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Englische Fußballnationalmannschaft

2024-07-17T23:11:47Z

Rodericksilly: /* Elfmeterschießen */ aktualisiert im Jahr 2024

{{Begriffsklärungshinweis}}
{{Infobox Fußballnationalmannschaft
| geschlecht =
| land_deutsch = England
| land_regional =
| logo =
| spitzname = The Three Lions ''(Die drei Löwen)''
| verband = [[The Football Association]]
| konföderation = UEFA
| tech_sponsor = [[Nike (Unternehmen)|Nike]]
| trainer = vakant
| kapitän = [[Harry Kane]]
| rekordtorschütze = [[Harry Kane]] (66)
| rekordspieler = [[Peter Shilton]] (125)
| heimstadion = [[Wembley-Stadion (2007)|Wembley-Stadion]]
| fifa_abkürzung = [[FIFA-Ländercode|ENG]]
| fifa_rang = {{Metadaten FIFA-Rang UEFA|ENG}}
| pattern_la1 = _eng24h
| pattern_b1 = _eng24h
| pattern_ra1 = _eng24h
| pattern_sh1 = _eng24h
| pattern_so1 = _eng24h
| leftarm1 = FFFFFF
| body1 = FFFFFF
| rightarm1 = FFFFFF
| shorts1 = 000066
| socks1 = FFFFFF
| pattern_la2 = _eng24a
| pattern_b2 = _eng24a
| pattern_ra2 = _eng24a
| pattern_sh2 = _eng24a
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = 4C2B44
| body2 = 4C2B44
| rightarm2 = 4C2B44
| shorts2 = 4C2B44
| socks2 = 4C2B44
| spiele = [[Liste der Länderspiele der englischen Fußballnationalmannschaft|1.062]]
| siege = 607
| unentschieden = 256
| niederlagen = 199
| erstes_spiel = {{SCO|Schottische Fußballnationalmannschaft}} 0:0 England {{ENG|#}}
| datum1 = ([[Glasgow|Partick]], [[Schottland]]; [[30. November]] [[1872]])
| ho_sieg = {{IRL-1783|Irische Fußballnationalmannschaft (IFA)}} 0:13 England {{ENG|#}}
| datum2 = ([[Belfast]], [[Vereinigtes Königreich Großbritannien und Irland|Irland]]; [[18. Februar]] [[1882]])
| ho_niederlage = {{HUN-1949|Ungarische Fußballnationalmannschaft}} 7:1 England {{ENG|#}}
| datum3 = ([[Budapest]], [[Ungarn]]; [[23. Mai]] [[1954]])
| wmteilnahme = 16
| wmerste = 1950
| wmbeste = Weltmeister: [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1966|1966]]
| KontTurnTeiln = 11
| KontTurnErste = 1968
| KontTurnBeste = Zweiter Platz [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2021|2021]], [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2024|2024]]
| datenstand = 14. Juli 2024
}}
Die '''englische Fußballnationalmannschaft''' ({{enS|England national football team}}) ist zusammen mit der [[Schottische Fußballnationalmannschaft|schottischen Fußballnationalmannschaft]] die älteste [[Fußballnationalmannschaft]] der Welt. Beide trugen 1872 das [[Liste der ersten Fußball-Länderspiele|erste Länderspiel]] aus. Sie repräsentiert den [[Vereinigtes Königreich|britischen]] Landesteil [[England]] bei internationalen Wettbewerben, wie [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft|Welt-]] oder [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft|Europameisterschaften]]. Sie untersteht der [[The Football Association|Football Association]] (FA), dem führenden Verband im englischen Fußball.

[[Fußball]] ist neben [[Hockey]] und [[Rugby]] eine der Sportarten mit vier britischen Nationalmannschaften. England als „Mutterland des Fußballs“, [[Schottische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Schottland]], [[Walisische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Wales]] und [[Nordirische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Nordirland]] gründeten jeweils ihren eigenen Fußballverband unabhängig voneinander. Schottland und Nordirland spielen zudem eigene Meisterschaften aus; die walisischen Mannschaften spielen teilweise in den englischen, überwiegend in eigenen Ligen.

Die englische Nationalmannschaft ist die erfolgreichste der britischen Nationalmannschaften, der größte Erfolg gelang mit dem Gewinn der [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1966|Weltmeisterschaft 1966]] im eigenen Land. Zudem gewann England 34-mal alleine den Titel bei der [[British Home Championship]] (in einigen Jahren wurde der Titel geteilt), einem ehemaligen Wettbewerb zwischen den [[Home Nations]], während die anderen drei Nationalteams zusammengenommen ebenfalls auf 34 Einzeltitel kommen.

Am 14. November 2019 absolvierte die englische Auswahl ihr 1000. Länderspiel.<ref name="1,000th">independent.co.uk: [https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/england-football-team-kit-euro-2020-montenegro-southgate-legacy-numbers-a9179676.html England players to wear kit legacy numbers for 1,000th game against Montenegro (31. Okt. 2019)], abgerufen am 19. November 2019</ref>

== Geschichte ==
=== Anfangszeit ===
Das erste Länderspiel einer englischen Auswahl war zugleich das erste offizielle [[Länderspiel#Fußball|Länderspiel]] in der [[Geschichte des Fußballs#Entstehung des modernen Fußballspiels|Geschichte des Fußballs]]: Das von Mannschaftskapitän [[Cuthbert Ottaway]] angeführte Team traf am 30. November 1872 auf dem [[Hamilton Crescent]], im heutigen [[Glasgow]]er Stadtteil [[Partick]], auf eine [[Schottische Fußballnationalmannschaft|schottische Auswahl]]. Das Spiel endete vor rund 4000 Zuschauern mit 0:0. Im Jahr darauf verzeichnete die englische Auswahl mit einem 4:2 gegen Schottland im [[The Oval (London)|Kennington Oval]]-Stadion den ersten Sieg. Der 13:0-Sieg gegen die [[Irische Fußballnationalmannschaft (IFA)|irische Auswahl]] am 18. Februar 1882 war bis zum 22. Oktober 1908, als bei den [[Olympische Sommerspiele 1908/Fußball|Olympischen Spielen in London]] Dänemark eine französische Auswahl mit 17:1 besiegte, der höchste Sieg in einem Länderspiel.

England spielte in den folgenden fast 40 Jahren fast ausschließlich gegen Schottland, [[Walisische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Wales]] und Irland, das vor der [[Anglo-Irischer Vertrag|Teilung 1921]] in Gänze als viertes Land zum [[Vereinigtes Königreich Großbritannien und Irland|Vereinigten Königreich]] gehörte. Die ersten offiziellen Spiele gegen Gegner vom europäischen Festland fanden während einer Tournee im Jahr 1908 durch Mitteleuropa statt. Dort gewann England leicht gegen [[Österreichische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Österreich]] und eine Auswahl aus [[Böhmische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Böhmen]]. Die erste Niederlage außerhalb Großbritanniens musste England am 15. Mai 1929 beim 3:4 in [[Madrid]] gegen [[Spanische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Spanien]] hinnehmen.

Die FA hatte sich 1906 dem Weltfußballverband [[FIFA]] angeschlossen, aber da sich die Beziehung zwischen der FIFA und den britischen Verbänden aufgrund eines Disputs wegen Zahlungen an Amateurspieler negativ entwickelte, zogen sich die britischen Nationen 1928 wieder aus der FIFA zurück. Dies hatte zur Folge, dass die englische Nationalmannschaft an den ersten drei Fußball-Weltmeisterschaften nicht teilnahm. In England wurde die eigene Nationalmannschaft als „inoffizieller Weltmeister“ bezeichnet, als sie im November 1934 den [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1934|amtierenden Weltmeister]] aus [[Italienische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Italien]] im als ''[[Battle of Highbury]]'' (Schlacht von [[Highbury (Stadion)|Highbury]]) bezeichneten Spiel mit 3:2 besiegen konnte.
[[Datei:Arms of The Football Association.svg|mini|[[The Football Association]]: Wappenschild (seit 1949)]]

=== Nachkriegsära ===
Nach dem Ende des [[Zweiter Weltkrieg|Zweiten Weltkrieges]] näherte sich die FA in einem Modernisierungsprozess der FIFA erneut an, schloss sich ihr 1946 wieder an und ernannte im gleichen Jahr [[Walter Winterbottom]] zum ersten offiziellen Trainer der Nationalmannschaft, nachdem zuvor jeweils ein Komitee mit der Organisation des Teams beschäftigt gewesen war. Sie verloren 1949 ihr erstes Heimspiel gegen einen nicht-britischen Gegner, als sie im [[Goodison Park]] in [[Liverpool]] mit 0:2 gegen [[Irische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Irland]] unterlagen. Im Jahr darauf gab die englische Fußballnationalmannschaft bei der [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1950|WM 1950]] ihren Einstand, verlor dort sensationell mit 0:1 gegen die [[US-amerikanische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Vereinigten Staaten]] und schied bereits nach der ersten Gruppenphase aus. Auch bei den nächsten beiden Weltmeisterschaften in der [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1954|Schweiz]] und in [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1958|Schweden]] konnte das englische Team nicht überzeugen und zeigte deutlich, wie sehr der englische Fußball gegenüber der restlichen Fußballwelt an Qualität eingebüßt hatte.

Die taktische Unterlegenheit wurde besonders deutlich, als das englische Team am 25. November 1953 im eigenen [[Wembley-Stadion (1923)|Wembley-Stadion]] [[Ungarische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Ungarn]] gegenüberstand. Die ungarische Nationalmannschaft war zu diesem Zeitpunkt mit legendären Spielern wie [[Ferenc Puskás]], [[József Bozsik]], [[Sándor Kocsis]] oder [[Nándor Hidegkuti]] eines der weltweit besten Teams und schlug England in Wembley mit 6:3. Dies war die erste Heim-Niederlage für die englische Mannschaft gegen eine Mannschaft vom europäischen Festland. Das Rückspiel in [[Budapest]] gewann die ungarische Mannschaft mit 7:1 sogar noch höher. Dieses 1:7 ist bis zum heutigen Tage die höchste Niederlage in der Geschichte der englischen Fußballnationalmannschaft.

In den 1960er-Jahren unterwarf der englische Fußball taktisches Verhalten und Trainingsbetrieb einer deutlichen Modernisierung, was sich bereits mit einem respektablen Auftritt bei der [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1962|WM 1962]] in [[Chile]] auswirkte, als England ins Viertelfinale einzog und dort nur dem späteren Weltmeister aus [[Brasilianische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Brasilien]] unterlag. Nach Winterbottoms Rücktritt im Jahr 1962 übernahm der frühere Mannschaftskapitän [[Alf Ramsey]] das Traineramt, der sofort kühn behauptete, dass England die folgende Weltmeisterschaft, die im eigenen Land stattfinden sollte, gewinnen würde.

=== WM-Titel und schleichender Niedergang (1962–1982) ===
Ramseys Vorhersage sollte sich tatsächlich erfüllen und England wurde bei der [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1966|WM 1966]] Weltmeister, was bis zum heutigen Tag als der größte Erfolg in der englischen Fußballgeschichte gilt. Angeführt von Mannschaftskapitän [[Bobby Moore]] besiegten die englischen ''Wingless Wonders'' – so genannt, da Ramsey seine Mannschaft bei dem Turnier ohne echten [[Stürmer (Fußball)|Flügelstürmer]] spielen ließ – [[Argentinische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Argentinien]] und [[Portugiesische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Portugal]], um dann im Finale der [[Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft|deutschen Nationalmannschaft]] im Wembley-Stadion gegenüberzustehen. England gewann das Endspiel nach insgesamt drei Toren von [[Geoff Hurst]] (darunter das berühmte [[Wembley-Tor]]) und einem Treffer von [[Martin Peters (Fußballspieler)|Martin Peters]] mit 4:2 nach [[Verlängerung (Fußball)|Verlängerung]]. Bekannt ist dieses Finale vor allem für das berühmte Wembley-Tor. [[Kenneth Wolstenholme]], Reporter des britischen Rundfunksenders [[BBC]], kommentierte die Anwesenheit von Zuschauern auf dem Feld, das dabei erzielte letzte Tor von Hurst in der 120. Minute und das Spielende mit dem dadurch sehr bekannt gewordenen Ausspruch: {{" |lang=en |Text=They think it’s all over … it is now!}}

England erreichte bei der folgenden [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1968|EM 1968]] den dritten Platz und war als Titelverteidiger einer der Favoriten für die [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1970|WM 1970]] in [[Mexiko]]. Nach einer zwischenzeitlichen 2:0-Führung unterlag England jedoch im Viertelfinale Deutschland noch mit 2:3 und schied aus dem Turnier aus. Auch im Viertelfinale bei der [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1972|EM 1972]] verlor England gegen Deutschland, als sie nach insgesamt 1:3 Toren unterlagen. Der negative Trend wurde fortgesetzt, als sich England nach einem 1:1 gegen [[Polnische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Polen]] in der Qualifikation, als man mehrfach an dem stark aufspielenden polnischen Torhüter [[Jan Tomaszewski]] scheiterte, nicht für die [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1974|WM 1974]] in [[Deutschland]] qualifizieren konnte. Im Nachgang der fehlgeschlagenen Qualifikation entließ die FA Trainer Ramsey, der mit England in 113 Spielen 69 Siege und 27 Remis erreicht hatte. Dabei wurde stark kritisiert, dass die FA Ramsey, angesichts der Erfolge, die seiner sportlichen Leitung zu verdanken waren, nicht die Möglichkeit zu einer eigenen Rücktrittsentscheidung überließ.

Nach einer kurzen Übergangsphase unter Trainer [[Joe Mercer]] verpflichtete die FA [[Don Revie]] als Ramseys offiziellen Nachfolger. Unter seiner Ägide entwickelten sich die Leistungen der englischen Nationalmannschaft noch deutlich negativer als in der Spätphase von Ramsey und England konnte sich weder für die Gruppenphase der [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1976|EM 1976]] noch für die [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1978|WM 1978]] in [[Argentinien]] qualifizieren. Revie war 1977 bereits zurückgetreten und wurde durch [[Ron Greenwood]] ersetzt. Zur gleichen Zeit entwickelte sich auch im Umfeld der Nationalmannschaft unter den Anhängern ein stetig wachsendes [[Hooligan]]-Problem, das vor allem bei englischen Auswärtsländerspielen auftrat. Bei der [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1980|EM 1980]] setzte die italienische Polizei während eines Gruppenspiels gegen [[Belgische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Belgien]] sogar [[Tränengas]] ein. England qualifizierte sich für die [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1982|WM 1982]] in [[Spanien]], scheiterte dort jedoch in der zweiten Gruppenphase, obwohl die Mannschaft kein Spiel verloren hatte. Auch während dieses Turniers wurden die englischen Spiele von Gewaltausschreitungen begleitet.

=== Erneuerung unter Bobby Robson und wechselhafte Phasen in den 1990er Jahren (1982–2000) ===
Obwohl ein Großteil der Öffentlichkeit und der Medienlandschaft [[Bobby Robson]] während seiner Zeit als Nationaltrainer sehr skeptisch beäugt hatte, wird er im Nachgang als einer der erfolgreichsten englischen Trainer eingestuft. Nachdem ihm nach einer Niederlage gegen [[Dänische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Dänemark]] die Qualifikation zur Endrunde der [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1984|EM 1984]] in [[Frankreich]] misslungen war, führte er die Nationalmannschaft zur [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1986|WM 1986]] nach Mexiko. Nach einem schwachen Start, bei dem England gegen Portugal verloren und ohne seinen verletzten Mannschaftskapitän [[Bryan Robson]] gegen [[Marokkanische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Marokko]] unentschieden gespielt hatte, sicherten drei Tore von [[Gary Lineker]] zum 3:0-Sieg gegen Polen den Einzug in die nächste Runde. Nach einem weiteren 3:0-Sieg in der zweiten Runde gegen [[Paraguayische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Paraguay]] verlor die Mannschaft in einem kontroversen Spiel gegen den späteren Weltmeister aus Argentinien. Während der 1:2-Niederlage fielen dabei zwei Treffer von [[Diego Maradona]], wobei das erste als [[Hand Gottes (Fußball)|Hand-Gottes-Tor]] in die Fußballgeschichte einging. Der zweite Treffer, dem ein [[Dribbeln|Dribbling]] Maradonas über die Hälfte des Spielfelds und an fünf englischen Spielern vorbei vorausging, wurde später als [[WM-Tor des Jahrhunderts]] ausgezeichnet. Gary Lineker gewann den Titel des [[Torschützenkönig]]s der Weltmeisterschaft.

Für die Europameisterschaft 1988 in Deutschland konnte sich England zwar qualifizieren, verlor jedoch alle drei Gruppenspiele gegen Irland (0:1), sowie gegen die späteren Finalisten Niederlande (1:3) und Sowjetunion (1:3).

Die nächste [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1990|Weltmeisterschaft]] im Jahre 1990 sollte dann der beste Auftritt einer englischen Mannschaft seit dem Titelgewinn im Jahr 1966 darstellen. Nach einem langsamen Beginn in der Gruppenphase setzte sich das Team in den [[K.-o.-System|K.-o.-Runden]] knapp mit jeweils einem Tor Unterschied gegen Belgien und [[Kamerunische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Kamerun]] durch, bevor es dann im Halbfinale nach einem 1:1 nach Verlängerung im [[Elfmeterschießen]] gegen Deutschland unterlag. [[Stuart Pearce]] und [[Chris Waddle]] hatten dabei ihre Strafstöße vergeben, aber die guten Mannschaftsleistungen, der Auftritt von [[Paul Gascoigne]] als bestem englischen Spieler während des Turniers und das Ausbleiben von Gewaltaktionen waren Faktoren für die kommende Rehabilitierung des Fußballs in der britischen Gesellschaft der 90er-Jahre. Nach dem Turnier trat der englische [[Torwart]] [[Peter Shilton]] nach insgesamt 125 Einsätzen zurück und ist damit bis zum heutigen Tage Rekordnationalspieler.

Die Zeit unter [[Graham Taylor]], Robsons Nachfolger im Amt des Nationaltrainers, gestaltete sich sehr unglücklich. Während seines Engagements gewann England während der [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1992|EM 1992]] in [[Schweden]] kein Spiel. Dabei wurde Taylor in der Öffentlichkeit sehr stark für seine Entscheidung kritisiert, im wichtigen letzten Gruppenspiel gegen [[Schwedische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Schweden]] Gary Lineker beim Stand von 1:2 bereits nach 64 Minuten auszuwechseln. England konnte sich fortan auch nicht für die [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1994|WM 1994]] in den Vereinigten Staaten qualifizieren, wobei das Team in einem Qualifikationsspiel gegen [[San-marinesische Fußballnationalmannschaft|San Marino]], einem der schwächsten Fußballteams überhaupt, bereits nach wenigen Sekunden mit 0:1 zurückgelegen hatte, bevor England dann noch mit 7:1 gewinnen konnte. Taylor wurde 1993 entlassen und durch [[Terry Venables]] ersetzt, der die englische Nationalmannschaft zu einer guten Leistung bei der [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1996|EM 1996]] im eigenen Land führte. Die Erwartungen waren bei diesem Turnier zum 30. Jubiläum der Weltmeisterschaft von 1966 sehr hoch und das englische Team startete gut in der Vorrunde. Es schlug dabei mit einem sehr gut spielenden Paul Gascoigne Schottland mit 2:0 und besiegte danach das stark eingeschätzte Team aus den [[Niederländische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Niederlanden]] überraschend deutlich mit 4:1. Nach einem Sieg im Elfmeterschießen gegen Spanien stand England im Halbfinale, wie bereits sechs Jahre zuvor bei der Weltmeisterschaft, Deutschland nach einem 1:1 nach Verlängerung im Elfmeterschießen gegenüber. Nachdem [[Gareth Southgate]] den entscheidenden Elfmeter verschossen hatte, unterlag England erneut der deutschen Mannschaft.

Venables trat nach Beendigung der Europameisterschaft zurück. Sein Nachfolger [[Glenn Hoddle]] absolvierte mit England eine erfolgreiche Qualifikation zur [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1998|WM 1998]] in Frankreich und stellte die Teilnahme zum Turnier mit einem 0:0-Unentschieden im [[Stadio Olimpico]] gegen Italien sicher. Bei der WM wurde das englische Team dann wieder bei einem Elfmeterschießen geschlagen, nachdem [[David Beckham]] bereits während des Spiels gegen Argentinien aufgrund einer [[Rote Karte|roten Karte]] das Feld vorzeitig hatte verlassen müssen. Im darauf folgenden Jahr trat Hoddle von seinem Amt zurück, nachdem er zuvor kontroverse Aussagen über [[Behinderung|Behinderte]] in einem Zeitungsinterview getätigt hatte. In diesen äußerte er seine Meinung, dass Behinderte den Preis für Sünden aus früheren Leben zahlen würden. Der ehemalige englische Mannschaftskapitän [[Kevin Keegan]] übernahm das Traineramt und führte das Team nach 2:1 Toren in Hin- und Rückspiel gegen Schottland im [[Play-off]] zur [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2000|EM 2000]] in den [[Niederlande]]n und [[Belgien]], wo die Mannschaft jedoch die Gruppenphase nicht überstand. Keegan trat im September 2000 zurück, nachdem die Mannschaft das letzte Spiel im alten Wembley-Stadion, ein Qualifikationsspiel zur [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2002|WM 2002]] gegen Deutschland, verloren hatte.

=== Ausländische Nationaltrainer, Nicht-Teilnahme an der EM 2008 und Elfmeter-Niederlagen (2000–2012) ===
Im Jahr 2001 wurde der Schwede [[Sven-Göran Eriksson]] zu Keegans Nachfolger und somit zum ersten ausländischen Trainer Englands ernannt. Eriksson führte die Mannschaft im September des gleichen Jahres nach einem 0:1-Rückstand zu einem spektakulären 5:1-Auswärtssieg gegen Deutschland, als neben [[Emile Heskey]] und [[Steven Gerrard]] ein überragender [[Michael Owen]] drei Tore erzielen konnte. England stellte die direkte Qualifikation und den Gruppensieg durch ein spätes Freistoßtor zum 2:2 im Heimspiel gegen [[Griechische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Griechenland]] und aufgrund einer besseren Tordifferenz sicher. Bei der Weltmeisterschaft in [[Japan]] und [[Südkorea]] selbst schlug England Argentinien in der Gruppenphase mit 1:0 und erreichte das Viertelfinale, in dem die Mannschaft mit 1:2 gegen den späteren Weltmeister aus Brasilien verlor.

Auch die Qualifikationsgruppe zur [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2004|EM 2004]] gewann das englische Team nach einem 0:0 im letzten Spiel gegen die [[Türkische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Türkei]]. Trotz einer Niederlage in der Vorrunde gegen [[Französische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Frankreich]] wurde England als einer der Favoriten für den weiteren Verlauf des Turniers gehandelt. Die Mannschaft scheiterte jedoch im Viertelfinale am Gastgeber aus Portugal, wobei sie erneut im Elfmeterschießen den Kürzeren zog.

Im Jahr 2005 sah sich Eriksson verstärkter Kritik aufgrund seiner Defensivstrategie, einem eher leidenschaftslosen Spielverständnis, Kommunikationsproblemen mit seinen Spielern und gewissen Schwierigkeiten, eine Taktik einem sich ändernden Spielverlauf anzupassen, wie sie vor allem bei der Niederlage gegen Brasilien während der Weltmeisterschaft 2002 deutlich geworden waren, ausgesetzt. Der 1:4-Niederlage in einem Freundschaftsspiel gegen Dänemark folgte ein weiterer Tiefpunkt, als England in einem Qualifikationsspiel zur [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2006|WM 2006]] mit 0:1 gegen den Rivalen aus [[Nordirische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Nordirland]] unterlag. Diese historische Niederlage hatte eine große Welle von Kritik zur Folge, obwohl die Mannschaft zuvor eine gute Qualifikation gespielt hatte. Ein hart umkämpfter und wenig überzeugender 1:0-Sieg gegen Österreich sorgte dann auch nicht dafür, dass sich der Druck verminderte. Dennoch qualifizierte sich die englische Mannschaft bereits vor dem letzten Spiel, das sie gegen Polen aufgrund einer deutlichen Leistungssteigerung mit 2:1 gewinnen konnte, für das Weltmeisterschaftsturnier im Jahr 2006.

Nach Beendigung der Qualifikation gewann die englische Mannschaft in einem Freundschaftsspiel im [[schweizer]]ischen [[Genf]] mit 3:2 gegen Argentinien und zeigte dabei die möglicherweise beste Leistung seit mehreren Jahren.

Eriksson wurde auch vor allem aufgrund seiner großen Experimentierfreudigkeit bei Freundschaftsspielen kritisiert und wechselte dabei zeitweilig zur Halbzeit sogar die gesamte Mannschaft aus, bevor die FIFA im Jahr 2004 entschied, dass maximal sechs Spieler in solchen Partien ausgetauscht werden dürfen. Ein weiterer Kritikpunkt stellte heraus, dass Eriksson den Stellenwert des Amts des Mannschaftskapitäns verringern würde, da er Spieler wie [[Emile Heskey]] und [[Phil Neville]] nach Ein- und Auswechslungen kurzzeitig zum Mannschaftsführer ernannte, wobei sich die Diskussion dann darauf einigte, dass nur der Spieler, der sein Team während des Anpfiffs anführt, als offizieller Mannschaftskapitän anerkannt wird und sich damit von einem Spieler unterscheidet, der die Kapitänsbinde im Laufe des Spiels nur kommissarisch übernimmt.

Nach einer Kontroverse in der Zeitung [[News of the World]] im Januar 2006 entschied sich die FA dazu, mit Eriksson eine Vereinbarung über dessen Zukunft zu treffen, in deren Folge am 23. Januar 2006 verkündet wurde, dass Eriksson nach Beendigung der Weltmeisterschaft von seinem Amt des Nationaltrainers im Sommer zurücktreten werde. Es wurden in einem außergewöhnlich lange andauernden Auswahlprozess, der sehr stark in der öffentlichen Kritik stand, mehrere potenzielle Nachfolger gehandelt, darunter vor allem der portugiesische Nationaltrainer [[Luiz Felipe Scolari]], der jedoch das Angebot auch aufgrund des zu großen Drucks, der in der britischen Medienlandschaft entstanden war, ablehnte. Am 4. Mai 2006 wurde [[Steve McClaren]] zum offiziellen Nachfolger Erikssons ernannt. Er betreute die Mannschaft erstmals am 16. August 2006 im Stadion [[Old Trafford]] gegen Griechenland.

Bei der WM 2006 offenbarte das englische Team bereits in der Gruppenphase Schwächen. Das Auftaktspiel gegen [[Paraguayische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Paraguay]] wurde durch ein frühes Eigentor der Paraguayer entschieden und hinterließ angesichts der Mitfavoritenrolle Englands in diesem Turnier einen insgesamt enttäuschenden Eindruck. Es folgte ein erst in den letzten zehn Minuten hart erkämpfter 2:0-Sieg gegen den Weltmeisterschaftsdebütanten aus [[Fußballnationalmannschaft von Trinidad und Tobago|Trinidad und Tobago]], wobei auch das lang erwartete Comeback des zuvor verletzten [[Wayne Rooney]] in der zweiten Halbzeit die Spielqualität Englands nicht deutlich verbesserte. Im letzten Gruppenspiel reichte ein leistungsgerechtes 2:2 gegen [[Schwedische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Schweden]] zum Gruppensieg. Pech hatte in diesem Spiel Michael Owen, der bereits in der vierten Minute ohne Fremdeinwirkung einen [[Kreuzbandriss]] erlitt und sich damit die ohnehin schon vorhandenen Probleme im englischen Offensivspiel noch vergrößerten. Im Achtelfinale konnte [[Ecuadorianische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Ecuador]] mit 1:0 geschlagen werden. Im anschließenden Viertelfinale gegen [[Portugiesische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Portugal]] schied England – wie schon bei den Weltmeisterschaften 1990 gegen Deutschland und 1998 gegen Argentinien – im Elfmeterschießen aus.

Die englische Presse verabschiedete Eriksson mit Spott und Kritik. So bat der „[[Sunday Mirror]]“ den scheidenden Trainer um die Rückgabe des an ihn gezahlten Gehalts, während ''[[The Independent]]'' zu dem Schluss kam, dass Eriksson Frauen lieber mag als Trophäen. Die ''[[The Times|Times]]'' beschuldigte ihn gar, aus den englischen Nationalspielern eine „Langball-Sekte“ gemacht zu haben.

Der neue englische Nationaltrainer [[Steve McClaren]] ernannte nach seiner Amtsübernahme im Anschluss an die Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2006 [[John Terry]] als neuen Mannschaftskapitän und verzichtete lange auf eine weitere Nominierung von David Beckham. Gemeinsam mit dem ehemaligen Chefcoach [[Terry Venables]] als Assistenztrainer sortierte McClaren in einem zusätzlichen Schritt zum Neuaufbau der Mannschaft mit [[Sol Campbell]] einen weiteren altgedienten Spieler aus.

In der Saison 2006/07 begann die englische Nationalmannschaft mit der Qualifikationsrunde für die [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2008]] in [[Österreich]] und der [[Schweiz]]. Nach einem Freundschaftsspielsieg gegen [[Griechische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Griechenland]] (4:0) startete die Auswahl Englands mit zwei Erfolgen gegen [[Andorranische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Andorra]] und [[Mazedonische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Mazedonien]] in die Qualifikation. Es folgten jedoch zwei enttäuschende Ergebnisse, als zunächst Mazedonien durch ein 0:0 im Heimspiel überraschend nicht geschlagen werden konnte und schließlich eine 0:2-Niederlage gegen [[Kroatische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Kroatien]] in [[Zagreb]] die Serie des englischen Nationaltorhüters [[Paul Robinson (Fußballspieler, 1979)|Paul Robinson]] von sechs Spielen ohne Gegentor beendete. Das Ergebnis gegen Kroatien stellte zudem das schlechteste Resultat in einem Pflichtspiel einer englischen A-Nationalmannschaft seit genau 13 Jahren dar – damals verlor das Team mit demselben Ergebnis in der Qualifikation zur WM 1994 gegen die [[Niederländische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Niederlande]] – und auch fortan zeigte sich die englische Nationalmannschaft in ihrer Leistung uninspiriert. Zum Ende einer 0:1-Freundschaftsspielniederlage gegen [[Spanische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Spanien]] im Old Trafford wurde die Mannschaft vom Publikum dafür ausgebuht, und auch das 0:0-Remis in [[Tel-Aviv]] gegen [[Israelische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Israel]] hinterließ Spott und Ablehnung in der eigenen Anhängerschaft.

Am 28. März 2007 konnte das englische Auswahlteam gegen Andorra erst in der 54. Spielminute mit einem Treffer von [[Steven Gerrard]] die Torflaute beenden. Nach einem zweiten Weitschusstreffer von Gerrard erzielte der Debütant [[David Nugent]] das Tor zum 3:0-Endstand. Dies bedeutete zwar das Ende einer Serie von fünf Spielen ohne Sieg, aber auch dort hatte die Mannschaft zur Halbzeit wütende Reaktionen der eigenen Fans über sich ergehen lassen müssen, da es bis dahin gegen den international unterklassigen Gegner nicht gelungen war, ein Tor zu schießen (die andorranische Mannschaft bestand zumeist aus Teilzeitprofis und befand sich zu diesem Zeitpunkt in der [[FIFA-Weltrangliste]] auf dem 163. Platz – im Vergleich zu England, der in dieser Hinsicht weltweit neuntbesten Auswahl). Auch nach den Treffern Englands ließen die deutlich vernehmbaren Sprechchöre nicht nach, die zum einen McClarens Entlassung („We want McClaren out“) und darüber hinaus die Rückkehr von David Beckham forderten („There’s only one David Beckham“).

Am 1. Juni 2007 absolvierte die englische Nationalmannschaft gegen [[Brasilianische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Brasilien]] ihr erstes Spiel im [[Wembley-Stadion (2007)|neuen Wembley-Stadion]]. Die Partie ging 1:1 aus und [[John Terry]] köpfte dabei das erste Tor einer A-Nationalmannschaft in der neuen Arena ([[Diego Ribas da Cunha|Diego]] sorgte in der Nachspielzeit noch für den Ausgleich Brasiliens). David Beckham, der die Freistoßvorlage zu Englands Treffer lieferte, wurde in diesem Spiel erstmals seit der Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2006 wieder nominiert.

Am 21. November 2007 verpasste England die Teilnahme an der EM-Endrunde in Österreich und der Schweiz. Im abschließenden Heimspiel gegen [[Kroatische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Kroatien]], in dem beiden Teams ein Unentschieden ausgereicht hätte, verlor die Mannschaft in einer hochdramatischen Begegnung mit 2:3, während der direkte Konkurrent [[Russische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Russland]] durch einen 1:0-Sieg in [[Andorra]] in der Gruppentabelle an England vorbeizog. Gleich am nächsten Tag wurde Steve McClaren von der [[The Football Association|Football Association]] (FA) seines Amtes als Cheftrainer der Nationalmannschaft enthoben. Auch Co-Trainer [[Terry Venables]] wurde entlassen. Beide Verträge wurden mit sofortiger Wirkung gekündigt.<ref name="mcclaren_entlassung">{{Webarchiv | url=http://www.thefa.com:80/TheFA/NewsFromTheFA/Postings/2007/11/FA_statement22Nov.htm | wayback=20080220220646 | text=FA statement}}</ref>

Am 14. Dezember 2007 wurde [[Fabio Capello]] zum neuen Nationalcoach ernannt. Unter Capello qualifizieren sich England als zweite europäische Mannschaft vorzeitig für die [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2010/Qualifikation|WM 2010 in Südafrika]]. Dabei gelang mit einem 4:1 in Kroatien und einem 5:1 in Wembley die Revanche für die verpasste EM-Qualifikation. Da England zudem im vorletzten für die eigene Qualifikation bedeutungslosen Spiel in der [[Ukrainische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Ukraine]] mit 0:1 verlor, verpasste Kroatien als Gruppendritter die Relegationsspiele der besten Gruppenzweiten. Zum Jahresabschluss verlor eine mit mehreren Ersatzspielern angetretene englische Mannschaft in [[Doha]] mit 0:1 gegen [[Brasilianische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Brasilien]]. Auch Capello setzte David Beckham nur sporadisch als Auswechselspieler ein und forderte ihn auf, zu einem europäischen Spitzenklub zu wechseln, wenn er an der WM teilnehmen wolle. Die sporadischen Einsätze machten Beckham aber zu diesem Zeitpunkt mit 115 Länderspielen zum englischen Feldspieler mit den meisten Einsätzen (mittlerweile wurde er von Wayne Rooney überholt). Nur Torhüter [[Peter Shilton]] hatte da mit 125 mehr Länderspiele aufzuweisen. Die Teilnahme an der Weltmeisterschaft blieb Beckham jedoch durch eine [[Achillessehne]]nverletzung letztendlich verwehrt.

Bei der Weltmeisterschaft spielte man in der Gruppenphase gegen die [[Fußballnationalmannschaft der Vereinigten Staaten|USA]], [[Algerische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Algerien]] und [[Slowenische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Slowenien]]. Nach zwei enttäuschenden Unentschieden gegen die USA (1:1) und Algerien (0:0) stand man gegen Slowenien unter Zugzwang. Letztendlich wurde Slowenien mit 1:0 besiegt. Im Achtelfinale traf man dann auf den Erzrivalen [[Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft|Deutschland]], gegen den man mit 1:4 unterlag. Für Diskussionen sorgte ein von Frank Lampard erzieltes, aber vom Schiedsrichter nicht anerkanntes Tor beim Stand von 1:2, das Erinnerungen an das [[Wembley-Tor#Ähnlicher Vorfall bei der WM 2010|Wembley-Tor]] erweckte.

Bei der Qualifikation zur [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2012]] traf man auf [[Montenegrinische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Montenegro]], [[Bulgarische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Bulgarien]], [[Walisische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Wales]] und auf die [[Schweizer Fussballnationalmannschaft|Schweiz]]. Anfangs lieferten sich die Engländer ein Fernduell mit Montenegro; am dritten und am vierten Spieltag der Qualifikation belegte Montenegro gar den ersten Platz in der Qualifikationsgruppe G. Am 7. Oktober 2011, dem vorletzten Qualifikationsspieltag, trennten sich England und Montenegro 2:2 (das Hinspiel am 12. Oktober 2010 endete 0:0), womit die Engländer sich den Gruppensieg sicherten.

Am 3. Februar 2012 wurde [[John Terry]] von der FA als Kapitän der Nationalmannschaft abgesetzt, da das Gerichtsverfahren gegen Terry wegen angeblicher rassistischer Äußerungen erst nach der Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2012 stattfinden sollte und die FA negative Auswirkungen auf die Leistung der Nationalmannschaft bei der Euro 2012 befürchtete.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/feb/03/john-terry-stripped-england-captaincy-racism ''John Terry stripped of England captaincy by FA ahead of racism trial''], Artikel des [[The Guardian|Guardian]] vom 3. Februar 2012.</ref> Fabio Capello kritisierte die Entscheidung der FA in mehreren Interviews und trat als Trainer der Nationalmannschaft am 8. Februar zurück.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/feb/08/fabio-capello-resigns-manager-england ''Fabio Capello resigns as manager of the England football team''], Artikel des Guardian vom 8. Februar 2012.</ref>

Kurz vor der [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2012]], am 1. Mai 2012, wurde [[Roy Hodgson]] als Nachfolger von Fabio Capello benannt. Er trat den Posten aber erst nach Ende der [[Premier League|Premier-League]]-Saison an. Hodgson berief zwar Terry in den EM-Kader und verzichtete auf [[Rio Ferdinand]], dessen Bruder Terry rassistisch beleidigt haben soll, ernannte aber [[Steven Gerrard]] zum Kapitän. Vor der EM fielen noch nacheinander [[Gareth Barry]], [[Frank Lampard]] und [[Gary Cahill]] verletzt aus.

Bei der EM konnte England zwar wieder das Auftaktspiel nicht gewinnen, aber das 1:1 gegen [[Französische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Frankreich]] und Siege gegen [[Schwedische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Schweden]] und Co-Gastgeber [[Ukrainische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Ukraine]] brachten den Gruppensieg. Im Viertelfinale war die englische Mannschaft, die mit einer ähnlichen Taktik wie der [[FC Chelsea]] im [[UEFA Champions League 2011/12#Finale|Champions-League]]-Finale spielte, der [[Italienische Fußballnationalmannschaft|italienischen Mannschaft]] zwar deutlich unterlegen, erreichte aber dennoch das Elfmeterschießen, in dem sie [[#Elfmeterschießen|erneut verlor]].

=== Gegenwart (ab 2012) ===
In der Qualifikation für die [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2014|Weltmeisterschaft 2014]] wurden England in der [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2014/Qualifikation (UEFA)#Gruppe H|Europa-Gruppe H]] die [[Ukrainische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Ukraine]], [[Montenegrinische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Montenegro]], [[Polnische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Polen]], [[Moldauische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Moldawien]] und [[San-marinesische Fußballnationalmannschaft|San Marino]] zugelost. Die ''Three Lions'' absolvierten ihre Partien ohne Niederlage (sechs Siege, vier Unentschieden) und wurden vor der Ukraine Gruppensieger. Am letzten Spieltag am 15. Oktober 2013 gewann man im Wembley-Stadion gegen Polen mit 2:0 und sicherte sich damit die Teilnahme an der WM.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/oct/15/england-poland-world-cup-qualifier|titel=Steven Gerrard goal against Poland ensures England will go to World Cup|werk=theguardian.com|datum=2013-10-15 |abruf=2020-10-03}}</ref>

Bei der Endrunde trafen mit England, Italien und Uruguay erstmals drei ehemalige Weltmeister in einer Vorrundengruppe aufeinander, da England aufgrund des schlechten FIFA-Rankings in Lostopf 4 platziert worden war. Komplettiert wurde die Gruppe durch das Team aus [[Costa-ricanische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Costa Rica]]. Das erste Spiel verloren die Engländer gegen Italien mit 1:2; das zweite Spiel am 19. Juni 2014 gegen Uruguay wurde ebenfalls mit 1:2 verloren. Durch Italiens Niederlage am Tag darauf gegen Costa Rica stand das Ausscheiden bereits nach dem zweiten Spieltag der Vorrundengruppe fest. Dies bedeutete das erste Ausscheiden einer englischen Mannschaft nach der Vorrunde bei einer WM seit [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1958|1958]]. Gegen Costa Rica, das als Außenseiter in das Turnier gestartet war, erreichte man ein torloses Remis. Dadurch wurde die mittelamerikanische Mannschaft Gruppensieger und stieß später bis ins Viertelfinale vor.

Nach der WM traten [[Steven Gerrard]] und [[Frank Lampard]] zurück, [[Wayne Rooney]] wurde neuer Kapitän und führte England in die anschließende [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2016/Qualifikation#Gruppe E|EM-Qualifikation]], die England mit sieben Siegen in Folge begann und sich damit schon am 5. September 2015 rechnerisch für die Europameisterschaft qualifizierte. Da auch die restlichen Spiele gewonnen wurden, war England die einzige Mannschaft in der Qualifikation ohne Punktverlust und galt daher als einer der Anwärter auf den Titel. An der [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2016|Endrunde]] nahmen die Engländer mit dem zweitjüngsten Kader teil, unterlagen jedoch bereits im Achtelfinale dem EM-Debütanten [[Isländische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Island]] mit 1:2, woraufhin Roy Hodgson kurz nach Spielende als Trainer zurücktrat.<ref>[https://www.laola1.at/de/red/fussball/euro-2016/ko-phase/hodgson-tritt-zurueck/ Roy Hodgson tritt als England-Teamchef zurück], abgerufen am 28. Juni 2016</ref> Wayne Rooney hingegen bekräftigte, weiterhin für England spielen zu wollen.<ref>[https://www.thefa.com/news/england/2016/jun/wayne-rooney-iceland-reaction-270616 thefa.com: „England captain Wayne Rooney urges fans to keep the faith“]</ref> Am 30. November 2016 wurde [[Gareth Southgate]] als neuer Trainer benannt.

Unter ihm fanden die ''Three Lions'' zu alter Stärke zurück, als ungeschlagener Tabellenführer der Qualifikation erreichten sie die [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2018|WM 2018]]. Dort spielten sich durch starke Leistungen unter anderem der neue Stammtorhüter [[Jordan Pickford]] und der neue Kapitän [[Harry Kane]] in den Fokus; am Ende verlor man das Spiel um Platz 3 gegen Belgien. Ebenfalls Platz 3 wurde gut ein Jahr später im Frühjahr 2019 in der Finalrunde der [[UEFA Nations League 2018/19|UEFA Nations League]] erreicht.

Am 14. November 2019 absolvierte die englische Auswahl ihr 1000. Länderspiel. In diesen 1000 Partien waren insgesamt bereits 1245 Spieler nominiert worden, wobei [[James Maddison]] von [[Leicester City]] in diesem Spiel debütierte.<ref name="1,000th" /> Die Qualifikation zur [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2021|EM 2021]] wurde mit zehn Siegen aus ebenso vielen Partien bestritten; dies gelang sonst nur [[Belgische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Belgien]]. Bei der EM-Endrunde 2021 traf England in der Gruppenphase auf [[Kroatische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Kroatien]], auf [[Schottische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Schottland]] sowie auf [[Tschechische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Tschechien]] und alle drei Gruppenspiele fanden im Wembley-Stadion statt. Zum Auftakt gab es einen 1:0-Sieg gegen die Kroaten, ehe der „Battle of Britain“ gegen Schottland anstand. Dort kamen die ''Three Lions'' nicht über ein torloses Unentschieden hinaus. Das entscheidende Gruppenspiel gegen die Tschechen gewannen die Engländer ebenfalls mit 1:0 und zogen ins Achtelfinale ein, wo es zum Aufeinandertreffen mit dem Erzrivalen [[Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft|Deutschland]] kam. England gewann durch die Tore von [[Raheem Sterling]] und [[Harry Kane]] mit 2:0 und zog ins Viertelfinale ein; der Sieg gegen die deutsche Nationalmannschaft war der erste Heimsieg der Engländer gegen die DFB-Elf seit 1975. Im Viertelfinale, ausgetragen im [[Stadio Olimpico|Olympiastadion Rom]], spielte England gegen die [[Ukrainische Fußballnationalmannschaft|ukrainische Nationalmannschaft]] und die Briten setzten sich mit 4:0 durch. Im Halbfinale, welches erneut im Wembley-Stadion ausgetragen wurde, wartete Außenseiter [[Dänische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Dänemark]] und dabei kassierten die Engländer in der 30. Minute mit einem Freistoßtor von [[Mikkel Damsgaard]] das erste Gegentor im laufenden Wettbewerb, konnten allerdings neun Minuten später durch ein Eigentor von [[Simon Kjær]] ausgleichen. Das Spiel ging in die Verlängerung und in der 103. Minute erhielt England einen fragwürdigen Elfmeter, den der dänische Torwart [[Kasper Schmeichel]] zwar halten konnte, jedoch traf Harry Kane im Nachschuss und schoss sein Land ins Endspiel, welches ebenfalls im Wembley-Stadion ausgetragen wurde. Dort hieß der Gegner [[Italienische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Italien]]. Im Endspiel gingen die Gastgeber durch ein frühes Tor von [[Luke Shaw]] in Führung und die Führung hatte bis zur 67. Minute Bestand, ehe dann [[Leonardo Bonucci]] für die Italiener ausglich. Auch diese Partie wurde nicht in der regulären Spielzeit entschieden, sondern musste gar ins Elfmeterschießen, wo die Engländer [[Marcus Rashford]], [[Jadon Sancho]] und [[Bukayo Saka]] verschossen und England somit die Chance auf den zweiten Titel bei einem großen Turnier nach dem WM-Sieg 1966 verpasste.

== Aktueller Kader ==
Folgende 26 Spieler bilden den [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2024/England|englischen Kader für die Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2024]].<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=The Football Association |url=https://www.englandfootball.com/articles/2024/Jun/06/england-mens-senior-final-squad-named-for-euro-2024 |titel=England squad named for EURO 2024 |sprache=en |abruf=2024-06-08}}</ref>

* Stand: 14. Juli 2024 (nach dem Länderspiel gegen Spanien)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Geburtstag !! Spiele !! Tore !! Verein !! Debüt !! Letztes Spiel
|-
! colspan="10" bgcolor="#FFDEAD"| Torwart
|- bgcolor="#FFECCE"
| [[Dean Henderson]] || 12. März 1997 ||align="center"| {{0}}1 || align="center"| {{0}}0 || {{ENG|Ziel=Nottingham Forest}} ||align="center"| 12. Nov. 2020 ||align="center"| 12. Nov. 2020
|- bgcolor="#FFECCE"
| [[Jordan Pickford]] || 7. März 1994 ||align="center"| 68 || align="center"| {{0}}0 || {{ENG|Ziel=FC Everton}} ||align="center"| 10. Nov. 2017 ||align="center"| 14. Juli 2024
|- bgcolor="#FFECCE"
| [[Aaron Ramsdale]] || 14. Mai 1998 ||align="center"| {{0}}5 ||align="center"| {{0}}0 || {{ENG|Ziel=FC Arsenal}} ||align="center"| 15. Nov. 2021 ||align="center"| 7. Juni 2024

|-
! colspan="10" bgcolor="#BBF0C9"| Abwehr
|- bgcolor="#E7FAEC"
| [[Lewis Dunk]] || 21. Nov. 1991 ||align="center"| {{0}}6 ||align="center"| {{0}}0 || {{ENG|Ziel=Brighton & Hove Albion}} ||align="center"| 12. Sept. 2022 ||align="center"| 3. Juni 2024
|- bgcolor="#E7FAEC"
| [[Joe Gomez]] || 23. Mai 1997 ||align="center"| 15 ||align="center"| {{0}}0 || {{ENG|Ziel=FC Liverpool}} ||align="center"| 10. Nov. 2017 ||align="center"| 7. Juni 2024
|- bgcolor="#E7FAEC"
| [[Marc Guéhi]] || 13. Juli 2000 ||align="center"| 17 ||align="center"| {{0}}0 || {{ENG|Crystal Palace (Fußballverein)|Crystal Palace}} ||align="center"| 26. März 2022 ||align="center"| 14. Juli 2024
|- bgcolor="#E7FAEC"
| [[Ezri Konsa]] || 23. Okt. 1997 ||align="center"| {{0}}7 ||align="center"| {{0}}0 || {{ENG|Ziel=Aston Villa}} ||align="center" | 23. März 2024 ||align="center" | 10. Juli 2024
|- bgcolor="#E7FAEC"
| [[Luke Shaw]] || 12. Juli 1995 ||align="center"| 34 ||align="center"| {{0}}3 || {{ENG|Ziel=Manchester United}} ||align="center"| 5. März 2014 ||align="center"| 14. Juli 2023
|- bgcolor="#E7FAEC"
| [[John Stones]] || 28. Mai 1994 ||align="center"| 79 ||align="center"| {{0}}3 || {{ENG|Ziel=Manchester City}} ||align="center"| 30. Mai 2014 ||align="center"| 14. Juli 2024
|- bgcolor="#E7FAEC"
| [[Kieran Trippier]] || 19. Sep. 1990 ||align="center"| 54 ||align="center"| {{0}}1 || {{ENG|Ziel=Newcastle United}} ||align="center"| 13. Juni 2017 ||align="center"| 10. Juli 2024
|- bgcolor="#E7FAEC"
| [[Kyle Walker]] || 28. Mai 1990 ||align="center"| 90 ||align="center"| {{0}}1 || {{ENG|Ziel=Manchester City}} ||align="center"| 12. Nov. 2011 ||align="center"| 14. Juli 2024

|-
! colspan="7" bgcolor="#B0D3FB"| Mittelfeld
|- bgcolor="#DFEDFD"
| [[Trent Alexander-Arnold]] || 7. Okt. 1998 ||align="center"| 29 ||align="center"| {{0}}3 || {{ENG|Ziel=FC Liverpool}} ||align="center"| 7. Juni 2018 ||align="center"| 6. Juli 2024
|- bgcolor="#DFEDFD"
| [[Jude Bellingham]] || 29. Juni 2003 ||align="center"| 36 ||align="center"| {{0}}5 || {{ESP|Ziel=Real Madrid}} ||align="center"| 12. Nov. 2020 ||align="center"| 14. Juli 2024
|- bgcolor="#DFEDFD"
| [[Conor Gallagher]] || 6. Feb. 2000 ||align="center"| 18 ||align="center"| {{0}}0 || {{ENG|Ziel=FC Chelsea}} ||align="center"| 15. Nov. 2021 ||align="center"| 10. Juli 2024
|- bgcolor="#DFEDFD"
| [[Kobbie Mainoo]] || 19. April 2005 ||align="center"| {{0}}9 ||align="center"| {{0}}0 || {{ENG|Ziel=Manchester United}} || align="center" | 23. März 2024 || align="center"| 14. Juli 2024
|- bgcolor="#DFEDFD"
| [[Declan Rice]] || 14. Jan. 1999 ||align="center"| 58 ||align="center"| {{0}}3 || {{ENG|Ziel=FC Arsenal}} ||align="center"| 22. März 2019 || align="center"| 14. Juli 2024
|- bgcolor="#DFEDFD"
| [[Adam Wharton]] || 6. Februar 2004 ||align="center"| {{0}}1 ||align="center"| {{0}}0 || {{ENG|Crystal Palace (Fußballverein)|Crystal Palace}} ||align="center"| 3. Juni 2024 ||align="center"| 3. Juni 2024

|-
! colspan="9" bgcolor="#FFACB3"| Sturm
|- bgcolor="#FFD2D6"
| [[Jarrod Bowen]] || 20. Dez. 1996 ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| {{0}}0 || {{ENG|Ziel=West Ham United}} ||align="center"| 4. Juni 2022 ||align="center"| 20. Juni 2024
|- bgcolor="#FFD2D6"
| [[Eberechi Eze]] || 29. Juni 1998 ||align="center"| {{0}}7 ||align="center"| {{0}}0 || {{ENG|Crystal Palace (Fußballverein)|Crystal Palace}} ||align="center"| 16. Juni 2023 ||align="center"| 6. Juli 2024
|- bgcolor="#FFD2D6"
| [[Phil Foden]] || 28. Mai 2000 || align="center" | 41 ||align="center"| {{0}}4 || {{ENG|Ziel=Manchester City}} ||align="center"| 5. Sep. 2020 ||align="center"| 14. Juli 2024
|- bgcolor="#FFD2D6"
| [[Anthony Gordon]] || 24. Feb. 2001||align="center"| {{0}}4 ||align="center"| {{0}}0 || {{ENG|Ziel=Newcastle United}} || align="center" | 23. März 2024 || align="center" | 25. Juni 2024
|- bgcolor="#FFD2D6"
| [[Harry Kane]] {{Kapitän}} || 28. Juli 1993 ||align="center"| 98 ||align="center"| 66 || {{GER|Ziel=FC Bayern München}} ||align="center"| 27. März 2015 ||align="center"| 14. Juli 2024
|- bgcolor="#FFD2D6"
| [[Cole Palmer]] || 6. Mai 2002 ||align="center"| {{0}}9 ||align="center"| {{0}}2 || {{ENG|Ziel=FC Chelsea}} ||align="center"| 17. Nov. 2023 ||align="center"| 14. Juli 2024
|- bgcolor="#FFD2D6"
| [[Bukayo Saka]] || 5. Sep. 2001 ||align="center"| 40 ||align="center"| 12 || {{ENG|Ziel=FC Arsenal}} ||align="center"| 8. Okt. 2020 ||align="center"| 14. Juli 2024
|- bgcolor="#FFD2D6"
| [[Ivan Toney]] || 16. März 1996 ||align="center"| {{0}}6 ||align="center"| {{0}}1 || {{ENG|Ziel=FC Brentford}} ||align="center"| 26. März 2023 ||align="center"| 14. Juli 2024
|- bgcolor="#FFD2D6"
| [[Ollie Watkins]] || 30. Dez. 1995 ||align="center"| 15 ||align="center"| {{0}}4 || {{ENG|Ziel=Aston Villa}} ||align="center"| 25. März 2021 ||align="center"| 14. Juli 2024

|}

== Bilanzen, Statistik und Rekorde ==
=== Titel ===
* '''[[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft]]''': [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1966|1966]]

=== England bei Weltmeisterschaften ===
{{Hauptartikel|Englische Fußballnationalmannschaft/Weltmeisterschaften}}
England spielte bei Weltmeisterschaften am häufigsten (sechsmal) gegen den späteren Weltmeister (1958, 1962, 1970, 1986, 1990, 2002). Neben dem Titelgewinn 1966 gelang nur noch 1990 und 2018 der Einzug in das Halbfinale. Bereits dreimal schieden die Engländer im Elfmeterschießen aus.
{{Zeitleiste Englische Fußballnationalmannschaft WM}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#F0F0FF"
! Jahr
!style="text-align:left;"| Gastgeberland
!style="text-align:left;"| Teilnahme bis …
!style="text-align:left;"| Letzte(r) Gegner
!style="text-align:left;"| Ergebnis<ref>Die Platzierungen ab Platz 5 wurden von der FIFA festgelegt, ohne dass es dafür Platzierungsspiele gab. Siehe: {{Internetquelle|url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/1785d394c2baed36/original/nynltbogj47gfjtfszqr-pdf.pdf |hrsg=FIFA|abruf=2023-02-04|sprache=en |titel=All-time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930–2014 |format=PDF }}</ref>
!style="text-align:left;"| Trainer
!style="text-align:left;" class="unsortable" width="50%"| Bemerkungen und Besonderheiten
|- style="background:white"
| 1930 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1930|Uruguay]] || ''nicht teilgenommen'' || || || ||England war kein Mitglied der FIFA<ref>England war zwar 1905 der FIFA beigetreten, nach Kontroversen aber ausgetreten und erst 1946 wieder eingetreten.</ref>
|- style="background:white"
| 1934 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1934|Italien]] || ''nicht teilgenommen'' || || || ||England war kein Mitglied der FIFA
|- style="background:white"
| 1938 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1938|Frankreich]] || ''nicht teilgenommen'' || || || ||England war kein Mitglied der FIFA
|- style="background:#EAEAEA"
| 1950 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1950|Brasilien]] || Vorrunde || [[Spanische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Spanien]], [[Chilenische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Chile]], [[Fußballnationalmannschaft der Vereinigten Staaten|USA]] ||data-sort-value="08" | 8. ||data-sort-value="Winterbottom, Walter"| [[Walter Winterbottom]] ||
|- style="background:#FFD8B2"
| 1954 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1954|Schweiz]] || Viertelfinale || [[Uruguayische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Uruguay]] ||data-sort-value="06"| 6. ||data-sort-value="Winterbottom, Walter"| [[Walter Winterbottom]] ||
|- style="background:#EAEAEA"
| 1958 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1958|Schweden]] || Vorrunde || [[Brasilianische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Brasilien]], [[Sowjetische Fußballnationalmannschaft|UdSSR]], [[Österreichische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Österreich]] ||data-sort-value="11"| 11. ||data-sort-value="Winterbottom, Walter"| [[Walter Winterbottom]] || ausgeschieden im Entscheidungsspiel gegen die UdSSR
|- style="background:#FFD8B2"
| 1962 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1962|Chile]] || Viertelfinale || [[Brasilianische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Brasilien]] ||data-sort-value="08"| 8. ||data-sort-value="Winterbottom, Walter"| [[Walter Winterbottom]] || ausgeschieden gegen den späteren Weltmeister
|- style="background:#B2FFB2"
| 1966 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1966|England]] || Finale || [[Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft|Deutschland]] ||data-sort-value="01"| Weltmeister ||data-sort-value="Ramsey, Alf"| [[Alf Ramsey]] || einziger WM-Titel; [[Wembley-Tor]]
|- style="background:#FFD8B2"
| 1970 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1970|Mexiko]] || Viertelfinale || [[Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft|Deutschland]] ||data-sort-value="08"| 8. ||data-sort-value="Ramsey, Alf"| [[Alf Ramsey]] || ausgeschieden in der Verlängerung
|- style="background:white"
| 1974 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1974|Deutschland]] || ''nicht qualifiziert'' || || || || in der [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1974/Qualifikation|Qualifikation]] an [[Polnische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Polen]] gescheitert
|- style="background:white"
| 1978 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1978|Argentinien]] || ''nicht qualifiziert'' || || || || in der [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1978/Qualifikation|Qualifikation]] an [[Italienische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Italien]] gescheitert
|- style="background:#FFD8B2"
| 1982 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1982|Spanien]] || Zwischenrunde || [[Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft|Deutschland]], [[Spanische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Spanien]] ||data-sort-value="06"| 6. ||data-sort-value="Greenwood, Ron"| [[Ron Greenwood]] || ausgeschieden ohne Niederlage
|- style="background:#FFD8B2"
| 1986 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1986|Mexiko]] || Viertelfinale|| [[Argentinische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Argentinien]] || data-sort-value="08"| 8. ||data-sort-value="Robson, Bobby"| [[Bobby Robson]] || ausgeschieden gegen den späteren Weltmeister, u. a. durch Handtor [[Diego Maradona]]s („[[Hand Gottes (Fußball)|Hand Gottes]]“); [[Gary Lineker]] wurde [[Torschützenkönig]]
|- style="background:#FFFFB2"
| 1990 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1990|Italien]] || Spiel um Platz 3 || [[Italienische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Italien]] ||data-sort-value="04"| 4. ||data-sort-value="Robson, Bobby"| [[Bobby Robson]] || Halbfinalniederlage im Elfmeterschießen gegen den späteren Weltmeister [[Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft|Deutschland]]
|- style="background:white"
| 1994 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1994|USA]] || ''nicht qualifiziert'' || || || || in der [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1994/Qualifikation|Qualifikation]] an den [[Niederländische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Niederlanden]] und [[Norwegische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Norwegen]] gescheitert
|- style="background:#FFB2B2"
| 1998 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1998|Frankreich]] || Achtelfinale || [[Argentinische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Argentinien]]||data-sort-value="09"| 9. ||data-sort-value="Hoddle, Glenn"| [[Glenn Hoddle]] || ausgeschieden im Elfmeterschießen
|- style="background:#FFD8B2"
| 2002 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2002|Südkorea/Japan]] || Viertelfinale || [[Brasilianische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Brasilien]] ||data-sort-value="06"| 6. ||data-sort-value="Eriksson, Sven-Göran"| [[Sven-Göran Eriksson]] || ausgeschieden gegen den späteren Weltmeister
|- style="background:#FFD8B2"
| 2006 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2006|Deutschland]] || Viertelfinale || [[Portugiesische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Portugal]] ||data-sort-value="07"| 7. ||data-sort-value="Eriksson, Sven-Göran"| [[Sven-Göran Eriksson]] || ausgeschieden im Elfmeterschießen
|- style="background:#FFB2B2"
| 2010 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2010|Südafrika]] || Achtelfinale || [[Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft|Deutschland]] ||data-sort-value="13"| 13. ||data-sort-value="Capello, Fabio"| [[Fabio Capello]] || Englands höchste WM-Niederlage beim 1:4 gegen Deutschland
|- style="background:#EAEAEA"
| 2014 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2014|Brasilien]] || Vorrunde || [[Italienische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Italien]], [[Uruguayische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Uruguay]], [[Costa-ricanische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Costa Rica]] || 26. ||data-sort-value="Hodgson, Roy"| [[Roy Hodgson]] || erstes WM-Vorrundenaus seit 56 Jahren
|- style="background:#FFFFB2"
| 2018 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2018|Russland]] || Spiel um Platz 3 || [[Belgische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Belgien]] || 4. ||data-sort-value="Southgate"| [[Gareth Southgate]]|| erstmals seit der WM 1990 wieder das Halbfinale und Spiel um Platz 3 erreicht; [[Harry Kane]] wurde [[Torschützenkönig]]
|- style="background:#FFD8B2"
| 2022 || [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2022|Katar]] || Viertelfinale || [[Französische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Frankreich]] || 6. || data-sort-value="Southgate" | [[Gareth Southgate]] || Nach einem Sieg gegen den [[Iranische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Iran]] und einem Remis gegen die [[US-amerikanische Fußballnationalmannschaft|USA]] gewann England das letzte Gruppenspiel gegen [[Walisische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Wales]] sowie das Achtelfinale gegen den [[Senegalesische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Senegal]], verlor jedoch im Viertelfinale gegen [[Französische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Frankreich]].
|}

=== England bei Europameisterschaften ===
{{Hauptartikel|Englische Fußballnationalmannschaft/Europameisterschaften}}
England nahm zehnmal an der Endrunde zur Europameisterschaft teil, gewann aber nie den Titel. Ihr bestes Ergebnis erreichte die englische Mannschaft im Jahr 2021 mit dem zweiten Platz. Bei der EM 1996 im eigenen Land schied sie erst im Halbfinale im Elfmeterschießen gegen den späteren Sieger Deutschland aus.
{{Zeitleiste Englische Fußballnationalmannschaft EM}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#F0F0FF"
! Jahr
! style="text-align:left;"| Gastgeberland
! style="text-align:left;"| Teilnahme bis …
! style="text-align:left;"| Letzte(r) Gegner
! style="text-align:left;"| Ergebnis
! style="text-align:left;" class="unsortable" width="50%"| Bemerkungen und Besonderheiten
|- style="background:white"
|1960||[[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1960|Frankreich]] || ''nicht teilgenommen''|| || ||
|- style="background:white"
| 1964||[[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1964|Spanien]] || ''nicht qualifiziert'' || || || in der [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1964/Qualifikation#Vorrunde|Vorrunde]] an [[Französische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Frankreich]] gescheitert, das sich auch nicht für die Endrunde qualifizieren konnte
|- style="background:#82C0FF"
| 1968||[[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1968|Italien]] || Spiel um Platz 3 || [[Fußballnationalmannschaft der UdSSR|UdSSR]] || Dritter ||
|- style="background:white"
| 1972||[[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1972|Belgien]] ||''nicht qualifiziert'' || || || im [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1972/Qualifikation#Viertelfinale|Viertelfinale]] am späteren Europameister [[Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft|Deutschland]] gescheitert
|- style="background:white"
| 1976||[[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1976|Jugoslawien]] || ''nicht qualifiziert''|| || ||in der [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1976/Qualifikation#Gruppe 1|Qualifikation]] am späteren Europameister [[Tschechoslowakische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Tschechoslowakei]] gescheitert
|- style="background:#D0E7FF"
| 1980||[[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1980|Italien]] || Vorrunde|| [[Belgische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Belgien]], [[Italienische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Italien]], [[Spanische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Spanien]] || – ||nach je einem Sieg, einem Remis und einer Niederlage als Gruppendritter ausgeschieden
|- style="background:white"
| 1984||[[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1984|Frankreich]] ||''nicht qualifiziert''|| || || in der [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1984/Qualifikation#Gruppe 3|Qualifikation]] an [[Dänische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Dänemark]] gescheitert
|- style="background:#D0E7FF"
| 1988||[[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1988|BR Deutschland]] || Vorrunde || [[Irische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Irland]], [[Niederländische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Niederlande]], [[Fußballnationalmannschaft der UdSSR|UdSSR]]|| – || nach drei Niederlagen als Gruppenletzter ausgeschieden
|- style="background:#D0E7FF"
| 1992||[[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1992|Schweden]] || Vorrunde|| [[Dänische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Dänemark]], [[Französische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Frankreich]], [[Schwedische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Schweden]] || – ||nach zwei Remis und einer Niederlage gegen Gastgeber Schweden als Gruppenletzter ausgeschieden
|- style="background:#82C0FF"
| 1996||[[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1996|England]] || Halbfinale || [[Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft|Deutschland]]|| – || Niederlage im Elfmeterschießen gegen den späteren Europameister
|- style="background:#D0E7FF"
| 2000||[[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2000|Niederlande und Belgien]] || Vorrunde|| [[Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft|Deutschland]], [[Portugiesische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Portugal]], [[Rumänische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Rumänien]]|| – || nach einem Sieg gegen den Titelverteidiger und zwei Niederlagen als Gruppendritter ausgeschieden
|- style="background:#8AC5FF"
| 2004||[[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2004|Portugal]] || Viertelfinale|| [[Portugiesische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Portugal]] || – ||Niederlage im Elfmeterschießen gegen den Gastgeber und späteren Vizeeuropameister
|- style="background:white"
| 2008||[[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2008|Österreich und Schweiz]] || ''nicht qualifiziert''|| || || in der [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2008/Qualifikation#Gruppe E|Qualifikation]] an [[Kroatische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Kroatien]] und [[Russische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Russland]] gescheitert
|- style="background:#8AC5FF"
| 2012||[[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2012|Polen und Ukraine]] || Viertelfinale|| [[Italienische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Italien]] || – || Gruppensieger nach einem Remis gegen [[Französische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Frankreich]] sowie Siegen gegen [[Schwedische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Schweden]] und Co-Gastgeber [[Ukrainische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Ukraine]]; erneutes Ausscheiden nach Elfmeterschießen
|- style="background:#D0E7DD"
| 2016||[[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2016|Frankreich]] ||Achtelfinale || [[Isländische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Island]] || – || Mit einem Sieg gegen den späteren Gruppensieger [[Walisische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Wales]] und zwei Remis gegen [[Russische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Russland]] und die [[Slowakische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Slowakei]] als Gruppenzweiter die K.-o.-Runde erreicht.
|- style="background:#82B0FF"
| 2021||[[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2021|Europa]]
| Finale || [[Italienische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Italien]] || Zweiter ||England stellte mit dem [[Wembley-Stadion (2007)|Wembley-Stadion]] die Spielstätte für drei Gruppenspiele sowie ein Achtelfinale, die beiden Halbfinalspiele und das Finale, musste sich aber wie alle anderen UEFA-Mitglieder für die EM qualifizieren, was am vorletzten Spieltag gelang. Gegner in der Qualifikation waren [[Bulgarische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Bulgarien]], das [[Kosovarische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Kosovo]], [[Montenegrinische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Montenegro]] und [[Tschechische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Tschechien]]. Bei der Europameisterschaft wurde England Gruppensieger der Vorrunde und gewann im Achtelfinale gegen [[Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft|Deutschland]], im Viertelfinale gegen die [[Ukrainische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Ukraine]] und Halbfinale gegen [[Dänische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Dänemark]], bis man im Finale [[Italienische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Italien]] unterlag.
|- style="background:#82B0FF"
| 2024||[[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2024|Deutschland]] || Finale || [[Spanische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Spanien]] || Zweiter ||Nach einem Sieg gegen [[Serbische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Serbien]], einem Remis gegen [[Dänische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Dänemark]] und [[Slowenische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Slowenien]], für die K.-o.-Runde qualifiziert, gewann England gegen die [[Slowakische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Slowakei]] in der Verlängerung und gegen die [[Schweizer Fussballnationalmannschaft|Schweiz]] im Elfmeterschießen. Im Halbfinale besiegten sie die [[Niederländische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Niederlande]] und verloren das darauf folgende Finale gegen [[Spanische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Spanien]].
|}

=== England in der UEFA Nations League ===
* [[UEFA Nations League 2018/19|2018/19]]: Liga A, 1. Platz mit 2 Siegen, 1 Remis und 1 Niederlage, 3. Platz beim Final-Four-Turnier
* [[UEFA Nations League 2020/21|2020/21]]: Liga A, 3. Platz mit 3 Siegen, 1 Remis und 2 Niederlagen
* [[UEFA Nations League 2022/23|2022/23]]: Liga A, 4. Platz mit 3 Remis und 3 Niederlagen
* [[UEFA Nations League 2024/25|2024/25]]: Liga B

=== Nationaltrainer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- align="center"
!Nationaltrainer
!Amtszeit
|-
|{{ENG|#}} Sir [[Walter Winterbottom]]
|align=center|1946–1962
|-
|{{ENG|#}} Sir [[Alf Ramsey]]
|align=center|1963–1974
|-
|{{ENG|#}} [[Joe Mercer]]
|align=center|1974
|-
|{{ENG|#}} [[Don Revie]]
|align=center|1974–1977
|-
|{{ENG|#}} [[Ron Greenwood]]
|align=center|1977–1982
|-
|{{ENG|#}} Sir [[Bobby Robson]]
|align=center|1982–1990
|-
|{{ENG|#}} [[Graham Taylor]]
|align=center|1990–1993
|-
|{{ENG|#}} [[Terry Venables]]
|align=center|1993–1996
|-
|{{ENG|#}} [[Glenn Hoddle]]
|align=center|1996–1999
|-
|{{ENG|#}} [[Howard Wilkinson]] (Interimstrainer)
|align=center|1999
|-
|{{ENG|#}} [[Kevin Keegan]]
|align=center|1999–2000
|-
|{{ENG|#}} [[Peter Taylor (Fußballspieler, 1953)|Peter Taylor]] (Interimstrainer)
|align=center|2000
|-
|{{SWE|#}} [[Sven-Göran Eriksson]]
|align=center|2001–2006
|-
|{{ENG|#}} [[Steve McClaren]]
|align=center|2006–2007
|-
|{{ITA|#}} [[Fabio Capello]]
|align=center|2007–2012
|-
|{{ENG|#}} [[Stuart Pearce]] (Interimstrainer)
|align=center|2012
|-
|{{ENG|#}} [[Roy Hodgson]]
|align=center|2012–2016
|-
|{{ENG|#}} [[Sam Allardyce]]
|align=center|2016
|-
|{{ENG|#}} [[Gareth Southgate]]
|align=center|2016–2024
|}

=== Rekordspieler der Nationalmannschaft ===
Stand: 14. Juli 2024<ref name="spieletoreeufootball">[https://eu-football.info/_players.php?data=6&id=60 ''Most England Caps and Goals''], eu-football.info</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|- style="background:#EFEFEF"
! Spieler !! Zeitraum !! Einsätze !! Tore
|-
|align=left| [[Peter Shilton]] || 1970–1990 || 125 || {{0}}0
|-
|align=left| [[Wayne Rooney]] || 2003–2018 || 120 || 53
|-
|align=left| [[David Beckham]] || 1996–2009 || 115 || 17
|-
|align=left| [[Steven Gerrard]] || 2000–2014 || 114 || 21
|-
|align=left| [[Bobby Moore]] || 1962–1973 || 108 || {{0}}2
|-
|align=left| [[Ashley Cole]] || 2001–2014 || 107 || {{0}}0
|-
|align=left| Sir [[Bobby Charlton]] || 1958–1970 || rowspan="2" | {{0}}106<ref name="capscharlton">Die FIFA zählt im Gegensatz zur FA nur 105 Spiele für Charlton. Ein Spiel gegen eine Weltauswahl am 23. Oktober 1963 wird nicht mitgezählt.</ref> || 49
|-
|align=left| [[Frank Lampard]] || 1999–2014 || 29
|-
|align=left| [[Billy Wright]] || 1946–1959 || 105 || {{0}}3
|-
|align=left| '''[[Harry Kane]]''' || 2015– || {{0}}98 || 66
|-
|align=left| [[Bryan Robson]] || 1980–1991 || {{0}}90 || 26
|-
|}

=== Rekordtorschützen der Nationalmannschaft ===
Stand: 14. Juli 2024<ref name="spieletoreeufootball" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|- style="background:#EFEFEF"
! Spieler !! Zeitraum !! Tore !! Einsätze !! WM-Tore !! Rekordtorschütze
|-
|align=left| '''[[Harry Kane]]''' || 2015– || 66 || 98 || {{0}}8 || seit 23. März 2023
|-
|align=left| [[Wayne Rooney]] || 2003–2018 || 53 || 120{{0}} || {{0}}1 || 8. Sept. 2015 bis 23. März 2023 (zusammen mit Kane)
|-
|align=left| Sir [[Bobby Charlton]] || 1958–1970 || 49 || {{0}}106<ref name="capscharlton" /> || {{0}}4 || 22. Mai 1968 bis 8. Sept. 2015
|-
|align=left| [[Gary Lineker]] || 1984–1992 || 48 || 80 || '''10''' ||
|-
|align=left| [[Jimmy Greaves]] || 1959–1967 || 44 || 57 || {{0}}1 || 24. Mai 1964 bis 22. Mai 1968
|-
|align=left| [[Michael Owen]] || 1998–2008 || 40 || 89 || {{0}}4 ||
|-
|align=left| Sir [[Tom Finney]] || 1946–1958 || rowspan="3" | 30 || 76 || {{0}}2 || 4. Oktober 1958 bis 24. Mai 1964
|-
|align=left| [[Nat Lofthouse]] || 1950–1958 || 33 || {{0}}3 || 22. November 1958 bis 24. Mai 1964 (zusammen mit Finney)
|-
|align=left| [[Alan Shearer]] || 1992–2000 || 63 || {{0}}2 ||
|-
|align=left| [[Vivian Woodward]] || 1903–1911 || rowspan="2" | 29 || 23 || || 13. März 1911 bis 4. Oktober 1958
|-
|align=left| [[Frank Lampard]] || 1999–2014 || 106{{0}} || ||
|}
* '''fett''' = Rekordmarke

== Sonstiges ==
=== Spielstätten ===
Die ersten Heimspiele der englischen Mannschaft fanden im [[The Oval (London)|Kennington Oval]] in [[London]] statt, wo es zwischen 1873 und 1889 insgesamt zehn Spiele gab, bevor auch neben anderen Städten Spiele in weiteren Londoner Stadien ausgetragen wurden. Nach der Fertigstellung des Londoner [[Wembley-Stadion (1923)|Wembley-Stadions]] im Jahr 1924 wechselte sich dieses insbesondere mit dem [[Highbury (Stadion)|Highbury]] im [[Highbury (London)|gleichnamigen Stadtteil]] (12 Spiele) bis Anfang der 1960er Jahre ab. Danach wurden bis zum Abriss des Wembley-Stadions alle Spiele in London dort ausgetragen. Nach der Eröffnung des [[Wembley-Stadion (2007)|neuen Wembley-Stadions]] wurden ebenfalls alle Londoner Spiele dort ausgetragen. Auch für die [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1966|Weltmeisterschaft 1966]] und die [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1996|Europameisterschaft 1996]] wurde der Spielplan so gestaltet, dass England zu allen Spielen im Wembley-Stadion antreten konnte.

Neben London waren [[Manchester]] (22 Spiele in [[The Manchester Football Ground]] ([[Whalley Range (Manchester)|Whalley Range]], damals zu [[Stretford]]), [[Old Trafford]], [[Maine Road]] und [[Etihad Stadium (Manchester)|City of Manchester Stadium]]), [[Liverpool]] (21 Spiele im [[Aigburth Cricket Ground]], [[Anfield]] und [[Goodison Park]]) und [[Birmingham]] (10 Spiele im [[Wellington Road]], [[Villa Park]]) die häufigsten Austragungsorte (siehe auch: [[Liste der Länderspiele der englischen Fußballnationalmannschaft#Spielstädte]]).

=== Trikots ===
Das Nationaltrikot ziert das [[Wappen Englands|englische Wappen]] mit den drei Löwen (heraldisch sind dies [[Leopard (Wappentier)|Leoparden]]), den berühmten „Three Lions“, sowie ein Stern für den WM-Sieg 1966. In der farblichen Gestaltung machte es seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts viele Änderungen durch. Vgl.: {{Commons|England national football team kits|audio=0|video=0}}

=== Rivalitäten ===
Traditionell bestehen Rivalitäten zur [[Argentinische Fußballnationalmannschaft|argentinischen]], [[Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft|deutschen]] und [[Schottische Fußballnationalmannschaft|schottischen]] Fußballnationalmannschaft. Die Rivalität zur argentinischen Mannschaft hat sich insbesondere nach dem [[Falklandkrieg]] und der [[Hand Gottes (Fußball)|Hand Gottes]] bei der [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1986]] entwickelt. Die [[deutsch-englische Fußballrivalität]] ist insbesondere ein Ergebnis des [[Wembley-Tor]]es und des Ausscheidens der englischen Mannschaft in wichtigen K.o.-Spielen bei Welt- und Europameisterschaften gegen Deutschland, wobei die englische Mannschaft zweimal erst im [[Elfmeterschießen]] unterlag. Die schottische Mannschaft ist erster und häufigster Gegner der englischen Mannschaft und die [[Englisch-schottische Fußballrivalität|englisch-schottische Rivalität]] ist Teil der [[Geschichte Großbritanniens]].

=== {{Anker|Schwäche im Elfmeterschießen}} Elfmeterschießen ===
England ist mehrmals bei großen Turnieren im [[Elfmeterschießen]] ausgeschieden. Nur vierfach, 1996 im Viertelfinale der Europameisterschaft gegen Spanien (im anschließenden Halbfinale wiederum im Elfmeterschießen gegen Deutschland verloren), 2018 im Achtelfinale der WM gegen Kolumbien, 2019 im Spiel um Platz 3 der UEFA Nations League, und 2024 im Viertelfinale der Europameisterschaft gegen Schweiz, gewann das Team ein Elfmeterschießen. Insgesamt unterlag England siebenmal im Elfmeterschießen, ebenso häufig wie [[Argentinische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Argentinien]] (7 von 17). Nur [[Malawische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Malawi]] (14 von 20) und [[Sambische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Sambia]] (17 von 35) haben mehr Elfmeterschießen verloren.

{| class="wikitable zebra" style="background:#D0E7FF; text-align:center;"
|- class="hintergrundfarbe5"
! Datum
! Gegner
! Anlass
! Ausgang
! Erfolgreiche englische Schützen
! Englische Fehlschützen
! Erfolgreiche englische Torhüter
! class="unsortable"| Besonderheiten
|-
| [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1990/Finalrunde#BR Deutschland – England|4. Juli 1990]]
| {{DEU|Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft}}
| WM-Halbfinale
| 3:4
| [[Gary Lineker]], [[Peter Beardsley]], [[David Platt (Fußballspieler)|David Platt]]
| [[Stuart Pearce]], [[Chris Waddle]]
|
|
|-
| [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1996/Finalrunde#England – Spanien|22. Juni 1996]]
| {{ESP|Spanische Fußballnationalmannschaft}}
| EM-Viertelfinale
| 4:2
| [[Alan Shearer]], [[David Platt (Fußballspieler)|David Platt]], [[Stuart Pearce]], [[Paul Gascoigne]]
|
| [[David Seaman]] (1)
| der Spanier [[Fernando Hierro]] schoss an die Querlatte
|-
| [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1996/Finalrunde#England – Deutschland|26. Juni 1996]]
| {{DEU|Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft}}
| EM-Halbfinale
| 5:6
| [[Alan Shearer]], [[David Platt (Fußballspieler)|David Platt]], [[Stuart Pearce]], [[Paul Gascoigne]], [[Teddy Sheringham]]
| [[Gareth Southgate]]
|
|
|-
| [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1998/Finalrunde#Argentinien - England|30. Juni 1998]]
| {{ARG|Argentinische Fußballnationalmannschaft}}
| WM-Achtelfinale
| 3:4
| [[Alan Shearer]], [[Paul Merson]], [[Michael Owen]]
| [[Paul Ince]], [[David Batty]]
| [[David Seaman]] (1)
|
|-
| [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2004/Finalrunde#Portugal – England|24. Juni 2004]]
| {{PRT|Portugiesische Fußballnationalmannschaft}}
| EM-Viertelfinale
| 5:6
| [[Michael Owen]], [[Frank Lampard]], [[John Terry]], [[Owen Hargreaves]], [[Ashley Cole]]
| [[David Beckham]], [[Darius Vassell]]
|
| der portugiesische Torwart [[Ricardo (Fußballspieler)|Ricardo]] hielt einen Elfmeter ohne Torwarthandschuhe und verwandelte anschließend den entscheidenden Elfmeter selbst. Der Portugiese [[Rui Costa (Fußballspieler)|Rui Costa]] schoss über das Tor
|-
| [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2006/Finalrunde#England – Portugal|1. Juli 2006]]
| {{PRT|Portugiesische Fußballnationalmannschaft}}
| WM-Viertelfinale
| 1:3
| [[Owen Hargreaves]]
| [[Frank Lampard]], [[Steven Gerrard]], [[Jamie Carragher]]
|
| der Portugiese Ricardo hielt 3 Elfmeter. Die Portugiesen [[Hugo Viana]] und [[Petit (Fußballspieler)|Petit]] trafen den Pfosten
|-
| [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2012/Finalrunde#England – Italien|24. Juni 2012]]
| {{ITA|Italienische Fußballnationalmannschaft}}
| EM-Viertelfinale
| 2:4
| [[Steven Gerrard]], [[Wayne Rooney]]
| [[Ashley Young]], [[Ashley Cole]]
|
| der Italiener [[Riccardo Montolivo]] schoss am Tor vorbei
|-
| [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2018/Finalrunde#Kolumbien – England|3. Juli 2018]]
| {{COL|Kolumbianische Fußballnationalmannschaft}}
| WM-Achtelfinale
| 4:3
| [[Harry Kane]], [[Marcus Rashford]], [[Kieran Trippier]], [[Eric Dier]]
| [[Jordan Henderson]]
| [[Jordan Pickford]] (1)
| der Kolumbianer [[Mateus Uribe]] schoss an die Latte
|-
| [[UEFA Nations League 2018/19/Liga A#Spiel um Platz 3|9. Juni 2019]]
| {{CHE|Schweizer Fussballnationalmannschaft}}
| UEFA-Nations-League-Spiel um Platz 3
| 6:5
| [[Harry Maguire]], [[Ross Barkley]], [[Jadon Sancho]], [[Raheem Sterling]], [[Jordan Pickford]], [[Eric Dier]]
|
| [[Jordan Pickford]] (1)
| der Schweizer [[Josip Drmic]] scheitert an [[Jordan Pickford]]
|-
| [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2021#Finale|11. Juli 2021]]
| {{ITA|Italienische Fußballnationalmannschaft}}
| EM-Finale
| 2:3
| [[Harry Kane]], [[Harry Maguire]]
| [[Marcus Rashford]], [[Jadon Sancho]], [[Bukayo Saka]]
| [[Jordan Pickford]] (2)
| [[Marcus Rashford]] und [[Jadon Sancho]] wurden erst in der 120. Minute eingewechselt.
|-
| [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2024#Viertelfinale|6. Juli 2024]]
| {{CHE|Schweizer Fussballnationalmannschaft}}
| EM-Viertelfinale
| 5:3
|[[Cole Palmer]], [[Jude Bellingham]], [[Bukayo Saka]], [[Ivan Toney]], [[Trent Alexander-Arnold]]
|
| [[Jordan Pickford]] (1)
|Ivan Toney und Trent Alexander-Arnold wurden erst in der 2. Halbzeit der Verlängerung eingewechselt, Saka hatte durch sein Ausgleichstor die Verlängerung erwirkt.
|}

=== Torwartdiskussion ===
Im Verlauf der Fußballhistorie bewerteten Sportjournalisten englische Nationaltorhüter gelegentlich sehr kritisch. Beispielhaft kreideten Beobachter der WM 1954 der damaligen „Nummer 1“ [[Gil Merrick]] im Viertelfinalspiel gegen Uruguay mehrere Fehler an und gaben diesem eine Mitschuld an der 2:4-Niederlage.<ref>Süddeutsche Zeitung – WM-Bibliothek WM 1954, S. 55</ref> Ähnlich deutlich waren die Schuldzuweisungen im Jahr 2002, als sich [[David Seaman]] im Viertelfinale gegen Brasilien bei einem Freistoß des Gegners relativ weit vor seinem Tor positionierte und den folgenden entscheidenden Gegentreffer per Weitschuss nicht verhindern konnte. Hatten zwischendurch [[Gordon Banks]] (Weltmeister 1966, verstorben 2019) und [[Peter Shilton]] (englischer Rekordnationalspieler mit 125 Länderspielen) noch in knapp 30 Jahren zwischen 1963 und 1990 höchste Reputation im internationalen Fußball genossen,<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/iffhs-century.html IFFHS' Century Elections]</ref> so standen die englischen Schlussmänner nach der Jahrtausendwende zunehmend im Ruf, in turnierentscheidenden Momenten unglücklich zu agieren.<ref>''Der gespielte Witz.'' In: ''Frankfurt Allgemeine Zeitung.'' 14. Juni 2010, S. 21.</ref> Auch Seamans Nachfolger [[David James (Fußballspieler)|David James]] unterliefen „Patzer“ in der Qualifikation zur WM 2006, die ihm die Bezeichnung ''Calamity James'' (etwa: Unglücksrabe James, in Anlehnung an [[Calamity Jane]]) einbrachten. Einen weiteren „Tiefpunkt“ setzte [[Scott Carson]] 2007, als er im entscheidenden Spiel um die Qualifikation für die EM 2008 gegen Kroatien daneben griff. Nachdem auch [[Robert Green]] im ersten Gruppenspiel der WM 2010 gegen die Vereinigten Staaten einen offensichtlich harmlosen Ball passieren ließ, kehrte David James zurück ins englische Tor und blieb im restlichen Turnier ohne individuellen Fehler. Ihn beerbte nach dem Turnier [[Joe Hart]], dem zugetraut wurde, diese Schwäche zu beheben. Im mit 1:2 verlorenen [[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2016/Finalrunde#England – Island 1:2 (1:2)|Achtelfinalspiel]] der EM 2016 gegen [[Isländische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Island]] unterlief ihm aber ein Fehler vor dem zweiten Tor der Isländer. Hart übernahm anschließend die Verantwortung für mindestens zwei Gegentore seiner Mannschaft im Turnierverlauf.<ref>[https://www.thefa.com/news/england/2016/jun/joe-hart-iceland-reaction-270616 thefa.com: „England’s Joe Hart: 'I have to take some responsibility'“]</ref>

=== Erfolg als Gesangsgruppe ===

{{Infobox Chartplatzierungen
| Singles =
{{Single
|Back Home
|{{Charts|UK|1|18.04.1970|17}}
}}
{{Single
|This Time (We’ll Get It Right)
|{{Charts|UK|2 S|10.04.1982|13}}
}}
{{Single
|We’ve Got the Whole World at Our Feet
|{{Charts|UK|66|19.04.1986|2}}
}}
{{Single
|All the Way
|{{Charts|UK|64|21.05.1988|2}}
}}
| Alben =
{{Album
|This Time
|{{Charts|UK|37 S|15.05.1982|10}}
}}
| Quellen Alben = <ref>[https://www.chartsurfer.de/artist/england-football-team/album-ferpn.html Chartdiskografie Alben]</ref>
| Quellen Singles = <ref>[https://www.chartsurfer.de/artist/england-football-team/songs-ferpn.html Chartdiskografie Singles]</ref><ref name="ausz">Auszeichnungen für Musikverkäufe: [https://www.bpi.co.uk/brit-certified/ UK]</ref>
}}
Im Vorfeld der WM 1970 nahm der Kader als [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1970/England#Englisches Aufgebot|''England World Cup Squad “70”'']] zwei von [[Phil Coulter]] und [[Bill Martin (Musiker)|Bill Martin]] geschriebene und produzierte Lieder auf, ''Back Home'' und ''Cinnamon Stick'', die auf einer [[Single (Musik)|Single]] auf dem [[Pye Records|Pye Label]] veröffentlicht wurden. Die A-Seite ''Back Home'' wurde in den britischen Charts notiert und stand im Mai 1970 drei Wochen lang auf [[Liste der Nummer-eins-Hits in den britischen Charts (1970)|Platz eins]]. Das Cover der Single zeigte Aufnahmen des Weltmeisterteams von [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1966/England|1966]] mit der WM-Trophäe ''[[Coupe Jules Rimet]]''.<ref>[https://www.discogs.com/England-World-Cup-Squad-70-Back-Home/release/2100102 ''Back Home''] bei Discogs.com</ref>

''Back Home'' war der erste Hit einer englischen Fußballnationalmannschaft. Nachdem sich England nicht für die Weltmeisterschaften 1974 und 1978 qualifiziert hatte, folgte 1982 von der [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1982/England#Englisches Aufgebot|''England World Cup Squad'']] die WM-Single ''This Time (We’ll Get It Right)'' (B-Seite: ''England, We’ll Fly the Flag''), die bis auf Platz zwei der Charts stieg. Die von der [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1986/England#Kader|''England World Cup Squad 1986'']] veröffentlichte Single ''We’ve Got the Whole World at Our Feet'' (B-Seite: ''When We Are Far from Home'') kam mit Platz 66 lediglich auf die unteren Ränge der Charts, ebenso wie das als ''[[Fußball-Europameisterschaft 1988/England#Kader|England Football Team]] with the Sound of [[Stock Aitken Waterman|Stock Aitken and Waterman]]'' 1988 zur EM in Deutschland herausgebrachte ''All the Way'' (Platz 64). Erst 1990 erreichte das mit [[New Order]] als ''[[Englandneworder]]'' aufgenommene ''World in Motion'' ebenfalls [[Liste der Nummer-eins-Hits in den britischen Charts (1990)|Platz eins]]; eine Wiederveröffentlichung dieses Songs anlässlich der WM in Japan und Korea stieg 2002 bis auf Platz 43.<ref>Neil Warwick, Jon Kutner, Tony Brown: ''The Complete Book of the British Charts'', Omnibus Press, London 2004, ISBN 1-84449-058-0, S. 378</ref>

Begleitend zu den Hits wurden auch Langspielplatten veröffentlicht; ''The World Beaters Sing the World Beaters'' erreichte 1970 Platz vier in den Albumcharts; ''This Time'' platzierte sich 1982 auf Rang 37.

== Siehe auch ==
* [[Liste der Länderspiele der englischen Fußballnationalmannschaft]]
* [[Liste der englischen Fußballnationalspieler]]

== Weblinks ==
{{Commonscat|England national association football team|Englische Fußballnationalmannschaft|audio=1|video=1}}
* [https://www.thefa.com/England/ England-Homepage der Football Association] (englisch)
* [https://www.englandstats.com/index.php Ausführliche Statistiken zur englischen Nationalmannschaft] (englisch)
* [http://www.englandfootballonline.com/ Große unabhängige Website zum englischen Nationalteam] (englisch)

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references responsive />

{{NaviBlock
|Navigationsleiste Europäische Fußballnationalmannschaften
|Navigationsleiste Englische Fußballnationalmannschaften der Männer
|Navigationsleiste Englische Nationalmannschaft bei Fußball-Weltmeisterschaften
|Navigationsleiste Englische Nationalmannschaft bei Fußball-Europameisterschaft
|Navigationsleiste FIFA Fair Play Award
}}

{{Normdaten|TYP=k|GND=1334957436|LCCN=nb2019003907|VIAF=464155104003676201758}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Englische Fussballnationalmannschaft}}
[[Kategorie:Englische Fußballnationalmannschaft| ]]
[[Kategorie:Fußballnationalmannschaft (UEFA)]]
[[Kategorie:Nationalmannschaft (England)|Fussball]]

Thank U

2016-07-23T19:51:38Z

Rodericksilly: /* Cover versions and parodies */

{{About|the Alanis Morissette song|other uses|Thank You (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox single 
| Name = Thank U
| Cover = Alanis Morissette - Thank U.png
| Border = yes
| Artist = [[Alanis Morissette]]
| from Album = [[Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie]]
| B-side = "Pollyanna Flower" "Uninvited"
| Released = October 13, 1998
| Formatn = [[CD single]]
| Recorded = 1998
| Genre = [[Electronica]], [[experimental rock]], [[trip hop]]
| Length = 4:19
| Label = [[Maverick Records|Maverick]]
| Writer = Alanis Morissette, [[Glen Ballard]]
| Producer = Alanis Morissette, Glen Ballard
| Last single = "[[Uninvited (song)|Uninvited]]" (1998)
| This single = "'''Thank U'''" (1998)
| Next single = "[[Joining You]]" (1999)
{{Extra music sample|filename=Thank U Alanis Morissette audio sample.ogg|title="Thank U" |description=A sample from Alanis Morissette's "Thank U"|Type=single}}
}}

"'''Thank U'''" is a song by Canadian recording artist and songwriter [[Alanis Morissette]], for her fourth [[studio album]] ''[[Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie]]'' (1998). The song was written by Alanis Morissette and [[Glen Ballard]], who produced her previous album. Morissette wrote the song after she came back from [[India]].

The song received generally positive reviews from [[music critics]] and also performed well in the record charts, peaking in the top ten in several countries. An accompanying [[music video]] was released for the single, featuring Morissette nude in different streets in [[Los Angeles]]. It received generally positive reviews from [[music critics]], but received mild controversy, due to [[nudity]] in the video. It was nominated for [[Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]] at the [[2000 Grammy Awards]].

==Background and release ==
After the massive success of her breakthrough album ''[[Jagged Little Pill]]'' (1995) (which spawned the worldwide hits, "[[You Oughta Know]]", "[[Ironic (song)|Ironic]]", "[[Head over Feet]]" and "[[You Learn]]"), Morissette was considered one of the biggest music stars in the world, and many fans anxiously awaited a follow-up album. During a trip to [[India]], in 1997, Alanis wrote some songs, including "Thank U". In 1998, Morissette contributed with the song "[[Uninvited (song)|Uninvited]]" for the soundtrack of the 1998 film ''[[City of Angels (film)|City of Angels]]''.<ref name=rockonthenet>{{cite web|title=Rock On the Net: Alanis Morissette|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/artists-m/alanismorissette_main.htm|work=Rock on the Net|accessdate=March 27, 2014}}</ref>

In September of the same year, "Thank U" was released on radio and Alanis talked with [[MTV]] about the break between LPs and the first single: "Basically, I had never stopped in my whole life, hadn't taken a long breath, and I took a year and a half off and basically learned how to do that. When I did stop and I was silent and I breathed... I was just left with an immense amount of gratitude, and inspiration, and love, and bliss, and that's where the song came from, you know."<ref name=rockonthenet/>

== Composition and writing ==
"Thank U" was written and produced by [[Alanis Morissette]] and [[Glen Ballard]]. "Thank U" is a [[Rock music|rock]] song composed in the key of [[C major]]. It is written in [[common time]] and moves at a moderate tempo of 91 [[beats per minute]]. The song uses a simple [[chord progression]] alternating between a [[tonic (music)|tonic]] C major chord, [[dominant (music)|dominant]] [[G major]] chord, and the [[subdominant]] [[F major]] chord.<ref>Sheet music for "Thank U". [[Hal Leonard Corporation]]. 1998.</ref> The music of "Thank U" is simple, mid-tempo [[rock music|rock]] fare, with a prominent [[drum]]-machine pattern that pulses throughout. A delicate piano intro underscores Morissette's vocals, which begin by asking, "How bout getting off these antibiotics?" The rest of the song continues with Morissette posing similar provocative questions -- "How bout remembering your divinity?"—and her thanking the circumstances—terror, disillusionment, and consequence, among others—that helped her achieve personal growth.<ref name=allmusic>{{cite web|last=Jonas|first=Liana|title=Alanis Morissette -Thank U: Allmusic|url=http://www.allmusic.com/song/thank-u-mt0000415140|work=[[Allmusic]]|accessdate=March 28, 2014}}</ref>

Lyrically, the song documents the singer's spiritual awakenings, resultant from her trip to India, as well as other physical and internal journeys. In "Thank U", Alanis expresses the heartfelt gratitude, inspiration and compassion, which she felt at the time she wrote it.<ref>{{cite news|title=Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie |url=http://members.aol.com/am69dana/sfijm.html |accessdate=March 28, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050228175022/http://members.aol.com/am69dana/sfijm.html |archivedate=February 28, 2005 }}</ref> According to Jon Pareles of ''[[New York Times]]'', the song has "verses of self-help," such as, "How 'bout no longer being masochistic?, how 'bout remembering your divinity?, how 'bout unabashedly bawling your eyes out?."<ref>{{cite news|last=Pareles|first=Jon|title=Alanis Morissette Explores The Healing Power of Song|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/01/arts/alanis-morissette-explores-the-healing-power-of-song.html?src=pm&pagewanted=1|accessdate=March 28, 2014|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=November 1, 1998}}</ref> Liana Jones of ''[[Allmusic]]'' noticed that "There aren't many artists, let alone everyday people, who acknowledge and pay tribute to life's lessons."<ref name=allmusic/>

== Critical reception ==
The song garnered critical acclaim from most [[music critics]]. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of [[AllMusic]] picked the song as a highlight from the album, writing that "the textured production functions as a backdrop for Morissette's cryptically introspective lyrics."<ref name=allmusicreview>{{cite news|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|title=Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie - Alanis Morissette: Allmusic|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/supposed-former-infatuation-junkie-mw0000600813|accessdate=March 29, 2014|newspaper=[[Allmusic]]|date=November 3, 1998}}</ref> Liana Jones also of ''Allmusic'' wrote that the song's lyrics is "a real boon for contemporary rock music, which tends to be simplistic and hackneyed in its themes."<ref name=allmusic/> Ken Tucker of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' wrote that the song's structure "creates an immediate catchiness, underpinned and emphasized by Gary Novak's hypnotic drum pattern." Tucker also called 'Thank U,' "a terrific single, with its positive sentiments tucked inside a crystalline melody like a message in a bottle."<ref name=ew>{{cite journal|last=Tucker|first=Ken|title=Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie|journal=Entertainment Weekly|date=November 2, 1998|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,63772,00.html|accessdate=17 June 2011}}</ref>

Rob Sheffield of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' wrote that the song "could've been a pretentious disaster, but instead it's a pretentious stroke of brilliance – she finds something shockingly smart to say about her spiritual crises, riding an indelible Eighties AOR synth hook and wailing like [[Robert Plant]] stealing '[[Kashmir]]' back from [[Jimmy Page]] and 'Puffy'.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sheffield|first=Rob|title=Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie|journal=Rolling Stone|date=December 10, 1998|issue=801|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/111363/supposed_former_infatuation_junkie|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081201014743/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/111363/supposed_former_infatuation_junkie|archivedate=2008-12-01|accessdate=17 June 2011}}</ref> Sal Cinquemani of ''[[Slant Magazine]]'' called the "soft-rock synth hook" and "the bundle of Morissette's signature list-y lyrics," "anything but ordinary." <ref name=slant>{{cite journal|last=Cinquemani|first=Sal|title=Alanis Morissette: Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie|date=November 5, 2003|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/alanis-morissette-supposed-former-infatuation-junkie/362|accessdate=17 June 2011}}</ref> ''[[NME]]'' praised the "pleasant, lilting Liz Cocteau-on-a-broomstick style frame."<ref name=nme>{{cite news|title=Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie|url=http://www.nme.com/reviews/alanis-morissette/303|accessdate=March 29, 2014|newspaper=[[NME]]|date=September 27, 1998}}</ref> Larry Flick of ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' praised Alanis performance, acknowledging her "zen-like confidence", calling it "an instantly memorable single that will saturate radio airwaves at all possible formats within a split-second."<ref>{{cite book|title=Billboard - October 3, 1998 Issue|url=http://books.google.com.br/books?id=FwoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA24&dq=alanis+morissette+thank+u+billboard&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=5Ec2U5y-GNC20AGIoYHQAQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=alanis%20morissette%20thank%20u%20billboard&f=false|publisher=[[Google Books]]|page=24}}</ref>

==Chart performance==
"Thank U" is Morissette's most commercially successful single post-''Jagged Little Pill''. It debuted first on the [[Billboard Magazine|Billboard]]'s [[Hot 100 Airplay]] chart at number 42.<ref>{{cite book|title=Billboard - October 3, 1998 Issue (Airplay Chart)|url=http://books.google.com.br/books?id=FwoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA24&dq=alanis+morissette+thank+u+billboard&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=5Ec2U5y-GNC20AGIoYHQAQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=alanis%20morissette%20thank%20u&f=false|publisher=[[Google Books]]|page=34}}</ref> A week later, it debuted on the [[Modern Rock Tracks]] at number 19.<ref name=googlebooks>{{cite book|title=Billboard - October 17, 1998 Issue|url=http://books.google.com.br/books?id=JwoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA96&dq=alanis+morissette+thank+u+billboard&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=1Eo2U7qaHsXs0gG9tYAY&ved=0CEMQ6AEwAw#v=snippet&q=alanis%20morissette%20thank%20u&f=false|publisher=[[Google Books]]|page=24}}</ref> The same week, the song climbed to number 11 on the ''Hot 100 Airplay'' chart,<ref name=googlebooks/> On the issue of November 28, 1998, "Thank U" topped the [[Adult Top 40 Tracks]] chart.<ref>{{cite book|title=Billboard - November 28, 1998 Issue|url=http://books.google.com.br/books?id=MAoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=alanis+morissette+thank+u+billboard&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=Y002U7CHKKrB0AG-wYEY&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=alanis%20morissette%20thank%20u&f=false|publisher=[[Google Books]]|page=24}}</ref> On the '[[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart, "Thank U" peaked at number 17, on the issue date December 5, 1998.<ref>{{cite book|title=Billboard - December 5, 1998 Issue|url=http://books.google.com.br/books?id=LgoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA96&dq=alanis+morissette+thank+u+billboard&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=s082U87dF6WK0AGh3IA4&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=alanis%20morissette%20thank%20u&f=false|publisher=[[Google Books]]|page=24}}</ref> In [[Canada]], "Thank U" topped the [[Canadian Hot 100]] chart for three consecutive weeks,<ref name=rpm2>{{cite web|title=RPM - Item Display - Top Singles - Volume 68, No. 11, December 07 1998|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6987&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=f1d1setbkhubbktjo3d4djdq60|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|accessdate=April 1, 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=rpm3>{{cite web|title=RPM - Item Display - Top Singles - Volume 68, No. 12, December 14, 1998|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6974&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=f1d1setbkhubbktjo3d4djdq60|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|accessdate=April 1, 2014}}</ref>
becoming her fifth number-one single there.<ref name=rpm>{{cite web|title=RPM - Item Display - Top Singles - Volume 68, No. 10, November 30, 1998|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6994&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=f1d1setbkhubbktjo3d4djdq60|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|accessdate=April 1, 2014}}</ref>

"Thank U" was also successful in the [[Oceania]] region. In [[Australia]], it debuted at number 20 and peaked at number 15 on the [[ARIA Chart]], becoming the only album's single that charted there.<ref name=aria/> In [[New Zealand]], the song proved to be more successful, debuting at number 6 and peaking at number 2, becoming Morissette's highest charting-single in New Zealand, until "[[Hands Clean]]" peaked at number-one in 2001.<ref name=nz/> In [[Austria]], it peaked at number 10; her last top-ten single,<ref name=austria/> while in [[Norway]], "Thank U" was her highest charting-single, peaking at number 3.<ref name=norway/> In the [[UK]], the song was her highest charting-single of her career, peaking at number 5.<ref name=uk/>

== Accolades ==
"Thank U" was nominated for [[Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]] at the [[2000 Grammy Awards]], but lost to [[Sarah McLachlan]]'s "[[I Will Remember You (Sarah McLachlan song)|I Will Remember You]]".<ref name=rockonthenet/> Morissette was nominated for a [[Juno Award for Songwriter of the Year]] (for writing the songs "[[So Pure]]", "Thank U" and "[[Unsent]]") at the [[Juno Awards of 2000|2000 edition]]. Additionally, the song entered ''[[About.com]]'''s "Top 10 Alanis Morissette Lyrics" list at number 3, with Bill Lamb picking the lyrics, "How about me not blaming you for everything/How about me enjoying the moment for once/How about how good it feels to finally forgive you/How about grieving it all one at a time" as the best.<ref name=aboutcom>{{cite web|last=Lamb|first=Bill|title=Top 10 Alanis Morissette Lyrics|url=http://top40.about.com/od/alanismorissette/tp/alanislyrics.htm|work=[[About.com]]|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}</ref>

''[[ReDigi]]'' website also listed the "Top 10 Alanis Morissette Songs", picking "Thank U" as her third best song, writing that, "Most of the attention might have been focused on its revealing video, but the angst-ridden melancholy of 'Thank You' works just as well without images of Alanis wandering the streets in her birthday suit."<ref name=redigi>{{cite web|title=Re Digi Blog - Top 10 Alanis Morissette Songs|url=http://music-news.redigi.com/top-10-alanis-morissette-songs/|work=[[ReDigi]]|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}</ref>

==Music video==
[[File:Thank U music video.jpg|thumb|right|A stranger (actor/producer Sanjay Pandya) places his hand on Morissette as she stands in the middle of the street.]]
The music video was directed by [[Stéphane Sednaoui]] and premiered on October 12, 1998 on [[MTV]]'s [[Total Request Live]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1432300/alanis-debuts-new-video-tour-kicks-off.jhtml|title=Alanis Debuts New Video As Tour Kicks Off|date=October 13, 1998|work=[[MTV.com]]|publisher=[[MTV Networks]]|accessdate=2011-06-17}}</ref> It features Morissette walking around and being embraced by strangers in a variety of public locations, such as in the street, at a [[supermarket]], and on a [[rapid transit|subway]] car in [[Los Angeles]].<ref name=e!>{{cite news|title=Alanis Morissette in "Thank You" from Naked Stars in Music Videos|url=http://www.eonline.com/photos/9791/naked-stars-in-music-videos/312131|accessdate=March 29, 2014|newspaper=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> Throughout the video, Morissette is completely [[nudity|nude]] with her long hair shrouding her [[breast]]s and her pubic region blurred out.<ref name=digitalspy>{{cite news|title=Back to article: Katy Perry, Britney Spears, Robbie Williams: Singers naked in videos|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/i503522-8/singers-strip-off-for-music-videos-alanis-morissette-thank-you.html|accessdate=March 29, 2014|newspaper=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> Slight modifications to the video were made before broadcasting by [[MTV]] in [[India]] and certain other [[Asia]]n countries. Subsequent replays, however, aired the video in its original format. In May 2001, the video was voted #66 on [[VH1]]'s 100 Greatest Videos.<ref name=rockonthenet/>

While being asked why she chose to be nude in the video, Morissette said, "Actually, the idea for that video hit me in my shower - I was thinking about the song and its simplicity and its baring itself, and I just thought, ‘Wouldn’t it be great if I could just walk around New York City or grocery stores in just a symbolism of being naked everywhere I went?’. Less about overt sexuality and more about the symbolism of being really raw and naked and intimate in all these environments where you’d seemingly need protection, like in a subway and those kinds of places. So that hit me in the shower and then we executed it."<ref name=popmatters>{{cite news|last=Hamersly|first=Michael|title=What you oughta know before seeing Alanis Morissette|url=http://www.popmatters.com/article/what-you-oughta-know-before-seeing-alanis-morissette/|accessdate=March 29, 2014|newspaper=[[PopMatters]]|date=October 27, 2008}}</ref>

==Cover versions and parodies==
*"Thank U" was covered by English [[progressive rock]] musician [[Steven Wilson]] (who jokingly changed the line "How about them transparent dangling carrots" to "How about changing a line 'cause it don't make sense").<ref>{{cite web|title=Steven Wilson's Cover Version cover of Alanis Morissette's Thank U|url=http://www.whosampled.com/cover/62484/Steven-Wilson-Cover-Version-Alanis-Morissette-Thank-U/|work=Who Sampled|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}</ref> [[Blackfield]], one of Wilson's bands, has regularly played the song on tour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Blackfield - Thank You (Traducida) alanis morissette cover|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTLdT_W6cjU|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}</ref>
*On an episode of ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', [[Jimmy Fallon]] appeared on the "Weekend Update" segment in which he sang various parody songs about Halloween. One such song was a parody of "Thank U", in which he thanks all of the candy he had received Trick-or-Treating.<ref>{{cite web|title=SNL Halloween song Weekend Update|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sAE_6grDSU|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}</ref>
*On ''[[MadTV]]'' there was a parody, "Wash Me", starring [[Mo Collins]] which takes place in a laundromat.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mad TV - Alanis Morissette - Wash Me|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODhYlyJUiaI|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}</ref>
*On ''[[French & Saunders]]'', [[Jennifer Saunders]] parodied Morissette with a song called "Bless U", a tribute to thesaurus, dictionaries, spell check and other word referencing methods. The clip showed Saunders as a singer called Aimless [[Morris Minor]], dressed in a flesh-coloured body-suit to make it appear as if she were naked. At the end of the sketch [[Dawn French]] stuck the pubic hair of the suit onto Saunders's face. This clip was shown as a sketch on ''[[French and Saunders]]'' 1999 Bank Holiday Special.<ref>{{cite web|title=French and Saunders - Alanis Morissette|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HX1AH9581CA|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}</ref>
*[["Weird Al" Yankovic]] debuted an unreleased spoof of "Thank U" entitled "Fast Food" on his 1999 ''[[Running with Scissors (album)|Running with Scissors]]'' tour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fast Food - 'Weird Al' Yankovic|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3uJhdNHcIA|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=February 15, 2016}}</ref>

==Track listing==
#"Thank U" (album version) – 4:19
#"Pollyanna Flower" (unreleased bonus track) – 4:07
#"[[Uninvited (song)|Uninvited]]" (demo) – 3:04

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|Chart (1998)
!align="left"|Peak position
|-
{{singlechart|Australia|15|artist=Alanis Morissette|refname=aria|song=Thank U|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Austria|10|artist=Alanis Morissette|refname=austria|song=Thank U|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Belgium (Flanders) Tip|25|artist=Alanis Morissette|refname=bg|song=Thank U|accessdate=January 29, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|Belgium (Wallonia) Tip|22|artist=Alanis Morissette|refname=bgw|song=Thank U|accessdate=January 29, 2011}}
|-
|align="left"|Canada ([[RPM (magazine)|RPM]])<ref name=rpm/>
|align="center"|1
|-
{{singlechart|German|19|Alanis Morissette|refname=german|song=Thank U|accessdate=January 29, 2011}}
|-
|align="left"|Ireland ([[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]])<ref name=irma>{{cite web|title=The Irish Charts - Search: Alanis Morissette|url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement|work=[[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]]|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}</ref>
|align="center"|13
|-
{{singlechart|Italy|6|artist=Alanis Morissette|refname=italy|song=Thank U|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Dutch40|8|artist=Alanis Morissette|refname=netherlands|song=Thank U|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|New Zealand|2|artist=Alanis Morissette|refname=nz|song=Thank U|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Norway|3|artist=Alanis Morissette|refname=norway|song=Thank U|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}
|-
|align="left"|Spain ([[Los 40 Principales]])
|align="center"|1
|-
{{singlechart|Sweden|49|artist=Alanis Morissette|refname=sweden|song=Thank U|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Switzerland|18|artist=Alanis Morissette|refname=swiss|song=Thank U|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name=uk>{{cite web|title=Alanis Morissette | Artist | Official Charts|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/alanis%20morissette/|work=[[The Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}</ref>
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name=AMG-Billboard>[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p144717|pure_url=yes}} "Alanis Morissette - Billboard Singles"]. [[Allmusic]] and ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''.</ref><ref name=Billboarddotcom>[{{BillboardURLbyName|artist=alanis morissette|chart=all}} "Alanis Morissette - Artist Chart History - Singles"]. ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''.</ref>
|align="center"|17
|-
|align="left"|US ''Billboard'' [[Hot 100 Airplay (Radio Songs)|Hot 100 Airplay]]<ref name=AMG-Billboard/><ref name=Billboarddotcom/>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|US ''Billboard'' [[Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs)|Mainstream Top 40]]<ref name=AMG-Billboard/>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|US ''Billboard'' [[Alternative Songs|Modern Rock Tracks]]<ref name=AMG-Billboard/><ref name=Billboarddotcom/>
|align="center"|12
|-
|align="left"|US ''Billboard'' [[Adult Top 40|Adult Top 40 Tracks]]<ref name=AMG-Billboard/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{MetroLyrics song|alanis-morissette|thank-u}}

{{Alanis Morissette}}
{{Alanis Morissette songs}}

[[Category:1998 singles]]
[[Category:Alanis Morissette songs]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Stéphane Sednaoui]]
[[Category:Songs written by Glen Ballard]]
[[Category:Songs written by Alanis Morissette]]
[[Category:Billboard Adult Top 40 number-one singles]]
[[Category:RPM Top Singles number-one singles]]
[[Category:Pop ballads]]
[[Category:Rock ballads]]
[[Category:1990s ballads]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in music]]
[[Category:Trip hop songs]]

Thank U

2016-07-23T19:51:13Z

Rodericksilly: /* Cover versions and parodies */

{{About|the Alanis Morissette song|other uses|Thank You (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox single 
| Name = Thank U
| Cover = Alanis Morissette - Thank U.png
| Border = yes
| Artist = [[Alanis Morissette]]
| from Album = [[Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie]]
| B-side = "Pollyanna Flower" "Uninvited"
| Released = October 13, 1998
| Formatn = [[CD single]]
| Recorded = 1998
| Genre = [[Electronica]], [[experimental rock]], [[trip hop]]
| Length = 4:19
| Label = [[Maverick Records|Maverick]]
| Writer = Alanis Morissette, [[Glen Ballard]]
| Producer = Alanis Morissette, Glen Ballard
| Last single = "[[Uninvited (song)|Uninvited]]" (1998)
| This single = "'''Thank U'''" (1998)
| Next single = "[[Joining You]]" (1999)
{{Extra music sample|filename=Thank U Alanis Morissette audio sample.ogg|title="Thank U" |description=A sample from Alanis Morissette's "Thank U"|Type=single}}
}}

"'''Thank U'''" is a song by Canadian recording artist and songwriter [[Alanis Morissette]], for her fourth [[studio album]] ''[[Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie]]'' (1998). The song was written by Alanis Morissette and [[Glen Ballard]], who produced her previous album. Morissette wrote the song after she came back from [[India]].

The song received generally positive reviews from [[music critics]] and also performed well in the record charts, peaking in the top ten in several countries. An accompanying [[music video]] was released for the single, featuring Morissette nude in different streets in [[Los Angeles]]. It received generally positive reviews from [[music critics]], but received mild controversy, due to [[nudity]] in the video. It was nominated for [[Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]] at the [[2000 Grammy Awards]].

==Background and release ==
After the massive success of her breakthrough album ''[[Jagged Little Pill]]'' (1995) (which spawned the worldwide hits, "[[You Oughta Know]]", "[[Ironic (song)|Ironic]]", "[[Head over Feet]]" and "[[You Learn]]"), Morissette was considered one of the biggest music stars in the world, and many fans anxiously awaited a follow-up album. During a trip to [[India]], in 1997, Alanis wrote some songs, including "Thank U". In 1998, Morissette contributed with the song "[[Uninvited (song)|Uninvited]]" for the soundtrack of the 1998 film ''[[City of Angels (film)|City of Angels]]''.<ref name=rockonthenet>{{cite web|title=Rock On the Net: Alanis Morissette|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/artists-m/alanismorissette_main.htm|work=Rock on the Net|accessdate=March 27, 2014}}</ref>

In September of the same year, "Thank U" was released on radio and Alanis talked with [[MTV]] about the break between LPs and the first single: "Basically, I had never stopped in my whole life, hadn't taken a long breath, and I took a year and a half off and basically learned how to do that. When I did stop and I was silent and I breathed... I was just left with an immense amount of gratitude, and inspiration, and love, and bliss, and that's where the song came from, you know."<ref name=rockonthenet/>

== Composition and writing ==
"Thank U" was written and produced by [[Alanis Morissette]] and [[Glen Ballard]]. "Thank U" is a [[Rock music|rock]] song composed in the key of [[C major]]. It is written in [[common time]] and moves at a moderate tempo of 91 [[beats per minute]]. The song uses a simple [[chord progression]] alternating between a [[tonic (music)|tonic]] C major chord, [[dominant (music)|dominant]] [[G major]] chord, and the [[subdominant]] [[F major]] chord.<ref>Sheet music for "Thank U". [[Hal Leonard Corporation]]. 1998.</ref> The music of "Thank U" is simple, mid-tempo [[rock music|rock]] fare, with a prominent [[drum]]-machine pattern that pulses throughout. A delicate piano intro underscores Morissette's vocals, which begin by asking, "How bout getting off these antibiotics?" The rest of the song continues with Morissette posing similar provocative questions -- "How bout remembering your divinity?"—and her thanking the circumstances—terror, disillusionment, and consequence, among others—that helped her achieve personal growth.<ref name=allmusic>{{cite web|last=Jonas|first=Liana|title=Alanis Morissette -Thank U: Allmusic|url=http://www.allmusic.com/song/thank-u-mt0000415140|work=[[Allmusic]]|accessdate=March 28, 2014}}</ref>

Lyrically, the song documents the singer's spiritual awakenings, resultant from her trip to India, as well as other physical and internal journeys. In "Thank U", Alanis expresses the heartfelt gratitude, inspiration and compassion, which she felt at the time she wrote it.<ref>{{cite news|title=Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie |url=http://members.aol.com/am69dana/sfijm.html |accessdate=March 28, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050228175022/http://members.aol.com/am69dana/sfijm.html |archivedate=February 28, 2005 }}</ref> According to Jon Pareles of ''[[New York Times]]'', the song has "verses of self-help," such as, "How 'bout no longer being masochistic?, how 'bout remembering your divinity?, how 'bout unabashedly bawling your eyes out?."<ref>{{cite news|last=Pareles|first=Jon|title=Alanis Morissette Explores The Healing Power of Song|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/01/arts/alanis-morissette-explores-the-healing-power-of-song.html?src=pm&pagewanted=1|accessdate=March 28, 2014|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=November 1, 1998}}</ref> Liana Jones of ''[[Allmusic]]'' noticed that "There aren't many artists, let alone everyday people, who acknowledge and pay tribute to life's lessons."<ref name=allmusic/>

== Critical reception ==
The song garnered critical acclaim from most [[music critics]]. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of [[AllMusic]] picked the song as a highlight from the album, writing that "the textured production functions as a backdrop for Morissette's cryptically introspective lyrics."<ref name=allmusicreview>{{cite news|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|title=Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie - Alanis Morissette: Allmusic|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/supposed-former-infatuation-junkie-mw0000600813|accessdate=March 29, 2014|newspaper=[[Allmusic]]|date=November 3, 1998}}</ref> Liana Jones also of ''Allmusic'' wrote that the song's lyrics is "a real boon for contemporary rock music, which tends to be simplistic and hackneyed in its themes."<ref name=allmusic/> Ken Tucker of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' wrote that the song's structure "creates an immediate catchiness, underpinned and emphasized by Gary Novak's hypnotic drum pattern." Tucker also called 'Thank U,' "a terrific single, with its positive sentiments tucked inside a crystalline melody like a message in a bottle."<ref name=ew>{{cite journal|last=Tucker|first=Ken|title=Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie|journal=Entertainment Weekly|date=November 2, 1998|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,63772,00.html|accessdate=17 June 2011}}</ref>

Rob Sheffield of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' wrote that the song "could've been a pretentious disaster, but instead it's a pretentious stroke of brilliance – she finds something shockingly smart to say about her spiritual crises, riding an indelible Eighties AOR synth hook and wailing like [[Robert Plant]] stealing '[[Kashmir]]' back from [[Jimmy Page]] and 'Puffy'.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sheffield|first=Rob|title=Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie|journal=Rolling Stone|date=December 10, 1998|issue=801|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/111363/supposed_former_infatuation_junkie|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081201014743/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/111363/supposed_former_infatuation_junkie|archivedate=2008-12-01|accessdate=17 June 2011}}</ref> Sal Cinquemani of ''[[Slant Magazine]]'' called the "soft-rock synth hook" and "the bundle of Morissette's signature list-y lyrics," "anything but ordinary." <ref name=slant>{{cite journal|last=Cinquemani|first=Sal|title=Alanis Morissette: Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie|date=November 5, 2003|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/alanis-morissette-supposed-former-infatuation-junkie/362|accessdate=17 June 2011}}</ref> ''[[NME]]'' praised the "pleasant, lilting Liz Cocteau-on-a-broomstick style frame."<ref name=nme>{{cite news|title=Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie|url=http://www.nme.com/reviews/alanis-morissette/303|accessdate=March 29, 2014|newspaper=[[NME]]|date=September 27, 1998}}</ref> Larry Flick of ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' praised Alanis performance, acknowledging her "zen-like confidence", calling it "an instantly memorable single that will saturate radio airwaves at all possible formats within a split-second."<ref>{{cite book|title=Billboard - October 3, 1998 Issue|url=http://books.google.com.br/books?id=FwoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA24&dq=alanis+morissette+thank+u+billboard&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=5Ec2U5y-GNC20AGIoYHQAQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=alanis%20morissette%20thank%20u%20billboard&f=false|publisher=[[Google Books]]|page=24}}</ref>

==Chart performance==
"Thank U" is Morissette's most commercially successful single post-''Jagged Little Pill''. It debuted first on the [[Billboard Magazine|Billboard]]'s [[Hot 100 Airplay]] chart at number 42.<ref>{{cite book|title=Billboard - October 3, 1998 Issue (Airplay Chart)|url=http://books.google.com.br/books?id=FwoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA24&dq=alanis+morissette+thank+u+billboard&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=5Ec2U5y-GNC20AGIoYHQAQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=alanis%20morissette%20thank%20u&f=false|publisher=[[Google Books]]|page=34}}</ref> A week later, it debuted on the [[Modern Rock Tracks]] at number 19.<ref name=googlebooks>{{cite book|title=Billboard - October 17, 1998 Issue|url=http://books.google.com.br/books?id=JwoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA96&dq=alanis+morissette+thank+u+billboard&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=1Eo2U7qaHsXs0gG9tYAY&ved=0CEMQ6AEwAw#v=snippet&q=alanis%20morissette%20thank%20u&f=false|publisher=[[Google Books]]|page=24}}</ref> The same week, the song climbed to number 11 on the ''Hot 100 Airplay'' chart,<ref name=googlebooks/> On the issue of November 28, 1998, "Thank U" topped the [[Adult Top 40 Tracks]] chart.<ref>{{cite book|title=Billboard - November 28, 1998 Issue|url=http://books.google.com.br/books?id=MAoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=alanis+morissette+thank+u+billboard&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=Y002U7CHKKrB0AG-wYEY&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=alanis%20morissette%20thank%20u&f=false|publisher=[[Google Books]]|page=24}}</ref> On the '[[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart, "Thank U" peaked at number 17, on the issue date December 5, 1998.<ref>{{cite book|title=Billboard - December 5, 1998 Issue|url=http://books.google.com.br/books?id=LgoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA96&dq=alanis+morissette+thank+u+billboard&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=s082U87dF6WK0AGh3IA4&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=alanis%20morissette%20thank%20u&f=false|publisher=[[Google Books]]|page=24}}</ref> In [[Canada]], "Thank U" topped the [[Canadian Hot 100]] chart for three consecutive weeks,<ref name=rpm2>{{cite web|title=RPM - Item Display - Top Singles - Volume 68, No. 11, December 07 1998|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6987&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=f1d1setbkhubbktjo3d4djdq60|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|accessdate=April 1, 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=rpm3>{{cite web|title=RPM - Item Display - Top Singles - Volume 68, No. 12, December 14, 1998|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6974&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=f1d1setbkhubbktjo3d4djdq60|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|accessdate=April 1, 2014}}</ref>
becoming her fifth number-one single there.<ref name=rpm>{{cite web|title=RPM - Item Display - Top Singles - Volume 68, No. 10, November 30, 1998|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6994&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=f1d1setbkhubbktjo3d4djdq60|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|accessdate=April 1, 2014}}</ref>

"Thank U" was also successful in the [[Oceania]] region. In [[Australia]], it debuted at number 20 and peaked at number 15 on the [[ARIA Chart]], becoming the only album's single that charted there.<ref name=aria/> In [[New Zealand]], the song proved to be more successful, debuting at number 6 and peaking at number 2, becoming Morissette's highest charting-single in New Zealand, until "[[Hands Clean]]" peaked at number-one in 2001.<ref name=nz/> In [[Austria]], it peaked at number 10; her last top-ten single,<ref name=austria/> while in [[Norway]], "Thank U" was her highest charting-single, peaking at number 3.<ref name=norway/> In the [[UK]], the song was her highest charting-single of her career, peaking at number 5.<ref name=uk/>

== Accolades ==
"Thank U" was nominated for [[Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]] at the [[2000 Grammy Awards]], but lost to [[Sarah McLachlan]]'s "[[I Will Remember You (Sarah McLachlan song)|I Will Remember You]]".<ref name=rockonthenet/> Morissette was nominated for a [[Juno Award for Songwriter of the Year]] (for writing the songs "[[So Pure]]", "Thank U" and "[[Unsent]]") at the [[Juno Awards of 2000|2000 edition]]. Additionally, the song entered ''[[About.com]]'''s "Top 10 Alanis Morissette Lyrics" list at number 3, with Bill Lamb picking the lyrics, "How about me not blaming you for everything/How about me enjoying the moment for once/How about how good it feels to finally forgive you/How about grieving it all one at a time" as the best.<ref name=aboutcom>{{cite web|last=Lamb|first=Bill|title=Top 10 Alanis Morissette Lyrics|url=http://top40.about.com/od/alanismorissette/tp/alanislyrics.htm|work=[[About.com]]|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}</ref>

''[[ReDigi]]'' website also listed the "Top 10 Alanis Morissette Songs", picking "Thank U" as her third best song, writing that, "Most of the attention might have been focused on its revealing video, but the angst-ridden melancholy of 'Thank You' works just as well without images of Alanis wandering the streets in her birthday suit."<ref name=redigi>{{cite web|title=Re Digi Blog - Top 10 Alanis Morissette Songs|url=http://music-news.redigi.com/top-10-alanis-morissette-songs/|work=[[ReDigi]]|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}</ref>

==Music video==
[[File:Thank U music video.jpg|thumb|right|A stranger (actor/producer Sanjay Pandya) places his hand on Morissette as she stands in the middle of the street.]]
The music video was directed by [[Stéphane Sednaoui]] and premiered on October 12, 1998 on [[MTV]]'s [[Total Request Live]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1432300/alanis-debuts-new-video-tour-kicks-off.jhtml|title=Alanis Debuts New Video As Tour Kicks Off|date=October 13, 1998|work=[[MTV.com]]|publisher=[[MTV Networks]]|accessdate=2011-06-17}}</ref> It features Morissette walking around and being embraced by strangers in a variety of public locations, such as in the street, at a [[supermarket]], and on a [[rapid transit|subway]] car in [[Los Angeles]].<ref name=e!>{{cite news|title=Alanis Morissette in "Thank You" from Naked Stars in Music Videos|url=http://www.eonline.com/photos/9791/naked-stars-in-music-videos/312131|accessdate=March 29, 2014|newspaper=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> Throughout the video, Morissette is completely [[nudity|nude]] with her long hair shrouding her [[breast]]s and her pubic region blurred out.<ref name=digitalspy>{{cite news|title=Back to article: Katy Perry, Britney Spears, Robbie Williams: Singers naked in videos|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/i503522-8/singers-strip-off-for-music-videos-alanis-morissette-thank-you.html|accessdate=March 29, 2014|newspaper=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> Slight modifications to the video were made before broadcasting by [[MTV]] in [[India]] and certain other [[Asia]]n countries. Subsequent replays, however, aired the video in its original format. In May 2001, the video was voted #66 on [[VH1]]'s 100 Greatest Videos.<ref name=rockonthenet/>

While being asked why she chose to be nude in the video, Morissette said, "Actually, the idea for that video hit me in my shower - I was thinking about the song and its simplicity and its baring itself, and I just thought, ‘Wouldn’t it be great if I could just walk around New York City or grocery stores in just a symbolism of being naked everywhere I went?’. Less about overt sexuality and more about the symbolism of being really raw and naked and intimate in all these environments where you’d seemingly need protection, like in a subway and those kinds of places. So that hit me in the shower and then we executed it."<ref name=popmatters>{{cite news|last=Hamersly|first=Michael|title=What you oughta know before seeing Alanis Morissette|url=http://www.popmatters.com/article/what-you-oughta-know-before-seeing-alanis-morissette/|accessdate=March 29, 2014|newspaper=[[PopMatters]]|date=October 27, 2008}}</ref>

==Cover versions and parodies==
*"Thank U" was covered by English [[progressive rock]] musician [[Steven Wilson]] (who jokingly changed the line "How about them transparent dangling carrots" to "How about changing a line 'cause it don't make sense").<ref>{{cite web|title=Steven Wilson's Cover Version cover of Alanis Morissette's Thank U|url=http://www.whosampled.com/cover/62484/Steven-Wilson-Cover-Version-Alanis-Morissette-Thank-U/|work=Who Sampled|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}</ref> [[Blackfield]], one of Steven Wilson's bands, has regularly played the song on tour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Blackfield - Thank You (Traducida) alanis morissette cover|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTLdT_W6cjU|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}</ref>
*On an episode of ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', [[Jimmy Fallon]] appeared on the "Weekend Update" segment in which he sang various parody songs about Halloween. One such song was a parody of "Thank U", in which he thanks all of the candy he had received Trick-or-Treating.<ref>{{cite web|title=SNL Halloween song Weekend Update|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sAE_6grDSU|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}</ref>
*On ''[[MadTV]]'' there was a parody, "Wash Me", starring [[Mo Collins]] which takes place in a laundromat.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mad TV - Alanis Morissette - Wash Me|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODhYlyJUiaI|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}</ref>
*On ''[[French & Saunders]]'', [[Jennifer Saunders]] parodied Morissette with a song called "Bless U", a tribute to thesaurus, dictionaries, spell check and other word referencing methods. The clip showed Saunders as a singer called Aimless [[Morris Minor]], dressed in a flesh-coloured body-suit to make it appear as if she were naked. At the end of the sketch [[Dawn French]] stuck the pubic hair of the suit onto Saunders's face. This clip was shown as a sketch on ''[[French and Saunders]]'' 1999 Bank Holiday Special.<ref>{{cite web|title=French and Saunders - Alanis Morissette|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HX1AH9581CA|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}</ref>
*[["Weird Al" Yankovic]] debuted an unreleased spoof of "Thank U" entitled "Fast Food" on his 1999 ''[[Running with Scissors (album)|Running with Scissors]]'' tour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fast Food - 'Weird Al' Yankovic|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3uJhdNHcIA|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=February 15, 2016}}</ref>

==Track listing==
#"Thank U" (album version) – 4:19
#"Pollyanna Flower" (unreleased bonus track) – 4:07
#"[[Uninvited (song)|Uninvited]]" (demo) – 3:04

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|Chart (1998)
!align="left"|Peak position
|-
{{singlechart|Australia|15|artist=Alanis Morissette|refname=aria|song=Thank U|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Austria|10|artist=Alanis Morissette|refname=austria|song=Thank U|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Belgium (Flanders) Tip|25|artist=Alanis Morissette|refname=bg|song=Thank U|accessdate=January 29, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|Belgium (Wallonia) Tip|22|artist=Alanis Morissette|refname=bgw|song=Thank U|accessdate=January 29, 2011}}
|-
|align="left"|Canada ([[RPM (magazine)|RPM]])<ref name=rpm/>
|align="center"|1
|-
{{singlechart|German|19|Alanis Morissette|refname=german|song=Thank U|accessdate=January 29, 2011}}
|-
|align="left"|Ireland ([[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]])<ref name=irma>{{cite web|title=The Irish Charts - Search: Alanis Morissette|url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement|work=[[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]]|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}</ref>
|align="center"|13
|-
{{singlechart|Italy|6|artist=Alanis Morissette|refname=italy|song=Thank U|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Dutch40|8|artist=Alanis Morissette|refname=netherlands|song=Thank U|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|New Zealand|2|artist=Alanis Morissette|refname=nz|song=Thank U|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Norway|3|artist=Alanis Morissette|refname=norway|song=Thank U|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}
|-
|align="left"|Spain ([[Los 40 Principales]])
|align="center"|1
|-
{{singlechart|Sweden|49|artist=Alanis Morissette|refname=sweden|song=Thank U|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Switzerland|18|artist=Alanis Morissette|refname=swiss|song=Thank U|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name=uk>{{cite web|title=Alanis Morissette | Artist | Official Charts|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/alanis%20morissette/|work=[[The Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}</ref>
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name=AMG-Billboard>[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p144717|pure_url=yes}} "Alanis Morissette - Billboard Singles"]. [[Allmusic]] and ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''.</ref><ref name=Billboarddotcom>[{{BillboardURLbyName|artist=alanis morissette|chart=all}} "Alanis Morissette - Artist Chart History - Singles"]. ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''.</ref>
|align="center"|17
|-
|align="left"|US ''Billboard'' [[Hot 100 Airplay (Radio Songs)|Hot 100 Airplay]]<ref name=AMG-Billboard/><ref name=Billboarddotcom/>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|US ''Billboard'' [[Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs)|Mainstream Top 40]]<ref name=AMG-Billboard/>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|US ''Billboard'' [[Alternative Songs|Modern Rock Tracks]]<ref name=AMG-Billboard/><ref name=Billboarddotcom/>
|align="center"|12
|-
|align="left"|US ''Billboard'' [[Adult Top 40|Adult Top 40 Tracks]]<ref name=AMG-Billboard/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{MetroLyrics song|alanis-morissette|thank-u}}

{{Alanis Morissette}}
{{Alanis Morissette songs}}

[[Category:1998 singles]]
[[Category:Alanis Morissette songs]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Stéphane Sednaoui]]
[[Category:Songs written by Glen Ballard]]
[[Category:Songs written by Alanis Morissette]]
[[Category:Billboard Adult Top 40 number-one singles]]
[[Category:RPM Top Singles number-one singles]]
[[Category:Pop ballads]]
[[Category:Rock ballads]]
[[Category:1990s ballads]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in music]]
[[Category:Trip hop songs]]

Pixie Lott

2016-03-26T21:44:51Z

Rodericksilly:

[[Datei:Pixie Lott 2014 (cropped).jpg|miniatur|Pixie Lott (2014)]]
'''Pixie Lott''' (* [[12. Januar]] [[1991]] in [[London Borough of Bromley|Bromley]], [[London]], [[England]]; eigentlich ''Victoria Louise Lott''<ref>[{{Allmusic|Rubrik=artist|ID=mn0002144426|NurURL=ja}} Pixie Lott: Biography] (englisch)</ref>) ist eine [[Vereinigtes Königreich|britische]] [[Popmusik|Pop]]-/[[Soul]][[Gesang|sängerin]], [[Songwriting|Songwriterin]] und [[Schauspieler]]in.

== Kindheit ==
Pixie Lott wurde in Bromley, einem Stadtteil im Südosten Londons, geboren. Ihre Mutter gab ihr den Spitznamen Pixie, weil sie "so ein kleines, süßes Baby war, das wie eine Fee aussah".<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8078714.stm</ref> Sie begann mit dem Singen in ihrer Kirchenschule.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8078714.stm</ref> Im Alter von fünf Jahren besuchte sie die ''Italia Conti Associates Saturday School'' in Chislehurst. Später erhielt sie ein Stipendium an der ''Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts''. Während ihrer Schauspielausbildung war sie in London in der Musicalproduktion ''Chitty Chitty Bang Bang'' und der BBC-Fernsehproduktion ''A Celebration to the Sound of Music'' zu sehen, in welcher sie die Louisa von Trapp verkörperte. Mit 13 Jahren zog sie mit ihrer Familie nach Brentwood. Obwohl sie wegen der Aufnahmen zu ihrem Album einen Teil des Unterrichts verpasste, erreichte sie Spitzennoten in ihrem [[GCSE]].<ref>http://www.instyle.co.uk/news/pixie-lott-%E2%80%93-our-new-favourite-pop-star-30-06-09</ref>

== Musikkarriere ==
=== 2009–2010: ''Turn It Up'' ===
Als Pixie Lott 15 Jahre alt war, nahm sie der Musikproduzent [[Antonio Reid|LA Reid]] für die Plattenfirma [[Island Def Jam Music Group]] unter Vertrag. Bei deren Tochtergesellschaft [[Mercury Records]] erschien am 8. Juni 2009 ihre Debütsingle ''Mama Do (Uh Oh, Uh Oh)'', welche auf Anhieb auf [[Liste der Nummer-eins-Hits in den britischen Charts (2009)|Platz eins]] der britischen Charts landete. Die Single wurde von der British Phonographic Industry mit Silber ausgezeichnet, nachdem sie über 200.000 mal verkauft wurde.<ref name="bpi">[http://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards/search.aspx bpi] (englisch)</ref> Die Single hatte auch außerhalb [[Großbritannien (Insel)|Großbritannien]]s Erfolg. Sie erreichte in 11 Ländern die Top 40, in Frankreich und Dänemark sogar die Top 10. Mitte September erreichte auch ihre zweite Single ''Boys and Girls'' die Spitzenposition, nachdem sie sich ebenfalls über 50.000 mal verkaufte. Außerdem wurde ''Boys and Girls'' am 24. August 2010 in den [[USA]] als ihre Debütsingle veröffentlicht.

Am 14. September 2009 wurde ihr Debütalbum ''Turn It Up'' veröffentlicht. Das Album stieg auf Platz 6 in den UK Album Charts ein und wurde mit über 600.000 verkauften Einheiten mit Doppel-Platin ausgezeichnet.<ref name="bpi" /> Als dritte Single wurde ''Cry Me Out'' veröffentlicht, welches am 23. November 2009 erschien und auf Platz 12 im Vereinigten Königreich landete. Der Song ''Gravity'', die vierte Single, wurde in England am 8. März 2010 veröffentlicht und erreichte dort Platz 20. Am 7. Juli 2010 veröffentlichte sie als fünfte Single ''Turn It Up'', welche Platz 11 in Großbritannien erreichte.

Am 18. Oktober 2010 wurde das Album mit neuen Tracks unter dem Namen ''Turn It Up Louder'' erneut veröffentlicht.<ref>http://hmv.com/hmvweb/displayProductDetails.do?sku=388573</ref> Aus diesem Album erschien eine weitere Single mit dem Namen ''Broken Arrows'', welche Platz 12 erreichte.<ref>http://www.theofficialcharts.com/archive-chart/_/1/2010-10-23</ref>
Außerdem ist eine Veröffentlichung ihres Debütalbums mit einer veränderten Songliste in den USA geplant.<ref>http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a212524/pixie-lotts-turn-it-up-reworked-for-us.html</ref> Auf dem Album werden sich neben der Single ''Broken Arrow'' auch Duette mit [[Jason Derulo]]<ref>http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a215735/pixie-lott-to-duet-with-jason-derulo.html</ref> und Joe Jonas sowie drei Song in Zusammenarbeit mit den britischen Songschreibern [[Chris Braide]] und [[Cathy Dennis]] befinden.<ref>http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Chris_Braide02_Interview.html</ref>

Am 19. September 2009 veröffentlichte die für wohltätige Zwecke gegründete Band ''Young Soul Rebels'', von der Pixie Lott ein Teil war, den Song ''I Got Soul''. Dieser erreichte Platz 10 in Großbritannien.<ref>http://www.theofficialcharts.com/archive-chart/_/1/2009-10-31</ref>
Pixie Lott schrieb den Song ''You Broke My Heart''<ref>[[:en:Overcome (Alexandra Burke album)|Overcome (Alexandra Burke album)]]</ref> für [[Alexandra Burke]]s Debütalbum ''Overcome'', sowie den Song ''Happy Alone'' für [[Girls Can’t Catch]]. Das Lied ''The Way the World Works'' war in der Serie [[Private Practice]] zu hören.<ref>http://www.buzzjack.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=102257&st=40&start=40</ref> Pixie Lott wurde bei den [[MTV Europe Music Awards 2009]] mit zwei Awards ausgezeichnet.<ref>http://www.buzzjack.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=102257&st=40&start=40</ref> Zudem wurde sie 2010 bei den [[BRIT Awards]] dreimal nominiert.<ref>http://www.brits.co.uk/artist/pixie-lott</ref> Bei [[Rihanna]]s ''Last Girl on Earth Tour'' trat sie in Großbritannien im Vorprogramm auf.<ref>http://www.4music.com/artist/pixie-lott/to-support-rihanna-on-tour.html</ref> Sie erhielt die Rolle der ''Judy'' in dem Film ''Fred: The Movie'', welche in Amerika auf Nickelodeon veröffentlicht wurde.<ref>http://www.rte.ie/ten/2009/1214/lottp.html</ref> Außerdem steuerte sie zu dem Soundtrack des 2010 erschienenen Filmes [[StreetDance 3D]] den Song ''Live For The Moment'' bei.

=== Seit 2011: ''Young Foolish Happy'' ===
Im April 2011 verriet Pixie Lott in einem Interview mit ''Digitalspy'', dass sie an einem neuen Album arbeiten würde. Sie kündigte eine Vielzahl von Kollaborationen mit sehr bekannten Künstlern an sowie Musik, die "immer noch Popmusik, aber etwas souliger" sei.<ref>http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a312634/pixie-lott-working-with-big-names-on-new-lp.html</ref> Ihr zweites Studioalbum mit dem Namen ''Young Foolish Happy'' erschien in Großbritannien am 14. November 2011.<ref>http://hmv.com/hmvweb/displayProductDetails.do?ctx=280;1;-1;-1;-1&sku=182772</ref> Es enthält unter anderem Duette mit [[Stevie Wonder]] und [[John Legend]].<ref>http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a341081/pixie-lott-names-new-album-young-foolish-happy.html</ref>
Die erste Single mit dem Namen ''All About Tonight'' wurde am 4. September 2011 veröffentlicht und erreichte sofort [[Liste der Nummer-eins-Hits in den britischen Charts (2011)|Platz eins]] der britischen Charts. Es ist damit die dritte Nummer-1-Single von Pixie Lott. Als zweite Single folgte der Song ''What Do You Take Me For?'', eine Zusammenarbeit mit dem US-amerikanischen Rapper [[Pusha T]]. Der Song erschien am 4. November 2011 digital und erreichte Platz 10 in Großbritannien. Als dritte Single wurde der Song ''Kiss the Stars'', ebenfalls nur digital, veröffentlicht. Am 27. Februar 2012 erschien der Song ''Bright Lights'', eine Zusammenarbeit mit dem Rapper [[Tinchy Stryder]]. Auf ihrem Album befindet sich eine andere Version dieses Songs mit dem Namen ''Bright Lights (Good Life) Part II''.<ref>http://www.bionicgeneration.com/tracklist-pixie-lott-young-foolish-happy/</ref>

== Diskografie ==
{{Hauptartikel|Pixie Lott/Diskografie}}
{{:Pixie Lott/Diskografie}}

== Auszeichnungen ==
* [[MTV Europe Music Awards 2009|2009]]: Bester britischer Act bei den [[MTV Europe Music Awards]]
* 2009: Bester Push-Künstler bei den MTV Europe Music Awards

== Quellen ==
<references />

== Weblinks ==
{{Commonscat|Pixie Lott}}
* [http://www.pixielott.com/ Offizielle Website]
* {{IMDb|nm1800495}}

{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=1014330912|LCCN=no/2010/198225|VIAF=163579602}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Lott, Pixie}}
[[Kategorie:Popsänger]]
[[Kategorie:Brite]]
[[Kategorie:Engländer]]
[[Kategorie:Künstler (London)]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1991]]
[[Kategorie:Frau]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Lott, Pixie
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=Lott, Victoria Louise (wirklicher Name)
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=britische Pop-/Soulsängerin, Songwriterin und Schauspielerin
|GEBURTSDATUM=12. Januar 1991
|GEBURTSORT=[[London Borough of Bromley|Bromley]], London, England
|STERBEDATUM=
|STERBEORT=
}}

Allan Clarke (Musiker)

2016-03-11T09:10:52Z

Rodericksilly: alphabetized categories

{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{BLP refimprove|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| 
| name = Allan Clarke
| image = Allan Clarke - TopPop 1974 4.png
| image_size = 
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Harold Allan Clarke
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|4|5|df=y}}
| death_date =
| origin = [[City of Salford|Salford]], Lancashire, England
| instrument = Vocals, guitar, harmonica
| genre = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[soft rock]]
| occupation = musician
| years_active = 1958–1999, 2011
| label =
| associated_acts = [[The Hollies]]
| website =
| notable_instruments =
}}
'''Harold Allan Clarke''' (5 April 1942, [[City of Salford|Salford]], Lancashire, England) is a retired English [[rock music|rock]] singer, who was one of the founding members and the original lead singer of [[The Hollies]]. He retired from performing in 1999.

==Career==
Clarke and his childhood friend, [[Graham Nash]], began singing together in [[Manchester]] while still at school. They formed [[The Hollies]] in December of 1962 with
[[Vic Steele]] (lead guitar) and [[Eric Haydock]] (bass guitar). In April of 1963, they added [[Tony Hicks]] (replacing Steele on lead guitar) and [[Bobby Elliott]] (replacing Don Rathbone on drums). In 1966, [[Bernie Calvert]] replaced Haydock as bassist. Clarke was their [[frontman|lead vocalist]], but also played occasional guitar and harmonica. In the UK, they enjoyed 30 [[record chart|chart]] [[single (music)|singles]], plus two further chart entries with re-releases, 17 of which made the [[Top 40|Top 10]], with two – "[[I'm Alive (The Hollies song)|I'm Alive]]" (1965) and "[[He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother]]" (1988 re-issue) – reaching No. 1.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book
| first= David
| last= Roberts
| year= 2006
| title= [[British Hit Singles & Albums]]
| edition= 19th
| publisher= Guinness World Records Limited
| location= London
| isbn= 1-904994-10-5
| page= 255}}</ref>

In the US [[record chart|charts]] they achieved 23 chart singles, six of which hit the Top 10. Many of the group's songs were [[songwriter|co-written]] by Clarke, usually with Hicks and Nash, until the latter's departure at the end of 1968. They used the pseudonym "L. Ransford" initially for their song-writing credits, then 'Clarke-Hicks-Nash' from mid-1966 onwards. In 1966, Clarke, along with several Hollies band mates, assisted in [[The Everly Brothers]] recording of their album, ''Two Yanks in England'', which featured Everly [[cover version]]s of mostly Hollies songs co-written by Clarke.

Clarke-Hicks-Nash composed The Hollies albums: ''[[For Certain Because]]'' (1966), ''[[Evolution (The Hollies album)|Evolution]]'', and ''[[Butterfly (The Hollies album)|Butterfly]]'' (both 1967). Their UK hit singles compilation ''[[The Hollies' Greatest Hits (1967 album)|The Hollies' Greatest Hits]]'' topped the [[UK Albums Chart]] in August 1968.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/>

After 1967, Clarke began writing solo songs under the team banner, notably: "Lullaby To Tim" (dedicated to his son, though sung by Nash), "Heading for a Fall", "Water on The Brain", and "Would You Believe". Besides the full composing team, Clarke also wrote songs with Nash such as "Try It", "Wishyouawish" (1967), "Tomorrow When it Comes", "[[Jennifer Eccles]]" and "Wings" (1968). Clarke assumed more of a figurehead profile as front man of the Hollies following Graham Nash's departure from the group in December 1968. Clarke was the sole lead vocalist on ''[[Hollies Sing Dylan]]'' (a UK No. 3 album in early 1969).<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/>

Clarke's own songs such as: "My Life is Over With You", "Goodbye Tomorrow", "Not That Way at All", "Marigold" (1969), "Mad Professor Blyth", "Separated" (1970) plus "Row The Boat Together" and "Hold On" (1971) were credited solely to him. Clarke also helped Nash's replacement, [[Terry Sylvester]], develop as a songwriter, {{citation needed|date=March 2015}} teaming with him to write a number of songs including "Gloria Swansong", "Look at Life" (1969) "I Wanna Shout", "Man Without A Heart" and "Perfect Lady Housewife" (1970).

Keen to launch a solo career due to Nash's success in [[Crosby, Stills & Nash (and Young)|CSN]], Clarke unexpectedly left the group in 1971. He was replaced by the [[Sweden|Swedish]] singer [[Mikael Rickfors]], who was formerly with [[Bamboo]]. Clarke went on to release two solo albums – ''My Real Name Is 'Arold'' (Epic, 1972) and ''Headroom'' (EMI, 1973).

After Clarke left the Hollies, "[[Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress]]", a song from their 1971 album ''[[Distant Light (Hollies album)|Distant Light]],'' which he had co-written with songwriters [[Roger Cook (songwriter)|Roger Cook]] and [[Roger Greenaway]], and on which Clarke sang lead and played lead guitar, became an international [[hit single]], reaching No. 2 in the US (their most successful single ever there) and No. 32 in the [[UK Singles Chart]]. However, the Hollies toured with Nash's replacement, Sylvester, who assumed the lead vocal on performance of the single instead of Clarke. Rickfors left the group and Clarke rejoined them in July 1973. Their first single with him back in the fold was another of his songs, "The Day that Curly Billy Shot Down Crazy Sam McGee," a UK Top 40 hit that autumn.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/>

Clarke continued to [[sound recording and reproduction|record]] and release solo albums while remaining with The Hollies, although his solo career did not achieve much album or single chart success. He released his self-titled third album in 1974. His next album was ''I've Got Time'' (1976). He also performed guest vocals on the 1977 album ''[[I Robot (album)|I Robot]]'' by [[The Alan Parsons Project]] (most notably, lead vocals on the FM-hit "Breakdown"). He left The Hollies briefly for the second time in March 1978 and made ''I Wasn't Born Yesterday'' (1978), an album of original material mostly written by Clarke with singer-songwriter Gary Benson. It yielded a US chart hit single in "(I Will Be Your) Shadow in the Street". He returned to the group in August. Subsequent solo albums included ''Legendary Heroes'' (1979), another largely original set, with its UK title and track running order changed to ''The Only One'' when released in 1980. He followed with a ''Best of...'' compilation (Aura, 1981). His final solo album was ''Reasons To Believe'' (1990) issued in Germany on [[Polydor Records]], which remains unreleased in the US and UK.

Between 1974 and 1978, Clarke composed most of the original songs The Hollies recorded on a series of studio albums with Tony Hicks and Terry Sylvester.

In 1982, Clarke issued a rare non-album single, "Someone Else Will" c/w "Castles in the Wind" on Forever Records; however the song failed to chart. Clarke recorded [[cover version]]s of [[Bruce Springsteen]]'s "[[Born to Run (song)|Born to Run]]", "[[Blinded by the Light]]" and "If I Were The Priest". In this period, Clarke also used material by [[Lindsey Buckingham]], [[Janis Ian]], [[Sutherland Brothers|Gavin Sutherland]], and [[Randy Newman]].

In 1993, Clarke, with The Hollies and Graham Nash, contributed harmony and support vocals to a new version of "[[Peggy Sue Got Married (song)|Peggy Sue Got Married]]," featuring lead vocals by [[Buddy Holly]], which was credited as 'Buddy Holly and The Hollies'. It appeared on the ''Not Fade Away'' [[tribute album]]. That year also saw Clarke's final recording with The Hollies, "The Woman I Love", charting in the UK at No. 42.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/>

Due in part to ongoing medical problems with his vocal cords, Clarke retired from the [[music industry]] in 1999, and was replaced in the band by [[Carl Wayne]], former lead singer of [[The Move]]. Wayne died in 2004. The Hollies continue touring and recording today with [[Peter Howarth]] as their vocalist.

On 15 March 2010 Clarke, with fellow Hollies members, [[Terry Sylvester]], [[Graham Nash]], [[Tony Hicks]], [[Bobby Elliott]], [[Bernie Calvert]] and [[Eric Haydock]], was inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2010| url =http://rockhall.com/inductees/the-hollies/| title =The Hollies| publisher = [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]|accessdate = 13 March 2010}}</ref> In 2011, Clarke made a surprise appearance at a [[Crosby & Nash]] concert at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] where the two former Hollies performed "Bus Stop".

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{discogs artist|Allan Clarke|Allan Clarke}}

{{The Hollies}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Clarke, Allan}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:British soft rock musicians]]
[[Category:English male singers]]
[[Category:English rock singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Music in Salford]]
[[Category:Musicians from Manchester]]
[[Category:People from Salford, Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:The Hollies members]]

Allan Clarke (Musiker)

2016-03-11T09:09:43Z

Rodericksilly:

{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{BLP refimprove|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| 
| name = Allan Clarke
| image = Allan Clarke - TopPop 1974 4.png
| image_size = 
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Harold Allan Clarke
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|4|5|df=y}}
| death_date =
| origin = [[City of Salford|Salford]], Lancashire, England
| instrument = Vocals, guitar, harmonica
| genre = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[soft rock]]
| occupation = musician
| years_active = 1958–1999, 2011
| label =
| associated_acts = [[The Hollies]]
| website =
| notable_instruments =
}}
'''Harold Allan Clarke''' (5 April 1942, [[City of Salford|Salford]], Lancashire, England) is a retired English [[rock music|rock]] singer, who was one of the founding members and the original lead singer of [[The Hollies]]. He retired from performing in 1999.

==Career==
Clarke and his childhood friend, [[Graham Nash]], began singing together in [[Manchester]] while still at school. They formed [[The Hollies]] in December of 1962 with
[[Vic Steele]] (lead guitar) and [[Eric Haydock]] (bass guitar). In April of 1963, they added [[Tony Hicks]] (replacing Steele on lead guitar) and [[Bobby Elliott]] (replacing Don Rathbone on drums). In 1966, [[Bernie Calvert]] replaced Haydock as bassist. Clarke was their [[frontman|lead vocalist]], but also played occasional guitar and harmonica. In the UK, they enjoyed 30 [[record chart|chart]] [[single (music)|singles]], plus two further chart entries with re-releases, 17 of which made the [[Top 40|Top 10]], with two – "[[I'm Alive (The Hollies song)|I'm Alive]]" (1965) and "[[He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother]]" (1988 re-issue) – reaching No. 1.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book
| first= David
| last= Roberts
| year= 2006
| title= [[British Hit Singles & Albums]]
| edition= 19th
| publisher= Guinness World Records Limited
| location= London
| isbn= 1-904994-10-5
| page= 255}}</ref>

In the US [[record chart|charts]] they achieved 23 chart singles, six of which hit the Top 10. Many of the group's songs were [[songwriter|co-written]] by Clarke, usually with Hicks and Nash, until the latter's departure at the end of 1968. They used the pseudonym "L. Ransford" initially for their song-writing credits, then 'Clarke-Hicks-Nash' from mid-1966 onwards. In 1966, Clarke, along with several Hollies band mates, assisted in [[The Everly Brothers]] recording of their album, ''Two Yanks in England'', which featured Everly [[cover version]]s of mostly Hollies songs co-written by Clarke.

Clarke-Hicks-Nash composed The Hollies albums: ''[[For Certain Because]]'' (1966), ''[[Evolution (The Hollies album)|Evolution]]'', and ''[[Butterfly (The Hollies album)|Butterfly]]'' (both 1967). Their UK hit singles compilation ''[[The Hollies' Greatest Hits (1967 album)|The Hollies' Greatest Hits]]'' topped the [[UK Albums Chart]] in August 1968.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/>

After 1967, Clarke began writing solo songs under the team banner, notably: "Lullaby To Tim" (dedicated to his son, though sung by Nash), "Heading for a Fall", "Water on The Brain", and "Would You Believe". Besides the full composing team, Clarke also wrote songs with Nash such as "Try It", "Wishyouawish" (1967), "Tomorrow When it Comes", "[[Jennifer Eccles]]" and "Wings" (1968). Clarke assumed more of a figurehead profile as front man of the Hollies following Graham Nash's departure from the group in December 1968. Clarke was the sole lead vocalist on ''[[Hollies Sing Dylan]]'' (a UK No. 3 album in early 1969).<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/>

Clarke's own songs such as: "My Life is Over With You", "Goodbye Tomorrow", "Not That Way at All", "Marigold" (1969), "Mad Professor Blyth", "Separated" (1970) plus "Row The Boat Together" and "Hold On" (1971) were credited solely to him. Clarke also helped Nash's replacement, [[Terry Sylvester]], develop as a songwriter, {{citation needed|date=March 2015}} teaming with him to write a number of songs including "Gloria Swansong", "Look at Life" (1969) "I Wanna Shout", "Man Without A Heart" and "Perfect Lady Housewife" (1970).

Keen to launch a solo career due to Nash's success in [[Crosby, Stills & Nash (and Young)|CSN]], Clarke unexpectedly left the group in 1971. He was replaced by the [[Sweden|Swedish]] singer [[Mikael Rickfors]], who was formerly with [[Bamboo]]. Clarke went on to release two solo albums – ''My Real Name Is 'Arold'' (Epic, 1972) and ''Headroom'' (EMI, 1973).

After Clarke left the Hollies, "[[Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress]]", a song from their 1971 album ''[[Distant Light (Hollies album)|Distant Light]],'' which he had co-written with songwriters [[Roger Cook (songwriter)|Roger Cook]] and [[Roger Greenaway]], and on which Clarke sang lead and played lead guitar, became an international [[hit single]], reaching No. 2 in the US (their most successful single ever there) and No. 32 in the [[UK Singles Chart]]. However, the Hollies toured with Nash's replacement, Sylvester, who assumed the lead vocal on performance of the single instead of Clarke. Rickfors left the group and Clarke rejoined them in July 1973. Their first single with him back in the fold was another of his songs, "The Day that Curly Billy Shot Down Crazy Sam McGee," a UK Top 40 hit that autumn.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/>

Clarke continued to [[sound recording and reproduction|record]] and release solo albums while remaining with The Hollies, although his solo career did not achieve much album or single chart success. He released his self-titled third album in 1974. His next album was ''I've Got Time'' (1976). He also performed guest vocals on the 1977 album ''[[I Robot (album)|I Robot]]'' by [[The Alan Parsons Project]] (most notably, lead vocals on the FM-hit "Breakdown"). He left The Hollies briefly for the second time in March 1978 and made ''I Wasn't Born Yesterday'' (1978), an album of original material mostly written by Clarke with singer-songwriter Gary Benson. It yielded a US chart hit single in "(I Will Be Your) Shadow in the Street". He returned to the group in August. Subsequent solo albums included ''Legendary Heroes'' (1979), another largely original set, with its UK title and track running order changed to ''The Only One'' when released in 1980. He followed with a ''Best of...'' compilation (Aura, 1981). His final solo album was ''Reasons To Believe'' (1990) issued in Germany on [[Polydor Records]], which remains unreleased in the US and UK.

Between 1974 and 1978, Clarke composed most of the original songs The Hollies recorded on a series of studio albums with Tony Hicks and Terry Sylvester.

In 1982, Clarke issued a rare non-album single, "Someone Else Will" c/w "Castles in the Wind" on Forever Records; however the song failed to chart. Clarke recorded [[cover version]]s of [[Bruce Springsteen]]'s "[[Born to Run (song)|Born to Run]]", "[[Blinded by the Light]]" and "If I Were The Priest". In this period, Clarke also used material by [[Lindsey Buckingham]], [[Janis Ian]], [[Sutherland Brothers|Gavin Sutherland]], and [[Randy Newman]].

In 1993, Clarke, with The Hollies and Graham Nash, contributed harmony and support vocals to a new version of "[[Peggy Sue Got Married (song)|Peggy Sue Got Married]]," featuring lead vocals by [[Buddy Holly]], which was credited as 'Buddy Holly and The Hollies'. It appeared on the ''Not Fade Away'' [[tribute album]]. That year also saw Clarke's final recording with The Hollies, "The Woman I Love", charting in the UK at No. 42.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/>

Due in part to ongoing medical problems with his vocal cords, Clarke retired from the [[music industry]] in 1999, and was replaced in the band by [[Carl Wayne]], former lead singer of [[The Move]]. Wayne died in 2004. The Hollies continue touring and recording today with [[Peter Howarth]] as their vocalist.

On 15 March 2010 Clarke, with fellow Hollies members, [[Terry Sylvester]], [[Graham Nash]], [[Tony Hicks]], [[Bobby Elliott]], [[Bernie Calvert]] and [[Eric Haydock]], was inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2010| url =http://rockhall.com/inductees/the-hollies/| title =The Hollies| publisher = [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]|accessdate = 13 March 2010}}</ref> In 2011, Clarke made a surprise appearance at a [[Crosby & Nash]] concert at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] where the two former Hollies performed "Bus Stop".

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{discogs artist|Allan Clarke|Allan Clarke}}

{{The Hollies}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Clarke, Allan}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English male singers]]
[[Category:English rock singers]]
[[Category:British soft rock musicians]]
[[Category:People from Salford, Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Music in Salford]]
[[Category:Musicians from Manchester]]
[[Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:The Hollies members]]

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Leonard Cheshire

2016-03-02T03:17:01Z

Rodericksilly: /* Charitable life */

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
|name=The Lord Cheshire
|image= Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945. CH9136.jpg
|caption= Group Captain Leonard Cheshire c. 1943
|birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1917|09|07}}
|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1992|07|31|1917|09|07}}
|birth_place= [[Chester]], [[Cheshire]]
|death_place= [[Cavendish, Suffolk]]
|placeofburial=Cavendish Churchyard
|nickname=
|allegiance={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|branch={{air force|United Kingdom}}
|serviceyears=1937–1946
|rank=[[Group Captain]]
|commands= [[No. 76 Squadron RAF]] [[RAF Marston Moor]] [[No. 617 Squadron RAF]]
|unit=[[No. 102 Squadron RAF]] [[No. 35 Squadron RAF]]
|battles= [[Second World War]]
|awards= [[Victoria Cross]] [[Member of the Order of Merit]] [[Distinguished Service Order]] & [[Medal bar|Two Bars]] [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]]
|spouse=[[Constance Binney]] (1941–51) [[Sue Ryder]] (1959–92)
|relations=[[Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire]] (father)
|laterwork=Humanitarian
}}
[[Group Captain]] '''Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire, Baron Cheshire''' [[Victoria Cross|VC]], [[Member of the Order of Merit|OM]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] & [[Medal bar|Two Bars]], [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|DFC]] (7 September 1917 – 31 July 1992) was a highly decorated [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) pilot during the [[Second World War]] and later philanthropist.

Among the honours Cheshire received as a pilot is the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

He was the youngest group captain in the RAF and one of the most highly decorated pilots of the war, but after serving as the British observer on the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki#Nagasaki|Nagasaki nuclear attack]] he resigned from the Air Force. He founded a hospice that grew into the charity [[Leonard Cheshire Disability]], and he became known for his work in conflict resolution; he was created Baron Cheshire in 1991 in recognition of his charitable work.<ref name="Gazette-Peerage">{{cite journal | url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/52563/supplements/1 | title=Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire | journal=[[London Gazette]] | year=1991 | issue=14 June}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Birthplace of Leonard Cheshire VC - geograph.org.uk - 675071.jpg|thumb|left|Cheshire's home in Chester, where a blue plaque marks the house in which he was born.]]
Leonard Cheshire was the son of [[Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire]], a barrister, academic and influential writer on English law. He had one brother, Christopher Cheshire, also a wartime pilot. Cheshire was born in [[Chester]], but was brought up at his parents' home near [[Oxford]]. Cheshire was educated at the [[Dragon School]], Oxford, [[Stowe School]] and [[Merton College, Oxford]].<ref name="MCreg">{{cite book|editor1-last=Levens|editor1-first=R.G.C.|title=Merton College Register 1900-1964|date=1964|publisher=Basil Blackwell|location=Oxford|page=273}}</ref> At Stowe he was taught English by the fantasy novelist [[T. H. White]].<ref>Garnett 1968 p.152</ref> Whilst at Oxford he became friends with [[John Niel Randle]]. On one occasion at Oxford he was bet half a [[pint]] of beer that he could not walk to Paris with no more than a few pennies in his pocket; he won his bet.<ref name="Iveson and Milton p. 30">Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 30.</ref> He went to stay in Germany in 1936 with the family of [[Ludwig von Reuter]] in [[Potsdam]]<ref>Braddon 1954, pp. 32–6.</ref> and whilst there, witnessed an [[Adolf Hitler]] rally. Cheshire caused considerable offence by pointedly refusing to give the Nazi salute.<ref name="Iveson and Milton p. 30"/><ref>Braddon 1954, pp. 35–6.</ref> Cheshire graduated in [[jurisprudence]] in 1939.

==Military career==
During his university years, Cheshire learned basic piloting skills with the [[Oxford University Air Squadron]], receiving a commission as a [[pilot officer]] in the [[Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve]] on 16 November 1937.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34455|supp=|startpage=7189|date=16 November 1937|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Following the outbreak of war, Cheshire joined the RAF on 7 October 1939 with a permanent commission.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34713|supp=|startpage=7039|date=20 October 1939|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> He was sent for training at RAF Hullavington<ref>"Obituary: Lord Cheshire VC", Aug. 1, 1992, "The Independent,"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-lord-cheshire-vc-1537228.html</ref> (now [[Hullavington Airfield]]). Promoted to [[flying officer]] on 7 April 1940, he was posted that June to [[No. 102 Squadron RAF|102 Squadron]], flying [[Armstrong Whitworth Whitley]] medium bombers, from [[RAF Driffield]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35005|supp=|startpage=6862|date=3 December 1940|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> In November 1940, Cheshire was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) for flying his badly damaged bomber back to base.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35009|supp=|startpage=6937|date=6 December 1940|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref>

In January 1941, Cheshire completed his tour of operations, but then volunteered immediately for a second tour. He was awarded the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (DFC) in March 1941 and was promoted to the war substantive rank of [[flight lieutenant]] on 7 April.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35097|supp=|startpage=1370|date=7 March 1941|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35196|supp=|startpage=3517|date=20 June 1941|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> He was posted to [[No. 35 Squadron RAF|No. 35 Squadron]] with the brand new [[Handley Page Halifax]] and completed his second tour early in 1942, by then a temporary [[squadron leader]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35503|supp=|startpage=1387|date=27 March 1942|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Cheshire was promoted to the substantive rank of squadron leader on 1 March.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35791|supp=yes|startpage=5034|date=17 November 1942|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> August 1942 saw a return to operations as an acting wing commander and commanding officer of [[No. 76 Squadron RAF]]. The squadron had recently suffered high losses operating the Halifax, and Cheshire immediately tackled the low morale of the unit by ordering an improvement in the performance of the squadron aircraft by removing the mid-upper and nose [[gun turret]]s along with exhaust covers and other weighty non-essential equipment. This allowed the bombers to fly higher and faster. Losses soon fell and morale rose accordingly. Cheshire was amongst the first to note there was very low return rate of Halifax bombers on three engines; furthermore, there were reports the Halifax was unstable in a "corkscrew" which was the manoeuvre used by bomber pilots to escape night fighters. The test pilot Captain [[Eric Brown (pilot)|Eric Brown]], flying uncrewed except for an accompanying flight engineer, undertook risky tests to establish the cause and were told a representative of Bomber Command would fly with them.<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 219.</ref> Brown remembers "We couldn't believe it, it was Cheshire! We were astonished to say the least. I asked him not to touch (the controls) and to his ever lasting credit he never commented at all, he just sat in the second pilot's seat and raised his eye brows at what we were doing!" The fault was in the Halifax's rudder design and Cheshire became enraged when Handley Page at first declined to make modifications so as not to disrupt production.<ref>Hastings 2010, p. 275.</ref>

During his time as the commanding officer of No. 76 Squadron at RAF Linton, Cheshire took the trouble to recognise and learn the name of every single man on the base. He was determined to increase the efficiency of his squadron and improve the chances of survival of its crews, to this end he constantly lectured crews on the skills needed to achieve those aims. The crews knew he was devoted to their interests and when, on an operation to [[Nuremberg]], they were told to cross the French coast at 2,000 ft (the most dangerous height for light flak) Cheshire simply refused, stating they would fly at 200 ft or 20,000 ft. Typically, Cheshire inspired such loyalty and respect that the ground crews of 76 Squadron were proud to chorus "We are Cheshire cats!".<ref>Hastings 2010, pp. 273–275.</ref>

In 1943, Cheshire published an account of his first tour of operations in his book, ''Bomber Pilot'' which tells of his posting to [[RAF Driffield]] and the story of flying his badly damaged bomber ("N for Nuts") back to base. In the book, Cheshire fails to mention being awarded the DSO for this, but does describe the bravery of a badly burnt member of his crew.

===No. 617 Squadron===
In March 1943, by now an acting [[group captain]], Cheshire became station commander of [[RAF Marston Moor]] as the youngest group captain in the RAF, although the job was never to his liking, and he pushed for a return to an operational command. In April, he was awarded a bar to his DSO.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35983|supp=yes|startpage=1798|date=16 April 1943|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> His efforts paid off with a posting as commander of the legendary [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|617 "Dambusters" Squadron]] in September. On 30 September, he was promoted to war substantive [[Wing commander (rank)|wing commander]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=36245|supp=yes|startpage=4974|date=9 November 1943|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> While with 617, Cheshire helped pioneer a new method of marking enemy targets for Bomber Command's 5 Group, flying in at a very low level in the face of strong defences, using first, the versatile [[de Havilland Mosquito]], then a [[North American P-51 Mustang|North American Mustang]] fighter.

On the morning before a planned raid by 617 Squadron to [[Siracourt V-1 bunker|Siracourt]], a crated Mustang turned up at [[Woodhall Spa]], a gift for Cheshire from his admirers in the US [[Eighth Air Force|8th Air Force]]. Cheshire had the aircraft assembled and the engine tested as he was determined to test the possibilities of the fighter as a marker aircraft. He took off, in what was his first flight in the aircraft, and caught up with 617's Lancasters before they reached the target. Cheshire then proceeded to accurately mark the target (a V-1 storage depot) for the heavies which landed three Tallboys on it. He then flew back and landed the Mustang in the dark.<ref>Otter 1996, p. 298.</ref>

This development work in target marking was the subject of some severe intra-service politics; Cheshire was encouraged by his 5 Group Commander [[Air Vice-Marshal]] [[Ralph Cochrane]], although the 8 Group Pathfinder [[Air Officer Commanding|AOC]] Air Vice-Marshal [[Don Bennett]] saw this work as impinging on the responsibilities of his own command.

===Victoria Cross===
Cheshire was nearing the end of his fourth tour of duty in July 1944, having completed a total of 102 missions, when he was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]]. His citation remarked on the entirety of his operation career, noting:

{{Quote|In four years of fighting against the bitterest opposition he maintained a standard of outstanding personal achievement, his successful operations being the result of careful planning, brilliant execution and supreme contempt for danger – for example, on one occasion he flew his Mustang in slow 'figures of eight' above a target obscured by low cloud, to act as a bomb-aiming mark for his squadron. Cheshire displayed the courage and determination of an exceptional leader.<ref name="Citation">{{London Gazette |issue=36693 |date=5 September 1944 |startpage=4175 |supp=y|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/36693/supplements/4175/page.pdf }}</ref>}}

It also gave special mention to a raid against Munich on 24/25 April 1944, in which he had marked a target while flying a Mosquito at low level against "withering fire".

When Cheshire went to [[Buckingham Palace]] to receive his VC from King [[George VI]], he was accompanied by [[Norman Cyril Jackson|Norman Jackson]] who was also due to receive his award on that day. Cheshire insisted that despite the difference in rank (group captain and warrant officer), they should approach the King together. Jackson remembers that Cheshire said to the King, "This chap stuck his neck out more than I did – he should get his VC first!" The King had to keep to protocol, but Jackson commented he would "never forget what Cheshire said."<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 230.</ref>

===Later operations===
[[File:Dropping of the Atomic Bomb on Japan, August 1945 CH13626.jpg|thumbnail|right|A portrait of Cheshire in 1945]]
One of Cheshire's missions was to use new 5,400 kilograms (12,000 lb) "[[Tallboy bomb|Tallboy]]" deep-penetration bombs to destroy [[V-3 cannon|V3 long-range cannons]] located in underground bunkers near [[Fortress of Mimoyecques|Mimoyecques]] in the Pas-de-Calais region of northern France. These were powerful guns able to fire a 500 lb shell into London every minute. They were protected by a concrete layer. The raid was planned so the bombs hit the ground next to the concrete to destroy the guns from underneath. Although considered successful at the time, later evaluations confirmed that the raids were largely ineffectual.<ref>Braddon 1954, p. 129.</ref>

Cheshire was, in his day, both the youngest group captain in the service and, following his VC, the most decorated.<ref>Lawrence, Alenka. "Introduction" to Cheshire 1991, pp. 10–11.</ref> In his book, ''Bomber Command'' (2010), Sir [[Max Hastings]] states "Cheshire was a legend in Bomber Command, a remarkable man with an almost mystical air about him, as if he somehow inhabited a different planet from those about him, but without affectation or pretension". Cheshire would always fly on the most dangerous operations, he never took the easy option of just flying on the less risky ops to France, a habit which caused some commanding officers to be referred to derisively as "François" by their men. Cheshire had no crew but would fly as "second dickey", with the new and nervous to give them confidence.

Cheshire had strong feelings on any crew refusing to fly (commonly called [[Lack of Moral Fibre]] in the RAF) when subject to the combat stress of Bomber Command's sorties (many of which had loss rates of 50% or more). Even as a brilliant and sympathetic leader, he wrote "I was ruthless with LMF, I had to be. We were airmen not [[psychiatrists]]. Of course we had concern for any individual whose internal tensions meant that he could no longer go on but there was a worry that one really frightened man could affect others around him. There was no time to be as compassionate as I would like to have been." Thus Cheshire transferred LMF cases out of his squadron almost instantaneously (like every other RAF squadron did at the time).<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 143.</ref> This was also because he argued that a man who thought he was doomed would collapse or bail out when his aircraft was hit, whereas Cheshire thought if he could survive the initial shock of finding his aircraft damaged, he had more of a chance of survival.<ref>Hastings 2010, p. 280.</ref>

On his 103rd mission, Cheshire and [[William Penney, Baron Penney|William Penney]] were official British observers of the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|nuclear bombing]] of [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]].<ref name=MCreg /><ref name="nyt1992">"Lord Cheshire, World War II Hero Who Founded Homes for Sick, 74," ''The New York Times.'' 2 August 1992.</ref> His vantage point was in the support B-29 ''[[Big Stink (B-29)|Big Stink]]''. He did not witness the event as close up as anticipated due to aircraft commander James Hopkins' failure to link up with the other B-29s. Hopkins was meant to join with the others over Yakushima, but he circled at 39,000 ft instead of the agreed height of 30,000 ft. He tried to justify this by the need to keep the VIP passengers out of danger, but Cheshire thought that Hopkins was "overwrought".

"Many assumed that it was Nagasaki which emptied him; as Cheshire kept pointing out, however, it was the war as a whole. Like Britain herself, he had been fighting or training for fighting since 1939."<ref>Morris 2000, p. 225.</ref> He was earlier quoted as saying: "... then I for one hold little brief for the future of civilization".<ref>BBC scrapbook ''1945'', Fontana, 463 016 FDL</ref>

==Post-war==
Following the end of the war, Cheshire retired from the RAF on medical grounds on 22 January 1946, retaining his final rank of group captain.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=37447|supp=yes|startpage=712|date=25 January 1946|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Cheshire had been brought up a Christian in the [[Church of England]], but had lapsed. In 1945, in the Vanity Fair club in Mayfair, he joined a conversation about religion. "It was absurd," he said, "to imagine that God existed, except as a convenient figure of speech. Man had invented God to explain the voice of conscience, but it was doubtful whether right or wrong existed outside the human mind. They were words affixed like labels to customs and laws which man had also invented to keep social order." To Cheshire's surprise, as he sat back, "pleased with his worldly wisdom," he was roundly rebuked for "talking such rot" by a woman friend who "was one of the last persons on earth he would have credited with" religious convictions.<ref>Boyle, Andrew. ''No Passing Glory''. London: [[The Reprint Society]], 1957, pp. 274–275.</ref> After the war, Joan Botting (widow of Dambusters pilot Norman Botting) lived with Cheshire at the "VIP (for ''Vade in Pacem'' – Go in Peace) Colony" he established for veterans and war widows at Gumley Hall, Leicestershire – one of several new ventures he started after leaving the RAF in 1946. Joan followed him to Le Court, near [[Petersfield]], Hampshire (a mansion which Cheshire had bought from his aunt) where, with three children of her own, Joan took charge of the nursery (Joan is not mentioned by name in ''The Face of Victory'') .<ref>Leonard Cheshire, ''The Face of Victory'' (London: Hutchinson, 1961), p. 69</ref> Cheshire and Joan Botting subsequently investigated many religions, from [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]] to [[Methodism|Methodist]] to "High [[Anglo-Catholic]]" – but none of them provided the answers they were looking for.<ref>''The Face of Victory'' pp. 47, 55–57, 69, 102–107</ref>

Cheshire's aim in establishing the VIP Colony was to provide an opportunity for ex-servicemen and women and their families to live together, each contributing to the community what they could, to help their transition back into civilian life. He hoped that training, prosperity and fulfilment would result from united effort and mutual support. He saw the community as one way of continuing to work towards world peace. The community, however, did not prosper and the project came to an end in 1947.<ref>Cheshire 1981, p. 16.</ref>

At the beginning of 1948, Cheshire heard about the case of Arthur Dykes, who had been one of Cheshire's original "VIP" community at Le Court, and was suffering from cancer. Dykes asked Cheshire to give him some land to park a caravan until he recovered, but Cheshire discovered that Dykes was terminally ill and that this diagnosis was concealed from him. He told Dykes the real position and invited him to stay at Le Court. Cheshire learned nursing skills and was soon approached to take in a second patient, the 94-year-old bedridden wife of a man who had just been taken off to hospital after suffering a stroke. She was followed by others, some coming to stay and others to help. Although Le Court had no financial support, and his situation was financially perilous most of the time, money somehow always seemed to arrive in the nick of time to stave off disaster. Dykes died in August 1948. After completing the arrangements for his funeral, Cheshire idly picked up a book a friend had sent him. It was ''One Lord, One Faith'' by Vernon Johnson, a former [[High church|High Anglican]] clergyman who, against every cherished instinct and prejudice, had converted to Roman Catholicism because, as he put it, "I could not resist the claim of the Catholic Church to be the one true Church founded by Our Lord Jesus Christ to guard and teach the truth ... She alone possesses the authority and unity necessary for such a Divine vocation."<ref>Quoted in Cheshire 1961, p. 136.</ref> In the meantime, Joan Botting had converted to [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].<ref>[[Gary Botting]], "Preface", Gary and [[Heather Botting]], ''The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses'' (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984), pp. ix–xii</ref>

On Christmas Eve, 1948, Cheshire was received into the Catholic Church.

==Charitable life==
{{main|Leonard Cheshire Disability}}

In 1948, Cheshire founded the charity now named [[Leonard Cheshire Disability]], which provides support to disabled people throughout the world. At the beginning of 1949, eight patients were staying at Le Court.<ref>Cheshire 1961, p. 152.</ref> Six months later, there were 28.<ref>Cheshire 1961, p. 158.</ref> Cheshire dedicated the rest of his life to supporting disabled people, combining this with lecturing on conflict resolution.<ref>Richard Morris, ''Cheshire: The Biography of Leonard Cheshire, VC, OM'' (London: Viking, 2000), pp. 408–432</ref>

Other organisations set up by Leonard Cheshire are:
*The Ryder-Cheshire Foundation,<ref>[http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/registeredcharities/showcharity.asp?remchar=&chyno=285746 Charity Commission for England and Wales: Charity Number 285746]</ref> set up by Leonard Cheshire and his wife [[Sue Ryder]] at the time of their marriage in 1959. It now mainly operates in two fields: the rehabilitation of disabled people, through ENRYCH <ref>[http://www.enrych.org.uk "Registered Charity No. 1088623."] ''ENRYCH''.</ref> and the prevention and treatment of [[tuberculosis]], through Target Tuberculosis.<ref>[http://www.targettb.org.uk/ "Registered Charity No. 1098752."] ''Target Tuberculosis''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

In 1953, Cheshire founded the ''Raphael Pilgrimage'' to enable sick and disabled people to travel to [[Lourdes]].<ref>[http://www.raphael.org.uk/ "Raphael: Registered Charity No. 1098328."] ''Pilgrimage Charity''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

In 1990, Cheshire founded the UK charity the Memorial Fund for Disaster Relief. Cheshire is acknowledged on the album ''[[The Wall – Live in Berlin]]'' by former [[Pink Floyd]] member [[Roger Waters]]. The concert launched and benefited the charity.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://ultimateclassicrock.com/roger-waters-the-wall-berlin/ | title= 25 Years Ago: Roger Waters Reclaims Pink Floyd Legacy With ‘The Wall: Live in Berlin’ | work=Ultimate Classic Rock | first=Nick | last=DeRiso | date=21 July 2015 | accessdate=2 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= http://articles.latimes.com/1990-07-23/entertainment/ca-571_1_berlin-wall | title= East Berlin 'Wall' Concert: Highs of Theatrics and Hope | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Tyler | last=Marshall | date=23 July 1990 | accessdate=2 March 2016}}</ref> Cheshire opened this concert by blowing a Second World War whistle.

Cheshire was also concerned about future remembrance and was influential in the concept of the [[National Memorial Arboretum]], founded by David Childs. The amphitheatre at the Arboretum is dedicated to the memory of Leonard Cheshire.

==Return to Nagasaki==
In 1985, Cheshire featured in a documentary, ''Nagasaki – Return Journey''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6e912f7a |title=Nagasaki – Return Journey |website= BFI.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url= http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/3rd-august-1985/31/television| date=2 August 1985|page= 31 |title= Television: Forty years on| first= Alexander |last= Chancellor | work= The Spectator| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20150405170258/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/3rd-august-1985/31/television| archivedate= 5 April 2015 | deadurl= yes| accessdate= 10 August 2015}}</ref>

==Private life==
On 15 July 1941, Cheshire married the American actress [[Constance Binney]] (21 years his senior), but the marriage was short-lived and childless. Their divorce was ratified in January 1951.<ref name=odnb>{{cite encyclopedia|title= Leonard Cheshire| work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|volume= 11|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=321|first= Christopher |last= Foxley-Norris| isbn=0-19-861361-X}}</ref>

On 5 April 1959, in [[Bombay]]'s Roman Catholic Cathedral, he married [[Sue Ryder]], also a Roman Catholic convert and humanitarian. He and Baroness Ryder were one of the few couples to both hold titles in their own right. They had two children, Jeromy and Elizabeth Cheshire, and lived in [[Cavendish, Suffolk|Cavendish]], [[Suffolk]].

Cheshire was a lifelong tennis fan, a member of The All England Club, and a formidable amateur player well into his seventies.

==Death==
Cheshire died of [[motor neurone disease]] aged 74 on 31 July 1992.

==Honours and tributes==

* Cheshire was the subject of ''[[This Is Your Life (UK TV series)|This Is Your Life]]'' in 1960 when he was surprised by [[Eamonn Andrews]] in central London.
* On 17 July 1991, Cheshire was created a [[life peer]] as '''Baron Cheshire''' of [[Woodhall Spa|Woodhall]] in the County of Lincolnshire,<ref name="nyt1992"/><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=52608 |date=22 July 1991 |startpage=11147}}</ref> sitting as a [[cross-bencher]].
* [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] paid personal tribute to him in her [[Royal Christmas Message]] in December 1992.
* In the 2002 [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] poll to find the [[100 Greatest Britons]], Cheshire attained position number 31. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the [[Imperial War Museum]], London.
* A house at [[Xavier College]], a leading private school in Melbourne, Australia, is named after Cheshire. [[Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview|St Ignatius College]], a private school in Sydney, Australia, also has a house named after Cheshire.

[[File:Cheshire, Leonard (VC) closeup2 - Copy.jpg|thumb|Cheshire's medal group on display at the [[Imperial War Museum]].]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:UK Victoria Cross ribbon bar.svg|50px]] || [[Victoria Cross]] (VC) || July 1944
|-
|[[File:Order of Merit (Commonwealth realms) ribbon.png|50px]] || [[Order of Merit|Member of the Order of Merit]] (OM) || 1981<ref name="nyt1992"/>
|-
|[[File:DSO with 2Bars.png|50px]] || [[Companion of the Distinguished Service Order|Companion of the Distinguished Service Order and Two Bars]] (DSO & 2 Bars) ||
|-
|[[File:United Kingdom Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg|50px]] || [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (DFC) ||
|-
|[[File:39-45 Star BAR.svg|50px]] || [[1939–45 Star]] ||
|-
|[[File:Air Crew Europe BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Air Crew Europe Star]] || With 1 clasp ''Atlantic'' {{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
|-
|[[File:Burma Star BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Burma Star]] ||
|-
|[[File:Defence Medal BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Defence Medal (United Kingdom)|Defence Medal]] ||
|-
|[[File:War Medal 39-45 BAR MID.png|50px]] || [[War Medal 1939–1945]] with Palm for [[Mentioned in Dispatches]] ||
|-
|[[File:UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|50px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]] || (1953)
|-
|[[File:Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.png|50px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal]] || (1977)
|}

==Publications by Leonard Cheshire==
* ''Bomber Pilot''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1943; St. Albans, Herts, UK: Mayflower, 1975. ISBN 0-583-12541-7; London: Goodall Publications ISBN 0-907579-10-8
* ''The Holy Face: An Account of the Oldest Photograph in the World'' (16-page [[pamphlet]]). Newport, Monmouthshire, UK: R. H. Johns, 1954.
* ''Pilgrimage to the Shroud''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1956.
* ''The Story of the Holy Shroud''. [[Associated Television]] Ltd: ATV Library, 1957. Text of broadcast.
* ''The Face of Victory''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1961.
* ''Death'' (22-page pamphlet). London: [[Catholic Truth Society]], 1978.
* ''The Hidden World: An Autobiography and Reflections by the Founder of the Leonard Cheshire Homes''. London: Collins, 1981. ISBN 0-00-626479-4.
* ''The Light of Many Suns: The Meaning of the Bomb''. London: Methuen, 1985. ISBN 0-413-59240-5
* ''Where Is God in All This?'' (Interview by Alenka Lawrence). Slough, Berks, UK: St Paul Publications, 1991. ISBN 0-85439-380-3
* ''Crossing the Finishing Line: Last Thoughts of Leonard Cheshire VC'' (Edited by [[Reginald C. Fuller]]). London: St. Pauls, 1998. ISBN 0-85439-527-X.

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Boyle, Andrew. ''No Passing Glory: The Full and Authentic Biography of Group Captain Cheshire, V.C., D.S.O, D.F.C.''. London: Fontana Books, 1955.
* Braddon, Russell. ''Cheshire, V.C.'' London: Evans Brothers Ltd., 1954. Reprinted in 1956 by the Readers Book Club. {{OCLC|221454400}}
* Brickhill, Paul. ''[[The Dam Busters (book)|The Dam Busters]]''. London: Pan Books, 1983. ISBN 0-330-28083-X.
* [[David Garnett|Garnett, David]]. ''The White/Garnett Letters''. New York: The Viking Press, 1968. ISBN 978-0-224-61323-1
* Harvey, David. ''[[Monuments to Courage]]''. Uckfield, East Sussex, UK: Naval & Military Press Ltd., 1999. ISBN 1-84342-356-1.
* Hastings, Sir Max. ''Bomber Command'' (Pan Military Classics) London: Pan Books, 2010. ISBN 978-0-330-51361-6.
* Iveson, Tony and [[Brian Milton]]. ''Lancaster: The Biography.'' London: Andre Deutsch Ltd, 2009. ISBN 978-0-233-00270-5.
* [[Laffin, John]]. ''British VCs of World War 2: A Study in Heroism''. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: [[Sutton Publishing Limited]], 1997, ISBN 0-7509-1026-7.
* Morris, Richard. ''Cheshire: The Biography of Leonard Cheshire, VC, OM''. London: Viking Press, 2000. ISBN 0-670-86735-7.
* "Obituary for Prof. G.C. Cheshire." ''[[The Times]]'', 28 October 1978.
* Otter, Patrick. ''Lincolnshire Airfields in the Second World War.'' Newbury, Berkshire, UK: Countryside Books, 1996. ISBN 978-1-85306-424-1.
* ''[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]]''. London: ''This England'', 1997. ISBN 0-906324-27-0.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Leonard Cheshire}}
*[http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/suffolk.htm Location of grave and VC medal] ''(Suffolk)''
*[http://www.leonard-cheshire.org/?lid=19 History of the Leonard Cheshire charity]
*[http://www.ryder-cheshire.org Ryder Cheshire]
*[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/vcgpches.jpg Image of Cheshire's Medals]
*[http://www.julianlewis.net/cheshire-vc-and-the-cnd Cheshire VC and the CND]
*[http://www.richarddnorth.com/journalism/culture/sueryder.htm Sue Ryder of Cavendish] – [[Richard D. North]]
* {{IMDb name|156193}}
*[http://www.bigredbook.info/leonard_cheshire.html Leonard Cheshire's appearance] on ''[[This Is Your Life]]''
*[http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80029987 Imperial War Museum Interview]

{{s-start}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Harold Brownlow Martin|Harold Martin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Officer Commanding [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|No. 617 Squadron]]|years=November 1943 – July 1944}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James Brian Tait|James Tait]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheshire, Leonard}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British philanthropists]]
[[Category:British World War II pilots]]
[[Category:British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism]]
[[Category:Crossbench life peers|Cheshire, Leonard Cheshire, Baron]]
[[Category:Deaths from motor neurone disease]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
[[Category:People educated at The Dragon School]]
[[Category:People educated at Stowe School]]
[[Category:People from Chester]]
[[Category:People from Oxford]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic activists]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:People associated with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Leonard Cheshire

2016-03-02T03:16:11Z

Rodericksilly: /* Charitable life */

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
|name=The Lord Cheshire
|image= Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945. CH9136.jpg
|caption= Group Captain Leonard Cheshire c. 1943
|birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1917|09|07}}
|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1992|07|31|1917|09|07}}
|birth_place= [[Chester]], [[Cheshire]]
|death_place= [[Cavendish, Suffolk]]
|placeofburial=Cavendish Churchyard
|nickname=
|allegiance={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|branch={{air force|United Kingdom}}
|serviceyears=1937–1946
|rank=[[Group Captain]]
|commands= [[No. 76 Squadron RAF]] [[RAF Marston Moor]] [[No. 617 Squadron RAF]]
|unit=[[No. 102 Squadron RAF]] [[No. 35 Squadron RAF]]
|battles= [[Second World War]]
|awards= [[Victoria Cross]] [[Member of the Order of Merit]] [[Distinguished Service Order]] & [[Medal bar|Two Bars]] [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]]
|spouse=[[Constance Binney]] (1941–51) [[Sue Ryder]] (1959–92)
|relations=[[Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire]] (father)
|laterwork=Humanitarian
}}
[[Group Captain]] '''Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire, Baron Cheshire''' [[Victoria Cross|VC]], [[Member of the Order of Merit|OM]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] & [[Medal bar|Two Bars]], [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|DFC]] (7 September 1917 – 31 July 1992) was a highly decorated [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) pilot during the [[Second World War]] and later philanthropist.

Among the honours Cheshire received as a pilot is the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

He was the youngest group captain in the RAF and one of the most highly decorated pilots of the war, but after serving as the British observer on the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki#Nagasaki|Nagasaki nuclear attack]] he resigned from the Air Force. He founded a hospice that grew into the charity [[Leonard Cheshire Disability]], and he became known for his work in conflict resolution; he was created Baron Cheshire in 1991 in recognition of his charitable work.<ref name="Gazette-Peerage">{{cite journal | url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/52563/supplements/1 | title=Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire | journal=[[London Gazette]] | year=1991 | issue=14 June}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Birthplace of Leonard Cheshire VC - geograph.org.uk - 675071.jpg|thumb|left|Cheshire's home in Chester, where a blue plaque marks the house in which he was born.]]
Leonard Cheshire was the son of [[Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire]], a barrister, academic and influential writer on English law. He had one brother, Christopher Cheshire, also a wartime pilot. Cheshire was born in [[Chester]], but was brought up at his parents' home near [[Oxford]]. Cheshire was educated at the [[Dragon School]], Oxford, [[Stowe School]] and [[Merton College, Oxford]].<ref name="MCreg">{{cite book|editor1-last=Levens|editor1-first=R.G.C.|title=Merton College Register 1900-1964|date=1964|publisher=Basil Blackwell|location=Oxford|page=273}}</ref> At Stowe he was taught English by the fantasy novelist [[T. H. White]].<ref>Garnett 1968 p.152</ref> Whilst at Oxford he became friends with [[John Niel Randle]]. On one occasion at Oxford he was bet half a [[pint]] of beer that he could not walk to Paris with no more than a few pennies in his pocket; he won his bet.<ref name="Iveson and Milton p. 30">Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 30.</ref> He went to stay in Germany in 1936 with the family of [[Ludwig von Reuter]] in [[Potsdam]]<ref>Braddon 1954, pp. 32–6.</ref> and whilst there, witnessed an [[Adolf Hitler]] rally. Cheshire caused considerable offence by pointedly refusing to give the Nazi salute.<ref name="Iveson and Milton p. 30"/><ref>Braddon 1954, pp. 35–6.</ref> Cheshire graduated in [[jurisprudence]] in 1939.

==Military career==
During his university years, Cheshire learned basic piloting skills with the [[Oxford University Air Squadron]], receiving a commission as a [[pilot officer]] in the [[Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve]] on 16 November 1937.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34455|supp=|startpage=7189|date=16 November 1937|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Following the outbreak of war, Cheshire joined the RAF on 7 October 1939 with a permanent commission.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34713|supp=|startpage=7039|date=20 October 1939|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> He was sent for training at RAF Hullavington<ref>"Obituary: Lord Cheshire VC", Aug. 1, 1992, "The Independent,"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-lord-cheshire-vc-1537228.html</ref> (now [[Hullavington Airfield]]). Promoted to [[flying officer]] on 7 April 1940, he was posted that June to [[No. 102 Squadron RAF|102 Squadron]], flying [[Armstrong Whitworth Whitley]] medium bombers, from [[RAF Driffield]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35005|supp=|startpage=6862|date=3 December 1940|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> In November 1940, Cheshire was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) for flying his badly damaged bomber back to base.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35009|supp=|startpage=6937|date=6 December 1940|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref>

In January 1941, Cheshire completed his tour of operations, but then volunteered immediately for a second tour. He was awarded the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (DFC) in March 1941 and was promoted to the war substantive rank of [[flight lieutenant]] on 7 April.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35097|supp=|startpage=1370|date=7 March 1941|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35196|supp=|startpage=3517|date=20 June 1941|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> He was posted to [[No. 35 Squadron RAF|No. 35 Squadron]] with the brand new [[Handley Page Halifax]] and completed his second tour early in 1942, by then a temporary [[squadron leader]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35503|supp=|startpage=1387|date=27 March 1942|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Cheshire was promoted to the substantive rank of squadron leader on 1 March.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35791|supp=yes|startpage=5034|date=17 November 1942|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> August 1942 saw a return to operations as an acting wing commander and commanding officer of [[No. 76 Squadron RAF]]. The squadron had recently suffered high losses operating the Halifax, and Cheshire immediately tackled the low morale of the unit by ordering an improvement in the performance of the squadron aircraft by removing the mid-upper and nose [[gun turret]]s along with exhaust covers and other weighty non-essential equipment. This allowed the bombers to fly higher and faster. Losses soon fell and morale rose accordingly. Cheshire was amongst the first to note there was very low return rate of Halifax bombers on three engines; furthermore, there were reports the Halifax was unstable in a "corkscrew" which was the manoeuvre used by bomber pilots to escape night fighters. The test pilot Captain [[Eric Brown (pilot)|Eric Brown]], flying uncrewed except for an accompanying flight engineer, undertook risky tests to establish the cause and were told a representative of Bomber Command would fly with them.<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 219.</ref> Brown remembers "We couldn't believe it, it was Cheshire! We were astonished to say the least. I asked him not to touch (the controls) and to his ever lasting credit he never commented at all, he just sat in the second pilot's seat and raised his eye brows at what we were doing!" The fault was in the Halifax's rudder design and Cheshire became enraged when Handley Page at first declined to make modifications so as not to disrupt production.<ref>Hastings 2010, p. 275.</ref>

During his time as the commanding officer of No. 76 Squadron at RAF Linton, Cheshire took the trouble to recognise and learn the name of every single man on the base. He was determined to increase the efficiency of his squadron and improve the chances of survival of its crews, to this end he constantly lectured crews on the skills needed to achieve those aims. The crews knew he was devoted to their interests and when, on an operation to [[Nuremberg]], they were told to cross the French coast at 2,000 ft (the most dangerous height for light flak) Cheshire simply refused, stating they would fly at 200 ft or 20,000 ft. Typically, Cheshire inspired such loyalty and respect that the ground crews of 76 Squadron were proud to chorus "We are Cheshire cats!".<ref>Hastings 2010, pp. 273–275.</ref>

In 1943, Cheshire published an account of his first tour of operations in his book, ''Bomber Pilot'' which tells of his posting to [[RAF Driffield]] and the story of flying his badly damaged bomber ("N for Nuts") back to base. In the book, Cheshire fails to mention being awarded the DSO for this, but does describe the bravery of a badly burnt member of his crew.

===No. 617 Squadron===
In March 1943, by now an acting [[group captain]], Cheshire became station commander of [[RAF Marston Moor]] as the youngest group captain in the RAF, although the job was never to his liking, and he pushed for a return to an operational command. In April, he was awarded a bar to his DSO.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35983|supp=yes|startpage=1798|date=16 April 1943|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> His efforts paid off with a posting as commander of the legendary [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|617 "Dambusters" Squadron]] in September. On 30 September, he was promoted to war substantive [[Wing commander (rank)|wing commander]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=36245|supp=yes|startpage=4974|date=9 November 1943|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> While with 617, Cheshire helped pioneer a new method of marking enemy targets for Bomber Command's 5 Group, flying in at a very low level in the face of strong defences, using first, the versatile [[de Havilland Mosquito]], then a [[North American P-51 Mustang|North American Mustang]] fighter.

On the morning before a planned raid by 617 Squadron to [[Siracourt V-1 bunker|Siracourt]], a crated Mustang turned up at [[Woodhall Spa]], a gift for Cheshire from his admirers in the US [[Eighth Air Force|8th Air Force]]. Cheshire had the aircraft assembled and the engine tested as he was determined to test the possibilities of the fighter as a marker aircraft. He took off, in what was his first flight in the aircraft, and caught up with 617's Lancasters before they reached the target. Cheshire then proceeded to accurately mark the target (a V-1 storage depot) for the heavies which landed three Tallboys on it. He then flew back and landed the Mustang in the dark.<ref>Otter 1996, p. 298.</ref>

This development work in target marking was the subject of some severe intra-service politics; Cheshire was encouraged by his 5 Group Commander [[Air Vice-Marshal]] [[Ralph Cochrane]], although the 8 Group Pathfinder [[Air Officer Commanding|AOC]] Air Vice-Marshal [[Don Bennett]] saw this work as impinging on the responsibilities of his own command.

===Victoria Cross===
Cheshire was nearing the end of his fourth tour of duty in July 1944, having completed a total of 102 missions, when he was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]]. His citation remarked on the entirety of his operation career, noting:

{{Quote|In four years of fighting against the bitterest opposition he maintained a standard of outstanding personal achievement, his successful operations being the result of careful planning, brilliant execution and supreme contempt for danger – for example, on one occasion he flew his Mustang in slow 'figures of eight' above a target obscured by low cloud, to act as a bomb-aiming mark for his squadron. Cheshire displayed the courage and determination of an exceptional leader.<ref name="Citation">{{London Gazette |issue=36693 |date=5 September 1944 |startpage=4175 |supp=y|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/36693/supplements/4175/page.pdf }}</ref>}}

It also gave special mention to a raid against Munich on 24/25 April 1944, in which he had marked a target while flying a Mosquito at low level against "withering fire".

When Cheshire went to [[Buckingham Palace]] to receive his VC from King [[George VI]], he was accompanied by [[Norman Cyril Jackson|Norman Jackson]] who was also due to receive his award on that day. Cheshire insisted that despite the difference in rank (group captain and warrant officer), they should approach the King together. Jackson remembers that Cheshire said to the King, "This chap stuck his neck out more than I did – he should get his VC first!" The King had to keep to protocol, but Jackson commented he would "never forget what Cheshire said."<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 230.</ref>

===Later operations===
[[File:Dropping of the Atomic Bomb on Japan, August 1945 CH13626.jpg|thumbnail|right|A portrait of Cheshire in 1945]]
One of Cheshire's missions was to use new 5,400 kilograms (12,000 lb) "[[Tallboy bomb|Tallboy]]" deep-penetration bombs to destroy [[V-3 cannon|V3 long-range cannons]] located in underground bunkers near [[Fortress of Mimoyecques|Mimoyecques]] in the Pas-de-Calais region of northern France. These were powerful guns able to fire a 500 lb shell into London every minute. They were protected by a concrete layer. The raid was planned so the bombs hit the ground next to the concrete to destroy the guns from underneath. Although considered successful at the time, later evaluations confirmed that the raids were largely ineffectual.<ref>Braddon 1954, p. 129.</ref>

Cheshire was, in his day, both the youngest group captain in the service and, following his VC, the most decorated.<ref>Lawrence, Alenka. "Introduction" to Cheshire 1991, pp. 10–11.</ref> In his book, ''Bomber Command'' (2010), Sir [[Max Hastings]] states "Cheshire was a legend in Bomber Command, a remarkable man with an almost mystical air about him, as if he somehow inhabited a different planet from those about him, but without affectation or pretension". Cheshire would always fly on the most dangerous operations, he never took the easy option of just flying on the less risky ops to France, a habit which caused some commanding officers to be referred to derisively as "François" by their men. Cheshire had no crew but would fly as "second dickey", with the new and nervous to give them confidence.

Cheshire had strong feelings on any crew refusing to fly (commonly called [[Lack of Moral Fibre]] in the RAF) when subject to the combat stress of Bomber Command's sorties (many of which had loss rates of 50% or more). Even as a brilliant and sympathetic leader, he wrote "I was ruthless with LMF, I had to be. We were airmen not [[psychiatrists]]. Of course we had concern for any individual whose internal tensions meant that he could no longer go on but there was a worry that one really frightened man could affect others around him. There was no time to be as compassionate as I would like to have been." Thus Cheshire transferred LMF cases out of his squadron almost instantaneously (like every other RAF squadron did at the time).<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 143.</ref> This was also because he argued that a man who thought he was doomed would collapse or bail out when his aircraft was hit, whereas Cheshire thought if he could survive the initial shock of finding his aircraft damaged, he had more of a chance of survival.<ref>Hastings 2010, p. 280.</ref>

On his 103rd mission, Cheshire and [[William Penney, Baron Penney|William Penney]] were official British observers of the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|nuclear bombing]] of [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]].<ref name=MCreg /><ref name="nyt1992">"Lord Cheshire, World War II Hero Who Founded Homes for Sick, 74," ''The New York Times.'' 2 August 1992.</ref> His vantage point was in the support B-29 ''[[Big Stink (B-29)|Big Stink]]''. He did not witness the event as close up as anticipated due to aircraft commander James Hopkins' failure to link up with the other B-29s. Hopkins was meant to join with the others over Yakushima, but he circled at 39,000 ft instead of the agreed height of 30,000 ft. He tried to justify this by the need to keep the VIP passengers out of danger, but Cheshire thought that Hopkins was "overwrought".

"Many assumed that it was Nagasaki which emptied him; as Cheshire kept pointing out, however, it was the war as a whole. Like Britain herself, he had been fighting or training for fighting since 1939."<ref>Morris 2000, p. 225.</ref> He was earlier quoted as saying: "... then I for one hold little brief for the future of civilization".<ref>BBC scrapbook ''1945'', Fontana, 463 016 FDL</ref>

==Post-war==
Following the end of the war, Cheshire retired from the RAF on medical grounds on 22 January 1946, retaining his final rank of group captain.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=37447|supp=yes|startpage=712|date=25 January 1946|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Cheshire had been brought up a Christian in the [[Church of England]], but had lapsed. In 1945, in the Vanity Fair club in Mayfair, he joined a conversation about religion. "It was absurd," he said, "to imagine that God existed, except as a convenient figure of speech. Man had invented God to explain the voice of conscience, but it was doubtful whether right or wrong existed outside the human mind. They were words affixed like labels to customs and laws which man had also invented to keep social order." To Cheshire's surprise, as he sat back, "pleased with his worldly wisdom," he was roundly rebuked for "talking such rot" by a woman friend who "was one of the last persons on earth he would have credited with" religious convictions.<ref>Boyle, Andrew. ''No Passing Glory''. London: [[The Reprint Society]], 1957, pp. 274–275.</ref> After the war, Joan Botting (widow of Dambusters pilot Norman Botting) lived with Cheshire at the "VIP (for ''Vade in Pacem'' – Go in Peace) Colony" he established for veterans and war widows at Gumley Hall, Leicestershire – one of several new ventures he started after leaving the RAF in 1946. Joan followed him to Le Court, near [[Petersfield]], Hampshire (a mansion which Cheshire had bought from his aunt) where, with three children of her own, Joan took charge of the nursery (Joan is not mentioned by name in ''The Face of Victory'') .<ref>Leonard Cheshire, ''The Face of Victory'' (London: Hutchinson, 1961), p. 69</ref> Cheshire and Joan Botting subsequently investigated many religions, from [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]] to [[Methodism|Methodist]] to "High [[Anglo-Catholic]]" – but none of them provided the answers they were looking for.<ref>''The Face of Victory'' pp. 47, 55–57, 69, 102–107</ref>

Cheshire's aim in establishing the VIP Colony was to provide an opportunity for ex-servicemen and women and their families to live together, each contributing to the community what they could, to help their transition back into civilian life. He hoped that training, prosperity and fulfilment would result from united effort and mutual support. He saw the community as one way of continuing to work towards world peace. The community, however, did not prosper and the project came to an end in 1947.<ref>Cheshire 1981, p. 16.</ref>

At the beginning of 1948, Cheshire heard about the case of Arthur Dykes, who had been one of Cheshire's original "VIP" community at Le Court, and was suffering from cancer. Dykes asked Cheshire to give him some land to park a caravan until he recovered, but Cheshire discovered that Dykes was terminally ill and that this diagnosis was concealed from him. He told Dykes the real position and invited him to stay at Le Court. Cheshire learned nursing skills and was soon approached to take in a second patient, the 94-year-old bedridden wife of a man who had just been taken off to hospital after suffering a stroke. She was followed by others, some coming to stay and others to help. Although Le Court had no financial support, and his situation was financially perilous most of the time, money somehow always seemed to arrive in the nick of time to stave off disaster. Dykes died in August 1948. After completing the arrangements for his funeral, Cheshire idly picked up a book a friend had sent him. It was ''One Lord, One Faith'' by Vernon Johnson, a former [[High church|High Anglican]] clergyman who, against every cherished instinct and prejudice, had converted to Roman Catholicism because, as he put it, "I could not resist the claim of the Catholic Church to be the one true Church founded by Our Lord Jesus Christ to guard and teach the truth ... She alone possesses the authority and unity necessary for such a Divine vocation."<ref>Quoted in Cheshire 1961, p. 136.</ref> In the meantime, Joan Botting had converted to [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].<ref>[[Gary Botting]], "Preface", Gary and [[Heather Botting]], ''The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses'' (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984), pp. ix–xii</ref>

On Christmas Eve, 1948, Cheshire was received into the Catholic Church.

==Charitable life==
{{main|Leonard Cheshire Disability}}

In 1948, Cheshire founded the charity now named [[Leonard Cheshire Disability]], which provides support to disabled people throughout the world. At the beginning of 1949, eight patients were staying at Le Court.<ref>Cheshire 1961, p. 152.</ref> Six months later, there were 28.<ref>Cheshire 1961, p. 158.</ref> Cheshire dedicated the rest of his life to supporting disabled people, combining this with lecturing on conflict resolution.<ref>Richard Morris, ''Cheshire: The Biography of Leonard Cheshire, VC, OM'' (London: Viking, 2000), pp. 408–432</ref>

Other organisations set up by Leonard Cheshire are:
*The Ryder-Cheshire Foundation,<ref>[http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/registeredcharities/showcharity.asp?remchar=&chyno=285746 Charity Commission for England and Wales: Charity Number 285746]</ref> set up by Leonard Cheshire and his wife [[Sue Ryder]] at the time of their marriage in 1959. It now mainly operates in two fields: the rehabilitation of disabled people, through ENRYCH <ref>[http://www.enrych.org.uk "Registered Charity No. 1088623."] ''ENRYCH''.</ref> and the prevention and treatment of [[tuberculosis]], through Target Tuberculosis.<ref>[http://www.targettb.org.uk/ "Registered Charity No. 1098752."] ''Target Tuberculosis''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

In 1953, Cheshire founded the ''Raphael Pilgrimage'' to enable sick and disabled people to travel to [[Lourdes]].<ref>[http://www.raphael.org.uk/ "Raphael: Registered Charity No. 1098328."] ''Pilgrimage Charity''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

In 1990, Cheshire founded the UK charity, the Memorial Fund for Disaster Relief. Cheshire is acknowledged on the album ''[[The Wall – Live in Berlin]]'' by former [[Pink Floyd]] member [[Roger Waters]]. The concert launched and benefited the charity.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://ultimateclassicrock.com/roger-waters-the-wall-berlin/ | title= 25 Years Ago: Roger Waters Reclaims Pink Floyd Legacy With ‘The Wall: Live in Berlin’ | work=Ultimate Classic Rock | first=Nick | last=DeRiso | date=21 July 2015 | accessdate=2 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= http://articles.latimes.com/1990-07-23/entertainment/ca-571_1_berlin-wall | title= East Berlin 'Wall' Concert: Highs of Theatrics and Hope | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Tyler | last=Marshall | date=23 July 1990 | accessdate=2 March 2016}}</ref> Cheshire opened this concert by blowing a Second World War whistle.

Cheshire was also concerned about future remembrance and was influential in the concept of the [[National Memorial Arboretum]], founded by David Childs. The amphitheatre at the Arboretum is dedicated to the memory of Leonard Cheshire.

==Return to Nagasaki==
In 1985, Cheshire featured in a documentary, ''Nagasaki – Return Journey''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6e912f7a |title=Nagasaki – Return Journey |website= BFI.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url= http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/3rd-august-1985/31/television| date=2 August 1985|page= 31 |title= Television: Forty years on| first= Alexander |last= Chancellor | work= The Spectator| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20150405170258/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/3rd-august-1985/31/television| archivedate= 5 April 2015 | deadurl= yes| accessdate= 10 August 2015}}</ref>

==Private life==
On 15 July 1941, Cheshire married the American actress [[Constance Binney]] (21 years his senior), but the marriage was short-lived and childless. Their divorce was ratified in January 1951.<ref name=odnb>{{cite encyclopedia|title= Leonard Cheshire| work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|volume= 11|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=321|first= Christopher |last= Foxley-Norris| isbn=0-19-861361-X}}</ref>

On 5 April 1959, in [[Bombay]]'s Roman Catholic Cathedral, he married [[Sue Ryder]], also a Roman Catholic convert and humanitarian. He and Baroness Ryder were one of the few couples to both hold titles in their own right. They had two children, Jeromy and Elizabeth Cheshire, and lived in [[Cavendish, Suffolk|Cavendish]], [[Suffolk]].

Cheshire was a lifelong tennis fan, a member of The All England Club, and a formidable amateur player well into his seventies.

==Death==
Cheshire died of [[motor neurone disease]] aged 74 on 31 July 1992.

==Honours and tributes==

* Cheshire was the subject of ''[[This Is Your Life (UK TV series)|This Is Your Life]]'' in 1960 when he was surprised by [[Eamonn Andrews]] in central London.
* On 17 July 1991, Cheshire was created a [[life peer]] as '''Baron Cheshire''' of [[Woodhall Spa|Woodhall]] in the County of Lincolnshire,<ref name="nyt1992"/><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=52608 |date=22 July 1991 |startpage=11147}}</ref> sitting as a [[cross-bencher]].
* [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] paid personal tribute to him in her [[Royal Christmas Message]] in December 1992.
* In the 2002 [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] poll to find the [[100 Greatest Britons]], Cheshire attained position number 31. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the [[Imperial War Museum]], London.
* A house at [[Xavier College]], a leading private school in Melbourne, Australia, is named after Cheshire. [[Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview|St Ignatius College]], a private school in Sydney, Australia, also has a house named after Cheshire.

[[File:Cheshire, Leonard (VC) closeup2 - Copy.jpg|thumb|Cheshire's medal group on display at the [[Imperial War Museum]].]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:UK Victoria Cross ribbon bar.svg|50px]] || [[Victoria Cross]] (VC) || July 1944
|-
|[[File:Order of Merit (Commonwealth realms) ribbon.png|50px]] || [[Order of Merit|Member of the Order of Merit]] (OM) || 1981<ref name="nyt1992"/>
|-
|[[File:DSO with 2Bars.png|50px]] || [[Companion of the Distinguished Service Order|Companion of the Distinguished Service Order and Two Bars]] (DSO & 2 Bars) ||
|-
|[[File:United Kingdom Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg|50px]] || [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (DFC) ||
|-
|[[File:39-45 Star BAR.svg|50px]] || [[1939–45 Star]] ||
|-
|[[File:Air Crew Europe BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Air Crew Europe Star]] || With 1 clasp ''Atlantic'' {{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
|-
|[[File:Burma Star BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Burma Star]] ||
|-
|[[File:Defence Medal BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Defence Medal (United Kingdom)|Defence Medal]] ||
|-
|[[File:War Medal 39-45 BAR MID.png|50px]] || [[War Medal 1939–1945]] with Palm for [[Mentioned in Dispatches]] ||
|-
|[[File:UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|50px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]] || (1953)
|-
|[[File:Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.png|50px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal]] || (1977)
|}

==Publications by Leonard Cheshire==
* ''Bomber Pilot''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1943; St. Albans, Herts, UK: Mayflower, 1975. ISBN 0-583-12541-7; London: Goodall Publications ISBN 0-907579-10-8
* ''The Holy Face: An Account of the Oldest Photograph in the World'' (16-page [[pamphlet]]). Newport, Monmouthshire, UK: R. H. Johns, 1954.
* ''Pilgrimage to the Shroud''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1956.
* ''The Story of the Holy Shroud''. [[Associated Television]] Ltd: ATV Library, 1957. Text of broadcast.
* ''The Face of Victory''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1961.
* ''Death'' (22-page pamphlet). London: [[Catholic Truth Society]], 1978.
* ''The Hidden World: An Autobiography and Reflections by the Founder of the Leonard Cheshire Homes''. London: Collins, 1981. ISBN 0-00-626479-4.
* ''The Light of Many Suns: The Meaning of the Bomb''. London: Methuen, 1985. ISBN 0-413-59240-5
* ''Where Is God in All This?'' (Interview by Alenka Lawrence). Slough, Berks, UK: St Paul Publications, 1991. ISBN 0-85439-380-3
* ''Crossing the Finishing Line: Last Thoughts of Leonard Cheshire VC'' (Edited by [[Reginald C. Fuller]]). London: St. Pauls, 1998. ISBN 0-85439-527-X.

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Boyle, Andrew. ''No Passing Glory: The Full and Authentic Biography of Group Captain Cheshire, V.C., D.S.O, D.F.C.''. London: Fontana Books, 1955.
* Braddon, Russell. ''Cheshire, V.C.'' London: Evans Brothers Ltd., 1954. Reprinted in 1956 by the Readers Book Club. {{OCLC|221454400}}
* Brickhill, Paul. ''[[The Dam Busters (book)|The Dam Busters]]''. London: Pan Books, 1983. ISBN 0-330-28083-X.
* [[David Garnett|Garnett, David]]. ''The White/Garnett Letters''. New York: The Viking Press, 1968. ISBN 978-0-224-61323-1
* Harvey, David. ''[[Monuments to Courage]]''. Uckfield, East Sussex, UK: Naval & Military Press Ltd., 1999. ISBN 1-84342-356-1.
* Hastings, Sir Max. ''Bomber Command'' (Pan Military Classics) London: Pan Books, 2010. ISBN 978-0-330-51361-6.
* Iveson, Tony and [[Brian Milton]]. ''Lancaster: The Biography.'' London: Andre Deutsch Ltd, 2009. ISBN 978-0-233-00270-5.
* [[Laffin, John]]. ''British VCs of World War 2: A Study in Heroism''. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: [[Sutton Publishing Limited]], 1997, ISBN 0-7509-1026-7.
* Morris, Richard. ''Cheshire: The Biography of Leonard Cheshire, VC, OM''. London: Viking Press, 2000. ISBN 0-670-86735-7.
* "Obituary for Prof. G.C. Cheshire." ''[[The Times]]'', 28 October 1978.
* Otter, Patrick. ''Lincolnshire Airfields in the Second World War.'' Newbury, Berkshire, UK: Countryside Books, 1996. ISBN 978-1-85306-424-1.
* ''[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]]''. London: ''This England'', 1997. ISBN 0-906324-27-0.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Leonard Cheshire}}
*[http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/suffolk.htm Location of grave and VC medal] ''(Suffolk)''
*[http://www.leonard-cheshire.org/?lid=19 History of the Leonard Cheshire charity]
*[http://www.ryder-cheshire.org Ryder Cheshire]
*[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/vcgpches.jpg Image of Cheshire's Medals]
*[http://www.julianlewis.net/cheshire-vc-and-the-cnd Cheshire VC and the CND]
*[http://www.richarddnorth.com/journalism/culture/sueryder.htm Sue Ryder of Cavendish] – [[Richard D. North]]
* {{IMDb name|156193}}
*[http://www.bigredbook.info/leonard_cheshire.html Leonard Cheshire's appearance] on ''[[This Is Your Life]]''
*[http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80029987 Imperial War Museum Interview]

{{s-start}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Harold Brownlow Martin|Harold Martin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Officer Commanding [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|No. 617 Squadron]]|years=November 1943 – July 1944}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James Brian Tait|James Tait]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheshire, Leonard}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British philanthropists]]
[[Category:British World War II pilots]]
[[Category:British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism]]
[[Category:Crossbench life peers|Cheshire, Leonard Cheshire, Baron]]
[[Category:Deaths from motor neurone disease]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
[[Category:People educated at The Dragon School]]
[[Category:People educated at Stowe School]]
[[Category:People from Chester]]
[[Category:People from Oxford]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic activists]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:People associated with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Leonard Cheshire

2016-03-02T03:09:26Z

Rodericksilly: /* Charitable life */

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
|name=The Lord Cheshire
|image= Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945. CH9136.jpg
|caption= Group Captain Leonard Cheshire c. 1943
|birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1917|09|07}}
|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1992|07|31|1917|09|07}}
|birth_place= [[Chester]], [[Cheshire]]
|death_place= [[Cavendish, Suffolk]]
|placeofburial=Cavendish Churchyard
|nickname=
|allegiance={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|branch={{air force|United Kingdom}}
|serviceyears=1937–1946
|rank=[[Group Captain]]
|commands= [[No. 76 Squadron RAF]] [[RAF Marston Moor]] [[No. 617 Squadron RAF]]
|unit=[[No. 102 Squadron RAF]] [[No. 35 Squadron RAF]]
|battles= [[Second World War]]
|awards= [[Victoria Cross]] [[Member of the Order of Merit]] [[Distinguished Service Order]] & [[Medal bar|Two Bars]] [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]]
|spouse=[[Constance Binney]] (1941–51) [[Sue Ryder]] (1959–92)
|relations=[[Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire]] (father)
|laterwork=Humanitarian
}}
[[Group Captain]] '''Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire, Baron Cheshire''' [[Victoria Cross|VC]], [[Member of the Order of Merit|OM]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] & [[Medal bar|Two Bars]], [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|DFC]] (7 September 1917 – 31 July 1992) was a highly decorated [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) pilot during the [[Second World War]] and later philanthropist.

Among the honours Cheshire received as a pilot is the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

He was the youngest group captain in the RAF and one of the most highly decorated pilots of the war, but after serving as the British observer on the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki#Nagasaki|Nagasaki nuclear attack]] he resigned from the Air Force. He founded a hospice that grew into the charity [[Leonard Cheshire Disability]], and he became known for his work in conflict resolution; he was created Baron Cheshire in 1991 in recognition of his charitable work.<ref name="Gazette-Peerage">{{cite journal | url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/52563/supplements/1 | title=Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire | journal=[[London Gazette]] | year=1991 | issue=14 June}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Birthplace of Leonard Cheshire VC - geograph.org.uk - 675071.jpg|thumb|left|Cheshire's home in Chester, where a blue plaque marks the house in which he was born.]]
Leonard Cheshire was the son of [[Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire]], a barrister, academic and influential writer on English law. He had one brother, Christopher Cheshire, also a wartime pilot. Cheshire was born in [[Chester]], but was brought up at his parents' home near [[Oxford]]. Cheshire was educated at the [[Dragon School]], Oxford, [[Stowe School]] and [[Merton College, Oxford]].<ref name="MCreg">{{cite book|editor1-last=Levens|editor1-first=R.G.C.|title=Merton College Register 1900-1964|date=1964|publisher=Basil Blackwell|location=Oxford|page=273}}</ref> At Stowe he was taught English by the fantasy novelist [[T. H. White]].<ref>Garnett 1968 p.152</ref> Whilst at Oxford he became friends with [[John Niel Randle]]. On one occasion at Oxford he was bet half a [[pint]] of beer that he could not walk to Paris with no more than a few pennies in his pocket; he won his bet.<ref name="Iveson and Milton p. 30">Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 30.</ref> He went to stay in Germany in 1936 with the family of [[Ludwig von Reuter]] in [[Potsdam]]<ref>Braddon 1954, pp. 32–6.</ref> and whilst there, witnessed an [[Adolf Hitler]] rally. Cheshire caused considerable offence by pointedly refusing to give the Nazi salute.<ref name="Iveson and Milton p. 30"/><ref>Braddon 1954, pp. 35–6.</ref> Cheshire graduated in [[jurisprudence]] in 1939.

==Military career==
During his university years, Cheshire learned basic piloting skills with the [[Oxford University Air Squadron]], receiving a commission as a [[pilot officer]] in the [[Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve]] on 16 November 1937.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34455|supp=|startpage=7189|date=16 November 1937|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Following the outbreak of war, Cheshire joined the RAF on 7 October 1939 with a permanent commission.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34713|supp=|startpage=7039|date=20 October 1939|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> He was sent for training at RAF Hullavington<ref>"Obituary: Lord Cheshire VC", Aug. 1, 1992, "The Independent,"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-lord-cheshire-vc-1537228.html</ref> (now [[Hullavington Airfield]]). Promoted to [[flying officer]] on 7 April 1940, he was posted that June to [[No. 102 Squadron RAF|102 Squadron]], flying [[Armstrong Whitworth Whitley]] medium bombers, from [[RAF Driffield]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35005|supp=|startpage=6862|date=3 December 1940|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> In November 1940, Cheshire was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) for flying his badly damaged bomber back to base.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35009|supp=|startpage=6937|date=6 December 1940|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref>

In January 1941, Cheshire completed his tour of operations, but then volunteered immediately for a second tour. He was awarded the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (DFC) in March 1941 and was promoted to the war substantive rank of [[flight lieutenant]] on 7 April.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35097|supp=|startpage=1370|date=7 March 1941|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35196|supp=|startpage=3517|date=20 June 1941|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> He was posted to [[No. 35 Squadron RAF|No. 35 Squadron]] with the brand new [[Handley Page Halifax]] and completed his second tour early in 1942, by then a temporary [[squadron leader]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35503|supp=|startpage=1387|date=27 March 1942|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Cheshire was promoted to the substantive rank of squadron leader on 1 March.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35791|supp=yes|startpage=5034|date=17 November 1942|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> August 1942 saw a return to operations as an acting wing commander and commanding officer of [[No. 76 Squadron RAF]]. The squadron had recently suffered high losses operating the Halifax, and Cheshire immediately tackled the low morale of the unit by ordering an improvement in the performance of the squadron aircraft by removing the mid-upper and nose [[gun turret]]s along with exhaust covers and other weighty non-essential equipment. This allowed the bombers to fly higher and faster. Losses soon fell and morale rose accordingly. Cheshire was amongst the first to note there was very low return rate of Halifax bombers on three engines; furthermore, there were reports the Halifax was unstable in a "corkscrew" which was the manoeuvre used by bomber pilots to escape night fighters. The test pilot Captain [[Eric Brown (pilot)|Eric Brown]], flying uncrewed except for an accompanying flight engineer, undertook risky tests to establish the cause and were told a representative of Bomber Command would fly with them.<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 219.</ref> Brown remembers "We couldn't believe it, it was Cheshire! We were astonished to say the least. I asked him not to touch (the controls) and to his ever lasting credit he never commented at all, he just sat in the second pilot's seat and raised his eye brows at what we were doing!" The fault was in the Halifax's rudder design and Cheshire became enraged when Handley Page at first declined to make modifications so as not to disrupt production.<ref>Hastings 2010, p. 275.</ref>

During his time as the commanding officer of No. 76 Squadron at RAF Linton, Cheshire took the trouble to recognise and learn the name of every single man on the base. He was determined to increase the efficiency of his squadron and improve the chances of survival of its crews, to this end he constantly lectured crews on the skills needed to achieve those aims. The crews knew he was devoted to their interests and when, on an operation to [[Nuremberg]], they were told to cross the French coast at 2,000 ft (the most dangerous height for light flak) Cheshire simply refused, stating they would fly at 200 ft or 20,000 ft. Typically, Cheshire inspired such loyalty and respect that the ground crews of 76 Squadron were proud to chorus "We are Cheshire cats!".<ref>Hastings 2010, pp. 273–275.</ref>

In 1943, Cheshire published an account of his first tour of operations in his book, ''Bomber Pilot'' which tells of his posting to [[RAF Driffield]] and the story of flying his badly damaged bomber ("N for Nuts") back to base. In the book, Cheshire fails to mention being awarded the DSO for this, but does describe the bravery of a badly burnt member of his crew.

===No. 617 Squadron===
In March 1943, by now an acting [[group captain]], Cheshire became station commander of [[RAF Marston Moor]] as the youngest group captain in the RAF, although the job was never to his liking, and he pushed for a return to an operational command. In April, he was awarded a bar to his DSO.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35983|supp=yes|startpage=1798|date=16 April 1943|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> His efforts paid off with a posting as commander of the legendary [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|617 "Dambusters" Squadron]] in September. On 30 September, he was promoted to war substantive [[Wing commander (rank)|wing commander]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=36245|supp=yes|startpage=4974|date=9 November 1943|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> While with 617, Cheshire helped pioneer a new method of marking enemy targets for Bomber Command's 5 Group, flying in at a very low level in the face of strong defences, using first, the versatile [[de Havilland Mosquito]], then a [[North American P-51 Mustang|North American Mustang]] fighter.

On the morning before a planned raid by 617 Squadron to [[Siracourt V-1 bunker|Siracourt]], a crated Mustang turned up at [[Woodhall Spa]], a gift for Cheshire from his admirers in the US [[Eighth Air Force|8th Air Force]]. Cheshire had the aircraft assembled and the engine tested as he was determined to test the possibilities of the fighter as a marker aircraft. He took off, in what was his first flight in the aircraft, and caught up with 617's Lancasters before they reached the target. Cheshire then proceeded to accurately mark the target (a V-1 storage depot) for the heavies which landed three Tallboys on it. He then flew back and landed the Mustang in the dark.<ref>Otter 1996, p. 298.</ref>

This development work in target marking was the subject of some severe intra-service politics; Cheshire was encouraged by his 5 Group Commander [[Air Vice-Marshal]] [[Ralph Cochrane]], although the 8 Group Pathfinder [[Air Officer Commanding|AOC]] Air Vice-Marshal [[Don Bennett]] saw this work as impinging on the responsibilities of his own command.

===Victoria Cross===
Cheshire was nearing the end of his fourth tour of duty in July 1944, having completed a total of 102 missions, when he was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]]. His citation remarked on the entirety of his operation career, noting:

{{Quote|In four years of fighting against the bitterest opposition he maintained a standard of outstanding personal achievement, his successful operations being the result of careful planning, brilliant execution and supreme contempt for danger – for example, on one occasion he flew his Mustang in slow 'figures of eight' above a target obscured by low cloud, to act as a bomb-aiming mark for his squadron. Cheshire displayed the courage and determination of an exceptional leader.<ref name="Citation">{{London Gazette |issue=36693 |date=5 September 1944 |startpage=4175 |supp=y|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/36693/supplements/4175/page.pdf }}</ref>}}

It also gave special mention to a raid against Munich on 24/25 April 1944, in which he had marked a target while flying a Mosquito at low level against "withering fire".

When Cheshire went to [[Buckingham Palace]] to receive his VC from King [[George VI]], he was accompanied by [[Norman Cyril Jackson|Norman Jackson]] who was also due to receive his award on that day. Cheshire insisted that despite the difference in rank (group captain and warrant officer), they should approach the King together. Jackson remembers that Cheshire said to the King, "This chap stuck his neck out more than I did – he should get his VC first!" The King had to keep to protocol, but Jackson commented he would "never forget what Cheshire said."<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 230.</ref>

===Later operations===
[[File:Dropping of the Atomic Bomb on Japan, August 1945 CH13626.jpg|thumbnail|right|A portrait of Cheshire in 1945]]
One of Cheshire's missions was to use new 5,400 kilograms (12,000 lb) "[[Tallboy bomb|Tallboy]]" deep-penetration bombs to destroy [[V-3 cannon|V3 long-range cannons]] located in underground bunkers near [[Fortress of Mimoyecques|Mimoyecques]] in the Pas-de-Calais region of northern France. These were powerful guns able to fire a 500 lb shell into London every minute. They were protected by a concrete layer. The raid was planned so the bombs hit the ground next to the concrete to destroy the guns from underneath. Although considered successful at the time, later evaluations confirmed that the raids were largely ineffectual.<ref>Braddon 1954, p. 129.</ref>

Cheshire was, in his day, both the youngest group captain in the service and, following his VC, the most decorated.<ref>Lawrence, Alenka. "Introduction" to Cheshire 1991, pp. 10–11.</ref> In his book, ''Bomber Command'' (2010), Sir [[Max Hastings]] states "Cheshire was a legend in Bomber Command, a remarkable man with an almost mystical air about him, as if he somehow inhabited a different planet from those about him, but without affectation or pretension". Cheshire would always fly on the most dangerous operations, he never took the easy option of just flying on the less risky ops to France, a habit which caused some commanding officers to be referred to derisively as "François" by their men. Cheshire had no crew but would fly as "second dickey", with the new and nervous to give them confidence.

Cheshire had strong feelings on any crew refusing to fly (commonly called [[Lack of Moral Fibre]] in the RAF) when subject to the combat stress of Bomber Command's sorties (many of which had loss rates of 50% or more). Even as a brilliant and sympathetic leader, he wrote "I was ruthless with LMF, I had to be. We were airmen not [[psychiatrists]]. Of course we had concern for any individual whose internal tensions meant that he could no longer go on but there was a worry that one really frightened man could affect others around him. There was no time to be as compassionate as I would like to have been." Thus Cheshire transferred LMF cases out of his squadron almost instantaneously (like every other RAF squadron did at the time).<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 143.</ref> This was also because he argued that a man who thought he was doomed would collapse or bail out when his aircraft was hit, whereas Cheshire thought if he could survive the initial shock of finding his aircraft damaged, he had more of a chance of survival.<ref>Hastings 2010, p. 280.</ref>

On his 103rd mission, Cheshire and [[William Penney, Baron Penney|William Penney]] were official British observers of the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|nuclear bombing]] of [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]].<ref name=MCreg /><ref name="nyt1992">"Lord Cheshire, World War II Hero Who Founded Homes for Sick, 74," ''The New York Times.'' 2 August 1992.</ref> His vantage point was in the support B-29 ''[[Big Stink (B-29)|Big Stink]]''. He did not witness the event as close up as anticipated due to aircraft commander James Hopkins' failure to link up with the other B-29s. Hopkins was meant to join with the others over Yakushima, but he circled at 39,000 ft instead of the agreed height of 30,000 ft. He tried to justify this by the need to keep the VIP passengers out of danger, but Cheshire thought that Hopkins was "overwrought".

"Many assumed that it was Nagasaki which emptied him; as Cheshire kept pointing out, however, it was the war as a whole. Like Britain herself, he had been fighting or training for fighting since 1939."<ref>Morris 2000, p. 225.</ref> He was earlier quoted as saying: "... then I for one hold little brief for the future of civilization".<ref>BBC scrapbook ''1945'', Fontana, 463 016 FDL</ref>

==Post-war==
Following the end of the war, Cheshire retired from the RAF on medical grounds on 22 January 1946, retaining his final rank of group captain.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=37447|supp=yes|startpage=712|date=25 January 1946|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Cheshire had been brought up a Christian in the [[Church of England]], but had lapsed. In 1945, in the Vanity Fair club in Mayfair, he joined a conversation about religion. "It was absurd," he said, "to imagine that God existed, except as a convenient figure of speech. Man had invented God to explain the voice of conscience, but it was doubtful whether right or wrong existed outside the human mind. They were words affixed like labels to customs and laws which man had also invented to keep social order." To Cheshire's surprise, as he sat back, "pleased with his worldly wisdom," he was roundly rebuked for "talking such rot" by a woman friend who "was one of the last persons on earth he would have credited with" religious convictions.<ref>Boyle, Andrew. ''No Passing Glory''. London: [[The Reprint Society]], 1957, pp. 274–275.</ref> After the war, Joan Botting (widow of Dambusters pilot Norman Botting) lived with Cheshire at the "VIP (for ''Vade in Pacem'' – Go in Peace) Colony" he established for veterans and war widows at Gumley Hall, Leicestershire – one of several new ventures he started after leaving the RAF in 1946. Joan followed him to Le Court, near [[Petersfield]], Hampshire (a mansion which Cheshire had bought from his aunt) where, with three children of her own, Joan took charge of the nursery (Joan is not mentioned by name in ''The Face of Victory'') .<ref>Leonard Cheshire, ''The Face of Victory'' (London: Hutchinson, 1961), p. 69</ref> Cheshire and Joan Botting subsequently investigated many religions, from [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]] to [[Methodism|Methodist]] to "High [[Anglo-Catholic]]" – but none of them provided the answers they were looking for.<ref>''The Face of Victory'' pp. 47, 55–57, 69, 102–107</ref>

Cheshire's aim in establishing the VIP Colony was to provide an opportunity for ex-servicemen and women and their families to live together, each contributing to the community what they could, to help their transition back into civilian life. He hoped that training, prosperity and fulfilment would result from united effort and mutual support. He saw the community as one way of continuing to work towards world peace. The community, however, did not prosper and the project came to an end in 1947.<ref>Cheshire 1981, p. 16.</ref>

At the beginning of 1948, Cheshire heard about the case of Arthur Dykes, who had been one of Cheshire's original "VIP" community at Le Court, and was suffering from cancer. Dykes asked Cheshire to give him some land to park a caravan until he recovered, but Cheshire discovered that Dykes was terminally ill and that this diagnosis was concealed from him. He told Dykes the real position and invited him to stay at Le Court. Cheshire learned nursing skills and was soon approached to take in a second patient, the 94-year-old bedridden wife of a man who had just been taken off to hospital after suffering a stroke. She was followed by others, some coming to stay and others to help. Although Le Court had no financial support, and his situation was financially perilous most of the time, money somehow always seemed to arrive in the nick of time to stave off disaster. Dykes died in August 1948. After completing the arrangements for his funeral, Cheshire idly picked up a book a friend had sent him. It was ''One Lord, One Faith'' by Vernon Johnson, a former [[High church|High Anglican]] clergyman who, against every cherished instinct and prejudice, had converted to Roman Catholicism because, as he put it, "I could not resist the claim of the Catholic Church to be the one true Church founded by Our Lord Jesus Christ to guard and teach the truth ... She alone possesses the authority and unity necessary for such a Divine vocation."<ref>Quoted in Cheshire 1961, p. 136.</ref> In the meantime, Joan Botting had converted to [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].<ref>[[Gary Botting]], "Preface", Gary and [[Heather Botting]], ''The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses'' (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984), pp. ix–xii</ref>

On Christmas Eve, 1948, Cheshire was received into the Catholic Church.

==Charitable life==
{{main|Leonard Cheshire Disability}}

In 1948, Cheshire founded the charity now named [[Leonard Cheshire Disability]], which provides support to disabled people throughout the world. At the beginning of 1949, eight patients were staying at Le Court.<ref>Cheshire 1961, p. 152.</ref> Six months later, there were 28.<ref>Cheshire 1961, p. 158.</ref> Cheshire dedicated the rest of his life to supporting disabled people, combining this with lecturing on conflict resolution.<ref>Richard Morris, ''Cheshire: The Biography of Leonard Cheshire, VC, OM'' (London: Viking, 2000), pp. 408–432</ref>

Other organisations set up by Leonard Cheshire are:
*The Ryder-Cheshire Foundation,<ref>[http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/registeredcharities/showcharity.asp?remchar=&chyno=285746 Charity Commission for England and Wales: Charity Number 285746]</ref> set up by Leonard Cheshire and his wife [[Sue Ryder]] at the time of their marriage in 1959. It now mainly operates in two fields: the rehabilitation of disabled people, through ENRYCH <ref>[http://www.enrych.org.uk "Registered Charity No. 1088623."] ''ENRYCH''.</ref> and the prevention and treatment of [[tuberculosis]], through Target Tuberculosis.<ref>[http://www.targettb.org.uk/ "Registered Charity No. 1098752."] ''Target Tuberculosis''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

In 1953, Cheshire founded the ''Raphael Pilgrimage'' to enable sick and disabled people to travel to [[Lourdes]].<ref>[http://www.raphael.org.uk/ "Raphael: Registered Charity No. 1098328."] ''Pilgrimage Charity''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

In 1990, Cheshire founded the UK charity, the Memorial Fund for Disaster Relief. Cheshire is acknowledged on the album ''[[The Wall – Live in Berlin]]'' by former [[Pink Floyd]] member [[Roger Waters]]. The concert benefited the charity.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://ultimateclassicrock.com/roger-waters-the-wall-berlin/ | title= 25 Years Ago: Roger Waters Reclaims Pink Floyd Legacy With ‘The Wall: Live in Berlin’ | work=Ultimate Classic Rock | first=Nick | last=DeRiso | date=21 July 2015 | accessdate=2 March 2016}}</ref> Cheshire opened this concert by blowing a Second World War whistle.

Cheshire was also concerned about future remembrance and was influential in the concept of the [[National Memorial Arboretum]], founded by David Childs. The amphitheatre at the Arboretum is dedicated to the memory of Leonard Cheshire.

==Return to Nagasaki==
In 1985, Cheshire featured in a documentary, ''Nagasaki – Return Journey''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6e912f7a |title=Nagasaki – Return Journey |website= BFI.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url= http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/3rd-august-1985/31/television| date=2 August 1985|page= 31 |title= Television: Forty years on| first= Alexander |last= Chancellor | work= The Spectator| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20150405170258/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/3rd-august-1985/31/television| archivedate= 5 April 2015 | deadurl= yes| accessdate= 10 August 2015}}</ref>

==Private life==
On 15 July 1941, Cheshire married the American actress [[Constance Binney]] (21 years his senior), but the marriage was short-lived and childless. Their divorce was ratified in January 1951.<ref name=odnb>{{cite encyclopedia|title= Leonard Cheshire| work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|volume= 11|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=321|first= Christopher |last= Foxley-Norris| isbn=0-19-861361-X}}</ref>

On 5 April 1959, in [[Bombay]]'s Roman Catholic Cathedral, he married [[Sue Ryder]], also a Roman Catholic convert and humanitarian. He and Baroness Ryder were one of the few couples to both hold titles in their own right. They had two children, Jeromy and Elizabeth Cheshire, and lived in [[Cavendish, Suffolk|Cavendish]], [[Suffolk]].

Cheshire was a lifelong tennis fan, a member of The All England Club, and a formidable amateur player well into his seventies.

==Death==
Cheshire died of [[motor neurone disease]] aged 74 on 31 July 1992.

==Honours and tributes==

* Cheshire was the subject of ''[[This Is Your Life (UK TV series)|This Is Your Life]]'' in 1960 when he was surprised by [[Eamonn Andrews]] in central London.
* On 17 July 1991, Cheshire was created a [[life peer]] as '''Baron Cheshire''' of [[Woodhall Spa|Woodhall]] in the County of Lincolnshire,<ref name="nyt1992"/><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=52608 |date=22 July 1991 |startpage=11147}}</ref> sitting as a [[cross-bencher]].
* [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] paid personal tribute to him in her [[Royal Christmas Message]] in December 1992.
* In the 2002 [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] poll to find the [[100 Greatest Britons]], Cheshire attained position number 31. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the [[Imperial War Museum]], London.
* A house at [[Xavier College]], a leading private school in Melbourne, Australia, is named after Cheshire. [[Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview|St Ignatius College]], a private school in Sydney, Australia, also has a house named after Cheshire.

[[File:Cheshire, Leonard (VC) closeup2 - Copy.jpg|thumb|Cheshire's medal group on display at the [[Imperial War Museum]].]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:UK Victoria Cross ribbon bar.svg|50px]] || [[Victoria Cross]] (VC) || July 1944
|-
|[[File:Order of Merit (Commonwealth realms) ribbon.png|50px]] || [[Order of Merit|Member of the Order of Merit]] (OM) || 1981<ref name="nyt1992"/>
|-
|[[File:DSO with 2Bars.png|50px]] || [[Companion of the Distinguished Service Order|Companion of the Distinguished Service Order and Two Bars]] (DSO & 2 Bars) ||
|-
|[[File:United Kingdom Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg|50px]] || [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (DFC) ||
|-
|[[File:39-45 Star BAR.svg|50px]] || [[1939–45 Star]] ||
|-
|[[File:Air Crew Europe BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Air Crew Europe Star]] || With 1 clasp ''Atlantic'' {{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
|-
|[[File:Burma Star BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Burma Star]] ||
|-
|[[File:Defence Medal BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Defence Medal (United Kingdom)|Defence Medal]] ||
|-
|[[File:War Medal 39-45 BAR MID.png|50px]] || [[War Medal 1939–1945]] with Palm for [[Mentioned in Dispatches]] ||
|-
|[[File:UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|50px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]] || (1953)
|-
|[[File:Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.png|50px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal]] || (1977)
|}

==Publications by Leonard Cheshire==
* ''Bomber Pilot''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1943; St. Albans, Herts, UK: Mayflower, 1975. ISBN 0-583-12541-7; London: Goodall Publications ISBN 0-907579-10-8
* ''The Holy Face: An Account of the Oldest Photograph in the World'' (16-page [[pamphlet]]). Newport, Monmouthshire, UK: R. H. Johns, 1954.
* ''Pilgrimage to the Shroud''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1956.
* ''The Story of the Holy Shroud''. [[Associated Television]] Ltd: ATV Library, 1957. Text of broadcast.
* ''The Face of Victory''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1961.
* ''Death'' (22-page pamphlet). London: [[Catholic Truth Society]], 1978.
* ''The Hidden World: An Autobiography and Reflections by the Founder of the Leonard Cheshire Homes''. London: Collins, 1981. ISBN 0-00-626479-4.
* ''The Light of Many Suns: The Meaning of the Bomb''. London: Methuen, 1985. ISBN 0-413-59240-5
* ''Where Is God in All This?'' (Interview by Alenka Lawrence). Slough, Berks, UK: St Paul Publications, 1991. ISBN 0-85439-380-3
* ''Crossing the Finishing Line: Last Thoughts of Leonard Cheshire VC'' (Edited by [[Reginald C. Fuller]]). London: St. Pauls, 1998. ISBN 0-85439-527-X.

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Boyle, Andrew. ''No Passing Glory: The Full and Authentic Biography of Group Captain Cheshire, V.C., D.S.O, D.F.C.''. London: Fontana Books, 1955.
* Braddon, Russell. ''Cheshire, V.C.'' London: Evans Brothers Ltd., 1954. Reprinted in 1956 by the Readers Book Club. {{OCLC|221454400}}
* Brickhill, Paul. ''[[The Dam Busters (book)|The Dam Busters]]''. London: Pan Books, 1983. ISBN 0-330-28083-X.
* [[David Garnett|Garnett, David]]. ''The White/Garnett Letters''. New York: The Viking Press, 1968. ISBN 978-0-224-61323-1
* Harvey, David. ''[[Monuments to Courage]]''. Uckfield, East Sussex, UK: Naval & Military Press Ltd., 1999. ISBN 1-84342-356-1.
* Hastings, Sir Max. ''Bomber Command'' (Pan Military Classics) London: Pan Books, 2010. ISBN 978-0-330-51361-6.
* Iveson, Tony and [[Brian Milton]]. ''Lancaster: The Biography.'' London: Andre Deutsch Ltd, 2009. ISBN 978-0-233-00270-5.
* [[Laffin, John]]. ''British VCs of World War 2: A Study in Heroism''. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: [[Sutton Publishing Limited]], 1997, ISBN 0-7509-1026-7.
* Morris, Richard. ''Cheshire: The Biography of Leonard Cheshire, VC, OM''. London: Viking Press, 2000. ISBN 0-670-86735-7.
* "Obituary for Prof. G.C. Cheshire." ''[[The Times]]'', 28 October 1978.
* Otter, Patrick. ''Lincolnshire Airfields in the Second World War.'' Newbury, Berkshire, UK: Countryside Books, 1996. ISBN 978-1-85306-424-1.
* ''[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]]''. London: ''This England'', 1997. ISBN 0-906324-27-0.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Leonard Cheshire}}
*[http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/suffolk.htm Location of grave and VC medal] ''(Suffolk)''
*[http://www.leonard-cheshire.org/?lid=19 History of the Leonard Cheshire charity]
*[http://www.ryder-cheshire.org Ryder Cheshire]
*[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/vcgpches.jpg Image of Cheshire's Medals]
*[http://www.julianlewis.net/cheshire-vc-and-the-cnd Cheshire VC and the CND]
*[http://www.richarddnorth.com/journalism/culture/sueryder.htm Sue Ryder of Cavendish] – [[Richard D. North]]
* {{IMDb name|156193}}
*[http://www.bigredbook.info/leonard_cheshire.html Leonard Cheshire's appearance] on ''[[This Is Your Life]]''
*[http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80029987 Imperial War Museum Interview]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Harold Brownlow Martin|Harold Martin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Officer Commanding [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|No. 617 Squadron]]|years=November 1943 – July 1944}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James Brian Tait|James Tait]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheshire, Leonard}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British philanthropists]]
[[Category:British World War II pilots]]
[[Category:British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism]]
[[Category:Crossbench life peers|Cheshire, Leonard Cheshire, Baron]]
[[Category:Deaths from motor neurone disease]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
[[Category:People educated at The Dragon School]]
[[Category:People educated at Stowe School]]
[[Category:People from Chester]]
[[Category:People from Oxford]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic activists]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:People associated with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Leonard Cheshire

2016-03-02T03:08:05Z

Rodericksilly: /* Charitable life */

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
|name=The Lord Cheshire
|image= Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945. CH9136.jpg
|caption= Group Captain Leonard Cheshire c. 1943
|birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1917|09|07}}
|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1992|07|31|1917|09|07}}
|birth_place= [[Chester]], [[Cheshire]]
|death_place= [[Cavendish, Suffolk]]
|placeofburial=Cavendish Churchyard
|nickname=
|allegiance={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|branch={{air force|United Kingdom}}
|serviceyears=1937–1946
|rank=[[Group Captain]]
|commands= [[No. 76 Squadron RAF]] [[RAF Marston Moor]] [[No. 617 Squadron RAF]]
|unit=[[No. 102 Squadron RAF]] [[No. 35 Squadron RAF]]
|battles= [[Second World War]]
|awards= [[Victoria Cross]] [[Member of the Order of Merit]] [[Distinguished Service Order]] & [[Medal bar|Two Bars]] [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]]
|spouse=[[Constance Binney]] (1941–51) [[Sue Ryder]] (1959–92)
|relations=[[Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire]] (father)
|laterwork=Humanitarian
}}
[[Group Captain]] '''Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire, Baron Cheshire''' [[Victoria Cross|VC]], [[Member of the Order of Merit|OM]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] & [[Medal bar|Two Bars]], [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|DFC]] (7 September 1917 – 31 July 1992) was a highly decorated [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) pilot during the [[Second World War]] and later philanthropist.

Among the honours Cheshire received as a pilot is the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

He was the youngest group captain in the RAF and one of the most highly decorated pilots of the war, but after serving as the British observer on the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki#Nagasaki|Nagasaki nuclear attack]] he resigned from the Air Force. He founded a hospice that grew into the charity [[Leonard Cheshire Disability]], and he became known for his work in conflict resolution; he was created Baron Cheshire in 1991 in recognition of his charitable work.<ref name="Gazette-Peerage">{{cite journal | url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/52563/supplements/1 | title=Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire | journal=[[London Gazette]] | year=1991 | issue=14 June}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Birthplace of Leonard Cheshire VC - geograph.org.uk - 675071.jpg|thumb|left|Cheshire's home in Chester, where a blue plaque marks the house in which he was born.]]
Leonard Cheshire was the son of [[Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire]], a barrister, academic and influential writer on English law. He had one brother, Christopher Cheshire, also a wartime pilot. Cheshire was born in [[Chester]], but was brought up at his parents' home near [[Oxford]]. Cheshire was educated at the [[Dragon School]], Oxford, [[Stowe School]] and [[Merton College, Oxford]].<ref name="MCreg">{{cite book|editor1-last=Levens|editor1-first=R.G.C.|title=Merton College Register 1900-1964|date=1964|publisher=Basil Blackwell|location=Oxford|page=273}}</ref> At Stowe he was taught English by the fantasy novelist [[T. H. White]].<ref>Garnett 1968 p.152</ref> Whilst at Oxford he became friends with [[John Niel Randle]]. On one occasion at Oxford he was bet half a [[pint]] of beer that he could not walk to Paris with no more than a few pennies in his pocket; he won his bet.<ref name="Iveson and Milton p. 30">Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 30.</ref> He went to stay in Germany in 1936 with the family of [[Ludwig von Reuter]] in [[Potsdam]]<ref>Braddon 1954, pp. 32–6.</ref> and whilst there, witnessed an [[Adolf Hitler]] rally. Cheshire caused considerable offence by pointedly refusing to give the Nazi salute.<ref name="Iveson and Milton p. 30"/><ref>Braddon 1954, pp. 35–6.</ref> Cheshire graduated in [[jurisprudence]] in 1939.

==Military career==
During his university years, Cheshire learned basic piloting skills with the [[Oxford University Air Squadron]], receiving a commission as a [[pilot officer]] in the [[Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve]] on 16 November 1937.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34455|supp=|startpage=7189|date=16 November 1937|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Following the outbreak of war, Cheshire joined the RAF on 7 October 1939 with a permanent commission.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34713|supp=|startpage=7039|date=20 October 1939|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> He was sent for training at RAF Hullavington<ref>"Obituary: Lord Cheshire VC", Aug. 1, 1992, "The Independent,"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-lord-cheshire-vc-1537228.html</ref> (now [[Hullavington Airfield]]). Promoted to [[flying officer]] on 7 April 1940, he was posted that June to [[No. 102 Squadron RAF|102 Squadron]], flying [[Armstrong Whitworth Whitley]] medium bombers, from [[RAF Driffield]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35005|supp=|startpage=6862|date=3 December 1940|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> In November 1940, Cheshire was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) for flying his badly damaged bomber back to base.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35009|supp=|startpage=6937|date=6 December 1940|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref>

In January 1941, Cheshire completed his tour of operations, but then volunteered immediately for a second tour. He was awarded the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (DFC) in March 1941 and was promoted to the war substantive rank of [[flight lieutenant]] on 7 April.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35097|supp=|startpage=1370|date=7 March 1941|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35196|supp=|startpage=3517|date=20 June 1941|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> He was posted to [[No. 35 Squadron RAF|No. 35 Squadron]] with the brand new [[Handley Page Halifax]] and completed his second tour early in 1942, by then a temporary [[squadron leader]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35503|supp=|startpage=1387|date=27 March 1942|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Cheshire was promoted to the substantive rank of squadron leader on 1 March.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35791|supp=yes|startpage=5034|date=17 November 1942|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> August 1942 saw a return to operations as an acting wing commander and commanding officer of [[No. 76 Squadron RAF]]. The squadron had recently suffered high losses operating the Halifax, and Cheshire immediately tackled the low morale of the unit by ordering an improvement in the performance of the squadron aircraft by removing the mid-upper and nose [[gun turret]]s along with exhaust covers and other weighty non-essential equipment. This allowed the bombers to fly higher and faster. Losses soon fell and morale rose accordingly. Cheshire was amongst the first to note there was very low return rate of Halifax bombers on three engines; furthermore, there were reports the Halifax was unstable in a "corkscrew" which was the manoeuvre used by bomber pilots to escape night fighters. The test pilot Captain [[Eric Brown (pilot)|Eric Brown]], flying uncrewed except for an accompanying flight engineer, undertook risky tests to establish the cause and were told a representative of Bomber Command would fly with them.<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 219.</ref> Brown remembers "We couldn't believe it, it was Cheshire! We were astonished to say the least. I asked him not to touch (the controls) and to his ever lasting credit he never commented at all, he just sat in the second pilot's seat and raised his eye brows at what we were doing!" The fault was in the Halifax's rudder design and Cheshire became enraged when Handley Page at first declined to make modifications so as not to disrupt production.<ref>Hastings 2010, p. 275.</ref>

During his time as the commanding officer of No. 76 Squadron at RAF Linton, Cheshire took the trouble to recognise and learn the name of every single man on the base. He was determined to increase the efficiency of his squadron and improve the chances of survival of its crews, to this end he constantly lectured crews on the skills needed to achieve those aims. The crews knew he was devoted to their interests and when, on an operation to [[Nuremberg]], they were told to cross the French coast at 2,000 ft (the most dangerous height for light flak) Cheshire simply refused, stating they would fly at 200 ft or 20,000 ft. Typically, Cheshire inspired such loyalty and respect that the ground crews of 76 Squadron were proud to chorus "We are Cheshire cats!".<ref>Hastings 2010, pp. 273–275.</ref>

In 1943, Cheshire published an account of his first tour of operations in his book, ''Bomber Pilot'' which tells of his posting to [[RAF Driffield]] and the story of flying his badly damaged bomber ("N for Nuts") back to base. In the book, Cheshire fails to mention being awarded the DSO for this, but does describe the bravery of a badly burnt member of his crew.

===No. 617 Squadron===
In March 1943, by now an acting [[group captain]], Cheshire became station commander of [[RAF Marston Moor]] as the youngest group captain in the RAF, although the job was never to his liking, and he pushed for a return to an operational command. In April, he was awarded a bar to his DSO.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35983|supp=yes|startpage=1798|date=16 April 1943|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> His efforts paid off with a posting as commander of the legendary [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|617 "Dambusters" Squadron]] in September. On 30 September, he was promoted to war substantive [[Wing commander (rank)|wing commander]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=36245|supp=yes|startpage=4974|date=9 November 1943|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> While with 617, Cheshire helped pioneer a new method of marking enemy targets for Bomber Command's 5 Group, flying in at a very low level in the face of strong defences, using first, the versatile [[de Havilland Mosquito]], then a [[North American P-51 Mustang|North American Mustang]] fighter.

On the morning before a planned raid by 617 Squadron to [[Siracourt V-1 bunker|Siracourt]], a crated Mustang turned up at [[Woodhall Spa]], a gift for Cheshire from his admirers in the US [[Eighth Air Force|8th Air Force]]. Cheshire had the aircraft assembled and the engine tested as he was determined to test the possibilities of the fighter as a marker aircraft. He took off, in what was his first flight in the aircraft, and caught up with 617's Lancasters before they reached the target. Cheshire then proceeded to accurately mark the target (a V-1 storage depot) for the heavies which landed three Tallboys on it. He then flew back and landed the Mustang in the dark.<ref>Otter 1996, p. 298.</ref>

This development work in target marking was the subject of some severe intra-service politics; Cheshire was encouraged by his 5 Group Commander [[Air Vice-Marshal]] [[Ralph Cochrane]], although the 8 Group Pathfinder [[Air Officer Commanding|AOC]] Air Vice-Marshal [[Don Bennett]] saw this work as impinging on the responsibilities of his own command.

===Victoria Cross===
Cheshire was nearing the end of his fourth tour of duty in July 1944, having completed a total of 102 missions, when he was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]]. His citation remarked on the entirety of his operation career, noting:

{{Quote|In four years of fighting against the bitterest opposition he maintained a standard of outstanding personal achievement, his successful operations being the result of careful planning, brilliant execution and supreme contempt for danger – for example, on one occasion he flew his Mustang in slow 'figures of eight' above a target obscured by low cloud, to act as a bomb-aiming mark for his squadron. Cheshire displayed the courage and determination of an exceptional leader.<ref name="Citation">{{London Gazette |issue=36693 |date=5 September 1944 |startpage=4175 |supp=y|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/36693/supplements/4175/page.pdf }}</ref>}}

It also gave special mention to a raid against Munich on 24/25 April 1944, in which he had marked a target while flying a Mosquito at low level against "withering fire".

When Cheshire went to [[Buckingham Palace]] to receive his VC from King [[George VI]], he was accompanied by [[Norman Cyril Jackson|Norman Jackson]] who was also due to receive his award on that day. Cheshire insisted that despite the difference in rank (group captain and warrant officer), they should approach the King together. Jackson remembers that Cheshire said to the King, "This chap stuck his neck out more than I did – he should get his VC first!" The King had to keep to protocol, but Jackson commented he would "never forget what Cheshire said."<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 230.</ref>

===Later operations===
[[File:Dropping of the Atomic Bomb on Japan, August 1945 CH13626.jpg|thumbnail|right|A portrait of Cheshire in 1945]]
One of Cheshire's missions was to use new 5,400 kilograms (12,000 lb) "[[Tallboy bomb|Tallboy]]" deep-penetration bombs to destroy [[V-3 cannon|V3 long-range cannons]] located in underground bunkers near [[Fortress of Mimoyecques|Mimoyecques]] in the Pas-de-Calais region of northern France. These were powerful guns able to fire a 500 lb shell into London every minute. They were protected by a concrete layer. The raid was planned so the bombs hit the ground next to the concrete to destroy the guns from underneath. Although considered successful at the time, later evaluations confirmed that the raids were largely ineffectual.<ref>Braddon 1954, p. 129.</ref>

Cheshire was, in his day, both the youngest group captain in the service and, following his VC, the most decorated.<ref>Lawrence, Alenka. "Introduction" to Cheshire 1991, pp. 10–11.</ref> In his book, ''Bomber Command'' (2010), Sir [[Max Hastings]] states "Cheshire was a legend in Bomber Command, a remarkable man with an almost mystical air about him, as if he somehow inhabited a different planet from those about him, but without affectation or pretension". Cheshire would always fly on the most dangerous operations, he never took the easy option of just flying on the less risky ops to France, a habit which caused some commanding officers to be referred to derisively as "François" by their men. Cheshire had no crew but would fly as "second dickey", with the new and nervous to give them confidence.

Cheshire had strong feelings on any crew refusing to fly (commonly called [[Lack of Moral Fibre]] in the RAF) when subject to the combat stress of Bomber Command's sorties (many of which had loss rates of 50% or more). Even as a brilliant and sympathetic leader, he wrote "I was ruthless with LMF, I had to be. We were airmen not [[psychiatrists]]. Of course we had concern for any individual whose internal tensions meant that he could no longer go on but there was a worry that one really frightened man could affect others around him. There was no time to be as compassionate as I would like to have been." Thus Cheshire transferred LMF cases out of his squadron almost instantaneously (like every other RAF squadron did at the time).<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 143.</ref> This was also because he argued that a man who thought he was doomed would collapse or bail out when his aircraft was hit, whereas Cheshire thought if he could survive the initial shock of finding his aircraft damaged, he had more of a chance of survival.<ref>Hastings 2010, p. 280.</ref>

On his 103rd mission, Cheshire and [[William Penney, Baron Penney|William Penney]] were official British observers of the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|nuclear bombing]] of [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]].<ref name=MCreg /><ref name="nyt1992">"Lord Cheshire, World War II Hero Who Founded Homes for Sick, 74," ''The New York Times.'' 2 August 1992.</ref> His vantage point was in the support B-29 ''[[Big Stink (B-29)|Big Stink]]''. He did not witness the event as close up as anticipated due to aircraft commander James Hopkins' failure to link up with the other B-29s. Hopkins was meant to join with the others over Yakushima, but he circled at 39,000 ft instead of the agreed height of 30,000 ft. He tried to justify this by the need to keep the VIP passengers out of danger, but Cheshire thought that Hopkins was "overwrought".

"Many assumed that it was Nagasaki which emptied him; as Cheshire kept pointing out, however, it was the war as a whole. Like Britain herself, he had been fighting or training for fighting since 1939."<ref>Morris 2000, p. 225.</ref> He was earlier quoted as saying: "... then I for one hold little brief for the future of civilization".<ref>BBC scrapbook ''1945'', Fontana, 463 016 FDL</ref>

==Post-war==
Following the end of the war, Cheshire retired from the RAF on medical grounds on 22 January 1946, retaining his final rank of group captain.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=37447|supp=yes|startpage=712|date=25 January 1946|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Cheshire had been brought up a Christian in the [[Church of England]], but had lapsed. In 1945, in the Vanity Fair club in Mayfair, he joined a conversation about religion. "It was absurd," he said, "to imagine that God existed, except as a convenient figure of speech. Man had invented God to explain the voice of conscience, but it was doubtful whether right or wrong existed outside the human mind. They were words affixed like labels to customs and laws which man had also invented to keep social order." To Cheshire's surprise, as he sat back, "pleased with his worldly wisdom," he was roundly rebuked for "talking such rot" by a woman friend who "was one of the last persons on earth he would have credited with" religious convictions.<ref>Boyle, Andrew. ''No Passing Glory''. London: [[The Reprint Society]], 1957, pp. 274–275.</ref> After the war, Joan Botting (widow of Dambusters pilot Norman Botting) lived with Cheshire at the "VIP (for ''Vade in Pacem'' – Go in Peace) Colony" he established for veterans and war widows at Gumley Hall, Leicestershire – one of several new ventures he started after leaving the RAF in 1946. Joan followed him to Le Court, near [[Petersfield]], Hampshire (a mansion which Cheshire had bought from his aunt) where, with three children of her own, Joan took charge of the nursery (Joan is not mentioned by name in ''The Face of Victory'') .<ref>Leonard Cheshire, ''The Face of Victory'' (London: Hutchinson, 1961), p. 69</ref> Cheshire and Joan Botting subsequently investigated many religions, from [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]] to [[Methodism|Methodist]] to "High [[Anglo-Catholic]]" – but none of them provided the answers they were looking for.<ref>''The Face of Victory'' pp. 47, 55–57, 69, 102–107</ref>

Cheshire's aim in establishing the VIP Colony was to provide an opportunity for ex-servicemen and women and their families to live together, each contributing to the community what they could, to help their transition back into civilian life. He hoped that training, prosperity and fulfilment would result from united effort and mutual support. He saw the community as one way of continuing to work towards world peace. The community, however, did not prosper and the project came to an end in 1947.<ref>Cheshire 1981, p. 16.</ref>

At the beginning of 1948, Cheshire heard about the case of Arthur Dykes, who had been one of Cheshire's original "VIP" community at Le Court, and was suffering from cancer. Dykes asked Cheshire to give him some land to park a caravan until he recovered, but Cheshire discovered that Dykes was terminally ill and that this diagnosis was concealed from him. He told Dykes the real position and invited him to stay at Le Court. Cheshire learned nursing skills and was soon approached to take in a second patient, the 94-year-old bedridden wife of a man who had just been taken off to hospital after suffering a stroke. She was followed by others, some coming to stay and others to help. Although Le Court had no financial support, and his situation was financially perilous most of the time, money somehow always seemed to arrive in the nick of time to stave off disaster. Dykes died in August 1948. After completing the arrangements for his funeral, Cheshire idly picked up a book a friend had sent him. It was ''One Lord, One Faith'' by Vernon Johnson, a former [[High church|High Anglican]] clergyman who, against every cherished instinct and prejudice, had converted to Roman Catholicism because, as he put it, "I could not resist the claim of the Catholic Church to be the one true Church founded by Our Lord Jesus Christ to guard and teach the truth ... She alone possesses the authority and unity necessary for such a Divine vocation."<ref>Quoted in Cheshire 1961, p. 136.</ref> In the meantime, Joan Botting had converted to [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].<ref>[[Gary Botting]], "Preface", Gary and [[Heather Botting]], ''The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses'' (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984), pp. ix–xii</ref>

On Christmas Eve, 1948, Cheshire was received into the Catholic Church.

==Charitable life==
{{main|Leonard Cheshire Disability}}

In 1948, Cheshire founded the charity now named [[Leonard Cheshire Disability]], which provides support to disabled people throughout the world. At the beginning of 1949, eight patients were staying at Le Court.<ref>Cheshire 1961, p. 152.</ref> Six months later, there were 28.<ref>Cheshire 1961, p. 158.</ref> Cheshire dedicated the rest of his life to supporting disabled people, combining this with lecturing on conflict resolution.<ref>Richard Morris, ''Cheshire: The Biography of Leonard Cheshire, VC, OM'' (London: Viking, 2000), pp. 408–432</ref>

Other organisations set up by Leonard Cheshire are:
*The Ryder-Cheshire Foundation,<ref>[http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/registeredcharities/showcharity.asp?remchar=&chyno=285746 Charity Commission for England and Wales: Charity Number 285746]</ref> set up by Leonard Cheshire and his wife [[Sue Ryder]] at the time of their marriage in 1959. It now mainly operates in two fields: the rehabilitation of disabled people, through ENRYCH <ref>[http://www.enrych.org.uk "Registered Charity No. 1088623."] ''ENRYCH''.</ref> and the prevention and treatment of [[tuberculosis]], through Target Tuberculosis.<ref>[http://www.targettb.org.uk/ "Registered Charity No. 1098752."] ''Target Tuberculosis''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

In 1953, Cheshire founded the ''Raphael Pilgrimage'' to enable sick and disabled people to travel to [[Lourdes]].<ref>[http://www.raphael.org.uk/ "Raphael: Registered Charity No. 1098328."] ''Pilgrimage Charity''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

Cheshire founded the Memorial Fund for Disaster Relief, a UK charity, in 1990. Cheshire is acknowledged on the album ''[[The Wall – Live in Berlin]]'' by former [[Pink Floyd]] member [[Roger Waters]]. The concert benefited the charity.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://ultimateclassicrock.com/roger-waters-the-wall-berlin/ | title= 25 Years Ago: Roger Waters Reclaims Pink Floyd Legacy With ‘The Wall: Live in Berlin’ | work=Ultimate Classic Rock | first=Nick | last=DeRiso | date=21 July 2015 | accessdate=2 March 2016}}</ref> Cheshire opened this concert by blowing a Second World War whistle.

Cheshire was also concerned about future remembrance and was influential in the concept of the [[National Memorial Arboretum]], founded by David Childs. The amphitheatre at the Arboretum is dedicated to the memory of Leonard Cheshire.

==Return to Nagasaki==
In 1985, Cheshire featured in a documentary, ''Nagasaki – Return Journey''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6e912f7a |title=Nagasaki – Return Journey |website= BFI.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url= http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/3rd-august-1985/31/television| date=2 August 1985|page= 31 |title= Television: Forty years on| first= Alexander |last= Chancellor | work= The Spectator| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20150405170258/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/3rd-august-1985/31/television| archivedate= 5 April 2015 | deadurl= yes| accessdate= 10 August 2015}}</ref>

==Private life==
On 15 July 1941, Cheshire married the American actress [[Constance Binney]] (21 years his senior), but the marriage was short-lived and childless. Their divorce was ratified in January 1951.<ref name=odnb>{{cite encyclopedia|title= Leonard Cheshire| work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|volume= 11|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=321|first= Christopher |last= Foxley-Norris| isbn=0-19-861361-X}}</ref>

On 5 April 1959, in [[Bombay]]'s Roman Catholic Cathedral, he married [[Sue Ryder]], also a Roman Catholic convert and humanitarian. He and Baroness Ryder were one of the few couples to both hold titles in their own right. They had two children, Jeromy and Elizabeth Cheshire, and lived in [[Cavendish, Suffolk|Cavendish]], [[Suffolk]].

Cheshire was a lifelong tennis fan, a member of The All England Club, and a formidable amateur player well into his seventies.

==Death==
Cheshire died of [[motor neurone disease]] aged 74 on 31 July 1992.

==Honours and tributes==

* Cheshire was the subject of ''[[This Is Your Life (UK TV series)|This Is Your Life]]'' in 1960 when he was surprised by [[Eamonn Andrews]] in central London.
* On 17 July 1991, Cheshire was created a [[life peer]] as '''Baron Cheshire''' of [[Woodhall Spa|Woodhall]] in the County of Lincolnshire,<ref name="nyt1992"/><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=52608 |date=22 July 1991 |startpage=11147}}</ref> sitting as a [[cross-bencher]].
* [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] paid personal tribute to him in her [[Royal Christmas Message]] in December 1992.
* In the 2002 [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] poll to find the [[100 Greatest Britons]], Cheshire attained position number 31. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the [[Imperial War Museum]], London.
* A house at [[Xavier College]], a leading private school in Melbourne, Australia, is named after Cheshire. [[Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview|St Ignatius College]], a private school in Sydney, Australia, also has a house named after Cheshire.

[[File:Cheshire, Leonard (VC) closeup2 - Copy.jpg|thumb|Cheshire's medal group on display at the [[Imperial War Museum]].]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:UK Victoria Cross ribbon bar.svg|50px]] || [[Victoria Cross]] (VC) || July 1944
|-
|[[File:Order of Merit (Commonwealth realms) ribbon.png|50px]] || [[Order of Merit|Member of the Order of Merit]] (OM) || 1981<ref name="nyt1992"/>
|-
|[[File:DSO with 2Bars.png|50px]] || [[Companion of the Distinguished Service Order|Companion of the Distinguished Service Order and Two Bars]] (DSO & 2 Bars) ||
|-
|[[File:United Kingdom Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg|50px]] || [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (DFC) ||
|-
|[[File:39-45 Star BAR.svg|50px]] || [[1939–45 Star]] ||
|-
|[[File:Air Crew Europe BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Air Crew Europe Star]] || With 1 clasp ''Atlantic'' {{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
|-
|[[File:Burma Star BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Burma Star]] ||
|-
|[[File:Defence Medal BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Defence Medal (United Kingdom)|Defence Medal]] ||
|-
|[[File:War Medal 39-45 BAR MID.png|50px]] || [[War Medal 1939–1945]] with Palm for [[Mentioned in Dispatches]] ||
|-
|[[File:UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|50px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]] || (1953)
|-
|[[File:Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.png|50px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal]] || (1977)
|}

==Publications by Leonard Cheshire==
* ''Bomber Pilot''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1943; St. Albans, Herts, UK: Mayflower, 1975. ISBN 0-583-12541-7; London: Goodall Publications ISBN 0-907579-10-8
* ''The Holy Face: An Account of the Oldest Photograph in the World'' (16-page [[pamphlet]]). Newport, Monmouthshire, UK: R. H. Johns, 1954.
* ''Pilgrimage to the Shroud''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1956.
* ''The Story of the Holy Shroud''. [[Associated Television]] Ltd: ATV Library, 1957. Text of broadcast.
* ''The Face of Victory''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1961.
* ''Death'' (22-page pamphlet). London: [[Catholic Truth Society]], 1978.
* ''The Hidden World: An Autobiography and Reflections by the Founder of the Leonard Cheshire Homes''. London: Collins, 1981. ISBN 0-00-626479-4.
* ''The Light of Many Suns: The Meaning of the Bomb''. London: Methuen, 1985. ISBN 0-413-59240-5
* ''Where Is God in All This?'' (Interview by Alenka Lawrence). Slough, Berks, UK: St Paul Publications, 1991. ISBN 0-85439-380-3
* ''Crossing the Finishing Line: Last Thoughts of Leonard Cheshire VC'' (Edited by [[Reginald C. Fuller]]). London: St. Pauls, 1998. ISBN 0-85439-527-X.

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Boyle, Andrew. ''No Passing Glory: The Full and Authentic Biography of Group Captain Cheshire, V.C., D.S.O, D.F.C.''. London: Fontana Books, 1955.
* Braddon, Russell. ''Cheshire, V.C.'' London: Evans Brothers Ltd., 1954. Reprinted in 1956 by the Readers Book Club. {{OCLC|221454400}}
* Brickhill, Paul. ''[[The Dam Busters (book)|The Dam Busters]]''. London: Pan Books, 1983. ISBN 0-330-28083-X.
* [[David Garnett|Garnett, David]]. ''The White/Garnett Letters''. New York: The Viking Press, 1968. ISBN 978-0-224-61323-1
* Harvey, David. ''[[Monuments to Courage]]''. Uckfield, East Sussex, UK: Naval & Military Press Ltd., 1999. ISBN 1-84342-356-1.
* Hastings, Sir Max. ''Bomber Command'' (Pan Military Classics) London: Pan Books, 2010. ISBN 978-0-330-51361-6.
* Iveson, Tony and [[Brian Milton]]. ''Lancaster: The Biography.'' London: Andre Deutsch Ltd, 2009. ISBN 978-0-233-00270-5.
* [[Laffin, John]]. ''British VCs of World War 2: A Study in Heroism''. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: [[Sutton Publishing Limited]], 1997, ISBN 0-7509-1026-7.
* Morris, Richard. ''Cheshire: The Biography of Leonard Cheshire, VC, OM''. London: Viking Press, 2000. ISBN 0-670-86735-7.
* "Obituary for Prof. G.C. Cheshire." ''[[The Times]]'', 28 October 1978.
* Otter, Patrick. ''Lincolnshire Airfields in the Second World War.'' Newbury, Berkshire, UK: Countryside Books, 1996. ISBN 978-1-85306-424-1.
* ''[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]]''. London: ''This England'', 1997. ISBN 0-906324-27-0.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Leonard Cheshire}}
*[http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/suffolk.htm Location of grave and VC medal] ''(Suffolk)''
*[http://www.leonard-cheshire.org/?lid=19 History of the Leonard Cheshire charity]
*[http://www.ryder-cheshire.org Ryder Cheshire]
*[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/vcgpches.jpg Image of Cheshire's Medals]
*[http://www.julianlewis.net/cheshire-vc-and-the-cnd Cheshire VC and the CND]
*[http://www.richarddnorth.com/journalism/culture/sueryder.htm Sue Ryder of Cavendish] – [[Richard D. North]]
* {{IMDb name|156193}}
*[http://www.bigredbook.info/leonard_cheshire.html Leonard Cheshire's appearance] on ''[[This Is Your Life]]''
*[http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80029987 Imperial War Museum Interview]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Harold Brownlow Martin|Harold Martin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Officer Commanding [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|No. 617 Squadron]]|years=November 1943 – July 1944}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James Brian Tait|James Tait]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheshire, Leonard}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British philanthropists]]
[[Category:British World War II pilots]]
[[Category:British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism]]
[[Category:Crossbench life peers|Cheshire, Leonard Cheshire, Baron]]
[[Category:Deaths from motor neurone disease]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
[[Category:People educated at The Dragon School]]
[[Category:People educated at Stowe School]]
[[Category:People from Chester]]
[[Category:People from Oxford]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic activists]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:People associated with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Leonard Cheshire

2016-03-02T03:03:55Z

Rodericksilly:

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
|name=The Lord Cheshire
|image= Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945. CH9136.jpg
|caption= Group Captain Leonard Cheshire c. 1943
|birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1917|09|07}}
|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1992|07|31|1917|09|07}}
|birth_place= [[Chester]], [[Cheshire]]
|death_place= [[Cavendish, Suffolk]]
|placeofburial=Cavendish Churchyard
|nickname=
|allegiance={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|branch={{air force|United Kingdom}}
|serviceyears=1937–1946
|rank=[[Group Captain]]
|commands= [[No. 76 Squadron RAF]] [[RAF Marston Moor]] [[No. 617 Squadron RAF]]
|unit=[[No. 102 Squadron RAF]] [[No. 35 Squadron RAF]]
|battles= [[Second World War]]
|awards= [[Victoria Cross]] [[Member of the Order of Merit]] [[Distinguished Service Order]] & [[Medal bar|Two Bars]] [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]]
|spouse=[[Constance Binney]] (1941–51) [[Sue Ryder]] (1959–92)
|relations=[[Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire]] (father)
|laterwork=Humanitarian
}}
[[Group Captain]] '''Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire, Baron Cheshire''' [[Victoria Cross|VC]], [[Member of the Order of Merit|OM]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] & [[Medal bar|Two Bars]], [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|DFC]] (7 September 1917 – 31 July 1992) was a highly decorated [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) pilot during the [[Second World War]] and later philanthropist.

Among the honours Cheshire received as a pilot is the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

He was the youngest group captain in the RAF and one of the most highly decorated pilots of the war, but after serving as the British observer on the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki#Nagasaki|Nagasaki nuclear attack]] he resigned from the Air Force. He founded a hospice that grew into the charity [[Leonard Cheshire Disability]], and he became known for his work in conflict resolution; he was created Baron Cheshire in 1991 in recognition of his charitable work.<ref name="Gazette-Peerage">{{cite journal | url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/52563/supplements/1 | title=Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire | journal=[[London Gazette]] | year=1991 | issue=14 June}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Birthplace of Leonard Cheshire VC - geograph.org.uk - 675071.jpg|thumb|left|Cheshire's home in Chester, where a blue plaque marks the house in which he was born.]]
Leonard Cheshire was the son of [[Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire]], a barrister, academic and influential writer on English law. He had one brother, Christopher Cheshire, also a wartime pilot. Cheshire was born in [[Chester]], but was brought up at his parents' home near [[Oxford]]. Cheshire was educated at the [[Dragon School]], Oxford, [[Stowe School]] and [[Merton College, Oxford]].<ref name="MCreg">{{cite book|editor1-last=Levens|editor1-first=R.G.C.|title=Merton College Register 1900-1964|date=1964|publisher=Basil Blackwell|location=Oxford|page=273}}</ref> At Stowe he was taught English by the fantasy novelist [[T. H. White]].<ref>Garnett 1968 p.152</ref> Whilst at Oxford he became friends with [[John Niel Randle]]. On one occasion at Oxford he was bet half a [[pint]] of beer that he could not walk to Paris with no more than a few pennies in his pocket; he won his bet.<ref name="Iveson and Milton p. 30">Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 30.</ref> He went to stay in Germany in 1936 with the family of [[Ludwig von Reuter]] in [[Potsdam]]<ref>Braddon 1954, pp. 32–6.</ref> and whilst there, witnessed an [[Adolf Hitler]] rally. Cheshire caused considerable offence by pointedly refusing to give the Nazi salute.<ref name="Iveson and Milton p. 30"/><ref>Braddon 1954, pp. 35–6.</ref> Cheshire graduated in [[jurisprudence]] in 1939.

==Military career==
During his university years, Cheshire learned basic piloting skills with the [[Oxford University Air Squadron]], receiving a commission as a [[pilot officer]] in the [[Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve]] on 16 November 1937.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34455|supp=|startpage=7189|date=16 November 1937|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Following the outbreak of war, Cheshire joined the RAF on 7 October 1939 with a permanent commission.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34713|supp=|startpage=7039|date=20 October 1939|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> He was sent for training at RAF Hullavington<ref>"Obituary: Lord Cheshire VC", Aug. 1, 1992, "The Independent,"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-lord-cheshire-vc-1537228.html</ref> (now [[Hullavington Airfield]]). Promoted to [[flying officer]] on 7 April 1940, he was posted that June to [[No. 102 Squadron RAF|102 Squadron]], flying [[Armstrong Whitworth Whitley]] medium bombers, from [[RAF Driffield]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35005|supp=|startpage=6862|date=3 December 1940|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> In November 1940, Cheshire was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) for flying his badly damaged bomber back to base.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35009|supp=|startpage=6937|date=6 December 1940|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref>

In January 1941, Cheshire completed his tour of operations, but then volunteered immediately for a second tour. He was awarded the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (DFC) in March 1941 and was promoted to the war substantive rank of [[flight lieutenant]] on 7 April.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35097|supp=|startpage=1370|date=7 March 1941|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35196|supp=|startpage=3517|date=20 June 1941|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> He was posted to [[No. 35 Squadron RAF|No. 35 Squadron]] with the brand new [[Handley Page Halifax]] and completed his second tour early in 1942, by then a temporary [[squadron leader]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35503|supp=|startpage=1387|date=27 March 1942|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Cheshire was promoted to the substantive rank of squadron leader on 1 March.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35791|supp=yes|startpage=5034|date=17 November 1942|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> August 1942 saw a return to operations as an acting wing commander and commanding officer of [[No. 76 Squadron RAF]]. The squadron had recently suffered high losses operating the Halifax, and Cheshire immediately tackled the low morale of the unit by ordering an improvement in the performance of the squadron aircraft by removing the mid-upper and nose [[gun turret]]s along with exhaust covers and other weighty non-essential equipment. This allowed the bombers to fly higher and faster. Losses soon fell and morale rose accordingly. Cheshire was amongst the first to note there was very low return rate of Halifax bombers on three engines; furthermore, there were reports the Halifax was unstable in a "corkscrew" which was the manoeuvre used by bomber pilots to escape night fighters. The test pilot Captain [[Eric Brown (pilot)|Eric Brown]], flying uncrewed except for an accompanying flight engineer, undertook risky tests to establish the cause and were told a representative of Bomber Command would fly with them.<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 219.</ref> Brown remembers "We couldn't believe it, it was Cheshire! We were astonished to say the least. I asked him not to touch (the controls) and to his ever lasting credit he never commented at all, he just sat in the second pilot's seat and raised his eye brows at what we were doing!" The fault was in the Halifax's rudder design and Cheshire became enraged when Handley Page at first declined to make modifications so as not to disrupt production.<ref>Hastings 2010, p. 275.</ref>

During his time as the commanding officer of No. 76 Squadron at RAF Linton, Cheshire took the trouble to recognise and learn the name of every single man on the base. He was determined to increase the efficiency of his squadron and improve the chances of survival of its crews, to this end he constantly lectured crews on the skills needed to achieve those aims. The crews knew he was devoted to their interests and when, on an operation to [[Nuremberg]], they were told to cross the French coast at 2,000 ft (the most dangerous height for light flak) Cheshire simply refused, stating they would fly at 200 ft or 20,000 ft. Typically, Cheshire inspired such loyalty and respect that the ground crews of 76 Squadron were proud to chorus "We are Cheshire cats!".<ref>Hastings 2010, pp. 273–275.</ref>

In 1943, Cheshire published an account of his first tour of operations in his book, ''Bomber Pilot'' which tells of his posting to [[RAF Driffield]] and the story of flying his badly damaged bomber ("N for Nuts") back to base. In the book, Cheshire fails to mention being awarded the DSO for this, but does describe the bravery of a badly burnt member of his crew.

===No. 617 Squadron===
In March 1943, by now an acting [[group captain]], Cheshire became station commander of [[RAF Marston Moor]] as the youngest group captain in the RAF, although the job was never to his liking, and he pushed for a return to an operational command. In April, he was awarded a bar to his DSO.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35983|supp=yes|startpage=1798|date=16 April 1943|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> His efforts paid off with a posting as commander of the legendary [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|617 "Dambusters" Squadron]] in September. On 30 September, he was promoted to war substantive [[Wing commander (rank)|wing commander]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=36245|supp=yes|startpage=4974|date=9 November 1943|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> While with 617, Cheshire helped pioneer a new method of marking enemy targets for Bomber Command's 5 Group, flying in at a very low level in the face of strong defences, using first, the versatile [[de Havilland Mosquito]], then a [[North American P-51 Mustang|North American Mustang]] fighter.

On the morning before a planned raid by 617 Squadron to [[Siracourt V-1 bunker|Siracourt]], a crated Mustang turned up at [[Woodhall Spa]], a gift for Cheshire from his admirers in the US [[Eighth Air Force|8th Air Force]]. Cheshire had the aircraft assembled and the engine tested as he was determined to test the possibilities of the fighter as a marker aircraft. He took off, in what was his first flight in the aircraft, and caught up with 617's Lancasters before they reached the target. Cheshire then proceeded to accurately mark the target (a V-1 storage depot) for the heavies which landed three Tallboys on it. He then flew back and landed the Mustang in the dark.<ref>Otter 1996, p. 298.</ref>

This development work in target marking was the subject of some severe intra-service politics; Cheshire was encouraged by his 5 Group Commander [[Air Vice-Marshal]] [[Ralph Cochrane]], although the 8 Group Pathfinder [[Air Officer Commanding|AOC]] Air Vice-Marshal [[Don Bennett]] saw this work as impinging on the responsibilities of his own command.

===Victoria Cross===
Cheshire was nearing the end of his fourth tour of duty in July 1944, having completed a total of 102 missions, when he was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]]. His citation remarked on the entirety of his operation career, noting:

{{Quote|In four years of fighting against the bitterest opposition he maintained a standard of outstanding personal achievement, his successful operations being the result of careful planning, brilliant execution and supreme contempt for danger – for example, on one occasion he flew his Mustang in slow 'figures of eight' above a target obscured by low cloud, to act as a bomb-aiming mark for his squadron. Cheshire displayed the courage and determination of an exceptional leader.<ref name="Citation">{{London Gazette |issue=36693 |date=5 September 1944 |startpage=4175 |supp=y|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/36693/supplements/4175/page.pdf }}</ref>}}

It also gave special mention to a raid against Munich on 24/25 April 1944, in which he had marked a target while flying a Mosquito at low level against "withering fire".

When Cheshire went to [[Buckingham Palace]] to receive his VC from King [[George VI]], he was accompanied by [[Norman Cyril Jackson|Norman Jackson]] who was also due to receive his award on that day. Cheshire insisted that despite the difference in rank (group captain and warrant officer), they should approach the King together. Jackson remembers that Cheshire said to the King, "This chap stuck his neck out more than I did – he should get his VC first!" The King had to keep to protocol, but Jackson commented he would "never forget what Cheshire said."<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 230.</ref>

===Later operations===
[[File:Dropping of the Atomic Bomb on Japan, August 1945 CH13626.jpg|thumbnail|right|A portrait of Cheshire in 1945]]
One of Cheshire's missions was to use new 5,400 kilograms (12,000 lb) "[[Tallboy bomb|Tallboy]]" deep-penetration bombs to destroy [[V-3 cannon|V3 long-range cannons]] located in underground bunkers near [[Fortress of Mimoyecques|Mimoyecques]] in the Pas-de-Calais region of northern France. These were powerful guns able to fire a 500 lb shell into London every minute. They were protected by a concrete layer. The raid was planned so the bombs hit the ground next to the concrete to destroy the guns from underneath. Although considered successful at the time, later evaluations confirmed that the raids were largely ineffectual.<ref>Braddon 1954, p. 129.</ref>

Cheshire was, in his day, both the youngest group captain in the service and, following his VC, the most decorated.<ref>Lawrence, Alenka. "Introduction" to Cheshire 1991, pp. 10–11.</ref> In his book, ''Bomber Command'' (2010), Sir [[Max Hastings]] states "Cheshire was a legend in Bomber Command, a remarkable man with an almost mystical air about him, as if he somehow inhabited a different planet from those about him, but without affectation or pretension". Cheshire would always fly on the most dangerous operations, he never took the easy option of just flying on the less risky ops to France, a habit which caused some commanding officers to be referred to derisively as "François" by their men. Cheshire had no crew but would fly as "second dickey", with the new and nervous to give them confidence.

Cheshire had strong feelings on any crew refusing to fly (commonly called [[Lack of Moral Fibre]] in the RAF) when subject to the combat stress of Bomber Command's sorties (many of which had loss rates of 50% or more). Even as a brilliant and sympathetic leader, he wrote "I was ruthless with LMF, I had to be. We were airmen not [[psychiatrists]]. Of course we had concern for any individual whose internal tensions meant that he could no longer go on but there was a worry that one really frightened man could affect others around him. There was no time to be as compassionate as I would like to have been." Thus Cheshire transferred LMF cases out of his squadron almost instantaneously (like every other RAF squadron did at the time).<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 143.</ref> This was also because he argued that a man who thought he was doomed would collapse or bail out when his aircraft was hit, whereas Cheshire thought if he could survive the initial shock of finding his aircraft damaged, he had more of a chance of survival.<ref>Hastings 2010, p. 280.</ref>

On his 103rd mission, Cheshire and [[William Penney, Baron Penney|William Penney]] were official British observers of the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|nuclear bombing]] of [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]].<ref name=MCreg /><ref name="nyt1992">"Lord Cheshire, World War II Hero Who Founded Homes for Sick, 74," ''The New York Times.'' 2 August 1992.</ref> His vantage point was in the support B-29 ''[[Big Stink (B-29)|Big Stink]]''. He did not witness the event as close up as anticipated due to aircraft commander James Hopkins' failure to link up with the other B-29s. Hopkins was meant to join with the others over Yakushima, but he circled at 39,000 ft instead of the agreed height of 30,000 ft. He tried to justify this by the need to keep the VIP passengers out of danger, but Cheshire thought that Hopkins was "overwrought".

"Many assumed that it was Nagasaki which emptied him; as Cheshire kept pointing out, however, it was the war as a whole. Like Britain herself, he had been fighting or training for fighting since 1939."<ref>Morris 2000, p. 225.</ref> He was earlier quoted as saying: "... then I for one hold little brief for the future of civilization".<ref>BBC scrapbook ''1945'', Fontana, 463 016 FDL</ref>

==Post-war==
Following the end of the war, Cheshire retired from the RAF on medical grounds on 22 January 1946, retaining his final rank of group captain.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=37447|supp=yes|startpage=712|date=25 January 1946|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Cheshire had been brought up a Christian in the [[Church of England]], but had lapsed. In 1945, in the Vanity Fair club in Mayfair, he joined a conversation about religion. "It was absurd," he said, "to imagine that God existed, except as a convenient figure of speech. Man had invented God to explain the voice of conscience, but it was doubtful whether right or wrong existed outside the human mind. They were words affixed like labels to customs and laws which man had also invented to keep social order." To Cheshire's surprise, as he sat back, "pleased with his worldly wisdom," he was roundly rebuked for "talking such rot" by a woman friend who "was one of the last persons on earth he would have credited with" religious convictions.<ref>Boyle, Andrew. ''No Passing Glory''. London: [[The Reprint Society]], 1957, pp. 274–275.</ref> After the war, Joan Botting (widow of Dambusters pilot Norman Botting) lived with Cheshire at the "VIP (for ''Vade in Pacem'' – Go in Peace) Colony" he established for veterans and war widows at Gumley Hall, Leicestershire – one of several new ventures he started after leaving the RAF in 1946. Joan followed him to Le Court, near [[Petersfield]], Hampshire (a mansion which Cheshire had bought from his aunt) where, with three children of her own, Joan took charge of the nursery (Joan is not mentioned by name in ''The Face of Victory'') .<ref>Leonard Cheshire, ''The Face of Victory'' (London: Hutchinson, 1961), p. 69</ref> Cheshire and Joan Botting subsequently investigated many religions, from [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]] to [[Methodism|Methodist]] to "High [[Anglo-Catholic]]" – but none of them provided the answers they were looking for.<ref>''The Face of Victory'' pp. 47, 55–57, 69, 102–107</ref>

Cheshire's aim in establishing the VIP Colony was to provide an opportunity for ex-servicemen and women and their families to live together, each contributing to the community what they could, to help their transition back into civilian life. He hoped that training, prosperity and fulfilment would result from united effort and mutual support. He saw the community as one way of continuing to work towards world peace. The community, however, did not prosper and the project came to an end in 1947.<ref>Cheshire 1981, p. 16.</ref>

At the beginning of 1948, Cheshire heard about the case of Arthur Dykes, who had been one of Cheshire's original "VIP" community at Le Court, and was suffering from cancer. Dykes asked Cheshire to give him some land to park a caravan until he recovered, but Cheshire discovered that Dykes was terminally ill and that this diagnosis was concealed from him. He told Dykes the real position and invited him to stay at Le Court. Cheshire learned nursing skills and was soon approached to take in a second patient, the 94-year-old bedridden wife of a man who had just been taken off to hospital after suffering a stroke. She was followed by others, some coming to stay and others to help. Although Le Court had no financial support, and his situation was financially perilous most of the time, money somehow always seemed to arrive in the nick of time to stave off disaster. Dykes died in August 1948. After completing the arrangements for his funeral, Cheshire idly picked up a book a friend had sent him. It was ''One Lord, One Faith'' by Vernon Johnson, a former [[High church|High Anglican]] clergyman who, against every cherished instinct and prejudice, had converted to Roman Catholicism because, as he put it, "I could not resist the claim of the Catholic Church to be the one true Church founded by Our Lord Jesus Christ to guard and teach the truth ... She alone possesses the authority and unity necessary for such a Divine vocation."<ref>Quoted in Cheshire 1961, p. 136.</ref> In the meantime, Joan Botting had converted to [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].<ref>[[Gary Botting]], "Preface", Gary and [[Heather Botting]], ''The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses'' (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984), pp. ix–xii</ref>

On Christmas Eve, 1948, Cheshire was received into the Catholic Church.

==Charitable life==
{{main|Leonard Cheshire Disability}}

In 1948, Cheshire founded the charity now named [[Leonard Cheshire Disability]], which provides support to disabled people throughout the world. At the beginning of 1949, eight patients were staying at Le Court.<ref>Cheshire 1961, p. 152.</ref> Six months later, there were 28.<ref>Cheshire 1961, p. 158.</ref> Cheshire dedicated the rest of his life to supporting disabled people, combining this with lecturing on conflict resolution.<ref>Richard Morris, ''Cheshire: The Biography of Leonard Cheshire, VC, OM'' (London: Viking, 2000), pp. 408–432</ref>

Other organisations set up by Leonard Cheshire are:
*The Ryder-Cheshire Foundation,<ref>[http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/registeredcharities/showcharity.asp?remchar=&chyno=285746 Charity Commission for England and Wales: Charity Number 285746]</ref> set up by Leonard Cheshire and his wife [[Sue Ryder]] at the time of their marriage in 1959. It now mainly operates in two fields: the rehabilitation of disabled people, through ENRYCH <ref>[http://www.enrych.org.uk "Registered Charity No. 1088623."] ''ENRYCH''.</ref> and the prevention and treatment of [[tuberculosis]], through Target Tuberculosis.<ref>[http://www.targettb.org.uk/ "Registered Charity No. 1098752."] ''Target Tuberculosis''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

In 1953, Cheshire founded the ''Raphael Pilgrimage'' to enable sick and disabled people to travel to [[Lourdes]].<ref>[http://www.raphael.org.uk/ "Raphael: Registered Charity No. 1098328."] ''Pilgrimage Charity''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

Cheshire founded the Memorial Fund for Disaster Relief, a UK charity. Cheshire is acknowledged on the album ''[[The Wall – Live in Berlin]]'' by former [[Pink Floyd]] member [[Roger Waters]]. The concert benefited the charity.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://ultimateclassicrock.com/roger-waters-the-wall-berlin/ | title= 25 Years Ago: Roger Waters Reclaims Pink Floyd Legacy With ‘The Wall: Live in Berlin’ | work=Ultimate Classic Rock | first=Nick | last=DeRiso | date=21 July 2015 | accessdate=2 March 2016}}</ref> Cheshire opened this concert by blowing a Second World War whistle.

Cheshire was also concerned about future remembrance and was influential in the concept of the [[National Memorial Arboretum]], founded by David Childs. The amphitheatre at the Arboretum is dedicated to the memory of Leonard Cheshire.

==Return to Nagasaki==
In 1985, Cheshire featured in a documentary, ''Nagasaki – Return Journey''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6e912f7a |title=Nagasaki – Return Journey |website= BFI.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url= http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/3rd-august-1985/31/television| date=2 August 1985|page= 31 |title= Television: Forty years on| first= Alexander |last= Chancellor | work= The Spectator| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20150405170258/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/3rd-august-1985/31/television| archivedate= 5 April 2015 | deadurl= yes| accessdate= 10 August 2015}}</ref>

==Private life==
On 15 July 1941, Cheshire married the American actress [[Constance Binney]] (21 years his senior), but the marriage was short-lived and childless. Their divorce was ratified in January 1951.<ref name=odnb>{{cite encyclopedia|title= Leonard Cheshire| work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|volume= 11|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=321|first= Christopher |last= Foxley-Norris| isbn=0-19-861361-X}}</ref>

On 5 April 1959, in [[Bombay]]'s Roman Catholic Cathedral, he married [[Sue Ryder]], also a Roman Catholic convert and humanitarian. He and Baroness Ryder were one of the few couples to both hold titles in their own right. They had two children, Jeromy and Elizabeth Cheshire, and lived in [[Cavendish, Suffolk|Cavendish]], [[Suffolk]].

Cheshire was a lifelong tennis fan, a member of The All England Club, and a formidable amateur player well into his seventies.

==Death==
Cheshire died of [[motor neurone disease]] aged 74 on 31 July 1992.

==Honours and tributes==

* Cheshire was the subject of ''[[This Is Your Life (UK TV series)|This Is Your Life]]'' in 1960 when he was surprised by [[Eamonn Andrews]] in central London.
* On 17 July 1991, Cheshire was created a [[life peer]] as '''Baron Cheshire''' of [[Woodhall Spa|Woodhall]] in the County of Lincolnshire,<ref name="nyt1992"/><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=52608 |date=22 July 1991 |startpage=11147}}</ref> sitting as a [[cross-bencher]].
* [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] paid personal tribute to him in her [[Royal Christmas Message]] in December 1992.
* In the 2002 [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] poll to find the [[100 Greatest Britons]], Cheshire attained position number 31. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the [[Imperial War Museum]], London.
* A house at [[Xavier College]], a leading private school in Melbourne, Australia, is named after Cheshire. [[Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview|St Ignatius College]], a private school in Sydney, Australia, also has a house named after Cheshire.

[[File:Cheshire, Leonard (VC) closeup2 - Copy.jpg|thumb|Cheshire's medal group on display at the [[Imperial War Museum]].]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:UK Victoria Cross ribbon bar.svg|50px]] || [[Victoria Cross]] (VC) || July 1944
|-
|[[File:Order of Merit (Commonwealth realms) ribbon.png|50px]] || [[Order of Merit|Member of the Order of Merit]] (OM) || 1981<ref name="nyt1992"/>
|-
|[[File:DSO with 2Bars.png|50px]] || [[Companion of the Distinguished Service Order|Companion of the Distinguished Service Order and Two Bars]] (DSO & 2 Bars) ||
|-
|[[File:United Kingdom Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg|50px]] || [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (DFC) ||
|-
|[[File:39-45 Star BAR.svg|50px]] || [[1939–45 Star]] ||
|-
|[[File:Air Crew Europe BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Air Crew Europe Star]] || With 1 clasp ''Atlantic'' {{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
|-
|[[File:Burma Star BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Burma Star]] ||
|-
|[[File:Defence Medal BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Defence Medal (United Kingdom)|Defence Medal]] ||
|-
|[[File:War Medal 39-45 BAR MID.png|50px]] || [[War Medal 1939–1945]] with Palm for [[Mentioned in Dispatches]] ||
|-
|[[File:UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|50px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]] || (1953)
|-
|[[File:Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.png|50px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal]] || (1977)
|}

==Publications by Leonard Cheshire==
* ''Bomber Pilot''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1943; St. Albans, Herts, UK: Mayflower, 1975. ISBN 0-583-12541-7; London: Goodall Publications ISBN 0-907579-10-8
* ''The Holy Face: An Account of the Oldest Photograph in the World'' (16-page [[pamphlet]]). Newport, Monmouthshire, UK: R. H. Johns, 1954.
* ''Pilgrimage to the Shroud''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1956.
* ''The Story of the Holy Shroud''. [[Associated Television]] Ltd: ATV Library, 1957. Text of broadcast.
* ''The Face of Victory''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1961.
* ''Death'' (22-page pamphlet). London: [[Catholic Truth Society]], 1978.
* ''The Hidden World: An Autobiography and Reflections by the Founder of the Leonard Cheshire Homes''. London: Collins, 1981. ISBN 0-00-626479-4.
* ''The Light of Many Suns: The Meaning of the Bomb''. London: Methuen, 1985. ISBN 0-413-59240-5
* ''Where Is God in All This?'' (Interview by Alenka Lawrence). Slough, Berks, UK: St Paul Publications, 1991. ISBN 0-85439-380-3
* ''Crossing the Finishing Line: Last Thoughts of Leonard Cheshire VC'' (Edited by [[Reginald C. Fuller]]). London: St. Pauls, 1998. ISBN 0-85439-527-X.

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Boyle, Andrew. ''No Passing Glory: The Full and Authentic Biography of Group Captain Cheshire, V.C., D.S.O, D.F.C.''. London: Fontana Books, 1955.
* Braddon, Russell. ''Cheshire, V.C.'' London: Evans Brothers Ltd., 1954. Reprinted in 1956 by the Readers Book Club. {{OCLC|221454400}}
* Brickhill, Paul. ''[[The Dam Busters (book)|The Dam Busters]]''. London: Pan Books, 1983. ISBN 0-330-28083-X.
* [[David Garnett|Garnett, David]]. ''The White/Garnett Letters''. New York: The Viking Press, 1968. ISBN 978-0-224-61323-1
* Harvey, David. ''[[Monuments to Courage]]''. Uckfield, East Sussex, UK: Naval & Military Press Ltd., 1999. ISBN 1-84342-356-1.
* Hastings, Sir Max. ''Bomber Command'' (Pan Military Classics) London: Pan Books, 2010. ISBN 978-0-330-51361-6.
* Iveson, Tony and [[Brian Milton]]. ''Lancaster: The Biography.'' London: Andre Deutsch Ltd, 2009. ISBN 978-0-233-00270-5.
* [[Laffin, John]]. ''British VCs of World War 2: A Study in Heroism''. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: [[Sutton Publishing Limited]], 1997, ISBN 0-7509-1026-7.
* Morris, Richard. ''Cheshire: The Biography of Leonard Cheshire, VC, OM''. London: Viking Press, 2000. ISBN 0-670-86735-7.
* "Obituary for Prof. G.C. Cheshire." ''[[The Times]]'', 28 October 1978.
* Otter, Patrick. ''Lincolnshire Airfields in the Second World War.'' Newbury, Berkshire, UK: Countryside Books, 1996. ISBN 978-1-85306-424-1.
* ''[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]]''. London: ''This England'', 1997. ISBN 0-906324-27-0.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Leonard Cheshire}}
*[http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/suffolk.htm Location of grave and VC medal] ''(Suffolk)''
*[http://www.leonard-cheshire.org/?lid=19 History of the Leonard Cheshire charity]
*[http://www.ryder-cheshire.org Ryder Cheshire]
*[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/vcgpches.jpg Image of Cheshire's Medals]
*[http://www.julianlewis.net/cheshire-vc-and-the-cnd Cheshire VC and the CND]
*[http://www.richarddnorth.com/journalism/culture/sueryder.htm Sue Ryder of Cavendish] – [[Richard D. North]]
* {{IMDb name|156193}}
*[http://www.bigredbook.info/leonard_cheshire.html Leonard Cheshire's appearance] on ''[[This Is Your Life]]''
*[http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80029987 Imperial War Museum Interview]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Harold Brownlow Martin|Harold Martin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Officer Commanding [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|No. 617 Squadron]]|years=November 1943 – July 1944}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James Brian Tait|James Tait]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheshire, Leonard}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British philanthropists]]
[[Category:British World War II pilots]]
[[Category:British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism]]
[[Category:Crossbench life peers|Cheshire, Leonard Cheshire, Baron]]
[[Category:Deaths from motor neurone disease]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
[[Category:People educated at The Dragon School]]
[[Category:People educated at Stowe School]]
[[Category:People from Chester]]
[[Category:People from Oxford]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic activists]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:People associated with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Leonard Cheshire

2016-03-02T03:01:15Z

Rodericksilly: /* Charitable life */ found a source for this

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
|name=The Lord Cheshire
|image= Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945. CH9136.jpg
|caption= Group Captain Leonard Cheshire c. 1943
|birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1917|09|07}}
|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1992|07|31|1917|09|07}}
|birth_place= [[Chester]], [[Cheshire]]
|death_place= [[Cavendish, Suffolk]]
|placeofburial=Cavendish Churchyard
|nickname=
|allegiance={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|branch={{air force|United Kingdom}}
|serviceyears=1937–1946
|rank=[[Group Captain]]
|commands= [[No. 76 Squadron RAF]] [[RAF Marston Moor]] [[No. 617 Squadron RAF]]
|unit=[[No. 102 Squadron RAF]] [[No. 35 Squadron RAF]]
|battles= [[Second World War]]
|awards= [[Victoria Cross]] [[Member of the Order of Merit]] [[Distinguished Service Order]] & [[Medal bar|Two Bars]] [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]]
|spouse=[[Constance Binney]] (1941–51) [[Sue Ryder]] (1959–92)
|relations=[[Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire]] (father)
|laterwork=Humanitarian
}}
[[Group Captain]] '''Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire, Baron Cheshire''' [[Victoria Cross|VC]], [[Member of the Order of Merit|OM]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] & [[Medal bar|Two Bars]], [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|DFC]] (7 September 1917 – 31 July 1992) was a highly decorated [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) pilot during the [[Second World War]] and later philanthropist.

Among the honours Cheshire received as a pilot is the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

He was the youngest group captain in the RAF and one of the most highly decorated pilots of the war, but after serving as the British observer on the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki#Nagasaki|Nagasaki nuclear attack]] he resigned from the Air Force. He founded a hospice that grew into the charity [[Leonard Cheshire Disability]], and he became known for his work in conflict resolution; he was created Baron Cheshire in 1991 in recognition of his charitable work.<ref name="Gazette-Peerage">{{cite journal | url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/52563/supplements/1 | title=Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire | journal=[[London Gazette]] | year=1991 | issue=14 June}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Birthplace of Leonard Cheshire VC - geograph.org.uk - 675071.jpg|thumb|left|Cheshire's home in Chester, where a blue plaque marks the house in which he was born.]]
Leonard Cheshire was the son of [[Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire]], a barrister, academic and influential writer on English law. He had one brother, Christopher Cheshire, also a wartime pilot. Cheshire was born in [[Chester]], but was brought up at his parents' home near [[Oxford]]. Cheshire was educated at the [[Dragon School]], Oxford, [[Stowe School]] and [[Merton College, Oxford]].<ref name="MCreg">{{cite book|editor1-last=Levens|editor1-first=R.G.C.|title=Merton College Register 1900-1964|date=1964|publisher=Basil Blackwell|location=Oxford|page=273}}</ref> At Stowe he was taught English by the fantasy novelist [[T. H. White]].<ref>Garnett 1968 p.152</ref> Whilst at Oxford he became friends with [[John Niel Randle]]. On one occasion at Oxford he was bet half a [[pint]] of beer that he could not walk to Paris with no more than a few pennies in his pocket; he won his bet.<ref name="Iveson and Milton p. 30">Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 30.</ref> He went to stay in Germany in 1936 with the family of [[Ludwig von Reuter]] in [[Potsdam]]<ref>Braddon 1954, pp. 32–6.</ref> and whilst there, witnessed an [[Adolf Hitler]] rally. Cheshire caused considerable offence by pointedly refusing to give the Nazi salute.<ref name="Iveson and Milton p. 30"/><ref>Braddon 1954, pp. 35–6.</ref> Cheshire graduated in [[jurisprudence]] in 1939.

==Military career==
During his university years, Cheshire learned basic piloting skills with the [[Oxford University Air Squadron]], receiving a commission as a [[pilot officer]] in the [[Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve]] on 16 November 1937.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34455|supp=|startpage=7189|date=16 November 1937|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Following the outbreak of war, Cheshire joined the RAF on 7 October 1939 with a permanent commission.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34713|supp=|startpage=7039|date=20 October 1939|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> He was sent for training at RAF Hullavington<ref>"Obituary: Lord Cheshire VC", Aug. 1, 1992, "The Independent,"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-lord-cheshire-vc-1537228.html</ref> (now [[Hullavington Airfield]]). Promoted to [[flying officer]] on 7 April 1940, he was posted that June to [[No. 102 Squadron RAF|102 Squadron]], flying [[Armstrong Whitworth Whitley]] medium bombers, from [[RAF Driffield]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35005|supp=|startpage=6862|date=3 December 1940|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> In November 1940, Cheshire was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) for flying his badly damaged bomber back to base.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35009|supp=|startpage=6937|date=6 December 1940|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref>

In January 1941, Cheshire completed his tour of operations, but then volunteered immediately for a second tour. He was awarded the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (DFC) in March 1941 and was promoted to the war substantive rank of [[flight lieutenant]] on 7 April.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35097|supp=|startpage=1370|date=7 March 1941|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35196|supp=|startpage=3517|date=20 June 1941|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> He was posted to [[No. 35 Squadron RAF|No. 35 Squadron]] with the brand new [[Handley Page Halifax]] and completed his second tour early in 1942, by then a temporary [[squadron leader]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35503|supp=|startpage=1387|date=27 March 1942|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Cheshire was promoted to the substantive rank of squadron leader on 1 March.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35791|supp=yes|startpage=5034|date=17 November 1942|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> August 1942 saw a return to operations as an acting wing commander and commanding officer of [[No. 76 Squadron RAF]]. The squadron had recently suffered high losses operating the Halifax, and Cheshire immediately tackled the low morale of the unit by ordering an improvement in the performance of the squadron aircraft by removing the mid-upper and nose [[gun turret]]s along with exhaust covers and other weighty non-essential equipment. This allowed the bombers to fly higher and faster. Losses soon fell and morale rose accordingly. Cheshire was amongst the first to note there was very low return rate of Halifax bombers on three engines; furthermore, there were reports the Halifax was unstable in a "corkscrew" which was the manoeuvre used by bomber pilots to escape night fighters. The test pilot Captain [[Eric Brown (pilot)|Eric Brown]], flying uncrewed except for an accompanying flight engineer, undertook risky tests to establish the cause and were told a representative of Bomber Command would fly with them.<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 219.</ref> Brown remembers "We couldn't believe it, it was Cheshire! We were astonished to say the least. I asked him not to touch (the controls) and to his ever lasting credit he never commented at all, he just sat in the second pilot's seat and raised his eye brows at what we were doing!" The fault was in the Halifax's rudder design and Cheshire became enraged when Handley Page at first declined to make modifications so as not to disrupt production.<ref>Hastings 2010, p. 275.</ref>

During his time as the commanding officer of No. 76 Squadron at RAF Linton, Cheshire took the trouble to recognise and learn the name of every single man on the base. He was determined to increase the efficiency of his squadron and improve the chances of survival of its crews, to this end he constantly lectured crews on the skills needed to achieve those aims. The crews knew he was devoted to their interests and when, on an operation to [[Nuremberg]], they were told to cross the French coast at 2,000 ft (the most dangerous height for light flak) Cheshire simply refused, stating they would fly at 200 ft or 20,000 ft. Typically, Cheshire inspired such loyalty and respect that the ground crews of 76 Squadron were proud to chorus "We are Cheshire cats!".<ref>Hastings 2010, pp. 273–275.</ref>

In 1943, Cheshire published an account of his first tour of operations in his book, ''Bomber Pilot'' which tells of his posting to [[RAF Driffield]] and the story of flying his badly damaged bomber ("N for Nuts") back to base. In the book, Cheshire fails to mention being awarded the DSO for this, but does describe the bravery of a badly burnt member of his crew.

===No. 617 Squadron===
In March 1943, by now an acting [[group captain]], Cheshire became station commander of [[RAF Marston Moor]] as the youngest group captain in the RAF, although the job was never to his liking, and he pushed for a return to an operational command. In April, he was awarded a bar to his DSO.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35983|supp=yes|startpage=1798|date=16 April 1943|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> His efforts paid off with a posting as commander of the legendary [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|617 "Dambusters" Squadron]] in September. On 30 September, he was promoted to war substantive [[Wing commander (rank)|wing commander]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=36245|supp=yes|startpage=4974|date=9 November 1943|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> While with 617, Cheshire helped pioneer a new method of marking enemy targets for Bomber Command's 5 Group, flying in at a very low level in the face of strong defences, using first, the versatile [[de Havilland Mosquito]], then a [[North American P-51 Mustang|North American Mustang]] fighter.

On the morning before a planned raid by 617 Squadron to [[Siracourt V-1 bunker|Siracourt]], a crated Mustang turned up at [[Woodhall Spa]], a gift for Cheshire from his admirers in the US [[Eighth Air Force|8th Air Force]]. Cheshire had the aircraft assembled and the engine tested as he was determined to test the possibilities of the fighter as a marker aircraft. He took off, in what was his first flight in the aircraft, and caught up with 617's Lancasters before they reached the target. Cheshire then proceeded to accurately mark the target (a V-1 storage depot) for the heavies which landed three Tallboys on it. He then flew back and landed the Mustang in the dark.<ref>Otter 1996, p. 298.</ref>

This development work in target marking was the subject of some severe intra-service politics; Cheshire was encouraged by his 5 Group Commander [[Air Vice-Marshal]] [[Ralph Cochrane]], although the 8 Group Pathfinder [[Air Officer Commanding|AOC]] Air Vice-Marshal [[Don Bennett]] saw this work as impinging on the responsibilities of his own command.

===Victoria Cross===
Cheshire was nearing the end of his fourth tour of duty in July 1944, having completed a total of 102 missions, when he was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]]. His citation remarked on the entirety of his operation career, noting:

{{Quote|In four years of fighting against the bitterest opposition he maintained a standard of outstanding personal achievement, his successful operations being the result of careful planning, brilliant execution and supreme contempt for danger – for example, on one occasion he flew his Mustang in slow 'figures of eight' above a target obscured by low cloud, to act as a bomb-aiming mark for his squadron. Cheshire displayed the courage and determination of an exceptional leader.<ref name="Citation">{{London Gazette |issue=36693 |date=5 September 1944 |startpage=4175 |supp=y|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/36693/supplements/4175/page.pdf }}</ref>}}

It also gave special mention to a raid against Munich on 24/25 April 1944, in which he had marked a target while flying a Mosquito at low level against "withering fire".

When Cheshire went to [[Buckingham Palace]] to receive his VC from King [[George VI]], he was accompanied by [[Norman Cyril Jackson|Norman Jackson]] who was also due to receive his award on that day. Cheshire insisted that despite the difference in rank (group captain and warrant officer), they should approach the King together. Jackson remembers that Cheshire said to the King, "This chap stuck his neck out more than I did – he should get his VC first!" The King had to keep to protocol, but Jackson commented he would "never forget what Cheshire said."<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 230.</ref>

===Later operations===
[[File:Dropping of the Atomic Bomb on Japan, August 1945 CH13626.jpg|thumbnail|right|A portrait of Cheshire in 1945]]
One of Cheshire's missions was to use new 5,400 kilograms (12,000 lb) "[[Tallboy bomb|Tallboy]]" deep-penetration bombs to destroy [[V-3 cannon|V3 long-range cannons]] located in underground bunkers near [[Fortress of Mimoyecques|Mimoyecques]] in the Pas-de-Calais region of northern France. These were powerful guns able to fire a 500 lb shell into London every minute. They were protected by a concrete layer. The raid was planned so the bombs hit the ground next to the concrete to destroy the guns from underneath. Although considered successful at the time, later evaluations confirmed that the raids were largely ineffectual.<ref>Braddon 1954, p. 129.</ref>

Cheshire was, in his day, both the youngest group captain in the service and, following his VC, the most decorated.<ref>Lawrence, Alenka. "Introduction" to Cheshire 1991, pp. 10–11.</ref> In his book, ''Bomber Command'' (2010), Sir [[Max Hastings]] states "Cheshire was a legend in Bomber Command, a remarkable man with an almost mystical air about him, as if he somehow inhabited a different planet from those about him, but without affectation or pretension". Cheshire would always fly on the most dangerous operations, he never took the easy option of just flying on the less risky ops to France, a habit which caused some commanding officers to be referred to derisively as "François" by their men. Cheshire had no crew but would fly as "second dickey", with the new and nervous to give them confidence.

Cheshire had strong feelings on any crew refusing to fly (commonly called [[Lack of Moral Fibre]] in the RAF) when subject to the combat stress of Bomber Command's sorties (many of which had loss rates of 50% or more). Even as a brilliant and sympathetic leader, he wrote "I was ruthless with LMF, I had to be. We were airmen not [[psychiatrists]]. Of course we had concern for any individual whose internal tensions meant that he could no longer go on but there was a worry that one really frightened man could affect others around him. There was no time to be as compassionate as I would like to have been." Thus Cheshire transferred LMF cases out of his squadron almost instantaneously (like every other RAF squadron did at the time).<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 143.</ref> This was also because he argued that a man who thought he was doomed would collapse or bail out when his aircraft was hit, whereas Cheshire thought if he could survive the initial shock of finding his aircraft damaged, he had more of a chance of survival.<ref>Hastings 2010, p. 280.</ref>

On his 103rd mission, Cheshire and [[William Penney, Baron Penney|William Penney]] were official British observers of the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|nuclear bombing]] of [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]].<ref name=MCreg /><ref name="nyt1992">"Lord Cheshire, World War II Hero Who Founded Homes for Sick, 74," ''The New York Times.'' 2 August 1992.</ref> His vantage point was in the support B-29 ''[[Big Stink (B-29)|Big Stink]]''. He did not witness the event as close up as anticipated due to aircraft commander James Hopkins' failure to link up with the other B-29s. Hopkins was meant to join with the others over Yakushima, but he circled at 39,000 ft instead of the agreed height of 30,000 ft. He tried to justify this by the need to keep the VIP passengers out of danger, but Cheshire thought that Hopkins was "overwrought".

"Many assumed that it was Nagasaki which emptied him; as Cheshire kept pointing out, however, it was the war as a whole. Like Britain herself, he had been fighting or training for fighting since 1939."<ref>Morris 2000, p. 225.</ref> He was earlier quoted as saying: "... then I for one hold little brief for the future of civilization".<ref>BBC scrapbook ''1945'', Fontana, 463 016 FDL</ref>

==Post-war==
Following the end of the war, Cheshire retired from the RAF on medical grounds on 22 January 1946, retaining his final rank of group captain.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=37447|supp=yes|startpage=712|date=25 January 1946|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Cheshire had been brought up a Christian in the [[Church of England]], but had lapsed. In 1945, in the Vanity Fair club in Mayfair, he joined a conversation about religion. "It was absurd," he said, "to imagine that God existed, except as a convenient figure of speech. Man had invented God to explain the voice of conscience, but it was doubtful whether right or wrong existed outside the human mind. They were words affixed like labels to customs and laws which man had also invented to keep social order." To Cheshire's surprise, as he sat back, "pleased with his worldly wisdom," he was roundly rebuked for "talking such rot" by a woman friend who "was one of the last persons on earth he would have credited with" religious convictions.<ref>Boyle, Andrew. ''No Passing Glory''. London: [[The Reprint Society]], 1957, pp. 274–275.</ref> After the war, Joan Botting (widow of Dambusters pilot Norman Botting) lived with Cheshire at the "VIP (for ''Vade in Pacem'' – Go in Peace) Colony" he established for veterans and war widows at Gumley Hall, Leicestershire – one of several new ventures he started after leaving the RAF in 1946. Joan followed him to Le Court, near [[Petersfield]], Hampshire (a mansion which Cheshire had bought from his aunt) where, with three children of her own, Joan took charge of the nursery (Joan is not mentioned by name in ''The Face of Victory'') .<ref>Leonard Cheshire, ''The Face of Victory'' (London: Hutchinson, 1961), p. 69</ref> Cheshire and Joan Botting subsequently investigated many religions, from [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]] to [[Methodism|Methodist]] to "High [[Anglo-Catholic]]" – but none of them provided the answers they were looking for.<ref>''The Face of Victory'' pp. 47, 55–57, 69, 102–107</ref>

Cheshire's aim in establishing the VIP Colony was to provide an opportunity for ex-servicemen and women and their families to live together, each contributing to the community what they could, to help their transition back into civilian life. He hoped that training, prosperity and fulfilment would result from united effort and mutual support. He saw the community as one way of continuing to work towards world peace. The community, however, did not prosper and the project came to an end in 1947.<ref>Cheshire 1981, p. 16.</ref>

At the beginning of 1948, Cheshire heard about the case of Arthur Dykes, who had been one of Cheshire's original "VIP" community at Le Court, and was suffering from cancer. Dykes asked Cheshire to give him some land to park a caravan until he recovered, but Cheshire discovered that Dykes was terminally ill and that this diagnosis was concealed from him. He told Dykes the real position and invited him to stay at Le Court. Cheshire learned nursing skills and was soon approached to take in a second patient, the 94-year-old bedridden wife of a man who had just been taken off to hospital after suffering a stroke. She was followed by others, some coming to stay and others to help. Although Le Court had no financial support, and his situation was financially perilous most of the time, money somehow always seemed to arrive in the nick of time to stave off disaster. Dykes died in August 1948. After completing the arrangements for his funeral, Cheshire idly picked up a book a friend had sent him. It was ''One Lord, One Faith'' by Vernon Johnson, a former [[High church|High Anglican]] clergyman who, against every cherished instinct and prejudice, had converted to Roman Catholicism because, as he put it, "I could not resist the claim of the Catholic Church to be the one true Church founded by Our Lord Jesus Christ to guard and teach the truth ... She alone possesses the authority and unity necessary for such a Divine vocation."<ref>Quoted in Cheshire 1961, p. 136.</ref> In the meantime, Joan Botting had converted to [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].<ref>[[Gary Botting]], "Preface", Gary and [[Heather Botting]], ''The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses'' (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984), pp. ix–xii</ref>

On Christmas Eve, 1948, Cheshire was received into the Catholic Church.

==Charitable life==
{{main|Leonard Cheshire Disability}}

In 1948, Cheshire founded the charity now named [[Leonard Cheshire Disability]], which provides support to disabled people throughout the world. At the beginning of 1949, eight patients were staying at Le Court.<ref>Cheshire 1961, p. 152.</ref> Six months later, there were 28.<ref>Cheshire 1961, p. 158.</ref> Cheshire dedicated the rest of his life to supporting disabled people, combining this with lecturing on conflict resolution.<ref>Richard Morris, ''Cheshire: The Biography of Leonard Cheshire, VC, OM'' (London: Viking, 2000), pp. 408–432</ref>

Other organisations set up by Leonard Cheshire are:
*The Ryder-Cheshire Foundation,<ref>[http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/registeredcharities/showcharity.asp?remchar=&chyno=285746 Charity Commission for England and Wales: Charity Number 285746]</ref> set up by Leonard Cheshire and his wife [[Sue Ryder]] at the time of their marriage in 1959. It now mainly operates in two fields: the rehabilitation of disabled people, through ENRYCH <ref>[http://www.enrych.org.uk "Registered Charity No. 1088623."] ''ENRYCH''.</ref> and the prevention and treatment of [[tuberculosis]], through Target Tuberculosis.<ref>[http://www.targettb.org.uk/ "Registered Charity No. 1098752."] ''Target Tuberculosis''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

In 1953, Cheshire founded the ''Raphael Pilgrimage'' to enable sick and disabled people to travel to [[Lourdes]].<ref>[http://www.raphael.org.uk/ "Raphael: Registered Charity No. 1098328."] ''Pilgrimage Charity''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

Cheshire founded the Memorial Fund for Disaster Relief, a UK charity in whose benefit the [[Roger Waters]] concert ''[[The Wall - Live in Berlin]]'' was held.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://ultimateclassicrock.com/roger-waters-the-wall-berlin/ | title= 25 Years Ago: Roger Waters Reclaims Pink Floyd Legacy With ‘The Wall: Live in Berlin’ | work=Ultimate Classic Rock | first=Nick | last=DeRiso | date=21 July 2015 | accessdate=2 March 2016}}</ref> Cheshire opened this concert by blowing a Second World War whistle.

Cheshire was also concerned about future remembrance and was influential in the concept of the [[National Memorial Arboretum]], founded by David Childs. The amphitheatre at the Arboretum is dedicated to the memory of Leonard Cheshire.

==Return to Nagasaki==
In 1985, Cheshire featured in a documentary, ''Nagasaki – Return Journey''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6e912f7a |title=Nagasaki – Return Journey |website= BFI.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url= http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/3rd-august-1985/31/television| date=2 August 1985|page= 31 |title= Television: Forty years on| first= Alexander |last= Chancellor | work= The Spectator| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20150405170258/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/3rd-august-1985/31/television| archivedate= 5 April 2015 | deadurl= yes| accessdate= 10 August 2015}}</ref>

==Private life==
On 15 July 1941, Cheshire married the American actress [[Constance Binney]] (21 years his senior), but the marriage was short-lived and childless. Their divorce was ratified in January 1951.<ref name=odnb>{{cite encyclopedia|title= Leonard Cheshire| work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|volume= 11|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=321|first= Christopher |last= Foxley-Norris| isbn=0-19-861361-X}}</ref>

On 5 April 1959, in [[Bombay]]'s Roman Catholic Cathedral, he married [[Sue Ryder]], also a Roman Catholic convert and humanitarian. He and Baroness Ryder were one of the few couples to both hold titles in their own right. They had two children, Jeromy and Elizabeth Cheshire, and lived in [[Cavendish, Suffolk|Cavendish]], [[Suffolk]].

Cheshire was a lifelong tennis fan, a member of The All England Club, and a formidable amateur player well into his seventies.

==Death==
Cheshire died of [[motor neurone disease]] aged 74 on 31 July 1992.

==Honours and tributes==

* Cheshire was the subject of ''[[This Is Your Life (UK TV series)|This Is Your Life]]'' in 1960 when he was surprised by [[Eamonn Andrews]] in central London.
* On 17 July 1991, Cheshire was created a [[life peer]] as '''Baron Cheshire''' of [[Woodhall Spa|Woodhall]] in the County of Lincolnshire,<ref name="nyt1992"/><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=52608 |date=22 July 1991 |startpage=11147}}</ref> sitting as a [[cross-bencher]].
* [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] paid personal tribute to him in her [[Royal Christmas Message]] in December 1992.
* In the 2002 [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] poll to find the [[100 Greatest Britons]], Cheshire attained position number 31. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the [[Imperial War Museum]], London.
* A house at [[Xavier College]], a leading private school in Melbourne, Australia, is named after Cheshire. [[Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview|St Ignatius College]], a private school in Sydney, Australia, also has a house named after Cheshire.
* Leonard Cheshire is acknowledged on the album ''[[The Wall – Live in Berlin]]'' by former [[Pink Floyd]] member [[Roger Waters]]. Waters once described Cheshire as "the only true Christian I've ever met".

[[File:Cheshire, Leonard (VC) closeup2 - Copy.jpg|thumb|Cheshire's medal group on display at the [[Imperial War Museum]].]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:UK Victoria Cross ribbon bar.svg|50px]] || [[Victoria Cross]] (VC) || July 1944
|-
|[[File:Order of Merit (Commonwealth realms) ribbon.png|50px]] || [[Order of Merit|Member of the Order of Merit]] (OM) || 1981<ref name="nyt1992"/>
|-
|[[File:DSO with 2Bars.png|50px]] || [[Companion of the Distinguished Service Order|Companion of the Distinguished Service Order and Two Bars]] (DSO & 2 Bars) ||
|-
|[[File:United Kingdom Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg|50px]] || [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (DFC) ||
|-
|[[File:39-45 Star BAR.svg|50px]] || [[1939–45 Star]] ||
|-
|[[File:Air Crew Europe BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Air Crew Europe Star]] || With 1 clasp ''Atlantic'' {{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
|-
|[[File:Burma Star BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Burma Star]] ||
|-
|[[File:Defence Medal BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Defence Medal (United Kingdom)|Defence Medal]] ||
|-
|[[File:War Medal 39-45 BAR MID.png|50px]] || [[War Medal 1939–1945]] with Palm for [[Mentioned in Dispatches]] ||
|-
|[[File:UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|50px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]] || (1953)
|-
|[[File:Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.png|50px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal]] || (1977)
|}

==Publications by Leonard Cheshire==
* ''Bomber Pilot''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1943; St. Albans, Herts, UK: Mayflower, 1975. ISBN 0-583-12541-7; London: Goodall Publications ISBN 0-907579-10-8
* ''The Holy Face: An Account of the Oldest Photograph in the World'' (16-page [[pamphlet]]). Newport, Monmouthshire, UK: R. H. Johns, 1954.
* ''Pilgrimage to the Shroud''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1956.
* ''The Story of the Holy Shroud''. [[Associated Television]] Ltd: ATV Library, 1957. Text of broadcast.
* ''The Face of Victory''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1961.
* ''Death'' (22-page pamphlet). London: [[Catholic Truth Society]], 1978.
* ''The Hidden World: An Autobiography and Reflections by the Founder of the Leonard Cheshire Homes''. London: Collins, 1981. ISBN 0-00-626479-4.
* ''The Light of Many Suns: The Meaning of the Bomb''. London: Methuen, 1985. ISBN 0-413-59240-5
* ''Where Is God in All This?'' (Interview by Alenka Lawrence). Slough, Berks, UK: St Paul Publications, 1991. ISBN 0-85439-380-3
* ''Crossing the Finishing Line: Last Thoughts of Leonard Cheshire VC'' (Edited by [[Reginald C. Fuller]]). London: St. Pauls, 1998. ISBN 0-85439-527-X.

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Boyle, Andrew. ''No Passing Glory: The Full and Authentic Biography of Group Captain Cheshire, V.C., D.S.O, D.F.C.''. London: Fontana Books, 1955.
* Braddon, Russell. ''Cheshire, V.C.'' London: Evans Brothers Ltd., 1954. Reprinted in 1956 by the Readers Book Club. {{OCLC|221454400}}
* Brickhill, Paul. ''[[The Dam Busters (book)|The Dam Busters]]''. London: Pan Books, 1983. ISBN 0-330-28083-X.
* [[David Garnett|Garnett, David]]. ''The White/Garnett Letters''. New York: The Viking Press, 1968. ISBN 978-0-224-61323-1
* Harvey, David. ''[[Monuments to Courage]]''. Uckfield, East Sussex, UK: Naval & Military Press Ltd., 1999. ISBN 1-84342-356-1.
* Hastings, Sir Max. ''Bomber Command'' (Pan Military Classics) London: Pan Books, 2010. ISBN 978-0-330-51361-6.
* Iveson, Tony and [[Brian Milton]]. ''Lancaster: The Biography.'' London: Andre Deutsch Ltd, 2009. ISBN 978-0-233-00270-5.
* [[Laffin, John]]. ''British VCs of World War 2: A Study in Heroism''. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: [[Sutton Publishing Limited]], 1997, ISBN 0-7509-1026-7.
* Morris, Richard. ''Cheshire: The Biography of Leonard Cheshire, VC, OM''. London: Viking Press, 2000. ISBN 0-670-86735-7.
* "Obituary for Prof. G.C. Cheshire." ''[[The Times]]'', 28 October 1978.
* Otter, Patrick. ''Lincolnshire Airfields in the Second World War.'' Newbury, Berkshire, UK: Countryside Books, 1996. ISBN 978-1-85306-424-1.
* ''[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]]''. London: ''This England'', 1997. ISBN 0-906324-27-0.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Leonard Cheshire}}
*[http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/suffolk.htm Location of grave and VC medal] ''(Suffolk)''
*[http://www.leonard-cheshire.org/?lid=19 History of the Leonard Cheshire charity]
*[http://www.ryder-cheshire.org Ryder Cheshire]
*[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/vcgpches.jpg Image of Cheshire's Medals]
*[http://www.julianlewis.net/cheshire-vc-and-the-cnd Cheshire VC and the CND]
*[http://www.richarddnorth.com/journalism/culture/sueryder.htm Sue Ryder of Cavendish] – [[Richard D. North]]
* {{IMDb name|156193}}
*[http://www.bigredbook.info/leonard_cheshire.html Leonard Cheshire's appearance] on ''[[This Is Your Life]]''
*[http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80029987 Imperial War Museum Interview]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Harold Brownlow Martin|Harold Martin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Officer Commanding [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|No. 617 Squadron]]|years=November 1943 – July 1944}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James Brian Tait|James Tait]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheshire, Leonard}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British philanthropists]]
[[Category:British World War II pilots]]
[[Category:British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism]]
[[Category:Crossbench life peers|Cheshire, Leonard Cheshire, Baron]]
[[Category:Deaths from motor neurone disease]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
[[Category:People educated at The Dragon School]]
[[Category:People educated at Stowe School]]
[[Category:People from Chester]]
[[Category:People from Oxford]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic activists]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:People associated with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Leonard Cheshire

2016-03-02T02:51:47Z

Rodericksilly: /* Honours and tributes */ speech marks before full stop when full sentence not quoted

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
|name=The Lord Cheshire
|image= Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945. CH9136.jpg
|caption= Group Captain Leonard Cheshire c. 1943
|birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1917|09|07}}
|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1992|07|31|1917|09|07}}
|birth_place= [[Chester]], [[Cheshire]]
|death_place= [[Cavendish, Suffolk]]
|placeofburial=Cavendish Churchyard
|nickname=
|allegiance={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|branch={{air force|United Kingdom}}
|serviceyears=1937–1946
|rank=[[Group Captain]]
|commands= [[No. 76 Squadron RAF]] [[RAF Marston Moor]] [[No. 617 Squadron RAF]]
|unit=[[No. 102 Squadron RAF]] [[No. 35 Squadron RAF]]
|battles= [[Second World War]]
|awards= [[Victoria Cross]] [[Member of the Order of Merit]] [[Distinguished Service Order]] & [[Medal bar|Two Bars]] [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]]
|spouse=[[Constance Binney]] (1941–51) [[Sue Ryder]] (1959–92)
|relations=[[Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire]] (father)
|laterwork=Humanitarian
}}
[[Group Captain]] '''Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire, Baron Cheshire''' [[Victoria Cross|VC]], [[Member of the Order of Merit|OM]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] & [[Medal bar|Two Bars]], [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|DFC]] (7 September 1917 – 31 July 1992) was a highly decorated [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) pilot during the [[Second World War]] and later philanthropist.

Among the honours Cheshire received as a pilot is the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

He was the youngest group captain in the RAF and one of the most highly decorated pilots of the war, but after serving as the British observer on the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki#Nagasaki|Nagasaki nuclear attack]] he resigned from the Air Force. He founded a hospice that grew into the charity [[Leonard Cheshire Disability]], and he became known for his work in conflict resolution; he was created Baron Cheshire in 1991 in recognition of his charitable work.<ref name="Gazette-Peerage">{{cite journal | url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/52563/supplements/1 | title=Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire | journal=[[London Gazette]] | year=1991 | issue=14 June}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Birthplace of Leonard Cheshire VC - geograph.org.uk - 675071.jpg|thumb|left|Cheshire's home in Chester, where a blue plaque marks the house in which he was born.]]
Leonard Cheshire was the son of [[Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire]], a barrister, academic and influential writer on English law. He had one brother, Christopher Cheshire, also a wartime pilot. Cheshire was born in [[Chester]], but was brought up at his parents' home near [[Oxford]]. Cheshire was educated at the [[Dragon School]], Oxford, [[Stowe School]] and [[Merton College, Oxford]].<ref name="MCreg">{{cite book|editor1-last=Levens|editor1-first=R.G.C.|title=Merton College Register 1900-1964|date=1964|publisher=Basil Blackwell|location=Oxford|page=273}}</ref> At Stowe he was taught English by the fantasy novelist [[T. H. White]].<ref>Garnett 1968 p.152</ref> Whilst at Oxford he became friends with [[John Niel Randle]]. On one occasion at Oxford he was bet half a [[pint]] of beer that he could not walk to Paris with no more than a few pennies in his pocket; he won his bet.<ref name="Iveson and Milton p. 30">Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 30.</ref> He went to stay in Germany in 1936 with the family of [[Ludwig von Reuter]] in [[Potsdam]]<ref>Braddon 1954, pp. 32–6.</ref> and whilst there, witnessed an [[Adolf Hitler]] rally. Cheshire caused considerable offence by pointedly refusing to give the Nazi salute.<ref name="Iveson and Milton p. 30"/><ref>Braddon 1954, pp. 35–6.</ref> Cheshire graduated in [[jurisprudence]] in 1939.

==Military career==
During his university years, Cheshire learned basic piloting skills with the [[Oxford University Air Squadron]], receiving a commission as a [[pilot officer]] in the [[Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve]] on 16 November 1937.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34455|supp=|startpage=7189|date=16 November 1937|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Following the outbreak of war, Cheshire joined the RAF on 7 October 1939 with a permanent commission.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34713|supp=|startpage=7039|date=20 October 1939|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> He was sent for training at RAF Hullavington<ref>"Obituary: Lord Cheshire VC", Aug. 1, 1992, "The Independent,"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-lord-cheshire-vc-1537228.html</ref> (now [[Hullavington Airfield]]). Promoted to [[flying officer]] on 7 April 1940, he was posted that June to [[No. 102 Squadron RAF|102 Squadron]], flying [[Armstrong Whitworth Whitley]] medium bombers, from [[RAF Driffield]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35005|supp=|startpage=6862|date=3 December 1940|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> In November 1940, Cheshire was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) for flying his badly damaged bomber back to base.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35009|supp=|startpage=6937|date=6 December 1940|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref>

In January 1941, Cheshire completed his tour of operations, but then volunteered immediately for a second tour. He was awarded the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (DFC) in March 1941 and was promoted to the war substantive rank of [[flight lieutenant]] on 7 April.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35097|supp=|startpage=1370|date=7 March 1941|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35196|supp=|startpage=3517|date=20 June 1941|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> He was posted to [[No. 35 Squadron RAF|No. 35 Squadron]] with the brand new [[Handley Page Halifax]] and completed his second tour early in 1942, by then a temporary [[squadron leader]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35503|supp=|startpage=1387|date=27 March 1942|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Cheshire was promoted to the substantive rank of squadron leader on 1 March.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35791|supp=yes|startpage=5034|date=17 November 1942|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> August 1942 saw a return to operations as an acting wing commander and commanding officer of [[No. 76 Squadron RAF]]. The squadron had recently suffered high losses operating the Halifax, and Cheshire immediately tackled the low morale of the unit by ordering an improvement in the performance of the squadron aircraft by removing the mid-upper and nose [[gun turret]]s along with exhaust covers and other weighty non-essential equipment. This allowed the bombers to fly higher and faster. Losses soon fell and morale rose accordingly. Cheshire was amongst the first to note there was very low return rate of Halifax bombers on three engines; furthermore, there were reports the Halifax was unstable in a "corkscrew" which was the manoeuvre used by bomber pilots to escape night fighters. The test pilot Captain [[Eric Brown (pilot)|Eric Brown]], flying uncrewed except for an accompanying flight engineer, undertook risky tests to establish the cause and were told a representative of Bomber Command would fly with them.<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 219.</ref> Brown remembers "We couldn't believe it, it was Cheshire! We were astonished to say the least. I asked him not to touch (the controls) and to his ever lasting credit he never commented at all, he just sat in the second pilot's seat and raised his eye brows at what we were doing!" The fault was in the Halifax's rudder design and Cheshire became enraged when Handley Page at first declined to make modifications so as not to disrupt production.<ref>Hastings 2010, p. 275.</ref>

During his time as the commanding officer of No. 76 Squadron at RAF Linton, Cheshire took the trouble to recognise and learn the name of every single man on the base. He was determined to increase the efficiency of his squadron and improve the chances of survival of its crews, to this end he constantly lectured crews on the skills needed to achieve those aims. The crews knew he was devoted to their interests and when, on an operation to [[Nuremberg]], they were told to cross the French coast at 2,000 ft (the most dangerous height for light flak) Cheshire simply refused, stating they would fly at 200 ft or 20,000 ft. Typically, Cheshire inspired such loyalty and respect that the ground crews of 76 Squadron were proud to chorus "We are Cheshire cats!".<ref>Hastings 2010, pp. 273–275.</ref>

In 1943, Cheshire published an account of his first tour of operations in his book, ''Bomber Pilot'' which tells of his posting to [[RAF Driffield]] and the story of flying his badly damaged bomber ("N for Nuts") back to base. In the book, Cheshire fails to mention being awarded the DSO for this, but does describe the bravery of a badly burnt member of his crew.

===No. 617 Squadron===
In March 1943, by now an acting [[group captain]], Cheshire became station commander of [[RAF Marston Moor]] as the youngest group captain in the RAF, although the job was never to his liking, and he pushed for a return to an operational command. In April, he was awarded a bar to his DSO.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35983|supp=yes|startpage=1798|date=16 April 1943|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> His efforts paid off with a posting as commander of the legendary [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|617 "Dambusters" Squadron]] in September. On 30 September, he was promoted to war substantive [[Wing commander (rank)|wing commander]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=36245|supp=yes|startpage=4974|date=9 November 1943|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> While with 617, Cheshire helped pioneer a new method of marking enemy targets for Bomber Command's 5 Group, flying in at a very low level in the face of strong defences, using first, the versatile [[de Havilland Mosquito]], then a [[North American P-51 Mustang|North American Mustang]] fighter.

On the morning before a planned raid by 617 Squadron to [[Siracourt V-1 bunker|Siracourt]], a crated Mustang turned up at [[Woodhall Spa]], a gift for Cheshire from his admirers in the US [[Eighth Air Force|8th Air Force]]. Cheshire had the aircraft assembled and the engine tested as he was determined to test the possibilities of the fighter as a marker aircraft. He took off, in what was his first flight in the aircraft, and caught up with 617's Lancasters before they reached the target. Cheshire then proceeded to accurately mark the target (a V-1 storage depot) for the heavies which landed three Tallboys on it. He then flew back and landed the Mustang in the dark.<ref>Otter 1996, p. 298.</ref>

This development work in target marking was the subject of some severe intra-service politics; Cheshire was encouraged by his 5 Group Commander [[Air Vice-Marshal]] [[Ralph Cochrane]], although the 8 Group Pathfinder [[Air Officer Commanding|AOC]] Air Vice-Marshal [[Don Bennett]] saw this work as impinging on the responsibilities of his own command.

===Victoria Cross===
Cheshire was nearing the end of his fourth tour of duty in July 1944, having completed a total of 102 missions, when he was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]]. His citation remarked on the entirety of his operation career, noting:

{{Quote|In four years of fighting against the bitterest opposition he maintained a standard of outstanding personal achievement, his successful operations being the result of careful planning, brilliant execution and supreme contempt for danger – for example, on one occasion he flew his Mustang in slow 'figures of eight' above a target obscured by low cloud, to act as a bomb-aiming mark for his squadron. Cheshire displayed the courage and determination of an exceptional leader.<ref name="Citation">{{London Gazette |issue=36693 |date=5 September 1944 |startpage=4175 |supp=y|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/36693/supplements/4175/page.pdf }}</ref>}}

It also gave special mention to a raid against Munich on 24/25 April 1944, in which he had marked a target while flying a Mosquito at low level against "withering fire".

When Cheshire went to [[Buckingham Palace]] to receive his VC from King [[George VI]], he was accompanied by [[Norman Cyril Jackson|Norman Jackson]] who was also due to receive his award on that day. Cheshire insisted that despite the difference in rank (group captain and warrant officer), they should approach the King together. Jackson remembers that Cheshire said to the King, "This chap stuck his neck out more than I did – he should get his VC first!" The King had to keep to protocol, but Jackson commented he would "never forget what Cheshire said."<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 230.</ref>

===Later operations===
[[File:Dropping of the Atomic Bomb on Japan, August 1945 CH13626.jpg|thumbnail|right|A portrait of Cheshire in 1945]]
One of Cheshire's missions was to use new 5,400 kilograms (12,000 lb) "[[Tallboy bomb|Tallboy]]" deep-penetration bombs to destroy [[V-3 cannon|V3 long-range cannons]] located in underground bunkers near [[Fortress of Mimoyecques|Mimoyecques]] in the Pas-de-Calais region of northern France. These were powerful guns able to fire a 500 lb shell into London every minute. They were protected by a concrete layer. The raid was planned so the bombs hit the ground next to the concrete to destroy the guns from underneath. Although considered successful at the time, later evaluations confirmed that the raids were largely ineffectual.<ref>Braddon 1954, p. 129.</ref>

Cheshire was, in his day, both the youngest group captain in the service and, following his VC, the most decorated.<ref>Lawrence, Alenka. "Introduction" to Cheshire 1991, pp. 10–11.</ref> In his book, ''Bomber Command'' (2010), Sir [[Max Hastings]] states "Cheshire was a legend in Bomber Command, a remarkable man with an almost mystical air about him, as if he somehow inhabited a different planet from those about him, but without affectation or pretension". Cheshire would always fly on the most dangerous operations, he never took the easy option of just flying on the less risky ops to France, a habit which caused some commanding officers to be referred to derisively as "François" by their men. Cheshire had no crew but would fly as "second dickey", with the new and nervous to give them confidence.

Cheshire had strong feelings on any crew refusing to fly (commonly called [[Lack of Moral Fibre]] in the RAF) when subject to the combat stress of Bomber Command's sorties (many of which had loss rates of 50% or more). Even as a brilliant and sympathetic leader, he wrote "I was ruthless with LMF, I had to be. We were airmen not [[psychiatrists]]. Of course we had concern for any individual whose internal tensions meant that he could no longer go on but there was a worry that one really frightened man could affect others around him. There was no time to be as compassionate as I would like to have been." Thus Cheshire transferred LMF cases out of his squadron almost instantaneously (like every other RAF squadron did at the time).<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 143.</ref> This was also because he argued that a man who thought he was doomed would collapse or bail out when his aircraft was hit, whereas Cheshire thought if he could survive the initial shock of finding his aircraft damaged, he had more of a chance of survival.<ref>Hastings 2010, p. 280.</ref>

On his 103rd mission, Cheshire and [[William Penney, Baron Penney|William Penney]] were official British observers of the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|nuclear bombing]] of [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]].<ref name=MCreg /><ref name="nyt1992">"Lord Cheshire, World War II Hero Who Founded Homes for Sick, 74," ''The New York Times.'' 2 August 1992.</ref> His vantage point was in the support B-29 ''[[Big Stink (B-29)|Big Stink]]''. He did not witness the event as close up as anticipated due to aircraft commander James Hopkins' failure to link up with the other B-29s. Hopkins was meant to join with the others over Yakushima, but he circled at 39,000 ft instead of the agreed height of 30,000 ft. He tried to justify this by the need to keep the VIP passengers out of danger, but Cheshire thought that Hopkins was "overwrought".

"Many assumed that it was Nagasaki which emptied him; as Cheshire kept pointing out, however, it was the war as a whole. Like Britain herself, he had been fighting or training for fighting since 1939."<ref>Morris 2000, p. 225.</ref> He was earlier quoted as saying: "... then I for one hold little brief for the future of civilization".<ref>BBC scrapbook ''1945'', Fontana, 463 016 FDL</ref>

==Post-war==
Following the end of the war, Cheshire retired from the RAF on medical grounds on 22 January 1946, retaining his final rank of group captain.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=37447|supp=yes|startpage=712|date=25 January 1946|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Cheshire had been brought up a Christian in the [[Church of England]], but had lapsed. In 1945, in the Vanity Fair club in Mayfair, he joined a conversation about religion. "It was absurd," he said, "to imagine that God existed, except as a convenient figure of speech. Man had invented God to explain the voice of conscience, but it was doubtful whether right or wrong existed outside the human mind. They were words affixed like labels to customs and laws which man had also invented to keep social order." To Cheshire's surprise, as he sat back, "pleased with his worldly wisdom," he was roundly rebuked for "talking such rot" by a woman friend who "was one of the last persons on earth he would have credited with" religious convictions.<ref>Boyle, Andrew. ''No Passing Glory''. London: [[The Reprint Society]], 1957, pp. 274–275.</ref> After the war, Joan Botting (widow of Dambusters pilot Norman Botting) lived with Cheshire at the "VIP (for ''Vade in Pacem'' – Go in Peace) Colony" he established for veterans and war widows at Gumley Hall, Leicestershire – one of several new ventures he started after leaving the RAF in 1946. Joan followed him to Le Court, near [[Petersfield]], Hampshire (a mansion which Cheshire had bought from his aunt) where, with three children of her own, Joan took charge of the nursery (Joan is not mentioned by name in ''The Face of Victory'') .<ref>Leonard Cheshire, ''The Face of Victory'' (London: Hutchinson, 1961), p. 69</ref> Cheshire and Joan Botting subsequently investigated many religions, from [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]] to [[Methodism|Methodist]] to "High [[Anglo-Catholic]]" – but none of them provided the answers they were looking for.<ref>''The Face of Victory'' pp. 47, 55–57, 69, 102–107</ref>

Cheshire's aim in establishing the VIP Colony was to provide an opportunity for ex-servicemen and women and their families to live together, each contributing to the community what they could, to help their transition back into civilian life. He hoped that training, prosperity and fulfilment would result from united effort and mutual support. He saw the community as one way of continuing to work towards world peace. The community, however, did not prosper and the project came to an end in 1947.<ref>Cheshire 1981, p. 16.</ref>

At the beginning of 1948, Cheshire heard about the case of Arthur Dykes, who had been one of Cheshire's original "VIP" community at Le Court, and was suffering from cancer. Dykes asked Cheshire to give him some land to park a caravan until he recovered, but Cheshire discovered that Dykes was terminally ill and that this diagnosis was concealed from him. He told Dykes the real position and invited him to stay at Le Court. Cheshire learned nursing skills and was soon approached to take in a second patient, the 94-year-old bedridden wife of a man who had just been taken off to hospital after suffering a stroke. She was followed by others, some coming to stay and others to help. Although Le Court had no financial support, and his situation was financially perilous most of the time, money somehow always seemed to arrive in the nick of time to stave off disaster. Dykes died in August 1948. After completing the arrangements for his funeral, Cheshire idly picked up a book a friend had sent him. It was ''One Lord, One Faith'' by Vernon Johnson, a former [[High church|High Anglican]] clergyman who, against every cherished instinct and prejudice, had converted to Roman Catholicism because, as he put it, "I could not resist the claim of the Catholic Church to be the one true Church founded by Our Lord Jesus Christ to guard and teach the truth ... She alone possesses the authority and unity necessary for such a Divine vocation."<ref>Quoted in Cheshire 1961, p. 136.</ref> In the meantime, Joan Botting had converted to [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].<ref>[[Gary Botting]], "Preface", Gary and [[Heather Botting]], ''The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses'' (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984), pp. ix–xii</ref>

On Christmas Eve, 1948, Cheshire was received into the Catholic Church.

==Charitable life==
{{main|Leonard Cheshire Disability}}

In 1948, Cheshire founded the charity now named [[Leonard Cheshire Disability]], which provides support to disabled people throughout the world. At the beginning of 1949, eight patients were staying at Le Court.<ref>Cheshire 1961, p. 152.</ref> Six months later, there were 28.<ref>Cheshire 1961, p. 158.</ref> Cheshire dedicated the rest of his life to supporting disabled people, combining this with lecturing on conflict resolution.<ref>Richard Morris, ''Cheshire: The Biography of Leonard Cheshire, VC, OM'' (London: Viking, 2000), pp. 408–432</ref>

Other organisations set up by Leonard Cheshire are:
*The Ryder-Cheshire Foundation,<ref>[http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/registeredcharities/showcharity.asp?remchar=&chyno=285746 Charity Commission for England and Wales: Charity Number 285746]</ref> set up by Leonard Cheshire and his wife [[Sue Ryder]] at the time of their marriage in 1959. It now mainly operates in two fields: the rehabilitation of disabled people, through ENRYCH <ref>[http://www.enrych.org.uk "Registered Charity No. 1088623."] ''ENRYCH''.</ref> and the prevention and treatment of [[tuberculosis]], through Target Tuberculosis.<ref>[http://www.targettb.org.uk/ "Registered Charity No. 1098752."] ''Target Tuberculosis''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

In 1953, Cheshire founded the ''Raphael Pilgrimage'' to enable sick and disabled people to travel to [[Lourdes]].<ref>[http://www.raphael.org.uk/ "Raphael: Registered Charity No. 1098328."] ''Pilgrimage Charity''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

Cheshire founded the Memorial Fund for Disaster Relief, a UK charity in whose benefit the [[Roger Waters]] concert ''[[The Wall - Live in Berlin]]'' was held. Cheshire opened this concert by blowing a Second World War whistle.

Cheshire was also concerned about future remembrance and was influential in the concept of the [[National Memorial Arboretum]], founded by David Childs. The amphitheatre at the Arboretum is dedicated to the memory of Leonard Cheshire.

==Return to Nagasaki==
In 1985, Cheshire featured in a documentary, ''Nagasaki – Return Journey''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6e912f7a |title=Nagasaki – Return Journey |website= BFI.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url= http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/3rd-august-1985/31/television| date=2 August 1985|page= 31 |title= Television: Forty years on| first= Alexander |last= Chancellor | work= The Spectator| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20150405170258/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/3rd-august-1985/31/television| archivedate= 5 April 2015 | deadurl= yes| accessdate= 10 August 2015}}</ref>

==Private life==
On 15 July 1941, Cheshire married the American actress [[Constance Binney]] (21 years his senior), but the marriage was short-lived and childless. Their divorce was ratified in January 1951.<ref name=odnb>{{cite encyclopedia|title= Leonard Cheshire| work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|volume= 11|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=321|first= Christopher |last= Foxley-Norris| isbn=0-19-861361-X}}</ref>

On 5 April 1959, in [[Bombay]]'s Roman Catholic Cathedral, he married [[Sue Ryder]], also a Roman Catholic convert and humanitarian. He and Baroness Ryder were one of the few couples to both hold titles in their own right. They had two children, Jeromy and Elizabeth Cheshire, and lived in [[Cavendish, Suffolk|Cavendish]], [[Suffolk]].

Cheshire was a lifelong tennis fan, a member of The All England Club, and a formidable amateur player well into his seventies.

==Death==
Cheshire died of [[motor neurone disease]] aged 74 on 31 July 1992.

==Honours and tributes==

* Cheshire was the subject of ''[[This Is Your Life (UK TV series)|This Is Your Life]]'' in 1960 when he was surprised by [[Eamonn Andrews]] in central London.
* On 17 July 1991, Cheshire was created a [[life peer]] as '''Baron Cheshire''' of [[Woodhall Spa|Woodhall]] in the County of Lincolnshire,<ref name="nyt1992"/><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=52608 |date=22 July 1991 |startpage=11147}}</ref> sitting as a [[cross-bencher]].
* [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] paid personal tribute to him in her [[Royal Christmas Message]] in December 1992.
* In the 2002 [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] poll to find the [[100 Greatest Britons]], Cheshire attained position number 31. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the [[Imperial War Museum]], London.
* A house at [[Xavier College]], a leading private school in Melbourne, Australia, is named after Cheshire. [[Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview|St Ignatius College]], a private school in Sydney, Australia, also has a house named after Cheshire.
* Leonard Cheshire is acknowledged on the album ''[[The Wall – Live in Berlin]]'' by former [[Pink Floyd]] member [[Roger Waters]]. Waters once described Cheshire as "the only true Christian I've ever met".

[[File:Cheshire, Leonard (VC) closeup2 - Copy.jpg|thumb|Cheshire's medal group on display at the [[Imperial War Museum]].]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:UK Victoria Cross ribbon bar.svg|50px]] || [[Victoria Cross]] (VC) || July 1944
|-
|[[File:Order of Merit (Commonwealth realms) ribbon.png|50px]] || [[Order of Merit|Member of the Order of Merit]] (OM) || 1981<ref name="nyt1992"/>
|-
|[[File:DSO with 2Bars.png|50px]] || [[Companion of the Distinguished Service Order|Companion of the Distinguished Service Order and Two Bars]] (DSO & 2 Bars) ||
|-
|[[File:United Kingdom Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg|50px]] || [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (DFC) ||
|-
|[[File:39-45 Star BAR.svg|50px]] || [[1939–45 Star]] ||
|-
|[[File:Air Crew Europe BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Air Crew Europe Star]] || With 1 clasp ''Atlantic'' {{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
|-
|[[File:Burma Star BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Burma Star]] ||
|-
|[[File:Defence Medal BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Defence Medal (United Kingdom)|Defence Medal]] ||
|-
|[[File:War Medal 39-45 BAR MID.png|50px]] || [[War Medal 1939–1945]] with Palm for [[Mentioned in Dispatches]] ||
|-
|[[File:UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|50px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]] || (1953)
|-
|[[File:Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.png|50px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal]] || (1977)
|}

==Publications by Leonard Cheshire==
* ''Bomber Pilot''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1943; St. Albans, Herts, UK: Mayflower, 1975. ISBN 0-583-12541-7; London: Goodall Publications ISBN 0-907579-10-8
* ''The Holy Face: An Account of the Oldest Photograph in the World'' (16-page [[pamphlet]]). Newport, Monmouthshire, UK: R. H. Johns, 1954.
* ''Pilgrimage to the Shroud''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1956.
* ''The Story of the Holy Shroud''. [[Associated Television]] Ltd: ATV Library, 1957. Text of broadcast.
* ''The Face of Victory''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1961.
* ''Death'' (22-page pamphlet). London: [[Catholic Truth Society]], 1978.
* ''The Hidden World: An Autobiography and Reflections by the Founder of the Leonard Cheshire Homes''. London: Collins, 1981. ISBN 0-00-626479-4.
* ''The Light of Many Suns: The Meaning of the Bomb''. London: Methuen, 1985. ISBN 0-413-59240-5
* ''Where Is God in All This?'' (Interview by Alenka Lawrence). Slough, Berks, UK: St Paul Publications, 1991. ISBN 0-85439-380-3
* ''Crossing the Finishing Line: Last Thoughts of Leonard Cheshire VC'' (Edited by [[Reginald C. Fuller]]). London: St. Pauls, 1998. ISBN 0-85439-527-X.

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Boyle, Andrew. ''No Passing Glory: The Full and Authentic Biography of Group Captain Cheshire, V.C., D.S.O, D.F.C.''. London: Fontana Books, 1955.
* Braddon, Russell. ''Cheshire, V.C.'' London: Evans Brothers Ltd., 1954. Reprinted in 1956 by the Readers Book Club. {{OCLC|221454400}}
* Brickhill, Paul. ''[[The Dam Busters (book)|The Dam Busters]]''. London: Pan Books, 1983. ISBN 0-330-28083-X.
* [[David Garnett|Garnett, David]]. ''The White/Garnett Letters''. New York: The Viking Press, 1968. ISBN 978-0-224-61323-1
* Harvey, David. ''[[Monuments to Courage]]''. Uckfield, East Sussex, UK: Naval & Military Press Ltd., 1999. ISBN 1-84342-356-1.
* Hastings, Sir Max. ''Bomber Command'' (Pan Military Classics) London: Pan Books, 2010. ISBN 978-0-330-51361-6.
* Iveson, Tony and [[Brian Milton]]. ''Lancaster: The Biography.'' London: Andre Deutsch Ltd, 2009. ISBN 978-0-233-00270-5.
* [[Laffin, John]]. ''British VCs of World War 2: A Study in Heroism''. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: [[Sutton Publishing Limited]], 1997, ISBN 0-7509-1026-7.
* Morris, Richard. ''Cheshire: The Biography of Leonard Cheshire, VC, OM''. London: Viking Press, 2000. ISBN 0-670-86735-7.
* "Obituary for Prof. G.C. Cheshire." ''[[The Times]]'', 28 October 1978.
* Otter, Patrick. ''Lincolnshire Airfields in the Second World War.'' Newbury, Berkshire, UK: Countryside Books, 1996. ISBN 978-1-85306-424-1.
* ''[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]]''. London: ''This England'', 1997. ISBN 0-906324-27-0.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Leonard Cheshire}}
*[http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/suffolk.htm Location of grave and VC medal] ''(Suffolk)''
*[http://www.leonard-cheshire.org/?lid=19 History of the Leonard Cheshire charity]
*[http://www.ryder-cheshire.org Ryder Cheshire]
*[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/vcgpches.jpg Image of Cheshire's Medals]
*[http://www.julianlewis.net/cheshire-vc-and-the-cnd Cheshire VC and the CND]
*[http://www.richarddnorth.com/journalism/culture/sueryder.htm Sue Ryder of Cavendish] – [[Richard D. North]]
* {{IMDb name|156193}}
*[http://www.bigredbook.info/leonard_cheshire.html Leonard Cheshire's appearance] on ''[[This Is Your Life]]''
*[http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80029987 Imperial War Museum Interview]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Harold Brownlow Martin|Harold Martin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Officer Commanding [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|No. 617 Squadron]]|years=November 1943 – July 1944}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James Brian Tait|James Tait]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheshire, Leonard}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British philanthropists]]
[[Category:British World War II pilots]]
[[Category:British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism]]
[[Category:Crossbench life peers|Cheshire, Leonard Cheshire, Baron]]
[[Category:Deaths from motor neurone disease]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
[[Category:People educated at The Dragon School]]
[[Category:People educated at Stowe School]]
[[Category:People from Chester]]
[[Category:People from Oxford]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic activists]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:People associated with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Leonard Cheshire

2016-03-02T02:37:01Z

Rodericksilly: /* Honours and tributes */

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
|name=The Lord Cheshire
|image= Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945. CH9136.jpg
|caption= Group Captain Leonard Cheshire c. 1943
|birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1917|09|07}}
|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1992|07|31|1917|09|07}}
|birth_place= [[Chester]], [[Cheshire]]
|death_place= [[Cavendish, Suffolk]]
|placeofburial=Cavendish Churchyard
|nickname=
|allegiance={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|branch={{air force|United Kingdom}}
|serviceyears=1937–1946
|rank=[[Group Captain]]
|commands= [[No. 76 Squadron RAF]] [[RAF Marston Moor]] [[No. 617 Squadron RAF]]
|unit=[[No. 102 Squadron RAF]] [[No. 35 Squadron RAF]]
|battles= [[Second World War]]
|awards= [[Victoria Cross]] [[Member of the Order of Merit]] [[Distinguished Service Order]] & [[Medal bar|Two Bars]] [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]]
|spouse=[[Constance Binney]] (1941–51) [[Sue Ryder]] (1959–92)
|relations=[[Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire]] (father)
|laterwork=Humanitarian
}}
[[Group Captain]] '''Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire, Baron Cheshire''' [[Victoria Cross|VC]], [[Member of the Order of Merit|OM]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] & [[Medal bar|Two Bars]], [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|DFC]] (7 September 1917 – 31 July 1992) was a highly decorated [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) pilot during the [[Second World War]] and later philanthropist.

Among the honours Cheshire received as a pilot is the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

He was the youngest group captain in the RAF and one of the most highly decorated pilots of the war, but after serving as the British observer on the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki#Nagasaki|Nagasaki nuclear attack]] he resigned from the Air Force. He founded a hospice that grew into the charity [[Leonard Cheshire Disability]], and he became known for his work in conflict resolution; he was created Baron Cheshire in 1991 in recognition of his charitable work.<ref name="Gazette-Peerage">{{cite journal | url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/52563/supplements/1 | title=Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire | journal=[[London Gazette]] | year=1991 | issue=14 June}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Birthplace of Leonard Cheshire VC - geograph.org.uk - 675071.jpg|thumb|left|Cheshire's home in Chester, where a blue plaque marks the house in which he was born.]]
Leonard Cheshire was the son of [[Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire]], a barrister, academic and influential writer on English law. He had one brother, Christopher Cheshire, also a wartime pilot. Cheshire was born in [[Chester]], but was brought up at his parents' home near [[Oxford]]. Cheshire was educated at the [[Dragon School]], Oxford, [[Stowe School]] and [[Merton College, Oxford]].<ref name="MCreg">{{cite book|editor1-last=Levens|editor1-first=R.G.C.|title=Merton College Register 1900-1964|date=1964|publisher=Basil Blackwell|location=Oxford|page=273}}</ref> At Stowe he was taught English by the fantasy novelist [[T. H. White]].<ref>Garnett 1968 p.152</ref> Whilst at Oxford he became friends with [[John Niel Randle]]. On one occasion at Oxford he was bet half a [[pint]] of beer that he could not walk to Paris with no more than a few pennies in his pocket; he won his bet.<ref name="Iveson and Milton p. 30">Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 30.</ref> He went to stay in Germany in 1936 with the family of [[Ludwig von Reuter]] in [[Potsdam]]<ref>Braddon 1954, pp. 32–6.</ref> and whilst there, witnessed an [[Adolf Hitler]] rally. Cheshire caused considerable offence by pointedly refusing to give the Nazi salute.<ref name="Iveson and Milton p. 30"/><ref>Braddon 1954, pp. 35–6.</ref> Cheshire graduated in [[jurisprudence]] in 1939.

==Military career==
During his university years, Cheshire learned basic piloting skills with the [[Oxford University Air Squadron]], receiving a commission as a [[pilot officer]] in the [[Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve]] on 16 November 1937.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34455|supp=|startpage=7189|date=16 November 1937|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Following the outbreak of war, Cheshire joined the RAF on 7 October 1939 with a permanent commission.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34713|supp=|startpage=7039|date=20 October 1939|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> He was sent for training at RAF Hullavington<ref>"Obituary: Lord Cheshire VC", Aug. 1, 1992, "The Independent,"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-lord-cheshire-vc-1537228.html</ref> (now [[Hullavington Airfield]]). Promoted to [[flying officer]] on 7 April 1940, he was posted that June to [[No. 102 Squadron RAF|102 Squadron]], flying [[Armstrong Whitworth Whitley]] medium bombers, from [[RAF Driffield]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35005|supp=|startpage=6862|date=3 December 1940|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> In November 1940, Cheshire was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) for flying his badly damaged bomber back to base.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35009|supp=|startpage=6937|date=6 December 1940|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref>

In January 1941, Cheshire completed his tour of operations, but then volunteered immediately for a second tour. He was awarded the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (DFC) in March 1941 and was promoted to the war substantive rank of [[flight lieutenant]] on 7 April.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35097|supp=|startpage=1370|date=7 March 1941|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35196|supp=|startpage=3517|date=20 June 1941|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> He was posted to [[No. 35 Squadron RAF|No. 35 Squadron]] with the brand new [[Handley Page Halifax]] and completed his second tour early in 1942, by then a temporary [[squadron leader]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35503|supp=|startpage=1387|date=27 March 1942|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Cheshire was promoted to the substantive rank of squadron leader on 1 March.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35791|supp=yes|startpage=5034|date=17 November 1942|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> August 1942 saw a return to operations as an acting wing commander and commanding officer of [[No. 76 Squadron RAF]]. The squadron had recently suffered high losses operating the Halifax, and Cheshire immediately tackled the low morale of the unit by ordering an improvement in the performance of the squadron aircraft by removing the mid-upper and nose [[gun turret]]s along with exhaust covers and other weighty non-essential equipment. This allowed the bombers to fly higher and faster. Losses soon fell and morale rose accordingly. Cheshire was amongst the first to note there was very low return rate of Halifax bombers on three engines; furthermore, there were reports the Halifax was unstable in a "corkscrew" which was the manoeuvre used by bomber pilots to escape night fighters. The test pilot Captain [[Eric Brown (pilot)|Eric Brown]], flying uncrewed except for an accompanying flight engineer, undertook risky tests to establish the cause and were told a representative of Bomber Command would fly with them.<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 219.</ref> Brown remembers "We couldn't believe it, it was Cheshire! We were astonished to say the least. I asked him not to touch (the controls) and to his ever lasting credit he never commented at all, he just sat in the second pilot's seat and raised his eye brows at what we were doing!" The fault was in the Halifax's rudder design and Cheshire became enraged when Handley Page at first declined to make modifications so as not to disrupt production.<ref>Hastings 2010, p. 275.</ref>

During his time as the commanding officer of No. 76 Squadron at RAF Linton, Cheshire took the trouble to recognise and learn the name of every single man on the base. He was determined to increase the efficiency of his squadron and improve the chances of survival of its crews, to this end he constantly lectured crews on the skills needed to achieve those aims. The crews knew he was devoted to their interests and when, on an operation to [[Nuremberg]], they were told to cross the French coast at 2,000 ft (the most dangerous height for light flak) Cheshire simply refused, stating they would fly at 200 ft or 20,000 ft. Typically, Cheshire inspired such loyalty and respect that the ground crews of 76 Squadron were proud to chorus "We are Cheshire cats!".<ref>Hastings 2010, pp. 273–275.</ref>

In 1943, Cheshire published an account of his first tour of operations in his book, ''Bomber Pilot'' which tells of his posting to [[RAF Driffield]] and the story of flying his badly damaged bomber ("N for Nuts") back to base. In the book, Cheshire fails to mention being awarded the DSO for this, but does describe the bravery of a badly burnt member of his crew.

===No. 617 Squadron===
In March 1943, by now an acting [[group captain]], Cheshire became station commander of [[RAF Marston Moor]] as the youngest group captain in the RAF, although the job was never to his liking, and he pushed for a return to an operational command. In April, he was awarded a bar to his DSO.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35983|supp=yes|startpage=1798|date=16 April 1943|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> His efforts paid off with a posting as commander of the legendary [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|617 "Dambusters" Squadron]] in September. On 30 September, he was promoted to war substantive [[Wing commander (rank)|wing commander]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=36245|supp=yes|startpage=4974|date=9 November 1943|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> While with 617, Cheshire helped pioneer a new method of marking enemy targets for Bomber Command's 5 Group, flying in at a very low level in the face of strong defences, using first, the versatile [[de Havilland Mosquito]], then a [[North American P-51 Mustang|North American Mustang]] fighter.

On the morning before a planned raid by 617 Squadron to [[Siracourt V-1 bunker|Siracourt]], a crated Mustang turned up at [[Woodhall Spa]], a gift for Cheshire from his admirers in the US [[Eighth Air Force|8th Air Force]]. Cheshire had the aircraft assembled and the engine tested as he was determined to test the possibilities of the fighter as a marker aircraft. He took off, in what was his first flight in the aircraft, and caught up with 617's Lancasters before they reached the target. Cheshire then proceeded to accurately mark the target (a V-1 storage depot) for the heavies which landed three Tallboys on it. He then flew back and landed the Mustang in the dark.<ref>Otter 1996, p. 298.</ref>

This development work in target marking was the subject of some severe intra-service politics; Cheshire was encouraged by his 5 Group Commander [[Air Vice-Marshal]] [[Ralph Cochrane]], although the 8 Group Pathfinder [[Air Officer Commanding|AOC]] Air Vice-Marshal [[Don Bennett]] saw this work as impinging on the responsibilities of his own command.

===Victoria Cross===
Cheshire was nearing the end of his fourth tour of duty in July 1944, having completed a total of 102 missions, when he was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]]. His citation remarked on the entirety of his operation career, noting:

{{Quote|In four years of fighting against the bitterest opposition he maintained a standard of outstanding personal achievement, his successful operations being the result of careful planning, brilliant execution and supreme contempt for danger – for example, on one occasion he flew his Mustang in slow 'figures of eight' above a target obscured by low cloud, to act as a bomb-aiming mark for his squadron. Cheshire displayed the courage and determination of an exceptional leader.<ref name="Citation">{{London Gazette |issue=36693 |date=5 September 1944 |startpage=4175 |supp=y|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/36693/supplements/4175/page.pdf }}</ref>}}

It also gave special mention to a raid against Munich on 24/25 April 1944, in which he had marked a target while flying a Mosquito at low level against "withering fire".

When Cheshire went to [[Buckingham Palace]] to receive his VC from King [[George VI]], he was accompanied by [[Norman Cyril Jackson|Norman Jackson]] who was also due to receive his award on that day. Cheshire insisted that despite the difference in rank (group captain and warrant officer), they should approach the King together. Jackson remembers that Cheshire said to the King, "This chap stuck his neck out more than I did – he should get his VC first!" The King had to keep to protocol, but Jackson commented he would "never forget what Cheshire said."<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 230.</ref>

===Later operations===
[[File:Dropping of the Atomic Bomb on Japan, August 1945 CH13626.jpg|thumbnail|right|A portrait of Cheshire in 1945]]
One of Cheshire's missions was to use new 5,400 kilograms (12,000 lb) "[[Tallboy bomb|Tallboy]]" deep-penetration bombs to destroy [[V-3 cannon|V3 long-range cannons]] located in underground bunkers near [[Fortress of Mimoyecques|Mimoyecques]] in the Pas-de-Calais region of northern France. These were powerful guns able to fire a 500 lb shell into London every minute. They were protected by a concrete layer. The raid was planned so the bombs hit the ground next to the concrete to destroy the guns from underneath. Although considered successful at the time, later evaluations confirmed that the raids were largely ineffectual.<ref>Braddon 1954, p. 129.</ref>

Cheshire was, in his day, both the youngest group captain in the service and, following his VC, the most decorated.<ref>Lawrence, Alenka. "Introduction" to Cheshire 1991, pp. 10–11.</ref> In his book, ''Bomber Command'' (2010), Sir [[Max Hastings]] states "Cheshire was a legend in Bomber Command, a remarkable man with an almost mystical air about him, as if he somehow inhabited a different planet from those about him, but without affectation or pretension". Cheshire would always fly on the most dangerous operations, he never took the easy option of just flying on the less risky ops to France, a habit which caused some commanding officers to be referred to derisively as "François" by their men. Cheshire had no crew but would fly as "second dickey", with the new and nervous to give them confidence.

Cheshire had strong feelings on any crew refusing to fly (commonly called [[Lack of Moral Fibre]] in the RAF) when subject to the combat stress of Bomber Command's sorties (many of which had loss rates of 50% or more). Even as a brilliant and sympathetic leader, he wrote "I was ruthless with LMF, I had to be. We were airmen not [[psychiatrists]]. Of course we had concern for any individual whose internal tensions meant that he could no longer go on but there was a worry that one really frightened man could affect others around him. There was no time to be as compassionate as I would like to have been." Thus Cheshire transferred LMF cases out of his squadron almost instantaneously (like every other RAF squadron did at the time).<ref>Iveson and Milton 2009, p. 143.</ref> This was also because he argued that a man who thought he was doomed would collapse or bail out when his aircraft was hit, whereas Cheshire thought if he could survive the initial shock of finding his aircraft damaged, he had more of a chance of survival.<ref>Hastings 2010, p. 280.</ref>

On his 103rd mission, Cheshire and [[William Penney, Baron Penney|William Penney]] were official British observers of the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|nuclear bombing]] of [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]].<ref name=MCreg /><ref name="nyt1992">"Lord Cheshire, World War II Hero Who Founded Homes for Sick, 74," ''The New York Times.'' 2 August 1992.</ref> His vantage point was in the support B-29 ''[[Big Stink (B-29)|Big Stink]]''. He did not witness the event as close up as anticipated due to aircraft commander James Hopkins' failure to link up with the other B-29s. Hopkins was meant to join with the others over Yakushima, but he circled at 39,000 ft instead of the agreed height of 30,000 ft. He tried to justify this by the need to keep the VIP passengers out of danger, but Cheshire thought that Hopkins was "overwrought".

"Many assumed that it was Nagasaki which emptied him; as Cheshire kept pointing out, however, it was the war as a whole. Like Britain herself, he had been fighting or training for fighting since 1939."<ref>Morris 2000, p. 225.</ref> He was earlier quoted as saying: "... then I for one hold little brief for the future of civilization".<ref>BBC scrapbook ''1945'', Fontana, 463 016 FDL</ref>

==Post-war==
Following the end of the war, Cheshire retired from the RAF on medical grounds on 22 January 1946, retaining his final rank of group captain.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=37447|supp=yes|startpage=712|date=25 January 1946|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Cheshire had been brought up a Christian in the [[Church of England]], but had lapsed. In 1945, in the Vanity Fair club in Mayfair, he joined a conversation about religion. "It was absurd," he said, "to imagine that God existed, except as a convenient figure of speech. Man had invented God to explain the voice of conscience, but it was doubtful whether right or wrong existed outside the human mind. They were words affixed like labels to customs and laws which man had also invented to keep social order." To Cheshire's surprise, as he sat back, "pleased with his worldly wisdom," he was roundly rebuked for "talking such rot" by a woman friend who "was one of the last persons on earth he would have credited with" religious convictions.<ref>Boyle, Andrew. ''No Passing Glory''. London: [[The Reprint Society]], 1957, pp. 274–275.</ref> After the war, Joan Botting (widow of Dambusters pilot Norman Botting) lived with Cheshire at the "VIP (for ''Vade in Pacem'' – Go in Peace) Colony" he established for veterans and war widows at Gumley Hall, Leicestershire – one of several new ventures he started after leaving the RAF in 1946. Joan followed him to Le Court, near [[Petersfield]], Hampshire (a mansion which Cheshire had bought from his aunt) where, with three children of her own, Joan took charge of the nursery (Joan is not mentioned by name in ''The Face of Victory'') .<ref>Leonard Cheshire, ''The Face of Victory'' (London: Hutchinson, 1961), p. 69</ref> Cheshire and Joan Botting subsequently investigated many religions, from [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]] to [[Methodism|Methodist]] to "High [[Anglo-Catholic]]" – but none of them provided the answers they were looking for.<ref>''The Face of Victory'' pp. 47, 55–57, 69, 102–107</ref>

Cheshire's aim in establishing the VIP Colony was to provide an opportunity for ex-servicemen and women and their families to live together, each contributing to the community what they could, to help their transition back into civilian life. He hoped that training, prosperity and fulfilment would result from united effort and mutual support. He saw the community as one way of continuing to work towards world peace. The community, however, did not prosper and the project came to an end in 1947.<ref>Cheshire 1981, p. 16.</ref>

At the beginning of 1948, Cheshire heard about the case of Arthur Dykes, who had been one of Cheshire's original "VIP" community at Le Court, and was suffering from cancer. Dykes asked Cheshire to give him some land to park a caravan until he recovered, but Cheshire discovered that Dykes was terminally ill and that this diagnosis was concealed from him. He told Dykes the real position and invited him to stay at Le Court. Cheshire learned nursing skills and was soon approached to take in a second patient, the 94-year-old bedridden wife of a man who had just been taken off to hospital after suffering a stroke. She was followed by others, some coming to stay and others to help. Although Le Court had no financial support, and his situation was financially perilous most of the time, money somehow always seemed to arrive in the nick of time to stave off disaster. Dykes died in August 1948. After completing the arrangements for his funeral, Cheshire idly picked up a book a friend had sent him. It was ''One Lord, One Faith'' by Vernon Johnson, a former [[High church|High Anglican]] clergyman who, against every cherished instinct and prejudice, had converted to Roman Catholicism because, as he put it, "I could not resist the claim of the Catholic Church to be the one true Church founded by Our Lord Jesus Christ to guard and teach the truth ... She alone possesses the authority and unity necessary for such a Divine vocation."<ref>Quoted in Cheshire 1961, p. 136.</ref> In the meantime, Joan Botting had converted to [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].<ref>[[Gary Botting]], "Preface", Gary and [[Heather Botting]], ''The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses'' (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984), pp. ix–xii</ref>

On Christmas Eve, 1948, Cheshire was received into the Catholic Church.

==Charitable life==
{{main|Leonard Cheshire Disability}}

In 1948, Cheshire founded the charity now named [[Leonard Cheshire Disability]], which provides support to disabled people throughout the world. At the beginning of 1949, eight patients were staying at Le Court.<ref>Cheshire 1961, p. 152.</ref> Six months later, there were 28.<ref>Cheshire 1961, p. 158.</ref> Cheshire dedicated the rest of his life to supporting disabled people, combining this with lecturing on conflict resolution.<ref>Richard Morris, ''Cheshire: The Biography of Leonard Cheshire, VC, OM'' (London: Viking, 2000), pp. 408–432</ref>

Other organisations set up by Leonard Cheshire are:
*The Ryder-Cheshire Foundation,<ref>[http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/registeredcharities/showcharity.asp?remchar=&chyno=285746 Charity Commission for England and Wales: Charity Number 285746]</ref> set up by Leonard Cheshire and his wife [[Sue Ryder]] at the time of their marriage in 1959. It now mainly operates in two fields: the rehabilitation of disabled people, through ENRYCH <ref>[http://www.enrych.org.uk "Registered Charity No. 1088623."] ''ENRYCH''.</ref> and the prevention and treatment of [[tuberculosis]], through Target Tuberculosis.<ref>[http://www.targettb.org.uk/ "Registered Charity No. 1098752."] ''Target Tuberculosis''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

In 1953, Cheshire founded the ''Raphael Pilgrimage'' to enable sick and disabled people to travel to [[Lourdes]].<ref>[http://www.raphael.org.uk/ "Raphael: Registered Charity No. 1098328."] ''Pilgrimage Charity''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

Cheshire founded the Memorial Fund for Disaster Relief, a UK charity in whose benefit the [[Roger Waters]] concert ''[[The Wall - Live in Berlin]]'' was held. Cheshire opened this concert by blowing a Second World War whistle.

Cheshire was also concerned about future remembrance and was influential in the concept of the [[National Memorial Arboretum]], founded by David Childs. The amphitheatre at the Arboretum is dedicated to the memory of Leonard Cheshire.

==Return to Nagasaki==
In 1985, Cheshire featured in a documentary, ''Nagasaki – Return Journey''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6e912f7a |title=Nagasaki – Return Journey |website= BFI.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url= http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/3rd-august-1985/31/television| date=2 August 1985|page= 31 |title= Television: Forty years on| first= Alexander |last= Chancellor | work= The Spectator| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20150405170258/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/3rd-august-1985/31/television| archivedate= 5 April 2015 | deadurl= yes| accessdate= 10 August 2015}}</ref>

==Private life==
On 15 July 1941, Cheshire married the American actress [[Constance Binney]] (21 years his senior), but the marriage was short-lived and childless. Their divorce was ratified in January 1951.<ref name=odnb>{{cite encyclopedia|title= Leonard Cheshire| work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|volume= 11|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=321|first= Christopher |last= Foxley-Norris| isbn=0-19-861361-X}}</ref>

On 5 April 1959, in [[Bombay]]'s Roman Catholic Cathedral, he married [[Sue Ryder]], also a Roman Catholic convert and humanitarian. He and Baroness Ryder were one of the few couples to both hold titles in their own right. They had two children, Jeromy and Elizabeth Cheshire, and lived in [[Cavendish, Suffolk|Cavendish]], [[Suffolk]].

Cheshire was a lifelong tennis fan, a member of The All England Club, and a formidable amateur player well into his seventies.

==Death==
Cheshire died of [[motor neurone disease]] aged 74 on 31 July 1992.

==Honours and tributes==

* Cheshire was the subject of ''[[This Is Your Life (UK TV series)|This Is Your Life]]'' in 1960 when he was surprised by [[Eamonn Andrews]] in central London.
* On 17 July 1991, Cheshire was created a [[life peer]] as '''Baron Cheshire''' of [[Woodhall Spa|Woodhall]] in the County of Lincolnshire,<ref name="nyt1992"/><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=52608 |date=22 July 1991 |startpage=11147}}</ref> sitting as a [[cross-bencher]].
* [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] paid personal tribute to him in her [[Royal Christmas Message]] in December 1992.
* In the 2002 [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] poll to find the [[100 Greatest Britons]], Cheshire attained position number 31. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the [[Imperial War Museum]], London.
* A house at [[Xavier College]], a leading private school in Melbourne, Australia, is named after Cheshire. [[Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview|St Ignatius College]], a private school in Sydney, Australia, also has a house named after Cheshire.
* Leonard Cheshire is acknowledged on the album ''[[The Wall – Live in Berlin]]'' by former [[Pink Floyd]] member [[Roger Waters]]. Waters once described Cheshire as "the only true Christian I've ever met."

[[File:Cheshire, Leonard (VC) closeup2 - Copy.jpg|thumb|Cheshire's medal group on display at the [[Imperial War Museum]].]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:UK Victoria Cross ribbon bar.svg|50px]] || [[Victoria Cross]] (VC) || July 1944
|-
|[[File:Order of Merit (Commonwealth realms) ribbon.png|50px]] || [[Order of Merit|Member of the Order of Merit]] (OM) || 1981<ref name="nyt1992"/>
|-
|[[File:DSO with 2Bars.png|50px]] || [[Companion of the Distinguished Service Order|Companion of the Distinguished Service Order and Two Bars]] (DSO & 2 Bars) ||
|-
|[[File:United Kingdom Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg|50px]] || [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (DFC) ||
|-
|[[File:39-45 Star BAR.svg|50px]] || [[1939–45 Star]] ||
|-
|[[File:Air Crew Europe BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Air Crew Europe Star]] || With 1 clasp ''Atlantic'' {{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
|-
|[[File:Burma Star BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Burma Star]] ||
|-
|[[File:Defence Medal BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Defence Medal (United Kingdom)|Defence Medal]] ||
|-
|[[File:War Medal 39-45 BAR MID.png|50px]] || [[War Medal 1939–1945]] with Palm for [[Mentioned in Dispatches]] ||
|-
|[[File:UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|50px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]] || (1953)
|-
|[[File:Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.png|50px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal]] || (1977)
|}

==Publications by Leonard Cheshire==
* ''Bomber Pilot''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1943; St. Albans, Herts, UK: Mayflower, 1975. ISBN 0-583-12541-7; London: Goodall Publications ISBN 0-907579-10-8
* ''The Holy Face: An Account of the Oldest Photograph in the World'' (16-page [[pamphlet]]). Newport, Monmouthshire, UK: R. H. Johns, 1954.
* ''Pilgrimage to the Shroud''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1956.
* ''The Story of the Holy Shroud''. [[Associated Television]] Ltd: ATV Library, 1957. Text of broadcast.
* ''The Face of Victory''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1961.
* ''Death'' (22-page pamphlet). London: [[Catholic Truth Society]], 1978.
* ''The Hidden World: An Autobiography and Reflections by the Founder of the Leonard Cheshire Homes''. London: Collins, 1981. ISBN 0-00-626479-4.
* ''The Light of Many Suns: The Meaning of the Bomb''. London: Methuen, 1985. ISBN 0-413-59240-5
* ''Where Is God in All This?'' (Interview by Alenka Lawrence). Slough, Berks, UK: St Paul Publications, 1991. ISBN 0-85439-380-3
* ''Crossing the Finishing Line: Last Thoughts of Leonard Cheshire VC'' (Edited by [[Reginald C. Fuller]]). London: St. Pauls, 1998. ISBN 0-85439-527-X.

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Boyle, Andrew. ''No Passing Glory: The Full and Authentic Biography of Group Captain Cheshire, V.C., D.S.O, D.F.C.''. London: Fontana Books, 1955.
* Braddon, Russell. ''Cheshire, V.C.'' London: Evans Brothers Ltd., 1954. Reprinted in 1956 by the Readers Book Club. {{OCLC|221454400}}
* Brickhill, Paul. ''[[The Dam Busters (book)|The Dam Busters]]''. London: Pan Books, 1983. ISBN 0-330-28083-X.
* [[David Garnett|Garnett, David]]. ''The White/Garnett Letters''. New York: The Viking Press, 1968. ISBN 978-0-224-61323-1
* Harvey, David. ''[[Monuments to Courage]]''. Uckfield, East Sussex, UK: Naval & Military Press Ltd., 1999. ISBN 1-84342-356-1.
* Hastings, Sir Max. ''Bomber Command'' (Pan Military Classics) London: Pan Books, 2010. ISBN 978-0-330-51361-6.
* Iveson, Tony and [[Brian Milton]]. ''Lancaster: The Biography.'' London: Andre Deutsch Ltd, 2009. ISBN 978-0-233-00270-5.
* [[Laffin, John]]. ''British VCs of World War 2: A Study in Heroism''. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: [[Sutton Publishing Limited]], 1997, ISBN 0-7509-1026-7.
* Morris, Richard. ''Cheshire: The Biography of Leonard Cheshire, VC, OM''. London: Viking Press, 2000. ISBN 0-670-86735-7.
* "Obituary for Prof. G.C. Cheshire." ''[[The Times]]'', 28 October 1978.
* Otter, Patrick. ''Lincolnshire Airfields in the Second World War.'' Newbury, Berkshire, UK: Countryside Books, 1996. ISBN 978-1-85306-424-1.
* ''[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]]''. London: ''This England'', 1997. ISBN 0-906324-27-0.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Leonard Cheshire}}
*[http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/suffolk.htm Location of grave and VC medal] ''(Suffolk)''
*[http://www.leonard-cheshire.org/?lid=19 History of the Leonard Cheshire charity]
*[http://www.ryder-cheshire.org Ryder Cheshire]
*[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/vcgpches.jpg Image of Cheshire's Medals]
*[http://www.julianlewis.net/cheshire-vc-and-the-cnd Cheshire VC and the CND]
*[http://www.richarddnorth.com/journalism/culture/sueryder.htm Sue Ryder of Cavendish] – [[Richard D. North]]
* {{IMDb name|156193}}
*[http://www.bigredbook.info/leonard_cheshire.html Leonard Cheshire's appearance] on ''[[This Is Your Life]]''
*[http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80029987 Imperial War Museum Interview]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Harold Brownlow Martin|Harold Martin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Officer Commanding [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|No. 617 Squadron]]|years=November 1943 – July 1944}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James Brian Tait|James Tait]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheshire, Leonard}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British philanthropists]]
[[Category:British World War II pilots]]
[[Category:British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism]]
[[Category:Crossbench life peers|Cheshire, Leonard Cheshire, Baron]]
[[Category:Deaths from motor neurone disease]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
[[Category:People educated at The Dragon School]]
[[Category:People educated at Stowe School]]
[[Category:People from Chester]]
[[Category:People from Oxford]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic activists]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:People associated with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]

Land of Confusion

2015-12-08T11:08:09Z

Rodericksilly:

{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox single
|Name = Land of Confusion
|Cover = Genesis-Land-of-confusion-single-cover.jpg
|Caption = Original single cover parodying 1963's ''[[With The Beatles]]''
|Artist = [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
|Album = [[Invisible Touch]]
|B-side = Feeding the Fire
|Released = {{start date|df=yes|1986|10|31}} US {{start date|df=yes|1986|11|10}} UK
|Format = U.S.: [[Gramophone record|7"]], UK: 7", [[12-inch single|12"]]
|Recorded = [[The Farm (recording studio)|The Farm]], Surrey; 1985–1986
|Genre = [[Rock music|Rock]]
|Length = 4:45
|Label = [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] U.S. [[Virgin Records|Virgin]] – GENS 3 UK
|Writer = {{Flatlist|
* [[Mike Rutherford]]
* [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]]
* [[Phil Collins]]
}}
|Producer = {{Flatlist|
* [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
* [[Hugh Padgham]]
}}
|Last single = "[[Throwing It All Away]]" (1986)
|This single = "'''Land of Confusion'''" (1986)
|Next single = "[[In Too Deep (Genesis song)|In Too Deep]]" (1987)
|Misc = {{Extra track listing
| Album = [[Invisible Touch]]
| Type = single
| prev_track = "[[Tonight, Tonight, Tonight]]"
| prev_no = 2
| this_track = "'''Land of Confusion'''"
| track_no = 3
| next_track = "[[In Too Deep (Genesis song)|In Too Deep]]"
| next_no = 4
}}
{{Audiosample
| Upper caption = yes
| Audio file = GenesisLandofConfusion.ogg
}}
}}
"'''Land of Confusion'''" is a song by the English rock band [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]] from their 1986 album ''[[Invisible Touch]]''. The song was the third track on the album and was the third track released as a single, reaching No. 4 in the U.S.<ref>http://www.billboard.com/charts/1987-01-31/hot-100</ref> and No. 14 in the UK in late 1986.<ref name="UK chart">[http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/genesis/ Genesis UK chart history], The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 18 May 2012.</ref> It made No. 8 in the [[Netherlands]]. The music was written by the band, while the lyrics were written by guitarist [[Mike Rutherford]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.innerviews.org/inner/genesis.html | title=Genesis: Turning it on again | work=Innerviews | first=Anil | last=Prasad |accessdate=27 May 2012}}</ref> The song's video featured puppets from the 1980s UK sketch show ''[[Spitting Image]]''.

==Music video==
[[File:LandofConfusionscreenshot1.JPG|left|250px|thumb|The band members (Banks, Collins and Rutherford) as they appeared in the video.]]
The song is widely remembered for its music video, which had heavy airplay on [[MTV]]. The video features [[caricature]] puppets by the British television show ''[[Spitting Image]]''. After [[Phil Collins]] saw a caricatured version of himself on the show, he commissioned the show's creators, [[Peter Fluck]] and [[Roger Law]], to create puppets of the entire band, as well as all the characters in the video.

The video opens with a caricatured [[Ronald Reagan]] (voiced by [[Chris Barrie]]), [[Nancy Reagan]], and a chimpanzee (parodying Reagan's film ''[[Bedtime for Bonzo]]''), going to bed at 16:30 (4:30 PM). Nancy is absorbed in reading ‘His Way’, Kitty Kelley's unauthorized biography of Frank Sinatra, in which claims are made of sexual relations between Sinatra and the then actress Nancy Davis prior to her marriage to Reagan. Reagan, holding a [[teddy bear]], goes to sleep and begins to have a nightmare, which sets the premise for the entire video. The video intermittently features a line of stomping feet, illustrating an army marching through a swamp, and they pick up heads of [[Cold War]]-era political figures in the swamp along the way (an [[allusion]] to ''[[Motel Hell]]'').

Caricatured versions of the band members are shown playing instruments on stage during a concert: [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]] on an array of synthesizers (as well as a [[cash register]]), [[Mike Rutherford]] on a [[Double neck guitar|four-necked guitar]] (parodying Rutherford's dual role as the band's guitar and bass-player), and two [[Phil Collins]] puppets: one on the drums, and one singing.

During the second verse, the video features various world leaders giving speeches on large video screens in front of mass crowds; the video shows [[Benito Mussolini]], [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini]], [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and his aides (appearing like [[Frank Sinatra]]'s '[[rat pack]]'), and [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]]. Meanwhile, Reagan is shown putting on a [[Superman]] suit, fumbling along the way, while Collins sings,

:''Oh Superman where are you now''
:''When everything's gone wrong somehow''
:''The men of steel, the men of power''
:''Are losing control by the hour.''

Meanwhile, the "real world" Reagan is shown drowning in his own sweat (at one point, a [[rubber duck]] floats by).

During the bridge, the Superman-costumed Reagan and a [[Monoclonius]]-type dinosaur (with punk jewellery) watch a television showing various clips (apparently from the ''Spitting Image'' show itself), including [[Johnny Carson]], [[Leonard Nimoy]] as Mr. [[Spock]] (with a [[Rubik's Cube]]), and [[Bob Hope]]. This segues into a sequence apparently set in prehistoric times, where the [[Monoclonius]]-type and a [[theropod]]-type dinosaur (wearing a bow-tie) meet up with Ron and Nancy Reagan and a rather outlandish mammal eats an egg and reads a newspaper. At the end of this part, the ape from the prologue is shown throwing a bone in the air (an [[allusion]] to ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'').

As the bone begins to fall there is a sudden switch to Collins catching a falling phone which he uses to inform the person on the other end that he "won't be coming home tonight, my generation will put it right" (which is when a caricature of a 1980s [[Pete Townshend]] is seen playing a chord on guitar and giving a thumb-up for putative mentioning of his own song, "[[My Generation]]") and on the "we're not just making promises" verse the bone lands (on top of [[David Bowie]] and [[Bob Dylan]]). Reagan is then shown riding the ''Monoclonius'' through the streets while wearing a cowboy hat and wardrobe (a reference to Reagan's down-home public persona and ranch). As the video nears its climax, there are periodic scenes of a large group of spoofed celebrity puppets, including [[Tina Turner]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[Bill Cosby]] and [[Hulk Hogan]] singing along to the chorus of the song, in a spoof of the charity-driven song "[[We Are the World]]", with [[Pope John Paul II]] playing an electric guitar.

At the end of the video, Reagan awakens from his dream, and surfaces from the sweat surrounding him; Nancy at this point is wearing a [[Snorkeling|snorkel]]. After taking a drink (missing his mouth and, indeed, his face), he fumbles for a button next to his bed. He intends to push the one labelled "Nurse", but instead presses the one titled "[[Nuclear weapons|Nuke]]", setting off a nuclear weapon. Reagan then replies "Man, that's one heck of a nurse!" Nancy whacks him over the head with her snorkel.

The video, directed by John Lloyd & Jim Yukich and produced by Jon Blair, won the short-lived [[Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video#Recipients|Best Concept Music Video]] during the [[30th Annual Grammy Awards]].<ref>[http://80music.about.com/library/grammy/bl_1987.htm 1988 Grammy Awards information]. About.com. Retrieved 4 March 2006.</ref> The video was also nominated for an [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Video of the Year]] in 1987, but lost to "[[Sledgehammer (Peter Gabriel song)|Sledgehammer]]" by [[Peter Gabriel]] (coincidentally, Genesis' former lead singer). It also made the number-one spot on ''[[The Village Voice]]'' critic [[Robert Christgau]]'s top 10 music videos in his year-end "Dean's List" feature, and number three on the equivalent list in his annual survey of music critics, [[Pazz & Jop]] (again losing out to "Sledgehammer").<ref>[http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans86.php Robert Christgau: Pazz & Jop 1986: Dean's List]; [http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/pjres86.php Robert Christgau: Pazz & Jop 1986: Critics Poll]. Robert Christgau's Web Site. Retrieved 19 June 2006.</ref>

===List of famous people and characters seen in the video===


{{inc-video|date=August 2008}}
{{MultiCol}}
* [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]]
* [[Phil Collins]]
* [[Mike Rutherford]]
* [[Ronald Reagan]]
* [[Pete Townshend]] (performs his signature "Windmill", after the lyrics "[[My Generation]] Will Put it Right")
* [[Nancy Reagan]]
* [[Jimmy Carter]]
* [[Margaret Thatcher]]
* [[Henry Kissinger]]
* [[Robert Maxwell]]
* [[David Owen]]
* [[Harold Wilson]]
* [[Richard Branson]]
* [[Prince Charles]]
* [[Idi Amin]]
* [[Roger Moore]]
* [[Marlon Brando]]
* [[Ian Paisley]]
* [[Ayatollah Khomeini]]
* [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]
* [[Leonid Brezhnev]]
* [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]]
* [[Ed McMahon]]
* [[Johnny Carson]]
* [[Walter Cronkite]]
* [[Richard Nixon]]
* [[Leonard Nimoy]] as [[Spock]]
* [[Bob Hope]]
* [[Bob Hawke]]
* [[Sylvester Stallone]]
* [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] (is seen backstage eating his own tongue as a hot dog, while Phil Collins sings into the telephone)
* [[Grace Jones]]
* [[François Mitterrand]]
* [[Tina Turner]]
* [[Bruce Springsteen]]
* [[Richard John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan|Lord Lucan]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[David Bowie]]
* [[Mick Jagger]]
* [[Tammy Faye Bakker]]
* [[Thomas Gottschalk]]
* [[Leopoldo Galtieri]]
* [[Helmut Kohl]] (whacking Erich Honecker with a banana. He is seen for a split second in the first TV segment. This is a reference to the lack of tropical fruit and especially bananas in [[East Germany]], a fact which was widely exploited by [[West Germany|West-German]] media throughout the 1980s and one of the reasons cited by defectors to flee to West Germany. Due to this fact, East-German writer [[Gisela Elsner]] in early 1990 also accused East Germans willing to re-unite of "bananism" and Kohl of bribing East Germans with bananas.<ref>Lohmüller, Thomas. ''Gegen die Geschichte? Zum Diskurs der Verspätung in den Biografien der "letzten Kommunisten" [[Ronald M. Schernikau]] und Gisela Elsner'' ("Counter history? On the discourse of 'Being Too Late' in the biographies of the 'last Communists' Ronald M. Schernikau and Gisela Elsner") in Bueno, Marta Fernandez; Lohmüller, Thomas (eds.). ''20 Jahre Mauerfall - Diskurse, Rückbauten, Perspektiven'' ("20 Years after the Fall of the Wall: Discourses, Demolitions, Perspectives"), Bern: Peter Lang, p. 265, ISBN 978-3-0343-0427-6</ref>)
* [[Erich Honecker]] (being whacked with a banana by Helmut Kohl)
* [[Urho Kekkonen]]
* [[Alan Greenspan]]
* [[Bruce Forsyth]]
* [[Frank Sinatra]] (not a puppet; photo on book Nancy is reading)
* Bonzo (The chimpanzee that costars with Reagan in [[Bedtime for Bonzo]])

{{ColBreak}}
;''in crowd:''
* [[Queen Elizabeth II]]
* [[Elton John]]
* [[Prince Philip]]
* [[Freddie Mercury]]
* [[Joan Rivers]]
* [[Pope John Paul II]]
* [[Ringo Starr]]
* [[Yoko Ono]]
* [[Clint Eastwood]]
* [[Michael Jackson]]
* [[Cyndi Lauper]]
* [[Barbra Streisand]]
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] (has a singing lipstick-painted navel)
* [[Jane Fonda]]
* [[Bette Midler]]
* [[Princess Diana]]
* [[Dolly Parton]]
* [[Stephen King]]
* [[Mr. T]]
* [[Walter Matthau]]
* [[Paul McCartney]]
* [[Hulk Hogan]]
* [[Bill Cosby]]
* [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
* [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
* [[Bob Geldof]]
* [[Faye Dunaway]]
* [[Cliff Richard]]
* [[Boy George]]
* [[Jimmy Somerville]]
* [[Popeye]]
* [[Florence Henderson]]
* (For a brief moment at the end before President Reagan wakes, the real [[Phil Collins]] appears in the crowd)
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Singles track listings==
[[File:Withthebeatlescover.jpg|250px|thumb|right|The single sleeve design for "Land of Confusion" is a parody of [[The Beatles]]' 1963 UK album, ''[[With the Beatles]]''.]]
===7": Virgin / GENS 3 (UK) ===
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

=== 7": Atlantic / 7-89336 (U.S.) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (LP Version) – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

===12": Virgin / GENS 3–12 (UK) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

===12": Virgin / 608 632-213 (Germany) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

===CD: Virgin / SNEG 3–12 (UK) ===
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54
# "Do the Neurotic" – 7:08

===12": Atlantic / PR 968 (U.S.) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45

===7": Atlantic / 7-89336 promo (U.S.) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Special Edited Remix) – 3:53
# "Land of Confusion" (Album Version) – 4:45

* Remixes by [[John Potoker]]

==Personnel==
*[[Phil Collins]] – drums, percussion, vocals
*[[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]] – keyboards, synth bass
*[[Mike Rutherford]] – electric guitar, bass guitar

==Live performances==
The song was played on their ''[[Invisible Touch]]'',<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=15&addcommentsall= Invisible Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> ''[[We Can't Dance|The Way We Walk]]'',<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=16&addcommentsall= The Way We Walk Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> ''[[Calling All Stations]]''<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=17&addcommentsall= Calling All Stations Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> (with [[Ray Wilson (musician)|Ray Wilson]] on vocals) and ''[[Turn It On Again: The Tour]]''<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=18&addcommentsall= Turn it on again Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> tours, though later transposed to a lower key to accommodate Collins' deepening voice.

It also appears on their live albums ''[[The Way We Walk, Volume One: The Shorts]]'', and ''[[Live Over Europe 2007]]''. As well as on their DVDs ''[[Genesis Live at Wembley Stadium]]'', ''[[The Way We Walk - Live in Concert]]'' and ''[[When in Rome 2007]]''.

==Cultural references==
"Land of Confusion" was also a track used for the final episode of the 1980s cop show ''[[Miami Vice]]'' (in which [[Phil Collins]] periodically played a minor role) called "Freefall" and was applied as the characters of the show [[James "Sonny" Crockett|Crockett]] ([[Don Johnson]]) and Tubbs ([[Philip Michael Thomas]]) were in the middle of a stakeout. The song was to imply the complexity of the story during the finale.

This song is mentioned in ''[[American Psycho (film)|American Psycho]]''.

The cover version of "Land of Confusion" by Disturbed is used in the end credits of ''[[Bigger, Stronger, Faster*]]''.

==Notable covers==
The song has been variously re-recorded as [[cover versions]] by several artists spanning a number of genres:
*One-time Genesis guitarist [[Daryl Stuermer]] reworked the song into a [[jazz]] tune on his album ''[[Another Side of Genesis]]''.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=another-side-of-genesis-mw0000058026|pure_url=yes}} Track listing for ''Another Side of Genesis'' by Daryl Steurmer]. AllMusic.com. Retrieved 4 March 2006.</ref>
*It has been covered by [[reggae]] group Fourth Dimension.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=around-the-world-mw0000242270|pure_url=yes}} Track listing for ''Around the World'' by Fourth Dimension]. AllMusic.com. Retrieved 4 March 2006.</ref>
* Swedish [[melodic death metal]] band [[In Flames]] covered the song for their 2003 EP ''[[Trigger (EP)|Trigger]]''.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=trigger-ep-mw0000597892|pure_url=yes}} Track listing for ''Trigger EP'' by in Flames]. AllMusic.com. Retrieved 11 October 2009.</ref>
* Canadian singer [[Nelly Furtado]] covered the song at on her first Spanish head-lining tour, the [[Mi Plan Tour]], as a mash-up with her single "[[Powerless (Say What You Want)]]".
* [[Alcazar (band)|Alcazar]] adapted the chorus for their song "[[This Is the World We Live In]]".
* Norwegian folk-pop band [[Katzenjammer (band)|Katzenjammer]] covered the song for their album ''[[A Kiss Before You Go]]''. A music video of the song was also filmed; it was released in CD/DVD format in May 2012.

===Disturbed {{anchor | Disturbed song and video}}===
{{Infobox single
|Name = Land of Confusion
|Artist = [[Disturbed (band)|Disturbed]]
|Cover = disturbed_land_of_confusion.png
|Album = [[Ten Thousand Fists]]
|Released = 2 October 2006
|Format = {{Flatlist|
* Compact disc
* [[Gramophone record|12" picture LP]]
}}
|Recorded = January – April 2005 at Groovemaster Studios in [[Chicago, Illinois]]
|Genre = [[Hard rock]]
|Writer = {{Flatlist|
* [[Mike Rutherford]]
* [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]]
* [[Phil Collins]]
}}
|Label = [[Reprise Records|Reprise]]
|Length = 4:47
|Producer = [[Johnny K]]
|Last single = "[[Just Stop]]" (2006)
|This single = "'''Land of Confusion'''" (2006)
|Next single = "[[Ten Thousand Fists (song)|Ten Thousand Fists]]" (2006)
}}
The American [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band [[Disturbed (band)|Disturbed]] released a cover of the song on their third studio album, ''[[Ten Thousand Fists]]''. The song became the fourth single from that album. Vocalist [[David Draiman]] commented that the aim of covering the song was, "taking a song that's absolutely nothing like us and making it our own."<ref name="aimforcover">{{cite web|title=Disturbed frontman: 'I see ourselves as being a three-decade spanning band'|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=62683|date=23 November 2006|accessdate=15 December 2008|publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> The line "And the sound of your laughter" in the original's bridge was replaced by "In the wake of this madness".

It was accompanied by a music video animated by [[Todd McFarlane]], known as the creator of the comics series ''[[Spawn (comics)|Spawn]]''. McFarlane had previously animated the music videos for the songs "[[Freak on a Leash]]" by [[Korn]] and "[[Do the Evolution]]" by [[Pearl Jam]]. According to McFarlane, the music video is "a big view of the corporate world and how it all ties into just one big beast for me... The world is run by one giant thing, which is driven by greed and lust."<ref name="disturbedmcfarlane"/> "Land of Confusion" reached number 1 in the [[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks]]; it is Disturbed's first number 1 single on that chart.

====Music video====
The video starts out with [[Disturbed (band)#Mascot|the Guy]], Disturbed's mascot, falling to earth. It then shows military forces bearing the symbol of [[dollar sign]]<ref name="disturbedmcfarlane">{{cite news|last =Harris|first=Chris|title=Todd McFarlane to make Genesis' 'Confusion' clip even more disturbed|publisher=MTV|date=15 March 2006|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1525848/20060310/disturbed.jhtml|accessdate=18 December 2008}}</ref> within a [[Flag of Germany#Third Reich and World War II (1933–45)|circle of white that is within a field of red]], followed by legions of [[Blackshirts|black-clad soldiers]] reminiscent of [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[Schutzstaffel]].<ref name="mcfarlanevskirkman">{{cite news|last=Khouri|first=Andy|title=CCI, Day 3: McFarlane Vs Kirkman?|publisher=Comic Book Resources|date=22 July 2006|url=http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=7666|accessdate=18 December 2008}}</ref> The video then shows the Guy, escaping bondage from chains, as the military forces continue to assault cities and civilians. Later on, leaders of various nations of the world (bearing close physical resemblance to the then respective national leaders) are shown sitting at a table with the same dollar sign on it. Eventually the Guy confronts the soldiers, and leads the people in rebellion. Flags of several powerful nations are then shown, with the final flag sporting the dollar sign. The Guy leads the rebels to the [[United Nations Headquarters]]<ref name="mcfarlanevskirkman"/> where they disrupt a meeting of the U.N. representatives. The Guy then leads the angry mob into a back room where they confront the real [[power behind the throne]], a gigantic, bloated [[Fat cat (term)|Fat Cat]]. The mob then drags him to the ground and once immobilised, the Guy destroys the Fat Cat, who explodes into a shower of dollar bills.

====UK enhanced version====
# "Land of Confusion"
# "Sickened"
# "Land of Confusion" (Video)

====UK, European & US vinyl 12" limited edition picture disc ====
# "Land of Confusion"
# "Sickened"

====European version====
# "Land of Confusion" (Version 1)
# "Land of Confusion" (Version 2)

====Personnel====
* [[David Draiman]] – lead vocals
* [[Dan Donegan]] – guitars, [[electronics]]
* [[John Moyer]] – bass guitar, backing vocals
* [[Mike Wengren]] – drums

==Charts==

===Genesis version===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (1986–87)
!Peak position
|-
|Australia ([[Kent Music Report]])
|align="center"|21
|-
|Austria ([[Ö3 Austria Top 40]])
|align="center"|27
|-
|Belgium (Flanders) ([[Ultratop]])
|align="center"|14
|-
|Canada ([[RPM]])
|align="center"|8
|-
|Finland ([[Suomen virallinen lista]])<ref>{{cite book | first= Jake | last= Nyman |year= 2005 | title={{lang|fin|Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja}} | edition= 1st | publisher=Tammi | location= Helsinki| isbn= 951-31-2503-3| language= Finnish }}</ref>
|align="center"|18
|-
|Germany ([[GfK Entertainment]])
|align="center"|7
|-
|Ireland ([[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]])
|align="center"|9
|-
|Netherlands ([[Dutch Top 40]])
|align="center"|10
|-
|New Zealand ([[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]])
|align="center"|9
|-
|Sweden ([[Sverigetopplistan]])
|align="center"|10
|-
|[[Swiss Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|8
|-
|United Kingdom ([[The Official Charts Company]])<ref name="UK chart"/>
|align="center"|14
|-
|US ''Billboard'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]]
|align="center"|4
|-
|US ''Billboard'' [[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks|Top Rock Tracks]]
|align="center"|11
|-
|}

===Disturbed version===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chart (2006)
! Position
|-
|United Kingdom ([[The Official Charts Company]])
|align="center"|79
|-
|US Alternative songs
|align="center"|18
|-
|US Billboard
|align="center"|105
|-
|US Mainstream Rock Tracks<ref name="singlecharts">{{cite web|title=''Ten Thousand Fists'' US single charts|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=disturbed|chart=all}}|accessdate=9 July 2009}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|US Modern Rock Tracks<ref name="singlecharts"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|18
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vh1classic.com/view/artist/1077/18140/Genesis/Land_Of_Confusion/index.jhtml ''Genesis'' Music Video] at [[VH1 Classic]]
* [http://www.mtvmusic.com/video/?id=18140 ''Genesis'' Music Video] at [[MTV Music]]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Through Glass]]" by [[Stone Sour]]
| title = [[Mainstream Rock Tracks|''Billboard'' Mainstream Rock Tracks]] [[List of number-one mainstream rock hits (United States)#2006|number-one single]] (Disturbed version)
| years = 4 November 2006 – 18 November 2006
| after = "[[The Pot]]" by [[Tool (band)|Tool]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Genesis}}
{{Disturbed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Land Of Confusion}}
[[Category:1986 singles]]
[[Category:2006 singles]]
[[Category:Genesis (band) songs]]
[[Category:Disturbed (band) songs]]
[[Category:Songs about nuclear war and weapons]]
[[Category:Billboard Mainstream Rock number-one singles]]
[[Category:Songs written by Tony Banks (musician)]]
[[Category:Songs written by Phil Collins]]
[[Category:Songs written by Mike Rutherford]]
[[Category:Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Hugh Padgham]]

Land of Confusion

2015-12-08T11:05:30Z

Rodericksilly:

{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox single
|Name = Land of Confusion
|Cover = Genesis-Land-of-confusion-single-cover.jpg
|Caption = Original single cover parodying 1963's ''[[With The Beatles]]''
|Artist = [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
|Album = [[Invisible Touch]]
|B-side = Feeding the Fire
|Released = {{start date|df=yes|1986|10|31}} US {{start date|df=yes|1986|11|10}} UK
|Format = U.S.: [[Gramophone record|7"]], UK: 7", [[12-inch single|12"]]
|Recorded = [[The Farm (recording studio)|The Farm]], Surrey; 1985–1986
|Genre = [[Rock music|Rock]]
|Length = 4:45
|Label = [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] U.S. [[Virgin Records|Virgin]] – GENS 3 UK
|Writer = {{Flatlist|
* [[Mike Rutherford]]
* [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]]
* [[Phil Collins]]
}}
|Producer = {{Flatlist|
* [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
* [[Hugh Padgham]]
}}
|Last single = "[[Throwing it All Away]]" (1986)
|This single = "'''Land of Confusion'''" (1986)
|Next single = "[[In Too Deep (Genesis song)|In Too Deep]]" (1987)
|Misc = {{Extra track listing
| Album = [[Invisible Touch]]
| Type = single
| prev_track = "[[Tonight, Tonight, Tonight]]"
| prev_no = 2
| this_track = "'''Land of Confusion'''"
| track_no = 3
| next_track = "[[In Too Deep (Genesis song)|In Too Deep]]"
| next_no = 4
}}
{{Audiosample
| Upper caption = yes
| Audio file = GenesisLandofConfusion.ogg
}}
}}
"'''Land of Confusion'''" is a song by the English rock band [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]] from their 1986 album ''[[Invisible Touch]]''. The song was the third track on the album and was the third track released as a single, reaching No. 4 in the U.S.<ref>http://www.billboard.com/charts/1987-01-31/hot-100</ref> and No. 14 in the UK in late 1986.<ref name="UK chart">[http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/genesis/ Genesis UK chart history], The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 18 May 2012.</ref> It made No. 8 in the [[Netherlands]]. The music was written by the band, while the lyrics were written by guitarist [[Mike Rutherford]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.innerviews.org/inner/genesis.html | title=Genesis: Turning it on again | work=Innerviews | first=Anil | last=Prasad |accessdate=27 May 2012}}</ref> The song's video featured puppets from the 1980s UK sketch show ''[[Spitting Image]]''.

==Music video==
[[File:LandofConfusionscreenshot1.JPG|left|250px|thumb|The band members (Banks, Collins and Rutherford) as they appeared in the video.]]
The song is widely remembered for its music video, which had heavy airplay on [[MTV]]. The video features [[caricature]] puppets by the British television show ''[[Spitting Image]]''. After [[Phil Collins]] saw a caricatured version of himself on the show, he commissioned the show's creators, [[Peter Fluck]] and [[Roger Law]], to create puppets of the entire band, as well as all the characters in the video.

The video opens with a caricatured [[Ronald Reagan]] (voiced by [[Chris Barrie]]), [[Nancy Reagan]], and a chimpanzee (parodying Reagan's film ''[[Bedtime for Bonzo]]''), going to bed at 16:30 (4:30 PM). Nancy is absorbed in reading ‘His Way’, Kitty Kelley's unauthorized biography of Frank Sinatra, in which claims are made of sexual relations between Sinatra and the then actress Nancy Davis prior to her marriage to Reagan. Reagan, holding a [[teddy bear]], goes to sleep and begins to have a nightmare, which sets the premise for the entire video. The video intermittently features a line of stomping feet, illustrating an army marching through a swamp, and they pick up heads of [[Cold War]]-era political figures in the swamp along the way (an [[allusion]] to ''[[Motel Hell]]'').

Caricatured versions of the band members are shown playing instruments on stage during a concert: [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]] on an array of synthesizers (as well as a [[cash register]]), [[Mike Rutherford]] on a [[Double neck guitar|four-necked guitar]] (parodying Rutherford's dual role as the band's guitar and bass-player), and two [[Phil Collins]] puppets: one on the drums, and one singing.

During the second verse, the video features various world leaders giving speeches on large video screens in front of mass crowds; the video shows [[Benito Mussolini]], [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini]], [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and his aides (appearing like [[Frank Sinatra]]'s '[[rat pack]]'), and [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]]. Meanwhile, Reagan is shown putting on a [[Superman]] suit, fumbling along the way, while Collins sings,

:''Oh Superman where are you now''
:''When everything's gone wrong somehow''
:''The men of steel, the men of power''
:''Are losing control by the hour.''

Meanwhile, the "real world" Reagan is shown drowning in his own sweat (at one point, a [[rubber duck]] floats by).

During the bridge, the Superman-costumed Reagan and a [[Monoclonius]]-type dinosaur (with punk jewellery) watch a television showing various clips (apparently from the ''Spitting Image'' show itself), including [[Johnny Carson]], [[Leonard Nimoy]] as Mr. [[Spock]] (with a [[Rubik's Cube]]), and [[Bob Hope]]. This segues into a sequence apparently set in prehistoric times, where the [[Monoclonius]]-type and a [[theropod]]-type dinosaur (wearing a bow-tie) meet up with Ron and Nancy Reagan and a rather outlandish mammal eats an egg and reads a newspaper. At the end of this part, the ape from the prologue is shown throwing a bone in the air (an [[allusion]] to ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'').

As the bone begins to fall there is a sudden switch to Collins catching a falling phone which he uses to inform the person on the other end that he "won't be coming home tonight, my generation will put it right" (which is when a caricature of a 1980s [[Pete Townshend]] is seen playing a chord on guitar and giving a thumb-up for putative mentioning of his own song, "[[My Generation]]") and on the "we're not just making promises" verse the bone lands (on top of [[David Bowie]] and [[Bob Dylan]]). Reagan is then shown riding the ''Monoclonius'' through the streets while wearing a cowboy hat and wardrobe (a reference to Reagan's down-home public persona and ranch). As the video nears its climax, there are periodic scenes of a large group of spoofed celebrity puppets, including [[Tina Turner]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[Bill Cosby]] and [[Hulk Hogan]] singing along to the chorus of the song, in a spoof of the charity-driven song "[[We Are the World]]", with [[Pope John Paul II]] playing an electric guitar.

At the end of the video, Reagan awakens from his dream, and surfaces from the sweat surrounding him; Nancy at this point is wearing a [[Snorkeling|snorkel]]. After taking a drink (missing his mouth and, indeed, his face), he fumbles for a button next to his bed. He intends to push the one labelled "Nurse", but instead presses the one titled "[[Nuclear weapons|Nuke]]", setting off a nuclear weapon. Reagan then replies "Man, that's one heck of a nurse!" Nancy whacks him over the head with her snorkel.

The video, directed by John Lloyd & Jim Yukich and produced by Jon Blair, won the short-lived [[Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video#Recipients|Best Concept Music Video]] during the [[30th Annual Grammy Awards]].<ref>[http://80music.about.com/library/grammy/bl_1987.htm 1988 Grammy Awards information]. About.com. Retrieved 4 March 2006.</ref> The video was also nominated for an [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Video of the Year]] in 1987, but lost to "[[Sledgehammer (Peter Gabriel song)|Sledgehammer]]" by [[Peter Gabriel]] (coincidentally, Genesis' former lead singer). It also made the number-one spot on ''[[The Village Voice]]'' critic [[Robert Christgau]]'s top 10 music videos in his year-end "Dean's List" feature, and number three on the equivalent list in his annual survey of music critics, [[Pazz & Jop]] (again losing out to "Sledgehammer").<ref>[http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans86.php Robert Christgau: Pazz & Jop 1986: Dean's List]; [http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/pjres86.php Robert Christgau: Pazz & Jop 1986: Critics Poll]. Robert Christgau's Web Site. Retrieved 19 June 2006.</ref>

===List of famous people and characters seen in the video===


{{inc-video|date=August 2008}}
{{MultiCol}}
* [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]]
* [[Phil Collins]]
* [[Mike Rutherford]]
* [[Ronald Reagan]]
* [[Pete Townshend]] (performs his signature "Windmill", after the lyrics "[[My Generation]] Will Put it Right")
* [[Nancy Reagan]]
* [[Jimmy Carter]]
* [[Margaret Thatcher]]
* [[Henry Kissinger]]
* [[Robert Maxwell]]
* [[David Owen]]
* [[Harold Wilson]]
* [[Richard Branson]]
* [[Prince Charles]]
* [[Idi Amin]]
* [[Roger Moore]]
* [[Marlon Brando]]
* [[Ian Paisley]]
* [[Ayatollah Khomeini]]
* [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]
* [[Leonid Brezhnev]]
* [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]]
* [[Ed McMahon]]
* [[Johnny Carson]]
* [[Walter Cronkite]]
* [[Richard Nixon]]
* [[Leonard Nimoy]] as [[Spock]]
* [[Bob Hope]]
* [[Bob Hawke]]
* [[Sylvester Stallone]]
* [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] (is seen backstage eating his own tongue as a hot dog, while Phil Collins sings into the telephone)
* [[Grace Jones]]
* [[François Mitterrand]]
* [[Tina Turner]]
* [[Bruce Springsteen]]
* [[Richard John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan|Lord Lucan]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[David Bowie]]
* [[Mick Jagger]]
* [[Tammy Faye Bakker]]
* [[Thomas Gottschalk]]
* [[Leopoldo Galtieri]]
* [[Helmut Kohl]] (whacking Erich Honecker with a banana. He is seen for a split second in the first TV segment. This is a reference to the lack of tropical fruit and especially bananas in [[East Germany]], a fact which was widely exploited by [[West Germany|West-German]] media throughout the 1980s and one of the reasons cited by defectors to flee to West Germany. Due to this fact, East-German writer [[Gisela Elsner]] in early 1990 also accused East Germans willing to re-unite of "bananism" and Kohl of bribing East Germans with bananas.<ref>Lohmüller, Thomas. ''Gegen die Geschichte? Zum Diskurs der Verspätung in den Biografien der "letzten Kommunisten" [[Ronald M. Schernikau]] und Gisela Elsner'' ("Counter history? On the discourse of 'Being Too Late' in the biographies of the 'last Communists' Ronald M. Schernikau and Gisela Elsner") in Bueno, Marta Fernandez; Lohmüller, Thomas (eds.). ''20 Jahre Mauerfall - Diskurse, Rückbauten, Perspektiven'' ("20 Years after the Fall of the Wall: Discourses, Demolitions, Perspectives"), Bern: Peter Lang, p. 265, ISBN 978-3-0343-0427-6</ref>)
* [[Erich Honecker]] (being whacked with a banana by Helmut Kohl)
* [[Urho Kekkonen]]
* [[Alan Greenspan]]
* [[Bruce Forsyth]]
* [[Frank Sinatra]] (not a puppet; photo on book Nancy is reading)
* Bonzo (The chimpanzee that costars with Reagan in [[Bedtime for Bonzo]])

{{ColBreak}}
;''in crowd:''
* [[Queen Elizabeth II]]
* [[Elton John]]
* [[Prince Philip]]
* [[Freddie Mercury]]
* [[Joan Rivers]]
* [[Pope John Paul II]]
* [[Ringo Starr]]
* [[Yoko Ono]]
* [[Clint Eastwood]]
* [[Michael Jackson]]
* [[Cyndi Lauper]]
* [[Barbra Streisand]]
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] (has a singing lipstick-painted navel)
* [[Jane Fonda]]
* [[Bette Midler]]
* [[Princess Diana]]
* [[Dolly Parton]]
* [[Stephen King]]
* [[Mr. T]]
* [[Walter Matthau]]
* [[Paul McCartney]]
* [[Hulk Hogan]]
* [[Bill Cosby]]
* [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
* [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
* [[Bob Geldof]]
* [[Faye Dunaway]]
* [[Cliff Richard]]
* [[Boy George]]
* [[Jimmy Somerville]]
* [[Popeye]]
* [[Florence Henderson]]
* (For a brief moment at the end before President Reagan wakes, the real [[Phil Collins]] appears in the crowd)
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Singles track listings==
[[File:Withthebeatlescover.jpg|250px|thumb|right|The single sleeve design for "Land of Confusion" is a parody of [[The Beatles]]' 1963 UK album, ''[[With the Beatles]]''.]]
===7": Virgin / GENS 3 (UK) ===
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

=== 7": Atlantic / 7-89336 (U.S.) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (LP Version) – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

===12": Virgin / GENS 3–12 (UK) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

===12": Virgin / 608 632-213 (Germany) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

===CD: Virgin / SNEG 3–12 (UK) ===
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54
# "Do the Neurotic" – 7:08

===12": Atlantic / PR 968 (U.S.) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45

===7": Atlantic / 7-89336 promo (U.S.) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Special Edited Remix) – 3:53
# "Land of Confusion" (Album Version) – 4:45

* Remixes by [[John Potoker]]

==Personnel==
*[[Phil Collins]] – drums, percussion, vocals
*[[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]] – keyboards, synth bass
*[[Mike Rutherford]] – electric guitar, bass guitar

==Live performances==
The song was played on their ''[[Invisible Touch]]'',<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=15&addcommentsall= Invisible Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> ''[[We Can't Dance|The Way We Walk]]'',<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=16&addcommentsall= The Way We Walk Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> ''[[Calling All Stations]]''<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=17&addcommentsall= Calling All Stations Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> (with [[Ray Wilson (musician)|Ray Wilson]] on vocals) and ''[[Turn It On Again: The Tour]]''<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=18&addcommentsall= Turn it on again Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> tours, though later transposed to a lower key to accommodate Collins' deepening voice.

It also appears on their live albums ''[[The Way We Walk, Volume One: The Shorts]]'', and ''[[Live Over Europe 2007]]''. As well as on their DVDs ''[[Genesis Live at Wembley Stadium]]'', ''[[The Way We Walk - Live in Concert]]'' and ''[[When in Rome 2007]]''.

==Cultural references==
"Land of Confusion" was also a track used for the final episode of the 1980s cop show ''[[Miami Vice]]'' (in which [[Phil Collins]] periodically played a minor role) called "Freefall" and was applied as the characters of the show [[James "Sonny" Crockett|Crockett]] ([[Don Johnson]]) and Tubbs ([[Philip Michael Thomas]]) were in the middle of a stakeout. The song was to imply the complexity of the story during the finale.

This song is mentioned in ''[[American Psycho (film)|American Psycho]]''.

The cover version of "Land of Confusion" by Disturbed is used in the end credits of ''[[Bigger, Stronger, Faster*]]''.

==Notable covers==
The song has been variously re-recorded as [[cover versions]] by several artists spanning a number of genres:
*One-time Genesis guitarist [[Daryl Stuermer]] reworked the song into a [[jazz]] tune on his album ''[[Another Side of Genesis]]''.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=another-side-of-genesis-mw0000058026|pure_url=yes}} Track listing for ''Another Side of Genesis'' by Daryl Steurmer]. AllMusic.com. Retrieved 4 March 2006.</ref>
*It has been covered by [[reggae]] group Fourth Dimension.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=around-the-world-mw0000242270|pure_url=yes}} Track listing for ''Around the World'' by Fourth Dimension]. AllMusic.com. Retrieved 4 March 2006.</ref>
* Swedish [[melodic death metal]] band [[In Flames]] covered the song for their 2003 EP ''[[Trigger (EP)|Trigger]]''.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=trigger-ep-mw0000597892|pure_url=yes}} Track listing for ''Trigger EP'' by in Flames]. AllMusic.com. Retrieved 11 October 2009.</ref>
* Canadian singer [[Nelly Furtado]] covered the song at on her first Spanish head-lining tour, the [[Mi Plan Tour]], as a mash-up with her single "[[Powerless (Say What You Want)]]".
* [[Alcazar (band)|Alcazar]] adapted the chorus for their song "[[This Is the World We Live In]]".
* Norwegian folk-pop band [[Katzenjammer (band)|Katzenjammer]] covered the song for their album ''[[A Kiss Before You Go]]''. A music video of the song was also filmed; it was released in CD/DVD format in May 2012.

===Disturbed {{anchor | Disturbed song and video}}===
{{Infobox single
|Name = Land of Confusion
|Artist = [[Disturbed (band)|Disturbed]]
|Cover = disturbed_land_of_confusion.png
|Album = [[Ten Thousand Fists]]
|Released = 2 October 2006
|Format = {{Flatlist|
* Compact disc
* [[Gramophone record|12" picture LP]]
}}
|Recorded = January – April 2005 at Groovemaster Studios in [[Chicago, Illinois]]
|Genre = [[Hard rock]]
|Writer = {{Flatlist|
* [[Mike Rutherford]]
* [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]]
* [[Phil Collins]]
}}
|Label = [[Reprise Records|Reprise]]
|Length = 4:47
|Producer = [[Johnny K]]
|Last single = "[[Just Stop]]" (2006)
|This single = "'''Land of Confusion'''" (2006)
|Next single = "[[Ten Thousand Fists (song)|Ten Thousand Fists]]" (2006)
}}
The American [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band [[Disturbed (band)|Disturbed]] released a cover of the song on their third studio album, ''[[Ten Thousand Fists]]''. The song became the fourth single from that album. Vocalist [[David Draiman]] commented that the aim of covering the song was, "taking a song that's absolutely nothing like us and making it our own."<ref name="aimforcover">{{cite web|title=Disturbed frontman: 'I see ourselves as being a three-decade spanning band'|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=62683|date=23 November 2006|accessdate=15 December 2008|publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> The line "And the sound of your laughter" in the original's bridge was replaced by "In the wake of this madness".

It was accompanied by a music video animated by [[Todd McFarlane]], known as the creator of the comics series ''[[Spawn (comics)|Spawn]]''. McFarlane had previously animated the music videos for the songs "[[Freak on a Leash]]" by [[Korn]] and "[[Do the Evolution]]" by [[Pearl Jam]]. According to McFarlane, the music video is "a big view of the corporate world and how it all ties into just one big beast for me... The world is run by one giant thing, which is driven by greed and lust."<ref name="disturbedmcfarlane"/> "Land of Confusion" reached number 1 in the [[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks]]; it is Disturbed's first number 1 single on that chart.

====Music video====
The video starts out with [[Disturbed (band)#Mascot|the Guy]], Disturbed's mascot, falling to earth. It then shows military forces bearing the symbol of [[dollar sign]]<ref name="disturbedmcfarlane">{{cite news|last =Harris|first=Chris|title=Todd McFarlane to make Genesis' 'Confusion' clip even more disturbed|publisher=MTV|date=15 March 2006|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1525848/20060310/disturbed.jhtml|accessdate=18 December 2008}}</ref> within a [[Flag of Germany#Third Reich and World War II (1933–45)|circle of white that is within a field of red]], followed by legions of [[Blackshirts|black-clad soldiers]] reminiscent of [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[Schutzstaffel]].<ref name="mcfarlanevskirkman">{{cite news|last=Khouri|first=Andy|title=CCI, Day 3: McFarlane Vs Kirkman?|publisher=Comic Book Resources|date=22 July 2006|url=http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=7666|accessdate=18 December 2008}}</ref> The video then shows the Guy, escaping bondage from chains, as the military forces continue to assault cities and civilians. Later on, leaders of various nations of the world (bearing close physical resemblance to the then respective national leaders) are shown sitting at a table with the same dollar sign on it. Eventually the Guy confronts the soldiers, and leads the people in rebellion. Flags of several powerful nations are then shown, with the final flag sporting the dollar sign. The Guy leads the rebels to the [[United Nations Headquarters]]<ref name="mcfarlanevskirkman"/> where they disrupt a meeting of the U.N. representatives. The Guy then leads the angry mob into a back room where they confront the real [[power behind the throne]], a gigantic, bloated [[Fat cat (term)|Fat Cat]]. The mob then drags him to the ground and once immobilised, the Guy destroys the Fat Cat, who explodes into a shower of dollar bills.

====UK enhanced version====
# "Land of Confusion"
# "Sickened"
# "Land of Confusion" (Video)

====UK, European & US vinyl 12" limited edition picture disc ====
# "Land of Confusion"
# "Sickened"

====European version====
# "Land of Confusion" (Version 1)
# "Land of Confusion" (Version 2)

====Personnel====
* [[David Draiman]] – lead vocals
* [[Dan Donegan]] – guitars, [[electronics]]
* [[John Moyer]] – bass guitar, backing vocals
* [[Mike Wengren]] – drums

==Charts==

===Genesis version===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (1986–87)
!Peak position
|-
|Australia ([[Kent Music Report]])
|align="center"|21
|-
|Austria ([[Ö3 Austria Top 40]])
|align="center"|27
|-
|Belgium (Flanders) ([[Ultratop]])
|align="center"|14
|-
|Canada ([[RPM]])
|align="center"|8
|-
|Finland ([[Suomen virallinen lista]])<ref>{{cite book | first= Jake | last= Nyman |year= 2005 | title={{lang|fin|Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja}} | edition= 1st | publisher=Tammi | location= Helsinki| isbn= 951-31-2503-3| language= Finnish }}</ref>
|align="center"|18
|-
|Germany ([[GfK Entertainment]])
|align="center"|7
|-
|Ireland ([[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]])
|align="center"|9
|-
|Netherlands ([[Dutch Top 40]])
|align="center"|10
|-
|New Zealand ([[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]])
|align="center"|9
|-
|Sweden ([[Sverigetopplistan]])
|align="center"|10
|-
|[[Swiss Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|8
|-
|United Kingdom ([[The Official Charts Company]])<ref name="UK chart"/>
|align="center"|14
|-
|US ''Billboard'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]]
|align="center"|4
|-
|US ''Billboard'' [[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks|Top Rock Tracks]]
|align="center"|11
|-
|}

===Disturbed version===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chart (2006)
! Position
|-
|United Kingdom ([[The Official Charts Company]])
|align="center"|79
|-
|US Alternative songs
|align="center"|18
|-
|US Billboard
|align="center"|105
|-
|US Mainstream Rock Tracks<ref name="singlecharts">{{cite web|title=''Ten Thousand Fists'' US single charts|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=disturbed|chart=all}}|accessdate=9 July 2009}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|US Modern Rock Tracks<ref name="singlecharts"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|18
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vh1classic.com/view/artist/1077/18140/Genesis/Land_Of_Confusion/index.jhtml ''Genesis'' Music Video] at [[VH1 Classic]]
* [http://www.mtvmusic.com/video/?id=18140 ''Genesis'' Music Video] at [[MTV Music]]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Through Glass]]" by [[Stone Sour]]
| title = [[Mainstream Rock Tracks|''Billboard'' Mainstream Rock Tracks]] [[List of number-one mainstream rock hits (United States)#2006|number-one single]] (Disturbed version)
| years = 4 November 2006 – 18 November 2006
| after = "[[The Pot]]" by [[Tool (band)|Tool]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Genesis}}
{{Disturbed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Land Of Confusion}}
[[Category:1986 singles]]
[[Category:2006 singles]]
[[Category:Genesis (band) songs]]
[[Category:Disturbed (band) songs]]
[[Category:Songs about nuclear war and weapons]]
[[Category:Billboard Mainstream Rock number-one singles]]
[[Category:Songs written by Tony Banks (musician)]]
[[Category:Songs written by Phil Collins]]
[[Category:Songs written by Mike Rutherford]]
[[Category:Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Hugh Padgham]]

Land of Confusion

2015-12-08T11:04:54Z

Rodericksilly: unsourced genre

{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox single
|Name = Land of Confusion
|Cover = Genesis-Land-of-confusion-single-cover.jpg
|Caption = Original single cover parodying 1963's ''[[With The Beatles]]''
|Artist = [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
|Album = [[Invisible Touch]]
|B-side = Feeding the Fire
|Released = {{start date|df=yes|1986|10|31}} US {{start date|df=yes|1986|11|10}} UK
|Format = U.S.: [[Gramophone record|7"]], UK: 7", [[12-inch single|12"]]
|Recorded = [[The Farm (recording studio)|The Farm]], Surrey; 1985–1986
|Genre = [[Rock music|Rock]]
|Length = 4:45
|Label = [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] U.S. [[Virgin Records|Virgin]] – GENS 3 UK
|Writer = {{Flatlist|
* [[Mike Rutherford]]
* [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]]
* [[Phil Collins]]
}}
|Producer = {{Flatlist|
* [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
* [[Hugh Padgham]]
}}
|Last single = "[[Throwing it All Away]]" (1986)
|This single = "'''Land of Confusion'''" (1986)
|Next single = "[[In Too Deep (Genesis song)|In Too Deep]]" (1987)
|Misc = {{Extra track listing
| Album = [[Invisible Touch]]
| Type = single
| prev_track = "[[Tonight, Tonight, Tonight]]"
| prev_no = 2
| this_track = "'''Land of Confusion'''"
| track_no = 3
| next_track = "[[In Too Deep (Genesis song)|In Too Deep]]"
| next_no = 4
}}
{{Audiosample
| Upper caption = yes
| Audio file = GenesisLandofConfusion.ogg
}}
}}
"'''Land of Confusion'''" is a rock song written by the band [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]] for their 1986 album ''[[Invisible Touch]]''. The song was the third track on the album and was the third track released as a single, reaching No. 4 in the U.S.<ref>http://www.billboard.com/charts/1987-01-31/hot-100</ref> and No. 14 in the UK in late 1986.<ref name="UK chart">[http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/genesis/ Genesis UK chart history], The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 18 May 2012.</ref> It made No. 8 in the [[Netherlands]]. The music was written by the band, while the lyrics were written by guitarist [[Mike Rutherford]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.innerviews.org/inner/genesis.html | title=Genesis: Turning it on again | work=Innerviews | first=Anil | last=Prasad |accessdate=27 May 2012}}</ref> The song's video featured puppets from the 1980s UK sketch show ''[[Spitting Image]]''.

==Music video==
[[File:LandofConfusionscreenshot1.JPG|left|250px|thumb|The band members (Banks, Collins and Rutherford) as they appeared in the video.]]
The song is widely remembered for its music video, which had heavy airplay on [[MTV]]. The video features [[caricature]] puppets by the British television show ''[[Spitting Image]]''. After [[Phil Collins]] saw a caricatured version of himself on the show, he commissioned the show's creators, [[Peter Fluck]] and [[Roger Law]], to create puppets of the entire band, as well as all the characters in the video.

The video opens with a caricatured [[Ronald Reagan]] (voiced by [[Chris Barrie]]), [[Nancy Reagan]], and a chimpanzee (parodying Reagan's film ''[[Bedtime for Bonzo]]''), going to bed at 16:30 (4:30 PM). Nancy is absorbed in reading ‘His Way’, Kitty Kelley's unauthorized biography of Frank Sinatra, in which claims are made of sexual relations between Sinatra and the then actress Nancy Davis prior to her marriage to Reagan. Reagan, holding a [[teddy bear]], goes to sleep and begins to have a nightmare, which sets the premise for the entire video. The video intermittently features a line of stomping feet, illustrating an army marching through a swamp, and they pick up heads of [[Cold War]]-era political figures in the swamp along the way (an [[allusion]] to ''[[Motel Hell]]'').

Caricatured versions of the band members are shown playing instruments on stage during a concert: [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]] on an array of synthesizers (as well as a [[cash register]]), [[Mike Rutherford]] on a [[Double neck guitar|four-necked guitar]] (parodying Rutherford's dual role as the band's guitar and bass-player), and two [[Phil Collins]] puppets: one on the drums, and one singing.

During the second verse, the video features various world leaders giving speeches on large video screens in front of mass crowds; the video shows [[Benito Mussolini]], [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini]], [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and his aides (appearing like [[Frank Sinatra]]'s '[[rat pack]]'), and [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]]. Meanwhile, Reagan is shown putting on a [[Superman]] suit, fumbling along the way, while Collins sings,

:''Oh Superman where are you now''
:''When everything's gone wrong somehow''
:''The men of steel, the men of power''
:''Are losing control by the hour.''

Meanwhile, the "real world" Reagan is shown drowning in his own sweat (at one point, a [[rubber duck]] floats by).

During the bridge, the Superman-costumed Reagan and a [[Monoclonius]]-type dinosaur (with punk jewellery) watch a television showing various clips (apparently from the ''Spitting Image'' show itself), including [[Johnny Carson]], [[Leonard Nimoy]] as Mr. [[Spock]] (with a [[Rubik's Cube]]), and [[Bob Hope]]. This segues into a sequence apparently set in prehistoric times, where the [[Monoclonius]]-type and a [[theropod]]-type dinosaur (wearing a bow-tie) meet up with Ron and Nancy Reagan and a rather outlandish mammal eats an egg and reads a newspaper. At the end of this part, the ape from the prologue is shown throwing a bone in the air (an [[allusion]] to ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'').

As the bone begins to fall there is a sudden switch to Collins catching a falling phone which he uses to inform the person on the other end that he "won't be coming home tonight, my generation will put it right" (which is when a caricature of a 1980s [[Pete Townshend]] is seen playing a chord on guitar and giving a thumb-up for putative mentioning of his own song, "[[My Generation]]") and on the "we're not just making promises" verse the bone lands (on top of [[David Bowie]] and [[Bob Dylan]]). Reagan is then shown riding the ''Monoclonius'' through the streets while wearing a cowboy hat and wardrobe (a reference to Reagan's down-home public persona and ranch). As the video nears its climax, there are periodic scenes of a large group of spoofed celebrity puppets, including [[Tina Turner]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[Bill Cosby]] and [[Hulk Hogan]] singing along to the chorus of the song, in a spoof of the charity-driven song "[[We Are the World]]", with [[Pope John Paul II]] playing an electric guitar.

At the end of the video, Reagan awakens from his dream, and surfaces from the sweat surrounding him; Nancy at this point is wearing a [[Snorkeling|snorkel]]. After taking a drink (missing his mouth and, indeed, his face), he fumbles for a button next to his bed. He intends to push the one labelled "Nurse", but instead presses the one titled "[[Nuclear weapons|Nuke]]", setting off a nuclear weapon. Reagan then replies "Man, that's one heck of a nurse!" Nancy whacks him over the head with her snorkel.

The video, directed by John Lloyd & Jim Yukich and produced by Jon Blair, won the short-lived [[Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video#Recipients|Best Concept Music Video]] during the [[30th Annual Grammy Awards]].<ref>[http://80music.about.com/library/grammy/bl_1987.htm 1988 Grammy Awards information]. About.com. Retrieved 4 March 2006.</ref> The video was also nominated for an [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Video of the Year]] in 1987, but lost to "[[Sledgehammer (Peter Gabriel song)|Sledgehammer]]" by [[Peter Gabriel]] (coincidentally, Genesis' former lead singer). It also made the number-one spot on ''[[The Village Voice]]'' critic [[Robert Christgau]]'s top 10 music videos in his year-end "Dean's List" feature, and number three on the equivalent list in his annual survey of music critics, [[Pazz & Jop]] (again losing out to "Sledgehammer").<ref>[http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans86.php Robert Christgau: Pazz & Jop 1986: Dean's List]; [http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/pjres86.php Robert Christgau: Pazz & Jop 1986: Critics Poll]. Robert Christgau's Web Site. Retrieved 19 June 2006.</ref>

===List of famous people and characters seen in the video===


{{inc-video|date=August 2008}}
{{MultiCol}}
* [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]]
* [[Phil Collins]]
* [[Mike Rutherford]]
* [[Ronald Reagan]]
* [[Pete Townshend]] (performs his signature "Windmill", after the lyrics "[[My Generation]] Will Put it Right")
* [[Nancy Reagan]]
* [[Jimmy Carter]]
* [[Margaret Thatcher]]
* [[Henry Kissinger]]
* [[Robert Maxwell]]
* [[David Owen]]
* [[Harold Wilson]]
* [[Richard Branson]]
* [[Prince Charles]]
* [[Idi Amin]]
* [[Roger Moore]]
* [[Marlon Brando]]
* [[Ian Paisley]]
* [[Ayatollah Khomeini]]
* [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]
* [[Leonid Brezhnev]]
* [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]]
* [[Ed McMahon]]
* [[Johnny Carson]]
* [[Walter Cronkite]]
* [[Richard Nixon]]
* [[Leonard Nimoy]] as [[Spock]]
* [[Bob Hope]]
* [[Bob Hawke]]
* [[Sylvester Stallone]]
* [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] (is seen backstage eating his own tongue as a hot dog, while Phil Collins sings into the telephone)
* [[Grace Jones]]
* [[François Mitterrand]]
* [[Tina Turner]]
* [[Bruce Springsteen]]
* [[Richard John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan|Lord Lucan]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[David Bowie]]
* [[Mick Jagger]]
* [[Tammy Faye Bakker]]
* [[Thomas Gottschalk]]
* [[Leopoldo Galtieri]]
* [[Helmut Kohl]] (whacking Erich Honecker with a banana. He is seen for a split second in the first TV segment. This is a reference to the lack of tropical fruit and especially bananas in [[East Germany]], a fact which was widely exploited by [[West Germany|West-German]] media throughout the 1980s and one of the reasons cited by defectors to flee to West Germany. Due to this fact, East-German writer [[Gisela Elsner]] in early 1990 also accused East Germans willing to re-unite of "bananism" and Kohl of bribing East Germans with bananas.<ref>Lohmüller, Thomas. ''Gegen die Geschichte? Zum Diskurs der Verspätung in den Biografien der "letzten Kommunisten" [[Ronald M. Schernikau]] und Gisela Elsner'' ("Counter history? On the discourse of 'Being Too Late' in the biographies of the 'last Communists' Ronald M. Schernikau and Gisela Elsner") in Bueno, Marta Fernandez; Lohmüller, Thomas (eds.). ''20 Jahre Mauerfall - Diskurse, Rückbauten, Perspektiven'' ("20 Years after the Fall of the Wall: Discourses, Demolitions, Perspectives"), Bern: Peter Lang, p. 265, ISBN 978-3-0343-0427-6</ref>)
* [[Erich Honecker]] (being whacked with a banana by Helmut Kohl)
* [[Urho Kekkonen]]
* [[Alan Greenspan]]
* [[Bruce Forsyth]]
* [[Frank Sinatra]] (not a puppet; photo on book Nancy is reading)
* Bonzo (The chimpanzee that costars with Reagan in [[Bedtime for Bonzo]])

{{ColBreak}}
;''in crowd:''
* [[Queen Elizabeth II]]
* [[Elton John]]
* [[Prince Philip]]
* [[Freddie Mercury]]
* [[Joan Rivers]]
* [[Pope John Paul II]]
* [[Ringo Starr]]
* [[Yoko Ono]]
* [[Clint Eastwood]]
* [[Michael Jackson]]
* [[Cyndi Lauper]]
* [[Barbra Streisand]]
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] (has a singing lipstick-painted navel)
* [[Jane Fonda]]
* [[Bette Midler]]
* [[Princess Diana]]
* [[Dolly Parton]]
* [[Stephen King]]
* [[Mr. T]]
* [[Walter Matthau]]
* [[Paul McCartney]]
* [[Hulk Hogan]]
* [[Bill Cosby]]
* [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
* [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
* [[Bob Geldof]]
* [[Faye Dunaway]]
* [[Cliff Richard]]
* [[Boy George]]
* [[Jimmy Somerville]]
* [[Popeye]]
* [[Florence Henderson]]
* (For a brief moment at the end before President Reagan wakes, the real [[Phil Collins]] appears in the crowd)
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Singles track listings==
[[File:Withthebeatlescover.jpg|250px|thumb|right|The single sleeve design for "Land of Confusion" is a parody of [[The Beatles]]' 1963 UK album, ''[[With the Beatles]]''.]]
===7": Virgin / GENS 3 (UK) ===
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

=== 7": Atlantic / 7-89336 (U.S.) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (LP Version) – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

===12": Virgin / GENS 3–12 (UK) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

===12": Virgin / 608 632-213 (Germany) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

===CD: Virgin / SNEG 3–12 (UK) ===
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54
# "Do the Neurotic" – 7:08

===12": Atlantic / PR 968 (U.S.) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45

===7": Atlantic / 7-89336 promo (U.S.) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Special Edited Remix) – 3:53
# "Land of Confusion" (Album Version) – 4:45

* Remixes by [[John Potoker]]

==Personnel==
*[[Phil Collins]] – drums, percussion, vocals
*[[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]] – keyboards, synth bass
*[[Mike Rutherford]] – electric guitar, bass guitar

==Live performances==
The song was played on their ''[[Invisible Touch]]'',<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=15&addcommentsall= Invisible Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> ''[[We Can't Dance|The Way We Walk]]'',<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=16&addcommentsall= The Way We Walk Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> ''[[Calling All Stations]]''<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=17&addcommentsall= Calling All Stations Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> (with [[Ray Wilson (musician)|Ray Wilson]] on vocals) and ''[[Turn It On Again: The Tour]]''<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=18&addcommentsall= Turn it on again Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> tours, though later transposed to a lower key to accommodate Collins' deepening voice.

It also appears on their live albums ''[[The Way We Walk, Volume One: The Shorts]]'', and ''[[Live Over Europe 2007]]''. As well as on their DVDs ''[[Genesis Live at Wembley Stadium]]'', ''[[The Way We Walk - Live in Concert]]'' and ''[[When in Rome 2007]]''.

==Cultural references==
"Land of Confusion" was also a track used for the final episode of the 1980s cop show ''[[Miami Vice]]'' (in which [[Phil Collins]] periodically played a minor role) called "Freefall" and was applied as the characters of the show [[James "Sonny" Crockett|Crockett]] ([[Don Johnson]]) and Tubbs ([[Philip Michael Thomas]]) were in the middle of a stakeout. The song was to imply the complexity of the story during the finale.

This song is mentioned in ''[[American Psycho (film)|American Psycho]]''.

The cover version of "Land of Confusion" by Disturbed is used in the end credits of ''[[Bigger, Stronger, Faster*]]''.

==Notable covers==
The song has been variously re-recorded as [[cover versions]] by several artists spanning a number of genres:
*One-time Genesis guitarist [[Daryl Stuermer]] reworked the song into a [[jazz]] tune on his album ''[[Another Side of Genesis]]''.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=another-side-of-genesis-mw0000058026|pure_url=yes}} Track listing for ''Another Side of Genesis'' by Daryl Steurmer]. AllMusic.com. Retrieved 4 March 2006.</ref>
*It has been covered by [[reggae]] group Fourth Dimension.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=around-the-world-mw0000242270|pure_url=yes}} Track listing for ''Around the World'' by Fourth Dimension]. AllMusic.com. Retrieved 4 March 2006.</ref>
* Swedish [[melodic death metal]] band [[In Flames]] covered the song for their 2003 EP ''[[Trigger (EP)|Trigger]]''.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=trigger-ep-mw0000597892|pure_url=yes}} Track listing for ''Trigger EP'' by in Flames]. AllMusic.com. Retrieved 11 October 2009.</ref>
* Canadian singer [[Nelly Furtado]] covered the song at on her first Spanish head-lining tour, the [[Mi Plan Tour]], as a mash-up with her single "[[Powerless (Say What You Want)]]".
* [[Alcazar (band)|Alcazar]] adapted the chorus for their song "[[This Is the World We Live In]]".
* Norwegian folk-pop band [[Katzenjammer (band)|Katzenjammer]] covered the song for their album ''[[A Kiss Before You Go]]''. A music video of the song was also filmed; it was released in CD/DVD format in May 2012.

===Disturbed {{anchor | Disturbed song and video}}===
{{Infobox single
|Name = Land of Confusion
|Artist = [[Disturbed (band)|Disturbed]]
|Cover = disturbed_land_of_confusion.png
|Album = [[Ten Thousand Fists]]
|Released = 2 October 2006
|Format = {{Flatlist|
* Compact disc
* [[Gramophone record|12" picture LP]]
}}
|Recorded = January – April 2005 at Groovemaster Studios in [[Chicago, Illinois]]
|Genre = [[Hard rock]]
|Writer = {{Flatlist|
* [[Mike Rutherford]]
* [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]]
* [[Phil Collins]]
}}
|Label = [[Reprise Records|Reprise]]
|Length = 4:47
|Producer = [[Johnny K]]
|Last single = "[[Just Stop]]" (2006)
|This single = "'''Land of Confusion'''" (2006)
|Next single = "[[Ten Thousand Fists (song)|Ten Thousand Fists]]" (2006)
}}
The American [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band [[Disturbed (band)|Disturbed]] released a cover of the song on their third studio album, ''[[Ten Thousand Fists]]''. The song became the fourth single from that album. Vocalist [[David Draiman]] commented that the aim of covering the song was, "taking a song that's absolutely nothing like us and making it our own."<ref name="aimforcover">{{cite web|title=Disturbed frontman: 'I see ourselves as being a three-decade spanning band'|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=62683|date=23 November 2006|accessdate=15 December 2008|publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> The line "And the sound of your laughter" in the original's bridge was replaced by "In the wake of this madness".

It was accompanied by a music video animated by [[Todd McFarlane]], known as the creator of the comics series ''[[Spawn (comics)|Spawn]]''. McFarlane had previously animated the music videos for the songs "[[Freak on a Leash]]" by [[Korn]] and "[[Do the Evolution]]" by [[Pearl Jam]]. According to McFarlane, the music video is "a big view of the corporate world and how it all ties into just one big beast for me... The world is run by one giant thing, which is driven by greed and lust."<ref name="disturbedmcfarlane"/> "Land of Confusion" reached number 1 in the [[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks]]; it is Disturbed's first number 1 single on that chart.

====Music video====
The video starts out with [[Disturbed (band)#Mascot|the Guy]], Disturbed's mascot, falling to earth. It then shows military forces bearing the symbol of [[dollar sign]]<ref name="disturbedmcfarlane">{{cite news|last =Harris|first=Chris|title=Todd McFarlane to make Genesis' 'Confusion' clip even more disturbed|publisher=MTV|date=15 March 2006|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1525848/20060310/disturbed.jhtml|accessdate=18 December 2008}}</ref> within a [[Flag of Germany#Third Reich and World War II (1933–45)|circle of white that is within a field of red]], followed by legions of [[Blackshirts|black-clad soldiers]] reminiscent of [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[Schutzstaffel]].<ref name="mcfarlanevskirkman">{{cite news|last=Khouri|first=Andy|title=CCI, Day 3: McFarlane Vs Kirkman?|publisher=Comic Book Resources|date=22 July 2006|url=http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=7666|accessdate=18 December 2008}}</ref> The video then shows the Guy, escaping bondage from chains, as the military forces continue to assault cities and civilians. Later on, leaders of various nations of the world (bearing close physical resemblance to the then respective national leaders) are shown sitting at a table with the same dollar sign on it. Eventually the Guy confronts the soldiers, and leads the people in rebellion. Flags of several powerful nations are then shown, with the final flag sporting the dollar sign. The Guy leads the rebels to the [[United Nations Headquarters]]<ref name="mcfarlanevskirkman"/> where they disrupt a meeting of the U.N. representatives. The Guy then leads the angry mob into a back room where they confront the real [[power behind the throne]], a gigantic, bloated [[Fat cat (term)|Fat Cat]]. The mob then drags him to the ground and once immobilised, the Guy destroys the Fat Cat, who explodes into a shower of dollar bills.

====UK enhanced version====
# "Land of Confusion"
# "Sickened"
# "Land of Confusion" (Video)

====UK, European & US vinyl 12" limited edition picture disc ====
# "Land of Confusion"
# "Sickened"

====European version====
# "Land of Confusion" (Version 1)
# "Land of Confusion" (Version 2)

====Personnel====
* [[David Draiman]] – lead vocals
* [[Dan Donegan]] – guitars, [[electronics]]
* [[John Moyer]] – bass guitar, backing vocals
* [[Mike Wengren]] – drums

==Charts==

===Genesis version===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (1986–87)
!Peak position
|-
|Australia ([[Kent Music Report]])
|align="center"|21
|-
|Austria ([[Ö3 Austria Top 40]])
|align="center"|27
|-
|Belgium (Flanders) ([[Ultratop]])
|align="center"|14
|-
|Canada ([[RPM]])
|align="center"|8
|-
|Finland ([[Suomen virallinen lista]])<ref>{{cite book | first= Jake | last= Nyman |year= 2005 | title={{lang|fin|Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja}} | edition= 1st | publisher=Tammi | location= Helsinki| isbn= 951-31-2503-3| language= Finnish }}</ref>
|align="center"|18
|-
|Germany ([[GfK Entertainment]])
|align="center"|7
|-
|Ireland ([[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]])
|align="center"|9
|-
|Netherlands ([[Dutch Top 40]])
|align="center"|10
|-
|New Zealand ([[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]])
|align="center"|9
|-
|Sweden ([[Sverigetopplistan]])
|align="center"|10
|-
|[[Swiss Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|8
|-
|United Kingdom ([[The Official Charts Company]])<ref name="UK chart"/>
|align="center"|14
|-
|US ''Billboard'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]]
|align="center"|4
|-
|US ''Billboard'' [[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks|Top Rock Tracks]]
|align="center"|11
|-
|}

===Disturbed version===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chart (2006)
! Position
|-
|United Kingdom ([[The Official Charts Company]])
|align="center"|79
|-
|US Alternative songs
|align="center"|18
|-
|US Billboard
|align="center"|105
|-
|US Mainstream Rock Tracks<ref name="singlecharts">{{cite web|title=''Ten Thousand Fists'' US single charts|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=disturbed|chart=all}}|accessdate=9 July 2009}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|US Modern Rock Tracks<ref name="singlecharts"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|18
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vh1classic.com/view/artist/1077/18140/Genesis/Land_Of_Confusion/index.jhtml ''Genesis'' Music Video] at [[VH1 Classic]]
* [http://www.mtvmusic.com/video/?id=18140 ''Genesis'' Music Video] at [[MTV Music]]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Through Glass]]" by [[Stone Sour]]
| title = [[Mainstream Rock Tracks|''Billboard'' Mainstream Rock Tracks]] [[List of number-one mainstream rock hits (United States)#2006|number-one single]] (Disturbed version)
| years = 4 November 2006 – 18 November 2006
| after = "[[The Pot]]" by [[Tool (band)|Tool]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Genesis}}
{{Disturbed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Land Of Confusion}}
[[Category:1986 singles]]
[[Category:2006 singles]]
[[Category:Genesis (band) songs]]
[[Category:Disturbed (band) songs]]
[[Category:Songs about nuclear war and weapons]]
[[Category:Billboard Mainstream Rock number-one singles]]
[[Category:Songs written by Tony Banks (musician)]]
[[Category:Songs written by Phil Collins]]
[[Category:Songs written by Mike Rutherford]]
[[Category:Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Hugh Padgham]]

Land of Confusion

2015-12-08T11:04:15Z

Rodericksilly: unsourced genre

{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox single
|Name = Land of Confusion
|Cover = Genesis-Land-of-confusion-single-cover.jpg
|Caption = Original single cover parodying 1963's ''[[With The Beatles]]''
|Artist = [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
|Album = [[Invisible Touch]]
|B-side = Feeding the Fire
|Released = {{start date|df=yes|1986|10|31}} US {{start date|df=yes|1986|11|10}} UK
|Format = U.S.: [[Gramophone record|7"]], UK: 7", [[12-inch single|12"]]
|Recorded = [[The Farm (recording studio)|The Farm]], Surrey; 1985–1986
|Genre = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[synthrock]]
|Length = 4:45
|Label = [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] U.S. [[Virgin Records|Virgin]] – GENS 3 UK
|Writer = {{Flatlist|
* [[Mike Rutherford]]
* [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]]
* [[Phil Collins]]
}}
|Producer = {{Flatlist|
* [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
* [[Hugh Padgham]]
}}
|Last single = "[[Throwing it All Away]]" (1986)
|This single = "'''Land of Confusion'''" (1986)
|Next single = "[[In Too Deep (Genesis song)|In Too Deep]]" (1987)
|Misc = {{Extra track listing
| Album = [[Invisible Touch]]
| Type = single
| prev_track = "[[Tonight, Tonight, Tonight]]"
| prev_no = 2
| this_track = "'''Land of Confusion'''"
| track_no = 3
| next_track = "[[In Too Deep (Genesis song)|In Too Deep]]"
| next_no = 4
}}
{{Audiosample
| Upper caption = yes
| Audio file = GenesisLandofConfusion.ogg
}}
}}
"'''Land of Confusion'''" is a rock song written by the band [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]] for their 1986 album ''[[Invisible Touch]]''. The song was the third track on the album and was the third track released as a single, reaching No. 4 in the U.S.<ref>http://www.billboard.com/charts/1987-01-31/hot-100</ref> and No. 14 in the UK in late 1986.<ref name="UK chart">[http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/genesis/ Genesis UK chart history], The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 18 May 2012.</ref> It made No. 8 in the [[Netherlands]]. The music was written by the band, while the lyrics were written by guitarist [[Mike Rutherford]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.innerviews.org/inner/genesis.html | title=Genesis: Turning it on again | work=Innerviews | first=Anil | last=Prasad |accessdate=27 May 2012}}</ref> The song's video featured puppets from the 1980s UK sketch show ''[[Spitting Image]]''.

==Music video==
[[File:LandofConfusionscreenshot1.JPG|left|250px|thumb|The band members (Banks, Collins and Rutherford) as they appeared in the video.]]
The song is widely remembered for its music video, which had heavy airplay on [[MTV]]. The video features [[caricature]] puppets by the British television show ''[[Spitting Image]]''. After [[Phil Collins]] saw a caricatured version of himself on the show, he commissioned the show's creators, [[Peter Fluck]] and [[Roger Law]], to create puppets of the entire band, as well as all the characters in the video.

The video opens with a caricatured [[Ronald Reagan]] (voiced by [[Chris Barrie]]), [[Nancy Reagan]], and a chimpanzee (parodying Reagan's film ''[[Bedtime for Bonzo]]''), going to bed at 16:30 (4:30 PM). Nancy is absorbed in reading ‘His Way’, Kitty Kelley's unauthorized biography of Frank Sinatra, in which claims are made of sexual relations between Sinatra and the then actress Nancy Davis prior to her marriage to Reagan. Reagan, holding a [[teddy bear]], goes to sleep and begins to have a nightmare, which sets the premise for the entire video. The video intermittently features a line of stomping feet, illustrating an army marching through a swamp, and they pick up heads of [[Cold War]]-era political figures in the swamp along the way (an [[allusion]] to ''[[Motel Hell]]'').

Caricatured versions of the band members are shown playing instruments on stage during a concert: [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]] on an array of synthesizers (as well as a [[cash register]]), [[Mike Rutherford]] on a [[Double neck guitar|four-necked guitar]] (parodying Rutherford's dual role as the band's guitar and bass-player), and two [[Phil Collins]] puppets: one on the drums, and one singing.

During the second verse, the video features various world leaders giving speeches on large video screens in front of mass crowds; the video shows [[Benito Mussolini]], [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini]], [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and his aides (appearing like [[Frank Sinatra]]'s '[[rat pack]]'), and [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]]. Meanwhile, Reagan is shown putting on a [[Superman]] suit, fumbling along the way, while Collins sings,

:''Oh Superman where are you now''
:''When everything's gone wrong somehow''
:''The men of steel, the men of power''
:''Are losing control by the hour.''

Meanwhile, the "real world" Reagan is shown drowning in his own sweat (at one point, a [[rubber duck]] floats by).

During the bridge, the Superman-costumed Reagan and a [[Monoclonius]]-type dinosaur (with punk jewellery) watch a television showing various clips (apparently from the ''Spitting Image'' show itself), including [[Johnny Carson]], [[Leonard Nimoy]] as Mr. [[Spock]] (with a [[Rubik's Cube]]), and [[Bob Hope]]. This segues into a sequence apparently set in prehistoric times, where the [[Monoclonius]]-type and a [[theropod]]-type dinosaur (wearing a bow-tie) meet up with Ron and Nancy Reagan and a rather outlandish mammal eats an egg and reads a newspaper. At the end of this part, the ape from the prologue is shown throwing a bone in the air (an [[allusion]] to ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'').

As the bone begins to fall there is a sudden switch to Collins catching a falling phone which he uses to inform the person on the other end that he "won't be coming home tonight, my generation will put it right" (which is when a caricature of a 1980s [[Pete Townshend]] is seen playing a chord on guitar and giving a thumb-up for putative mentioning of his own song, "[[My Generation]]") and on the "we're not just making promises" verse the bone lands (on top of [[David Bowie]] and [[Bob Dylan]]). Reagan is then shown riding the ''Monoclonius'' through the streets while wearing a cowboy hat and wardrobe (a reference to Reagan's down-home public persona and ranch). As the video nears its climax, there are periodic scenes of a large group of spoofed celebrity puppets, including [[Tina Turner]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[Bill Cosby]] and [[Hulk Hogan]] singing along to the chorus of the song, in a spoof of the charity-driven song "[[We Are the World]]", with [[Pope John Paul II]] playing an electric guitar.

At the end of the video, Reagan awakens from his dream, and surfaces from the sweat surrounding him; Nancy at this point is wearing a [[Snorkeling|snorkel]]. After taking a drink (missing his mouth and, indeed, his face), he fumbles for a button next to his bed. He intends to push the one labelled "Nurse", but instead presses the one titled "[[Nuclear weapons|Nuke]]", setting off a nuclear weapon. Reagan then replies "Man, that's one heck of a nurse!" Nancy whacks him over the head with her snorkel.

The video, directed by John Lloyd & Jim Yukich and produced by Jon Blair, won the short-lived [[Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video#Recipients|Best Concept Music Video]] during the [[30th Annual Grammy Awards]].<ref>[http://80music.about.com/library/grammy/bl_1987.htm 1988 Grammy Awards information]. About.com. Retrieved 4 March 2006.</ref> The video was also nominated for an [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Video of the Year]] in 1987, but lost to "[[Sledgehammer (Peter Gabriel song)|Sledgehammer]]" by [[Peter Gabriel]] (coincidentally, Genesis' former lead singer). It also made the number-one spot on ''[[The Village Voice]]'' critic [[Robert Christgau]]'s top 10 music videos in his year-end "Dean's List" feature, and number three on the equivalent list in his annual survey of music critics, [[Pazz & Jop]] (again losing out to "Sledgehammer").<ref>[http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans86.php Robert Christgau: Pazz & Jop 1986: Dean's List]; [http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/pjres86.php Robert Christgau: Pazz & Jop 1986: Critics Poll]. Robert Christgau's Web Site. Retrieved 19 June 2006.</ref>

===List of famous people and characters seen in the video===


{{inc-video|date=August 2008}}
{{MultiCol}}
* [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]]
* [[Phil Collins]]
* [[Mike Rutherford]]
* [[Ronald Reagan]]
* [[Pete Townshend]] (performs his signature "Windmill", after the lyrics "[[My Generation]] Will Put it Right")
* [[Nancy Reagan]]
* [[Jimmy Carter]]
* [[Margaret Thatcher]]
* [[Henry Kissinger]]
* [[Robert Maxwell]]
* [[David Owen]]
* [[Harold Wilson]]
* [[Richard Branson]]
* [[Prince Charles]]
* [[Idi Amin]]
* [[Roger Moore]]
* [[Marlon Brando]]
* [[Ian Paisley]]
* [[Ayatollah Khomeini]]
* [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]
* [[Leonid Brezhnev]]
* [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]]
* [[Ed McMahon]]
* [[Johnny Carson]]
* [[Walter Cronkite]]
* [[Richard Nixon]]
* [[Leonard Nimoy]] as [[Spock]]
* [[Bob Hope]]
* [[Bob Hawke]]
* [[Sylvester Stallone]]
* [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] (is seen backstage eating his own tongue as a hot dog, while Phil Collins sings into the telephone)
* [[Grace Jones]]
* [[François Mitterrand]]
* [[Tina Turner]]
* [[Bruce Springsteen]]
* [[Richard John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan|Lord Lucan]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[David Bowie]]
* [[Mick Jagger]]
* [[Tammy Faye Bakker]]
* [[Thomas Gottschalk]]
* [[Leopoldo Galtieri]]
* [[Helmut Kohl]] (whacking Erich Honecker with a banana. He is seen for a split second in the first TV segment. This is a reference to the lack of tropical fruit and especially bananas in [[East Germany]], a fact which was widely exploited by [[West Germany|West-German]] media throughout the 1980s and one of the reasons cited by defectors to flee to West Germany. Due to this fact, East-German writer [[Gisela Elsner]] in early 1990 also accused East Germans willing to re-unite of "bananism" and Kohl of bribing East Germans with bananas.<ref>Lohmüller, Thomas. ''Gegen die Geschichte? Zum Diskurs der Verspätung in den Biografien der "letzten Kommunisten" [[Ronald M. Schernikau]] und Gisela Elsner'' ("Counter history? On the discourse of 'Being Too Late' in the biographies of the 'last Communists' Ronald M. Schernikau and Gisela Elsner") in Bueno, Marta Fernandez; Lohmüller, Thomas (eds.). ''20 Jahre Mauerfall - Diskurse, Rückbauten, Perspektiven'' ("20 Years after the Fall of the Wall: Discourses, Demolitions, Perspectives"), Bern: Peter Lang, p. 265, ISBN 978-3-0343-0427-6</ref>)
* [[Erich Honecker]] (being whacked with a banana by Helmut Kohl)
* [[Urho Kekkonen]]
* [[Alan Greenspan]]
* [[Bruce Forsyth]]
* [[Frank Sinatra]] (not a puppet; photo on book Nancy is reading)
* Bonzo (The chimpanzee that costars with Reagan in [[Bedtime for Bonzo]])

{{ColBreak}}
;''in crowd:''
* [[Queen Elizabeth II]]
* [[Elton John]]
* [[Prince Philip]]
* [[Freddie Mercury]]
* [[Joan Rivers]]
* [[Pope John Paul II]]
* [[Ringo Starr]]
* [[Yoko Ono]]
* [[Clint Eastwood]]
* [[Michael Jackson]]
* [[Cyndi Lauper]]
* [[Barbra Streisand]]
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] (has a singing lipstick-painted navel)
* [[Jane Fonda]]
* [[Bette Midler]]
* [[Princess Diana]]
* [[Dolly Parton]]
* [[Stephen King]]
* [[Mr. T]]
* [[Walter Matthau]]
* [[Paul McCartney]]
* [[Hulk Hogan]]
* [[Bill Cosby]]
* [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
* [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
* [[Bob Geldof]]
* [[Faye Dunaway]]
* [[Cliff Richard]]
* [[Boy George]]
* [[Jimmy Somerville]]
* [[Popeye]]
* [[Florence Henderson]]
* (For a brief moment at the end before President Reagan wakes, the real [[Phil Collins]] appears in the crowd)
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Singles track listings==
[[File:Withthebeatlescover.jpg|250px|thumb|right|The single sleeve design for "Land of Confusion" is a parody of [[The Beatles]]' 1963 UK album, ''[[With the Beatles]]''.]]
===7": Virgin / GENS 3 (UK) ===
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

=== 7": Atlantic / 7-89336 (U.S.) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (LP Version) – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

===12": Virgin / GENS 3–12 (UK) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

===12": Virgin / 608 632-213 (Germany) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

===CD: Virgin / SNEG 3–12 (UK) ===
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54
# "Do the Neurotic" – 7:08

===12": Atlantic / PR 968 (U.S.) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45

===7": Atlantic / 7-89336 promo (U.S.) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Special Edited Remix) – 3:53
# "Land of Confusion" (Album Version) – 4:45

* Remixes by [[John Potoker]]

==Personnel==
*[[Phil Collins]] – drums, percussion, vocals
*[[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]] – keyboards, synth bass
*[[Mike Rutherford]] – electric guitar, bass guitar

==Live performances==
The song was played on their ''[[Invisible Touch]]'',<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=15&addcommentsall= Invisible Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> ''[[We Can't Dance|The Way We Walk]]'',<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=16&addcommentsall= The Way We Walk Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> ''[[Calling All Stations]]''<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=17&addcommentsall= Calling All Stations Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> (with [[Ray Wilson (musician)|Ray Wilson]] on vocals) and ''[[Turn It On Again: The Tour]]''<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=18&addcommentsall= Turn it on again Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> tours, though later transposed to a lower key to accommodate Collins' deepening voice.

It also appears on their live albums ''[[The Way We Walk, Volume One: The Shorts]]'', and ''[[Live Over Europe 2007]]''. As well as on their DVDs ''[[Genesis Live at Wembley Stadium]]'', ''[[The Way We Walk - Live in Concert]]'' and ''[[When in Rome 2007]]''.

==Cultural references==
"Land of Confusion" was also a track used for the final episode of the 1980s cop show ''[[Miami Vice]]'' (in which [[Phil Collins]] periodically played a minor role) called "Freefall" and was applied as the characters of the show [[James "Sonny" Crockett|Crockett]] ([[Don Johnson]]) and Tubbs ([[Philip Michael Thomas]]) were in the middle of a stakeout. The song was to imply the complexity of the story during the finale.

This song is mentioned in ''[[American Psycho (film)|American Psycho]]''.

The cover version of "Land of Confusion" by Disturbed is used in the end credits of ''[[Bigger, Stronger, Faster*]]''.

==Notable covers==
The song has been variously re-recorded as [[cover versions]] by several artists spanning a number of genres:
*One-time Genesis guitarist [[Daryl Stuermer]] reworked the song into a [[jazz]] tune on his album ''[[Another Side of Genesis]]''.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=another-side-of-genesis-mw0000058026|pure_url=yes}} Track listing for ''Another Side of Genesis'' by Daryl Steurmer]. AllMusic.com. Retrieved 4 March 2006.</ref>
*It has been covered by [[reggae]] group Fourth Dimension.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=around-the-world-mw0000242270|pure_url=yes}} Track listing for ''Around the World'' by Fourth Dimension]. AllMusic.com. Retrieved 4 March 2006.</ref>
* Swedish [[melodic death metal]] band [[In Flames]] covered the song for their 2003 EP ''[[Trigger (EP)|Trigger]]''.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=trigger-ep-mw0000597892|pure_url=yes}} Track listing for ''Trigger EP'' by in Flames]. AllMusic.com. Retrieved 11 October 2009.</ref>
* Canadian singer [[Nelly Furtado]] covered the song at on her first Spanish head-lining tour, the [[Mi Plan Tour]], as a mash-up with her single "[[Powerless (Say What You Want)]]".
* [[Alcazar (band)|Alcazar]] adapted the chorus for their song "[[This Is the World We Live In]]".
* Norwegian folk-pop band [[Katzenjammer (band)|Katzenjammer]] covered the song for their album ''[[A Kiss Before You Go]]''. A music video of the song was also filmed; it was released in CD/DVD format in May 2012.

===Disturbed {{anchor | Disturbed song and video}}===
{{Infobox single
|Name = Land of Confusion
|Artist = [[Disturbed (band)|Disturbed]]
|Cover = disturbed_land_of_confusion.png
|Album = [[Ten Thousand Fists]]
|Released = 2 October 2006
|Format = {{Flatlist|
* Compact disc
* [[Gramophone record|12" picture LP]]
}}
|Recorded = January – April 2005 at Groovemaster Studios in [[Chicago, Illinois]]
|Genre = [[Hard rock]]
|Writer = {{Flatlist|
* [[Mike Rutherford]]
* [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]]
* [[Phil Collins]]
}}
|Label = [[Reprise Records|Reprise]]
|Length = 4:47
|Producer = [[Johnny K]]
|Last single = "[[Just Stop]]" (2006)
|This single = "'''Land of Confusion'''" (2006)
|Next single = "[[Ten Thousand Fists (song)|Ten Thousand Fists]]" (2006)
}}
The American [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band [[Disturbed (band)|Disturbed]] released a cover of the song on their third studio album, ''[[Ten Thousand Fists]]''. The song became the fourth single from that album. Vocalist [[David Draiman]] commented that the aim of covering the song was, "taking a song that's absolutely nothing like us and making it our own."<ref name="aimforcover">{{cite web|title=Disturbed frontman: 'I see ourselves as being a three-decade spanning band'|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=62683|date=23 November 2006|accessdate=15 December 2008|publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> The line "And the sound of your laughter" in the original's bridge was replaced by "In the wake of this madness".

It was accompanied by a music video animated by [[Todd McFarlane]], known as the creator of the comics series ''[[Spawn (comics)|Spawn]]''. McFarlane had previously animated the music videos for the songs "[[Freak on a Leash]]" by [[Korn]] and "[[Do the Evolution]]" by [[Pearl Jam]]. According to McFarlane, the music video is "a big view of the corporate world and how it all ties into just one big beast for me... The world is run by one giant thing, which is driven by greed and lust."<ref name="disturbedmcfarlane"/> "Land of Confusion" reached number 1 in the [[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks]]; it is Disturbed's first number 1 single on that chart.

====Music video====
The video starts out with [[Disturbed (band)#Mascot|the Guy]], Disturbed's mascot, falling to earth. It then shows military forces bearing the symbol of [[dollar sign]]<ref name="disturbedmcfarlane">{{cite news|last =Harris|first=Chris|title=Todd McFarlane to make Genesis' 'Confusion' clip even more disturbed|publisher=MTV|date=15 March 2006|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1525848/20060310/disturbed.jhtml|accessdate=18 December 2008}}</ref> within a [[Flag of Germany#Third Reich and World War II (1933–45)|circle of white that is within a field of red]], followed by legions of [[Blackshirts|black-clad soldiers]] reminiscent of [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[Schutzstaffel]].<ref name="mcfarlanevskirkman">{{cite news|last=Khouri|first=Andy|title=CCI, Day 3: McFarlane Vs Kirkman?|publisher=Comic Book Resources|date=22 July 2006|url=http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=7666|accessdate=18 December 2008}}</ref> The video then shows the Guy, escaping bondage from chains, as the military forces continue to assault cities and civilians. Later on, leaders of various nations of the world (bearing close physical resemblance to the then respective national leaders) are shown sitting at a table with the same dollar sign on it. Eventually the Guy confronts the soldiers, and leads the people in rebellion. Flags of several powerful nations are then shown, with the final flag sporting the dollar sign. The Guy leads the rebels to the [[United Nations Headquarters]]<ref name="mcfarlanevskirkman"/> where they disrupt a meeting of the U.N. representatives. The Guy then leads the angry mob into a back room where they confront the real [[power behind the throne]], a gigantic, bloated [[Fat cat (term)|Fat Cat]]. The mob then drags him to the ground and once immobilised, the Guy destroys the Fat Cat, who explodes into a shower of dollar bills.

====UK enhanced version====
# "Land of Confusion"
# "Sickened"
# "Land of Confusion" (Video)

====UK, European & US vinyl 12" limited edition picture disc ====
# "Land of Confusion"
# "Sickened"

====European version====
# "Land of Confusion" (Version 1)
# "Land of Confusion" (Version 2)

====Personnel====
* [[David Draiman]] – lead vocals
* [[Dan Donegan]] – guitars, [[electronics]]
* [[John Moyer]] – bass guitar, backing vocals
* [[Mike Wengren]] – drums

==Charts==

===Genesis version===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (1986–87)
!Peak position
|-
|Australia ([[Kent Music Report]])
|align="center"|21
|-
|Austria ([[Ö3 Austria Top 40]])
|align="center"|27
|-
|Belgium (Flanders) ([[Ultratop]])
|align="center"|14
|-
|Canada ([[RPM]])
|align="center"|8
|-
|Finland ([[Suomen virallinen lista]])<ref>{{cite book | first= Jake | last= Nyman |year= 2005 | title={{lang|fin|Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja}} | edition= 1st | publisher=Tammi | location= Helsinki| isbn= 951-31-2503-3| language= Finnish }}</ref>
|align="center"|18
|-
|Germany ([[GfK Entertainment]])
|align="center"|7
|-
|Ireland ([[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]])
|align="center"|9
|-
|Netherlands ([[Dutch Top 40]])
|align="center"|10
|-
|New Zealand ([[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]])
|align="center"|9
|-
|Sweden ([[Sverigetopplistan]])
|align="center"|10
|-
|[[Swiss Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|8
|-
|United Kingdom ([[The Official Charts Company]])<ref name="UK chart"/>
|align="center"|14
|-
|US ''Billboard'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]]
|align="center"|4
|-
|US ''Billboard'' [[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks|Top Rock Tracks]]
|align="center"|11
|-
|}

===Disturbed version===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chart (2006)
! Position
|-
|United Kingdom ([[The Official Charts Company]])
|align="center"|79
|-
|US Alternative songs
|align="center"|18
|-
|US Billboard
|align="center"|105
|-
|US Mainstream Rock Tracks<ref name="singlecharts">{{cite web|title=''Ten Thousand Fists'' US single charts|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=disturbed|chart=all}}|accessdate=9 July 2009}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|US Modern Rock Tracks<ref name="singlecharts"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|18
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vh1classic.com/view/artist/1077/18140/Genesis/Land_Of_Confusion/index.jhtml ''Genesis'' Music Video] at [[VH1 Classic]]
* [http://www.mtvmusic.com/video/?id=18140 ''Genesis'' Music Video] at [[MTV Music]]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Through Glass]]" by [[Stone Sour]]
| title = [[Mainstream Rock Tracks|''Billboard'' Mainstream Rock Tracks]] [[List of number-one mainstream rock hits (United States)#2006|number-one single]] (Disturbed version)
| years = 4 November 2006 – 18 November 2006
| after = "[[The Pot]]" by [[Tool (band)|Tool]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Genesis}}
{{Disturbed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Land Of Confusion}}
[[Category:1986 singles]]
[[Category:2006 singles]]
[[Category:Genesis (band) songs]]
[[Category:Disturbed (band) songs]]
[[Category:Songs about nuclear war and weapons]]
[[Category:Billboard Mainstream Rock number-one singles]]
[[Category:Songs written by Tony Banks (musician)]]
[[Category:Songs written by Phil Collins]]
[[Category:Songs written by Mike Rutherford]]
[[Category:Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Hugh Padgham]]

Da Ya Think I’m Sexy?

2014-05-10T20:11:53Z

Rodericksilly:

{{for|the ''Married... with Children'' episode|List of Married... with Children episodes#ep89{{!}}List of ''Married... with Children'' episodes}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{Infobox single 
| Name = Da Ya Think I'm Sexy
| Cover = Da' Ya' Think I'm Sexy single cover.jpg
| Caption =
| Artist = [[Rod Stewart]]
| Album = [[Blondes Have More Fun]]
| B-side = "Dirty Weekend"
| Released = 10 November 1978
| Format = [[Gramophone record|7" vinyl]], [[12-inch single|12" vinyl]]
| Recorded = 1978
| Genre = [[Disco]], [[pop rock]]
| Length = 5:28 (Album version) 6:29 (12" Version) 4:05 (Single Version)
| Label = [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]
| Writer = [[Rod Stewart]], [[Carmine Appice]], Duane Hitchings
| Producer = [[Tom Dowd]]
| Certification =
| Last single = "[[I Was Only Joking]]" (1978)
| This single = "'''Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?'''" (1978)
| Next single = "[[Ain't Love a Bitch]]" (1979)
| Misc =
}}

"'''Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?'''" is a 1978 song by the British singer [[Rod Stewart]]. It is credited as being written by Stewart, [[Carmine Appice]] and Duane Hitchings,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yamaha.com/allaccess/artists/issue10-hitchings_duane.asp?issue=issue10 |title=Duane Hitchings – A Country Writer's Rock Roots |accessdate=14 January 2013 |publisher=Yamaha All Access}}</ref> though it incorporates substantial elements of the melody from a song by [[Jorge Ben Jor]].

The song featured on Stewart's album ''[[Blondes Have More Fun]]'', and was released as a single in November 1978. It spent one week at the top of the British charts in December 1978 and four weeks at the top of the [[Billboard Hot 100|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100]] in February 1979. It also topped the charts in [[Australia]] for two weeks.

Royalties from the song were donated to the United Nations Children's Fund ([[UNICEF]]) and Stewart performed the song at the [[Music for UNICEF Concert]] at the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in January 1979.<ref>(AP) "Frost Sets UNICEF Show" ''The Robesonian'' 30 November 1978: 1</ref>

==Background and writing==
[[Carmine Appice]], who played drums on this song told Songfacts: "This was a story of a guy meeting a chick in a club. At that time, that was a cool saying. If you listen to the lyrics, 'She sits alone, waiting for suggestions, he's so nervous...' it's the feelings of what was going on in a dance club. The guy sees a chick he digs, she's nervous and he's nervous and she's alone and doesn't know what's going on, then they end up at his place having sex, and then she's gone."<ref name="songfacts">{{Cite web | url = http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=1306 | title = Da Ya Think I'm Sexy? | work = Songfacts.com | accessdate = 8 May 2009}}</ref> In a 2007 interview, co-writer Duane Hitchings noted that "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" was {{quote|text="a spoof on guys from the 'cocaine lounge lizards' of the ''Saturday Night Fever'' days. We Rock and Roll guys thought we were dead meat when that movie and the Bee Gees came out. The Bee Gees were brilliant musicians and really nice people. No big egos. Rod, in his brilliance, decided to do a spoof on disco. VERY smart man. There is no such thing as a "dumb" super success in the music business."<ref>{{Citation |work= RockUnited.com |publication-date=23 March 2007 |title=Duane Hitchings, The Man Behind the Hits |author= Urban "Wally" Wallstrom |accessdate= 18 January 2013 |url= http://www.rockunited.com/hitchings.htm}}</ref>}}

==Criticism==
The song was criticized by many in the rock press as a betrayal of Stewart's [[Blues rock|blues-oriented rock]] roots due to its [[disco]]-like arrangement, but Stewart and others were quick to point out that other widely respected artists, such as [[Paul McCartney]] and [[The Rolling Stones]], had also released disco-flavoured songs. It was also alleged that Stewart created the song through partial [[musical plagiarism]]. A copyright infringement lawsuit by Brazilian musician [[Jorge Ben Jor]] claimed the song had been derived from his song "Taj Mahal". The case was "settled amicably" according to Jorge Ben Jor.<ref name="expatica">[http://www.expatica.com/de/life_in/leisure/brazils-alchemist-of-funk-abrtropical-superstar-jorge-ben-jor-brings-the-funk-to-germanybr-9736.html Interview with Ben Jor] Expatica.com</ref> Stewart admits "unconscious plagiarism" of the Ben Jor tune in his 2012 autobiography.<ref>Stewart, Rod. ''Rod: The Autobiography'' (2012): 225-226</ref> However the song has since experienced some retrospective acclaim as [[Rolling Stone]] placed the song at #308 in its list of the [[500 Greatest Songs of All Time]].<ref>{{cite web|title=500 Greatest Songs of All Time|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-20110407/rod-stewart-da-ya-think-im-sexy-20110526|publisher=Rolling Stone|accessdate=24 December 2013}}</ref>

==Charts and certifications==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Chart positions===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (1979)
!Peak position
|-
|Australia ([[Kent Music Report]])<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/chartfeatures/aus/aus70.htm |title= Australia n°1 Hits - 70's |publisher= Worldcharts.co.uk |accessdate= 10 June 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
{{singlechart|Austria|8|artist=Rod Stewart|song=Da' Ya' Think I'm Sexy}}
|-
{{singlechart|Flanders|3|artist=Rod Stewart|song=Da' Ya' Think I'm Sexy}}
|-
|Canada [[RPM (magazine)|Adult Contemporary]] ([[RPM (magazine)|RPM]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.4528&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=u9874ano8k0c5b6bkp4r8qrbp3 |title= Da ya think I'm sexy? in Canadian Adult Contemporary Chart |publisher= Library and Archives Canada |accessdate= 2 June 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|Canada [[Canadian dance chart|Disco 30]] ([[RPM (magazine)|RPM]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.0092&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=u9874ano8k0c5b6bkp4r8qrbp3 |title= Da ya think I'm sexy? in Canadian Disco 30 Chart |publisher= Library and Archives Canada |accessdate= 2 June 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|7
|-
|Canada [[RPM (magazine)|Top Singles]] ([[RPM (magazine)|RPM]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.0119a&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=u9874ano8k0c5b6bkp4r8qrbp3 |title= Da ya think I'm sexy? in Canadian Top Singles Chart |publisher= Library and Archives Canada |accessdate= 2 June 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|Finland ([[Suomen virallinen lista|Finnish Singles Chart]])<ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.fr/books?id=iiQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT76&dq=%22pop+muzik%22+%22finland%22&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=Ib5dUseRJc2o0wWKs4HIDA&ved=0CEwQ6wEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22pop%20muzik%22%20%22finland%22&f=false|title=Billboard - Google Livres|editor= Danyel Smith |publisher= Nielsen Business Media, Inc. |year= 1979 |issn= 0006-2510 |accessdate= 29 June 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|9
|-
|France ([[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]])<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.infodisc.fr/Bilan_S.php |title= Da ya think I'm sexy? in French Chart |author= Hung Medien |accessdate= 5 June 2013}} You have to use the index at the top of the page and search "Rod Stewart"</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
{{singlechart|Germany2|9|artist=Rod Stewart|song=Da' Ya' Think I'm Sexy}}
|-
|Ireland ([[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]])<ref name="Search for Irish peaks">[http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement Search for Irish peaks]</ref>
|align="center"|10
|-
|Italy ([[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|FIMI]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hitparadeitalia.it/hp_yends/hpe1979.htm |title= The best-selling singles of 1979 in Italy |publisher= HitParadeItalia (it) |accessdate= 2 June 2013}} 13. Da ya think I'm sexy? - Rod Stewart [#3]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|Japan ([[Oricon]])<ref>{{cite book |title= Billboard 31 march 1979 |url= http://books.google.fr/books?id=KCUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT147&dq=%22think+i'm+sexy%22+%22rod+stewart%22+%22japan%22&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=aR3bUeqPHtHy7Ab5w4G4AQ&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBTgK
|editor= Danyel Smith |publisher= Nielsen Business Media, Inc. |year= 1979 |issn= 0006-2510 |accessdate= 8 July 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|12
|-
{{singlechart|Dutch40|4|artist=Rod Stewart|song=Da' Ya' Think I'm Sexy}}
|-
{{singlechart|New Zealand|2|artist=Rod Stewart|song=Da' Ya' Think I'm Sexy}}
|-
{{singlechart|Norway|2|artist=Rod Stewart|song=Da' Ya' Think I'm Sexy}}
|-
|[[Portugal]] Singles Chart<ref>{{cite book |title= Billboard 6 october 1979 |url= http://books.google.fr/books?id=TCQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT83&dq=%22do+ya+think+i'm+sexy%22+%22rod+stewart%22+%22portugal%22&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=Eh3bUbueO8jHPOiMgcgO&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA
|editor= Danyel Smith |publisher= Nielsen Business Media, Inc. |year= 1979 |issn= 0006-2510 |accessdate= 8 July 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|Spain ([[Productores de Música de España|AFYVE]])<ref>{{cite book|last=Salaverri|first=Fernando|title=Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002|accessdate=2011-01-26|edition=1st|date=September 2005|publisher=Fundación Autor-SGAE|location=Spain|isbn=84-8048-639-2}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
{{singlechart|Sweden|11|artist=Rod Stewart|song=Da' Ya' Think I'm Sexy}}
|-
{{singlechart|Swiss|8|artist=Rod Stewart|song=Da' Ya' Think I'm Sexy}}
|-
|UK ([[Official Charts Company]])<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.officialcharts.com/archive-chart/_/1/1978-12-02/ |title= 1978 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 2nd December 1978 |publisher= Official Charts Company |accessdate= 1 June 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]]<ref name="awards">{{cite web |url= http://www.allmusic.com/artist/rod-stewart-mn0000293896/awards |title= Rod Stewart awards on Allmusic |publisher= Allmusic |accessdate= 1 June 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Songs|Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref name="awards"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|Hot R&B Singles]]<ref name="awards"/>
|align="center"|5
|}
{{col-2}}

===Certifications===
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=France|title=Da Ya Think I'm Sexy|artist=Rod Stewart|award=Gold|certyear=1978|certref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/S_Certif_Or.php?debut=439|title=Les Singles en Or :|publisher=Infodisc.fr|language=French|accessdate=29 March 2012}}</ref>|salesref=|accessdate=29 March 2012|salesamount=519,000}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|title=Da Ya Think I'm Sexy|artist=Rod Stewart|award=Gold|certyear=1978|accessdate=29 March 2012|salesamount=500,000}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|title=Do Ya Think I'm Sexy|artist=Rod Stewart|award=Platinum|certyear=1979|accessdate=29 March 2012|salesamount=2,000,000}}
{{Certification Table Bottom}}
{{col-end}}

==N-Trance featuring Rod Stewart version==
{{Infobox single 
| Name = Da Ya Think I'm Sexy
| Cover = N-Trance - Da Ya single.jpg
| Caption =
| Artist = [[N-Trance]] featuring [[Rod Stewart]]
| Album = [[Happy Hour (N-Trance album)|Happy Hour]]
| B-side =
| Released = 13 October 1997
| Format = [[CD single]]
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[Eurodance]]
| Length = 3:59
| Label = [[Sony Music|Sony]]
| Writer = [[Rod Stewart]], [[Carmine Appice]], Duane Hitchings
| Producer = Curds, Whey
| Certification =
| Last single = "The Mind of the Machine" (1997)
| This single = "'''Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?'''" (1997)
| Next single = "Paradise City" (1998)
| Misc =
}}
In 1997, the song was [[remix]]ed by [[United Kingdom|English]] techno-house group [[N-Trance]] for their second album ''[[Happy Hour (N-Trance album)|Happy Hour]]'' and features lyrics from the Millie Jackson version (as performed by vocalist [[Kelly Llorenna]]). It was featured in the film ''[[A Night at the Roxbury]]'' the following year.

===Chart positions===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (1997–1998)
!Peak position
|-
{{singlechart|Australia|3|artist=N-Trance feat. Rod Stewart|song=Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?}}
|-
{{singlechart|Austria|9|artist=N-Trance feat. Rod Stewart|song=Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?}}
|-
{{singlechart|Flanders|15|artist=N-Trance feat. Rod Stewart|song=Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?}}
|-
{{singlechart|Wallonia|10|artist=N-Trance feat. Rod Stewart|song=Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?}}
|-
|Denmark ([[IFPI Denmark|IFPI]])<ref>Billboard: Hits of the World (20 December 1997)</ref>
|align="center"|7
|-
{{singlechart|Finland|5|artist=N-Trance feat. Rod Stewart|song=Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?}}
|-
{{singlechart|France|33|artist=N-Trance feat. Rod Stewart|song=Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?}}
|-
{{singlechart|Germany2|15|artist=N-Trance feat. Rod Stewart|song=Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?}}
|-
|Ireland ([[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]])<ref name="Search for Irish peaks"/>
|align="center"|10
|-
{{singlechart|New Zealand|1|artist=N-Trance feat. Rod Stewart|song=Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?}}
|-
{{singlechart|Dutch40|13|artist=N-Trance featuring Rod Stewart|song=Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?}}
|-
{{singlechart|Norway|10|artist=N-Trance feat. Rod Stewart|song=Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?}}
|-
{{singlechart|Sweden|15|artist=N-Trance feat. Rod Stewart|song=Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?}}
|-
{{singlechart|Swiss|21|artist=N-Trance feat. Rod Stewart|song=Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?}}
|-
|UK ([[Official Charts Company]])<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.officialcharts.com/archive-chart/_/1/1997-11-01/ |title= 1997 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 1st November 1997 |publisher= Official Charts Company |accessdate= 8 July 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|7
|}

==Cover versions==
* Gene Summers and Crossfire covered "Sexy" on a [[Single (music)|single]] in 1979 on LeCam Records. It was [[reissue]]d, that same year as Gene Summers & Dea on Country [[Disco]] Records.
* The Finnish singers [[Pentti Oskari Kangas]] and Seitsemän Seinähullua Veljestä covered the song as a single "''Kelpaisiko seksi''" in 1979, translated to Finnish<ref>[http://aanitearkisto.fi/firs2/kappale.php?Id=Kelpaisiko+Seksi Suomen Äänitearkisto's information page on the cover version]</ref>
* Recorded by British Standard Unit (Morgan Fisher) as "D'Ya Think I'm Sexy?" on the 1979 album ''Hybrid Kids Vol. 1: A Collection of Classic Mutants''.
* In 1980, Polish singer [[Zdzisława Sośnicka]] covered the song on her album ''Odcienie samotności''; the title of the Polish cover is "Nuda" ("Boredom").
* Pop group [[Brotherhood of Man]] recorded a version for their album [[20 Disco Greats / 20 Love Songs|''20 Disco Greats'']] (1981).
* The song was later recorded by [[Millie Jackson]] for her one of her 1982 releases titled, ''[[Live & Uncensored]]''.
* By [[Sabrina Salerno|Sabrina]] on her 1987 album ''[[Sabrina (album)|Sabrina]]''.
* The [[Revolting Cocks]] included a cover of the song (with more sexually explicit lyrics than the original version) on their 1993 album ''[[Linger Ficken' Good]]''.
* [[Those Darn Accordions]] covered the song on the 1996 album ''No Strings Attached'', with vocals by [[tattoo]]ed octogenarian accordionist Clyde Forsman.
* Brooklyn art-punk band Les Savy Fav incorporate a riff from the song on their track "Cut It Out" from their 1997 debut ''3/5''.
* N-Trance released the previously-mentioned cover version in 1997.
* Swedish pop group Miio included the song on their 2003 album.
* A reformed [[Vanilla Fudge]] featuring [[Carmine Appice]] covered the song too in 2004.
* [[The Girls of FHM]] made a cover in 2004, making number ten in the [[UK Singles Chart]]. British music artist [[Tina Barrett]], formerly of [[S Club 7]], [[Liz McClarnon]], [[Jenny Frost]] and [[Natasha Hamilton]], formerly of [[Atomic Kitten]] and [[Michelle Heaton]], [[Jessica Taylor (Liberty X)|Jessica Taylor]] and [[Kelli Young]], formerly of [[Liberty X]] are among the women featured in the music video for the song.
* [[Paris Hilton]] recorded the song for her 2006 debut album ''[[Paris (Paris Hilton album)|Paris]]''. It is the final track on the album, and it was released only on Italian airplay. The song was used for the spot for 3 Mobile.
* Korean singer [[K (singer)|K]] covered the song for his Japanese single "Brand New Map" and his cover album ''[[The Timeless Collection Vol. 1]]'' in 2007.
* [[Garou (singer)|Garou]] recorded "Sexy" for his cover album ''[[Gentleman cambrioleur]]'' in 2009.
* [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]], falsetto singer and novelty ukulele player covered the song twice, once with a contemporary disco beat, and another with a [[Tin Pan Alley]]-style arrangement. The disco cover, performed live, demonstrated his surprising ability to switch between a warmer tenor and shrill falsetto on a moment's notice. The Tin Pan Alley arrangement was sung entirely in Tiny Tim's regular (non-falsetto) register.
* [[Frankie Goes to Hollywood]] released a version of this with the ''[[Frankie Say Greatest]]'' compilation in 2009. Vocals were performed by [[Paul Rutherford]].
* The Warblers from TV series [[Glee (TV series)|''Glee'']] covered the song; it is included on the album ''[[Glee: The Music Presents the Warblers]]''. It is led by [[Darren Criss]], who plays Warbler [[Blaine Anderson]].
* In 1999, [[Antonis Remos]] covered the song, which was titled "Mi Zitas Signomi" ("Don't Apologize"), written by [[Natalia Germanou]] and featured on his album ''Pali Ap'Tin Arhi'' (''Again from the Beginning'').

==Live cover versions, sampling and remixes==
* In 1980, the song was covered by Japanese pop singers [[Pink Lady (band)|Pink Lady]] on an episode of their American variety show ''[[Pink Lady (TV series)|Pink Lady and Jeff]]''.
* [[Jars of Clay]] sampled it on their song "Truce", which appeared on their album [[Stringtown (album)|''Stringtown'']], recorded in the spring of 1998 at the [[Ryman Auditorium]] with the [[Nashville String Machine]].
* In 1998, hip-hop group [[The LOX]] sampled the song for their first single, "[[If You Think I'm Jiggy]]".
* [[Sean Kingston]] used a sample of the chorus rhythm on "[[Take You There (Sean Kingston song)|Take You There]]".
* [[Ham Sandwich (band)|Ham Sandwich]], an Irish indie rock band from Kells, played the song on ''[[The Podge and Rodge Show]]''.
* In 2005, [[Chico Slimani|Chico]] sang this song during week one on ''[[The X Factor (UK)|The X Factor]]''; judge [[Simon Cowell]] compared his performance to that of a [[stripper]].
* Japanese hip hop artist YOU THE ROCK★ (real name Hiroshi Tademae) sampled part of the song for his 1999 hit "THE PROFESSIONAL ENTERTAINER".
* Hip-hop group [[Insane Clown Posse|Inner City Posse]] sampled the song on their song "Ghetto Zone", from their 1991 album ''[[Dog Beats]]''.
* [[This Morning (TV programme)|This Morning]] presenter [[Matt Johnson (TV presenter)|Matt Johnson]] performed the song as Rod Stewart on week 5 of the ITV show [[Your Face Sounds Familiar (UK TV series)|'Your Face Sounds Familiar']], securing a place in the final.

==Pop culture==
*The song appears twice in ''[[Star 80]]'', a film about the life and death of ''Playboy'' playmate [[Dorothy Stratten]].
*[[Radio Active (radio series)|Radio Active]]'s ''Salute to New York'' programme included the song "Da Ya Think I'm Sexist?" by 'Rod McStewart', in which a [[Promiscuity|promiscuous]] rock star shows his double standards.
*Chicago disk jockey [[Steve Dahl]] parodied the song as "Do You Think I'm Disco?" in which a superficial disco fan repents and gets into rock and roll.
*Comedians [[Bob and Ray]] performed the song on a 1979 ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' special, sitting in chairs and dressed in their usual business suits.
*Herb Tarlek ([[Frank Bonner]]) sang "Do Ya Think I'm Sexy?" in the ''[[WKRP in Cincinnati]]'' episode "Put Up or Shut Up" (1/21/80).
*As a joke, ukulele player [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]] sang the song in a 1979 appearance on ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson]]'', and in 1982 made a music video of the song.
*In ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[I Love Lisa]]", Ned Flanders sings a clean version of "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" to his wife Maude on Valentine's Day, which says: "If you think I'm cuddly, and you want my company. Come on, wifey, let me know".
*In the ''[[Married... with Children]]'' episode "[[Nightmare on Al's Street]]", Steve Rhoades sings the song.
*In the 1993 film ''[[So I Married an Axe Murderer]]'', Mike Myers in his dual role as father and son Stewart and Charlie McKenzie, does a comedic scene, where Stewart performs the song with a bagpiper in his thick [[Scottish English|Scottish]] accent at Charlie's wedding reception while Charlie looks on.
*''[[The Fairly OddParents]]'' character Wandisimo occasionally used the title as his catchphrase.
*British DJ and comedian [[Kenny Everett]] performed this on his show dressed as Stewart. In each cutaway his butt grows bigger until he floats away like a balloon.
*Actor and comedian [[Andy Dick]] performed a [[Cha-cha-cha (dance)|cha-cha-cha]] on ''[[Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)|Dancing with the Stars]]'' with the song playing as his music.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = "[[Rat Trap]]" by [[The Boomtown Rats]]
| title = [[List of UK Singles Chart number ones|UK number-one single]]
| years = 2 December 1978
| after = "[[Mary's Boy Child – Oh My Lord]]" by [[Boney M]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = "[[Le Freak]]" by [[Chic (band)|Chic]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (United States)|number-one single]] (Rod Stewart version)
| years = 10 February 1979
| after = "[[I Will Survive]]" by [[Gloria Gaynor]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = "[[Keep on Dancin' (Gary's Gang song)|Keep on Dancin']]" / "Do It at the Disco" / "Let's Lovedance Tonight" by [[Gary's Gang]]
| title = [[Hot Dance Club Songs|''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play]] [[List of number-one dance singles of 1979 (U.S.)|number-one single]]
| years = 24 February 1979 – 10 March 1979
| after = "[[I Got My Mind Made Up (You Can Get It Girl)]]" by [[Instant Funk]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Y.M.C.A. (song)|Y.M.C.A.]]" by [[Village People]]
| title = Australian [[Kent Music Report]] [[List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1970s#1979|number-one single]]
| years = 29 January 1979 – 5 February 1979
| after = "[[C'mon Aussie C'mon]]" by [[The Mojo Singers]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Rod Stewart songs}}

[[Category:1978 songs]]
[[Category:1979 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs number-one singles]]
[[Category:Disco songs]]
[[Category:Rod Stewart songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Rod Stewart]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Bruce Gowers]]
[[Category:Sabrina Salerno songs]]
[[Category:UK Singles Chart number-one singles]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Tom Dowd]]
[[Category:Songs about sexuality]]

Shazia Mirza

2013-06-04T01:24:25Z

Rodericksilly:

{{BLP sources|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox comedian
| name = Shazia Mirza
| image = Shazia Mirza.jpg
| image_size = 200
| caption = Mirza performing at the [[Edinburgh Fringe]]
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|10|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Birmingham]], [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| medium = [[Stand-up comedy|Stand-up]], [[Television]]
| nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]]
| active = 2000–present
| genre = [[Observational comedy]], [[Satire]], [[Deadpan]], [[Self-deprecation]]
| subject = [[Islamic humour]], [[Islamophobia]], [[Feminism]], [[Family]]
| influences =
| influenced =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| notable_work = ''Last Comic Standing'', season 6 semi-finalist
| signature =
| website = {{URL|http://www.shazia-mirza.com}}
| footnotes =
| module =
}}

'''Shazia Mirza''' (born 3 October 1977) is an [[England|English]] [[Stand-up comedy|stand-up]] [[comedian]] and [[columnist]] of [[British Pakistani|Pakistani]] descent.

==Background==
Mirza was born as the eldest daughter in [[Birmingham]], [[England]]. She has 3 brothers: Kamran (born 1970), who works in [[finance]]; Imran (born 1974), who works for an [[Information technology|IT]] company; and Razwan (born 1976), who works as a freelance sports journalist.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/apr/12/comedy-pakistan-religion-sex-halal |title=Halal comedy? You might as well ask for halal bacon |publisher=The Guardian |author=Shazia Mirza |date=2010-04-12 | location=London}}</ref><ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article755703.ece Shazia and Razwan Mirza]</ref><ref>{{Cite news| last = Mirza| first = Shazia| author-link = Shazia Mirza| title = What I know about men | newspaper = [[The Guardian]]| date = 3 August 2008| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2008/aug/03/familyandrelationships.shaziamirza| postscript =  | location=London}}</ref>

Earlier in her life, Mirza was a science teacher in a high school and taught [[Dizzee Rascal]], now a rapper and song artist.<ref>[http://www.timeout.com/london/comedy/features/5039/Shazia_Mirza-interview.html Time Out London: Shazia Mirza: interview] 17 June 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2010/may/22/shazia-mirza-dizzee-rascal Shazia Mirza: Diary of a disappointing daughter] Shazia Mirza's weekend column 22 May 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.spoonfed.co.uk/spooners/sjk-9453/interview-shazia-mirza-3212/ Interview: Shazia Mirza] 23 June 2010</ref>

==Career==
===Stand-up===
About a year into her [[stand-up comedy]] career, Mirza gained [[UK]]-wide publicity in the months when the world was coming to terms with the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]]. This was because at this time she would perform her act in recognizable [[hijab]] dress and begin with the deadpan remark, "My name is Shazia Mirza. At least, that's what it says on my pilot’s licence". In April 2007, she presented a documentary on [[BBC Three]] called ''[[F*** Off, I'm a Hairy Woman]]''.

===Journalism===
Mirza is an acclaimed writer and has been a regular columnist for [[The Guardian]] newspaper since 2004.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/shaziamirza?page=4 |title=Profile: Shazia Mirza |publisher=The Guardian UK | location=London | date=2008-07-23}}</ref> In 2006, she also began writing fortnightly columns in The [[New Statesman]] magazine, for which she won Columnist of the Year 2008 at the prestigious PPA Awards. She now has a regular column in Dawn News, www.DAWN.Com published on a Saturday.

===Television===
Mirza is a regular panelist on the [[Channel 5 (UK)|Channel 5]] topical discussion series ''[[The Wright Stuff]]''.

==Awards and recognition==
*2003, Newspaper ''The Observer'' lists her as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2003/dec/07/comedy.thebestofbritishcomedy The A-Z of laughter (part two)] The Guardian 7 December 2003</ref>
*2008, Awarded ''Columnist of the year'' at [[PPA Awards]] 2008 for her articles in the ''New Statesman'' magazine.
*March 2009, Listed on the inaugural Muslim Women's Power List as one of the 20 most successful Muslim women in the UK.<ref>http://www.thelist2009.com/en/the-list/shazia-mirza/</ref>
*Semi-finalist on [[Last Comic Standing 6|Last Comic Standing season 6]].
*2010 Winner AWA The Arts and Culture Award

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.shaziamirza.org Official Website]
*{{IMDb name|id=1506563|name=Shazia Mirza}}
*{{Twitter|shaziamirza1|Shazia Mirza}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Mirza, Shazia
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Comedian
| DATE OF BIRTH = 13 January 1977
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Birmingham]], [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], [[England]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mirza, Shazia}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English people of Pakistani descent]]
[[Category:English Muslims]]
[[Category:English women comedians]]
[[Category:English stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Muslim comedians]]
[[Category:English columnists]]
[[Category:The Guardian journalists]]
[[Category:English schoolteachers]]
[[Category:People from Birmingham, West Midlands]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Manchester]]

Storm Thorgerson

2013-04-22T21:50:04Z

Rodericksilly:

{{Infobox artist
|name= Storm Thorgerson
| birth_name = Storm Elvin Thorgerson
|image= Storm Thorgerson, gallery-at-oxo, July 2010.JPG
|imagesize=
|caption= Thorgerson in 2010
|birth_date= {{Birth date|1944|2|28|df=y}}
|birth_place= [[Potters Bar]], [[Middlesex]], England
|death_date= {{Death date and age|2013|4|18|1944|2|28|df=y}}
|death_place-UK
| field = {{Flatlist|
* Graphic designer
* music video director
}}
| nationality = English
}}

'''Storm Elvin Thorgerson''' (28 February 1944 – 18 April 2013)<ref name='GUARDIAN1'> {{cite news | first = Adam | last = Sweeting | title = Storm Thorgerson dies aged 69: 'the best album designer in the world' | date = 18 April 2013 | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2013/apr/18/storm-thorgerson-dies-69-designer-of-album-covers-for-pink-floyd | work = [[The Guardian]] | accessdate = 2013-04-18}}</ref> was an English [[graphic designer]], best known for his work for [[rock music|rock]] artists such as [[Pink Floyd]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Black Sabbath]], [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]], [[Peter Gabriel]], [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]], [[Europe (band)|Europe]], [[Catherine Wheel]], [[Bruce Dickinson]], [[Dream Theater]], [[The Cranberries]], [[The Mars Volta]], [[Muse (band)|Muse]], and [[Biffy Clyro]].

==Early life==
Thorgerson, who was of [[Norway|Norwegian]] ancestry,<ref>[http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/video/tateshots-storm-thorgerson-on-magritte Storm Thorgerson on [[René Magritte|Magritte]] at Tate.org.uk]. Retrieved 21 April 2013</ref> was born in [[Potters Bar]], [[Middlesex]] (now part of [[Hertfordshire]]), and he attended [[Summerhill School]], Brunswick Primary School in [[Cambridge]], and the [[Cambridgeshire High School for Boys]] with Pink Floyd founders [[Syd Barrett]], who was in the year below him, and [[Roger Waters]], who was in the year above him. Storm and Roger would play rugby together at school, whilst Storm's mother Vanji and Roger's mother Mary were close friends.<ref name='guitarworld'> {{cite journal | title = The Eye of the Storm | journal = Guitar World | date = February 1998 | first = G | last = Graff | url = http://www.brain-damage.co.uk/storm-thorgerson-interviews/february-1998-guitar-world-2.html | accessdate = 2013-04-18}}</ref><ref name='CM1'> {{cite news | first = Tonya | last = Turner | title = Storm Thorgerson's album covers are works of art | date = 18 April 2013 | url = http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/storm-thorgersons-album-covers-are-works-of-art/story-e6freon6-1225737227823 | work = The Courier-Mail | accessdate = 2013-04-18}}</ref> He studied English and Philosophy at the [[University of Leicester]], graduating with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree with Honours, before studying Film and Television at the [[Royal College of Art]], where he graduated with a [[Master of Arts]] degree.<ref name='DT1'> {{cite news | first = Andrew | last = Hough | title = Storm Thorgerson: Pink Floyd album cover designer dies | date = 18 April 2013 | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/10004872/Storm-Thorgerson-Pink-Floyd-album-cover-designer-dies.html | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | accessdate = 2013-04-18}}</ref><ref name='DPRP1'> {{cite web | url = http://www.dprp.net/specials/2005_storm/ | title = Storm Thorgerson - Taken by Storm | accessdate = 2013-04-18 | last = Farrell | first = Charlie}}</ref>

He was a teenage friend of Pink Floyd guitarist [[David Gilmour]] and [[Groomsman|best man]] at Gilmour's wedding to [[Polly Samson]] in 1994.<ref name="Samson">{{cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/PollySamson/status/324953896327979008|title="Best man at our wedding"|last=Samson|first=Polly|date=2013-04-18|accessdate=18 April 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1968 along with [[Aubrey Powell (designer)|Aubrey Powell]] he founded the graphic art group [[Hipgnosis]], and between them they designed many famous single and album covers, with [[Peter Christopherson]] joining them for their later commissions.<ref name=Goodbyelook>The photodesigns of Hipgnosis The Goodbye look. Vermillion Hutchinson Publishing Group. 1982 ISBN 0 091506417</ref> In 1983, following the dissolution of Hipgnosis , Thorgerson and Powell formed Green Back Films, producing music videos. In 1987, Thorgerson formed his own design studio called Storm Studios – a loose group of freelancers. The line up includes Rupert Truman (photographer), Peter Curzon (designer), Finlay Cowan (designer and illustrator), Daniel Abbott (designer and artist), Lee Baker (designer, retoucher and artist), Jerry Sweet (designer) along with Thorgerson's personal assistant, Laura Truman (prints) and Charlie Barnes, and continues, as Thorgerson wished.

[[File:Dark Side of the Moon.png|thumb|right|Thorgerson's design for the cover of ''[[The Dark Side of the Moon]]'', one of the most famous album covers of all time]]
Perhaps Thorgerson's most famous designs are those for [[Pink Floyd]].<ref name="StromIArticle">[http://utopia.knoware.nl/users/ptr/pfloyd/interview/great.html "Article on Storm Thorgerson"], ''[[Q magazine|''Q'' magazine]]'', 1992</ref> His design for ''[[The Dark Side of the Moon]]'' has been called one of the greatest album covers of all time. (Designed by Thorgerson, the cover itself was drawn by [[Hipgnosis]] designer [[George Hardie (artist)|George Hardie]].)<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2848386 The Dark Side of the Moon - Pink Floyd's Iconic Album], ''[[BBC]]''</ref> Many of his designs are notable for their [[Surrealism|surreal]] elements. He often places objects out of their traditional contexts, especially with vast spaces around them, to give them an awkward appearance while highlighting their beauty. To quote Thorgerson, "I like photography because it is a reality medium, unlike drawing which is unreal. I like to mess with reality...to bend reality. Some of my works beg the question of is it real or not?"<ref>[http://www.musicbox-online.com/stormart.html Taken by Storm: The Art of Storm Thorgerson], ''Music Box'', October 2004, Volume 11, #10</ref>

Several books have been devoted to surveying Thorgerson's work which spans more than four decades.

== Health problems and death ==
In 2003, Thorgerson suffered a stroke, from which he recovered. He was later diagnosed with an undisclosed form of cancer, which he battled for several years, but which eventually led to his death on 18 April 2013, at the age of 69. After Thorgerson's death, David Gilmour released a statement describing him as "a constant force in my life, both at work and in private, a shoulder to cry on, and a great friend".<ref name="dnd">{{cite web|title=Pink Floyd graphic genius and collaborator Storm Thorgerson dies aged 69|url=http://www.dnd.com.pk/pink-floyd-graphic-genius-and-collaborator-storm-thorgerson-dies-aged-69/|publisher=DND.com.pk|accessdate=2013-4-19}}</ref> A post on the official Pink Floyd website called him a "graphic genius".<ref name="dnd"/> Pink Floyd drummer [[Nick Mason]] said that he was a "tireless worker right up to the end".<ref name="Mason">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22210378 |title=Tributes paid to Pink Floyd album artist Storm Thorgerson |accessdate=2012-04-20|work=BBC News}}</ref>

==Solo works==
{{refimprove|section|date=April 2013}}
===Album cover designs===

:: ''For Thorgerson's work with Hipgnosis, see'' [[Hipgnosis#Discography|Hipgnosis discography]]
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[10cc]]:
**''[[Greatest Hits 1972–1978]]'' (1979)<ref name=Goodbyelook></ref>
**''[[Mirror Mirror (10cc album)|Mirror Mirror]]'' (1994)
*[[Anthrax (band)|Anthrax]]
**''[[Stomp 442]]'' (1995)
*[[Audioslave]]
**''[[Audioslave (album)|Audioslave]]'' (2002)
*[[Biffy Clyro]]:
**''[[Puzzle (Biffy Clyro album)|Puzzle]]'' (2007)
***"[[Saturday Superhouse]]" (2007)
***"[[Living is a Problem Because Everything Dies]]" (2007)
***"[[Folding Stars]]" (2007)
***"[[Machines (song)|Machines]]" (2007)
**''[[Only Revolutions (Biffy Clyro album)|Only Revolutions]]'' (2009)
***"[[That Golden Rule]]" (2009)
***"[[The Captain (Biffy Clyro song)|The Captain]]" (2009)
**''[[Opposites (album)|Opposites]]'' (2013)
*[[Black Sabbath]]:
**''[[Technical Ecstasy]]'' (1976)
*[[Catherine Wheel]]:
** ''[[Chrome (Catherine Wheel album)|Chrome]]'' (1993)
** ''[[Happy Days (album)|Happy Days]]'' (1995)
** ''[[Like Cats and Dogs]]'' (compilation) (1996)
** ''[[Adam and Eve (album)|Adam And Eve]]'' (1997)
** ''[[Wishville]]'' (2000)
*[[The Cranberries]]:
**''[[Bury the Hatchet (album)|Bury the Hatchet]]'' (1999)
**''[[Wake Up and Smell the Coffee]]'' (2001)
*[[The Cult]]:
**''[[Electric (The Cult album)|Electric]]'' (1987) (credited on the picture sleeve as "Art Direction by Storm Thorgerson")
*[[Bruce Dickinson]]
**''[[Skunkworks (album)|Skunkworks]]'' (1996)
*[[Disco Biscuits]]:
**''Planet Anthem'' (2010)
*[[Dream Theater]]:
**''[[A Change of Seasons]]'' (1995)
**''[[Falling into Infinity]]'' (1997)
**"[[Once in a LIVEtime]]" (1998)
**"[[5 Years in a Livetime]]" (1998)
*[[Ian Dury and The Blockheads]]
**''[[Mr. Love Pants]]'' (1998)
*[[Ellis, Beggs, & Howard]]
**''Homelands'' (1989)
*[[Ethnix]]
**''Home Is Where The Head Is'' (2002)
*[[Europe (band)|Europe]]
**''[[Secret Society (album)|Secret Society]]'' (2006)
*[[Peter Gabriel]]:
**''[[Peter Gabriel (1977 album)|Peter Gabriel]]'' (1977)
**''[[Peter Gabriel (1978 album)|Peter Gabriel]]'' (1978)
**''[[Peter Gabriel (1980 album)|Peter Gabriel]]'' (1980)
*[[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
**''[[...And Then There Were Three...]] (1978)
*[[David Gilmour]]
**''[[About Face (album)|About Face]]'' (1984)
**''[[David Gilmour in Concert]] DVD'' (2002)
*[[Helloween]]
**''[[Pink Bubbles Go Ape]]'' (1991)
*[[Led Zeppelin]]
**''[[Houses of the Holy]]'' (1973)
**''[[Presence (album)|Presence]]'' (1976)
**''[[In Through the Out Door]]'' (1979)
*[[The Mars Volta]]:
**''[[De-Loused in the Comatorium]]'' (2003)
***"[[Inertiatic ESP]]" single (2003)
***"[[Televators]]" single (2003)
**''[[Frances the Mute]]'' (2005)
***"[[The Widow]]" single (2005)
*[[Megadeth]]:
**''[[Rude Awakening (Megadeth album)|Rude Awakening]] DVD (2002)
*[[Steve Miller Band]]:
**''[[Bingo!]]'' (2010)
**''[[Let Your Hair Down (album)|Let Your Hair Down]]'' (2011)
*[[Muse (band)|Muse]]:
**''[[Absolution (Muse album)|Absolution]]'' (2003)
***"[[Butterflies and Hurricanes]]" single (2004)
**''[[Black Holes and Revelations]]'' (2006)
**"[[Uprising (song)|Uprising]]" single (2009)
*[[The Offspring]]
**''[[Splinter (The Offspring album)|Splinter]]'' (2003)
*[[Mike Oldfield]]
**"[[Earth Moving (song)|Earth Moving]]" (1989)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stormthorgerson.com/html/si/SI08.html |title=Singles Page 8 |publisher=[[Storm Thorgerson]] |accessdate=2013-04-20}}</ref>
*[[Alan Parsons]]:
**''[[Try Anything Once]]'' (1993)
**''[[On Air (Alan Parsons album)|On Air]]'' (1996)
**''[[The Time Machine (Alan Parsons album)|The Time Machine]]'' (1999)
**''[[A Valid Path]]'' (2004)
*[[Pendulum (band)|Pendulum]]
**''[[Immersion (album)|Immersion]]'' (2010)
*[[Phish]]
**''[[Slip Stitch and Pass]]'' (1997)
*[[The Pineapple Thief]]
**''[[Someone Here Is Missing]]'' (2010)
*[[Pink Floyd]]<ref>{{Cite book
| publisher = Omnibus | isbn = 9781849383707 | last = Mabbett | first = Andy | title = Pink Floyd - The Music and the Mystery | location = London | date = 2010 }}</ref>:
**''[[A Saucerful of Secrets]]'' (1968)
**''[[Ummagumma]]'' (1969)
**''[[Atom Heart Mother]]'' (1970)
**''[[Dark Side of the Moon]]'' (1973)
**''[[A Nice Pair]]'' (1974)
**''[[Wish You Were Here (Pink Floyd album)|Wish You Were Here]]'' (1975)
**''[[Animals (Pink Floyd album)|Animals]]'' (1977)
**''[[A Collection of Great Dance Songs]]'' (1981)
**''[[A Momentary Lapse of Reason]]'' (1987)<ref name="StromIArticle"/>
**''[[Delicate Sound of Thunder]]'' (1988)
**''[[Shine On (Pink Floyd)|Shine On]]'' (1992)<ref name="StromIArticle"/>
**''[[The Division Bell]]'' (1994)
**''[[Pulse (Pink Floyd album)|P*U*L*S*E]]'' (1995), including the blinking LED light that was featured in early CD packaging.<ref>{{cite web | title=The 30 Year Technicolor Dream| first=Phil| last=Sutcliffe |work=Mojo Magazine | url=http://www.pinkfloydfan.net/t1484-gilmour-mason-wright-30-year.html#post23744 |date=July 1995 |accessdate=2011-07-23}}</ref>
**''[[Relics (album)|Relics]]'' re-release (1996)
**''[[Is There Anybody Out There? The Wall Live 1980–81]]'' (2000)
**''[[Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd]]'' (2001)
**''[[Oh, by the Way]]'' (2007)
*[[The Plea]]
**''The Dreamers Stadium'' (2012)<ref>[http://www.stormsight.co.uk/thepleatunnel.html]</ref>
*[[Powderfinger]]
**''[[Golden Rule (album)|Golden Rule]]'' (2009)
*[[Program the Dead]]
**''Program The Dead'' (2005)
*[[Rainbow (band)|Rainbow]]
**''[[Difficult to Cure]]'' (1981)<ref name=Goodbyelook></ref>
**''[[Bent Out of Shape]]'' (1983)
*[[Herman Rarebell]]
**''[[Nip in the Bud]]'' (1981)<ref name=Goodbyelook></ref>
*[[Rival Sons]]
**[[Pressure & Time]] (2011)
*[[Mike Rutherford]]
**''[[Smallcreep's Day (album)|Smallcreep's Day]]'' (1980)<ref name=Goodbyelook></ref>
*[[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]]
**''[[Lovedrive]] (1979)
**''[[Animal Magnetism (Scorpions album)|Animal Magnetism]]'' (1980)
*[[Shpongle]]
**''[[Ineffable Mysteries from Shpongleland]]'' (2009)
*[[Styx (band)|Styx]]
**''[[Pieces of Eight]]'' (1978)<ref name=Goodbyelook></ref>
**''[[Cyclorama (album)|Cyclorama]]'' (2003)
*[[The Alan Parsons Project]]
**''[[Pyramid (The Alan Parsons Project album)|Pyramid]]'' (1978)<ref name=Goodbyelook></ref>
*[[Thornley (band)|Thornley]]
**''[[Come Again (Thornley album)|Come Again]]'' (2004)
**''[[Tiny Pictures]]'' (2009)
*[[Thunder (band)|Thunder]]
**''[[Laughing On Judgement Day |Laughing On Judgement Day]]'' (1992)
**''[[Behind Closed Doors (Thunder album)|Behind Closed Doors]]'' (1995)
*[[Umphrey's McGee]]
**''[[Safety In Numbers (Umphrey's McGee album)|Safety In Numbers]] (2006)
**''[[The Bottom Half]] (2007)
*[[Villainy]]
**''[[Mode. Set. Clear.]]'' (2012)
*[[Ween]]
**''[[The Mollusk]]'' (1997)
*[[Wishbone Ash]]
**''[[No Smoke Without Fire]]'' (1978)<ref name=Goodbyelook></ref>
*[[The Wombats]]:
**''[[The Wombats Proudly Present: This Modern Glitch|This Modern Glitch]]'' (2011)
*[[Rick Wright]]
**''[[Broken China]]'' (1996)
*[[Younger Brother (music group)|Younger Brother]]
**''[[Last Days of Gravity]]'' (2007)
**''[[Vaccine (album)|Vaccine]]'' (2011)
*[[Yourcodenameis:milo]]
**''[[Rapt. Dept.]]'' (2005)
**''17'' (2005)
**''[[Ignoto]]'' (2005)
{{div col end}}

===Music videos===
* [[Paul Young]] – "[[Wherever I Lay My Hat (That's My Home)]]" (1983)
* [[Rainbow (band)|Rainbow]] – "Street of Dreams" (1983)
* [[Robert Plant]] - "[[Big Log]]" (1983)
* [[Yes (band)|Yes]] – "[[Owner of a Lonely Heart]]" (1983)
* [[Nik Kershaw]] - "[[Wouldn't It Be Good]]" (1984)
* [[David Gilmour]] – "Blue Light" (1984)
* David Gilmour – "All Lovers Are Deranged" (1984)
* Nik Kershaw - "[[The Riddle (Nik Kershaw song)|The Riddle]]" (1984)
* Nik Kershaw - "[[Wide Boy (song)|Wide Boy]] (1984)
* Nik Kershaw - "Don Quixote" (1985)
* [[Pink Floyd]] – "[[Learning to Fly (Pink Floyd song)|Learning to Fly]]" (1987)
* Pink Floyd – "[[The Dogs of War (Pink Floyd song)|The Dogs of War]]" (1987)
* [[Bruce Dickinson]] – "[[Tattooed Millionaire]]" (1990)
* Bruce Dickinson – "[[All the Young Dudes]]" (1990)
* Pink Floyd – "[[High Hopes (Pink Floyd song)|High Hopes]]" (1994)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.stormthorgerson.com}}
*{{IMDb name|0861243}}
*[http://www.floydianslip.com/pink-floyd/interviews/storm-thorgerson.htm Radio interview transcript]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/gloucestershire/content/articles/2007/05/16/storm_thorgerson_feature.shtml BBC Feature and audio interview]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8605975.stm BBC Article on Thorgerson's work: Audio slideshow: Storm's sleeves]
*[http://channel.tate.org.uk/media/1088966195001 TateShots: Storm Thorgerson on Magritte] The artist talks about the influence of [[Magritte]] on his work. 21 July 2011
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IwL_wP_Y2NU Tennents' "One Great Thing" Advert]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfB10EUi3iQ Thorgerson interviewed] by [[Younger Brother]] (video, 8 mins, 2010)

{{Authority control|VIAF=14858296}}
{{Pink Floyd |state=collapsed}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Thorgerson, Storm
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = [[England|English]] [[graphic designer]]
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1944
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Potters Bar]], [[Middlesex]], [[England]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 18 April 2013
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thorgerson, Storm}}
{{portal bar|design}}
[[Category:English graphic designers]]
[[Category:English film directors]]
[[Category:English music video directors]]
[[Category:Album-cover and concert-poster artists]]
[[Category:People associated with Pink Floyd]]
[[Category:People from Potters Bar]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Leicester]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal College of Art]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Summerhill School]]

Land of Confusion

2012-05-27T14:02:36Z

Rodericksilly:

{{Infobox single
|Name=Land of Confusion
|Cover=Genesis-Land-of-confusion-single-cover.jpg
|Caption=Original single cover parodying 1963's ''[[With the Beatles]]''
|Artist=[[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
|Album=[[Invisible Touch]]
|B-side=Feeding the Fire
|Released= {{start date|1986|10}} US {{start date|1986|11|10}} UK
|Format=US: [[Gramophone record|7"]], UK: 7", [[12-inch single|12"]]
|Recorded=[[The Farm (recording studio)|The Farm]], [[Surrey]]; 1985–1986
|Genre=[[Rock music|Rock]], [[synth rock]]
|Length=4:45
|Label=[[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] US [[Virgin Records|Virgin]] - GENS 3 UK
| Writer = [[Mike Rutherford]], [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]], [[Phil Collins]]
|Producer=[[Genesis (band)|Genesis]], [[Hugh Padgham]]
|Last single="[[Throwing it All Away]]" (1986)
|This single="'''Land of Confusion'''" (1986)
|Next single="[[In Too Deep (Genesis song)|In Too Deep]]" (1987)
|Misc = {{Extra track listing
| Album = [[Invisible Touch]]
| Type = single
| prev_track = "[[Tonight, Tonight, Tonight]]"
| prev_no = 2
| this_track = "'''Land of Confusion'''"
| track_no = 3
| next_track = "[[In Too Deep (Genesis song)|In Too Deep]]"
| next_no = 4
}}
{{Audiosample
| Upper caption = yes
| Audio file= GenesisLandofConfusion.ogg
}}
}}
"'''Land of Confusion'''" is a rock song written by the band [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]] for their 1986 album ''[[Invisible Touch]]''. The song was the third track on the album and was the fourth track from the album to become a single, which reached #4 in the US<ref>http://www.billboard.com/#/charts/hot-100?chartDate=1987-01-31</ref> and #14 in the UK in late 1986.<ref name="UK chart">[http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/genesis/ Genesis UK chart history], The Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 18, 2012.</ref> It made #8 in the Netherlands. The music was written by the band, while the lyrics were written by [[guitar]]ist [[Mike Rutherford]].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.innerviews.org/inner/genesis.html | title= Genesis: Turning it on again | work=Innerviews | first=Anil | last=Prasad |accessdate=27 May 2012}}</ref> The song's video featured puppets from the 1980s UK sketch show ''[[Spitting Image]]''.

==Music video==
[[Image:LandofConfusionscreenshot1.JPG|left|250px|thumb|The band members (Banks, Collins and Rutherford) as they appeared in the video.]]


The song is widely remembered for its [[music video]], which had heavy airplay on [[MTV]]. The video features bizarre puppets by the British [[television show]] ''[[Spitting Image]]''. After [[Phil Collins]] saw a caricatured version of himself on the show, he commissioned the show's creators, [[Peter Fluck]] and [[Roger Law]], to create puppets of the entire band, as well as all the characters in the video.

The video opens with a caricatured [[Ronald Reagan]] (voiced by [[Chris Barrie]]), [[Nancy Reagan]], and a chimpanzee (parodying Reagan's film ''[[Bedtime for Bonzo]]''), going to bed at 16:30 (4:30 PM). Reagan, holding a [[teddy bear]], goes to sleep and begins to have a nightmare, which sets the premise for the entire video. The video intermittently features a line of stomping feet, illustrating an army marching through a swamp, and they pick up heads of [[Cold War]]-era political figures in the swamp along the way (an [[allusion]] to ''[[Motel Hell]]'').

Caricatured versions of the band members are shown playing instruments on stage during a concert: [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]] on an array of synthesizers (as well as a [[cash register]]), [[Mike Rutherford]] on a [[Double neck guitar|four-necked guitar]] (parodying Rutherford's dual role as the band's guitar and bass-player), and two [[Phil Collins]] puppets: one on the drums, and one singing.

During the second verse, the video features various world leaders giving speeches on large video screens in front of mass crowds; the video shows [[Benito Mussolini]], [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini]], [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and his aides (appearing like [[Frank Sinatra]]'s '[[rat pack]]'), and [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]]. Meanwhile, Reagan is shown putting on a [[Superman]] suit, fumbling along the way, while Collins sings,

:''Oh Superman where are you now''
:''When everything's gone wrong somehow''
:''The men of steel, the men of power''
:''Are losing control by the hour.''

Meanwhile, the "real world" Reagan is shown drowning in his own sweat (at one point, a [[rubber duck]] floats by).

During the bridge, the Superman-costumed Reagan and a [[Monoclonius]]-type dinosaur (with punk jewelry) watch a television showing various clips (apparently from the ''[[Spitting Image]]'' show itself), including [[Johnny Carson]], [[Leonard Nimoy]] as Mr. [[Spock]] (with a [[Rubik's Cube]]), and [[Bob Hope]]. This segues into a sequence apparently set in prehistoric times, where the Monoclonius-type and a [[Theropod]]-type dinosaur (wearing a bow-tie) meet up with Ron and Nancy Reagan and a rather outlandish mammal eats an egg and reads a newspaper. At the end of this part, the ape from the prologue is shown throwing a bone in the air (an [[allusion]] to ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'').

As the bone begins to fall there is a sudden switch to Collins catching a falling phone which he uses to inform the person on the other end that he "won't be coming home tonight, my generation will put it right" (which is when a caricature of a 1980s [[Pete Townshend]] is seen playing a chord on guitar and giving a thumb-up for putative mentioning of his own song, ''[[My Generation (The Who song)|My Generation]]'') and on the "we're not just making promises" verse the bone lands (on top of [[David Bowie]] and [[Bob Dylan]]). Reagan is then shown riding the ''[[Monoclonius]]'' through the streets while wearing a cowboy hat and wardrobe (a reference to Reagan's down-home public persona and ranch). As the video nears its climax, there are periodic scenes of a large group of spoofed celebrity puppets, including [[Tina Turner]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[Bill Cosby]] and [[Hulk Hogan]] singing along to the chorus of the song, in a spoof of the charity driven song "[[We Are the World]]", with [[Pope John Paul II]] playing an electric guitar.

At the end of the video, Reagan awakens from his dream, and surfaces from the sweat surrounding him; Nancy at this point is wearing a [[Snorkeling|snorkel]]. After taking a drink (missing his mouth and, indeed, his face), he fumbles for a button next to his bed. He intends to push the one labeled "Nurse", but instead presses the one titled "[[Nuclear weapons|Nuke]]", setting off a nuclear weapon. Reagan then replies "Man, that's one heck of a nurse!" Nancy whacks him over the head with her snorkel.

The video, directed by John Lloyd & Jim Yukich and produced by Jon Blair, won the short lived [[Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video]] during the [[Grammy Awards of 1988|1988 Grammys]].<ref>[http://80music.about.com/library/grammy/bl_1987.htm 1988 Grammy Awards information]. About.com. Retrieved March 4, 2006.</ref> The video was also nominated for an [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Video of the Year]] in 1987, but lost to "[[Sledgehammer (song)|Sledgehammer]]" by [[Peter Gabriel]] (coincidentally, Genesis' former lead singer). It also made the number-one spot on ''[[The Village Voice]]'' critic [[Robert Christgau]]'s top 10 music videos in his year-end "Dean's List" feature, and number three on the equivalent list in his annual survey of music critics, [[Pazz & Jop]] (again losing out to "Sledgehammer").<ref>[http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans86.php Robert Christgau: Pazz & Jop 1986: Dean's List]; [http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/pjres86.php Robert Christgau: Pazz & Jop 1986: Critics Poll]. Robert Christgau's Web Site. Retrieved June 19, 2006.</ref>

===List of famous people and characters seen in the video===


{{inc-video|date=August 2008}}
{{MultiCol}}
* [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]]
* [[Phil Collins]]
* [[Mike Rutherford]]
* [[Ronald Reagan]]
* [[Pete Townshend]]
* [[Nancy Reagan]]
* [[Jimmy Carter]]
* [[Margaret Thatcher]]
* [[Henry Kissinger]]
* [[Robert Maxwell]]
* [[David Owen]]
* [[Richard Branson]]
* [[Prince Charles]]
* [[Idi Amin]]
* [[Ayatollah Khomeini]]
* [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]
* [[Leonid Brezhnev]]
* [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]]
* [[Ed McMahon]]
* [[Johnny Carson]]
* [[Walter Cronkite]]
* [[Richard Nixon]]
* [[Leonard Nimoy]]
* [[Bob Hope]]
* [[Bob Hawke]]
* [[Sylvester Stallone]]
* [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] (is seen backstage eating his own tongue as a hot dog, while Phil Collins sings into the telephone)
* [[Grace Jones]]
* [[François Mitterrand]]
* [[Tina Turner]]
* [[Bruce Springsteen]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[David Bowie]]
* [[Mick Jagger]]
* [[Tammy Faye Bakker]]
* [[Thomas Gottschalk]]
* [[Leopoldo Galtieri]]
* [[Helmut Kohl]] (Whacking Erich Honecker with a banana. He is seen for a split second in the first TV segment)
* [[Erich Honecker]] (Being whacked with a banana by Helmut Kohl)
* [[Urho Kekkonen]]
* [[Alan Greenspan]]
* [[Frank Sinatra]] (not a puppet; photo on book Nancy is reading)

{{ColBreak}}
;''in crowd:''
* [[Queen Elizabeth II]]
* [[Elton John]]
* [[Prince Philip]]
* [[Freddie Mercury]]
* [[Joan Rivers]]
* [[Pope John Paul II]]
* [[Ringo Starr]]
* [[Yoko Ono]]
* [[Clint Eastwood]]
* [[Michael Jackson]]
* [[Cyndi Lauper]]
* [[Barbra Streisand]]
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] (has a singing lipstick-painted navel)
* [[Jane Fonda]]
* [[Bette Midler]]
* [[Princess Diana]]
* [[Dolly Parton]]
* [[Stephen King]]
* [[Mr. T]]
* [[Walter Matthau]]
* [[Paul McCartney]]
* [[Hulk Hogan]]
* [[Bill Cosby]]
* [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
* [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
* [[Bob Geldof]]
* [[Faye Dunaway]]
* [[Cliff Richard]]
* [[Boy George]]
* [[Jimmy Somerville]]
* [[Popeye]]
* [[Florence Henderson]]
* (For a brief moment at the end before President Reagan wakes, the real [[Phil Collins]] pops up and down in the crowd)
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Singles track listings==
===7": Virgin / GENS 3 (UK) ===
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

=== 7": Atlantic / 7-89336 (US) ===

# "Land Of Confusion" (LP Version) - 4:45
# "Feeding The Fire" - 5:54

===12": Virgin / GENS 3-12 (UK) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

===12": Virgin / 608 632-213 (Germany) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

===CD: Virgin / SNEG 3-12 (UK) ===
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54
# "Do the Neurotic" – 7:08

===12": Atlantic / PR 968 (US) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45

* Remixes by [[John Potoker]]

==Personnel==
*[[Phil Collins]] - [[Drum kit|drums]], [[Percussion instrument|percussion]], [[singing|vocals]]
*[[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]] - [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]], bass pedals
*[[Mike Rutherford]] - [[guitar]], [[bass guitar|bass]]

==Live performances==
The song was played on their ''[[Invisible Touch]]'',<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=15&addcommentsall= Invisible Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> ''[[We Can't Dance|The Way We Walk]]'',<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=16&addcommentsall= The Way We Walk Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> ''[[Calling All Stations]]''<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=17&addcommentsall= Calling All Stations Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> (with [[Ray Wilson (musician)|Ray Wilson]] on vocals) and ''[[Turn It On Again: The Tour]]''<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=18&addcommentsall= Turn it on again Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> tours, though later transposed to a lower key to accommodate Collins' deepening voice.

It also appears on their live albums ''[[The Way We Walk, Volume One: The Shorts]]'', and ''[[Live Over Europe 2007]]''. As well as on their DVDs ''[[Genesis Live at Wembley Stadium]]'', ''[[The Way We Walk - Live in Concert]]'' and ''[[When in Rome 2007]]''.

==Cultural references==
"Land of Confusion" was also a track used for the final episode of the 1980s cop show ''[[Miami Vice]]'' (in which [[Phil Collins]] periodically played a minor role) called "Freefall" and was applied as the characters of the show [[James "Sonny" Crockett|Crockett]] ([[Don Johnson]]) and Tubbs ([[Philip Michael Thomas]]) were in the middle of a stakeout. The song was to imply the complexity of the story during the finale.

"Land of Confusion" was then-Delaware Senator [[Joe Biden]]'s campaign song during his brief run for President in 1987.

This song is mentioned in ''[[American Psycho (film)|American Psycho]]''.

The cover version of "Land of Confusion" by Disturbed is used in the end credits of ''[[Bigger, Stronger, Faster*]]''.

==Notable covers==
The song has been variously re-recorded as [[cover versions]] by several artists spanning a number of genres:
*One-time Genesis guitarist [[Daryl Stuermer]] reworked the song into a [[jazz]] tune on his album ''[[Another Side of Genesis]]''.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r467118|pure_url=yes}} Track Listing for "Another Side of Genesis" by Daryl Steurmer]. AllMusic.com. Retrieved March 4, 2006.</ref>
*It has been covered by [[reggae]] group Fourth Dimension.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r761041|pure_url=yes}} Track Listing for "Around the World" by Fourth Dimension]. AllMusic.com. Retrieved March 4, 2006.</ref>
* Swedish [[melodic death metal]] band [[In Flames]] covered the song for their 2003 EP ''[[Trigger (EP)|Trigger]]''.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r644495|pure_url=yes}} Track Listing for "Trigger (EP)" by In Flames]. AllMusic.com. Retrieved October 11, 2009.</ref>
* Canadian singer [[Nelly Furtado]] covered the song at on her first Spanish head-lining tour, the [[Mi Plan Tour]], as a mash-up with her single [[Powerless (Say What You Want)]].
* [[Alcazar (band)|Alcazar]] adapted the chorus for their song "[[This Is the World We Live In]]".
* Norwegian folk-pop band [[Katzenjammer]] covered the song for their album "[[A Kiss Before You Go]]".

===Disturbed {{anchor | Disturbed song and video}}===
{{Infobox single
|Name = Land of Confusion
|Artist = [[Disturbed (band)|Disturbed]]
|Cover = disturbed_land_of_confusion.png
|Album = [[Ten Thousand Fists]]
|Released = October 2, 2006
|Format = [[Compact disc]], [[Gramophone record|12" picture LP]]
|Recorded = January - April 2005 at Groovemaster Studios in [[Chicago, Illinois]]
|Genre = [[Alternative metal]], [[hard rock]]
|Writer = [[Mike Rutherford]], [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]], [[Phil Collins]]
|Label = [[Reprise Records|Reprise]]
|Length = 4:47
|Producer = [[Johnny K]]
|Reviews=
|Last single= "[[Just Stop]]" (2006)
|This single= "'''Land of Confusion'''" (2006)
|Next single= "[[Ten Thousand Fists (song)|Ten Thousand Fists]]" (2006)
}}
The American [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band [[Disturbed (band)|Disturbed]] released a cover of the song on their third studio album, ''[[Ten Thousand Fists]]''. The song became the fourth single from that album. [[Singing|Vocalist]] [[David Draiman]] commented that the aim of covering the song was, "taking a song that's absolutely nothing like us and making it our own."<ref name="aimforcover">{{cite web|title=Disturbed frontman: 'I see ourselves as being a three-decade spanning band'|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=62683|date=2006-11-23|accessdate=2008-12-15|publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> The line "And the sound of your laughter" in the original's bridge was replaced by "In the wake of this madness".

It was accompanied by a music video animated by [[Todd McFarlane]], known for his work with the ''[[Spawn (comics)|Spawn]]'' comic book series and the creator of Spider-Man Anti-Hero ''[[Venom (comics)|Venom]]''. McFarlane had previously animated the music videos for the songs "[[Freak on a Leash]]" by [[Korn]] and "[[Do the Evolution]]" by [[Pearl Jam]].<ref name="disturbedmcfarlane"/> According to McFarlane, the music video is "a big view of the corporate world and how it all ties into just one big beast for me... The world is run by one giant thing, which is driven by greed and lust."<ref name="disturbedmcfarlane"/> "Land of Confusion" reached #1 in the [[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks]], it is Disturbed's first #1 single on that chart.

====Music video====
The video starts out with [[Disturbed (band)|The Guy]], Disturbed's mascot, falling to earth. It then shows military forces bearing the symbol of [[dollar sign]]<ref name="disturbedmcfarlane">{{cite news|last =Harris|first=Chris|title=Todd McFarlane to make Genesis' 'Confusion' clip even more disturbed|publisher=MTV|date=2006-03-15|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1525848/20060310/disturbed.jhtml|accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref> within a circle of white that is within a field of red, followed by legions of black-clad soldiers reminiscent of [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[Schutzstaffel]] (Protection Squad).<ref name="mcfarlanevskirkman">{{cite news|last=Khouri|first=Andy|title=CCI, Day 3: McFarlane Vs Kirkman?|publisher=Comic Book Resources|date=2006-07-22|url=http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=7666|accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref> The video then shows The Guy, escaping bondage from chains, as the military forces continue to assault cities and civilians. Later on, leaders of various nations of the world (bearing close physical resemblance to the then respective national leaders) are shown sitting at a table with the same dollar sign on it. Eventually The Guy confronts the soldiers, and leads the people in rebellion. Flags of several powerful nations are then shown, with the final flag sporting the dollar sign. The Guy leads the rebels to the [[United Nations Headquarters]] <ref name="mcfarlanevskirkman"/> where they disrupt a meeting of the U.N. representatives. The Guy then leads the angry mob into a back room where they confront the real [[power behind the throne]], a gigantic, bloated [[Fat cat (term)|Fat Cat]]. The mob then drags him to the ground and once immobilized, The Guy destroys the Fat Cat, who explodes into a shower of dollar bills.

====Personnel====
* [[David Draiman]] - [[lead vocals]]
* [[Dan Donegan]] - [[guitars]], [[electronics]]
* [[John Moyer]] - [[bass guitar]], backing vocals
* [[Mike Wengren]] - [[drums]]

==Charts==
===Genesis version===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (1986-87)
!Peak position
|-
|Austria ([[Ö3 Austria Top 40]])
|align="center"|27
|-
|Netherlands ([[Dutch Top 40]])
|align="center"|10
|-
|Finland ([[Suomen virallinen lista]])<ref>{{cite book | first= Jake | last= Nyman |year= 2005 | title={{lang|fin|Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja}} | edition= 1st | publisher=Tammi | location= Helsinki| isbn= 951-31-2503-3| language= Finnish }}</ref>
|align="center"|18
|-
|Ireland ([[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]])
|align="center"|9
|-
|New Zealand ([[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]])
|align="center"|9
|-
|Sweden ([[Sverigetopplistan]])
|align="center"|10
|-
|[[Swiss Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|8
|-
|United Kingdom ([[The Official Charts Company]])<ref name="UK chart"/>
|align="center"|14
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]]
|align="center"|4
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks |Top Rock Tracks]]
|align="center"|11
|-
|}

===Disturbed version===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Chart
! Position
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2006
|Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks
| style="text-align:center;"|1<ref name="singlecharts">{{cite web|title=''Ten Thousand Fists'' US single charts|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.chartFormatGroupName=Singles&model.vnuArtistId=382997&model.vnuAlbumId=1138597|accessdate=2009-07-09}}</ref>
|-
|Hot Modern Rock Tracks
| style="text-align:center;"|18<ref name="singlecharts"/>
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vh1classic.com/view/artist/1077/18140/Genesis/Land_Of_Confusion/index.jhtml ''Genesis'' Music Video] at [[VH1 Classic]]
* [http://www.mtvmusic.com/video/?id=18140 ''Genesis'' Music Video] at [[MTV Music]]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Through Glass]]" by [[Stone Sour]]
| title = [[Mainstream Rock Tracks|''Billboard'' Mainstream Rock Tracks]] [[List of number-one mainstream rock hits (United States)#2006|number-one single]] (Disturbed version)
| years = November 4, 2006 - November 18, 2006
| after = "[[The Pot]]" by [[Tool (band)|Tool]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Genesis}}
{{Disturbed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Land Of Confusion}}
[[Category:1986 singles]]
[[Category:2006 singles]]
[[Category:Genesis (band) songs]]
[[Category:Disturbed (band) songs]]
[[Category:Songs about nuclear war and weapons]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks number-one singles]]
[[Category:Songs written by Tony Banks]]
[[Category:Songs written by Phil Collins]]
[[Category:Songs written by Mike Rutherford]]
[[Category:Songs about the Cold War]]
[[Category:Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video]]
[[Category:Songs produced by Hugh Padgham]]

[[es:Land of Confusion]]
[[fr:Land of Confusion]]
[[it:Land of Confusion]]
[[ka:Land of Confusion]]
[[pt:Land of Confusion]]
[[sv:Land of Confusion]]

Athelhampton Hall

2011-05-10T22:00:35Z

Rodericksilly:

[[Image:AthelhamptonHouse.jpg|thumb|300px|Athelhampton]]
'''Athelhampton''' (also known as '''Admiston''' or '''Adminston''') is a [[Grade I]] listed 15th-century [[manor house]] in [[England]]. It is a privately owned [[country house]] on 160 acres (647,000 m²) of parkland, located five miles (8 km) east of [[Dorchester, Dorset]]. The house is now open for public visits.

In 1086, the site was recorded in the [[Domesday Book]] which states that the [[Bishop of Salisbury]], with Odbold as tenant, held the manor, then called Pidele. The name ''Aethelhelm'' appears in the 13th century, when Athelhampton belonged to the de Loundres family. In 1350 Richard Martyn married the de Pydele heiress, and their descendant [[Sir William Martyn]], [[Lord Mayor]] of [[London]] in 1492, built the current Great Hall in or around 1485. He also received licence to enclose 160 acres (647,000 m²) of deer park and to fortify his manor.

A West Wing and Gatehouse were added in 1550, but in 1862 the Gatehouse was demolished. [[Sir Robert Long, 1st Baronet|Sir Robert Long]] purchased Athelhampton House in 1665 from [[Ralph Bankes|Sir Ralph Bankes]]. In 1684 an attempt was made by the court to [[Sequestration (law)|sequester]] the estate from the then owner, James Long Esquire (son of [[Sir James Long, 2nd Baronet]]), to recover a debt,<ref>[[Notes and Queries]] for Somerset and Dorset - 1915 "An Incident at Admiston, Dorset in the 17th Century" pp102-104</ref> but this appears to have been unsuccessful. The estate passed down through the Long family to [[William Pole-Tylney-Long-Wellesley, 5th Earl of Mornington|William Pole-Tylney-Long-Wellesley]] (Viscount Wellesley, later 5th [[Earl of Mornington]]), who sold it in 1848 to George Wood. In 1891, the house was acquired by the antiquarian [[Alfred de Lafontaine]], who carried out restoration to the interior and added the North Wing in 1920–21.

At the same time, de Lafontaine engaged [[Inigo Thomas]] to create one of England's great gardens as a series of "outdoor rooms" inspired by the Renaissance. Twenty acres (81,000 m²) of formal gardens are encircled by the [[River Piddle]], and consist of eight walled gardens with numerous fountains and pavilions, plus a [[balustrade]]d terrace, statues, [[obelisk]]s and vistas through gate piers. Great Court contains 12 giant [[Taxus baccata|yew]] pyramids set around the pool by the great terrace. The lawn to the west has an early 16th-century circular [[dovecote]], and the south terrace features a vast "[[Magnolia]] grandiflora" and a Banksian rose. [[Pear]] trees cover the old walls and support [[rose]]s and [[clematis]].

Across the A35 stands the Church of St John, built in 1862 as a way of moving the old parish church away from the house. The church was designed by the Dorchester architect 'Hicks' who employed Thomas Hardy at the time. The Church was acquired with its pews and most of the Grave Yard in 1984 after the church had fallen into disrepair having been made redundant by the Church of England in 1975. The Church is now used by the [[Antiochian Orthodox]] parish of St Edward King and Martyr. A congregation meet at the church with services every Sunday.

Athelhampton has been owned by three generations of the Cooke family, the present owners.

The commercial aspects of Athelhampton including some Pubs and Restaurants in Dorset are run by a Partnership between Patrick & Andrea Cooke, the present owners, and Owen Davies. The Martyrs Inn in the historic village of Tolupuddle just 1.6miles distant has high profile links with Athelhampton.

==Film location ==
*The House was used as a location for the 1972 film, [[Sleuth (1972 film)|''Sleuth'']], when it was owned by [[Robert Cooke (politician)|Robert Cooke]], MP.<ref name="IMDB">[http://www.imdb.com/List?endings=on&&locations=Athelhampton%20House,%20Athelhampton,%20Dorset,%20England,%20UK&&heading=18;with+locations+including;Athelhampton%20House,%20Athelhampton,%20Dorset,%20England,%20UK IMDB database of filming at the house]</ref>
*The house and gardens were also used for the main filming location of the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' serial ''[[The Seeds of Doom]]''.<ref name="IMDB"/>
*[[Julian Fellowes]] used the house for his children's film ''From time to time'' based on [[Green Knowe#The Chimneys of Green Knowe (1958)|''The Chimmneys of Green Knowe'']].<ref name="IMDB"/>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.athelhampton.co.uk/ Athelhampton] (official website)
*[http://www.wessexwebdesign.co.uk/qtvr/greathall/greathallb.html Great Hall] (360 virtual tour)
*[http://www.welcometopoole.co.uk/photogallery/dorset/athelhampton/index.htm Photo gallery of Athelhampton House]
*[http://www.athelhampton.co.uk/houseandgardens/marevnasstudio.htm "Marevna's Studio" at Athelhampton House] where the Russian émigrée cubist painter [[Marie Vorobieff]], known also as [[Marevna]], stayed and worked between 1949 and 1957 [http://www.marevna.info/] (open to the public from March 2006).
*
* [http://www.antiochian-orthodox.co.uk/athelhampton.htm Orthodox parish of St. Edward, King and Passionbearer]

{{coord|50.7476|-2.3267|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Houses in Dorset]]
[[Category:Gardens in Dorset]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in Dorset]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Dorset]]

Love Is Here and Now You’re Gone

2010-10-10T21:10:17Z

Rodericksilly: /* Other versions */

{{Infobox single
| Name = Love Is Here and Now You're Gone
| Cover = Supremesloveishereandyouregone.jpg
| Artist = [[The Supremes]]
| Album = [[The Supremes Sing Holland–Dozier–Holland]]
| B-side = "There's No Stopping Us Now"
| Released = January 11, 1967 ([[United States|U.S.]])
| Format = [[Gramophone record|Vinyl record]] (7" 45 RPM)
| Recorded = [[Los Angeles]], August 12, 1966; [[Hitsville U.S.A.]] (Studio A), September 22 & November 13, 1966
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]]
| Length = 2:48
| Label = [[Motown]] M 1103
| Writer = [[Holland–Dozier–Holland]]
| Producer = [[Brian Holland]] [[Lamont Dozier]]
| Last single = "[[You Keep Me Hangin' On]]" (1966)
| This single = "'''Love Is Here and Now You're Gone'''" (1967)
| Next single = "[[The Happening (song)|The Happening]]" (1967)
| Misc = {{Extra musicsample |filename=Love is Here-Supremes (1966).ogg|title="Love Is Here and Now You're Gone" |Type= single}}
{{Extra album cover
| Upper caption = Alternate cover
| Type = single
| Cover = Supremes-Love Is Here.jpg
| Size = 200px
}}
}}

"'''Love Is Here and Now You're Gone'''" is a 1967 number-one hit single recorded by [[The Supremes]] for the [[Motown]] label. The second single from the Supremes' album ''[[The Supremes Sing Holland–Dozier–Holland]]'', it was written and produced by Motown's main production team [[Holland–Dozier–Holland]].

==History==
===Overview===
The song, which depicts a relationship in the beginning stages of breakup (''"You persuaded me to love you/And I did/But instead of tenderness/I found heartache instead"''), features several spoken sections from lead singer [[Diana Ross]], who delivers her dialogue in a dramatic, emotive voice. Matching the song's drama influences is an instrumental track, featuring a prominent [[harpsichord]] and [[string instrument|strings]], which recalls both a [[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood]] [[film score]] and [[The Left Banke]]'s recently popularized "Baroque rock."

Primarily recorded in [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]], thousands of miles away from Motown's regular [[Hitsville U.S.A.]] recording studio, "Love Is Here, and Now You're Gone" was the #1 song on the U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100]] for one week, from March 4 to March 11, 1967, becoming the group's ninth number-one single. The single was also the group's sixth number one on the R&B charts.<ref>{{cite book |title= Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004|last=Whitburn |first=Joel |authorlink=Joel Whitburn |year=2004 |publisher=Record Research |page=558}}</ref> The girl group performed the hit record on [[NBC]]'s ''[[The Andy Williams Show]]'' on Sunday, January 22, 1967,<ref>{{Cite episode
| title = January 22, 1967
| url = http://www.tv.com/the-andy-williams-show-1962/january-22-1967/episode/1155344/summary.html
| series = [[The Andy Williams Show]]
| network = [[NBC]]
| station = [[KNBC]]
| city = [[Burbank, California]]
| airdate = 22 January 1967
| season = 5
| number = 20}}</ref> going to number one two weeks later. Lyricist [[Edward Holland, Jr.|Eddie Holland]] names "Love is Here" as his favorite Supremes song.

===Other versions===
[[Michael Jackson]] later covered "Love Is Here, and Now You're Gone" for his solo debut album, ''[[Got to Be There]]''. On the 45 versions, it was the B-side of his number two smash, "[[Rockin' Robin (song)|Rockin' Robin]]".

[[Phil Collins]] included this song on his 2010 album of soul covers, ''[[Going_Back_(Phil_Collins_album)|Going Back]]''.

==Personnel==
* Lead vocals by [[Diana Ross]]
* Backing vocals by [[Florence Ballard]], [[Mary Wilson (singer)|Mary Wilson]], and [[The Andantes]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
* Instrumentation by [[Los Angeles]] area studio musicians
* Written by [[Brian Holland]], [[Lamont Dozier]], and [[Edward Holland, Jr.]]
* Produced by Brian Holland and Lamont Dozier

==Chart history==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Chart
!Peak position
|-
|[[Billboard Hot 100|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|[[R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|U.S. ''Billboard'' R&B Singles Chart]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|[[UK Singles Chart]]
| style="text-align:center;"|17
|}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Ruby Tuesday (song)|Ruby Tuesday]]" by [[The Rolling Stones]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (United States)|number one single]]
| years = March 11, 1967 (one week)
| after = "[[Penny Lane]]" by [[The Beatles]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Are You Lonely For Me (Freddie Scott song)|Are You Lonely For Me]]" by [[Freddie Scott]]
| title = ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|Hot R&B Singles]] [[R&B number-one hits of 1967 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = March 11, 1967 – March 18, 1967 (two weeks)
| after = "[[I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)]]" by [[Aretha Franklin]]
}}
{{end box}}

==See also==
*[[Hot 100 No. 1 Hits of 1967 (USA)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{The Supremes}}
{{The Supremes singles}}

[[Category:The Supremes songs]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles]]
[[Category:1967 singles]]
[[Category:Songs written by Holland-Dozier-Holland]]

[[nl:Love Is Here and Now You're Gone]]

Love Is Here and Now You’re Gone

2010-10-10T21:09:59Z

Rodericksilly: /* Other versions */

{{Infobox single
| Name = Love Is Here and Now You're Gone
| Cover = Supremesloveishereandyouregone.jpg
| Artist = [[The Supremes]]
| Album = [[The Supremes Sing Holland–Dozier–Holland]]
| B-side = "There's No Stopping Us Now"
| Released = January 11, 1967 ([[United States|U.S.]])
| Format = [[Gramophone record|Vinyl record]] (7" 45 RPM)
| Recorded = [[Los Angeles]], August 12, 1966; [[Hitsville U.S.A.]] (Studio A), September 22 & November 13, 1966
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]]
| Length = 2:48
| Label = [[Motown]] M 1103
| Writer = [[Holland–Dozier–Holland]]
| Producer = [[Brian Holland]] [[Lamont Dozier]]
| Last single = "[[You Keep Me Hangin' On]]" (1966)
| This single = "'''Love Is Here and Now You're Gone'''" (1967)
| Next single = "[[The Happening (song)|The Happening]]" (1967)
| Misc = {{Extra musicsample |filename=Love is Here-Supremes (1966).ogg|title="Love Is Here and Now You're Gone" |Type= single}}
{{Extra album cover
| Upper caption = Alternate cover
| Type = single
| Cover = Supremes-Love Is Here.jpg
| Size = 200px
}}
}}

"'''Love Is Here and Now You're Gone'''" is a 1967 number-one hit single recorded by [[The Supremes]] for the [[Motown]] label. The second single from the Supremes' album ''[[The Supremes Sing Holland–Dozier–Holland]]'', it was written and produced by Motown's main production team [[Holland–Dozier–Holland]].

==History==
===Overview===
The song, which depicts a relationship in the beginning stages of breakup (''"You persuaded me to love you/And I did/But instead of tenderness/I found heartache instead"''), features several spoken sections from lead singer [[Diana Ross]], who delivers her dialogue in a dramatic, emotive voice. Matching the song's drama influences is an instrumental track, featuring a prominent [[harpsichord]] and [[string instrument|strings]], which recalls both a [[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood]] [[film score]] and [[The Left Banke]]'s recently popularized "Baroque rock."

Primarily recorded in [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]], thousands of miles away from Motown's regular [[Hitsville U.S.A.]] recording studio, "Love Is Here, and Now You're Gone" was the #1 song on the U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100]] for one week, from March 4 to March 11, 1967, becoming the group's ninth number-one single. The single was also the group's sixth number one on the R&B charts.<ref>{{cite book |title= Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004|last=Whitburn |first=Joel |authorlink=Joel Whitburn |year=2004 |publisher=Record Research |page=558}}</ref> The girl group performed the hit record on [[NBC]]'s ''[[The Andy Williams Show]]'' on Sunday, January 22, 1967,<ref>{{Cite episode
| title = January 22, 1967
| url = http://www.tv.com/the-andy-williams-show-1962/january-22-1967/episode/1155344/summary.html
| series = [[The Andy Williams Show]]
| network = [[NBC]]
| station = [[KNBC]]
| city = [[Burbank, California]]
| airdate = 22 January 1967
| season = 5
| number = 20}}</ref> going to number one two weeks later. Lyricist [[Edward Holland, Jr.|Eddie Holland]] names "Love is Here" as his favorite Supremes song.

===Other versions===
[[Michael Jackson]] later covered "Love Is Here, and Now You're Gone" for his solo debut album, ''[[Got to Be There]]''. On the 45 versions, it was the B-side of his number two smash, "[[Rockin' Robin (song)|Rockin' Robin]]".

[[Phil Collins]] included this song on his 2010 album of soul covers, "[[Going_Back_(Phil_Collins_album)|Going Back]]".

==Personnel==
* Lead vocals by [[Diana Ross]]
* Backing vocals by [[Florence Ballard]], [[Mary Wilson (singer)|Mary Wilson]], and [[The Andantes]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
* Instrumentation by [[Los Angeles]] area studio musicians
* Written by [[Brian Holland]], [[Lamont Dozier]], and [[Edward Holland, Jr.]]
* Produced by Brian Holland and Lamont Dozier

==Chart history==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Chart
!Peak position
|-
|[[Billboard Hot 100|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|[[R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|U.S. ''Billboard'' R&B Singles Chart]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|[[UK Singles Chart]]
| style="text-align:center;"|17
|}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Ruby Tuesday (song)|Ruby Tuesday]]" by [[The Rolling Stones]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (United States)|number one single]]
| years = March 11, 1967 (one week)
| after = "[[Penny Lane]]" by [[The Beatles]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Are You Lonely For Me (Freddie Scott song)|Are You Lonely For Me]]" by [[Freddie Scott]]
| title = ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|Hot R&B Singles]] [[R&B number-one hits of 1967 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = March 11, 1967 – March 18, 1967 (two weeks)
| after = "[[I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)]]" by [[Aretha Franklin]]
}}
{{end box}}

==See also==
*[[Hot 100 No. 1 Hits of 1967 (USA)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{The Supremes}}
{{The Supremes singles}}

[[Category:The Supremes songs]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles]]
[[Category:1967 singles]]
[[Category:Songs written by Holland-Dozier-Holland]]

[[nl:Love Is Here and Now You're Gone]]

Joan Bakewell, Baroness Bakewell

2010-06-05T22:28:23Z

Rodericksilly:

{{Infobox person
| name = Dame Joan Bakewell
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Joan Dawson Rowlands
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1933|4|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Stockport]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[TV presenter]], [[News presenter|newsreader]] and [[journalist]]
| spouse = [[Michael Bakewell]] (1955–1972) (two children) [[Jack Emery]] (1975–2001)
| website =
}}
'''Dame Joan Dawson Bakewell''', [[Order of the British Empire|DBE]] (born 16 April 1933 in [[Stockport]]) is an [[England|English]] [[journalist]] and [[television presenter]].

==Biography==
Born '''Joan Dawson Rowlands''', in [[Stockport]], [[Cheshire]] (now [[Greater Manchester]]), she was educated at Stockport High School For Girls - a grammar school in local authority control, on the site of what is now [[Hillcrest Grammar School]] - where she was [[head girl]], and at [[Newnham College]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], where she studied Economics, then History.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7452881.stm | title= Profile: Joan Bakewell}}</ref>

==Career==
===On television===
Joan Bakewell first became well known as one of the presenters of an early [[BBC Two]] programme, ''[[Late Night Line-Up]]'' (1965–72 and 2008). [[Frank Muir]] dubbed her "the [[thinking man's crumpet]]"<ref>[http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/celebs/broadcasters2.html Manchester Celebrities], John Moss, Papillon (Manchester UK) Limited</ref> during this period and the moniker stuck, although Bakewell herself dislikes the epithet.

Bakewell co-presented ''Reports Action'', a Sunday teatime programme which encouraged the public to donate their services to various good causes, for [[Granada Television]] during 1976-78. Subsequently, she returned to the BBC, and co-presented a short-lived late night television arts programme; briefly worked on the [[BBC Radio 4]] [[PM (radio programme)|PM]] programme, and was ''[[Newsnight]]'s'' arts correspondent (1986–88).

Later, Bakewell came to the fore as the main presenter of the documentary and discussion series ''Heart of the Matter'',<ref>[http://www.knightayton.co.uk/index.php/Female-Clients/Bakewell-Joan.html Joan Bakewell] Knight Ayton Management</ref> which ran from 1988 to 2000.

In 2001 Bakewell wrote and presented a four part series for the [[BBC]] called ''Taboo'', a personal exploration of the concepts of [[Taste (sociology)|taste]], [[decency]] and [[censorship]]. The programme dealt frankly with sex and nudity and in some cases, pushed the boundaries of what is permissible on mainstream television.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-87090/An-excuse-shock.html An excuse to shock | Mail Online]</ref> Bakewell used frank language and "four-letter words" to describe [[pornography]] and sex toys. She watched a couple having sex while they were filming a pornographic movie and read out an "obscene" extract from the novel ''[[Tropic of Cancer (novel)|Tropic of Cancer]]'' by [[Henry Miller]]. ''Taboo'' was broadcast between 9.50pm and 10.30pm on [[BBC2]].

''Taboo'' was referred to the [[Director of Public Prosecutions]] by the [[National Viewers and Listeners Association]] (subsequently renamed [[Mediawatch]]). Following the complaint, Bakewell faced the nominal prospect of being charged with [[blasphemous libel]] after she recited part of an erotic poem by [[James Kirkup]] concerning a Roman centurion's affection for [[Jesus]], "[[The Love that Dares to Speak its Name]]". [[Whitehouse v. Lemon|After its first publication in 1976]], Denis Lemon, the editor of ''[[Gay News]]'', was given a nine-month suspended jail sentence and was told he had come close to serving it.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/mar/03/books.booksnews TV Joan faces jail for gay poem | UK news | The Observer]</ref>

On 26 May 2008 Bakewell introduced an archive evening on [[BBC Parliament]] called ''Permissive Night''. The programme examined the liberalising legislation passed by [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] in the late 1960s. Topics covered included changes to [[divorce]] law, the [[Capital punishment in the United Kingdom|death penalty]], the legalisation of [[Abortion in the United Kingdom|abortion]], the [[Racism in the United Kingdom|Race]] Relations Bill, the [[Sexual Offences Act 1967|partial decriminalisation]] of [[homosexual]] acts (using editions of the documentary series [[Man Alive (BBC TV series)|Man Alive]]) and the relaxation of [[censorship]]. ''Permissive Night'' concluded with a special one-off edition of ''[[Late Night Line-Up]]'' which discussed the themes raised in the programmes over the course of the evening.

In 2009 she won "Journalist of the Year" at the annual [[Stonewall Awards]].

===In print===
Bakewell's [[autobiography]], ''The Centre of the Bed'', was published in 2004.<ref>''The Centre of the Bed'' - Hodder & Stoughton Ltd (2003) (ISBN 0-340-82310-0)</ref> It concentrates on her experiences as a woman in the male-dominated media industries and touches on her affair with [[Harold Pinter]], while he was still married to the actress [[Vivien Merchant]] and she was still married to Michael Bakewell. That affair was the basis for Pinter's 1978 play ''[[Betrayal (play)|Betrayal]]'', adapted in 1983 as a [[Betrayal (1983 film)|film]].

Bakewell currently writes for the British newspaper ''[[The Independent]]'' in the 'Editorial and Opinion' section. Typically, her articles concern aspects of social life and culture but sometimes she writes more political articles, often focusing on aspects relevant to life in the [[United Kingdom]]. Formerly, from 2003, she wrote the "Just Seventy" column for ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper. In September 2008 she began a fortnightly column in the Times2 section of ''[[The Times]]''.
Her first novel was published in March 2009 by [[Virago Press]]. ''All the Nice Girls'' drew on her experiences in war-time Merseyside to tell the story of a school "adopting" a ship.

==Honours and public roles==
She was appointed [[CBE]] in 1999 and was Chairman of the [[British Film Institute]] from 2000 to 2002. She was appointed [[Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (DBE) in the [[Birthday Honours 2008|2008 Birthday Honours]]. In November 2008 Joan Bakewell was appointed a voice for older people by the UK Government. She is Chair of the renowned theatre company [[Shared Experience]].

==Views and advocacy==
In 2008, Bakewell criticised the absence of older women on British television. She said: "I think the fact that people are phased out, people like Moira Stuart and [[Selina Scott|Selina]] - out of the public eye - when they become a certain age is a real disadvantage to serious broadcasting. There's a whole segment of the British population that does not see its equivalent in serious broadcasting and that is women over 55. Now, that is not healthy for a broadcasting organisation's relationship with its audience. The public should be represented on the screen in various colours, forms, sexualities, whatever."<ref>{{cite web | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7768809.stm | title= Women over 55 'invisible on TV' }}</ref>

In 2010, Bakewell criticised the consequences of the sexual revolution of the 1960s. She said: "I never thought I would hear myself say as much, but I'm with [[Mary Whitehouse|Mrs Whitehouse]] on this one. The liberal mood back in the 60s was that sex was pleasurable and wholesome and shouldn't be seen as dirty and wicked. The Pill allowed women to make choices for themselves. Of course, that meant the risk of making the wrong choice. But we all hoped girls would grow to handle the new freedoms wisely. Then everything came to be about money: so now sex is about money, too. Why else sexualise the clothes of little girls, run TV channels of naked wives, have sex magazines edging out the serious stuff on newsagents' shelves? It's money that's corrupted us and women are being used and are even collaborating."<ref>{{cite web | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/10202116.stm | title= Dame Joan Bakewell says Mary Whitehouse was right}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|id=0049051|name=Joan Bakewell}}
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,3876064,00.html Lost voices], [[John Mullan]], [[The Guardian]], 1999-06-18
* [http://www.theinterviewonline.co.uk/library/books/joan-bakewell-interview.aspx Listen to an audio slideshow interview with Joan Bakewell] talking about her first novel ''All the Nice Girls'' on [http://www.theinterviewonline.co.uk The Interview Online].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bakewell, Joan}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:BBC newsreaders and journalists]]
[[Category:British critics]]
[[Category:British reporters and correspondents]]
[[Category:Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:English television presenters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Stockport]]

Liste der Mitglieder der Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

2010-03-14T16:21:56Z

Rodericksilly: /* Performers */

[[Image:Rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-sunset.jpg|300px|thumb|The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.]]

This is a '''list of inductees of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame'''. The [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]], established in 1986 and located in [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], [[United States]], is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best-known and most influential [[musician]]s, [[Musical ensemble|band]]s, [[Record producer|producers]], and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry, particularly in the area of [[rock and roll]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/| title =Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> Originally, there were four categories of induction: [[#Performers|performers]], [[#Non-performers|non-performers]], [[#Early influences|early influences]], and [[#Lifetime achievement|lifetime achievement]]. In 2000, "[[#Sidemen|sidemen]]" was introduced as a category while that year also marked the last time for nine years that early influences would be inducted.

The only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category. Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first [[Album|record]].<ref name="Induction">{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/induction-process/| title =Induction Ceremony and Process| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref> In order to be inducted, an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates. [[Ballot]]s are then sent to 500 "rock experts" who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted. The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted. In 2008, the number inducted was five. The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees.<ref name="Induction"/> New inductees are honored at an annual ceremony held either in [[New York]] or every three years at the Hall of Fame in Cleveland.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/plaindealer/index.ssf?/base/entertainment-0/1198143263305810.xml&coll=2| title =Rock Hall induction ceremony coming to Cleveland in 2009 | author=Soeder, John|date=December 20, 2007|publisher = ''[[The Plain Dealer (newspaper)|The Plain Dealer]]''| accessdate = 2008-01-04}}</ref>

The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has garnered criticism for allegedly allowing the nomination process to be controlled by a few individuals,<ref name="Friedman">{{cite news|title=[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,1966,00.html Rock Hall of Fame Fallout: 'There Is Resentment Building Up] |accessdate=2008-01-04 |author=Friedman, Roger |date=2001-04-04 |publisher=''[[Fox News]]''}}</ref> nominating too many artists in too many [[genre]]s that are not entirely rock,<ref>{{cite news|title=[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/11/14/DDBITBMBD.DTL View: Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates] |accessdate=2008-01-04 |author=Selvin, Joel|authorlink=Joel Selvin |date=2007-11-14 |publisher=''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''}}</ref> ignoring entire rock genres,<ref name="Sinkevics">{{cite news|title=[http://www.mlive.com/entertainment/grpress/index.ssf?/base/entertainment-0/117359738756810.xml&coll=6 Hall voters' bias leaves prog-rock out -- again] |accessdate=2008-01-04 |author=Sinkevics, John|date=2007-03-11 |publisher=''The Grand Rapids Press''}}</ref> and using technicalities to induct groups who may not have been among the top vote getters.<ref name="Friedman2">{{cite news|title=[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,258664,00.html#2 Rock Hall Voting Scandal: Rock Group Actually Won] |accessdate=2008-01-04 |author=Friedman, Roger |date=2007-03-14 |publisher=''[[Fox News]]''}}</ref> The [[Sex Pistols]], who were inducted in 2006, refused to attend the ceremony, calling the museum a "piss stain."<ref>[http://www.thefilthandthefury.co.uk/images/congrat1a.jpg "Were not coming. Were not your monkey and so what?"] (sic) Official announcement from the [[Sex Pistols]] regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 24 February 2006</ref>

== Inductees ==
=== Performers ===
The performers category is meant for recording [[musician|artists]] and [[Musical ensemble|band]]s that have "influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll."<ref name="Induction"/> Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record. In order to be inducted, an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates. Ballots are sent to 500 "rock experts" who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted. The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted. In 2008, the number inducted was five. The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees.<ref name="Induction"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%"
! Year
! class="unsortable"| Image
! Name
! Inducted members
|-
| 1986
| [[Image:Chuck Berry51.JPG|75px]]
| {{sortname|Chuck|Berry}}
|
|-
| 1986
| [[Image:James Brown 2001.jpg|75px]]
| {{Sortname|James|Brown}}
|
|-
| 1986
| [[Image:Ray Charles FIJM 2003.jpg|75px]]
| {{Sortname|Ray|Charles}}
|
|-
| 1986
|
| {{Sortname|Sam|Cooke}}
|
|-
| 1986
| [[File:Fats Domino018.JPG|75px]]
| {{Sortname|Fats|Domino}}
|
|-
| 1986
|[[File:Everlys Brothers in concert.jpg|75px]]
| {{sort|Everly Brothers|[[The Everly Brothers]]}}
| [[The Everly Brothers|Don Everly]] and [[The Everly Brothers|Phil Everly]].<ref name="Everly">{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-everly-brothers| title =The Everly Brothers| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2007-06-07}}</ref>
|-
| 1986
|
| {{Sortname|Buddy|Holly}}
|
|-
| 1986
| [[File:Jerry Lee Lewis4 - Photo by Anthony Pepitone.jpg|75px]]
| {{Sortname|Jerry Lee|Lewis}}
|
|-
| 1986
| [[Image:Little Richard in 2007.jpg|75px]]
| [[Little Richard]]
|
|-
| 1986
| [[Image:Elvis Presley 1970.jpg|75px]]
| {{Sortname|Elvis|Presley}}
|
|-
| 1987
|
| {{sort|Coasters|[[The Coasters]]}}
| [[Carl Gardner]], [[Cornell Gunter]], [[Billy Guy]] and [[Will "Dub" Jones (singer)|Will "Dub" Jones]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-coasters| title =The Coasters| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2007-12-31}}</ref>
|-
| 1987
|
| {{Sortname|Eddie|Cochran}}
|
|-
| 1987
|[[File:BoDiddley1997.jpg|75px]]
| {{Sortname|Bo|Diddley}}
|
|-
| 1987
| [[File:Arethafranklin.jpg|75px]]
| {{Sortname|Aretha|Franklin}}
|
|-
| 1987
|
| {{Sortname|Marvin|Gaye}}
|
|-
| 1987
|
| {{Sortname|Bill|Haley}}
|
|-
| 1987
| [[File:B. B. King.jpg|75px]]
| {{Sortname|B.B.|King}}
|
|-
| 1987
|
| {{Sortname|Clyde|McPhatter}}
|
|-
| 1987
| [[File:Ricky Nelson free.jpg|75px]]
| {{Sortname|Ricky|Nelson}}
|
|-
| 1987
|
| {{Sortname|Roy|Orbison}}
|
|-
| 1987
|
| {{Sortname|Carl|Perkins}}
|
|-
| 1987
|
| {{Sortname|Smokey|Robinson}}
|
|-
| 1987
|
| {{Sortname|Big|Joe Turner}}
|
|-
| 1987
| [[File:Muddy Waters (blues musician).jpg|75px]]
| {{Sortname|Muddy|Waters}}
|
|-
| 1987
|
| {{Sortname|Jackie|Wilson}}
|
|-
| 1988
| [[File:The Beach Boys concierto.jpg|75px]]
| {{sort|Beach Boys|[[The Beach Boys]]}}
| [[Al Jardine]], [[Mike Love]], [[Brian Wilson]], [[Carl Wilson]] and [[Dennis Wilson]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-beach-boys| title =The Beach Boys| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2007-12-31}}</ref>
|-
| 1988
| [[File:The Beatles in America.JPG|75px|left to right: John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr]]
| {{sort|Beatles|[[The Beatles]]}}
| [[George Harrison]], [[John Lennon]], [[Paul McCartney]] and [[Ringo Starr]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-beatles| title =The Beatles| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2007-12-31}}</ref>
|-
| 1988
|
| {{sort|Drifters|[[The Drifters]]}}
| [[Clyde McPhatter]], [[Ben E. King]], Rudy Lewis, [[Johnny Moore (musician)|Johnny Moore]], [[Bill Pinkney]], [[Charlie Thomas (musician)|Charlie Thomas]] and Gerhart Thrasher.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-drifters| title =The Drifters| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2007-12-31}}</ref>
|-
| 1988
| [[File:Joan Baez Bob Dylan crop.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Bob|Dylan}}
|
|-
| 1988
|
| {{sort|Supremes|[[The Supremes]]}}
| [[Florence Ballard]], [[Diana Ross]] and [[Mary Wilson (singer)|Mary Wilson]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-supremes| title =The Supremes| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2007-12-31}}</ref>
|-
| 1989
|
| {{sort|Dion|[[Dion DiMucci|Dion]]}}
|
|-
| 1989
|
| {{Sortname|Otis|Redding}}
|
|-
| 1989
| [[File:RollingStonesNice080806.jpg|75px|The Rolling Stones in 2006. Left to right: Ronnie Wood, Charlie Watts, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards]]
| {{sort|Rolling Stones|[[The Rolling Stones]]}}
| [[Mick Jagger]], [[Brian Jones]], [[Keith Richards]], [[Ian Stewart (musician)|Ian Stewart]], [[Mick Taylor]], [[Charlie Watts]], [[Ronnie Wood]] and [[Bill Wyman]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-rolling-stones| title =The Rolling Stones| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2007-12-31}}</ref>
|-
| 1989
|
| {{sort|Temptations|[[The Temptations]]}}
| [[Dennis Edwards]], [[Melvin Franklin]], [[Eddie Kendricks]], [[David Ruffin]], [[Otis Williams]] and [[Paul Williams (The Temptations)|Paul Williams]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-temptations| title =The Temptations| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2007-12-31}}</ref>
|-
| 1989
| [[File:Stevie Wonder.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Stevie|Wonder}}
|
|-
| 1990
|
| {{sortname|Hank|Ballard}}
|
|-
| 1990
|
| {{sortname|Bobby|Darin}}
|
|-
| 1990
|
| {{sort|Four Seasons|[[The Four Seasons (band)|The Four Seasons]]}}
| [[Tommy DeVito (musician)|Tom DeVito]], [[Bob Gaudio]], [[Nick Massi]], and [[Frankie Valli]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-four-seasons| title =The Four Seasons| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 1990
|
| {{sort|Four Tops|[[Four Tops]]}}
| [[Renaldo "Obie" Benson]], [[Abdul "Duke" Fakir]], [[Lawrence Payton]] and [[Levi Stubbs]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-four-tops| title =The Four Tops| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 1990
| [[Image:Helmfrid-sofa4 Touched.JPG|75px|left to right: Pete Quaife, Dave Davies, Ray Davies, Mick Avory.]]
| {{sort|Kinks|[[The Kinks]]}}
| [[Mick Avory]], [[Dave Davies]], [[Ray Davies]] and [[Peter Quaife]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-kinks| title =The Kinks| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 1990
|
| {{sort|Platters|[[The Platters]]}}
| David Lynch, Herb Reed, Paul Robi and [[Tony Williams (singer)|Tony Williams]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-platters| title =The Platters| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 1990
| [[File:Simon_and_Garfunkel.jpg|75px|Simon and Garfunkel]]
| [[Simon & Garfunkel]]
| [[Paul Simon]] and [[Art Garfunkel]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/simon-and-garfunkel| title =Simon & Garfunkel| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 1990
| [[File:Who - 1975.jpg|75px|The Who in 1975, left to right: Roger Daltrey, John Entwistle, Keith Moon, Pete Townshend]]
| {{sort|Who|[[The Who]]}}
| [[Roger Daltrey]], [[John Entwistle]], [[Keith Moon]] and [[Pete Townshend]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-who| title =The Who| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 1991
|
| {{sortname|LaVern|Baker}}
|
|-
| 1991
|
| {{sort|Byrds|[[The Byrds]]}}
| [[Gene Clark]], [[Michael Clarke (musician)|Michael Clarke]], [[David Crosby]], [[Chris Hillman]] and [[Roger McGuinn]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-byrds| title =The Byrds| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 1991
| [[File:JohnLeeHooker1997.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|John Lee|Hooker}}
|
|-
| 1991
|
| {{sort|Impressions|[[The Impressions]]}}
| [[Arthur Brooks]], [[Richard Brooks]], [[Jerry Butler (singer)|Jerry Butler]], [[Fred Cash]], [[Sam Gooden]] and [[Curtis Mayfield]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-impressions| title =The Impressions| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 1991
|
| {{sortname|Wilson|Pickett}}
|
|-
| 1991
|
| {{sortname|Jimmy|Reed}}
|
|-
| 1991
| [[File:Tina.Orlando2008.JPG|75px]]
| [[Ike & Tina Turner]]
| [[Ike Turner]] and [[Tina Turner]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/ike-and-tina-turner| title =Ike & Tina Turner| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 1992
| [[File:BobbyBland1996.jpg|75px]]
| {{sort|Bland, Bobby|[[Bobby Bland|Bobby "Blue" Bland]]}}
|
|-
| 1992
| [[File:MGs Live.jpg|75px]]
| [[Booker T. & the M.G.'s]]
| [[Steve Cropper]], [[Donald "Duck" Dunn]], [[Al Jackson, Jr.]], [[Booker T. Jones]] and [[Lewis Steinberg]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/booker-t-and-the-mgs| title =Booker T. & The M.G.'s| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 1992
| [[File:JohnnyCash1969.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Johnny|Cash}}
|
|-
| 1992
|
| {{sort|Isley Brothers|[[The Isley Brothers]]}}
| [[Chris Jasper]], [[Ernie Isley]], [[Marvin Isley]], [[O'Kelly Isley, Jr.]], [[Ronald Isley]] and [[Rudolph Isley]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-isley-brothers| title =The Isley Brothers| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 1992
|
| {{sort|Jimi Hendrix Experience|[[The Jimi Hendrix Experience]]}}
| [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[Mitch Mitchell]] and [[Noel Redding]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-jimi-hendrix-experience| title =The Jimi Hendrix Experience| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 1992
|
| [[Sam & Dave]]
| [[Sam Moore]] and [[Dave Prater]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/sam-and-dave| title =Sam & Dave| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 1992
| [[File:Yardbirds2006 2.JPG|75px]]
| {{sort|Yardbirds|[[The Yardbirds]]}}
| [[Jeff Beck]], [[Eric Clapton]], [[Chris Dreja]], [[Jim McCarty]], [[Jimmy Page]], [[Keith Relf]] and [[Paul Samwell-Smith]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-yardbirds| title =The Yardbirds| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 1993
| [[File:Ruth Brown cropped.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Ruth|Brown}}
|
|-
| 1993
|
| [[Cream (band)|Cream]]
| [[Ginger Baker]], [[Jack Bruce]] and [[Eric Clapton]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/cream| title =Cream| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1993
|
| [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]]
| [[Doug Clifford]], [[Stu Cook]], [[John Fogerty]] and [[Tom Fogerty]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/creedence-clearwater-revival| title =Creedence Clearwater Revival| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1993
|
| {{sort|Doors|[[The Doors]]}}
| [[John Densmore]], [[Robby Krieger]], [[Ray Manzarek]] and [[Jim Morrison]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-doors| title =The Doors| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1993
|
| [[The Teenagers|Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers]]
| [[Frankie Lymon]], Sherman Garnes, Jimmy Merchant, [[Joe Negroni]] and [[Herman Santiago]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/frankie-lymon-and-the-teenagers| title = Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1993
| [[File:Etta James04.JPG|75px]]
| {{sortname|Etta|James}}
|
|-
| 1993
| [[File:Van-Morrison.jpg|75px]]
| [[Van Morrison]]
|
|-
| 1993
| [[File:Stone3.jpg|75px|"The Original Stone" in 2006: Jerry Martini, Rose Stone, and Cynthia Robinson.]]
| [[Sly & the Family Stone]]
| [[Gregg Errico]], [[Larry Graham]], [[Jerry Martini]], [[Cynthia Robinson]], [[Freddie Stone]], [[Rosie Stone]], [[Sly Stone]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/sly-and-the-family-stone| title =Sly & The Family Stone| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1994
|
| {{sort|Animals|[[The Animals]]}}
| [[Eric Burdon]], [[Chas Chandler]], [[Alan Price]], [[John Steel (drummer)|John Steel]], [[Hilton Valentine]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-animals| title =The Animals| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1994
| [[File:Bob Dylan and The Band - 1974.jpg|75px|The Band performing with Bob Dylan (Dylan was not a member of The band)]]
| {{sort|Band|[[The Band]]}}
| [[Rick Danko]], [[Levon Helm]], [[Garth Hudson]], [[Richard Manuel]], [[Robbie Robertson]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-band| title =The Band| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1994
|
| {{sortname|Duane|Eddy}}
|
|-
| 1994
| [[File:Jerry-Mickey at Red Rocks taken 08-11-87.jpg|75px]]
| [[Grateful Dead]]
| [[Tom Constanten]], [[Jerry Garcia]], [[Donna Godchaux]], [[Keith Godchaux]], [[Mickey Hart]], [[Robert Hunter (lyricist)|Robert Hunter]], [[Bill Kreutzmann]], [[Phil Lesh]], [[Ron McKernan]], [[Brent Mydland]], [[Bob Weir]] and [[Vince Welnick]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-grateful-dead| title =The Grateful Dead| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1994
| [[File:Elton John on stage, 2008.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Elton|John}}
|
|-
| 1994
| [[File:JohnLennonpeace.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|John|Lennon}}
|
|-
| 1994
| [[File:Bob-Marley-in-Concert Zurich 05-30-80.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Bob|Marley}}
|
|-
| 1994
| [[File:Rod stewart 05111976 12 400.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Rod|Stewart}}
|
|-
| 1995
|
| {{sort|Allman Brothers Band|[[The Allman Brothers Band]]}}
| [[Duane Allman]], [[Gregg Allman]], [[Dickey Betts]], [[Jai Johanny Johanson]], [[Berry Oakley]] and [[Butch Trucks]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-allman-brothers-band| title =The Allman Brothers Band| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1995
| [[File:Al Green.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Al|Green}}
|
|-
| 1995
|
| {{sortname|Janis|Joplin}}
|
|-
| 1995
| [[File:Led Zeppelin 2007.jpg|75px|Led Zeppelin in 2007, left to right: John Paul Jones, Robert Plant, Jimmy Page]]
| [[Led Zeppelin]]
| [[John Bonham]], [[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]], [[Jimmy Page]] and [[Robert Plant]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/led-zeppelin| title =Led Zeppelin| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1995
|
| [[Martha and the Vandellas]]
| [[Martha Reeves]], [[Rosalind Ashford]], [[Betty Kelly]], [[Lois Reeves]] and [[Annette Sterling]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/led-zeppelin| title =Martha & The Vandellas| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1995
| [[File:Neilyoung2.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Neil|Young}}
|
|-
| 1995
| [[File:Zappa 16011977 01 300.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Frank|Zappa}}
|
|-
| 1996
| [[Image:David Bowie.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|David|Bowie}}
|
|-
| 1996
| [[File:DN-SC-82-07155.jpg|75px|Left to right: William "Red" Guest, Edward Patten, Merald "Bubba" Knight, and Gladys Knight]]
| [[Gladys Knight & the Pips]]
| [[Gladys Knight]], [[William Guest]], [[Merald Knight]] and [[Edward Patten]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/gladys-knight-and-the-pips| title =Gladys Knight & the Pips| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1996
|
| [[Jefferson Airplane]]
| [[Marty Balin]], [[Jack Casady]], [[Spencer Dryden]], [[Paul Kantner]], [[Jorma Kaukonen]], [[Grace Slick]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/jefferson-airplane| title =Jefferson Airplane| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1996
|
| [[Little Willie John]]
|
|-
| 1996
| [[File:Pinkfloyd.png|75px|Clockwise from top left: Roger Waters, David Gilmour, Rick Wright and Nick Mason]]
| [[Pink Floyd]]
| [[Syd Barrett]], [[David Gilmour]], [[Nick Mason]], [[Roger Waters]], [[Rick Wright]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/pink-floyd| title =Pink Floyd| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1996
|
| {{sort|Shirelles|[[The Shirelles]]}}
| [[Shirley Alston Reeves]], [[Addie Harris]], [[Doris Kenner-Jackson]], [[Beverly Lee]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-shirelles| title =The Shirelles| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1996
|
| {{sort|Velvet Underground|[[The Velvet Underground]]}}
| [[John Cale]], [[Sterling Morrison]], [[Lou Reed]], [[Maureen Tucker]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-velvet-underground| title =The Velvet Underground| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1997
| [[File:BeeGees96.jpg|75px|Left to right: Maurice, Barry and Robin Gibb]]
| [[Bee Gees]]
| [[Barry Gibb]], [[Maurice Gibb]], [[Robin Gibb]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-bee-gees| title =The Bee Gees| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1997
|
| [[Buffalo Springfield]]
| [[Richie Furay]], [[Dewey Martin (musician)|Dewey Martin]], [[Bruce Palmer]], [[Stephen Stills]], [[Neil Young]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/buffalo-springfield| title =Buffalo Springfield| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1997
| [[File:Csny-8-20-06.jpg|75px|left to right: Graham Nash, Stephen Stills, Neil Young (not inducted with the band) and David Crosby]]
| [[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young|Crosby, Stills & Nash]]
| [[David Crosby]], [[Graham Nash]], [[Stephen Stills]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/crosby-stills-and-nash| title =Crosby, Stills & Nash| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1997
|
| [[The Jackson 5]]
| [[Jackie Jackson]], [[Jermaine Jackson]], [[Marlon Jackson]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Tito Jackson]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-jackson-five| title =The Jackson Five| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1997
| [[File:Joni Mitchell 2004.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Joni|Mitchell}}
|
|-
| 1997
|
| [[Parliament-Funkadelic]]
| [[Jerome Brailey]], [[Bootsy Collins]], [[Ray Davis (musician)|Raymond Davis]], [[Tiki Fulwood]], [[George Clinton (funk musician)|George Clinton]], [[Glenn Goins]], [[Michael Hampton]], [[Fuzzy Haskins]], [[Eddie Hazel]], [[Walter Morrison]], [[Cordell Mosson]], [[Billy Bass Nelson|William "Billy Bass" Nelson]], [[Garry Shider]], [[Calvin Simon]], [[Grady Thomas]] and [[Bernie Worrell]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/parliament-funkadelic| title =Parliament-Funkadelic| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1997
|
| {{sort|Rascals|[[The Rascals]]}}
| [[Eddie Brigati]], [[Felix Cavaliere]], Gene Cornish and [[Dino Danelli]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-young-rascals| title =The Rascals| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1998
|
| [[Eagles]]
| [[Don Felder]], [[Glenn Frey]], [[Don Henley]], [[Bernie Leadon]], [[Randy Meisner]], [[Timothy B. Schmit]] and [[Joe Walsh]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-eagles| title =Eagles| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1998
| [[File:Stevie Nicks and Lindsey Buckingham.jpg|75px|Stevie Nicks and Lindsey Buckingham]]
| [[Fleetwood Mac]]
| [[Lindsey Buckingham]], [[Mick Fleetwood]], [[Peter Green]], [[Danny Kirwan]], [[John McVie]], [[Christine McVie]], [[Stevie Nicks]] and [[Jeremy Spencer]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/fleetwood-mac| title =Fleetwood Mac| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1998
|
| {{sort|Mamas & The Papas|[[The Mamas & the Papas]]}}
| [[Denny Doherty]], [[Cass Elliot]], [[John_Phillips_(musician)|John Phillips]] and [[Michelle Phillips]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/fleetwood-mac| title =The Mamas & The Papas| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1998
| [[File:LloydPrice1996.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Lloyd|Price}}
|
|-
| 1998
| [[File:Carlos Santana 2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Santana (band)|Santana]]
| [[Carlos Santana]], [[José Areas|Jose Chepito Areas]], [[David Brown (musician)|David Brown]], [[Mike Carabello]], [[Gregg Rolie]] and [[Michael Shrieve]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/santana| title =Santana| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1998
|
| {{sortname|Gene|Vincent}}
|
|-
| 1999
| [[File:Billy Joel - Perth 7 November 2006.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Billy|Joel}}
|
|-
| 1999
|
| {{sortname|Curtis|Mayfield}}
|
|-
| 1999
| [[File:Paul McCartney on stage in Prague.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Paul|McCartney}}
|
|-
| 1999
|
| {{sortname|Del|Shannon}}
|
|-
| 1999
|
| {{sortname|Dusty|Springfield}}
|
|-
| 1999
| [[File:Bruce Springsteen 20080815.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Bruce|Springsteen}}
|
|-
| 1999
|
| {{sortname|The|Staple Singers}}
| [[Pops Staples]], Cleotha Staples, [[Mavis Staples]], Pervis Staples, Yvonne Staples.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-staple-singers| title =The Staple Singers| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 2000
| [[File:Clapton.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Eric|Clapton}}
|
|-
| 2000
| [[File:Earth, Wind & Fire at 2008 US Open.jpg|75px]]
| [[Earth, Wind & Fire]]
| [[Philip Bailey]], [[Larry Dunn]], Johnny Graham, [[Ralph Johnson (musician)|Ralph Johnson]], [[Al McKay]], [[Fred White (musician)|Fred White]], [[Maurice White]], [[Verdine White]] and Andrew Woolfolk.<ref name="Spoonful"/>
|-
| 2000
| [[File:Lovin spoonful-cropped 9356.JPG|75px]]
| {{sortname|The|Lovin' Spoonful}}
| [[Steve Boone]], [[Joe Butler]], [[John Sebastian]] and [[Zal Yanovsky]].<ref name="Spoonful">{{cite news | last = Soeder| first =John | title =Canton's O'Jays, Aerosmith among Rock Hall finalists | work = | pages =1 | publisher = ''[[The Plain Dealer (newspaper)|The Plain Dealer]]'' | date = September 22, 1999 | accessdate = 2008-01-03}}</ref>
|-
| 2000
|
| {{sortname|The|Moonglows}}
| [[Prentiss Barnes]], [[Harvey Fuqua]], Peter Graves, Bobby Lester and Billy Johnson.<ref name="Spoonful"/>
|-
| 2000
| [[File:101 5031.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Bonnie|Raitt}}
|
|-
| 2000
| [[File:James Taylor 1999.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|James|Taylor}}
|
|-
| 2001
| [[File:Aerosmith2007.jpg|75px|Left to right: Tom Hamilton (bass), Steven Tyler (vocals, percussion), Joey Kramer (drums), Brad Whitford (guitar), and Joe Perry (guitar)]]
| [[Aerosmith]]
| [[Tom Hamilton (musician)|Tom Hamilton]], [[Joey Kramer]], [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]], [[Steven Tyler]] and [[Brad Whitford]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/aerosmith| title =Aerosmith| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 2001
| [[File:Solomon Burke.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Solomon|Burke}}
|
|-
| 2001
|
| {{sortname|The|Flamingos}}
| Jake Carey, Zeke Carey, [[Johnny Carter (singer)|Johnny Carter]], [[Tommy Hunt]], [[Terry "Buzzy" Johnson]], Sollie McElroy, Nate Nelson and Paul Wilson.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-flamingos| title =The Flamingos| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 2001
| [[File:Michael Jackson 1984.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Michael|Jackson}}
|
|-
| 2001
| [[File:Queen 1984 012.jpg|75px|Left to right: John Deacon (side), Freddie Mercury (front), Brian May (rear) and Roger Taylor (back)]]
| [[Queen (band)|Queen]]
| [[John Deacon]], [[Brian May]], [[Freddie Mercury]] and [[Roger Meddows-Taylor|Roger Taylor]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/queen| title =Queen| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 2001
| [[File:Paul Simon 2007.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Paul|Simon}}
|
|-
| 2001
| [[File:Steely Dan - Donald Fagen - Luzern 2007.jpg|75px]]
| [[Steely Dan]]
| [[Walter Becker]] and [[Donald Fagen]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/steely-dan| title =Steely Dan| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 2001
|
| {{sortname|Ritchie|Valens}}
|
|-
| 2002
| [[File:Isaac hayes 1973.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Isaac|Hayes}}
|
|-
| 2002
|
| {{sortname|Brenda|Lee}}
|
|-
| 2002
| [[File:Vegoose petty.jpg|75px|Tom Petty]]
| [[Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers]]
| [[Tom Petty]], [[Ron Blair]], [[Mike Campbell]], [[Howie Epstein]], [[Stan Lynch]] and [[Benmont Tench]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/tom-petty-and-the-heartbreakers| title =Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
|
| {{sortname|Gene|Pitney}}
|
|-
| 2002
| [[File:Ramones 30081980 10 800.jpg|75px|The Ramones in 1980]]
| [[Ramones]]
| [[Dee Dee Ramone]], [[Joey Ramone]], [[Johnny Ramone]], [[Marky Ramone]] and [[Tommy Ramone]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/ramones| title =Ramones| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
| [[File:Talking Heads band1.jpg|75px]]
| [[Talking Heads]]
| [[David Byrne (musician)|David Byrne]], [[Chris Frantz]], [[Jerry Harrison]], [[Tina Weymouth]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/talking-heads| title =Talking Heads| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| [[File:ACDC in St. Paul, November 2008.jpg|75px|Brian Johnson and Angus Young in 2008]]
| [[AC/DC]]
| [[Phil Rudd]], [[Brian Johnson]], [[Bon Scott]], [[Cliff Williams]], [[Angus Young]] and [[Malcolm Young]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/ac-dc| title =AC/DC| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| [[File:Clash 21051980 12 800.jpg|75px|The Clash in 1980]]
| {{sortname|The|Clash}}
| [[Terry Chimes]], [[Topper Headon]], [[Mick Jones (singer, born 1955)|Mick Jones]], [[Paul Simonon]] and [[Joe Strummer]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-clash| title =The Clash| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| [[File:Elvis Costello 15 June 2005.jpg|Elvis Costello|75px]]
| [[Elvis Costello|Elvis Costello & the Attractions]]
| [[Elvis Costello]], [[Steve Nieve]], [[Bruce Thomas]] and [[Pete Thomas]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/elvis-costello-the-attractions| title =Elvis Costello & the Attractions| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| [[File:ThePolice 2007.jpg|75px|The Police in 2007, left to right: Stewart Copeland, Sting, Andy Summers]]
| {{sortname|The|Police}}
| [[Stewart Copeland]], [[Sting (musician)|Sting]], [[Andy Summers]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/elvis-costello-the-police| title =The Police| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
|
| {{sortname|The|Righteous Brothers}}
| [[Bobby Hatfield]] and [[Bill Medley]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/righteous-brothers| title =The Righteous Brothers| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 2004
| [[File:Jackson Browne 2008.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Jackson|Browne}}
|
|-
| 2004
|
| {{sortname|The|Dells}}
| Verne Allison, Chuck Barksdale, Johnny Carter, Johnny Funches, Marvin Junior and Michael McGill.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-dells| title =The Dells| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-03}}</ref>
|-
| 2004
| [[File:George Harrison 1974 edited.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|George|Harrison}}
|
|-
| 2004
| [[File:Prince at Coachella 001.jpg|75px]]
| [[Prince (musician)|Prince]]
|
|-
| 2004
|
| {{sortname|Bob|Seger}}
|
|-
| 2004
|
| [[Traffic (band)|Traffic]]
| [[Jim Capaldi]], [[Dave Mason]], [[Steve Winwood]] and [[Chris Wood]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/traffic| title =Traffic| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-03}}</ref>
|-
| 2004
| [[File:ZZ Top Live.jpg|75px]]
| [[ZZ Top]]
| [[Billy Gibbons]], [[Dusty Hill]] and [[Frank Beard (musician)|Frank Beard]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/zz-top| title =ZZ Top| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-03}}</ref>
|-
| 2005
| [[File:BuddyGuyCrossroads2007.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Buddy|Guy}}
|
|-
| 2005
|
| {{sortname|The|O'Jays}}
| [[Eddie Levert]], Bobby Massey, [[William Powell]], Sammy Strain and [[Walter Williams]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-ojays| title =The O'Jays| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-03}}</ref>
|-
| 2005
| [[File:Pretenders Dec 81.JPG|75px]]
| [[Pretenders (band)|Pretenders]]
| [[Chrissie Hynde]], [[Martin Chambers]], [[Pete Farndon]] and [[James Honeyman-Scott]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-pretenders| title =The Pretenders| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-03}}</ref>
|-
| 2005
| [[File:Percy Sledge cropped.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Percy|Sledge}}
|
|-
| 2005
| [[File:2005-11-21 U2 @ MSG by ZG.JPG|75px|Left to right: The Edge, Larry Mullen, Bono and Adam Clayton]]
| [[U2]]
| [[Bono]], [[The Edge]], [[Adam Clayton]] and [[Larry Mullen]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/u2| title =U2| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-03}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
| [[File:Black Sabbath 1999-12-16 Stuttgart.jpg|75px|Left to right: Geezer Butler, Ozzy Osbourne, Tony Iommi, Bill Ward]]
| [[Black Sabbath]]
| [[Geezer Butler]], [[Tony Iommi]], [[Ozzy Osbourne]] and [[Bill Ward (musician)|Bill Ward]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/black-sabbath| title =Black Sabbath| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-03}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
| [[File:BlondieConcertNYC.jpg|75px|Blondie head singer, Deborah Harry]]
| [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]]
| [[Debbie Harry|Deborah Harry]], [[Clem Burke]], [[Jimmy Destri]], [[Nigel Harrison]], [[Frank Infante]], [[Chris Stein]] and [[Gary Valentine]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/blondie| title =Blondie| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-03}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
| [[File:Miles Davis 22.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Miles|Davis}}
|
|-
| 2006
| [[File:Lynyrd 2008 (2).jpg|75px]]
| [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]]
| [[Bob Burns (drummer)|Bob Burns]], [[Allen Collins]], [[Steve Gaines]], [[Ed King]], [[Gary Rossington]], [[Billy Powell]], [[Artimus Pyle]], [[Ronnie Van Zant]] and [[Leon Wilkeson]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/lynyrd-skynyrd| title =Lynyrd Skynyrd| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-03}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
| [[File:WB 77-Sex Pistols promo (video) (crop).jpg|75px]]
| [[Sex Pistols]]
| [[Paul Cook]], [[Steve Jones (musician)|Steve Jones]], [[Glen Matlock]], [[John Lydon|Johnny Rotten]] and [[Sid Vicious]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/sex-pistols| title =Sex Pistols| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-03}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| [[File:Grandmaster IngenuityFest.jpg|75px]]
| [[Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five]]
| [[Grandmaster Flash]], Cowboy, [[Kidd Creole]], [[Melle Mel]], Rahiem and Scorpio.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/grandmaster-flash-and-the-furious-five| title =Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-03}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| [[File:Padova REM concert July 22 2003 blue.jpg|75px|Left to right: Mike Mills, Michael Stipe, touring drummer Bill Rieflin (not inducted with the band), and Peter Buck.]]
| [[R.E.M.]]
| [[Bill Berry]], [[Peter Buck]], [[Mike Mills]] and [[Michael Stipe]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/rem| title =R.E.M.| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-03}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
|
| {{sortname|The|Ronettes}}
| [[Ronnie Spector]], [[Estelle Bennett]] and [[Nedra Talley]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/ronettes| title =The Ronettes| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-03}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| [[File:Patti Smith performing in Finland, 2007.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Patti|Smith}}
|
|-
| 2007
| [[File:VanHalenwithHagar.jpg|75px|Van Halen in 2004, left to right: Michael Anthony, Sammy Hagar, Eddie Van Halen]]
| [[Van Halen]]
| [[Michael Anthony (musician)|Michael Anthony]], [[Sammy Hagar]], [[David Lee Roth]], [[Alex Van Halen]] and [[Eddie Van Halen]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/van-halen| title =Van Halen| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-03}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
|
| {{sortname|The|Dave Clark Five}}
| [[Dave Clark (musician)|Dave Clark]], Lenny Davidson, Rick Huxley, Denny Payton and [[Mike Smith (Dave Clark Five)|Mike Smith]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/dave-clark-five|year=2008| title =The Dave Clark Five| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame| accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
| [[File:Leonard Cohen 2187-edited.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Leonard|Cohen}}
|
|-
| 2008
| [[Image:Madonnact.JPG|75px]]
| [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]
|
|-
| 2008
| [[File:Mellencamp sept2000.JPG|75px]]
| {{sortname|John|Mellencamp}}
|
|-
| 2008
|
| {{sortname|The|Ventures}}
| [[Bob Bogle]], [[Nokie Edwards]], Gerry McGee, [[Mel Taylor]] and Don Wilson.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-ventures|year=2008| title =The Ventures | publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame| accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| [[File:JeffBeckCrossroads2007.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Jeff|Beck}}
|
|-
| 2009
| [[File:Imperials.jpg|75px]]
| [[Little Anthony & The Imperials]]
| Anthony Gourdine, Clarence Collins, Tracy Lord, Glouster "Nat" Rogers, Sammy Strain and Ernest Wright Jr.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/little-anthony-and-the-imperials|year=2009| title =Little Anthony and the Imperials| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|accessdate = 2009-02-10}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| [[File:Metallica at The O2 Arena London 2008.jpg|Left to right: Kirk Hammett, Lars Ulrich, James Hetfield, Robert Trujillo|75px]]
| [[Metallica]]
| [[Cliff Burton]], [[Kirk Hammett]], [[James Hetfield]], [[Jason Newsted]], [[Robert Trujillo]], and [[Lars Ulrich]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/metallica| title =Metallica|year=2009| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|accessdate = 2009-02-10}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
|
| [[Run-D.M.C.]]
| [[Darryl McDaniels|Darryl "D.M.C." McDaniels]], [[Jason Mizell|Jason "Jam-Master Jay" Mizell]] and [[Joseph Simmons|Joseph "DJ Run" Simmons]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2009| url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/run-dmc| title =Run-D.M.C.| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|accessdate = 2009-02-10}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
|
| {{sortname|Bobby|Womack}}
|
|-
| 2010
| [[Image:ABBA members.png|75px]]
| [[ABBA]]
| [[Agnetha Fältskog]], [[Benny Andersson]], [[Björn Ulvaeus]], [[Anni-Frid Lyngstad]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2010| url =http://rockhall.com/inductees/abba/| title =ABBA| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|accessdate = 2010-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| [[Image:2180 - Pittsburgh - Mellon Arena - Genesis - The Carpet Crawlers.JPG|75px|left to right: Daryl Stuermer, Mike Rutherford, Tony Banks, Phil Collins]]
| [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
| [[Peter Gabriel]], [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]], [[Phil Collins]], [[Steve Hackett]] and [[Mike Rutherford]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2010| url =http://rockhall.com/inductees/genesis/| title =Genesis| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|accessdate = 2010-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| [[Image:JimmyCliff.jpg|75px]]
| [[Jimmy Cliff]]
|
|-
| 2010
| [[Image:Hollies.jpg|75px]]
| [[The Hollies]]
| [[Bernie Calvert]], [[Allan Clarke]], Bobby Elliott, [[Eric Haydock]], [[Tony Hicks]], [[Graham Nash]] and [[Terry Sylvester]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2010| url =http://rockhall.com/inductees/the-hollies/| title =The Hollies| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|accessdate = 2010-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| [[Image:Stooges Milan '06.jpg|75px]]
| [[The Stooges]]
| [[Iggy Pop]], [[Ron Asheton]], [[Scott Asheton]], [[James Williamson]] and [[Dave Alexander (musician)|Dave Alexander]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2010| url =http://rockhall.com/inductees/the-stooges/| title =The Stooges| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|accessdate = 2010-03-13}}</ref>
|}

=== Early influences ===
[[Image:Woody Guthrie 2.jpg|right|thumb|[[Woody Guthrie]], inducted in 1988.]]
[[Image:Louis Armstrong restored.jpg|right|thumb|[[Louis Armstrong]], inducted in 1990.]]
[[Image:Pete Seeger NYWTS.jpg|right|thumb|[[Pete Seeger]], inducted in 1996.]]
[[Image:Charlesbrown1996.jpg|right|thumb|[[Charles Brown (musician)|Charles Brown]], inducted in 1999.]]
Artists inducted into the early influences category are those "whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock's leading artists."<ref name="Induction"/> Unlike the performers category, these inductees are selected by a committee. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.<ref name="Induction"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Year
! style="background:#efefef;" | Name
|-
| 1986
| {{Sortname|Jimmie|Rodgers|Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)}}
|-
| 1986
| {{Sortname|Jimmy|Yancey}}
|-
| 1986
| {{Sortname|Robert|Johnson|Robert Johnson (musician)}}
|-
| 1987
| {{Sortname|Louis|Jordan}}
|-
| 1987
| {{Sortname|T-Bone|Walker}}
|-
| 1987
| {{Sortname|Hank|Williams}}
|-
| 1988
| {{Sortname|Woody|Guthrie}}
|-
| 1988
| [[Lead Belly]]
|-
| 1988
| [[Les Paul]]
|-
| 1989
| {{sort|Ink Spots|[[The Ink Spots]]}}{{ref|1|[A]}}
|-
| 1989
| {{sortname|Bessie|Smith}}
|-
| 1989
| {{sort|Soul Stirrers|[[The Soul Stirrers]]}}{{ref|2|[B]}}
|-
| 1990
| {{sortname|Louis|Armstrong}}
|-
| 1990
| {{sortname|Charlie|Christian}}
|-
| 1990
| {{sortname|Ma|Rainey}}
|-
| 1991
| [[Howlin' Wolf]]
|-
| 1992
| {{sortname|Elmore|James}}
|-
| 1992
| {{sortname|Professor|Longhair}}
|-
| 1993
| {{sortname|Dinah|Washington}}
|-
| 1994
| {{sortname|Willie|Dixon}}
|-
| 1995
| {{sortname|The|Orioles}}{{ref|3|[C]}}
|-
| 1996
| {{sortname|Pete|Seeger}}
|-
| 1997
| {{sortname|Mahalia|Jackson}}
|-
| 1997
| {{sortname|Bill|Monroe}}
|-
| 1998
| [[Jelly Roll Morton]]
|-
| 1999
| [[Bob Wills|Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys]]{{ref|4|[D]}}
|-
| 1999
| {{sortname|Charles|Brown|Charles Brown (musician)}}
|-
| 2000
| {{sort|Cole, Nat|[[Nat King Cole]]}}
|-
| 2000
| {{sortname|Billie|Holiday}}
|-
| 2009
| {{sortname|Wanda|Jackson}}
|}

{{note|1}}A. Inducted members: Bill Kenny, Charlie Fuqua, Deek Watson, and Orville "Hoppy" Jones.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-ink-spots| title =The Ink Spots| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-03}}</ref> 
{{note|2}}B. Inducted members: Roy Crain Sr., [[R.H. Harris]], Jesse Farley, T.L. Bruster, James Medlock, [[Paul Foster]], [[Johnnie Taylor]], and Bob King.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-soul-stirrers| title =The Soul Stirrers| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-03}}</ref> 
{{note|3}}C. Inducted members: [[Sonny Til]], Tommy Gaither, George Nelson, Johnny Reed and Alexander Sharp.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-orioles| title =The Orioles| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-01-03}}</ref> 
{{note|4}}D. Inducted members: [[Bob Wills]], [[Tommy Duncan]], [[Johnny Gimble]], Joe "Jody" Holley, [[Tiny Moore]], Herb Remington, [[Eldon Shamblin]] and Al Stricklin.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/bob-wills-and-his-texas-playboys| title =Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2007-12-31}}</ref>

=== Lifetime achievement ===
The following were inducted for "Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category."<ref name="Induction"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Year
! style="background:#efefef;" | Name
|-
| 1986
| {{Sortname|John|Hammond|John H. Hammond}}
|-
| 1991
| {{sortname|Nesuhi|Ertegun}}
|-
| 2004
| {{sortname|Jann|Wenner}}
|-
| 2005
| {{sortname|Frank|Barsalona}}
|-
| 2005
| {{sortname|Seymour|Stein}}
|-
| 2006
| [[Herb Alpert]] and [[Jerry Moss]]
|}

=== Non-performers (Ahmet Ertegun Award)===
[[Image:Carole King.jpg|right|thumb|[[Carole King]], inducted in 1990.]]
[[Image:Dick Clark.jpg|right|thumb|[[Dick Clark (entertainer)|Dick Clark]], inducted in 1993.]]
[[Image:Clive Davis.jpg|right|thumb|[[Clive Davis]], inducted in 2000.]]
The non-performer category honors "songwriters, producers, disc jockeys, record executives, journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll."<ref name="Induction"/> Several of the inductees in this category were in fact fairly well-known as performers as well. The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.<ref name="Induction"/> This category has been criticized for inducting those that have "been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets" and not revealing their full criteria.<ref name="Friedman2">{{cite news|title=[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,316653,00.html Golden Globes: Stars Fill in Blanks; Rock Hall of Fame] |accessdate=2008-01-04 |author=Roger Friedman |date=2007-12-13 |publisher=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> In 2008, this category was renamed the "Ahmet Ertegün Award".<ref>{{cite web | title = Inductees for 2008 | url = http://www.rockhall.com/pressroom/2008-inductee-announcement/ | work = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website | date = 2007-12-13 | accessdate = 2008-03-11}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Year
! style="background:#efefef;" | Name
|-
| 1986
| {{Sortname|Alan|Freed}}
|-
| 1986
| {{Sortname|Sam|Phillips}}
|-
| 1987
| {{Sortname|Leonard|Chess}}
|-
| 1987
| {{Sortname|Ahmet|Ertegun}}
|-
| 1987
| {{sort|Leiber|[[Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller]]}}
|-
| 1987
| {{sortname|Jerry|Wexler}}
|-
| 1988
| {{Sortname|Berry|Gordy, Jr.|Berry Gordy}}
|-
| 1989
| {{sortname|Phil|Spector}}
|-
| 1990
| [[Gerry Goffin]] and [[Carole King]]
|-
| 1990
| [[Holland-Dozier-Holland]]
|-
| 1991
| {{sortname|Dave|Bartholomew}}
|-
| 1991
| {{sortname|Ralph|Bass}}
|-
| 1992
| {{sortname|Leo|Fender}}
|-
| 1992
| {{sortname|Bill|Graham|Bill Graham (promoter)}}
|-
| 1992
| {{sortname|Doc|Pomus}}
|-
| 1993
| {{sortname|Dick|Clark|Dick Clark (entertainer)}}
|-
| 1993
| {{sortname|Milt|Gabler}}
|-
| 1994
| {{sortname|Johnny|Otis}}
|-
| 1995
| {{sortname|Paul|Ackerman}}
|-
| 1996
| {{sortname|Tom|Donahue}}
|-
| 1997
| {{sortname|Syd|Nathan}}
|-
| 1998
| {{sortname|Allen|Toussaint}}
|-
| 1999
| {{sortname|George|Martin}}
|-
| 2000
| {{sortname|Clive|Davis}}
|-
| 2001
| {{sortname|Chris|Blackwell}}
|-
| 2002
| {{sortname|Jim|Stewart}}
|-
| 2003
| {{sortname|Mo|Ostin}}
|-
| 2008
| [[Gamble and Huff|Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff]]
|-
|2010
| {{sortname|David|Geffen}}
|-
|2010
| {{sortname|Otis|Blackwell}}
|-
|2010
| [[Jeff Barry]] and [[Ellie Greenwich]]
|-
|2010
| {{sortname|Mort|Shuman}}
|-
|2010
| {{sortname|Jesse|Stone}}
|-
|2010
| [[Barry Mann]] and [[Cynthia Weil]]
|}

=== Sidemen ===
First established in 2000, the sidemen category "honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight, performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert." A separate committee, composed mainly of producers, chooses the inductees.
[[Image:JamesBurton(by Scott Dudelson).jpg|thumb|230px|right|Hall of Fame Sideman [[James Burton]] in 2009
]]<ref name="Induction"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Year
! style="background:#efefef;" | Name
! style="background:#efefef;" | Instrument
|-
| 2000
| {{sortname|Hal|Blaine}}
| [[Drum kit|Drums]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/hal-blaine| title =Hal Blaine| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame| accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2000
| {{sortname|King|Curtis}}
| [[Saxophone]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/king-curtis| title =King Curtis| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame| accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2000
| {{sortname|James|Jamerson}}
| [[Bass guitar]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/james-jamerson| title =James Jamerson| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame| accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2000
| {{sortname|Scotty|Moore}}
| [[Guitar]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/scotty-moore| title =Scotty Moore| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame| accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2000
| {{sortname|Earl|Palmer}}
| Drums<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/earl-palmer| title =Earl Palmer| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame| accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2001
| {{sortname|James|Burton}}
| Guitar<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/james-burton| title =James Burton| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame| accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2001
| {{sortname|Johnnie|Johnson|Johnnie Johnson (musician)}}
| [[Piano]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/johnnie-johnson| title =Johnnie Johnson| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame| accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
| {{sortname|Chet|Atkins}}
| Guitar<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/chet-atkins| title =Chet Atkins| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame| accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| {{sortname|Benny|Benjamin}}
| Drums<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/benny-benjamin| title =Benny Benjamin| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame| accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| {{sortname|Floyd|Cramer}}
| Piano<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/floyd-cramer| title =Floyd Cramer| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame| accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| {{sortname|Steve|Douglas|Steve Douglas (saxophonist)}}
| Saxophone<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/steve-douglas| title =Steve Douglas| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame| accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
| {{sortname|Little|Walter}}
| [[Harmonica]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/little-walter| title =Little Walter|year=2008| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame| accessdate = 2008-01-01}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| {{sortname|Bill|Black}}
| Bass guitar<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bill Black|url=http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/bill-black|year=2009|accessdate=2009-02-10| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| {{sortname|D. J.|Fontana}}
| Drums<ref>{{Cite web|title=DJ Fontana|url=http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/dj-fontana|year=2009|accessdate=2009-02-10| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| {{sortname|Spooner|Oldham}}
| [[Musical keyboard|Keyboard]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spooner Oldham|url=http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/spooner-oldham|year=2009|accessdate=2009-02-10| publisher = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame}}</ref>
|}

== Multiple inductees ==
As of 2010, only sixteen performers have been inducted twice or more; ten have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and six have been inducted with two separate bands. [[Eric Clapton]] is the only one to be inducted three times, as a solo artist and with The Yardbirds and Cream.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://archives.cnn.com/2000/SHOWBIZ/Music/03/07/hall.of.fame/| title =Rock and Roll Hall of Fame makes Clapton first triple inductee| publisher = [[CNN]]| date=March 7, 2000|accessdate = 2008-01-03}}</ref> [[Clyde McPhatter]] was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of two artists to be inducted first as a solo artist, then as a member of a band ([[Neil Young]] is the only other). [[Stephen Stills]] is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year. [[Crosby, Stills & Nash]], inducted in 1997, is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts: [[David Crosby]] with [[The Byrds]] in 1991; Stephen Stills with [[Buffalo Springfield]] in 1997; and [[Graham Nash]] with [[The Hollies]] in 2010.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! class="unsortable"|
! Name
! First
! Year
! Second
! Year
! class="unsortable"| Third
! class="unsortable"| Year
|-
| [[Image:Eric Clapton 1.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Eric|Clapton}}
| {{sort|Yardbirds|The Yardbirds}}
| 1992
| Cream
| 1993
| Solo career
| 2000
|-
| [[Image:Jeff Beck EnmoreTheatre.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Jeff|Beck}}
| {{sort|Yardbirds|The Yardbirds}}
| 1992
| {{sort|zzzzz|Solo career}}
| 2009
|-
|
| {{sortname|Johnny|Carter|Johnny Carter (singer)}}
| {{sort|Flamingos|The Flamingos}}
| 2001
| {{sort|Dells|The Dells}}
| 2004
|-
| [[Image:David crosby.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|David|Crosby}}
| {{sort|Byrds|The Byrds}}
| 1991
| Crosby, Stills & Nash
| 1997
|-
| [[Image:George-Harrison-playing.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|George|Harrison}}
| {{sort|Beatles|The Beatles}}
| 1988
| {{sort|zzzzz|Solo career}}
| 2004
|-
| [[Image:Michael Jackson 1984.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Michael|Jackson}}
| {{sort|Jackson Five|The Jackson Five}}
| 1997
| {{sort|zzzzz|Solo career}}
| 2001
|-
| [[Image:JohnLennonpeace.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|John|Lennon}}
| {{sort|Beatles|The Beatles}}
| 1988
| {{sort|zzzzz|Solo career}}
| 1994
|-
|
| {{sortname|Curtis|Mayfield}}
| {{sort|Impressions|The Impressions}}
| 1991
| {{sort|zzzzz|Solo career}}
| 1999
|-
| [[Image:Paul McCartney BBC Electric Proms.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Paul|McCartney}}
| {{sort|Beatles|The Beatles}}
| 1988
| {{sort|zzzzz|Solo career}}
| 1999
|-
|
| {{sortname|Clyde|McPhatter}}
| {{sort|zzzzz|Solo career}}
| 1987
| {{sort|Drifters|The Drifters}}
| 1988
|-
| [[Image:GrahamNash.JPG|75px]]
| {{sortname|Graham|Nash}}
| Crosby, Stills & Nash
| 1997
| {{sort|Hollies|The Hollies}}
| 2010
|-
| [[Image:Джимми Пэйдж.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Jimmy|Page}}
| {{sort|Yardbirds|The Yardbirds}}
| 1992
| Led Zeppelin
| 1995
|-
| [[Image:Paul Simon 25-07-2008 1.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Paul|Simon}}
| Simon and Garfunkel
| 1990
| {{sort|zzzzz|Solo career}}
| 2001
|-
| [[Image:StephenStillsMay2007.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Stephen|Stills}}
| Buffalo Springfield
| 1997
| Crosby, Stills & Nash
| 1997
|-
|
| {{sort|Strain, Sammy|Sammy Strain}}
| The O'Jays
| 2005
| Little Anthony & The Imperials
| 2009
|-
| [[Image:NeilYoung2008.jpg|75px]]
| {{sortname|Neil|Young}}
| {{sort|zzzzz|Solo career}}
| 1995
| Buffalo Springfield
| 1997
|}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
;General
* {{cite web|url=http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/inductee-list/|title=Inductee list|accessdate=2007-12-31|publisher=Rock and Roll Hall of Fame}}
;Specific
{{refend}}
{{reflist|3}}

== External links ==
{{commons cat|Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees}}
* Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees and Nominees by year at [http://www.futurerocklegends.com FutureRockLegends.com].
** [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=1986 1986], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=1987 1987], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=1988 1988], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=1989 1989], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=1990 1990], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=1991 1991], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=1992 1992], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=1993 1993], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=1994 1994], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=1995 1995], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=1996 1996], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=1997 1997], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=1998 1998], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=1999 1999], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=2000 2000], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=2001 2001], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=2002 2002], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=2003 2003], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=2004 2004], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=2005 2005], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=2006 2006], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=2007 2007], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=2008 2008], [http://www.futurerocklegends.com/preyear.php?induction_year=2009 2009]
* [http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=220838 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame] at History.com

{{featured list}}

{{Link FL|vi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees}}
[[Category:Music-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of musicians]]
[[Category:Music halls of fame]]
[[Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees| ]]

[[da:Navne i Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]
[[es:Anexo:Artistas incluidos en el Salón de la Fama del Rock]]
[[gl:Artistas no Salón da Fama do Rock]]
[[ja:ロックの殿堂入り受賞者の一覧]]
[[no:Liste over innvalgte i Rockens æresgalleri]]
[[vi:Danh sách nghệ sĩ được vinh danh tại Đại sảnh Danh vọng Rock and Roll]]
[[zh:搖滾名人堂成員列表]]

If I Should Fall from Grace with God

2010-01-25T21:55:42Z

Rodericksilly:

{{Infobox Album | 
| Name = If I Should Fall from Grace with God
| Type = [[Album]]
| Artist = [[The Pogues]]
| Cover = If I Should Fall From Grace With God alt.jpg
| Released = June 3, 1987
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[Celtic punk]], [[folk punk]]
| Length = 51:43
| Label = [[Island]]
| Producer = [[Steve Lillywhite]]
| Reviews =
* [[Allmusic]] {{Rating|4.5|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:2hqag44xtv2z link]
* ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thepogues/albums/album/214481/review/6068213/if_i_should_fall_from_grace_with_god link]
| Last album = ''[[Poguetry in Motion]]'' (1986)
| This album = '''''If I Should Fall from Grace with God''''' (1988)
| Next album = ''[[Peace and Love (The Pogues album)|Peace and Love]]'' (1989)
| Misc =
{{Extra album cover 2
| Upper caption = Alternate Cover
| Type = [[Album]]
| Cover = The Pogues-If I Should Fall From Grace With God (album cover).jpg
| Lower caption =
}}
}}
'''''If I Should Fall from Grace with God''''' is a [[1987 in music|1987 album]] by [[The Pogues]]. It reached number 3 in the UK album charts. The album was a departure from previous Pogues albums, which had focused on an [[Irish Traditional Music|Irish folk]]/[[Punk rock|punk]] hybrid, combining musical radicalism with strong commercial appeal. On ''If I Should Fall From Grace with God'' several more genres were added to this mixture, including [[Jazz]], [[Spanish folk music|Spanish folk]] and Middle Eastern folk. The adding of Spanish and Middle Eastern sounds was a sign of things to come; on later albums such as 1990's ''[[Hell's Ditch]]'' these would become the defining sound. On this album, however, it was very much Irish folk to the fore, especially on songs such as the title track, "Bottle of Smoke", "South Australia", "Lullaby of London" and "Sit Down By The Fire", and the rendition of the traditional jig "The Lark in the Morning" as the coda to "Turkish Song Of The Damned". These songs were more typical of the earlier Pogues albums, mostly fast and heavily textured. The album was also the first by the band to utilize a complete [[drum kit]].

Also prominent on the album were the [[ballad]]s "Thousands are Sailing", "The Broad Majestic Shannon" and especially the Christmas hit, a duet with [[Kirsty MacColl]], "[[Fairytale of New York]]". "[[Streets of Sorrow/Birmingham Six]]" showed a passionate and angry political side to their music, the first part being about the sorrow a person feels about the streets of [[Northern Ireland]], and the second half about the [[Birmingham Six]] and the [[Guildford Four]], two groups of people wrongly imprisoned for [[terrorism]] offences and held in jail. The song also makes a passing reference to the [[Loughgall Martyrs]] with the line "while over in Ireland eight more men lay dead, kicked down and shot in the back of the head".

''If I Should Fall from Grace with God'' marked the most substantial line-up change to date for The Pogues, as it was the first full-length album on which multi-instrumentalist [[Terry Woods]] and bassist [[Darryl Hunt (musician)|Darryl Hunt]] appear. It also marked the first departure of one of the original members, former bassist [[Cait O'Riordan]].

The album cover is a montage of photos of the group's members; those pictures imitate the style of the fourth photo from the left, a shot of Irish author [[James Joyce]].

Due to time restriction of a vinyl LP the two tracks "South Australia" and "The Battle March Medley" have been omitted and can be found only on the CD release.

==Track listing==
===Original release===
# "[[If I Should Fall from Grace with God (song)|If I Should Fall from Grace with God]]" ([[Shane MacGowan]]) - 2:20
#"Turkish Song of the Damned" (MacGowan/[[Jem Finer]]) - 3:27
#"Bottle of Smoke" (MacGowan/Finer) - 2:47
#"[[Fairytale of New York]]" (MacGowan/Finer) - 4:36
#"Metropolis" - 2:50 (Finer)
#"Thousands Are Sailing" ([[Phil Chevron]]) - 5:28
#"[[South Australia (song)|South Australia]]" (Traditional)† - 3:27
#"[[Fiesta (The Pogues song)|Fiesta]]" (MacGowan/Finer) - 4:13
#"Medley: The Recruiting Sergeant/[[The Rocky Road to Dublin]]/The Galway Races" (Traditional) - 4:03
#"[[Streets of Sorrow/Birmingham Six]]" (MacGowan/[[Terry Woods]]) - 4:39
#"Lullaby of London" (MacGowan) - 3:32
#"The Battle March Medley" (Woods)†
#"Sit Down by the Fire" (MacGowan) - 4:10
#"The Broad Majestic [[River Shannon|Shannon]]" (MacGowan) - 2:55
# "Worms" (Traditional) - 1:01

:† – CD bonus track, not on vinyl LP

===2005 reissue===
#"If I Should Fall from Grace with God" (MacGowan)
#"Turkish Song of the Damned" (MacGowan/Finer)
#"Bottle of Smoke" (MacGowan/Finer)
#"Fairytale of New York" (MacGowan/Finer)
#"Metropolis"
#"Thousands Are Sailing" (Chevron)
#"Fiesta" (MacGowan/Finer)
#"Medley: The Recruiting Sergeant/The Rocky Road to Dublin/The Galway Races" (Traditional)
#"Streets of Sorrow/Birmingham Six" (MacGowan/Woods)
#"Lullaby of London" (MacGowan)
#"Sit Down by the Fire" (MacGowan)
#"The Broad Majestic Shannon" (MacGowan)
#"Worms" (Traditional'')
#"The Battle March Medley" (Woods)
#"[[The Irish Rover]]" ([[Joseph Crofts]]/Traditional)†
#"Mountain Dew" (Traditional)†
#"Shanne Bradley" (MacGowan)†
#"Sketches of Spain" (The Pogues)†
#"[[South Australia (song)|South Australia]]" (Traditional)

:† – bonus track, not on original release

==Personnel==
*[[Shane MacGowan]] - vocals, guitar
*[[Spider Stacy]] - tin whistle, vocals
*[[James Fearnley]] - accordion, piano, mandolin, dulcimer, guitar, cello, percussion
*[[Jem Finer]] - banjo, saxophone
*[[Andrew Ranken]] - drums, vocals
*[[Philip Chevron]] - guitar, mandolin
*[[Darryl Hunt (musician)|Darryl Hunt]] - bass, percussion, vocals
*[[Terry Woods]] - cittern lute, concertina, strings, banjo, dulcimer, guitar, vocals
*Ron Kavana - banjo, spoons, mandolin
*Siobhan Sheahan - harp
*Brian Clarke - alto saxophone
*Joe Cashman - tenor saxophone
*Paul Taylor - trombone
*Chris Lee - trumpet
*Eli Thompson - trumpet

==Critical acclaim==
In 2006, [[Q magazine|''Q'' magazine]] placed the album at #37 in its list of "40 Best Albums of the '80s". <ref>''Q'' August 2006, Issue 241</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{The Pogues}}

[[Category:The Pogues albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Steve Lillywhite]]
[[Category:1988 albums]]
[[Category:Island Records albums]]

[[es:If I Should Fall from Grace with God]]
[[it:If I Should Fall from Grace with God]]
[[no:If I Should Fall from Grace with God]]
[[sv:If I Should Fall From Grace With God]]

If I Should Fall from Grace with God

2010-01-25T21:54:24Z

Rodericksilly:

{{Infobox Album | 
| Name = If I Should Fall from Grace with God
| Type = [[Album]]
| Artist = [[The Pogues]]
| Cover = If I Should Fall From Grace With God alt.jpg
| Released = June 3, 1987
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[Celtic punk]], [[folk punk]]
| Length = 51:43
| Label = [[Island]]
| Producer = [[Steve Lillywhite]]
| Reviews =
* [[Allmusic]] {{Rating|4.5|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:2hqag44xtv2z link]
* ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thepogues/albums/album/214481/review/6068213/if_i_should_fall_from_grace_with_god link]
| Last album = ''[[Poguetry in Motion]]'' (1986)
| This album = '''''If I Should Fall from Grace with God''''' (1988)
| Next album = ''[[Peace and Love (The Pogues album)|Peace and Love]]'' (1989)
| Misc =
{{Extra album cover 2
| Upper caption = Alternate Cover
| Type = [[Album]]
| Cover = The Pogues-If I Should Fall From Grace With God (album cover).jpg
| Lower caption =
}}
}}
'''''If I Should Fall from Grace with God''''' is a [[1987 in music|1987 album]] by [[The Pogues]]. It reached number 3 in the UK album charts. The album was a departure from previous Pogues albums, which had focused on an [[Irish Traditional Music|Irish folk]]/[[Punk rock|punk]] hybrid, combining musical radicalism with strong commercial appeal. On ''If I Should Fall From Grace with God'' several more genres were added to this mixture, including [[Jazz]], [[Spanish folk music|Spanish folk]] and Middle Eastern folk. The adding of Spanish and Middle Eastern sounds was a sign of things to come; on later albums such as 1990's ''[[Hell's Ditch]]'' these would become the defining sound. On this album, however, it was very much Irish folk to the fore, especially on songs such as the title track, "Bottle of Smoke", "South Australia", "Lullaby of London" and "Sit Down By The Fire", and the rendition of the traditional jig "The Lark in the Morning" as the coda to "Turkish Song Of The Damned". These songs were more typical of the earlier Pogues albums, mostly fast and heavily textured. The album was also the first by the band to utilize a complete [[drum kit]].

Also prominent on the album were the [[ballad]]s "Thousands are Sailing", "The Broad Majestic Shannon" and especially the Christmas hit, a duet with [[Kirsty MacColl]], "[[Fairytale of New York]]". "[[Streets of Sorrow/Birmingham Six]]" showed a passionate and angry political side to their music, the first part being about the sorrow a person feels about the streets of [[Northern Ireland]], and the second half about the [[Birmingham Six]] and the [[Guildford Four]], two groups of people wrongly imprisoned for [[terrorism]] offences and held in jail. The song also makes a passing reference to the [[Loughgall Martyrs]] with the line "while over in Ireland eight more men lay dead, kicked down and shot in the back of the head".

''If I Should Fall from Grace with God'' marked the most substantial line-up change to date for The Pogues, as it was the first full-length album on which multi-instrumentalist [[Terry Woods]] and bassist [[Darryl Hunt (musician)|Darryl Hunt]] appear. It also marked the first departure of one of the original members, former bassist [[Cait O'Riordan]].

The album cover is a montage of photos of the group's members; those pictures imitate the style of the fourth photo from the left, a shot of Irish author [[James Joyce]].

Due to time restriction of a vinyl LP the two tracks "South Australia" and "The Battle March Medley" have been omitted and can be found only on the CD release.

==Track listing==
===Original release===
# "[[If I Should Fall from Grace with God (song)|If I Should Fall from Grace with God]]" ([[Shane MacGowan]]) - 2:20
#"Turkish Song of the Damned" (MacGowan/[[Jem Finer]]) - 3:27
#"Bottle of Smoke" (MacGowan/Finer) - 2:47
#"[[Fairytale of New York]]" (MacGowan/Finer) - 4:36
#"Metropolis" - 2:50 (Finer)
#"Thousands Are Sailing" ([[Phil Chevron]]) - 5:28
#"[[South Australia (song)|South Australia]]" (Traditional)† - 3:27
#"[[Fiesta (The Pogues song)|Fiesta]]" (MacGowan/Finer) - 4:13
#"Medley: The Recruiting Sergeant/[[The Rocky Road to Dublin]]/The Galway Races" (Traditional) - 4:03
#"[[Streets of Sorrow/Birmingham Six]]" (MacGowan/[[Terry Woods]]) - 4:39
#"Lullaby of London" (MacGowan) - 3:32
#"The Battle March Medley" (Woods)†
#"Sit Down by the Fire" (MacGowan) - 4:10
#"The Broad Majestic [[River Shannon|Shannon]]" (MacGowan) - 2:55
# "Worms" (Traditional) - 1:01

:† – CD bonus track, not on vinyl LP

===2005 reissue===
#"If I Should Fall from Grace with God" (MacGowan)
#"Turkish Song of the Damned" (MacGowan/Finer)
#"Bottle of Smoke" (MacGowan/Finer)
#"Fairytale of New York" (MacGowan/Finer)
#"Metropolis"
#"Thousands Are Sailing" (Chevron)
#"Fiesta" (MacGowan/Finer)
#"Medley: The Recruiting Sergeant/The Rocky Road to Dublin/The Galway Races" (Traditional)
#"Streets of Sorrow/Birmingham Six" (MacGowan/Woods)
#"Lullaby of London" (MacGowan)
#"Sit Down by the Fire" (MacGowan)
#"The Broad Majestic Shannon" (MacGowan)
#"Worms" (Traditional'')
#"The Battle March Medley" (Woods)
#"[[The Irish Rover]]" ([[Joseph Crofts]]/Traditional)†
#"Mountain Dew" (Traditional)†
#"Shanne Bradley" (MacGowan)†
#"Sketches of Spain" (The Pogues)†
#"[[South Australia (song)|South Australia]]" (Traditional)

:† – bonus track, not on original release

==Personnel==
*[[Shane MacGowan]] - vocals, guitar
*[[Spider Stacy]] - tin whistle, vocals
*[[James Fearnley]] - accordion, piano, mandolin, dulcimer, guitar, cello, percussion
*[[Jem Finer]] - banjo, saxophone
*[[Andrew Ranken]] - drums, vocals
*[[Philip Chevron]] - guitar, mandolin
*[[Darryl Hunt (musician)|Darryl Hunt]] - bass, percussion, vocals
*[[Terry Woods]] - cittern lute, concertina, strings, banjo, dulcimer, guitar, vocals
*Ron Kavana - banjo, spoons, mandolin
*Siobhan Sheahan - harp
*Brian Clarke - alto saxophone
*Joe Cashman - tenor saxophone
*Paul Taylor - trombone
*Chris Lee - trumpet
*Eli Thompson - trumpet

==Critical acclaim==
In 2006, [[Q magazine|''Q'' magazine]] placed the album at #37 in its list of "40 Best Albums of the '80s". <ref>''Q'' August 2006, Issue 241</ref>

{{The Pogues}}

[[Category:The Pogues albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Steve Lillywhite]]
[[Category:1988 albums]]
[[Category:Island Records albums]]

[[es:If I Should Fall from Grace with God]]
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John Tusa

2009-11-10T20:12:28Z

Rodericksilly: /* Early life */

'''Sir John Tusa''' (born [[2 March]] [[1936]]) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] arts administrator, and radio and television journalist. From 1995 until 2007 he was managing director of the [[City of London]]'s [[Barbican Arts Centre]]. From 1986 to 1993 he was managing director of the [[BBC World Service]].

==Early life==
Born in [[Czechoslovakia]] in March 1936, Tusa moved to England with his family in 1939. His father, also John Tusa (Jan Tůša), was managing director of British [[Bata Shoes]], established by the Czech shoe company, which, following its international pattern, also created a pioneering work-living community around its factory in [[East Tilbury]], Essex. Two days before the German occupation of Czechoslovakia on [[15 March]] [[1939]], Tusa senior flew out of Czechoslovakia on a Bata company plane, via [[Poland]], [[Yugoslavia]] and [[France]]. He then became general manager of the Bata factory and its associated village in [[East Tilbury]], where his son grew up.

Tusa junior was educated at [[St Faith's School]], Cambridge, [[Gresham's School]], [[Holt, Norfolk|Holt]], and [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]], [[Cambridge]], where he gained a First Class Honours Degree in History. <ref>{{web cite | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/review/3442223.stm | title= John Tusa}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1960, he joined the [[BBC]] as a trainee. After presenting the BBC's '' [[Newsnight]]'' programme (from its inception in 1979) and also ''[[24 hours]]'', he went on to become managing director of the [[BBC World Service]] from 1986 to 1993. Tusa was President of [[Wolfson College, Cambridge|Wolfson College]] from January to October 1993. He was then a newsreader on BBC's One O'Clock News for two years during the mid-1990s. He anchored the BBC's coverage of the [[Transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong|Hong Kong handover]] on June 30 1997. From 1995 until 2007 he was managing director of the [[Barbican Arts Centre]] in the [[City of London]]. Since 1998 he has been chairman of the board of the [[Wigmore Hall]] in London and was appointed chairman of the [[University of the Arts London]] in 2007. He was announced as having accepted the position of chairman with the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] on 18 June 2007, but stepped down from the post a month later, recognising a conflict of interest with his position at the University of the Arts London.

Tusa continues to write and broadcast widely. Among his written output, he wrote two books jointly with his historian wife [[Ann Tusa]]: ''The Nuremberg Trial'' (1983) and ''The Berlin Blockade'' (1988).

John Tusa's most recent book is ''Engaged with the Arts: Writings from the Frontline''<ref>Published by [[I.B. Tauris]], London & New York, February 2007. ISBN 978 1 84511 424 4</ref> which explores ways that the arts can be encouraged within a cultural and political climate in which funding is ever threatened.

After retiring from his BBC World Service post, John Tusa has been critical of some BBC policies. He deprecated the former director general [[John Birt]]'s focus and management style and has been vociferous about subsequent decisions to pare down World Service activities in Europe, including the Czech section.<ref>[http://www.cbw.cz/phprs/2005111412.html Czech Business Weekly] </ref>

In January 2009 Tusa became Chair of the [[Clore Leadership Programme]].

==Honours==
Tusa was awarded a knighthood in the Queen's birthday honours list in June 2003.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tusa, John}}
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Joan Bakewell, Baroness Bakewell

2009-10-16T20:38:54Z

Rodericksilly:

{{Infobox_Celebrity
| name = Dame Joan Bakewell
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Joan Dawson Rowlands
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1933|4|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Stockport]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[TV presenter]], [[News presenter|newsreader]] and [[journalist]]
| salary =
| networth =
| spouse = [[Michael Bakewell]] (1955–1972) (two children) [[Jack Emery]] (1975–2001)
| website =
}}

'''Dame Joan Dawson Bakewell''', [[Order of the British Empire|DBE]] (born 16 April 1933 in [[Stockport]]) is an [[England|English]] [[journalist]] and [[television presenter]].

==Biography==
Born '''Joan Dawson Rowlands''', in [[Stockport]], [[Cheshire]] (now [[Greater Manchester]]), she was educated at Stockport High School For Girls - a grammar school in local authority control, on the site of what is now [[Hillcrest Grammar School]] - where she was [[head girl]], and at [[Newnham College]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], where she studied Economics, then History. <ref>{{web cite | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7452881.stm | title= Profile: Joan Bakewell}}</ref>

==Career==
Joan Bakewell first became well known as one of the presenters of an early [[BBC Two]] programme, ''[[Late Night Line-Up]]'' (1965-72 and 2008). [[Frank Muir]] dubbed her "the [[thinking man's crumpet]]"<ref>[http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/celebs/broadcasters2.html Manchester Celebrities], John Moss, Papillon (Manchester UK) Limited</ref> during this period and the moniker stuck, although Bakewell herself dislikes the epithet. She was appointed [[CBE]] in 1999 and was Chairman of the [[British Film Institute]] from 2000 to 2002. She was appointed [[Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (DBE) in the [[Birthday Honours 2008|2008 Birthday Honours]]. In November 2008 Joan Bakewell was appointed a voice for older people by the UK Government. She is Chair of the renowned theatre company Shared Experience.

===On television===
Bakewell co-presented ''Reports Action'', a Sunday teatime programme which encouraged the public to donate their services to various good causes, for [[Granada Television]] during 1976-78. Subsequently, she returned to the BBC, and co-presented a short-lived late night television arts programme; briefly worked on the [[BBC Radio 4]] [[PM (radio programme)|PM]] programme, and was ''[[Newsnight]]'s'' arts correspondent (1986-88).

Later, Bakewell came to the fore as the main presenter of the documentary and discussion series ''Heart of the Matter'',<ref>[http://www.knightayton.co.uk/index.php/Female-Clients/Bakewell-Joan.html Joan Bakewell] Knight Ayton Management</ref> which ran from 1988 to 2000.

In 2001 Bakewell wrote and presented a four part series for the [[BBC]] called ''Taboo'', a personal exploration of the concepts of [[Taste (sociology)|taste]], [[decency]] and [[censorship]]. The programme dealt frankly with sex and nudity and in some cases, pushed the boundaries of what is permissible on mainstream television.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-87090/An-excuse-shock.html An excuse to shock | Mail Online]</ref> Bakewell used frank language and "four-letter words" to describe [[pornography]] and sex toys. She watched a couple having sex while they were filming a pornographic movie and read out an "obscene" extract from the novel ''[[Tropic of Cancer (novel)|Tropic of Cancer]]'' by [[Henry Miller]]. ''Taboo'' was broadcast between 9.50pm and 10.30pm on [[BBC2]].

''Taboo'' was referred to the [[Director of Public Prosecutions]] by the [[National Viewers and Listeners Association]] (subsequently renamed [[Mediawatch]]). Following the complaint, Bakewell faced the nominal prospect of being charged with [[blasphemous libel]] after she recited part of an erotic poem by [[James Kirkup]] concerning a Roman centurion's affection for [[Jesus]], "[[The Love that Dares to Speak its Name]]". [[Whitehouse v. Lemon|After its first publication in 1976]], Denis Lemon, the editor of ''[[Gay News]]'', was given a nine-month suspended jail sentence and was told he had come close to serving it.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/mar/03/books.booksnews TV Joan faces jail for gay poem | UK news | The Observer]</ref>

On [[26 May]] 2008 Bakewell introduced an archive evening on [[BBC Parliament]] called ''Permissive Night''. The programme examined the liberalising legislation passed by [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] in the late 1960s which made Britain a more tolerant and permissive place to live. Topics covered included changes to [[divorce]] law, the [[Capital punishment in the United Kingdom|death penalty]], the legalisation of [[Abortion in the United Kingdom|abortion]], the [[Racism in the United Kingdom|Race]] Relations Bill, the [[Sexual Offences Act 1967|partial decriminalisation]] of [[homosexual]] acts (using editions of the documentary series [[Man Alive (BBC TV series)|Man Alive]]) and the relaxation of [[censorship]]. ''Permissive Night'' concluded with a special one-off edition of ''[[Late Night Line-Up]]'' which discussed the themes raised in the programmes over the course of the evening.

===In print===
Bakewell's [[autobiography]], ''The Centre of the Bed'', was published in 2004.<ref>''The Centre of the Bed'' - Hodder & Stoughton Ltd (2003) (ISBN 0-340-82310-0)</ref> It concentrates on her experiences as a woman in the male-dominated media industries and touches on her affair with [[Harold Pinter]], while he was still married to the actress [[Vivien Merchant]] and she was still married to Michael Bakewell. That affair was the basis for Pinter's 1978 play ''[[Betrayal (play)|Betrayal]]'', adapted in 1983 as a [[Betrayal (1983 film)|film]].

Bakewell currently writes for the British newspaper ''[[The Independent]]'' in the 'Editorial and Opinion' section. Typically, her articles concern aspects of social life and culture but sometimes she writes more political articles, often focusing on aspects relevant to life in the [[United Kingdom]]. Formerly, from 2003, she wrote the "Just Seventy" column for ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper. In September 2008 she began a fortnightly column in the Times2 section of ''[[The Times]]''.
Her first novel was published in March 2009 by [[Virago Press]]. ''All the Nice Girls'' drew on her experiences in war-time Merseyside to tell the story of a school "adopting" a ship.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|id=0049051|name=Joan Bakewell}}
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,3876064,00.html Lost voices], [[John Mullan]], [[The Guardian]], 1999-06-18
* [http://www.whocomments.org/component/option,com_wrapper/Itemid,217/ Who Comments? - Joan Bakewell]
* [http://www.theinterviewonline.co.uk/library/books/joan-bakewell-interview.aspx Listen to an audio slideshow interview with Joan Bakewell] talking about her first novel ''All the Nice Girls'' on [http://www.theinterviewonline.co.uk The Interview Online].
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bakewell, Joan}}
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[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:English television presenters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Stockport]]

John Birt, Baron Birt

2009-07-29T20:09:40Z

Rodericksilly: /* BBC career */

'''John Birt, Baron Birt''' (born [[10 December]] [[1944]]), was an influential if controversial figure in British broadcasting. He was [[Director-General of the BBC|Director-General]] of the [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] from 1992 to 2000.

After a highly successful career in commercial television, first at [[Granada Television|Granada]] and then at [[LWT]], Birt was brought in as deputy director-general of the BBC in 1987 for his [[current affairs]] expertise. The forced departure of Director-General [[Alasdair Milne]] following pressure from the [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] government<ref>Alasdair Milne, ''DG: The Memoirs of a British Broadcaster'', 1988</ref> required someone at the top, preferably from outside the corporation, with editorial and production experience: Milne had been summarily replaced by [[Michael Checkland]], an [[accountant]].

Birt was credited with re-structuring the BBC in accordance with [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] [[privatisation]] policies, but in the face of much internal opposition. His supporters insist he saved the corporation from possible government sell-off, and properly equipped it to face the [[digital broadcasting|digital age]]. Birt later became an adviser to the [[Tony Blair|Blair]] government.

==Early life and commercial television career==
John Birt was born in [[Liverpool]] to a [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] father, a manager at the [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]] tyre company, and a [[Protestant]] mother. He was raised as a Roman Catholic. Birt was educated at the [[direct-grant grammar school]] [[St Mary's College, Liverpool]] and [[St Catherine's College, Oxford]], where he got a [[third-class degree]] in [[engineering]].

From 1966 to 1971 Birt was at [[Granada Television]]. He devised the magazine programme ''Nice Time'' and, as a researcher at ''[[World in Action]]'', staged in July 1967 a melodramatic post-trial encounter between [[Mick Jagger]] and senior figures in the British [[the establishment|establishment]]. Jagger, just released following drugs charges, descended from a helicopter to discuss on the lawn matters of the day with, among others, the editor of [[The Times]] and the [[Bishop of Woolwich]].

Birt in 1969 became joint editor of ''World in Action'' with [[Gus Macdonald, Baron Macdonald of Tradeston|Gus McDonald]], a former [[Trotskyist]], later himself to become a government minister and a member of the [[House of Lords]]. Birt later moved to LWT, where he was founding editor of the current affairs programme ''[[Weekend World]]''. He became head of current affairs at LWT and, later, controller of features and current affairs. In the mid-1970s he took a break from LWT to produce [[David Frost (broadcaster)|David Frost's]] interviews with disgraced former US President [[Richard Nixon]]. Birt returned to LWT as director of programmes in 1982. During this period he revived the career of his old friend, the Liverpool singer [[Cilla Black]], who in due course became the highest paid female performer on UK television.

Birt formed a close working relationship with his boss at LWT, [[Michael Grade]], which would later go sour when both worked at the BBC. <ref>John Birt,''The Harder Path'', 2002.</ref>

==BBC career==
While deputy director-general under [[Michael Checkland]], a former accountant, Birt also served as the BBC's director of news and current affairs. Then and subsequently, in the wake of the Thatcher government's bitter spats with Milne, he became the most hands-on editor-in-chief in the corporation's history.

With the then ''Weekend World'' presenter [[Peter Jay]], Birt had in 1974 contributed to ''[[The Times]]'' a series of three much-discussed articles on the topic of television journalism. Most television news and current affairs contained, they argued, a "bias against understanding": mere pictures had taken precedence over analysis. They advocated instead what became known as "a mission to explain." The model was ''Weekend World''.

In accordance with this thesis and, no doubt, with Milne's earlier agonies in mind, makers of news and documentary programmes were required to outline their finished product in writing before setting out with the cameras. The news correspondent [[Kate Adie]] considered such methods were at odds with the "obligation to report". <ref>[http://authorpages.hoddersystems.com/kateadie/extract.html THE KINDNESS OF STRANGERS]</ref> [[Fred Emery (journalist)|Fred Emery]] a former presenter of ''[[Panorama]]'', a direct rival to ''Weekend World'' and thus a prime test-bed for the new supervised approach, said it gave rise to "a certain blandness".

Birt's promotion to Director-General in 1992 caused immediate controversy. On top of all the internal opposition, it was then revealed that, though Director-General, Birt was being employed on a freelance consultancy basis in order to write off numerous personal expenses against tax, including "secretarial services" from his wife. While perfectly acceptable in the private sector, such practices were considered unacceptable in a Director-General of the BBC. Under political and public pressure, Birt became a BBC employee. He had to sell his [[shares]] in [[LWT]], part of his final salary settlement with the company. When in 1994 LWT was bought by Granada, Birt lost out on a windfall of what would have been several million pounds.

Consistent with Conservative Party policy, Birt introduced a "[[virtual]] [[internal market]]" at the BBC. Individual departments were required to charge each other for services, and even to compete against each other for contracts. Under what was called the "Producer Choice" initiative, programme producers were required to use outside suppliers if they were cheaper. Faced with high rental fees from the BBC's record library, producers for a time found it cheaper to buy records from local record shops. In-house facilities were closed or stood idle as a result, it was alleged, of "creative accounting" methods. Apparently unprofitable departments, including the [[BBC Radiophonic Workshop|Radiophonic Workshop]], were suddenly axed after decades of service. A year before his death, [[Dennis Potter]], Britain's foremost television playwright, labeled Birt a "croak-voiced [[Dalek]]".<ref>{{cite news
| first = Dennis
| last = Potter
| authorlink = Dennis Potter
| title = Occupying Powers
| url = http://www.bilderberg.org/milne.htm#Potter
| format = reprint
| work = [[The Guardian]]
| date = [[1993-08-28]]
| accessdate = 2006-12-01
}}</ref> The allusion stuck, and in the 1993 [[Christmas tape]] produced by the BBC's post production department, Birt was portrayed as the Daleks' creator, [[Davros]]<ref>http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=dVB6LdQF3BA</ref>. Former BBC director and producer [[David Maloney]] claimed on the DVD commentary for [[Genesis of the Daleks]] that John Birt "succeeded where [[Davros]] failed and ruined the BBC". Birt's use of impenetrable [[jargon]] became known as "Birtspeak", a phenomenon regularly mocked to this day in the satirical magazine ''[[Private Eye]]'', complete with miniature Dalek caricature of the man himself.

Former BBC Director-General [[Alasdair Milne]] described Birt as “the most graceless man I have ever known” and a “ghastly man” who did little good for the BBC except establishing the BBC’s Internet service. He also criticised him for paying consultants a lot of money to restructure the corporation. <ref>{{web cite | url= http://www.rts.org.uk/Info_page_two_pic_2_det.asp?art_id=7208&sec_id=3296 | title= The wrath of Alasdair Milne}}</ref> [[Bill Cotton]] described Birt’s tenure as a “nightmare” for the BBC. <ref>{{web cite | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7555766.stm | title= Obituary: Sir Bill Cotton}}</ref> Radio broadcaster [[John Churchill Dunn]] said of Birt: “I certainly don't like what Birt has done to the surroundings in which I work. The atmosphere is terrible, morale is bad." <ref>{{web cite | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4042749.stm | title= Obituary: John Dunn}}</ref> [[David Attenborough]] commented: “When Birt gets up and says the whole of the BBC was a creative mess and it was wasteful, I never saw any evidence of that. I absolutely know it wasn’t so in my time. Producers now spend all their time worrying about money, and the thing has suffered for it.” <ref>{{web cite | url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article820515.ece?token=null&offset=0&page=1 | title= Interview: Marguerite Driscoll meets Sir David Attenborough: So much jollier than being DG}}</ref> Even [[Marmaduke Hussey]], who appointed Birt to his BBC role, later claimed to have regrets: "If I'd been reappointed as chairman I would have got rid of him. I had chosen a man who did not have the two prime skills of managing and getting on with staff. He totally failed to take the BBC with him.” He said Birt was "dogmatic and difficult" and that although he had some fine qualities, "admitting others may be right was not one of them". <ref>{{web cite | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/1624401.stm | title= Former BBC chief 'regrets' hiring Birt}}</ref>

Birt's changes were partially dismantled by his successors [[Greg Dyke]], himself sacked following pressure from the Blair government, and [[Mark Thompson]]. However, veteran producer [[Tony Garnett]] claimed in 2009 that Birt's legacy of “totalitarian micro management” has existed at the BBC ever since. He said of Birt: “After John Birt achieved power, centralisation was accelerated. Birt had consultants all over the BBC like a rash. As an institution it fitted in perfectly with the ideology of the day. It is no accident that Birt's two jobs since have been at number 10 and at McKinsey's”. He conceded: “He was resolute and brave in his attempts to bring some proper financial discipline. He was percipient about New Media and the imminent upheavals the Internet would bring and made sure that the BBC had a head start”, but he also had “a leadership bypass, an inability to charm and persuade” and his faith in out of date management theories about structure led to “just more irrelevant bureaucratic supervision from senior management … This sort of control is the enemy of creativity." <ref>{{web cite | url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/jul/15/tony-garnett-email-bbc-drama | title= Tony Garnett's email on BBC drama}}</ref>

Birt's defenders include the prominent journalists [[John Lloyd (UK journalist)|John Lloyd]] and [[Polly Toynbee]]. It has been argued that without his reforms and his ability to accommodate the Thatcher government, <ref>[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_200211/ai_n9152342 reign of King John, The]</ref> the renewal of the BBC's operating charter in the 1990s was in jeopardy. Birt was responsible for modernisation of much BBC output, including the removal from [[BBC Radio 1]] of veteran [[disc jockey|disk jockeys]] such as [[Dave Lee Travis]] and [[Simon Bates]]. Radio 1 re-branded itself as more youth-oriented, but the station's audience total declined nonetheless.

Birt invested heavily in digital broadcasting and sought government approval to direct licence fee money into the new internet service [[bbc.co.uk]]. Such ventures were at the time criticised by some as being to the detriment of the BBC's core programming. [[John Tusa]], a former boss of the [[BBC World Service]] said, "You have to love an organisation in order to reform it."

In 1998 BBC programme makers were ordered to refrain from any mention of the private life of the cabinet minister [[Peter Mandelson]]. In a live interview on BBC TV"s [[Newsnight]] the journalist and former Conservative [[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[Matthew Parris]] had identified Mandelson as a fellow [[homosexual]]. Mandelson, a former editor of ''Weekend World'', and Birt had been colleagues at LWT. There was press speculation that Birt himself had initiated the directive.

Birt was awarded a knighthood, and in 1999 a [[life peerage]]. He took his seat in the House of Lords in March 2000 as a [[crossbencher]].

==Post-BBC career==
In 2001<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1483994.stm Birt becomes Number 10 adviser]</ref> [[Tony Blair]] appointed Birt as his personal advisor, for what was termed "Blue Skies thinking"<ref>[http://media.guardian.co.uk/broadcast/story/0,7493,1520872,00.html Blue skies thinker with the eye of an accountant]</ref>; it is thought his long-standing friendship with [[Peter Mandelson]] had a role in his appointment.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3916089.stm Profile: Peter Mandelson ]</ref> His role in government has been controversial, since as a special advisor, rather than a civil servant, he is not formally obliged to face questions from [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] [[Select Committee (Westminster System)|Select committees]]. In October 2002 an uproar was created when it emerged that the government had specifically asked him not to appear in front of the transport select committee, at a time when he was in charge of long-term transport strategy. Earlier that year, a paper of Birt's had proposed a second network of motorways operated as [[toll road|tolls]] to counter the problems of traffic congestion.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1996237.stm,Toll road network 'planned for UK']</ref> In parallel, he has subsequently become a part-time consultant with [[McKinsey & Company]], which some see as a conflict of interest with his government involvement. In December 2005 he quit his role as advisor to Tony Blair to join private equity firm Terra Firma, "for personal reasons".

Since February 2004, Birt has been on the [[Board of Directors|board]] of [[PayPal]].

The ''[[Financial Times]]'' reported at the beginning of July 2005 that Birt's office ceiling at [[10 Downing Street|No 10 Downing Street]] had fallen in. No one was injured.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4605723.stm' Blue sky' Birt's ceiling falls]</ref>

Returning to his earlier career on [[26 August]] [[2005]], Birt delivered his second MacTaggart lecture at the [[Edinburgh International Television Festival]]. Partly a review of his professional life as a broadcaster, he also criticised the "tabloidisation" of intellectual concerns. More importantly, he argued that [[Channel 4|Channel Four]] should receive financial help, in order to preserve "public service broadcasting", which was taken as advocacy of the BBC sharing its [[Licence fee#United Kingdom|licence fee]] with Channel Four. He also mentioned that his long standing feud with [[Michael Grade]] had been resolved, but the speech as a whole was not admired by many figures in the industry. <ref>[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1558255,00.html Plenty of problems but no solutions]</ref>

In 2006, Lord Birt joined the consulting firm [[Capgemini]]. He will advise the firm, with a focus on its consulting services in the public sector and telecom, media and entertainment.<ref>[http://www.accountancyage.com/management-consultancy/news/2148989/lord-birt-joins-capgemini Lord Birt joins Capgemini]</ref>

He is currently working with Infinis, the UK's largest independent generator of renewable power from landfill gas.

==Private life ==
John Birt's first wife was the American-born Jane Lake. They met in 1963, whilst she was an art student at Oxford. The couple married in [[Washington, D.C.]] in 1965, and have two children, Eliza and Yahya (formerly Jonathan) Birt.

In April 2005, Birt admitted a twelve-month affair with Eithne Wallis, a divorced mother of three and a former head of the [[National Probation Service]].<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-1559788,00.html Birt divorces his wife of 40 years for a new love - Britain - Times Online]</ref>. The divorce cost him just £1,500, after he also admitted [[adultery]] in his court papers.

Birt and Wallis' marriage took place on [[16 December]] [[2006]] at [[Islington]] Register Office. It was attended by neither set of children, and cost just the registrar's fees of £103.50, plus £30 to post the notice of marriage. A reception was held after the ceremony at the fashionable London [[St John (restaurant)|St John restaurant]] in Smithfield<ref>[http://www.mailonsunday.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=423129&in_page_id=1770 Former BBC boss John Birt spends £150 on wedding | the Mail on Sunday]</ref>, attended by, among others, the politician [[Peter Mandelson]] and [[Trevor Philips]], chairman of the [[Commission for Equalities and Human Rights]], both former colleagues at LWT.

==Portrayals in Fiction==
In the 2008 movie "[[Frost/Nixon (film)|Frost/Nixon]]", Birt was played by actor [[Matthew Macfadyen]].

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book | author = John Birt | title = The Harder Path | isbn = 0-316-86019-0 | year = 2002 | publisher = Time Warner Books}}
*{{cite book | author = [[Georgina Born]] | title = Uncertain Vision: Birt, Dyke and the Reinvention of the BBC | isbn = 0-436-20562-9 | year = 2004 | publisher = Secker & Warburg}}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2005/aug/26/broadcasting.uknews/print John Birt's MacTaggart Lecture 2005]
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst;jsessionid=GjpH2ymvMk2BQLpvv4dJcH3PJh82Gtq6BF8LFD26QYn172SkGlJP!-1689471358!68860294?a=o&d=5000379121 ''New Statesman'' interview with John Birt], June 21, 1996 by [[Ian Hargreaves]]
* [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,6903,819910,00.html Review of John Birt's ''The Harder Path''] by [[Peter Bazalgette]] in ''The Observer'', October 27, 2002
* [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/minutes/000307/ldminute.htm Announcement of his introduction at the House of Lords]

{{start box}}
{{s-media}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Director-General of the BBC]]
| years = 1992–2000
| before = [[Michael Checkland]] 1987–1992
| after = [[Greg Dyke]] 2000–2004
}}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birt, John}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:BBC executives]]
[[Category:English television executives]]
[[Category:Life peers]]
[[Category:Alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:People from Liverpool]]

[[no:John Birt]]

Marmaduke Hussey, Baron Hussey of North Bradley

2009-07-25T23:12:27Z

Rodericksilly:

'''Marmaduke James Hussey, Baron Hussey of North Bradley''' ([[29 August]] [[1923]] – [[27 December]] [[2006]]) was Chairman of the [[Board of Governors of the BBC]] from 1986 to 1996, fulfilling two terms in that role.

Hussey was educated at [[Rugby School]] and [[Trinity College, Oxford]]. He served in the [[Grenadier Guards]] in [[World War II]] and was severely injured at [[Operation Shingle|Anzio]], having to have a leg amputated as a [[prisoner-of-war]], which resulted in his repatriation. He joined [[Associated Newspapers]] where he had a long career, culminating in the position of managing director, before joining Times Newspapers as chief executive and managing director, a post he held from 1971-1980.

He was appointed Chairman of the [[BBC]] in 1986, upon the death of [[Stuart Young (1934-1986)|Stuart Young]], thanks in part to his close connections to the ruling [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]. Within three months of joining the BBC, he had forced the resignation of the Director-General, [[Alasdair Milne]], following a series of rows in recent years between the BBC and the Conservative government. <ref>{{web cite | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5263816.stm | title= Obituary: Lord Hussey of North Bradley}}</ref> In the 1990s, Hussey fell out with [[Director General]] [[John Birt]] over his management style and ''[[Panorama]]’s'' controversial interview with [[Diana, Princess of Wales]] in 1995.

Hussey gave up several boardroom appointments when he took up his job at the BBC, but he remained chairman of the [[Royal Marsden Hospital]] until 1998.

On [[11 September]] [[1996]], Hussey was made a [[life peer]] as '''Baron Hussey of North Bradley''', of North Bradley in the County of [[Wiltshire]]. His wife [[Lady Susan Hussey]] is a [[Woman of the Bedchamber]] to [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]]. His daughter, Katharine, married Francis Brooke and had three children: George Francis Geoffrey Brooke, Olivia Nancy Brooke, and Sarah Brooke. His son, James Hussey, married Emma Shelley and had three children: Rose Hussey, Arthur Hussey, and Helena Hussey.

He died at the age of 83 on [[27 December]] [[2006]].

==References==


{{Reflist}}


<div class="references-small">
#<li value="1">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/5263816.stm Obituary: Lord Hussey of North Bradley], ''[[BBC News]]'', [[27 December]] [[2006]].
#[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-2520441,00.html Obituary: Marmaduke Hussey], ''[[The Times]]'', [[27 December]] [[2006]].
#[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1978963,00.html Obituary], ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[27 December]] [[2006]].
#[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/12/27/uhussey227.xml Obituary], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', [[28 December]] [[2006]].
#[http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article2108169.ece Obituary], ''[[The Independent]]'', [[28 December]] [[2006]].
#[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6211719.stm Ex-BBC chairman Lord Hussey dies], ''[[BBC News]]'', [[27 December]] [[2006]].
#
</div>

{{start box}}
{{succession box | title=Chairman of the [[Board of Governors of the BBC|BBC Board of Governors]]| before=[[Stuart Young (1934-1986)|Stuart Young]] | after=[[Christopher Bland]] | years=1986 - 1996}}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussey, Marmaduke}}

[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford]]
[[Category:BBC Governors]]
[[Category:Grenadier Guards officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:World War II prisoners of war]]
[[Category:Life peers]]
[[Category:Old Rugbeians]]
[[Category:English amputees]]
[[Category:British prisoners of war]]
[[Category:Jailed UK peers]]

Julie Burchill

2009-07-25T15:33:56Z

Rodericksilly: /* Views and reputation */

{{Infobox Writer 
| name = Julie Burchill
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birthdate = {{Birth date and age|1959|7|3|df=y}}
| birthplace = [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]], [[England]]
| deathdate =
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| occupation = novelist, columnist
| nationality = British
| period = 1976-present
| genre =
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| debut_works =
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| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
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}}
'''Julie Burchill''' (born 3 July 1959, [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]]) is an [[England|English]] [[writer]] and [[columnist]] known as a "firebrand journalist specialising in OTT polemics"<ref name=spost/> for a number of publications over the last thirty years. Beginning as a writer for the ''[[New Musical Express]]'' at the age of 17, she has written for newspapers such as ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' and ''[[The Guardian]]''. She is a self-declared "militant feminist".<ref name=guardian130509>''[[The Guardian]]'', 13 May 2009, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2009/may/13/julie-bindel-burchill-feminism 'I know we've had our spats']</ref> She has several times been involved in legal action resulting from her work. She is also an author and novelist, her 1989 novel ''Ambition'' being a bestseller, and her 2004 novel ''[[Sugar Rush]]'' being adapted for television.

==Personal life==
Julie Burchill was born in [[Bristol]], [[England]] to [[working class]] parents. "Her father was a Communist union activist who worked in a distillery. Her mother had a job in a cardboard box factory."<ref name=ind110600>[[Yvonne Roberts]], ''[[The Independent]]'', 11 June 2000, [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/julie-burchill-not-so-much-journalist-as-court-jester-714277.html Julie Burchill: Not so much journalist as court jester]</ref> She did not attend university, leaving the [[A-level]]s she had started a few weeks earlier to begin writing for the [[New Musical Express]] (NME).<ref name=jc080808/>

Burchill was briefly married to [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]] (whom she met at NME), moving in with him in 1981, at age 18.<ref name=spost/> She left three years later, leaving behind a son, and subsequently there has been "a steady stream of vitriol in both directions";<ref name=spost>''[[The Sunday Business Post]]'', 25 August 2002, [http://archives.tcm.ie/businesspost/2002/08/25/story526110628.asp Unruly Julie: Julie Burchill]</ref> she claims to have got through the "sexual side" of their marriage "by pretending that my husband was my friend [[Peter York]]".<ref name="Burchill1959">Julie Burchill [http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2000/jun/17/weekend.julieburchill "Self indulgent",] ''The Guardian'', 17 June 2000. Retrieved on 3 August 2008.</ref> Her relationships, particularly with Parsons, have featured regularly in her work; Parsons later wrote that "It's like having a stalker. I don't understand her fascination with someone whom she split up with 15 years ago."<ref name=spost/>

After Parsons, Burchill married [[Cosmo Landesman]], the son of [[Fran Landesman|Fran]] and Jay Landesman, with whom she also had a son. The sons from her marriages with Parsons and Landesman lived with their fathers after the separations. After splitting from Landesman in 1992, she subsequently married again, to her former lover [[Charlotte Raven]]'s brother Daniel Raven, about 13 years her junior.<ref name="Barber"/> She wrote of the joys of having a "toyboy" in her ''Times'' "Weekend Review" column. Fellow NME journalist/author [[Paul Wellings]] wrote about their friendship in his book ''I'm A Journalist...Get Me Out Of Here''. She has written about her lesbian relationships, and declared that "I would never describe myself as 'heterosexual', 'straight' or anything else. Especially not 'bisexual' (it sounds like a sort of communal vehicle missing a mudguard). I like 'spontaneous' as a sexual description."<ref name=guardian130509/> However in 2009 she said that she was only attracted to girls in their 20s, and since she was now in her mid-40s, "I really don't want to be an old perv. So best leave it."<ref name=guardian130509/>

Burchill has spoken repeatedly and frankly of her relationship with drugs, writing that she had "put enough toot up my admittedly sizeable snout to stun the entire Colombian armed forces".<ref name=spost/> She declared that "As one who suffered from chronic shyness and a low boredom threshold ... I simply can't imagine that I could have ever had any kind of social life without [cocaine], let alone have reigned as Queen of the Groucho Club for a good part of the '80s and '90s."<ref name=spost/>

In 1999, Burchill 'found God', and became a [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]]<ref name="Barber"/> and later a "self-confessed [[Christian Zionist]]".<ref name=guardian190609>''[[The Guardian]]'', 19 June 2009, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jun/19/julie-burchill-judaism-brighton-synagogue Julie Burchill moves closer to Judaism]</ref> In June 2007, she announced that she would undertake a theology degree,<ref name=guardian210607/> although she subsequently decided to do voluntary work instead as a way to learn more about Christianity.<ref name=guardian130509/> She has volunteered in a local [[RNIB]] home.<ref name=jc080808/> In June 2009 ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'' reported the latest developments in Burchill's religious journey, that she had become a Friend of Brighton and Hove Progressive Synagogue and was considering again a conversion to Judaism.<ref name=thejc>Cecily Woolf [http://www.thejc.com/articles/julie-burchill-joins-brighton-shul "Brighton shul",] ''The Jewish Chronicle'', 18 June 2009</ref> Reported as having attended [[Shabbat]] services for a month, and learning Hebrew, Burchill now describing herself s an "ex-christian", pointed out that she had been pondering on her conversion since the age of 25.<ref name=thejc/> Burchill said that "At a time of rising and increasingly vicious anti-semitism from both left and right, becoming Jewish especially appeals to me. ... Added to the fact that I admire Israel so much, it does seem to make sense – assuming of course that the Jews will have me."<ref name=guardian190609/>

She has lived in [[Brighton and Hove]] since 1995 and a book on her adopted home town titled ''Made In Brighton'' (Virgin Books) was published in April 2007. Her house in Hove was sold (and demolished for redevelopment as high-density flats) around 2005 for £1.5 million,<ref>Mark Simpson [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20050327/ai_n13483648/pg_2 "Cover Story: The queer lady",] ''The Independent on Sunday'', 27 March 2005. Retrieved on 22 June 2007.</ref> of which she has given away £300,000, citing [[Andrew Carnegie]]: "A man who dies rich, dies shamed."<ref name=ind051007/>

==Journalism career==
===Early years===
She started her career, aged 17, as a writer at the ''[[New Musical Express]]'' (NME) after responding, coincidentally with her husband-to-be [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], to an advert in that paper seeking "hip young gunslingers" to write about the then emerging [[Punk subculture|punk movement]]. She won the job by sending in a "eulogy" of [[Patti Smith]]'s ''[[Horses (album)|Horses]]''.<ref>''[[The Observer]]'', 15 June 2003, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/theobserver/2003/jun/15/features.magazine37 American icon]</ref> She later wrote that she at the time she only liked black music, and "When I actually heard a punk record, I thought, ‘Oh my Lord! This is not music, this is just shouting'." Fortunately for her, as she later said, "Punk was over in two years. That was the only damn good thing about it."<ref name=jc080808/>

In her few years at the NME she was assigned the punk beat and notably wrote a review of the [[Sex Pistols]]' ''Never Mind the Bollocks'' album on its release in 1977. Around this time she was briefly a member of the [[Socialist Workers Party (Britain)|Socialist Workers' Party]] after meeting the journalist [[Paul Foot]].<ref>Ben Granger [http://www.spikemagazine.com/0605-julie-burchill.php "Julie Burchill: Sugar Rush: Hurricane Julie",] SpikedMagazine.com, June 2005. Retrieved on 18 August 2008.</ref> She left her position at the NME at the age of 20, saying that writing about music should be a young person's game.{{Fact|date=January 2009}} She then started freelancing to be able to write about other subjects, although she has never completely given up writing about pop music.

===1980s===
Her main employers after the ''[[New Musical Express]]'' were ''[[The Face (magazine)|The Face]]'' and ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|The Sunday Times]]'' where she wrote about politics, pop, fashion and society, and was their film critic from 1984-86.<ref name="Dowell"/> She now admits to making up film reviews and "skived" from screenings,<ref name="Dowell"/> while her ex-husband, Cosmo Landesman, has admitted attending screenings on her behalf.<ref>Cosmo Landesman [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/book_extracts/article4925059.ece "The demon wife of Fleet Street",] ''The Sunday Times'', 12 October 2008, extrcted from Landesman's book, ''Starstruck: Fame, Failure, My Family and Me''. Retrieved on 4 November 2008.</ref>

One of her most controversial opinions from her early freelance career concerned the [[Falklands War]] in 1982. The left generally condemned it as an imperialist war {{Fact|date=June 2007}}, but Burchill, in common with [[Christopher Hitchens]], argued that the military dictatorship of General Galtieri represented a greater evil. She confounded the left again, and won many admirers on the right, by writing articles favourable to [[Margaret Thatcher]]. Her sympathy for Thatcher helped in gaining a column for ''[[The Mail on Sunday]]'', where in 1987 she went against the paper's usual political line by urging its readers to vote Labour. Though she claims to like the ''MoS'', she said of journalists on the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' in 2008: "Everybody knows that hacks are the biggest bunch of adulterers, the most misbehaving profession in the world - and you have people writing for the ''Daily Mail'' writing as though they are vicars ... moralising on single mothers and whatnot."<ref name="Dowell"/>

===Into the 1990s===
In the 1980s and early 1990s, before her move to Brighton, Burchill was depicted and saw herself<ref name="Burchillx">Julie Burchill [http://www.guardian.co.uk/drugs/Story/0,2763,328605,00.html "You're going to die, so you might as well live",] ''The Guardian'', 6 June 2000. Retrieved on 3 August 2008.</ref> as being the "Queen of the [[Groucho Club|Groucho]]".<ref name="Roberts">Yvonne Roberts [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/julie-burchill-not-so-much-journalist-as-court-jester-714277.html "Not so much journalist as court jester",] ''The Independent'' 12 June 2000.</ref> A user of [[Cocaine|coke]] at the time and since,<ref name="DOrr">Deborah Orr [http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/deborah-orr/drugs-more-drugs-and-burchill-714574.html "Drugs, more drugs and Burchill",] ''The Independent'', 8 June 2000. Retrieved on 3 August 2008.</ref> sharing in the activity in the company of [[Will Self]] among others, she was totally positive about her use in ''The Guardian'' when defending actress [[Danniella Westbrook]] for the loss of her [[septum]] through her own cocaine use.<ref name="Burchillx"/> [[Deborah Orr]] in ''[[The Independent]]'' was scathing of Burchill for the article: "She does not identify herself as a cocaine addict, so she has no pity for Ms Westbrook."<ref name="DOrr"/> A letter in ''[[The Independent]]'' in June 2000 from the head waitress at the Groucho Club at the time, Deborah Bosley, caused a minor stir. Responding to an article by [[Yvonne Roberts]],<ref name="Roberts"/> Bosley, by then the partner of [[Richard Ingrams]], a long standing critic of Burchill, alleged that Burchill was merely "a fat bird in a blue mac sitting in the corner" when esconced at the Groucho.<ref>Deborah Bosley [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20000618/ai_n14303951 "Letter: Sad fatty in blue",] ''The Independent'', 18 June 2000 as reproduced on the ''Find Articles'' website. Retrieved on 3 August 2008.</ref> Her novel ''Ambition'' (1989), however, was a bestseller.

In 1991, Burchill, Landesman and [[Toby Young]] established a short-lived magazine ''[[Modern Review (London)|Modern Review]]'' through which she met [[Charlotte Raven]], with whom she had a much publicised affair. Burchill "was only a lesbian for about six weeks in 1995" she claimed in an interview with [[Lynn Barber]] in 2004,<ref name="Barber">Lynn Barber [http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2004/aug/22/fiction.features5 "Growing pains",] ''The Observer'', 22 August 2004. Retrieved on 3 August 2008. </ref> or "my very enjoyable six months of lesbianism" in a 2000 article.<ref name="Burchill1959"/> Launched under the slogan "Low culture for high brows", the magazine lasted until 1995, when Burchill and her colleagues fell out. It was briefly revived by Burchill, with Raven editing, in 1997.

===2000s===
For five years until 2003 Burchill wrote a weekly column in ''[[The Guardian]]''. Appointed in 1998 by Orr, while editor of the ''Guardian Weekend'' supplement, Burchill's career was in trouble; she had been sacked by the revived ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' magazine. Burchill frequently thanks Orr for rescuing her.<ref name="Self1"/> One of the pieces she wrote for ''The Guardian'' was in reaction to the murder of BBC TV presenter [[Jill Dando]] in 1999. She compared the shock of Dando's murder to finding a "tarantula in a punnet full of strawberries". In 2002 she narrowly escaped prosecution for [[incitement to racial hatred]], "following a Guardian column where she described Ireland as being synonymous with child molestation, Nazi-sympathising, and the oppression of women."<ref name=spost/>

Burchill left ''The Guardian'' acrimoniously, saying in an interview that they had offered her a sofa in lieu of a pay rise.<ref name="Barber" /> She claims to have left the newspaper in protest at what she saw as its "vile [[anti-Semitism]]".<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/749291.html "Bleeding-heart ignoramuses",] ''[[Haaretz]]'', [[August 11]], [[2006]]</ref>

She moved to ''[[The Times]]'', who were more willing to meet her demands, doubling her previous salary at the ''Guardian''.<ref>''[[The Independent]]'', 21 February 2005, [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/julie-burchill-me-and-my-big-mouth-484220.html Julie Burchill: Me and my big mouth]</ref> Shortly after starting her weekly column, she referred to [[George Galloway]], but appeared to confuse him with former MP [[Ronald Brown (Scottish politician)|Ron Brown]], reporting the misdeeds of Brown as those of Galloway, "he incited Arabs to fight British troops in Iraq". <ref>Owen Gibson [http://politics.guardian.co.uk/media/story/0,12123,1170342,00.html "Galloway demands Burchill apology",] ''The Guardian'', 16 March 2004. Retrieved on 23 June 2007.</ref> Galloway threatened legal action which was averted when she apologised and ''The Times'' paid damages.

In 2006 ''[[The Times]]'' dropped her Saturday column, and arranged a more flexible arrangement with Burchill writing for the daily paper.<ref>Stephen Brook [http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,,1705622,00.html "Burchill goes on sabbatical for God",] ''The Guardian'', 9 February 2006. Retrieved on 23 June 2007.</ref> Later it emerged during a ''Guardian'' interview, published on 4 August 2008,<ref name="Dowell">Ben Dowell [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/aug/04/pressandpublishing1 Interview: Julie Burchill: 'I have no ambition left'], ''The Guardian'', 4 August 2008.</ref> that eventually she "was given the jolly old heave ho" by ''The Times'', and paid off for the last year of her three year contract, still receiving the £300,000 she would have earned if she had been obliged to provide copy.<ref name="Dowell"/> She later described her columns for her abbreviated ''Times'' contract, which ended abruptly in 2007, thus: "I was totally taking the piss. I didn't spend much time on them and they were such arrant crap."<ref name="Dowell"/>

In February 2006, she announced plans for a year's sabbatical from journalism, planning, among other things, to study [[theology]]. She had previously, in 1999, 'found God', and become a [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]].<ref name="Barber"/> In June 2007, she announced that she would not be returning to journalism, but instead concentrate on writing books and TV scripts and finally undertake a theology degree.<ref name=guardian210607>Stephen Brook [http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,,2107536,00.html "Julie Burchill bows out of journalism",] ''The Guardian'', June 21 2007. Retrieved on 23 June 2007.</ref> However she has since returned to writing for ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper.<ref>Julie Burchill [http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/julie_burchill/2007/12/why_i_love_tesco.html "Why I Love Tesco",] ''The Guardian'', December 19 2007. Retrieved on 20 December 2007.</ref>

Besides writing occasional pieces for ''[[The Guardian]]'', she has recently become a columnist for the new, centre-right/neoconservative politics and culture magazine, ''[[Standpoint (magazine)|Standpoint]]''. She describes herself as being in "cheerful semi-retirement", partly because of waning ambition.<ref name=scotsun08/>

==Books and television==
Burchill is an author and novelist, her 1989 novel ''Ambition'' being a bestseller. Her 2004 [[lesbian]]-themed novel for teenagers ''[[Sugar Rush]]'' was produced by [[Shine Limited]] and aired on [[Channel 4]].<ref>[http://www.shinelimited.com/about.jsp?id=4&aid=1 "Filming starts on Burchill's teen drama for Channel 4",] Shine: News, 2005. Retrieved on 23 June 2007.</ref> [[Lenora Crichlow]]'s portrayal of the central character Maria Sweet inspired the 2007 sequel ''Sweet''.<ref name=ind051007>''[[The Independent]]'', 5 October 2007, [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/julie-burchill-where-a-wild-thing-went-395956.html Julie Burchill: Where a wild thing went]</ref> She has made television documentaries about the death of her father from [[asbestosis]] in 2002 ([[BBC Four]]) and ''[[heat (magazine)|heat]]'' magazine broadcast on [[Sky One]] in 2006.

Less successfully, 2001's ''Burchill on Beckham'', a short book about Burchill's views of [[David Beckham]]'s life, career, and relationship with [[Victoria Beckham]], attracted
"some of the worst notices since Jeffrey Archer's heyday. 'Burchill is to football writing what Jimmy Hill is to feminist polemics,' carped one reviewer, not unfairly."<ref name=spost/> The book fits in with Burchill's theme of praising the working class; Burchill presents Beckham as "an anti-laddish symbol of old working-class values - he reminds her of those proud men of her childhood, 'paragons of generosity, industry and chastity'."<ref>Robert Winder, ''[[The New Statesman]]'', 19 November 2001, [http://www.newstatesman.com/200111190047 Golden balls. Robert Winder on a hymn to Becks: a misunderstood victim and paragon of working-class values]</ref>

Burchill's book co-written book with [[Chas Newkey-Burden]] ''Not in My Name: A Compendium of Modern Hypocrisy'' appeared in August 2008. The book is dedicated "to Arik and Bibi" ([[Ariel Sharon]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]); the ''[[Jewish Chronicle]]'' wrote that "this book does not merely stand up for Israel, it jumps up and down, cheers and waves its arms."<ref name=jc080808/>

==Views and reputation ==
Burchill is known for her contentious prose - in her own words, "the writing equivalent of screaming and throwing things"<ref name=scotsun08>''[[Scotland on Sunday]]'', 3 August 2008, [http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/sos-review/39I-live-the-life-of.4354542.jp 'I live the life of a provincial vegetable, then twice a week I get off my head on drugs' - Julie Burchill interview]</ref> - and strong opinions: for her novel ''Sugar Rush'' her publicist described her "Britain's most famous and controversial journalist".<ref>Rachel Cooke, ''[[The Observer]]'', 5 September 2004, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2004/sep/05/fiction.booksforchildrenandteenagers Her book is worse than her bite]</ref> One of her most consistent themes is her championing of the [[working-class]] (which she still identifies with, despite now being a successful journalist) against the [[middle-class]] in most cases, and has been particularly vocal in defending [[chavs]].<ref>Julie Burchill [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,7-1488120,00.html "Yeah but, no but: why I'm proud to be a chav",] ''The Times'', February 18 2005.</ref> According to [[Will Self]], "Burchill's great talent as a journalist is to beautifully articulate the inarticulate sentiments and prejudices of her readers".<ref name="Self1">Will Self [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19990425/ai_n14219232/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1 "Interview: The Doll Within",] ''The Independent'', 25 April 1999, as reproduced on the ''Find Articles'' website. Retrieved on 3 August 2008.</ref> Equally, for [[Michael Bywater]], Burchill's "insights were, and remain, negligible, on the level of a toddler having a tantrum".<ref>cited in [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/281176.stm "Julie Burchill Speaks Out Shock!",] BBC News, 23 February 23, 1999. Retrieved on 5 August 2008.</ref> As John Arlidge put it in ''[[The Observer]]'',

{{quotation|If Burchill is famous for anything it is for being Julie Burchill, the brilliant, unpredictable, outrageously outspoken writer who has an iconoclastic, usually offensive, view on everything.<ref name=arlidge>John Arlidge, ''[[The Observer]]'', 9 June 2002, [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,729941,00.html Squeaky queen]</ref>
}}

Burchill has frequently drawn on her personal life for her writing, but conversely her personal life has been a subject of public comment, particularly during the late eighties and early nineties, when she was the self-declared "Queen of the Groucho Club", and "everything about her - her marriages, her debauchery, her children - seemed to be news."<ref name=arlidge/> In 1999 the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' ran a two-page spread with the headline "Is Julie Burchill the worst mother in Britain?", "savaging her for leaving her two sons to be raised by their fathers."<ref name=spost/> In 2002 her life was the subject of a one-woman [[West End theatre|West End]] play, ''Julie Burchill is Away'', by [[Tim Fountain]], with Burchill played by her friend [[Jackie Clune]].<ref name=arlidge/>

In 2003, Burchill was ranked number 85 in Channel 4's poll of ''[[100 Worst Britons]]''. The poll was inspired by the BBC series ''[[100 Greatest Britons]]'', though it was less serious in nature. The aim was to discover the "100 worst Britons we love to hate". The poll specified that the nominees had to be British, alive and not currently in prison or pending trial.

Burchill has made frequent attacks on various [[celebrity]] figures, which have attracted criticism for their cruelty, though her supporters note the self-deprecating aspects of her persona. Asked by [[Will Self]] in a 1999 interview if she was [[Solipsism|solipsistic]], she responded with the comment: "I don't know - I didn't go to university".<ref name="Self1"/> On the 25th anniversary of John Lennon's assassination in 2005 she told the Guardian "I don't remember where I was but I was really pleased he was dead, as he was a wife-beater, gay-basher, anti-Semite and all-round bully-boy."<ref>''[[The Guardian]]'', 8 December 2005, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2005/dec/08/thebeatles.popandrock Where were you the day Lennon died?]</ref>

Burchill has on occasions expressed concern for animal welfare. She is a supporter of the [[Safe Haven for Donkeys in the Holy Land]].{{fact|date=June 2009}}

Burchill has always claimed she has never renounced the [[Communist]] beliefs of her youth. She is a consistent defender of the old [[Soviet Union]].{{fact|date=June 2009}}

She has strong views on [[Israel]] (in 2008 the ''[[Jewish Chronicle]]'' described her as "Israel's staunchest supporter in the UK media"; she has two Israeli flags in her home<ref name=jc080808>''[[Jewish Chronicle]]'', 8 August 2008, [http://www.thejc.com/articles/julie-burchill-brash-outspoken-and-wishing-she-was-jewish Julie Burchill: Brash, outspoken and wishing she was Jewish]</ref>), declaring in 2005, after [[Ariel Sharon]]'s withdrawal of Israeli settlers from the [[Gaza Strip]], that "Israel is the only country I would fucking die for. He's the enemy of the Jews. Chucking his own people off the Gaza; to me that's disgusting."<ref>''Spike'' magazine, [http://www.spikemagazine.com/0605-julie-burchill.php Julie Burchill: Sugar Rush: Hurricane Julie], June 2005</ref>

She was one of the few media figures in Britain to wholeheartedly support [[Operation Iraqi Freedom]]. Writing in [[The Guardian]] in 2003, she said: “I am in favour of a smaller war now rather than a far worse war later” and she condemned “the sheer befuddled babyishness of the pro-Saddam apologists”. She admitted the war was partly about oil but explained: “The fact is that this war is about freedom, justice - and oil. It's called multitasking. Get used to it!” She also claimed that because Britain and the United States sold the Iraqi dictator weapons, “it is our responsibility to redress our greed and ignorance by doing the lion's share in getting rid of him”. She also expressed her admiration for United States Republican politician [[Condoleezza Rice]], whom she described as “the coolest, cleverest, most powerful black woman since [[Cleopatra VII]]”. <ref>{{web cite | url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/feb/01/iraq.comment | title= Why we should go to war}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
*''[[The Boy Looked at Johnny]]'' co-written with [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], 1978
*''Love It or Shove It'', 1985
*''Girls on Film'', 1986
*''Damaged Gods: Cults and Heroes Reappraised'', 1987
*''Ambition'', 1989
*''Sex and Sensibility'', 1992
*''No Exit'', 1993
*''Married Alive'', 1998
*''I Knew I Was Right'', 1998, an [[autobiography]]
*''Diana'', 1999
*''The Guardian Columns 1998-2000'', 2000
*''On Beckham'', 2002
*''[[Sugar Rush]]'', 2004 (adapted for television in 2005)
*''Made in Brighton'', 2007 co-written with her husband Daniel Raven
*''Not In My Name: A compendium of modern hypocrisy'', 2008 co-written with [[Chas Newkey-Burden]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.julieburchill.org.uk/ Unofficial Julie Burchill website]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Archive/0,5673,-4,00.html ''Guardian'' columns by Julie Burchill]
*[http://www.spikemagazine.com/0605-julie-burchill.php Hurricane Julie] 2005 Spike Magazine extensive interview with Julie Burchill
*[http://www.channel4.com/life/microsites/S/sugar_rush/index.html Details of Sugar Rush on Channel 4]
*[http://homepage.ntlworld.com/l_tabraham/jbrr.htm The Julie Burchill Random Recycler]



{{DEFAULTSORT:Burchill, Julie}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Daily Mail journalists]]
[[Category:English columnists]]
[[Category:Guardian journalists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:NME writers]]
[[Category:People from Bristol]]
[[Category:The Sunday Times people]]
[[Category:The Times people]]
[[Category:Converts to Christianity]]
[[Category:British republicans]]

[[pl:Julie Burchill]]

John Birt, Baron Birt

2009-07-24T13:53:29Z

Rodericksilly: /* BBC career */

'''John Birt, Baron Birt''' (born [[10 December]] [[1944]]), was an influential if controversial figure in British broadcasting. He was [[Director-General of the BBC|Director-General]] of the [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] from 1992 to 2000.

After a highly successful career in commercial television, first at [[Granada Television|Granada]] and then at [[LWT]], Birt was brought in as deputy director-general of the BBC in 1987 for his [[current affairs]] expertise. The forced departure of Director-General [[Alasdair Milne]] following pressure from the [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] government<ref>Alasdair Milne, ''DG: The Memoirs of a British Broadcaster'', 1988</ref> required someone at the top, preferably from outside the corporation, with editorial and production experience: Milne had been summarily replaced by [[Michael Checkland]], an [[accountant]].

Birt was credited with re-structuring the BBC in accordance with [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] [[privatisation]] policies, but in the face of much internal opposition. His supporters insist he saved the corporation from possible government sell-off, and properly equipped it to face the [[digital broadcasting|digital age]]. Birt later became an adviser to the [[Tony Blair|Blair]] government.

==Early life and commercial television career==
John Birt was born in [[Liverpool]] to a [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] father, a manager at the [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]] tyre company, and a [[Protestant]] mother. He was raised as a Roman Catholic. Birt was educated at the [[direct-grant grammar school]] [[St Mary's College, Liverpool]] and [[St Catherine's College, Oxford]], where he got a [[third-class degree]] in [[engineering]].

From 1966 to 1971 Birt was at [[Granada Television]]. He devised the magazine programme ''Nice Time'' and, as a researcher at ''[[World in Action]]'', staged in July 1967 a melodramatic post-trial encounter between [[Mick Jagger]] and senior figures in the British [[the establishment|establishment]]. Jagger, just released following drugs charges, descended from a helicopter to discuss on the lawn matters of the day with, among others, the editor of [[The Times]] and the [[Bishop of Woolwich]].

Birt in 1969 became joint editor of ''World in Action'' with [[Gus Macdonald, Baron Macdonald of Tradeston|Gus McDonald]], a former [[Trotskyist]], later himself to become a government minister and a member of the [[House of Lords]]. Birt later moved to LWT, where he was founding editor of the current affairs programme ''[[Weekend World]]''. He became head of current affairs at LWT and, later, controller of features and current affairs. In the mid-1970s he took a break from LWT to produce [[David Frost (broadcaster)|David Frost's]] interviews with disgraced former US President [[Richard Nixon]]. Birt returned to LWT as director of programmes in 1982. During this period he revived the career of his old friend, the Liverpool singer [[Cilla Black]], who in due course became the highest paid female performer on UK television.

Birt formed a close working relationship with his boss at LWT, [[Michael Grade]], which would later go sour when both worked at the BBC. <ref>John Birt,''The Harder Path'', 2002.</ref>

==BBC career==
While deputy director-general under [[Michael Checkland]], a former accountant, Birt also served as the BBC's director of news and current affairs. Then and subsequently, in the wake of the Thatcher government's bitter spats with Milne, he became the most hands-on editor-in-chief in the corporation's history.

With the then ''Weekend World'' presenter [[Peter Jay]], Birt had in 1974 contributed to ''[[The Times]]'' a series of three much-discussed articles on the topic of television journalism. Most television news and current affairs contained, they argued, a "bias against understanding": mere pictures had taken precedence over analysis. They advocated instead what became known as "a mission to explain." The model was ''Weekend World''.

In accordance with this thesis and, no doubt, with Milne's earlier agonies in mind, makers of news and documentary programmes were required to outline their finished product in writing before setting out with the cameras. The news correspondent [[Kate Adie]] considered such methods were at odds with the "obligation to report". <ref>[http://authorpages.hoddersystems.com/kateadie/extract.html THE KINDNESS OF STRANGERS]</ref> [[Fred Emery (journalist)|Fred Emery]] a former presenter of ''[[Panorama]]'', a direct rival to ''Weekend World'' and thus a prime test-bed for the new supervised approach, said it gave rise to "a certain blandness".

Birt's promotion to Director-General in 1992 caused immediate controversy. On top of all the internal opposition, it was then revealed that, though Director-General, Birt was being employed on a freelance consultancy basis in order to write off numerous personal expenses against tax, including "secretarial services" from his wife. While perfectly acceptable in the private sector, such practices were considered unacceptable in a Director-General of the BBC. Under political and public pressure, Birt became a BBC employee. He had to sell his [[shares]] in [[LWT]], part of his final salary settlement with the company. When in 1994 LWT was bought by Granada, Birt lost out on a windfall of what would have been several million pounds.

Consistent with Conservative Party policy, Birt introduced a "[[virtual]] [[internal market]]" at the BBC. Individual departments were required to charge each other for services, and even to compete against each other for contracts. Under what was called the "Producer Choice" initiative, programme producers were required to use outside suppliers if they were cheaper. Faced with high rental fees from the BBC's record library, producers for a time found it cheaper to buy records from local record shops. In-house facilities were closed or stood idle as a result, it was alleged, of "creative accounting" methods. Apparently unprofitable departments, including the [[BBC Radiophonic Workshop|Radiophonic Workshop]], were suddenly axed after decades of service. A year before his death, [[Dennis Potter]], Britain's foremost television playwright, labeled Birt a "croak-voiced [[Dalek]]".<ref>{{cite news
| first = Dennis
| last = Potter
| authorlink = Dennis Potter
| title = Occupying Powers
| url = http://www.bilderberg.org/milne.htm#Potter
| format = reprint
| work = [[The Guardian]]
| date = [[1993-08-28]]
| accessdate = 2006-12-01
}}</ref> The allusion stuck, and in the 1993 [[Christmas tape]] produced by the BBC's post production department, Birt was portrayed as the Daleks' creator, [[Davros]]<ref>http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=dVB6LdQF3BA</ref>. Former BBC director and producer [[David Maloney]] claimed on the DVD commentary for [[Genesis of the Daleks]] that John Birt "succeeded where [[Davros]] failed and ruined the BBC". Birt's use of impenetrable [[jargon]] became known as "Birtspeak", a phenomenon regularly mocked to this day in the satirical magazine ''[[Private Eye]]'', complete with miniature Dalek caricature of the man himself.

Former BBC Director-General [[Alasdair Milne]] described Birt as “the most graceless man I have ever known” and a “ghastly man” who did little good for the BBC except establishing the BBC’s Internet service. He also criticised him for paying consultants a lot of money to restructure the corporation. <ref>{{web cite | url= http://www.rts.org.uk/Info_page_two_pic_2_det.asp?art_id=7208&sec_id=3296 | title= The wrath of Alasdair Milne}}</ref> [[Bill Cotton]] described Birt’s tenure as a “nightmare” for the BBC. <ref>{{web cite | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7555766.stm | title= Obituary: Sir Bill Cotton}}</ref> Radio broadcaster [[John Churchill Dunn]] said of Birt: “I certainly don't like what Birt has done to the surroundings in which I work. The atmosphere is terrible, morale is bad." <ref>{{web cite | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4042749.stm | title= Obituary: John Dunn}}</ref> [[David Attenborough]] commented: “When Birt gets up and says the whole of the BBC was a creative mess and it was wasteful, I never saw any evidence of that. I absolutely know it wasn’t so in my time. Producers now spend all their time worrying about money, and the thing has suffered for it.” <ref>{{web cite | url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article820515.ece?token=null&offset=0&page=1 | title= Interview: Marguerite Driscoll meets Sir David Attenborough: So much jollier than being DG}}</ref>

Birt's changes were partially dismantled by his successors [[Greg Dyke]], himself sacked following pressure from the Blair government, and [[Mark Thompson]]. However, veteran producer [[Tony Garnett]] claimed in 2009 that Birt's legacy of “totalitarian micro management” has existed at the BBC ever since. He said of Birt: “After John Birt achieved power, centralisation was accelerated. Birt had consultants all over the BBC like a rash. As an institution it fitted in perfectly with the ideology of the day. It is no accident that Birt's two jobs since have been at number 10 and at McKinsey's”. He conceded: “He was resolute and brave in his attempts to bring some proper financial discipline. He was percipient about New Media and the imminent upheavals the Internet would bring and made sure that the BBC had a head start”, but he also had “a leadership bypass, an inability to charm and persuade” and his faith in out of date management theories about structure led to “just more irrelevant bureaucratic supervision from senior management … This sort of control is the enemy of creativity." <ref>{{web cite | url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/jul/15/tony-garnett-email-bbc-drama | title= Tony Garnett's email on BBC drama}}</ref>

Birt's defenders include the prominent journalists [[John Lloyd (UK journalist)|John Lloyd]] and [[Polly Toynbee]]. It has been argued that without his reforms and his ability to accommodate the Thatcher government, <ref>[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_200211/ai_n9152342 reign of King John, The]</ref> the renewal of the BBC's operating charter in the 1990s was in jeopardy. Birt was responsible for modernisation of much BBC output, including the removal from [[BBC Radio 1]] of veteran [[disc jockey|disk jockeys]] such as [[Dave Lee Travis]] and [[Simon Bates]]. Radio 1 re-branded itself as more youth-oriented, but the station's audience total declined nonetheless.

Birt invested heavily in digital broadcasting and sought government approval to direct licence fee money into the new internet service [[bbc.co.uk]]. Such ventures were at the time criticised by some as being to the detriment of the BBC's core programming. [[John Tusa]], a former boss of the [[BBC World Service]] said, "You have to love an organisation in order to reform it."

In 1998 BBC programme makers were ordered to refrain from any mention of the private life of the cabinet minister [[Peter Mandelson]]. In a live interview on BBC TV"s [[Newsnight]] the journalist and former Conservative [[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[Matthew Parris]] had identified Mandelson as a fellow [[homosexual]]. Mandelson, a former editor of ''Weekend World'', and Birt had been colleagues at LWT. There was press speculation that Birt himself had initiated the directive.

Birt was awarded a knighthood, and in 1999 a [[life peerage]]. He took his seat in the House of Lords in March 2000 as a [[crossbencher]].

==Post-BBC career==
In 2001<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1483994.stm Birt becomes Number 10 adviser]</ref> [[Tony Blair]] appointed Birt as his personal advisor, for what was termed "Blue Skies thinking"<ref>[http://media.guardian.co.uk/broadcast/story/0,7493,1520872,00.html Blue skies thinker with the eye of an accountant]</ref>; it is thought his long-standing friendship with [[Peter Mandelson]] had a role in his appointment.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3916089.stm Profile: Peter Mandelson ]</ref> His role in government has been controversial, since as a special advisor, rather than a civil servant, he is not formally obliged to face questions from [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] [[Select Committee (Westminster System)|Select committees]]. In October 2002 an uproar was created when it emerged that the government had specifically asked him not to appear in front of the transport select committee, at a time when he was in charge of long-term transport strategy. Earlier that year, a paper of Birt's had proposed a second network of motorways operated as [[toll road|tolls]] to counter the problems of traffic congestion.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1996237.stm,Toll road network 'planned for UK']</ref> In parallel, he has subsequently become a part-time consultant with [[McKinsey & Company]], which some see as a conflict of interest with his government involvement. In December 2005 he quit his role as advisor to Tony Blair to join private equity firm Terra Firma, "for personal reasons".

Since February 2004, Birt has been on the [[Board of Directors|board]] of [[PayPal]].

The ''[[Financial Times]]'' reported at the beginning of July 2005 that Birt's office ceiling at [[10 Downing Street|No 10 Downing Street]] had fallen in. No one was injured.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4605723.stm' Blue sky' Birt's ceiling falls]</ref>

Returning to his earlier career on [[26 August]] [[2005]], Birt delivered his second MacTaggart lecture at the [[Edinburgh International Television Festival]]. Partly a review of his professional life as a broadcaster, he also criticised the "tabloidisation" of intellectual concerns. More importantly, he argued that [[Channel 4|Channel Four]] should receive financial help, in order to preserve "public service broadcasting", which was taken as advocacy of the BBC sharing its [[Licence fee#United Kingdom|licence fee]] with Channel Four. He also mentioned that his long standing feud with [[Michael Grade]] had been resolved, but the speech as a whole was not admired by many figures in the industry. <ref>[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1558255,00.html Plenty of problems but no solutions]</ref>

In 2006, Lord Birt joined the consulting firm [[Capgemini]]. He will advise the firm, with a focus on its consulting services in the public sector and telecom, media and entertainment.<ref>[http://www.accountancyage.com/management-consultancy/news/2148989/lord-birt-joins-capgemini Lord Birt joins Capgemini]</ref>

He is currently working with Infinis, the UK's largest independent generator of renewable power from landfill gas.

==Private life ==
John Birt's first wife was the American-born Jane Lake. They met in 1963, whilst she was an art student at Oxford. The couple married in [[Washington, D.C.]] in 1965, and have two children, Eliza and Yahya (formerly Jonathan) Birt.

In April 2005, Birt admitted a twelve-month affair with Eithne Wallis, a divorced mother of three and a former head of the [[National Probation Service]].<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-1559788,00.html Birt divorces his wife of 40 years for a new love - Britain - Times Online]</ref>. The divorce cost him just £1,500, after he also admitted [[adultery]] in his court papers.

Birt and Wallis' marriage took place on [[16 December]] [[2006]] at [[Islington]] Register Office. It was attended by neither set of children, and cost just the registrar's fees of £103.50, plus £30 to post the notice of marriage. A reception was held after the ceremony at the fashionable London [[St John (restaurant)|St John restaurant]] in Smithfield<ref>[http://www.mailonsunday.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=423129&in_page_id=1770 Former BBC boss John Birt spends £150 on wedding | the Mail on Sunday]</ref>, attended by, among others, the politician [[Peter Mandelson]] and [[Trevor Philips]], chairman of the [[Commission for Equalities and Human Rights]], both former colleagues at LWT.

==Portrayals in Fiction==
In the 2008 movie "[[Frost/Nixon (film)|Frost/Nixon]]", Birt was played by actor [[Matthew Macfadyen]].

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book | author = John Birt | title = The Harder Path | isbn = 0-316-86019-0 | year = 2002 | publisher = Time Warner Books}}
*{{cite book | author = [[Georgina Born]] | title = Uncertain Vision: Birt, Dyke and the Reinvention of the BBC | isbn = 0-436-20562-9 | year = 2004 | publisher = Secker & Warburg}}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2005/aug/26/broadcasting.uknews/print John Birt's MacTaggart Lecture 2005]
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst;jsessionid=GjpH2ymvMk2BQLpvv4dJcH3PJh82Gtq6BF8LFD26QYn172SkGlJP!-1689471358!68860294?a=o&d=5000379121 ''New Statesman'' interview with John Birt], June 21, 1996 by [[Ian Hargreaves]]
* [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,6903,819910,00.html Review of John Birt's ''The Harder Path''] by [[Peter Bazalgette]] in ''The Observer'', October 27, 2002
* [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/minutes/000307/ldminute.htm Announcement of his introduction at the House of Lords]

{{start box}}
{{s-media}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Director-General of the BBC]]
| years = 1992–2000
| before = [[Michael Checkland]] 1987–1992
| after = [[Greg Dyke]] 2000–2004
}}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birt, John}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:BBC executives]]
[[Category:English television executives]]
[[Category:Life peers]]
[[Category:Alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:People from Liverpool]]

[[no:John Birt]]

John Birt, Baron Birt

2009-07-24T01:49:15Z

Rodericksilly: /* BBC career */

'''John Birt, Baron Birt''' (born [[10 December]] [[1944]]), was an influential if controversial figure in British broadcasting. He was [[Director-General of the BBC|Director-General]] of the [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] from 1992 to 2000.

After a highly successful career in commercial television, first at [[Granada Television|Granada]] and then at [[LWT]], Birt was brought in as deputy director-general of the BBC in 1987 for his [[current affairs]] expertise. The forced departure of Director-General [[Alasdair Milne]] following pressure from the [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] government<ref>Alasdair Milne, ''DG: The Memoirs of a British Broadcaster'', 1988</ref> required someone at the top, preferably from outside the corporation, with editorial and production experience: Milne had been summarily replaced by [[Michael Checkland]], an [[accountant]].

Birt was credited with re-structuring the BBC in accordance with [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] [[privatisation]] policies, but in the face of much internal opposition. His supporters insist he saved the corporation from possible government sell-off, and properly equipped it to face the [[digital broadcasting|digital age]]. Birt later became an adviser to the [[Tony Blair|Blair]] government.

==Early life and commercial television career==
John Birt was born in [[Liverpool]] to a [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] father, a manager at the [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]] tyre company, and a [[Protestant]] mother. He was raised as a Roman Catholic. Birt was educated at the [[direct-grant grammar school]] [[St Mary's College, Liverpool]] and [[St Catherine's College, Oxford]], where he got a [[third-class degree]] in [[engineering]].

From 1966 to 1971 Birt was at [[Granada Television]]. He devised the magazine programme ''Nice Time'' and, as a researcher at ''[[World in Action]]'', staged in July 1967 a melodramatic post-trial encounter between [[Mick Jagger]] and senior figures in the British [[the establishment|establishment]]. Jagger, just released following drugs charges, descended from a helicopter to discuss on the lawn matters of the day with, among others, the editor of [[The Times]] and the [[Bishop of Woolwich]].

Birt in 1969 became joint editor of ''World in Action'' with [[Gus Macdonald, Baron Macdonald of Tradeston|Gus McDonald]], a former [[Trotskyist]], later himself to become a government minister and a member of the [[House of Lords]]. Birt later moved to LWT, where he was founding editor of the current affairs programme ''[[Weekend World]]''. He became head of current affairs at LWT and, later, controller of features and current affairs. In the mid-1970s he took a break from LWT to produce [[David Frost (broadcaster)|David Frost's]] interviews with disgraced former US President [[Richard Nixon]]. Birt returned to LWT as director of programmes in 1982. During this period he revived the career of his old friend, the Liverpool singer [[Cilla Black]], who in due course became the highest paid female performer on UK television.

Birt formed a close working relationship with his boss at LWT, [[Michael Grade]], which would later go sour when both worked at the BBC. <ref>John Birt,''The Harder Path'', 2002.</ref>

==BBC career==
While deputy director-general under [[Michael Checkland]], a former accountant, Birt also served as the BBC's director of news and current affairs. Then and subsequently, in the wake of the Thatcher government's bitter spats with Milne, he became the most hands-on editor-in-chief in the corporation's history.

With the then ''Weekend World'' presenter [[Peter Jay]], Birt had in 1974 contributed to ''[[The Times]]'' a series of three much-discussed articles on the topic of television journalism. Most television news and current affairs contained, they argued, a "bias against understanding": mere pictures had taken precedence over analysis. They advocated instead what became known as "a mission to explain." The model was ''Weekend World''.

In accordance with this thesis and, no doubt, with Milne's earlier agonies in mind, makers of news and documentary programmes were required to outline their finished product in writing before setting out with the cameras. The news correspondent [[Kate Adie]] considered such methods were at odds with the "obligation to report". <ref>[http://authorpages.hoddersystems.com/kateadie/extract.html THE KINDNESS OF STRANGERS]</ref> [[Fred Emery (journalist)|Fred Emery]] a former presenter of ''[[Panorama]]'', a direct rival to ''Weekend World'' and thus a prime test-bed for the new supervised approach, said it gave rise to "a certain blandness".

Birt's promotion to Director-General in 1992 caused immediate controversy. On top of all the internal opposition, it was then revealed that, though Director-General, Birt was being employed on a freelance consultancy basis in order to write off numerous personal expenses against tax, including "secretarial services" from his wife. While perfectly acceptable in the private sector, such practices were considered unacceptable in a Director-General of the BBC. Under political and public pressure, Birt became a BBC employee. He had to sell his [[shares]] in [[LWT]], part of his final salary settlement with the company. When in 1994 LWT was bought by Granada, Birt lost out on a windfall of what would have been several million pounds.

Consistent with Conservative Party policy, Birt introduced a "[[virtual]] [[internal market]]" at the BBC. Individual departments were required to charge each other for services, and even to compete against each other for contracts. Under what was called the "Producer Choice" initiative, programme producers were required to use outside suppliers if they were cheaper. Faced with high rental fees from the BBC's record library, producers for a time found it cheaper to buy records from local record shops. In-house facilities were closed or stood idle as a result, it was alleged, of "creative accounting" methods. Apparently unprofitable departments, including the [[BBC Radiophonic Workshop|Radiophonic Workshop]], were suddenly axed after decades of service. A year before his death, [[Dennis Potter]], Britain's foremost television playwright, labeled Birt a "croak-voiced [[Dalek]]".<ref>{{cite news
| first = Dennis
| last = Potter
| authorlink = Dennis Potter
| title = Occupying Powers
| url = http://www.bilderberg.org/milne.htm#Potter
| format = reprint
| work = [[The Guardian]]
| date = [[1993-08-28]]
| accessdate = 2006-12-01
}}</ref> The allusion stuck, and in the 1993 [[Christmas tape]] produced by the BBC's post production department, Birt was portrayed as the Daleks' creator, [[Davros]]<ref>http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=dVB6LdQF3BA</ref>. Former BBC director and producer [[David Maloney]] claimed on the DVD commentary for [[Genesis of the Daleks]] that John Birt "succeeded where [[Davros]] failed and ruined the BBC". Birt's use of impenetrable [[jargon]] became known as "Birtspeak", a phenomenon regularly mocked to this day in the satirical magazine ''[[Private Eye]]'', complete with miniature Dalek caricature of the man himself.

Former BBC Director-General [[Alasdair Milne]] described Birt as “the most graceless man I have ever known” and a “ghastly man” who did little good for the BBC except establishing the BBC’s Internet service. He also criticised him for paying consultants a lot of money to restructure the corporation. <ref>{{web cite | url= http://www.rts.org.uk/Info_page_two_pic_2_det.asp?art_id=7208&sec_id=3296 | title= The wrath of Alasdair Milne}}</ref> [[Bill Cotton]] described Birt’s tenure as a “nightmare” for the BBC. <ref>{{web cite | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7555766.stm | title= Obituary: Sir Bill Cotton}}</ref> Radio broadcaster [[John Churchill Dunn]] said of Birt: “I certainly don't like what Birt has done to the surroundings in which I work. The atmosphere is terrible, morale is bad." <ref>{{web cite | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4042749.stm | title= Obituary: John Dunn}}</ref> [[David Attenborough]] commented: “When Birt gets up and says the whole of the BBC was a creative mess and it was wasteful, I never saw any evidence of that. I absolutely know it wasn’t so in my time. Producers now spend all their time worrying about money, and the thing has suffered for it.” <ref>{{web cite | url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article820515.ece?token=null&offset=0&page=1 | title= Interview: Marguerite Driscoll meets Sir David Attenborough: So much jollier than being DG}}</ref>

Birt's changes were partially dismantled by his successors [[Greg Dyke]], himself sacked following pressure from the Blair government, and [[Mark Thompson]].

Birt's defenders include the prominent journalists [[John Lloyd (UK journalist)|John Lloyd]] and [[Polly Toynbee]]. It has been argued that without his reforms and his ability to accommodate the Thatcher government, <ref>[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_200211/ai_n9152342 reign of King John, The]</ref> the renewal of the BBC's operating charter in the 1990s was in jeopardy. Birt was responsible for modernisation of much BBC output, including the removal from [[BBC Radio 1]] of veteran [[disc jockey|disk jockeys]] such as [[Dave Lee Travis]] and [[Simon Bates]]. Radio 1 re-branded itself as more youth-oriented, but the station's audience total declined nonetheless.

Birt invested heavily in digital broadcasting and sought government approval to direct licence fee money into the new internet service [[bbc.co.uk]]. Such ventures were at the time criticised by some as being to the detriment of the BBC's core programming. [[John Tusa]], a former boss of the [[BBC World Service]] said, "You have to love an organisation in order to reform it."

In 1998 BBC programme makers were ordered to refrain from any mention of the private life of the cabinet minister [[Peter Mandelson]]. In a live interview on BBC TV"s [[Newsnight]] the journalist and former Conservative [[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[Matthew Parris]] had identified Mandelson as a fellow [[homosexual]]. Mandelson, a former editor of ''Weekend World'', and Birt had been colleagues at LWT. There was press speculation that Birt himself had initiated the directive.

Birt was awarded a knighthood, and in 1999 a [[life peerage]]. He took his seat in the House of Lords in March 2000 as a [[crossbencher]].

==Post-BBC career==
In 2001<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1483994.stm Birt becomes Number 10 adviser]</ref> [[Tony Blair]] appointed Birt as his personal advisor, for what was termed "Blue Skies thinking"<ref>[http://media.guardian.co.uk/broadcast/story/0,7493,1520872,00.html Blue skies thinker with the eye of an accountant]</ref>; it is thought his long-standing friendship with [[Peter Mandelson]] had a role in his appointment.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3916089.stm Profile: Peter Mandelson ]</ref> His role in government has been controversial, since as a special advisor, rather than a civil servant, he is not formally obliged to face questions from [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] [[Select Committee (Westminster System)|Select committees]]. In October 2002 an uproar was created when it emerged that the government had specifically asked him not to appear in front of the transport select committee, at a time when he was in charge of long-term transport strategy. Earlier that year, a paper of Birt's had proposed a second network of motorways operated as [[toll road|tolls]] to counter the problems of traffic congestion.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1996237.stm,Toll road network 'planned for UK']</ref> In parallel, he has subsequently become a part-time consultant with [[McKinsey & Company]], which some see as a conflict of interest with his government involvement. In December 2005 he quit his role as advisor to Tony Blair to join private equity firm Terra Firma, "for personal reasons".

Since February 2004, Birt has been on the [[Board of Directors|board]] of [[PayPal]].

The ''[[Financial Times]]'' reported at the beginning of July 2005 that Birt's office ceiling at [[10 Downing Street|No 10 Downing Street]] had fallen in. No one was injured.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4605723.stm' Blue sky' Birt's ceiling falls]</ref>

Returning to his earlier career on [[26 August]] [[2005]], Birt delivered his second MacTaggart lecture at the [[Edinburgh International Television Festival]]. Partly a review of his professional life as a broadcaster, he also criticised the "tabloidisation" of intellectual concerns. More importantly, he argued that [[Channel 4|Channel Four]] should receive financial help, in order to preserve "public service broadcasting", which was taken as advocacy of the BBC sharing its [[Licence fee#United Kingdom|licence fee]] with Channel Four. He also mentioned that his long standing feud with [[Michael Grade]] had been resolved, but the speech as a whole was not admired by many figures in the industry. <ref>[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1558255,00.html Plenty of problems but no solutions]</ref>

In 2006, Lord Birt joined the consulting firm [[Capgemini]]. He will advise the firm, with a focus on its consulting services in the public sector and telecom, media and entertainment.<ref>[http://www.accountancyage.com/management-consultancy/news/2148989/lord-birt-joins-capgemini Lord Birt joins Capgemini]</ref>

He is currently working with Infinis, the UK's largest independent generator of renewable power from landfill gas.

==Private life ==
John Birt's first wife was the American-born Jane Lake. They met in 1963, whilst she was an art student at Oxford. The couple married in [[Washington, D.C.]] in 1965, and have two children, Eliza and Yahya (formerly Jonathan) Birt.

In April 2005, Birt admitted a twelve-month affair with Eithne Wallis, a divorced mother of three and a former head of the [[National Probation Service]].<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-1559788,00.html Birt divorces his wife of 40 years for a new love - Britain - Times Online]</ref>. The divorce cost him just £1,500, after he also admitted [[adultery]] in his court papers.

Birt and Wallis' marriage took place on [[16 December]] [[2006]] at [[Islington]] Register Office. It was attended by neither set of children, and cost just the registrar's fees of £103.50, plus £30 to post the notice of marriage. A reception was held after the ceremony at the fashionable London [[St John (restaurant)|St John restaurant]] in Smithfield<ref>[http://www.mailonsunday.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=423129&in_page_id=1770 Former BBC boss John Birt spends £150 on wedding | the Mail on Sunday]</ref>, attended by, among others, the politician [[Peter Mandelson]] and [[Trevor Philips]], chairman of the [[Commission for Equalities and Human Rights]], both former colleagues at LWT.

==Portrayals in Fiction==
In the 2008 movie "[[Frost/Nixon (film)|Frost/Nixon]]", Birt was played by actor [[Matthew Macfadyen]].

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book | author = John Birt | title = The Harder Path | isbn = 0-316-86019-0 | year = 2002 | publisher = Time Warner Books}}
*{{cite book | author = [[Georgina Born]] | title = Uncertain Vision: Birt, Dyke and the Reinvention of the BBC | isbn = 0-436-20562-9 | year = 2004 | publisher = Secker & Warburg}}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2005/aug/26/broadcasting.uknews/print John Birt's MacTaggart Lecture 2005]
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst;jsessionid=GjpH2ymvMk2BQLpvv4dJcH3PJh82Gtq6BF8LFD26QYn172SkGlJP!-1689471358!68860294?a=o&d=5000379121 ''New Statesman'' interview with John Birt], June 21, 1996 by [[Ian Hargreaves]]
* [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,6903,819910,00.html Review of John Birt's ''The Harder Path''] by [[Peter Bazalgette]] in ''The Observer'', October 27, 2002
* [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/minutes/000307/ldminute.htm Announcement of his introduction at the House of Lords]

{{start box}}
{{s-media}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Director-General of the BBC]]
| years = 1992–2000
| before = [[Michael Checkland]] 1987–1992
| after = [[Greg Dyke]] 2000–2004
}}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birt, John}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:BBC executives]]
[[Category:English television executives]]
[[Category:Life peers]]
[[Category:Alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:People from Liverpool]]

[[no:John Birt]]

John Birt, Baron Birt

2009-07-23T19:53:01Z

Rodericksilly: /* BBC career */

'''John Birt, Baron Birt''' (born [[10 December]] [[1944]]), was an influential if controversial figure in British broadcasting. He was [[Director-General of the BBC|Director-General]] of the [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] from 1992 to 2000.

After a highly successful career in commercial television, first at [[Granada Television|Granada]] and then at [[LWT]], Birt was brought in as deputy director-general of the BBC in 1987 for his [[current affairs]] expertise. The forced departure of Director-General [[Alasdair Milne]] following pressure from the [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] government<ref>Alasdair Milne, ''DG: The Memoirs of a British Broadcaster'', 1988</ref> required someone at the top, preferably from outside the corporation, with editorial and production experience: Milne had been summarily replaced by [[Michael Checkland]], an [[accountant]].

Birt was credited with re-structuring the BBC in accordance with [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] [[privatisation]] policies, but in the face of much internal opposition. His supporters insist he saved the corporation from possible government sell-off, and properly equipped it to face the [[digital broadcasting|digital age]]. Birt later became an adviser to the [[Tony Blair|Blair]] government.

==Early life and commercial television career==
John Birt was born in [[Liverpool]] to a [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] father, a manager at the [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]] tyre company, and a [[Protestant]] mother. He was raised as a Roman Catholic. Birt was educated at the [[direct-grant grammar school]] [[St Mary's College, Liverpool]] and [[St Catherine's College, Oxford]], where he got a [[third-class degree]] in [[engineering]].

From 1966 to 1971 Birt was at [[Granada Television]]. He devised the magazine programme ''Nice Time'' and, as a researcher at ''[[World in Action]]'', staged in July 1967 a melodramatic post-trial encounter between [[Mick Jagger]] and senior figures in the British [[the establishment|establishment]]. Jagger, just released following drugs charges, descended from a helicopter to discuss on the lawn matters of the day with, among others, the editor of [[The Times]] and the [[Bishop of Woolwich]].

Birt in 1969 became joint editor of ''World in Action'' with [[Gus Macdonald, Baron Macdonald of Tradeston|Gus McDonald]], a former [[Trotskyist]], later himself to become a government minister and a member of the [[House of Lords]]. Birt later moved to LWT, where he was founding editor of the current affairs programme ''[[Weekend World]]''. He became head of current affairs at LWT and, later, controller of features and current affairs. In the mid-1970s he took a break from LWT to produce [[David Frost (broadcaster)|David Frost's]] interviews with disgraced former US President [[Richard Nixon]]. Birt returned to LWT as director of programmes in 1982. During this period he revived the career of his old friend, the Liverpool singer [[Cilla Black]], who in due course became the highest paid female performer on UK television.

Birt formed a close working relationship with his boss at LWT, [[Michael Grade]], which would later go sour when both worked at the BBC. <ref>John Birt,''The Harder Path'', 2002.</ref>

==BBC career==
While deputy director-general under [[Michael Checkland]], a former accountant, Birt also served as the BBC's director of news and current affairs. Then and subsequently, in the wake of the Thatcher government's bitter spats with Milne, he became the most hands-on editor-in-chief in the corporation's history.

With the then ''Weekend World'' presenter [[Peter Jay]], Birt had in 1974 contributed to ''[[The Times]]'' a series of three much-discussed articles on the topic of television journalism. Most television news and current affairs contained, they argued, a "bias against understanding": mere pictures had taken precedence over analysis. They advocated instead what became known as "a mission to explain." The model was ''Weekend World''.

In accordance with this thesis and, no doubt, with Milne's earlier agonies in mind, makers of news and documentary programmes were required to outline their finished product in writing before setting out with the cameras. The news correspondent [[Kate Adie]] considered such methods were at odds with the "obligation to report". <ref>[http://authorpages.hoddersystems.com/kateadie/extract.html THE KINDNESS OF STRANGERS]</ref> [[Fred Emery (journalist)|Fred Emery]] a former presenter of ''[[Panorama]]'', a direct rival to ''Weekend World'' and thus a prime test-bed for the new supervised approach, said it gave rise to "a certain blandness".

Birt's promotion to Director-General in 1992 caused immediate controversy. On top of all the internal opposition, it was then revealed that, though Director-General, Birt was being employed on a freelance consultancy basis in order to write off numerous personal expenses against tax, including "secretarial services" from his wife. While perfectly acceptable in the private sector, such practices were considered unacceptable in a Director-General of the BBC. Under political and public pressure, Birt became a BBC employee. He had to sell his [[shares]] in [[LWT]], part of his final salary settlement with the company. When in 1994 LWT was bought by Granada, Birt lost out on a windfall of what would have been several million pounds.

Consistent with Conservative Party policy, Birt introduced a "[[virtual]] [[internal market]]" at the BBC. Individual departments were required to charge each other for services, and even to compete against each other for contracts. Under what was called the "Producer Choice" initiative, programme producers were required to use outside suppliers if they were cheaper. Faced with high rental fees from the BBC's record library, producers for a time found it cheaper to buy records from local record shops. In-house facilities were closed or stood idle as a result, it was alleged, of "creative accounting" methods. Apparently unprofitable departments, including the [[BBC Radiophonic Workshop|Radiophonic Workshop]], were suddenly axed after decades of service. A year before his death, [[Dennis Potter]], Britain's foremost television playwright, labeled Birt a "croak-voiced [[Dalek]]".<ref>{{cite news
| first = Dennis
| last = Potter
| authorlink = Dennis Potter
| title = Occupying Powers
| url = http://www.bilderberg.org/milne.htm#Potter
| format = reprint
| work = [[The Guardian]]
| date = [[1993-08-28]]
| accessdate = 2006-12-01
}}</ref> The allusion stuck, and in the 1993 [[Christmas tape]] produced by the BBC's post production department, Birt was portrayed as the Daleks' creator, [[Davros]]<ref>http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=dVB6LdQF3BA</ref>. Former BBC director and producer [[David Maloney]] claimed on the DVD commentary for [[Genesis of the Daleks]] that John Birt "succeeded where [[Davros]] failed and ruined the BBC". Birt's use of impenetrable [[jargon]] became known as "Birtspeak", a phenomenon regularly mocked to this day in the satirical magazine ''[[Private Eye]]'', complete with miniature Dalek caricature of the man himself.

Former BBC Director-General [[Alasdair Milne]] described Birt as “the most graceless man I have ever known” and a “ghastly man” who did little good for the BBC except establishing the BBC’s Internet service. He also criticised him for paying consultants a lot of money to restructure the corporation. <ref>{{web cite | url= http://www.rts.org.uk/Info_page_two_pic_2_det.asp?art_id=7208&sec_id=3296 | title= The wrath of Alasdair Milne}}</ref> [[Bill Cotton]] described Birt’s tenure as a “nightmare” for the BBC. <ref>{{web cite | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7555766.stm | title= Obituary: Sir Bill Cotton}}</ref> Radio broadcaster [[John Churchill Dunn]] said of Birt: “I certainly don't like what Birt has done to the surroundings in which I work. The atmosphere is terrible, morale is bad." <ref>{{web cite | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4042749.stm | title= Obituary: John Dunn}}</ref>

Birt's changes were partially dismantled by his successors [[Greg Dyke]], himself sacked following pressure from the Blair government, and [[Mark Thompson]].

Birt's defenders include the prominent journalists [[John Lloyd (UK journalist)|John Lloyd]] and [[Polly Toynbee]]. It has been argued that without his reforms and his ability to accommodate the Thatcher government, <ref>[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_200211/ai_n9152342 reign of King John, The]</ref> the renewal of the BBC's operating charter in the 1990s was in jeopardy. Birt was responsible for modernisation of much BBC output, including the removal from [[BBC Radio 1]] of veteran [[disc jockey|disk jockeys]] such as [[Dave Lee Travis]] and [[Simon Bates]]. Radio 1 re-branded itself as more youth-oriented, but the station's audience total declined nonetheless.

Birt invested heavily in digital broadcasting and sought government approval to direct licence fee money into the new internet service [[bbc.co.uk]]. Such ventures were at the time criticised by some as being to the detriment of the BBC's core programming. [[John Tusa]], a former boss of the [[BBC World Service]] said, "You have to love an organisation in order to reform it."

In 1998 BBC programme makers were ordered to refrain from any mention of the private life of the cabinet minister [[Peter Mandelson]]. In a live interview on BBC TV"s [[Newsnight]] the journalist and former Conservative [[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[Matthew Parris]] had identified Mandelson as a fellow [[homosexual]]. Mandelson, a former editor of ''Weekend World'', and Birt had been colleagues at LWT. There was press speculation that Birt himself had initiated the directive.

Birt was awarded a knighthood, and in 1999 a [[life peerage]]. He took his seat in the House of Lords in March 2000 as a [[crossbencher]].

==Post-BBC career==
In 2001<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1483994.stm Birt becomes Number 10 adviser]</ref> [[Tony Blair]] appointed Birt as his personal advisor, for what was termed "Blue Skies thinking"<ref>[http://media.guardian.co.uk/broadcast/story/0,7493,1520872,00.html Blue skies thinker with the eye of an accountant]</ref>; it is thought his long-standing friendship with [[Peter Mandelson]] had a role in his appointment.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3916089.stm Profile: Peter Mandelson ]</ref> His role in government has been controversial, since as a special advisor, rather than a civil servant, he is not formally obliged to face questions from [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] [[Select Committee (Westminster System)|Select committees]]. In October 2002 an uproar was created when it emerged that the government had specifically asked him not to appear in front of the transport select committee, at a time when he was in charge of long-term transport strategy. Earlier that year, a paper of Birt's had proposed a second network of motorways operated as [[toll road|tolls]] to counter the problems of traffic congestion.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1996237.stm,Toll road network 'planned for UK']</ref> In parallel, he has subsequently become a part-time consultant with [[McKinsey & Company]], which some see as a conflict of interest with his government involvement. In December 2005 he quit his role as advisor to Tony Blair to join private equity firm Terra Firma, "for personal reasons".

Since February 2004, Birt has been on the [[Board of Directors|board]] of [[PayPal]].

The ''[[Financial Times]]'' reported at the beginning of July 2005 that Birt's office ceiling at [[10 Downing Street|No 10 Downing Street]] had fallen in. No one was injured.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4605723.stm' Blue sky' Birt's ceiling falls]</ref>

Returning to his earlier career on [[26 August]] [[2005]], Birt delivered his second MacTaggart lecture at the [[Edinburgh International Television Festival]]. Partly a review of his professional life as a broadcaster, he also criticised the "tabloidisation" of intellectual concerns. More importantly, he argued that [[Channel 4|Channel Four]] should receive financial help, in order to preserve "public service broadcasting", which was taken as advocacy of the BBC sharing its [[Licence fee#United Kingdom|licence fee]] with Channel Four. He also mentioned that his long standing feud with [[Michael Grade]] had been resolved, but the speech as a whole was not admired by many figures in the industry. <ref>[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1558255,00.html Plenty of problems but no solutions]</ref>

In 2006, Lord Birt joined the consulting firm [[Capgemini]]. He will advise the firm, with a focus on its consulting services in the public sector and telecom, media and entertainment.<ref>[http://www.accountancyage.com/management-consultancy/news/2148989/lord-birt-joins-capgemini Lord Birt joins Capgemini]</ref>

He is currently working with Infinis, the UK's largest independent generator of renewable power from landfill gas.

==Private life ==
John Birt's first wife was the American-born Jane Lake. They met in 1963, whilst she was an art student at Oxford. The couple married in [[Washington, D.C.]] in 1965, and have two children, Eliza and Yahya (formerly Jonathan) Birt.

In April 2005, Birt admitted a twelve-month affair with Eithne Wallis, a divorced mother of three and a former head of the [[National Probation Service]].<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-1559788,00.html Birt divorces his wife of 40 years for a new love - Britain - Times Online]</ref>. The divorce cost him just £1,500, after he also admitted [[adultery]] in his court papers.

Birt and Wallis' marriage took place on [[16 December]] [[2006]] at [[Islington]] Register Office. It was attended by neither set of children, and cost just the registrar's fees of £103.50, plus £30 to post the notice of marriage. A reception was held after the ceremony at the fashionable London [[St John (restaurant)|St John restaurant]] in Smithfield<ref>[http://www.mailonsunday.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=423129&in_page_id=1770 Former BBC boss John Birt spends £150 on wedding | the Mail on Sunday]</ref>, attended by, among others, the politician [[Peter Mandelson]] and [[Trevor Philips]], chairman of the [[Commission for Equalities and Human Rights]], both former colleagues at LWT.

==Portrayals in Fiction==
In the 2008 movie "[[Frost/Nixon (film)|Frost/Nixon]]", Birt was played by actor [[Matthew Macfadyen]].

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book | author = John Birt | title = The Harder Path | isbn = 0-316-86019-0 | year = 2002 | publisher = Time Warner Books}}
*{{cite book | author = [[Georgina Born]] | title = Uncertain Vision: Birt, Dyke and the Reinvention of the BBC | isbn = 0-436-20562-9 | year = 2004 | publisher = Secker & Warburg}}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2005/aug/26/broadcasting.uknews/print John Birt's MacTaggart Lecture 2005]
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst;jsessionid=GjpH2ymvMk2BQLpvv4dJcH3PJh82Gtq6BF8LFD26QYn172SkGlJP!-1689471358!68860294?a=o&d=5000379121 ''New Statesman'' interview with John Birt], June 21, 1996 by [[Ian Hargreaves]]
* [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,6903,819910,00.html Review of John Birt's ''The Harder Path''] by [[Peter Bazalgette]] in ''The Observer'', October 27, 2002
* [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/minutes/000307/ldminute.htm Announcement of his introduction at the House of Lords]

{{start box}}
{{s-media}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Director-General of the BBC]]
| years = 1992–2000
| before = [[Michael Checkland]] 1987–1992
| after = [[Greg Dyke]] 2000–2004
}}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birt, John}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:BBC executives]]
[[Category:English television executives]]
[[Category:Life peers]]
[[Category:Alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:People from Liverpool]]

[[de:John Birt, Baron Birt]]
[[no:John Birt]]

John Birt, Baron Birt

2009-07-23T19:50:04Z

Rodericksilly: /* BBC career */

'''John Birt, Baron Birt''' (born [[10 December]] [[1944]]), was an influential if controversial figure in British broadcasting. He was [[Director-General of the BBC|Director-General]] of the [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] from 1992 to 2000.

After a highly successful career in commercial television, first at [[Granada Television|Granada]] and then at [[LWT]], Birt was brought in as deputy director-general of the BBC in 1987 for his [[current affairs]] expertise. The forced departure of Director-General [[Alasdair Milne]] following pressure from the [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] government<ref>Alasdair Milne, ''DG: The Memoirs of a British Broadcaster'', 1988</ref> required someone at the top, preferably from outside the corporation, with editorial and production experience: Milne had been summarily replaced by [[Michael Checkland]], an [[accountant]].

Birt was credited with re-structuring the BBC in accordance with [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] [[privatisation]] policies, but in the face of much internal opposition. His supporters insist he saved the corporation from possible government sell-off, and properly equipped it to face the [[digital broadcasting|digital age]]. Birt later became an adviser to the [[Tony Blair|Blair]] government.

==Early life and commercial television career==
John Birt was born in [[Liverpool]] to a [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] father, a manager at the [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]] tyre company, and a [[Protestant]] mother. He was raised as a Roman Catholic. Birt was educated at the [[direct-grant grammar school]] [[St Mary's College, Liverpool]] and [[St Catherine's College, Oxford]], where he got a [[third-class degree]] in [[engineering]].

From 1966 to 1971 Birt was at [[Granada Television]]. He devised the magazine programme ''Nice Time'' and, as a researcher at ''[[World in Action]]'', staged in July 1967 a melodramatic post-trial encounter between [[Mick Jagger]] and senior figures in the British [[the establishment|establishment]]. Jagger, just released following drugs charges, descended from a helicopter to discuss on the lawn matters of the day with, among others, the editor of [[The Times]] and the [[Bishop of Woolwich]].

Birt in 1969 became joint editor of ''World in Action'' with [[Gus Macdonald, Baron Macdonald of Tradeston|Gus McDonald]], a former [[Trotskyist]], later himself to become a government minister and a member of the [[House of Lords]]. Birt later moved to LWT, where he was founding editor of the current affairs programme ''[[Weekend World]]''. He became head of current affairs at LWT and, later, controller of features and current affairs. In the mid-1970s he took a break from LWT to produce [[David Frost (broadcaster)|David Frost's]] interviews with disgraced former US President [[Richard Nixon]]. Birt returned to LWT as director of programmes in 1982. During this period he revived the career of his old friend, the Liverpool singer [[Cilla Black]], who in due course became the highest paid female performer on UK television.

Birt formed a close working relationship with his boss at LWT, [[Michael Grade]], which would later go sour when both worked at the BBC. <ref>John Birt,''The Harder Path'', 2002.</ref>

==BBC career==
While deputy director-general under [[Michael Checkland]], a former accountant, Birt also served as the BBC's director of news and current affairs. Then and subsequently, in the wake of the Thatcher government's bitter spats with Milne, he became the most hands-on editor-in-chief in the corporation's history.

With the then ''Weekend World'' presenter [[Peter Jay]], Birt had in 1974 contributed to ''[[The Times]]'' a series of three much-discussed articles on the topic of television journalism. Most television news and current affairs contained, they argued, a "bias against understanding": mere pictures had taken precedence over analysis. They advocated instead what became known as "a mission to explain." The model was ''Weekend World''.

In accordance with this thesis and, no doubt, with Milne's earlier agonies in mind, makers of news and documentary programmes were required to outline their finished product in writing before setting out with the cameras. The news correspondent [[Kate Adie]] considered such methods were at odds with the "obligation to report". <ref>[http://authorpages.hoddersystems.com/kateadie/extract.html THE KINDNESS OF STRANGERS]</ref> [[Fred Emery (journalist)|Fred Emery]] a former presenter of ''[[Panorama]]'', a direct rival to ''Weekend World'' and thus a prime test-bed for the new supervised approach, said it gave rise to "a certain blandness".

Birt's promotion to Director-General in 1992 caused immediate controversy. On top of all the internal opposition, it was then revealed that, though Director-General, Birt was being employed on a freelance consultancy basis in order to write off numerous personal expenses against tax, including "secretarial services" from his wife. While perfectly acceptable in the private sector, such practices were considered unacceptable in a Director-General of the BBC. Under political and public pressure, Birt became a BBC employee. He had to sell his [[shares]] in [[LWT]], part of his final salary settlement with the company. When in 1994 LWT was bought by Granada, Birt lost out on a windfall of what would have been several million pounds.

Consistent with Conservative Party policy, Birt introduced a "[[virtual]] [[internal market]]" at the BBC. Individual departments were required to charge each other for services, and even to compete against each other for contracts. Under what was called the "Producer Choice" initiative, programme producers were required to use outside suppliers if they were cheaper. Faced with high rental fees from the BBC's record library, producers for a time found it cheaper to buy records from local record shops. In-house facilities were closed or stood idle as a result, it was alleged, of "creative accounting" methods. Apparently unprofitable departments, including the [[BBC Radiophonic Workshop|Radiophonic Workshop]], were suddenly axed after decades of service. A year before his death, [[Dennis Potter]], Britain's foremost television playwright, labeled Birt a "croak-voiced [[Dalek]]".<ref>{{cite news
| first = Dennis
| last = Potter
| authorlink = Dennis Potter
| title = Occupying Powers
| url = http://www.bilderberg.org/milne.htm#Potter
| format = reprint
| work = [[The Guardian]]
| date = [[1993-08-28]]
| accessdate = 2006-12-01
}}</ref> The allusion stuck, and in the 1993 [[Christmas tape]] produced by the BBC's post production department, Birt was portrayed as the Daleks' creator, [[Davros]]<ref>http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=dVB6LdQF3BA</ref>. Former BBC director and producer [[David Maloney]] claimed on the DVD commentary for [[Genesis of the Daleks]] that John Birt "succeeded where [[Davros]] failed and ruined the BBC". Birt's use of impenetrable [[jargon]] became known as "Birtspeak", a phenomenon regularly mocked to this day in the satirical magazine ''[[Private Eye]]'', complete with miniature Dalek caricature of the man himself.

Former BBC Director-General [[Alasdair Milne]] described Birt as “the most graceless man I have ever known” and a “ghastly man” who did little good for the BBC except establishing the BBC’s Internet service and he criticised him for paying consultants a lot of money to restructure the corporation. <ref>{{web cite | url= http://www.rts.org.uk/Info_page_two_pic_2_det.asp?art_id=7208&sec_id=3296 | title= The wrath of Alasdair Milne}}</ref> [[Bill Cotton]] described Birt’s tenure as a “nightmare” for the BBC. <ref>{{web cite | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7555766.stm | title= Obituary: Sir Bill Cotton}}</ref> Radio broadcaster [[John Churchill Dunn]] said of Birt: “I certainly don't like what Birt has done to the surroundings in which I work. The atmosphere is terrible, morale is bad." <ref>{{web cite | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4042749.stm | title= Obituary: John Dunn}}</ref>

Birt's changes were partially dismantled by his successors [[Greg Dyke]], himself sacked following pressure from the Blair government, and [[Mark Thompson]].

Birt's defenders include the prominent journalists [[John Lloyd (UK journalist)|John Lloyd]] and [[Polly Toynbee]]. It has been argued that without his reforms and his ability to accommodate the Thatcher government, <ref>[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_200211/ai_n9152342 reign of King John, The]</ref> the renewal of the BBC's operating charter in the 1990s was in jeopardy. Birt was responsible for modernisation of much BBC output, including the removal from [[BBC Radio 1]] of veteran [[disc jockey|disk jockeys]] such as [[Dave Lee Travis]] and [[Simon Bates]]. Radio 1 re-branded itself as more youth-oriented, but the station's audience total declined nonetheless.

Birt invested heavily in digital broadcasting and sought government approval to direct licence fee money into the new internet service [[bbc.co.uk]]. Such ventures were at the time criticised by some as being to the detriment of the BBC's core programming. [[John Tusa]], a former boss of the [[BBC World Service]] said, "You have to love an organisation in order to reform it."

In 1998 BBC programme makers were ordered to refrain from any mention of the private life of the cabinet minister [[Peter Mandelson]]. In a live interview on BBC TV"s [[Newsnight]] the journalist and former Conservative [[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[Matthew Parris]] had identified Mandelson as a fellow [[homosexual]]. Mandelson, a former editor of ''Weekend World'', and Birt had been colleagues at LWT. There was press speculation that Birt himself had initiated the directive.

Birt was awarded a knighthood, and in 1999 a [[life peerage]]. He took his seat in the House of Lords in March 2000 as a [[crossbencher]].

==Post-BBC career==
In 2001<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1483994.stm Birt becomes Number 10 adviser]</ref> [[Tony Blair]] appointed Birt as his personal advisor, for what was termed "Blue Skies thinking"<ref>[http://media.guardian.co.uk/broadcast/story/0,7493,1520872,00.html Blue skies thinker with the eye of an accountant]</ref>; it is thought his long-standing friendship with [[Peter Mandelson]] had a role in his appointment.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3916089.stm Profile: Peter Mandelson ]</ref> His role in government has been controversial, since as a special advisor, rather than a civil servant, he is not formally obliged to face questions from [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] [[Select Committee (Westminster System)|Select committees]]. In October 2002 an uproar was created when it emerged that the government had specifically asked him not to appear in front of the transport select committee, at a time when he was in charge of long-term transport strategy. Earlier that year, a paper of Birt's had proposed a second network of motorways operated as [[toll road|tolls]] to counter the problems of traffic congestion.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1996237.stm,Toll road network 'planned for UK']</ref> In parallel, he has subsequently become a part-time consultant with [[McKinsey & Company]], which some see as a conflict of interest with his government involvement. In December 2005 he quit his role as advisor to Tony Blair to join private equity firm Terra Firma, "for personal reasons".

Since February 2004, Birt has been on the [[Board of Directors|board]] of [[PayPal]].

The ''[[Financial Times]]'' reported at the beginning of July 2005 that Birt's office ceiling at [[10 Downing Street|No 10 Downing Street]] had fallen in. No one was injured.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4605723.stm' Blue sky' Birt's ceiling falls]</ref>

Returning to his earlier career on [[26 August]] [[2005]], Birt delivered his second MacTaggart lecture at the [[Edinburgh International Television Festival]]. Partly a review of his professional life as a broadcaster, he also criticised the "tabloidisation" of intellectual concerns. More importantly, he argued that [[Channel 4|Channel Four]] should receive financial help, in order to preserve "public service broadcasting", which was taken as advocacy of the BBC sharing its [[Licence fee#United Kingdom|licence fee]] with Channel Four. He also mentioned that his long standing feud with [[Michael Grade]] had been resolved, but the speech as a whole was not admired by many figures in the industry. <ref>[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1558255,00.html Plenty of problems but no solutions]</ref>

In 2006, Lord Birt joined the consulting firm [[Capgemini]]. He will advise the firm, with a focus on its consulting services in the public sector and telecom, media and entertainment.<ref>[http://www.accountancyage.com/management-consultancy/news/2148989/lord-birt-joins-capgemini Lord Birt joins Capgemini]</ref>

He is currently working with Infinis, the UK's largest independent generator of renewable power from landfill gas.

==Private life ==
John Birt's first wife was the American-born Jane Lake. They met in 1963, whilst she was an art student at Oxford. The couple married in [[Washington, D.C.]] in 1965, and have two children, Eliza and Yahya (formerly Jonathan) Birt.

In April 2005, Birt admitted a twelve-month affair with Eithne Wallis, a divorced mother of three and a former head of the [[National Probation Service]].<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-1559788,00.html Birt divorces his wife of 40 years for a new love - Britain - Times Online]</ref>. The divorce cost him just £1,500, after he also admitted [[adultery]] in his court papers.

Birt and Wallis' marriage took place on [[16 December]] [[2006]] at [[Islington]] Register Office. It was attended by neither set of children, and cost just the registrar's fees of £103.50, plus £30 to post the notice of marriage. A reception was held after the ceremony at the fashionable London [[St John (restaurant)|St John restaurant]] in Smithfield<ref>[http://www.mailonsunday.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=423129&in_page_id=1770 Former BBC boss John Birt spends £150 on wedding | the Mail on Sunday]</ref>, attended by, among others, the politician [[Peter Mandelson]] and [[Trevor Philips]], chairman of the [[Commission for Equalities and Human Rights]], both former colleagues at LWT.

==Portrayals in Fiction==
In the 2008 movie "[[Frost/Nixon (film)|Frost/Nixon]]", Birt was played by actor [[Matthew Macfadyen]].

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book | author = John Birt | title = The Harder Path | isbn = 0-316-86019-0 | year = 2002 | publisher = Time Warner Books}}
*{{cite book | author = [[Georgina Born]] | title = Uncertain Vision: Birt, Dyke and the Reinvention of the BBC | isbn = 0-436-20562-9 | year = 2004 | publisher = Secker & Warburg}}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2005/aug/26/broadcasting.uknews/print John Birt's MacTaggart Lecture 2005]
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst;jsessionid=GjpH2ymvMk2BQLpvv4dJcH3PJh82Gtq6BF8LFD26QYn172SkGlJP!-1689471358!68860294?a=o&d=5000379121 ''New Statesman'' interview with John Birt], June 21, 1996 by [[Ian Hargreaves]]
* [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,6903,819910,00.html Review of John Birt's ''The Harder Path''] by [[Peter Bazalgette]] in ''The Observer'', October 27, 2002
* [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/minutes/000307/ldminute.htm Announcement of his introduction at the House of Lords]

{{start box}}
{{s-media}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Director-General of the BBC]]
| years = 1992–2000
| before = [[Michael Checkland]] 1987–1992
| after = [[Greg Dyke]] 2000–2004
}}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birt, John}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:BBC executives]]
[[Category:English television executives]]
[[Category:Life peers]]
[[Category:Alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:People from Liverpool]]

[[de:John Birt, Baron Birt]]
[[no:John Birt]]

John Birt, Baron Birt

2009-07-23T19:43:58Z

Rodericksilly: /* BBC career */

'''John Birt, Baron Birt''' (born [[10 December]] [[1944]]), was an influential if controversial figure in British broadcasting. He was [[Director-General of the BBC|Director-General]] of the [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] from 1992 to 2000.

After a highly successful career in commercial television, first at [[Granada Television|Granada]] and then at [[LWT]], Birt was brought in as deputy director-general of the BBC in 1987 for his [[current affairs]] expertise. The forced departure of Director-General [[Alasdair Milne]] following pressure from the [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] government<ref>Alasdair Milne, ''DG: The Memoirs of a British Broadcaster'', 1988</ref> required someone at the top, preferably from outside the corporation, with editorial and production experience: Milne had been summarily replaced by [[Michael Checkland]], an [[accountant]].

Birt was credited with re-structuring the BBC in accordance with [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] [[privatisation]] policies, but in the face of much internal opposition. His supporters insist he saved the corporation from possible government sell-off, and properly equipped it to face the [[digital broadcasting|digital age]]. Birt later became an adviser to the [[Tony Blair|Blair]] government.

==Early life and commercial television career==
John Birt was born in [[Liverpool]] to a [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] father, a manager at the [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]] tyre company, and a [[Protestant]] mother. He was raised as a Roman Catholic. Birt was educated at the [[direct-grant grammar school]] [[St Mary's College, Liverpool]] and [[St Catherine's College, Oxford]], where he got a [[third-class degree]] in [[engineering]].

From 1966 to 1971 Birt was at [[Granada Television]]. He devised the magazine programme ''Nice Time'' and, as a researcher at ''[[World in Action]]'', staged in July 1967 a melodramatic post-trial encounter between [[Mick Jagger]] and senior figures in the British [[the establishment|establishment]]. Jagger, just released following drugs charges, descended from a helicopter to discuss on the lawn matters of the day with, among others, the editor of [[The Times]] and the [[Bishop of Woolwich]].

Birt in 1969 became joint editor of ''World in Action'' with [[Gus Macdonald, Baron Macdonald of Tradeston|Gus McDonald]], a former [[Trotskyist]], later himself to become a government minister and a member of the [[House of Lords]]. Birt later moved to LWT, where he was founding editor of the current affairs programme ''[[Weekend World]]''. He became head of current affairs at LWT and, later, controller of features and current affairs. In the mid-1970s he took a break from LWT to produce [[David Frost (broadcaster)|David Frost's]] interviews with disgraced former US President [[Richard Nixon]]. Birt returned to LWT as director of programmes in 1982. During this period he revived the career of his old friend, the Liverpool singer [[Cilla Black]], who in due course became the highest paid female performer on UK television.

Birt formed a close working relationship with his boss at LWT, [[Michael Grade]], which would later go sour when both worked at the BBC. <ref>John Birt,''The Harder Path'', 2002.</ref>

==BBC career==
While deputy director-general under [[Michael Checkland]], a former accountant, Birt also served as the BBC's director of news and current affairs. Then and subsequently, in the wake of the Thatcher government's bitter spats with Milne, he became the most hands-on editor-in-chief in the corporation's history.

With the then ''Weekend World'' presenter [[Peter Jay]], Birt had in 1974 contributed to ''[[The Times]]'' a series of three much-discussed articles on the topic of television journalism. Most television news and current affairs contained, they argued, a "bias against understanding": mere pictures had taken precedence over analysis. They advocated instead what became known as "a mission to explain." The model was ''Weekend World''.

In accordance with this thesis and, no doubt, with Milne's earlier agonies in mind, makers of news and documentary programmes were required to outline their finished product in writing before setting out with the cameras. The news correspondent [[Kate Adie]] considered such methods were at odds with the "obligation to report". <ref>[http://authorpages.hoddersystems.com/kateadie/extract.html THE KINDNESS OF STRANGERS]</ref> [[Fred Emery (journalist)|Fred Emery]] a former presenter of ''[[Panorama]]'', a direct rival to ''Weekend World'' and thus a prime test-bed for the new supervised approach, said it gave rise to "a certain blandness".

Birt's promotion to Director-General in 1992 caused immediate controversy. On top of all the internal opposition, it was then revealed that, though Director-General, Birt was being employed on a freelance consultancy basis in order to write off numerous personal expenses against tax, including "secretarial services" from his wife. While perfectly acceptable in the private sector, such practices were considered unacceptable in a Director-General of the BBC. Under political and public pressure, Birt became a BBC employee. He had to sell his [[shares]] in [[LWT]], part of his final salary settlement with the company. When in 1994 LWT was bought by Granada, Birt lost out on a windfall of what would have been several million pounds.

Consistent with Conservative Party policy, Birt introduced a "[[virtual]] [[internal market]]" at the BBC. Individual departments were required to charge each other for services, and even to compete against each other for contracts. Under what was called the "Producer Choice" initiative, programme producers were required to use outside suppliers if they were cheaper. Faced with high rental fees from the BBC's record library, producers for a time found it cheaper to buy records from local record shops. In-house facilities were closed or stood idle as a result, it was alleged, of "creative accounting" methods. Apparently unprofitable departments, including the [[BBC Radiophonic Workshop|Radiophonic Workshop]], were suddenly axed after decades of service. A year before his death, [[Dennis Potter]], Britain's foremost television playwright, labeled Birt a "croak-voiced [[Dalek]]".<ref>{{cite news
| first = Dennis
| last = Potter
| authorlink = Dennis Potter
| title = Occupying Powers
| url = http://www.bilderberg.org/milne.htm#Potter
| format = reprint
| work = [[The Guardian]]
| date = [[1993-08-28]]
| accessdate = 2006-12-01
}}</ref> The allusion stuck, and in the 1993 [[Christmas tape]] produced by the BBC's post production department, Birt was portrayed as the Daleks' creator, [[Davros]]<ref>http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=dVB6LdQF3BA</ref>. Former BBC director and producer [[David Maloney]] claimed on the DVD commentary for [[Genesis of the Daleks]] that John Birt "succeeded where [[Davros]] failed and ruined the BBC". Birt's use of impenetrable [[jargon]] became known as "Birtspeak", a phenomenon regularly mocked to this day in the satirical magazine ''[[Private Eye]]'', complete with miniature Dalek caricature of the man himself.

Former BBC Director-General [[Alasdair Milne]] described Birt as “the most graceless man I have ever known” and a “ghastly man” who did little good for the BBC except establishing the BBC’s Internet service and paying consultants a lot of money to restructure the corporation. <ref>{{web cite | url= http://www.rts.org.uk/Info_page_two_pic_2_det.asp?art_id=7208&sec_id=3296 | title= The wrath of Alasdair Milne}}</ref> [[Bill Cotton]] described Birt’s tenure as a “nightmare” for the BBC. <ref>{{web cite | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7555766.stm | title= Obituary: Sir Bill Cotton}}</ref> Radio broadcaster [[John Churchill Dunn]] said of Birt: “I certainly don't like what Birt has done to the surroundings in which I work. The atmosphere is terrible, morale is bad." <ref>{{web cite | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4042749.stm | title= Obituary: John Dunn}}</ref>

Birt's changes were partially dismantled by his successors [[Greg Dyke]], himself sacked following pressure from the Blair government, and [[Mark Thompson]].

Birt's defenders include the prominent journalists [[John Lloyd (UK journalist)|John Lloyd]] and [[Polly Toynbee]]. It has been argued that without his reforms and his ability to accommodate the Thatcher government, <ref>[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_200211/ai_n9152342 reign of King John, The]</ref> the renewal of the BBC's operating charter in the 1990s was in jeopardy. Birt was responsible for modernisation of much BBC output, including the removal from [[BBC Radio 1]] of veteran [[disc jockey|disk jockeys]] such as [[Dave Lee Travis]] and [[Simon Bates]]. Radio 1 re-branded itself as more youth-oriented, but the station's audience total declined nonetheless.

Birt invested heavily in digital broadcasting and sought government approval to direct licence fee money into the new internet service [[bbc.co.uk]]. Such ventures were at the time criticised by some as being to the detriment of the BBC's core programming. [[John Tusa]], a former boss of the [[BBC World Service]] said, "You have to love an organisation in order to reform it."

In 1998 BBC programme makers were ordered to refrain from any mention of the private life of the cabinet minister [[Peter Mandelson]]. In a live interview on BBC TV"s [[Newsnight]] the journalist and former Conservative [[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[Matthew Parris]] had identified Mandelson as a fellow [[homosexual]]. Mandelson, a former editor of ''Weekend World'', and Birt had been colleagues at LWT. There was press speculation that Birt himself had initiated the directive.

Birt was awarded a knighthood, and in 1999 a [[life peerage]]. He took his seat in the House of Lords in March 2000 as a [[crossbencher]].

==Post-BBC career==
In 2001<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1483994.stm Birt becomes Number 10 adviser]</ref> [[Tony Blair]] appointed Birt as his personal advisor, for what was termed "Blue Skies thinking"<ref>[http://media.guardian.co.uk/broadcast/story/0,7493,1520872,00.html Blue skies thinker with the eye of an accountant]</ref>; it is thought his long-standing friendship with [[Peter Mandelson]] had a role in his appointment.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3916089.stm Profile: Peter Mandelson ]</ref> His role in government has been controversial, since as a special advisor, rather than a civil servant, he is not formally obliged to face questions from [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] [[Select Committee (Westminster System)|Select committees]]. In October 2002 an uproar was created when it emerged that the government had specifically asked him not to appear in front of the transport select committee, at a time when he was in charge of long-term transport strategy. Earlier that year, a paper of Birt's had proposed a second network of motorways operated as [[toll road|tolls]] to counter the problems of traffic congestion.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1996237.stm,Toll road network 'planned for UK']</ref> In parallel, he has subsequently become a part-time consultant with [[McKinsey & Company]], which some see as a conflict of interest with his government involvement. In December 2005 he quit his role as advisor to Tony Blair to join private equity firm Terra Firma, "for personal reasons".

Since February 2004, Birt has been on the [[Board of Directors|board]] of [[PayPal]].

The ''[[Financial Times]]'' reported at the beginning of July 2005 that Birt's office ceiling at [[10 Downing Street|No 10 Downing Street]] had fallen in. No one was injured.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4605723.stm' Blue sky' Birt's ceiling falls]</ref>

Returning to his earlier career on [[26 August]] [[2005]], Birt delivered his second MacTaggart lecture at the [[Edinburgh International Television Festival]]. Partly a review of his professional life as a broadcaster, he also criticised the "tabloidisation" of intellectual concerns. More importantly, he argued that [[Channel 4|Channel Four]] should receive financial help, in order to preserve "public service broadcasting", which was taken as advocacy of the BBC sharing its [[Licence fee#United Kingdom|licence fee]] with Channel Four. He also mentioned that his long standing feud with [[Michael Grade]] had been resolved, but the speech as a whole was not admired by many figures in the industry. <ref>[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1558255,00.html Plenty of problems but no solutions]</ref>

In 2006, Lord Birt joined the consulting firm [[Capgemini]]. He will advise the firm, with a focus on its consulting services in the public sector and telecom, media and entertainment.<ref>[http://www.accountancyage.com/management-consultancy/news/2148989/lord-birt-joins-capgemini Lord Birt joins Capgemini]</ref>

He is currently working with Infinis, the UK's largest independent generator of renewable power from landfill gas.

==Private life ==
John Birt's first wife was the American-born Jane Lake. They met in 1963, whilst she was an art student at Oxford. The couple married in [[Washington, D.C.]] in 1965, and have two children, Eliza and Yahya (formerly Jonathan) Birt.

In April 2005, Birt admitted a twelve-month affair with Eithne Wallis, a divorced mother of three and a former head of the [[National Probation Service]].<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-1559788,00.html Birt divorces his wife of 40 years for a new love - Britain - Times Online]</ref>. The divorce cost him just £1,500, after he also admitted [[adultery]] in his court papers.

Birt and Wallis' marriage took place on [[16 December]] [[2006]] at [[Islington]] Register Office. It was attended by neither set of children, and cost just the registrar's fees of £103.50, plus £30 to post the notice of marriage. A reception was held after the ceremony at the fashionable London [[St John (restaurant)|St John restaurant]] in Smithfield<ref>[http://www.mailonsunday.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=423129&in_page_id=1770 Former BBC boss John Birt spends £150 on wedding | the Mail on Sunday]</ref>, attended by, among others, the politician [[Peter Mandelson]] and [[Trevor Philips]], chairman of the [[Commission for Equalities and Human Rights]], both former colleagues at LWT.

==Portrayals in Fiction==
In the 2008 movie "[[Frost/Nixon (film)|Frost/Nixon]]", Birt was played by actor [[Matthew Macfadyen]].

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book | author = John Birt | title = The Harder Path | isbn = 0-316-86019-0 | year = 2002 | publisher = Time Warner Books}}
*{{cite book | author = [[Georgina Born]] | title = Uncertain Vision: Birt, Dyke and the Reinvention of the BBC | isbn = 0-436-20562-9 | year = 2004 | publisher = Secker & Warburg}}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2005/aug/26/broadcasting.uknews/print John Birt's MacTaggart Lecture 2005]
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst;jsessionid=GjpH2ymvMk2BQLpvv4dJcH3PJh82Gtq6BF8LFD26QYn172SkGlJP!-1689471358!68860294?a=o&d=5000379121 ''New Statesman'' interview with John Birt], June 21, 1996 by [[Ian Hargreaves]]
* [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,6903,819910,00.html Review of John Birt's ''The Harder Path''] by [[Peter Bazalgette]] in ''The Observer'', October 27, 2002
* [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/minutes/000307/ldminute.htm Announcement of his introduction at the House of Lords]

{{start box}}
{{s-media}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Director-General of the BBC]]
| years = 1992–2000
| before = [[Michael Checkland]] 1987–1992
| after = [[Greg Dyke]] 2000–2004
}}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birt, John}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:BBC executives]]
[[Category:English television executives]]
[[Category:Life peers]]
[[Category:Alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:People from Liverpool]]

[[de:John Birt, Baron Birt]]
[[no:John Birt]]

John Birt, Baron Birt

2009-07-22T14:54:59Z

Rodericksilly: /* BBC career */

'''John Birt, Baron Birt''' (born [[10 December]] [[1944]]), was an influential if controversial figure in British broadcasting. He was [[Director-General of the BBC|Director-General]] of the [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] from 1992 to 2000.

After a highly successful career in commercial television, first at [[Granada Television|Granada]] and then at [[LWT]], Birt was brought in as deputy director-general of the BBC in 1987 for his [[current affairs]] expertise. The forced departure of Director-General [[Alasdair Milne]] following pressure from the [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] government<ref>Alasdair Milne, ''DG: The Memoirs of a British Broadcaster'', 1988</ref> required someone at the top, preferably from outside the corporation, with editorial and production experience: Milne had been summarily replaced by [[Michael Checkland]], an [[accountant]].

Birt was credited with re-structuring the BBC in accordance with [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] [[privatisation]] policies, but in the face of much internal opposition. His supporters insist he saved the corporation from possible government sell-off, and properly equipped it to face the [[digital broadcasting|digital age]]. Birt later became an adviser to the [[Tony Blair|Blair]] government.

==Early life and commercial television career==
John Birt was born in [[Liverpool]] to a [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] father, a manager at the [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]] tyre company, and a [[Protestant]] mother. He was raised as a Roman Catholic. Birt was educated at the [[direct-grant grammar school]] [[St Mary's College, Liverpool]] and [[St Catherine's College, Oxford]], where he got a [[third-class degree]] in [[engineering]].

From 1966 to 1971 Birt was at [[Granada Television]]. He devised the magazine programme ''Nice Time'' and, as a researcher at ''[[World in Action]]'', staged in July 1967 a melodramatic post-trial encounter between [[Mick Jagger]] and senior figures in the British [[the establishment|establishment]]. Jagger, just released following drugs charges, descended from a helicopter to discuss on the lawn matters of the day with, among others, the editor of [[The Times]] and the [[Bishop of Woolwich]].

Birt in 1969 became joint editor of ''World in Action'' with [[Gus Macdonald, Baron Macdonald of Tradeston|Gus McDonald]], a former [[Trotskyist]], later himself to become a government minister and a member of the [[House of Lords]]. Birt later moved to LWT, where he was founding editor of the current affairs programme ''[[Weekend World]]''. He became head of current affairs at LWT and, later, controller of features and current affairs. In the mid-1970s he took a break from LWT to produce [[David Frost (broadcaster)|David Frost's]] interviews with disgraced former US President [[Richard Nixon]]. Birt returned to LWT as director of programmes in 1982. During this period he revived the career of his old friend, the Liverpool singer [[Cilla Black]], who in due course became the highest paid female performer on UK television.

Birt formed a close working relationship with his boss at LWT, [[Michael Grade]], which would later go sour when both worked at the BBC. <ref>John Birt,''The Harder Path'', 2002.</ref>

==BBC career==
While deputy director-general under [[Michael Checkland]], a former accountant, Birt also served as the BBC's director of news and current affairs. Then and subsequently, in the wake of the Thatcher government's bitter spats with Milne, he became the most hands-on editor-in-chief in the corporation's history.

With the then ''Weekend World'' presenter [[Peter Jay]], Birt had in 1974 contributed to ''[[The Times]]'' a series of three much-discussed articles on the topic of television journalism. Most television news and current affairs contained, they argued, a "bias against understanding": mere pictures had taken precedence over analysis. They advocated instead what became known as "a mission to explain." The model was ''Weekend World''.

In accordance with this thesis and, no doubt, with Milne's earlier agonies in mind, makers of news and documentary programmes were required to outline their finished product in writing before setting out with the cameras. The news correspondent [[Kate Adie]] considered such methods were at odds with the "obligation to report". <ref>[http://authorpages.hoddersystems.com/kateadie/extract.html THE KINDNESS OF STRANGERS]</ref> [[Fred Emery (journalist)|Fred Emery]] a former presenter of ''[[Panorama]]'', a direct rival to ''Weekend World'' and thus a prime test-bed for the new supervised approach, said it gave rise to "a certain blandness".

Birt's promotion to Director-General in 1992 caused immediate controversy. On top of all the internal opposition, it was then revealed that, though Director-General, Birt was being employed on a freelance consultancy basis in order to write off numerous personal expenses against tax, including "secretarial services" from his wife. While perfectly acceptable in the private sector, such practices were considered unacceptable in a Director-General of the BBC. Under political and public pressure, Birt became a BBC employee. He had to sell his [[shares]] in [[LWT]], part of his final salary settlement with the company. When in 1994 LWT was bought by Granada, Birt lost out on a windfall of what would have been several million pounds.

Consistent with Conservative Party policy, Birt introduced a "[[virtual]] [[internal market]]" at the BBC. Individual departments were required to charge each other for services, and even to compete against each other for contracts. Under what was called the "Producer Choice" initiative, programme producers were required to use outside suppliers if they were cheaper. Faced with high rental fees from the BBC's record library, producers for a time found it cheaper to buy records from local record shops. In-house facilities were closed or stood idle as a result, it was alleged, of "creative accounting" methods. Apparently unprofitable departments, including the [[BBC Radiophonic Workshop|Radiophonic Workshop]], were suddenly axed after decades of service. A year before his death, [[Dennis Potter]], Britain's foremost television playwright, labeled Birt a "croak-voiced [[Dalek]]".<ref>{{cite news
| first = Dennis
| last = Potter
| authorlink = Dennis Potter
| title = Occupying Powers
| url = http://www.bilderberg.org/milne.htm#Potter
| format = reprint
| work = [[The Guardian]]
| date = [[1993-08-28]]
| accessdate = 2006-12-01
}}</ref> The allusion stuck, and in the 1993 [[Christmas tape]] produced by the BBC's post production department, Birt was portrayed as the Daleks' creator, [[Davros]]<ref>http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=dVB6LdQF3BA</ref>. Former BBC director and producer [[David Maloney]] claimed on the DVD commentary for [[Genesis of the Daleks]] that "John Birt succeeded where [[Davros]] failed and ruined the BBC." Birt's use of impenetrable [[jargon]] became known as "Birtspeak", a phenomenon regularly mocked to this day in the satirical magazine ''[[Private Eye]]'', complete with miniature Dalek caricature of the man himself.

Birt's changes were partially dismantled by his successors [[Greg Dyke]], himself sacked following pressure from the Blair government, and [[Mark Thompson]].

Birt's defenders include the prominent journalists [[John Lloyd (UK journalist)|John Lloyd]] and [[Polly Toynbee]]. It has been argued that without his reforms and his ability to accommodate the Thatcher government, <ref>[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_200211/ai_n9152342 reign of King John, The]</ref> the renewal of the BBC's operating charter in the 1990s was in jeopardy. Birt was responsible for modernisation of much BBC output, including the removal from [[BBC Radio 1]] of veteran [[disc jockey|disk jockeys]] such as [[Dave Lee Travis]] and [[Simon Bates]]. Radio 1 re-branded itself as more youth-oriented, but the station's audience total declined nonetheless.

Birt invested heavily in digital broadcasting and sought government approval to direct licence fee money into the new internet service [[bbc.co.uk]]. Such ventures were at the time criticised by some as being to the detriment of the BBC's core programming. [[John Tusa]], a former boss of the [[BBC World Service]] said, "You have to love an organisation in order to reform it."

In 1998 BBC programme makers were ordered to refrain from any mention of the private life of the cabinet minister [[Peter Mandelson]]. In a live interview on BBC TV"s [[Newsnight]] the journalist and former Conservative [[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[Matthew Parris]] had identified Mandelson as a fellow [[homosexual]]. Mandelson, a former editor of ''Weekend World'', and Birt had been colleagues at LWT. There was press speculation that Birt himself had initiated the directive.

Birt was awarded a knighthood, and in 1999 a [[life peerage]]. He took his seat in the House of Lords in March 2000 as a [[crossbencher]].

==Post-BBC career==
In 2001<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1483994.stm Birt becomes Number 10 adviser]</ref> [[Tony Blair]] appointed Birt as his personal advisor, for what was termed "Blue Skies thinking"<ref>[http://media.guardian.co.uk/broadcast/story/0,7493,1520872,00.html Blue skies thinker with the eye of an accountant]</ref>; it is thought his long-standing friendship with [[Peter Mandelson]] had a role in his appointment.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3916089.stm Profile: Peter Mandelson ]</ref> His role in government has been controversial, since as a special advisor, rather than a civil servant, he is not formally obliged to face questions from [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] [[Select Committee (Westminster System)|Select committees]]. In October 2002 an uproar was created when it emerged that the government had specifically asked him not to appear in front of the transport select committee, at a time when he was in charge of long-term transport strategy. Earlier that year, a paper of Birt's had proposed a second network of motorways operated as [[toll road|tolls]] to counter the problems of traffic congestion.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1996237.stm,Toll road network 'planned for UK']</ref> In parallel, he has subsequently become a part-time consultant with [[McKinsey & Company]], which some see as a conflict of interest with his government involvement. In December 2005 he quit his role as advisor to Tony Blair to join private equity firm Terra Firma, "for personal reasons".

Since February 2004, Birt has been on the [[Board of Directors|board]] of [[PayPal]].

The ''[[Financial Times]]'' reported at the beginning of July 2005 that Birt's office ceiling at [[10 Downing Street|No 10 Downing Street]] had fallen in. No one was injured.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4605723.stm' Blue sky' Birt's ceiling falls]</ref>

Returning to his earlier career on [[26 August]] [[2005]], Birt delivered his second MacTaggart lecture at the [[Edinburgh International Television Festival]]. Partly a review of his professional life as a broadcaster, he also criticised the "tabloidisation" of intellectual concerns. More importantly, he argued that [[Channel 4|Channel Four]] should receive financial help, in order to preserve "public service broadcasting", which was taken as advocacy of the BBC sharing its [[Licence fee#United Kingdom|licence fee]] with Channel Four. He also mentioned that his long standing feud with [[Michael Grade]] had been resolved, but the speech as a whole was not admired by many figures in the industry. <ref>[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1558255,00.html Plenty of problems but no solutions]</ref>

In 2006, Lord Birt joined the consulting firm [[Capgemini]]. He will advise the firm, with a focus on its consulting services in the public sector and telecom, media and entertainment.<ref>[http://www.accountancyage.com/management-consultancy/news/2148989/lord-birt-joins-capgemini Lord Birt joins Capgemini]</ref>

He is currently working with Infinis, the UK's largest independent generator of renewable power from landfill gas.

==Private life ==
John Birt's first wife was the American-born Jane Lake. They met in 1963, whilst she was an art student at Oxford. The couple married in [[Washington, D.C.]] in 1965, and have two children, Eliza and Yahya (formerly Jonathan) Birt.

In April 2005, Birt admitted a twelve-month affair with Eithne Wallis, a divorced mother of three and a former head of the [[National Probation Service]].<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-1559788,00.html Birt divorces his wife of 40 years for a new love - Britain - Times Online]</ref>. The divorce cost him just £1,500, after he also admitted [[adultery]] in his court papers.

Birt and Wallis' marriage took place on [[16 December]] [[2006]] at [[Islington]] Register Office. It was attended by neither set of children, and cost just the registrar's fees of £103.50, plus £30 to post the notice of marriage. A reception was held after the ceremony at the fashionable London [[St John (restaurant)|St John restaurant]] in Smithfield<ref>[http://www.mailonsunday.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=423129&in_page_id=1770 Former BBC boss John Birt spends £150 on wedding | the Mail on Sunday]</ref>, attended by, among others, the politician [[Peter Mandelson]] and [[Trevor Philips]], chairman of the [[Commission for Equalities and Human Rights]], both former colleagues at LWT.

==Portrayals in Fiction==
In the 2008 movie "[[Frost/Nixon (film)|Frost/Nixon]]", Birt was played by actor [[Matthew Macfadyen]].

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book | author = John Birt | title = The Harder Path | isbn = 0-316-86019-0 | year = 2002 | publisher = Time Warner Books}}
*{{cite book | author = [[Georgina Born]] | title = Uncertain Vision: Birt, Dyke and the Reinvention of the BBC | isbn = 0-436-20562-9 | year = 2004 | publisher = Secker & Warburg}}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2005/aug/26/broadcasting.uknews/print John Birt's MacTaggart Lecture 2005]
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst;jsessionid=GjpH2ymvMk2BQLpvv4dJcH3PJh82Gtq6BF8LFD26QYn172SkGlJP!-1689471358!68860294?a=o&d=5000379121 ''New Statesman'' interview with John Birt], June 21, 1996 by [[Ian Hargreaves]]
* [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,6903,819910,00.html Review of John Birt's ''The Harder Path''] by [[Peter Bazalgette]] in ''The Observer'', October 27, 2002
* [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/minutes/000307/ldminute.htm Announcement of his introduction at the House of Lords]

{{start box}}
{{s-media}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Director-General of the BBC]]
| years = 1992–2000
| before = [[Michael Checkland]] 1987–1992
| after = [[Greg Dyke]] 2000–2004
}}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birt, John}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:BBC executives]]
[[Category:English television executives]]
[[Category:Life peers]]
[[Category:Alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:People from Liverpool]]

[[de:John Birt, Baron Birt]]
[[no:John Birt]]

Wood Norton Hall

2009-06-18T19:10:44Z

Rodericksilly:

'''Wood Norton''', is a Grade II listed [[stately home]] near [[Evesham, Worcestershire|Evesham]], [[England]]. It was the last home in England of the [[Duc d'Orleans]], who claimed the throne of France. It was later a private school.

In 1939, with [[World War II|war]] just months away, the [[BBC]] bought the site so that it could relocate its operations away from London and the other urban centres in the event of hostilities. A number of temporary buildings were quickly erected around the historic house to provide an emergency broadcasting centre.<ref> [http://www.bbc.co.uk/heritage/in_depth/buildings/wood_norton.shtml www.bbc.co.uk]</ref>

A dozen studios were built, and by 1940 Wood Norton was one of the largest broadcasting centres in Europe with an average output of 1,300 programmes a week. For a while it was also a monitoring station. Linguists, many of them foreign nationals, were hired to listen in to broadcasts from Europe.

Many famous writers and publishers lived and worked there during the war, and Wood Norton was said to have been "the least bureaucratic set-up in BBC history".

After the war it became home to the BBC Engineering Training Department.

In 1966, and into the late 1960s, Bredon Wing was built as an addition, containing a 175 foot long [[nuclear fallout]] bunker beneath it<ref> [http://www.subbrit.org.uk/rsg/sites/w/woodnorton/ www.subbrit.org.uk]</ref>. A mast was constructed on top of the hill and was fitted with an [[Super high frequency|SHF]] dish (microwave link) to [[Daventry]] radio station (referred to in 1975 cabinet papers released [[30 December]] [[2005]]).
Two [[VHF]] [[Yagi antenna|yagi aerials]] were fitted to receive [[Holme Moss]] and [[Llandrindod Wells]].
Later, another SHF link was fitted to [[Pebble Mill]] studios in [[Birmingham]]. This supplied quality TV to the Wood Norton technical training facilities since the terrestrial TV signal was so poor.

This bunker (known as PAWN - Protected Area Wood Norton) and mast, and many other installations, were referred to as "Deferred facilities" in the BBC. Few staff (perhaps only three) knew the full extent of these facilities, although staff that were involved were vetted by the [[Ministry of Defence (UK)|Ministry of Defence]] and had to sign the [[Official Secrets Act]] (OSA). Because of the threat of prosecution under the OSA, few people today will talk about these facilities, even though the [[Cold War]] ended in the early 1990s.

The "Deferred facilities" were modified many times during the years that followed. In the 1970s these facilities were extended and updated to provide a standby service known as the "Wartime Broadcasting Service".

The estate has been the home of the BBC's Technical training department since the war, now branded BBC Training & Development. It is well known for the quality and depth of expertise in all aspects of broadcasting. Training is provided for technical and engineering staff from most UK broadcasters and telecommunications companies, with some sales of training overseas. Training staff also travel the UK to deliver courses on other sites, run residential courses at the site, or design interactive courses for use on the BBC's internal network.

Because of its convenience as a BBC facility, Wood Norton was used for some of the filming of the [[Doctor Who]] serial [[Spearhead from Space]] <ref>{{web cite | url= http://www.shannonsullivan.com/drwho/serials/aaa.html | title= Spearhead from Space}}</ref> and it was later used for all of the location filming of [[Robot (Doctor Who)]]<ref>{{web cite | url= http://www.shannonsullivan.com/drwho/serials/4a.html | title= Robot}}</ref>.

Under the leadership of [[Greg Dyke]] and Resources director Mike Southgate, the BBC sold off the residential accommodation on site used by trainees, which had been built by the corporation 20 years previously. There have been several problems since the sale as the companies controlling the accommodation on the site have not proven completely reliable. Wood Norton Hall itself was a privately owned hotel and conference centre, but closed down suddenly towards the end of 2005. The BBC retains its Technical and Operational Training Centre in the extensive grounds.

==References==
<references/>
* [http://www181.pair.com/otsw/BBCMS.html ''War Across the Airwaves'']

==Further reading==
* ''Assigned to Listen - The Evesham Experience 1939-43'', Olive Renier & Vladimir Rubinstein, BBC External Services 1986 ISBN 0563-205 083

{{coord|52|7.333|N|1|58.602|W|display=title}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Worcestershire]]
[[Category:BBC offices, studios and buildings]]

Athelhampton Hall

2009-06-14T20:26:14Z

Rodericksilly:

[[Image:AthelhamptonHouse.jpg|thumb|200px|Athelhampton]]

'''Athelhampton''' (also known as '''Admiston''' or '''Adminston''') is one of the finest 15th-century [[manor house]]s in [[England]], and is set in superb gardens. It is a privately owned [[country house]] on 160 acres (647,000 m²) of parkland, located five miles (8 km) east of [[Dorchester, Dorset]]. The house is now open for public visits.

In 1086, the site was recorded in the [[Domesday Book]] which states that the [[Bishop of Salisbury]], with Odbold as tenant, held the manor, then called Pidele. The name ''Aethelhelm'' appears in the 13th century, when Athelhampton belonged to the de Loundres family. In 1350 Richard Martyn married the de Pydele heiress, and their descendant [[Sir William Martyn]], [[Lord Mayor]] of [[London]] in 1492, built the current Great Hall in or around 1485. He also received licence to enclose 160 acres (647,000 m²) of deer park and to fortify his manor.

A West Wing and Gatehouse were added in 1550, but in 1862 the Gatehouse was demolished. [[Sir Robert Long, 1st Baronet|Sir Robert Long]] purchased Athelhampton House in 1665 from [[Ralph Bankes|Sir Ralph Bankes]]. In 1684 an attempt was made by the court to [[Sequestration (law)|sequester]] the estate from the then owner, James Long Esquire (son of [[Sir James Long, 2nd Baronet]]), to recover a debt,<ref>[[Notes and Queries]] for Somerset and Dorset - 1915 "An Incident at Admiston, Dorset in the 17th Century" pp102-104</ref> but this appears to have been unsuccessful. The estate passed down through the Long family to [[William Pole-Tylney-Long-Wellesley, 5th Earl of Mornington|William Pole-Tylney-Long-Wellesley]] (Viscount Wellesley, later 5th [[Earl of Mornington]]), who sold it in 1848 to George Wood. In 1891, the house was acquired by the antiquarian [[Alfred de Lafontaine]], who carried out restoration to the interior and added the North Wing in 1920–21.

At the same time, de Lafontaine engaged [[Inigo Thomas]] to create one of England's great gardens as a series of "outdoor rooms" inspired by the Renaissance. Twenty acres (81,000 m²) of formal gardens are encircled by the [[River Piddle]], and consist of eight walled gardens with numerous fountains and pavilions, plus a [[balustrade]]d terrace, statues, [[obelisk]]s and magnificent vistas through gate piers. Great Court contains 12 giant [[Taxus baccata|yew]] pyramids set around the pool by the great terrace. The lawn to the west has an early 16th-century circular [[dovecote]], and the south terrace features a vast "[[Magnolia]] grandiflora" and a Banksian rose. [[Pear]] trees cover the old walls and support [[rose]]s and [[clematis]].

Across the A35 stands the Church of St John, built in 1862 as a way of moving the old parish church away from the house. The church was designed by the Dorchester architect 'Hicks' who employed Thomas Hardy at the time.
The Church was acquired with its pews and most of the Grave Yard in 1984 after the church had fallen into disrepair having been made redundant by the Church of England in 1975.
The Church is now used by the [[Antiochian Orthodox]] parish of St Edward King and Martyr. A good congregation meet at the church with services every Sunday in addition and at Christmas hold a delightful Carol Service.

Athelhampton has been owned by three generations of the Cooke family, the present owners. It was used as a location for the 1972 film, [[Sleuth (1972 film)|Sleuth]], when it was owned by [[Robert Cooke (politician)|Robert Cooke]], MP. The house and gardens were also used for the main filming location of the [[Doctor Who]] serial [[The Seeds of Doom]].

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.athelhampton.co.uk/ Athelhampton] (official website)
*[http://www.welcometopoole.co.uk/photogallery/dorset/athelhampton/index.htm Photo gallery of Athelhampton House]
*[http://www.athelhampton.co.uk/houseandgardens/marevnasstudio.htm "Marevna's Studio" at Athelhampton House] where the Russian émigrée cubist painter [[Marie Vorobieff]], known also as [[Marevna]], stayed and worked between 1949-1957 [http://www.marevna.info/] (open to the public from March 2006).
*
* [http://www.antiochian-orthodox.co.uk/athelhampton.htm Orthodox parish of St. Edward, King and Passionbearer]

{{coord missing|Dorset}}

[[Category:Houses in Dorset]]