest [[Christianity|Christian]] [[church (building)|church]] and a stone on which the skulls of [[cannibalism]] victims were crushed.

==Language==

The [[Fijian language]] has many dialects, but the official standard is based on the speech of Bau.<ref>Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Lasakau sea warriors]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* ''"Gone Native" in Polynesia'': Captivity Narratives and Experiences from the South Pacific (Page 24, 64, 121) - by Ian Christopher Campbell - 1998 - 167 pages
* ''James Calvert ; Or, From Dark to Dawn in Fiji'' - Page 44, by R. Vernon - 1890 - 160 pages

==External links==
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-56318/Bau Bau at Britannica.com]
* [http://www.fijibure.com/namuka123/daytour.htm Details and Photographs by FijiBure]
* [http://www.everyculture.com/Oceania/Bau-Orientation.html Details and statistics]

{{coord|17.966667|S|178.616667|E|region:FJ_type:isle|display=title}}

{{Viti Levu}}
{{Islands of Fiji}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bau}}
[[Category:Islands of Fiji]]
[[Category:Viti Levu]]
[[Category:Tailevu Province]]

{{Fiji-geo-stub}}

[[ar:با]]
[[cs:Bau (ostrov)]]
[[hif:Bau]]
[[fr:Bau (île)]]
[[lv:Mbau]]
[[fj:Bau]]
[[pl:Bau (wyspa)]]
[[ru:Мбау]]
[[sv:Bau]]

Icon for Hire

2011-12-24T21:13:27Z

RscprinterBot: Reverted possible test edit(s) to article. Got it wrong? Tell me here

{{notability|Music|date=December 2011}}
{{primary sources|date=December 2011}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Icon For Hire
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = group_or_band
| origin = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Decatur, Illinois|Decatur]], [[Illinois]], [[United States|USA]]
| years_active = 2007-present
| genre = [[Alternative metal]] [[Electronic rock]] 
| label = [[Tooth & Nail Records]]
| associated_acts =
| website = [http://www.myspace.com/iconforhire www.myspace.com/iconforhire]
| current_members = Ariel Shawn Jump Josh Kincheloe Adam Kronshagen 
| past_members = Joshua Davis }}

'''Icon for Hire''' is an [[United States|American]] [[Rock music|rock]] band originating from [[Decatur, Illinois|Decatur]], [[Illinois]].<ref name="Myspace">{{cite web|title=Icon for Hire - Free Music, Tour Dates, Photos, Videos|url=http://www.myspace.com/iconforhire|publisher=myspace.com|accessdate=2011-05-26}}</ref> The band is currently signed to [[Tooth & Nail Records]] and has released two [[Extended play|EPs]] independently. Their debut album was released on August 23, 2011.<ref name="Artist Database">{{cite web|title=Icon for Hire Discography, Icon for Hire Artist Database|url=http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/artists/IconForHire.asp|publisher=jesusfreakhideout.com|accessdate=2011-05-26}}</ref>

==Beginning (2007)==

Icon for Hire formed in [[Decatur, Illinois|Decatur]], [[Illinois]] in 2007.<ref name="Artist Database" />

They will support [[Red (band)|Red]] on their "Kill The Machine" tour in October with [[Brian "Head" Welch]].

In 2011, they released their first single with Tooth & Nail, [[Make a Move]]. Their debut album, Scripted, was released on August 23, 2011. Make A Move was the Discovery Download on [[iTunes]] the week of August 23 2011.
==Band members==
*Ariel - [[Vocals]] (2007–present)
*Shawn Jump - [[Electric guitar]] (2007–present)
*Adam Kronshagen - [[Drums]] (2007–present)
*Josh Kincheloe - [[Bass guitar]] (2011–present)

;Former members
*Joshua Davis - [[Bass guitar|bass]] (2007–2009)

==Discography==
;EPs
* ''Icon for Hire EP'' (2008)
* ''The Grey EP'' (2009)
;Studio albums
* ''Scripted'' (2011)
;Singles
* ''Make A Move'' (2011)

==References==
'''All dates are MM-DD-YYYY at UTC'''
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Official|http://www.toothandnail.com/artists/289/Icon_For_Hire/}}
* [http://allmusic.com/album/scripted-r2229035 Review] on [[Allmusic]]

[[Category:Musical groups from Illinois]]

{{cat improve|date=December 2011}}

[[ru:Icon for Hire]]

Lazee

2011-11-23T16:37:35Z

RscprinterBot: Reverted possible test edit(s) by 85.165.171.96 (talk) to last version by 83.183.12.16. Got it wrong? Tell me here

{{Infobox musical artist
|name = LAZEE
|background = solo_singer
|birth_name = Mawuli Kulego
|Born = 1985
|origin = [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]]
|genre = [[Hip Hop]], Swedish Rap, [[Grime (music)|Grime]]
|years_active = 2007 – present
|label = 2Stripes, Same Blood, M.Nzaku Record
|website = www.myspace.com/mrlazee
}}

'''Mawuli Kulego''' (better known by his [[stage name]] '''LAZEE''') is a [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[rapper]] from [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]].

==Biography==
LAZEE was born in [[Malmö]], [[Sweden]], to parents of [[Ghana]]ian origin. His passion for music grew from a young age and he was heavily influenced by the musical tastes of his father who was a [[disc jockey|DJ]]. He introduced young Lazee to [[Soul music|soul]], [[R&B]] and [[reggae]]. LAZEE first became interested in [[Hip Hop]] when he was seven and wrote his first rhyme at the age of 10.

Just before LAZEE's 13th birthday his mother sent him to [[England]] where she believed he could "be someone". He attended Elliott School in [[Putney]], [[Greater London]]. Whilst still a teenager at school LAZEE heard the song "Players Anthem" by [[The Notorious B.I.G.]] and describes it as a "turning point" in his life. Together with Marcus Nzaku Curtis he started writing lyrics and rap battling with other students. LAZEE continued to listen to [[Hip Hop]] and began work on his first mixtape until he eventually moved back to [[Sweden]] in 2004, where he attended John Bauer High School in his native [[Malmö]].

==Career==

LAZEE released his first major work as a mixtape entitled ''It is what it is'' with the help of New York [[DJ Kayslay]]; the mixtape was a free sample given to 5000 members of the Swedish urban underground from which Lazee gained critical acclaim and notoriety. The mixtape included tracks like "Top Notch" and "Bigga Nigga" and there are two music videos for the tracks as well. Things became serious for LAZEE in 2007 when he moved to [[Stockholm]] and began working with producer Ishi. The collaboration gave birth to LAZEE's debut single "Rock Away" on his new label 2Stripes and major label Sony BMG which was released across [[Scandinavia]] in 2008. The single was met with high regard across Scandinavia and wider [[Europe]] with some critics giving it 9/10. Since then LAZEE has released several critically acclaimed songs including "Drop Bombs", "I'm not pop", "Pusherman, featuring Swedish rapper [[J-Son]]" and his current hit single "Hold On" featuring [[Neverstore]] a [[Swedish people|Swedish]] [[punk rock]] band which has been a featured single on UK radio stations including [[BBC Radio 1|Radio 1]] and [[Kiss100]] receiving listeners choice selects and ranking highly in song request tables.

==Discography==
===Sampling===
*2010: Eurostreetz - Global Tactics 1.5 - The Landing

===Mixtapes===
*2006: ''It Is What It Is''
*2008: ''Back For The 1st Time''
*2009: ''First Class Five Stars''
*2009: ''First Class Five Stars Season 2''

===Albums===
*2008: ''Setting Standards''

===Singles===
*2008: "Rock Away"
*2008: "Hold On" (feat. [[Neverstore]])
*2008: "Im Not Pop"
*2010: "Calling Out" (feat. [[Apollo Drive]])
*2010: "Just Like That" (feat. [[Danny Saucedo]])
*2010: "Do It" (feat. [[Mohombi]])
*2011: "Tag" (feat. Madcon & [[J-Son|Julimar]])
*2011: "Stronger" (feat. [[Dead by April]])
*2011: "Uptown Girl" (feat. Mohombi)

===Compilations===
*2011: ''Global Attack Mixtape, Vol. 2''

===Guest Appearances===
*2009: "Gå Loss" ([[Kartellen (singer)|Kartellen]] feat. Lazee, [[Adam Tensta]], [[J-Son]], [[Glaciuz]], [[Eboi]] & [[Mofo The Maverick]])

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1985
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Sofielund, Malmö
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Swedish rappers]]
[[Category:Swedish people of Ghanaian descent]]
[[Category:Swedish expatriates in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People from Malmö]]

[[sv:Lazee]]

Madagascar 3: Flucht durch Europa

2011-11-21T17:27:20Z

RscprinterBot: Reverted possible test edit(s) by 178.61.176.23 (talk) to last version by Carniolus. Got it wrong? Tell me here

{{Infobox film
|name = Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted
|image = Madagascar3-Poster-Animation Info.jpg
|image size = 215px
|alt = Teaser poster
|caption = Teaser poster
|director = [[Eric Darnell]]<ref name="Hollywood Reporter"/>
|producer = [[Mireille Soria]] [[Mark Swift]]
|writer = [[Noah Baumbach]]
|starring = [[Ben Stiller]] [[Chris Rock]] [[David Schwimmer]] [[Jada Pinkett Smith]] [[Frances McDormand]] [[Sacha Baron Cohen]] [[Cedric the Entertainer]] [[Andy Richter]] [[Tom McGrath (animator)|Tom McGrath]] [[Chris Miller (animator)|Chris Miller]] [[John DiMaggio]] [[Christopher Knights]]
|music = [[Hans Zimmer]]
|studio = [[DreamWorks Animation]]
|distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]]
|released = {{Film date|2012|6|8}}<ref name="slate2014">{{Cite press release | title = DreamWorks Animation Announces Feature Film Release Slate Through 2014 | publisher = DreamWorks Animation SKG, Inc | date = 2011-03-08 | url = http://ir.dreamworksanimation.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=555383 | accessdate = 2011-03-08}}</ref>
|country = {{Film US}}
|language = English
}}
'''''Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted''''' is the third installment of the [[Madagascar (franchise)|Madagascar film series]], produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]] and directed by [[Eric Darnell]].<ref name="Hollywood Reporter"/> It is a [[sequel]] to ''[[Madagascar (2005 film)|Madagascar]]'' and ''[[Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa]]''. It is set to be released on June 8, 2012.<ref name="slate2014" />

==Plot==
Alex the lion, Marty the zebra, Gloria the hippopotamus, and Melman the giraffe set out to return to New York after escaping to Africa. Dependent on the mechanical know-how of the notorious monkeys, their plan inevitably goes awry and they find themselves stranded in Monte Carlo, where they join up with a traveling circus by chance. Led by the venerable tiger Vitali, the animal-centered circus has seen better days. During the course of a tour through a series of European cities that ends in a fabulous big top in the heart of London, Alex, Marty, Gloria, and Melman help Vitaly, Gia the jaguar, and Stefano the sea lion rediscover their passion for show business and reinvent circus performance.<ref name=Perseus>{{cite web|title=The Art of Madagascar 3|url=http://www.perseusacademic.com/book.php?isbn=9781608870752|work=Perseus Academic|accessdate=November 20, 2011}}</ref>

==Production==
DreamWorks CEO [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] confirmed in 2008 that there will be an additional sequel to ''Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa''. Katzenberg stated, "there is at least one more chapter. We ultimately want to see the characters make it back to New York."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=47990 | title=Katzenberg Planning 3rd Madagascar, 2nd Kung Fu Panda | publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | accessdate=2008-08-14}}</ref> At the [[Television Critics Association]] press tour, in January 2009, Katzenberg was asked if there will be a third film in the series. He replied, "Yes, we are making a ''Madagascar 3'' now, and it will be out in the summer of 2012."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/943/943429p1.html | title=DreamWorks Confirms Madagascar 3 is Coming - Katzenberg comments on when it will be released. | publisher=[[IGN Entertainment]] | date=2009-01-09 | accessdate=2009-04-15}}</ref>

The film was originally going to be titled just: ''Madagascar 3'', but changed it by adding a subtitle and it has become: ''Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted''.

==Cast==

* [[Ben Stiller]] as Alex<ref name="Hollywood Reporter">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/blogs/heat-vision/frances-mcdormand-animated-evil-madagascar-70983?_r=true |title=EXCLUSIVE: Frances McDormand Gets Animated, and Evil, for 'Madagascar 3' |last=Kit |first=Borys |publisher=HollywoodReporter.com |date=January 12, 2011 |accessdate=February 10, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Chris Rock]] as Marty<ref name="Hollywood Reporter"/>
* [[David Schwimmer]] as Melman<ref name="Hollywood Reporter"/>
* [[Jada Pinkett Smith]] as Gloria<ref name="Hollywood Reporter"/>
* [[Frances McDormand]] as an unnamed animal control officer<ref name="Hollywood Reporter"/>
* [[Sacha Baron Cohen]] as King Julien XIII<ref name="slate2014" />
* [[Cedric the Entertainer]] as Maurice<ref name="slate2014" />
* [[Andy Richter]] as Mort<ref name="slate2014" />
* [[Tom McGrath (animator)|Tom McGrath]] as Skipper<ref name="Film.com">{{cite news|last=Champ|first=Christine|title=Interview: Megamind Director Tom McGrath|url=http://www.film.com/movies/interview-megamind-director-tom-mcgrath|accessdate=October 26, 2011|newspaper=Film.com|date=November 3, 2010}}</ref>
* [[Chris Miller (animator)|Chris Miller]] as Kowalski<ref name="Film.com" />
* [[John DiMaggio]] as Rico<ref name="Film.com" />
* [[Christopher Knights]] as Private<ref name="Film.com" />
* TBA as Vitaly, a tiger<ref name=Perseus />
* TBA as Gia, a jaguar<ref name=Perseus />
* TBA as Stefano, a sea lion<ref name=Perseus />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1277953|Madagascar 3}}

{{Madagascar}}
{{DreamWorks animated films}}

[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:American animated films]]
[[Category:Computer-animated films]]
[[Category:DreamWorks Animation films]]
[[Category:Upcoming films]]
[[Category:Films set in Madagascar]]
[[Category:Paramount Pictures films]]
[[Category:Sequel films]]
[[Category:Animated features released by Paramount Pictures]]
[[Category:Films featuring anthropomorphic characters]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:IMAX films]]

[[es:Madagascar 3]]
[[fa:ماداگاسکار ۳]]
[[fr:Madagascar 3]]
[[he:מדגסקר 3]]
[[hu:Madagaszkár 3]]
[[pl:Madagaskar 3]]
[[ru:Мадагаскар 3]]
[[sq:Madagascar 3]]
[[zh:荒失失奇兵3]]

Christina Bennett Lind

2011-11-09T17:01:15Z

RscprinterBot: Reverted possible test edit(s) to article. Got it wrong? Tell me here

{{Infobox person
| name = Christina Bennett Lind
| image = New Bianca, Christina Bennett Lind.jpg
| caption = Christina Bennett Lind as Bianca Montgomery on ''All My Children''.
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| birth_name =
| website =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active =
| spouse =
}}
'''Christina Bennett Lind''' (born March 22) is an [[actress]] most notably recognized from her role as [[Bianca Montgomery]] in [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s soap opera ''[[All My Children]]''. She has an [[identical twin]] sister who is also an actress <ref> [http://www.christinabennettlind.com/reviews.html] </ref>.
==Early Life==
Christina Bennett Lind was born in [[Upland, Pennsylvania]].

Lind attended public school through grade school and went to a private University, [[Fordham University]]. She also attended NYSSSA ([[New York State Summer School for the Arts]]) both as a visual artist as well as a performing artist. She states that this was "a big part of my decision to follow the arts as a career."

==Career==
===Early Career===
Her first acting role was Viola in '[[Twelfth Night]],' with her twin sister, Heather, playing the role of her twin brother, Sebastian. It was the first production that came out of her English teacher's idea to start a drama club in middle school. She was in 8th grade. However, before that, her sisters and her spent countless summers making theatre, dance, and music in a big red barn in Nova Scotia that was a part of her Grandparent's property. "We took it very seriously. We all claim it as some of our finest work, and, in seriousness, the start of our lives as artists and art advocates," she explains.
Christina's first job on screen was a short film a college friend made on 35mm film, and she played a ventriloquist doll. Her first television job was '[[As the World Turns]]' as a college buddy of one of the regulars, [[Billy Magnussen]]; the characters name was Ari.
===Later Roles===
Christina Bennett Lind played the role of [[Bianca Montgomery]] on ''[[All My Children]]'' from June 2010 to September 2011. She is currently organizing an artist's collective, The Neboya Collective, and they have a couple of projects in the works, some to launch Fall 2011.

==Philanthropy==
Lind is interested in placing her support in women's support organizations and LGBTQ organizations. Lind is also really interested in supporting self-confidence in girls and women and, specifically, their body images, so she's currently looking for organizations she can work with to encourage self-love and respect. She explains "I am continually floored by how many beautiful women I know who have struggled with this. I want to at least discuss it publicly."

==Personal Life==
Christina is fairly private and enjoys time in nature and alone or one-on-one, as well as at home. She likes to write, make art, do yoga, run, bake things, and watch movies. She's loves her work, hence she calls herself a "workaholic."

Lind's boyfriend is a big hockey fan so she supports the [[Dallas Stars]].

Christina danced all through her life, from the age of 4 to the age of 18. She was part of a junior ballet company as a teenager, performing at festivals and nursing homes and on outdoor stages in the summer. She loves going to pro sports events and the Olympics and watching marathons and Iron Man competitions.

She has one tattoo. She says she would "love to get more, I'm sort of a tattoo-admirer, but with this job, it's difficult to stamp something on your body if you have to constantly be morphing into different people."

As a kid, she was apparently using both hands for awhile to draw, but switched to a right-hander by the time she started writing.

==Film/TV==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Role !! Type !! Company
|-
| ''[[All My Children]]'' || [[Bianca Montgomery]] || Contract Role || ABC/Disney
|-
| [http://thetalkmanfilm.com/ The Talk Man] || Heidi || Supporting || [http://www.neboyafilms.com/ Neboya Films]
|-
| Grown || Ann || Supporting || Bonniere Films
|-
| Elle and Guy || Elle || Lead || Bonniere Films
|-
| Green Apples || Courtney || Lead || Veras Films
|-
| Alabama || Sarah || Lead || Zippo Focus Productions
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDB name|id=3220992|name=Christina Bennett Lind}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Bennett Lind, Christina
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Upland, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bennett Lind, Christina}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:American soap opera actors]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American stage actors]]
[[Category:Identical twin actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]