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Upjohn (Unternehmen)

2019-12-11T03:17:47Z

Rob.bastholm: Removed superfluous comma.

{{short description|Pharmaceutical manufacturing firm}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Upjohn Company
| logo = File:Upjohn logo.gif
| image =
| image_caption =
| fate = Merged with [[Pharmacia]] to form [[Pharmacia & Upjohn]]
| traded_as =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1886}}
| industry = [[Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceutical]]
| defunct = 1995
| location = [[Michigan]], United States of America
| area_served =
| key_people =
| products =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees =
| subsid =
| homepage =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Upjohn's Friable Pills.jpg|thumb|Logo of Upjohn Pill & Granule, later The Upjohn Company]]
'''The Upjohn Company''' was a pharmaceutical manufacturing firm founded in 1886 in [[Kalamazoo, Michigan]], by [[William E. Upjohn|Dr. William E. Upjohn]], an 1875 graduate of the [[University of Michigan]] medical school. The company was originally formed to make ''friable pills'', which were specifically designed to be easily digested.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928141332/http://www.kpl.gov/collections/LocalHistory/AllAbout/biography/Upjohn.aspx|url=http://www.kpl.gov/collections/LocalHistory/AllAbout/biography/Upjohn.aspx|website=Kalamazoo Public Library|title=William E. Upjohn: Person of the Century 1853 - 1932|date=2002|first=Martha|last=Lohrstorfer|first2=Catherine|last2=Larson|archivedate=September 28, 2007|url-status=unfit}}</ref> These could be "reduced to a powder under the thumb", a strong marketing argument at the time.

In 1995, Upjohn merged with [[Pharmacia]] AB to form [[Pharmacia & Upjohn]];<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507201538/http://informagen.com/Resource_Informagen/report.php?mrn=112|url=http://informagen.com/Resource_Informagen/report.php?mrn=112|website=Resource Informagen|title=Upjohn Company|url-status=unfit|archivedate=May 7, 2006}}</ref> the company is now owned by [[Pfizer]].

==Chemistry==
[[Image:Unicap Upjohn.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Unicap, a [[multivitamin]] produced by Upjohn.]]
Upjohn developed a process for the large scale production of [[cortisone]]. The oxygen atom at the 11 position in this steroid is an absolute requirement for biological activity. There are however no known natural sources for starting materials that contain that feature. The only method for preparing this drug prior to 1952 was a lengthy synthesis starting from [[cholic acid]] isolated from bile. In 1952 two Upjohn biochemists, Dury Peterson and Herb Murray announced that they were able to introduce this crucial oxygen atom by fermentation of the steroid [[progesterone]] with a common mold of the genus [[Rhizopus]]. Over the next several years a group of chemists headed by John Hogg developed a process for preparing cortisone from the soybean sterol [[stigmasterol]]. The microbiological oxygenation is a key step in this process.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0039-128X(92)90013-Y |title=Steroids, the steroid community, and Upjohn in perspective: A profile of innovation |year=1992 |last1=Hogg |first1=John A. |journal=Steroids |volume=57 |issue=12 |pages=593–616 |pmid=1481225}}</ref>

Subsequently, Upjohn together with [[Schering AG|Schering]] biochemically converted cortisone into the more potent [[steroid]] [[prednisone]] by a bacterial fermentation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prednisonesideeffects.org/prednisone-half-life-is-a-good-medicine/|url-status=unfit|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111111330/http://www.prednisonesideeffects.org/prednisone-half-life-is-a-good-medicine/|archivedate=January 11, 2012|title=Prednisone Half Life Is A Good Medicine|website=PrednisoneSideEffects.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?id=3735|title=DailyMed - DELTASONE- prednisone tablet|website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> In [[Chemistry|chemical research]], the company is best known for the development of the [[Upjohn dihydroxylation]] by V. VanRheenen, R. C. Kelly and D. Y. Cha in 1976.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0040-4039(00)78093-2 |title=An improved catalytic OsO4 oxidation of olefins to cis-1,2-glycols using tertiary amine oxides as the oxidant |year=1976 |last1=Vanrheenen |first1=V. |last2=Kelly |first2=R.C. |last3=Cha |first3=D.Y. |journal=Tetrahedron Letters |volume=17 |issue=23 |pages=1973–6}})</ref> Upjohn's most well-known drugs before the acquisition by Pfizer were [[Alprazolam|Xanax]], [[Triazolam|Halcion]], [[Ibuprofen|Motrin]], [[Lincomycin|Lincocin]], and [[Minoxidil|Rogaine]].

In 2015, Pfizer resurrected the Upjohn name for a division which manufactures and licenses drugs for which patents have expired; as of 2019 it plans to divest itself of this business in 2020 <ref>[[Barron's Magazine]], November 25, 2019</ref>.

==See also==
*[[W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}
* ''Upjohn Co. v. United States'' (449 U.S. 383) (1981)

== External links ==
* [http://www.upjohn.net Memories of The Upjohn Company]
* http://www.michmarkers.com/startup.asp?startpage=S0582.htm
{{Pharmaceutical companies of the United States}}

[[Category:Companies based in Kalamazoo, Michigan]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1886]]
[[Category:Defunct pharmaceutical companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Pfizer]]
[[Category:Life sciences industry]]
[[Category:1886 establishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies disestablished in 1995]]
[[Category:1995 disestablishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:1995 mergers and acquisitions]]

Global Forecast System

2018-07-09T18:02:56Z

Rob.bastholm: Semicolons divide independent clauses.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Refimprove|date=July 2016}}
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=September 2014}}
}}

[[Image:GFS 850 MB.PNG|right|300px|thumb|An example of a forecast product from the GFS, in this case a 96-hour forecast of 850 [[millibar|mb]] [[geopotential height]] and temperature]]

The '''Global Forecast System''' ('''GFS''') is a global [[numerical weather prediction]] system containing a global [[computer model]] and variational analysis run by the United States' [[National Weather Service]] (NWS).

The [[mathematical model]] is run four times a day, and produces [[weather forecasting|forecasts]] for up to 16 days in advance, but with decreased spatial resolution after 10 days. The forecast skill generally decreases with time (as with any numerical weather prediction model) and for longer term forecasts, only the larger scales retain significant accuracy. It is one of the predominant [[Synoptic scale meteorology|synoptic scale]] medium-range models in general use.

The GFS model is a [[Spectral method|spectral]] model with an approximate horizontal resolution of 13 km for the first 10 days and 27 km from 240 to 384 hours (16 days). In the vertical, the model is divided into 64 layers and temporally, it produces forecast output every hour for the first 120 hours,<ref>{{cite web|author1=Timothy McClung|title=Technical Implementation Notice 16-11 Amended|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/notification/tin16-11gfs_gdasaaa.htm|publisher=Nation Weather Service|accessdate=5 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605214139/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/notification/tin16-11gfs_gdasaaa.htm|archivedate=5 June 2016}}</ref> three hourly through day 10 and 12 hourly through day 16. The output from the GFS is also used to produce [[model output statistics]].

In addition to the main model, the GFS is also the basis of a lower-resolution 20-member (22, counting the [[scientific control|control]] and operational members) [[ensemble forecasting|ensemble]] that runs concurrently with the operational GFS and is available on the same time scales. This ensemble is referred to as the "Global Ensemble Forecast System" (GEFS). Ensemble model output statistics are available out to 8 days. The GFS ensemble is combined with Canada's [[Global Environmental Multiscale Model]] ensemble to form the [[North American Ensemble Forecast System]] (NAEFS).

As with most works of the U.S. government, GFS data is not copyrighted and is available for free in the [[public domain]] under provisions of [[Copyright law#Copyrights and the United States Government|U.S. law]]. Because of this, the model serves as the basis for the forecasts of numerous private, commercial, and foreign weather companies.

By 2015 the GFS model had fallen behind the accuracy of other global weather models.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Berger|first1=Eric|title=The US weather model is now the fourth best in the world|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/06/the-us-weather-model-is-now-the-fourth-best-in-the-world/|publisher=Ars Technica|date=21 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Berger|first1=Eric|title=The European forecast model already kicking America's butt just improved|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/03/the-european-forecast-model-already-kicking-americas-butt-just-improved/|accessdate=16 August 2016|publisher=Ars Technica|date=11 March 2016}}</ref> This was most notable in the GFS model incorrectly predicting [[Hurricane Sandy]] turning out to sea until 4 days before landfall, while the [[European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts]]' model predicted landfall correctly at 7 days. Much of this was suggested to be due to limits in computational resources within the National Weather Service. In response, the NWS purchased new supercomputers, increasing processing power from 776 tera[[flops]] to 5.78 petaflops.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kravets|first1=David|title=National Weather Service will boost its supercomputing capacity tenfold|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2015/01/national-weather-service-will-boost-its-supercomputing-capacity-tenfold/|accessdate=16 August 2016|publisher=Ars Technica|date=5 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Rice|first1=Doyle|title=Supercomputer quietly puts U.S. weather resources back on top|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2016/02/22/supercomputer-reston-noaa-cray-ibm/80290546/|accessdate=16 August 2016|publisher=USA Today|date=22 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NOAA completes weather and climate supercomputer upgrades|url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2016/011116-noaa-completes-weather-and-climate-supercomputer-upgrades.html|website=NOAA|accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> The agency has also been testing a potential replacement model with different mechanics, the [[flow-following, finite-volume icosahedral model]] (FIM), since the early 2010s.

As of the 12z run on 19 July 2017, the GFS model has been upgraded. Unlike the recently upgraded [[European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts|ECMWF]], the new GFS behaves a bit differently in the tropics and in other regions compared to the previous version<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/changes/|title=NCO PMB – Upcoming Changes|last=Team|first=NCO Web|website=www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov|access-date=2017-07-19}}</ref>. This version accounts more accurately for variables such as the [[Madden–Julian oscillation]] and the [[Saharan Air Layer]].

Long-term plans are for the GFS to receive a new core with dynamic scaling that uses the [[finite volume method]]. The resulting model, being developed under the name FV3, will retain the GFS moniker.<ref>http://www.noaa.gov/media-release/noaa-to-develop-new-global-weather-model</ref> The proposal comes after eight years of testing a potential replacement model, the flow-following, finite-volume icosahedral model; the FIM proved to be slower and not appreciably more accurate than the GFS. Initial testing of the FV3 showed promise, outperforming the [[Integrated Forecast System]] in terms of hurricane tracks during the 2017 hurricane season (the IFS had been the most accurate operational model in predicting the paths).<ref>https://www.aip.org/fyi/2018/noaa-budget-cuts-get-chilly-reception-congress</ref>

==See also==
* [[Weather research and forecasting model]]
* [[Numerical weather prediction]]
* [[Ensemble forecasting]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/global-forcast-system-gfs NOAA GFS Model Information Website]

== External links ==
* [http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/GFS/ NCEP/EMC GFS Model Website]

{{Atmospheric, Oceanographic and Climate Models}}

[[Category:Weather prediction]]
[[Category:Numerical climate and weather models]]

{{Climate-stub}}

Pocket Rockers

2013-03-21T11:22:15Z

Rob.bastholm:

{{Infobox Toy
|name = Pocket Rockers
|image = [[File:Pocket Rocker.jpg|200px]]
|type = [[Portable audio player]]
|inventor =
|country = [[United States]]
|company = [[Fisher-Price]]
|from = 1988
|to = 1991
|materials =
|website =
|slogan =
}}

'''Pocket Rockers''' was a brand of [[personal stereo]] produced by [[Fisher-Price]] in the late 1980s, aimed at [[elementary school]]-age children.<ref>[http://www.thisoldtoy.com/fisher-price/dept-1-Audio-Vis-Mus/j-pocket-rockers/a-index.html This Old Toy - Pocket Rockers]</ref> It played a proprietary variety of miniature cassette (appearing to be a smaller version of the [[8-track tape]]) which was released only by Fisher-Price themselves. Each tape had two songs. Tapes were available from several pop stars, including [[Bon Jovi]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[The Bangles]], [[Tiffany (singer)|Tiffany]], and [[Debbie Gibson]]. They were designed to be as much a fashion accessory as a music player, and for a brief period they were enough of a youth craze to be banned in some schools.

The advertisements featured a song in the tune of [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]]'s "[[Down on the Corner]]".

The Pocket Rockers line was discontinued in 1991, following a sharp decline in sales. Today, the player and cassettes are sought after by collectors.

==List of featured artists and songs==
;[[Bananarama]]
:"[[I Heard a Rumour]]"

;[[The Bangles]]
:"[[Walk Like an Egyptian]]" / "[[Manic Monday]]"

;[[Beastie Boys]]
:"[[(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!)]]"

;[[Bill Haley & His Comets]]
:"[[Rock Around the Clock]]" / "[[Shake, Rattle and Roll]]"

;[[Bon Jovi]]
:"[[Livin' on a Prayer]]" / "[[Runaway (Bon Jovi song)|Runaway]]"
:"[[Wanted Dead or Alive (Bon Jovi song)|Wanted Dead or Alive]]" / "[[You Give Love a Bad Name (song)|You Give Love a Bad Name]]"

;[[Breakfast Club (band)|Breakfast Club]]
:"Right on Track" / "Kiss and Tell"

;[[Belinda Carlisle]]
:"[[Heaven Is a Place on Earth]]" / "[[I Get Weak]]"

;[[The Champs]]
:"[[Tequila]]"

;[[Phil Collins]]
:"[[Sussudio]]" / "[[Don't Lose My Number]]"

;[[Cutting Crew]]
:"[[(I Just) Died In Your Arms]]" / "I've Been In Love Before"

;[[Taylor Dayne]]
:"[[Prove Your Love]]" / "[[Tell It to My Heart]]"

;[[The Fat Boys]]
:"[[Wipe Out (instrumental)|Wipe Out]]" / "[[Rock Ruling]]"

;[[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
:"[[Domino (Genesis song)|The Last Domino]]" / "[[Invisible Touch (song)|Invisible Touch]]"

;[[Debbie Gibson]]
:"[[Shake Your Love]]" / "[[Only in My Dreams]]"

;[[Jan Hammer]] + [[Glenn Frey]]
:"[[Miami Vice Theme]]" / "[[The Heat Is On (Glenn Frey song)|The Heat Is On]]"

;[[Whitney Houston]]
:"[[How Will I Know]]" / "[[The Greatest Love of All]]"
:"[[I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)]]" / "[[So Emotional]]"

;[[Michael Jackson]]
:"[[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Bad]]" / "[[Beat It]]"
:"[[Wanna Be Startin' Somethin']]" / "[[Another Part of Me]]"

;[[The Jets (band)|The Jets]]
:"[[Cross My Broken Heart]]" / "[[You Got It All]]"
:"[[Make It Real]]" / "[[I Do You]]"

;[[Huey Lewis and the News]]
:"[[Doing It All for My Baby]]" / "[[The Power of Love (Huey Lewis and the News song)|The Power of Love]]"
:"[[Hip to Be Square]]" / "[[The Heart of Rock & Roll]]"

;[[Kenny Loggins]]
:"[[Footloose (song)|Footloose]]" / "[[Danger Zone (song) |Danger Zone]]"

;[[Los Lobos]]
:"[[La Bamba (song)|La Bamba]]" / "[[Tequila (song)|Tequila]]"

;[[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]"
:"[[Who's That Girl (Madonna song)|Who's That Girl?]]" / "[[Material Girl]]"

;[[Mike + The Mechanics]]"
:"[[All I Need Is a Miracle]]" / " You Are The One"

;[[Ray Parker, Jr.]] + [[The Monkees]]
:"[[Ghostbusters (song)|Ghostbusters]]" / "[[(Theme From) The Monkees]]"

;[[David Lee Roth]]
:"[[California Girls#David Lee Roth cover|California Girls]]"

;[[Bruce Springsteen]]
:"[[Born in the U.S.A. (song)|Born in the U.S.A.]]"

;[[Tears for Fears]]
:"[[Shout (Tears for Fears song)|Shout]]" / "[[Everybody Wants to Rule the World]]"

;[[Tiffany (singer)|Tiffany]]
:"[[All This Time (Tiffany song)|All This Time]]" / "[[Radio Romance]]"
:"[[I Saw Her Standing There|I Saw Him Standing There]]" / "[[Feelings of Forever]]"
:"[[I Think We're Alone Now#Tiffany version|I Think We're Alone Now]]" / "[[Could've Been]]"

;[[T'Pau (band)|T'Pau]]
:"[[Heart and Soul (T'Pau song)|Heart and Soul]]" / "[[China in Your Hand]]"

;[[Wham!]]
:"[[Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go]]"

;[[Kim Wilde]]
:"[[You Keep Me Hangin' On]]" / "[[Say You Really Want Me]]"

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.x-entertainment.com/articles/0862/ Article about Pocket Rockers]
* [http://everything2.com/title/Pocket+Rockers Pocket Rockers @ Everything2]

[[Category:Fisher-Price]]
[[Category:Audio storage]]
[[Category:1980s toys]]

{{Toy-stub}}

The Last of Us

2012-06-09T16:56:21Z

Rob.bastholm: /* Development */

{{Infobox video game
|title=The Last of Us
|image=[[File:Last of Us cover.jpg|250px]]
|caption=
|developer=[[Naughty Dog]]
|publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment]]
|director=Neil Druckmann (creative director) Bruce Straley (game director)
|designer=
|programmer=
|writer=
|composer=[[Gustavo Santaolalla]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Minkley |first=Johnny |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-13-the-last-of-us-scored-by-oscar-winner-gustavo-santaolalla |title=The Last Of Us scored by Oscar-winner Gustavo Santaolalla • News • |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=Q4 2012/Q1 2013
}}</ref>
|series=
|engine= In-house engine<ref>http://playstationlifestyle.net/2012/05/20/naughty-dog-on-the-last-of-us-graphics-engine-improvements/</ref> [[Havok (software)|Havok]] ([[game physics]])
|version=
|released=2013<ref>http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-06-06-the-last-of-us-a-2013-game</ref>
|genre=[[Action-adventure game|Action adventure]], [[Survival game|survival]]
|modes=[[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
|ratings=
|platforms=[[PlayStation 3]]
|media=[[Blu-ray Disc]]
}}
'''''The Last of Us''''' is an upcoming post-apocalyptic [[Virtual camera system#Third person view games|third-person]] [[survival horror|survival]] [[action-adventure game|action-adventure]] [[video game]] developed by [[Naughty Dog]] for the [[PlayStation 3]]. It was officially revealed on December 10, 2011 during the [[Spike TV Video Game Awards]].

==Synopsis==
===Cast===
The main characters in the game, Ellie and Joel, are played by [[Ashley Johnson]] and [[Troy Baker]], respectively. Joel is a "ruthless" survivor and Ellie is a 14-year-old girl who is wise beyond her years but is too young to remember the world as it once was.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg247.com/2011/12/12/ellen-page-not-involved-with-the-last-of-us-enslaved-design-lead-on-board/ |title=Ellen Page not involved with The Last of Us, Enslaved design lead on board |publisher=VG247 |date=2011-12-12 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

===Setting===
The Last of Us begins in a Boston quarantine zone twenty years after the initial plague. The 14-year-old orphan Ellie, lives in a strict boarding house, and Joel, who is a black market dealer within the quarantine zone, sells weapons and drugs. An unknown event then occurs where Joel makes a promise to a dying friend that he will protect Ellie and help her escape. As they both make their way out of the quarantine zone with their lives, the game then starts to play throughout areas across the United States, including a now post-apocalyptic Pittsburgh and other locations reclaimed by nature. Evidently, things take a turn for the worse, as the military quickly finds out about their escape and begins pursuing them. After a nearby safe haven fails to work out, Joel and Ellie continue their venture across the United States, and their dire attempts to escape from law enforcement begins to unfold. Along the way, the duo must also overcome countless hostiles, ranging from infected enemies to hunters and enemy survivors. It is also suggested that survival will involve both killing and scavenging.<ref name=preview/>

===Gameplay===
It's been confirmed by Naughty Dog that the player will take control of Joel, while Ellie will be controlled by the AI. The game will involve both gunfighting and melee combat, and it will also have a cover system. Unlike [[Uncharted]], the players will have to find health packs to recover health. In the first two trailers, two types of enemies can be seen: the Infected - former humans who were infected by the fungus - and the Survivors - other humans that are not infected but are still hostile towards Joel and Ellie for reasons unknown.

At Sony’s Press Conference at E3 2012 the first gameplay footage of the game was shown, receiving huge praise from spectators. The gameplay shows Joel trying to get to a bridge. The player brings Joel and Ellie into a flooded hotel where they hear other people, at which point Joel’s ammo and health finally appear, showing four bullets in his revolver, and he and Ellie quickly go into cover. A violent fight soon ensues, taking the player through several areas of the hotel while showing the different styles of fighting and weaponry in the game. The fighting gameplay shows Joel putting a man in a [[rear naked choke]], hand-to-hand combat, and the aiming system for a pistol and shotgun. The AI in the game was shown for the human survivors, with several enemies using cover and one enemy recognizing the sound of an empty revolver. An inventory system was also demonstrated from which Joel grabs a Molotov cocktail. Joel's limited number of rounds also suggests that supplies will be limited, a typical mechanic in end-of-the-world games.

The trailer shows Ellie assisting Joel when needed, such as distracting a man by yelling at him and throwing a brick when Joel runs out of rounds. In another scene, Ellie stabs a man in the back when he jumps Joel, allowing Joel to free himself. Ellie’s health was not shown or noted in the demo.

==Development==
The game was first teased before the [[2011 video game awards|Spike Video Game Awards]] on November 29, 2011, with a billboard in [[Times Square]] mentioning "a PS3 exclusive you won't believe".<ref>{{cite web|author=Jake Denton |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/327914/vgas-to-premiere-a-ps3-exclusive-you-wont-believe/ |title=PS3 News: Video Game Awards (VGA's) to premiere 'a PS3 exclusive you won't believe' |publisher=''[[Computer and Video Games]]''|date=2011-11-30 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref> Initial trailers showed an apocalyptic event, including riots, epidemic, quarantine, and violence, as well as a clip of the [[BBC]]'s ''[[Planet Earth (TV series)|Planet Earth]]'' showing an ant infected with [[Cordyceps unilateralis]], a dangerous parasitic fungus that usually kills insects such as ants. On December 9, players of ''[[Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception]]'' spotted an in-game reference to the aforementioned trailer with the newspaper headline "scientists are still struggling to understand deadly fungus".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg247.com/2011/12/09/rumour-the-last-of-us-teased-in-uncharted-3/ |title=Rumour – The Last of Us teased in Uncharted 3 |publisher=VG247 |date=2011-12-09 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

At the Spike Video Game Awards, Sony officially unveiled the game, a brand new [[intellectual property]] from [[Naughty Dog]], created by a previously unpublicized 80-person Naughty Dog development team. A gameplay trailer, made up of in-engine footage,<ref>{{cite web|last=Minkley |first=Johnny |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-13-the-last-of-us-preview |title=The Last of Us Preview • Previews • |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref> showed a man and a teenage girl fending off other survivors and what appeared to be people with unusual fungal growth, before running out into a dilapidated city covered in greenery, reminiscent of the film ''[[I Am Legend (film)|I Am Legend]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg247.com/2011/12/11/naughty-dogs-the-last-of-us-announced-at-vgas/ |title=Naughty Dog's The Last of Us announced at VGAs |publisher=VG247 |date=2011-12-12 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

Shortly after the unveiling, Naughty Dog co-president Evan Wells posted on the PlayStation Blog new ''The Last of Us'' details:
{{prettyquote|''The Last of Us'' is a genre-defining experience that blends survival and action elements to tell a character driven tale about a modern plague decimating mankind. Nature encroaches upon civilization, forcing remaining survivors to kill for food, weapons and whatever they can find. Joel, a ruthless survivor, and Ellie, a brave young teenage girl who is wise beyond her years, must work together to survive their journey across what remains of the United States.<ref>{{cite web|author=Evan Wells |url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/12/10/naughty-dog-reveals-the-last-of-us-at-2011-vgas/ |title=Naughty Dog Reveals The Last of Us at 2011 VGAs |publisher=SCEA |date=2011-12-10 |accessdate=2011-12-11}}</ref>}}

The announcement confirmed that the new project is being headed by studio game director Bruce Straley. Former lead designer on ''[[Enslaved: Odyssey to the West]]'', Mark Richard Davies, has been working at Naughty Dog on the game.<ref>{{cite web|author=computerandvideogames.com Tamoor Hussain |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/329270/the-last-of-us-gets-enslaved-lead-designer-doesnt-star-ellen-page/ |title=PS3 News: The Last of Us gets Enslaved lead designer, doesn't star Ellen Page |publisher=ComputerAndVideoGames.com |date=2011-12-12 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref> After ''Uncharted 2: Among Thieves'' shipped in 2009, some of the development team from the game formed the team for ''The Last of Us'', while the remainder worked on ''Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception'';<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg247.com/2011/12/13/second-naughty-dog-team-at-work-on-the-last-of-us-for-two-years/ |title=Second Naughty Dog team at work on The Last of Us for two years |publisher=VG247 |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref> ''The Last of Us'' marks the first time that Naughty Dog has become a two-team studio.<ref name=preview/> It is also the first time the studio has introduced a second new IP in the same hardware generation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yin |first=Wesley |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-11-the-last-of-us-confirmed-as-a-new-naughty-dog-playstation-3-exclusive |title=The Last of Us confirmed as a new Naughty Dog PlayStation 3 exclusive • News • |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date=2011-12-11 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref> A gameplay by the developers was shown at the E3 2012, showing us the stealth and confrontations we will have to survive in-game.

===Concept===
[[File:TheLastOfUs concept.jpg|thumb|right|Stealth and cover mechanics are featured in the game. This image shows the title's two protagonists, Joel and Ellie, ducking behind a shop counter as other survivors search the place.]]
The concept for ''The Last of Us'' arose after watching [[BBC]] nature documentary ''[[Planet Earth (TV series)|Planet Earth]]'', which showed the [[cordyceps]] fungus-infected ants, resulting in taking over its brain and producing growths from its head; the idea that the fungus could infect humans became the initial idea for the game. Major artistic inspirations included the movies ''[[No Country for Old Men]]'' and ''[[The Road]]'', comic ''[[The Walking Dead (comics)|The Walking Dead]]'', historical novel ''[[City of Thieves (novel)|City of Thieves]]'', Richard Matheson's 1954 novel ''[[I Am Legend (novel)|I Am Legend]]'' and the films it inspired.<ref name=preview>{{cite web|last=Minkley |first=Johnny |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-13-the-last-of-us-preview |title=The Last of Us Preview • Previews • |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

While the fungus epidemic is the main backdrop of the game, ''The Last of Us'' is not a "zombie game", but "a love story about a father-daughter-like relationship", influenced in part by the sequence between Nathan Drake and Victor Sullivan, his mentor and adoptive father, in the ''Uncharted'' series. Joel is a survivor and anti-hero, and Ellie is a 14-year-old girl with no experience of the world pre-apocalypse.<ref name=preview/> The composer for the game will be [[Gustavo Santaolalla]]. The team wanted to focus on emotion with the soundtrack rather than horror.<ref name=preview/>

On release of the initial trailer for the game ''[[Dead Island]]'', the team was concerned that the two games would be largely similar, both exploring the human or emotional side to an apocalyptic event. However, on release of the aforementioned game, the team realized that the gameplay did not match up to that showed by the trailer; by contrast, lead designer Neil Druckmann feels that the trailer for ''The Last of Us'' is "very representative of what we're going for".<ref name=preview/> Druckmann also stated that he wants the story in ''The Last of Us'' to raise the bar for other video game developers, as he feels the standard of storytelling is not as good as it should be within the industry.<ref name="EU Release">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamingunion.net/news/naughty-dog-launches-damning-verdict-wants-other-devs-to-wake-up--7249.html | title=Naughty Dog Launches Damning Verdict, Wants Other Devs To Wake Up |publisher=GamingUnion.net |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2011-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Minkley |first=Johnny |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-13-naughty-dog-wants-to-change-the-f-ing-industry-with-the-last-of-us |title=Naughty Dog wants to "change the f***ing industry" with The Last of Us • News • |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

The developer showcased an extended length gameplay video at Sony's press conference during the [[Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012]].

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{official|http://www.lastofus.com/agegate.html}}

{{Naughty Dog}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Last of Us, The}}
[[Category:Horror video games]]
[[Category:Naughty Dog games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3 games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3-only games]]
[[Category:Post-apocalyptic video games]]
[[Category:Sony Computer Entertainment games]]
[[Category:Survival video games]]
[[Category:Upcoming video games scheduled for 2013]]
[[Category:Video games set in the United States]]
[[Category:Zombie video games]]

[[es:The Last of Us]]
[[fr:The Last of Us]]
[[it:The Last of Us]]
[[ja:THE LAST OF US]]
[[pl:The Last of Us]]
[[pt:The Last of Us]]
[[ru:The Last of Us]]
[[fi:The Last of Us]]

The Last of Us

2012-06-09T16:51:50Z

Rob.bastholm: /* Gameplay */ Don't write in the second person.

{{Infobox video game
|title=The Last of Us
|image=[[File:Last of Us cover.jpg|250px]]
|caption=
|developer=[[Naughty Dog]]
|publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment]]
|director=Neil Druckmann (creative director) Bruce Straley (game director)
|designer=
|programmer=
|writer=
|composer=[[Gustavo Santaolalla]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Minkley |first=Johnny |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-13-the-last-of-us-scored-by-oscar-winner-gustavo-santaolalla |title=The Last Of Us scored by Oscar-winner Gustavo Santaolalla • News • |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=Q4 2012/Q1 2013
}}</ref>
|series=
|engine= In-house engine<ref>http://playstationlifestyle.net/2012/05/20/naughty-dog-on-the-last-of-us-graphics-engine-improvements/</ref> [[Havok (software)|Havok]] ([[game physics]])
|version=
|released=2013<ref>http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-06-06-the-last-of-us-a-2013-game</ref>
|genre=[[Action-adventure game|Action adventure]], [[Survival game|survival]]
|modes=[[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
|ratings=
|platforms=[[PlayStation 3]]
|media=[[Blu-ray Disc]]
}}
'''''The Last of Us''''' is an upcoming post-apocalyptic [[Virtual camera system#Third person view games|third-person]] [[survival horror|survival]] [[action-adventure game|action-adventure]] [[video game]] developed by [[Naughty Dog]] for the [[PlayStation 3]]. It was officially revealed on December 10, 2011 during the [[Spike TV Video Game Awards]].

==Synopsis==
===Cast===
The main characters in the game, Ellie and Joel, are played by [[Ashley Johnson]] and [[Troy Baker]], respectively. Joel is a "ruthless" survivor and Ellie is a 14-year-old girl who is wise beyond her years but is too young to remember the world as it once was.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg247.com/2011/12/12/ellen-page-not-involved-with-the-last-of-us-enslaved-design-lead-on-board/ |title=Ellen Page not involved with The Last of Us, Enslaved design lead on board |publisher=VG247 |date=2011-12-12 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

===Setting===
The Last of Us begins in a Boston quarantine zone twenty years after the initial plague. The 14-year-old orphan Ellie, lives in a strict boarding house, and Joel, who is a black market dealer within the quarantine zone, sells weapons and drugs. An unknown event then occurs where Joel makes a promise to a dying friend that he will protect Ellie and help her escape. As they both make their way out of the quarantine zone with their lives, the game then starts to play throughout areas across the United States, including a now post-apocalyptic Pittsburgh and other locations reclaimed by nature. Evidently, things take a turn for the worse, as the military quickly finds out about their escape and begins pursuing them. After a nearby safe haven fails to work out, Joel and Ellie continue their venture across the United States, and their dire attempts to escape from law enforcement begins to unfold. Along the way, the duo must also overcome countless hostiles, ranging from infected enemies to hunters and enemy survivors. It is also suggested that survival will involve both killing and scavenging.<ref name=preview/>

===Gameplay===
It's been confirmed by Naughty Dog that the player will take control of Joel, while Ellie will be controlled by the AI. The game will involve both gunfighting and melee combat, and it will also have a cover system. Unlike [[Uncharted]], the players will have to find health packs to recover health. In the first two trailers, two types of enemies can be seen: the Infected - former humans who were infected by the fungus - and the Survivors - other humans that are not infected but are still hostile towards Joel and Ellie for reasons unknown.

At Sony’s Press Conference at E3 2012 the first gameplay footage of the game was shown, receiving huge praise from spectators. The gameplay shows Joel trying to get to a bridge. The player brings Joel and Ellie into a flooded hotel where they hear other people, at which point Joel’s ammo and health finally appear, showing four bullets in his revolver, and he and Ellie quickly go into cover. A violent fight soon ensues, taking the player through several areas of the hotel while showing the different styles of fighting and weaponry in the game. The fighting gameplay shows Joel putting a man in a [[rear naked choke]], hand-to-hand combat, and the aiming system for a pistol and shotgun. The AI in the game was shown for the human survivors, with several enemies using cover and one enemy recognizing the sound of an empty revolver. An inventory system was also demonstrated from which Joel grabs a Molotov cocktail. Joel's limited number of rounds also suggests that supplies will be limited, a typical mechanic in end-of-the-world games.

The trailer shows Ellie assisting Joel when needed, such as distracting a man by yelling at him and throwing a brick when Joel runs out of rounds. In another scene, Ellie stabs a man in the back when he jumps Joel, allowing Joel to free himself. Ellie’s health was not shown or noted in the demo.

==Development==
The game was first teased before the [[2011 video game awards|Spike Video Game Awards]] on November 29, 2011, with a billboard in [[Times Square]] mentioning "a PS3 exclusive you won't believe".<ref>{{cite web|author=Jake Denton |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/327914/vgas-to-premiere-a-ps3-exclusive-you-wont-believe/ |title=PS3 News: Video Game Awards (VGA's) to premiere 'a PS3 exclusive you won't believe' |publisher=''[[Computer and Video Games]]''|date=2011-11-30 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref> Initial trailers showed an apocalyptic event, including riots, epidemic, quarantine, and violence, as well as a clip of the [[BBC]]'s ''[[Planet Earth (TV series)|Planet Earth]]'' showing an ant infected with [[Cordyceps unilateralis]], a dangerous parasitic fungus that usually kills insects such as ants. On December 9, players of ''[[Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception]]'' spotted an in-game reference to the aforementioned trailer with the newspaper headline "scientists are still struggling to understand deadly fungus".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg247.com/2011/12/09/rumour-the-last-of-us-teased-in-uncharted-3/ |title=Rumour – The Last of Us teased in Uncharted 3 |publisher=VG247 |date=2011-12-09 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

At the Spike Video Game Awards, Sony officially unveiled the game, a brand new [[intellectual property]] from [[Naughty Dog]], created by an 80-strong Naughty Dog team no one knew existed. A gameplay trailer, made up of in-engine footage,<ref>{{cite web|last=Minkley |first=Johnny |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-13-the-last-of-us-preview |title=The Last of Us Preview • Previews • |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref> showed a man and a teenage girl fending off other survivors, and what appeared to be people with unusual fungal growth, before running out into a dilapidated city covered in greenery, reminiscent of the film ''[[I Am Legend (film)|I Am Legend]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg247.com/2011/12/11/naughty-dogs-the-last-of-us-announced-at-vgas/ |title=Naughty Dog's The Last of Us announced at VGAs |publisher=VG247 |date=2011-12-12 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

Shortly after the unveiling, Naughty Dog co-president Evan Wells posted on the PlayStation Blog new ''The Last of Us'' details:
{{prettyquote|''The Last of Us'' is a genre-defining experience that blends survival and action elements to tell a character driven tale about a modern plague decimating mankind. Nature encroaches upon civilization, forcing remaining survivors to kill for food, weapons and whatever they can find. Joel, a ruthless survivor, and Ellie, a brave young teenage girl who is wise beyond her years, must work together to survive their journey across what remains of the United States.<ref>{{cite web|author=Evan Wells |url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/12/10/naughty-dog-reveals-the-last-of-us-at-2011-vgas/ |title=Naughty Dog Reveals The Last of Us at 2011 VGAs |publisher=SCEA |date=2011-12-10 |accessdate=2011-12-11}}</ref>}}

The announcement confirmed that the new project is being headed by studio game director Bruce Straley. Former lead designer on ''[[Enslaved: Odyssey to the West]]'', Mark Richard Davies, has been working at Naughty Dog on the game.<ref>{{cite web|author=computerandvideogames.com Tamoor Hussain |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/329270/the-last-of-us-gets-enslaved-lead-designer-doesnt-star-ellen-page/ |title=PS3 News: The Last of Us gets Enslaved lead designer, doesn't star Ellen Page |publisher=ComputerAndVideoGames.com |date=2011-12-12 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref> After ''Uncharted 2: Among Thieves'' shipped in 2009, some of the development team from the game formed the team for ''The Last of Us'', while the remainder worked on ''Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception'';<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg247.com/2011/12/13/second-naughty-dog-team-at-work-on-the-last-of-us-for-two-years/ |title=Second Naughty Dog team at work on The Last of Us for two years |publisher=VG247 |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref> ''The Last of Us'' marks the first time that Naughty Dog has become a two-team studio.<ref name=preview/> It is also the first time the studio has introduced a second new IP in the same hardware generation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yin |first=Wesley |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-11-the-last-of-us-confirmed-as-a-new-naughty-dog-playstation-3-exclusive |title=The Last of Us confirmed as a new Naughty Dog PlayStation 3 exclusive • News • |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date=2011-12-11 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref> A gameplay by the developers was shown at the E3 2012, showing us the stealth and confrontations we will have to survive in-game.

===Concept===
[[File:TheLastOfUs concept.jpg|thumb|right|Stealth and cover mechanics are featured in the game. This image shows the title's two protagonists, Joel and Ellie, ducking behind a shop counter as other survivors search the place.]]
The concept for ''The Last of Us'' arose after watching [[BBC]] nature documentary ''[[Planet Earth (TV series)|Planet Earth]]'', which showed the [[cordyceps]] fungus-infected ants, resulting in taking over its brain and producing growths from its head; the idea that the fungus could infect humans became the initial idea for the game. Major artistic inspirations included the movies ''[[No Country for Old Men]]'' and ''[[The Road]]'', comic ''[[The Walking Dead (comics)|The Walking Dead]]'', historical novel ''[[City of Thieves (novel)|City of Thieves]]'', Richard Matheson's 1954 novel ''[[I Am Legend (novel)|I Am Legend]]'' and the films it inspired.<ref name=preview>{{cite web|last=Minkley |first=Johnny |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-13-the-last-of-us-preview |title=The Last of Us Preview • Previews • |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

While the fungus epidemic is the main backdrop of the game, ''The Last of Us'' is not a "zombie game", but "a love story about a father-daughter-like relationship", influenced in part by the sequence between Nathan Drake and Victor Sullivan, his mentor and adoptive father, in the ''Uncharted'' series. Joel is a survivor and anti-hero, and Ellie is a 14 year-old girl with no experience of the world pre-apocalypse.<ref name=preview/> The composer for the game will be [[Gustavo Santaolalla]]. The team wanted to focus on emotion with the soundtrack rather than horror.<ref name=preview/>

On release of the initial trailer for the game ''[[Dead Island]]'', the team was concerned that the two games would be largely similar, both exploring the human or emotional side to an apocalyptic event. However, on release of the aforementioned game, the team realised that the gameplay did not match up to that showed by the trailer; by contrast, lead designer Neil Druckmann feels that the trailer for ''The Last of Us'' is "very representative of what we're going for".<ref name=preview/> Druckmann also stated that he wants the story in ''The Last of Us'' to raise the bar for other video game developers, as he feels the standard of story-telling is not as good as it should be within the industry.<ref name="EU Release">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamingunion.net/news/naughty-dog-launches-damning-verdict-wants-other-devs-to-wake-up--7249.html | title=Naughty Dog Launches Damning Verdict, Wants Other Devs To Wake Up |publisher=GamingUnion.net |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2011-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Minkley |first=Johnny |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-13-naughty-dog-wants-to-change-the-f-ing-industry-with-the-last-of-us |title=Naughty Dog wants to "change the f***ing industry" with The Last of Us • News • |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

The developer showcased an extended length gameplay video at Sony's press conference during the [[Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012]].

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{official|http://www.lastofus.com/agegate.html}}

{{Naughty Dog}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Last of Us, The}}
[[Category:Horror video games]]
[[Category:Naughty Dog games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3 games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3-only games]]
[[Category:Post-apocalyptic video games]]
[[Category:Sony Computer Entertainment games]]
[[Category:Survival video games]]
[[Category:Upcoming video games scheduled for 2013]]
[[Category:Video games set in the United States]]
[[Category:Zombie video games]]

[[es:The Last of Us]]
[[fr:The Last of Us]]
[[it:The Last of Us]]
[[ja:THE LAST OF US]]
[[pl:The Last of Us]]
[[pt:The Last of Us]]
[[ru:The Last of Us]]
[[fi:The Last of Us]]

The Last of Us

2012-06-09T16:41:21Z

Rob.bastholm: /* Setting */

{{Infobox video game
|title=The Last of Us
|image=[[File:Last of Us cover.jpg|250px]]
|caption=
|developer=[[Naughty Dog]]
|publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment]]
|director=Neil Druckmann (creative director) Bruce Straley (game director)
|designer=
|programmer=
|writer=
|composer=[[Gustavo Santaolalla]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Minkley |first=Johnny |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-13-the-last-of-us-scored-by-oscar-winner-gustavo-santaolalla |title=The Last Of Us scored by Oscar-winner Gustavo Santaolalla • News • |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=Q4 2012/Q1 2013
}}</ref>
|series=
|engine= In-house engine<ref>http://playstationlifestyle.net/2012/05/20/naughty-dog-on-the-last-of-us-graphics-engine-improvements/</ref> [[Havok (software)|Havok]] ([[game physics]])
|version=
|released=2013<ref>http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-06-06-the-last-of-us-a-2013-game</ref>
|genre=[[Action-adventure game|Action adventure]], [[Survival game|survival]]
|modes=[[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
|ratings=
|platforms=[[PlayStation 3]]
|media=[[Blu-ray Disc]]
}}
'''''The Last of Us''''' is an upcoming post-apocalyptic [[Virtual camera system#Third person view games|third-person]] [[survival horror|survival]] [[action-adventure game|action-adventure]] [[video game]] developed by [[Naughty Dog]] for the [[PlayStation 3]]. It was officially revealed on December 10, 2011 during the [[Spike TV Video Game Awards]].

==Synopsis==
===Cast===
The main characters in the game, Ellie and Joel, are played by [[Ashley Johnson]] and [[Troy Baker]], respectively. Joel is a "ruthless" survivor and Ellie is a 14-year-old girl who is wise beyond her years but is too young to remember the world as it once was.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg247.com/2011/12/12/ellen-page-not-involved-with-the-last-of-us-enslaved-design-lead-on-board/ |title=Ellen Page not involved with The Last of Us, Enslaved design lead on board |publisher=VG247 |date=2011-12-12 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

===Setting===
The Last of Us begins in a Boston quarantine zone twenty years after the initial plague. The 14-year-old orphan Ellie, lives in a strict boarding house, and Joel, who is a black market dealer within the quarantine zone, sells weapons and drugs. An unknown event then occurs where Joel makes a promise to a dying friend that he will protect Ellie and help her escape. As they both make their way out of the quarantine zone with their lives, the game then starts to play throughout areas across the United States, including a now post-apocalyptic Pittsburgh and other locations reclaimed by nature. Evidently, things take a turn for the worse, as the military quickly finds out about their escape and begins pursuing them. After a nearby safe haven fails to work out, Joel and Ellie continue their venture across the United States, and their dire attempts to escape from law enforcement begins to unfold. Along the way, the duo must also overcome countless hostiles, ranging from infected enemies to hunters and enemy survivors. It is also suggested that survival will involve both killing and scavenging.<ref name=preview/>

===Gameplay===
It's been confirmed by Naughty Dog that the player will take control of Joel, while Ellie will be controlled by the AI. The game will involve both gunfighting and melee combat and it will also have a cover system. Unlike [[Uncharted]], the players will have to find health packs to recover health. In the first two trailers two types of enemies can be seen: The Infected - former humans who were infected by the fungus - and The Survivors - other humans that are not infected but are still hostile towards Joel and Ellie for reasons unknown.

At Sony’s Press Conference at E3 2012 the first gameplay footage of the game was shown, receiving huge praise from spectators. The gameplay shows you playing as Joel trying to get to a bridge. The player brings Joel and Ellie into a flooded hotel where they hear other people. When the other people are heard Joel’s ammo and health finally appear showing four bullets in his revolver, and he and Ellie quickly go into cover mode. A violent fight soon ensues taking the player through several areas of the hotel - showing the different styles of fighting and weaponry in the game. The fighting gameplay shows Joel putting a man in a [[rear naked choke]], some hand-to-hand combat, and the aiming system for a pistol and shotgun. The AI in the game was shown for the human survivors, with several enemies using cover and one enemy recognizing the sound of an empty revolver. An inventory system was also demonstrated, in which Joel creates a Molotov cocktail. Joel's limited number of rounds also suggests that supplies will be limited, a typical mechanic in the end-of-the-world genre of games.

For Ellie, it shows her assisting Joel when needed such as distracting a man by yelling at him and throwing a brick at him when Joel’s out of rounds. In another scene, Ellie stabs a man in the back when he jumps Joel, allowing Joel to free himself. Ellie’s health was not shown or noted in the demo, so it is unknown as to whether or not she will need to be healed when she is injured.

==Development==
The game was first teased before the [[2011 video game awards|Spike Video Game Awards]] on November 29, 2011, with a billboard in [[Times Square]] mentioning "a PS3 exclusive you won't believe".<ref>{{cite web|author=Jake Denton |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/327914/vgas-to-premiere-a-ps3-exclusive-you-wont-believe/ |title=PS3 News: Video Game Awards (VGA's) to premiere 'a PS3 exclusive you won't believe' |publisher=''[[Computer and Video Games]]''|date=2011-11-30 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref> Initial trailers showed an apocalyptic event, including riots, epidemic, quarantine, and violence, as well as a clip of the [[BBC]]'s ''[[Planet Earth (TV series)|Planet Earth]]'' showing an ant infected with [[Cordyceps unilateralis]], a dangerous parasitic fungus that usually kills insects such as ants. On December 9, players of ''[[Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception]]'' spotted an in-game reference to the aforementioned trailer with the newspaper headline "scientists are still struggling to understand deadly fungus".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg247.com/2011/12/09/rumour-the-last-of-us-teased-in-uncharted-3/ |title=Rumour – The Last of Us teased in Uncharted 3 |publisher=VG247 |date=2011-12-09 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

At the Spike Video Game Awards, Sony officially unveiled the game, a brand new [[intellectual property]] from [[Naughty Dog]], created by an 80-strong Naughty Dog team no one knew existed. A gameplay trailer, made up of in-engine footage,<ref>{{cite web|last=Minkley |first=Johnny |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-13-the-last-of-us-preview |title=The Last of Us Preview • Previews • |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref> showed a man and a teenage girl fending off other survivors, and what appeared to be people with unusual fungal growth, before running out into a dilapidated city covered in greenery, reminiscent of the film ''[[I Am Legend (film)|I Am Legend]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg247.com/2011/12/11/naughty-dogs-the-last-of-us-announced-at-vgas/ |title=Naughty Dog's The Last of Us announced at VGAs |publisher=VG247 |date=2011-12-12 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

Shortly after the unveiling, Naughty Dog co-president Evan Wells posted on the PlayStation Blog new ''The Last of Us'' details:
{{prettyquote|''The Last of Us'' is a genre-defining experience that blends survival and action elements to tell a character driven tale about a modern plague decimating mankind. Nature encroaches upon civilization, forcing remaining survivors to kill for food, weapons and whatever they can find. Joel, a ruthless survivor, and Ellie, a brave young teenage girl who is wise beyond her years, must work together to survive their journey across what remains of the United States.<ref>{{cite web|author=Evan Wells |url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/12/10/naughty-dog-reveals-the-last-of-us-at-2011-vgas/ |title=Naughty Dog Reveals The Last of Us at 2011 VGAs |publisher=SCEA |date=2011-12-10 |accessdate=2011-12-11}}</ref>}}

The announcement confirmed that the new project is being headed by studio game director Bruce Straley. Former lead designer on ''[[Enslaved: Odyssey to the West]]'', Mark Richard Davies, has been working at Naughty Dog on the game.<ref>{{cite web|author=computerandvideogames.com Tamoor Hussain |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/329270/the-last-of-us-gets-enslaved-lead-designer-doesnt-star-ellen-page/ |title=PS3 News: The Last of Us gets Enslaved lead designer, doesn't star Ellen Page |publisher=ComputerAndVideoGames.com |date=2011-12-12 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref> After ''Uncharted 2: Among Thieves'' shipped in 2009, some of the development team from the game formed the team for ''The Last of Us'', while the remainder worked on ''Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception'';<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg247.com/2011/12/13/second-naughty-dog-team-at-work-on-the-last-of-us-for-two-years/ |title=Second Naughty Dog team at work on The Last of Us for two years |publisher=VG247 |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref> ''The Last of Us'' marks the first time that Naughty Dog has become a two-team studio.<ref name=preview/> It is also the first time the studio has introduced a second new IP in the same hardware generation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yin |first=Wesley |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-11-the-last-of-us-confirmed-as-a-new-naughty-dog-playstation-3-exclusive |title=The Last of Us confirmed as a new Naughty Dog PlayStation 3 exclusive • News • |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date=2011-12-11 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref> A gameplay by the developers was shown at the E3 2012, showing us the stealth and confrontations we will have to survive in-game.

===Concept===
[[File:TheLastOfUs concept.jpg|thumb|right|Stealth and cover mechanics are featured in the game. This image shows the title's two protagonists, Joel and Ellie, ducking behind a shop counter as other survivors search the place.]]
The concept for ''The Last of Us'' arose after watching [[BBC]] nature documentary ''[[Planet Earth (TV series)|Planet Earth]]'', which showed the [[cordyceps]] fungus-infected ants, resulting in taking over its brain and producing growths from its head; the idea that the fungus could infect humans became the initial idea for the game. Major artistic inspirations included the movies ''[[No Country for Old Men]]'' and ''[[The Road]]'', comic ''[[The Walking Dead (comics)|The Walking Dead]]'', historical novel ''[[City of Thieves (novel)|City of Thieves]]'', Richard Matheson's 1954 novel ''[[I Am Legend (novel)|I Am Legend]]'' and the films it inspired.<ref name=preview>{{cite web|last=Minkley |first=Johnny |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-13-the-last-of-us-preview |title=The Last of Us Preview • Previews • |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

While the fungus epidemic is the main backdrop of the game, ''The Last of Us'' is not a "zombie game", but "a love story about a father-daughter-like relationship", influenced in part by the sequence between Nathan Drake and Victor Sullivan, his mentor and adoptive father, in the ''Uncharted'' series. Joel is a survivor and anti-hero, and Ellie is a 14 year-old girl with no experience of the world pre-apocalypse.<ref name=preview/> The composer for the game will be [[Gustavo Santaolalla]]. The team wanted to focus on emotion with the soundtrack rather than horror.<ref name=preview/>

On release of the initial trailer for the game ''[[Dead Island]]'', the team was concerned that the two games would be largely similar, both exploring the human or emotional side to an apocalyptic event. However, on release of the aforementioned game, the team realised that the gameplay did not match up to that showed by the trailer; by contrast, lead designer Neil Druckmann feels that the trailer for ''The Last of Us'' is "very representative of what we're going for".<ref name=preview/> Druckmann also stated that he wants the story in ''The Last of Us'' to raise the bar for other video game developers, as he feels the standard of story-telling is not as good as it should be within the industry.<ref name="EU Release">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamingunion.net/news/naughty-dog-launches-damning-verdict-wants-other-devs-to-wake-up--7249.html | title=Naughty Dog Launches Damning Verdict, Wants Other Devs To Wake Up |publisher=GamingUnion.net |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2011-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Minkley |first=Johnny |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-13-naughty-dog-wants-to-change-the-f-ing-industry-with-the-last-of-us |title=Naughty Dog wants to "change the f***ing industry" with The Last of Us • News • |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

The developer showcased an extended length gameplay video at Sony's press conference during the [[Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012]].

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{official|http://www.lastofus.com/agegate.html}}

{{Naughty Dog}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Last of Us, The}}
[[Category:Horror video games]]
[[Category:Naughty Dog games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3 games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3-only games]]
[[Category:Post-apocalyptic video games]]
[[Category:Sony Computer Entertainment games]]
[[Category:Survival video games]]
[[Category:Upcoming video games scheduled for 2013]]
[[Category:Video games set in the United States]]
[[Category:Zombie video games]]

[[es:The Last of Us]]
[[fr:The Last of Us]]
[[it:The Last of Us]]
[[ja:THE LAST OF US]]
[[pl:The Last of Us]]
[[pt:The Last of Us]]
[[ru:The Last of Us]]
[[fi:The Last of Us]]

The Last of Us

2012-06-09T16:39:14Z

Rob.bastholm: /* Setting */

{{Infobox video game
|title=The Last of Us
|image=[[File:Last of Us cover.jpg|250px]]
|caption=
|developer=[[Naughty Dog]]
|publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment]]
|director=Neil Druckmann (creative director) Bruce Straley (game director)
|designer=
|programmer=
|writer=
|composer=[[Gustavo Santaolalla]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Minkley |first=Johnny |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-13-the-last-of-us-scored-by-oscar-winner-gustavo-santaolalla |title=The Last Of Us scored by Oscar-winner Gustavo Santaolalla • News • |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=Q4 2012/Q1 2013
}}</ref>
|series=
|engine= In-house engine<ref>http://playstationlifestyle.net/2012/05/20/naughty-dog-on-the-last-of-us-graphics-engine-improvements/</ref> [[Havok (software)|Havok]] ([[game physics]])
|version=
|released=2013<ref>http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-06-06-the-last-of-us-a-2013-game</ref>
|genre=[[Action-adventure game|Action adventure]], [[Survival game|survival]]
|modes=[[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
|ratings=
|platforms=[[PlayStation 3]]
|media=[[Blu-ray Disc]]
}}
'''''The Last of Us''''' is an upcoming post-apocalyptic [[Virtual camera system#Third person view games|third-person]] [[survival horror|survival]] [[action-adventure game|action-adventure]] [[video game]] developed by [[Naughty Dog]] for the [[PlayStation 3]]. It was officially revealed on December 10, 2011 during the [[Spike TV Video Game Awards]].

==Synopsis==
===Cast===
The main characters in the game, Ellie and Joel, are played by [[Ashley Johnson]] and [[Troy Baker]], respectively. Joel is a "ruthless" survivor and Ellie is a 14-year-old girl who is wise beyond her years but is too young to remember the world as it once was.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg247.com/2011/12/12/ellen-page-not-involved-with-the-last-of-us-enslaved-design-lead-on-board/ |title=Ellen Page not involved with The Last of Us, Enslaved design lead on board |publisher=VG247 |date=2011-12-12 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

===Setting===
The Last of Us begins in a Boston quarantine zone twenty years after the initial plague. The 14-year-old orphan Ellie, lives in a strict boarding house, and Joel, who is a black market dealer within the quarantine zone, sells weapons and drugs. An unknown event then occurs where Joel makes a promise to a dying friend that he will protect Ellie and help her escape. As they both make their way out of the quarantine zone with their lives, the game then starts to play throughout areas across the United States, places such as the now post-apocalyptic Pittsburgh, and other locations reclaimed by nature. Joel, is recruited to sneak her out for an unknown reason and bring her to a location that's also unknown. Evidently, things take a turn for the worse, as the military quickly finds out about their escape and begins pursuing them. While Joel normally would have left Ellie and fled for his life, he had decided to keep his promise to his friend and take care of her. After a nearby safe haven fails to work out, Joel and Ellie continue their venture across the United States and their dire attempts to escape from law enforcement begins to unfold. Along the way, the duo must also overcome countless hostiles, ranging from infected enemies to hunters, and enemy survivors. It is also suggested that survival will involve both killing and scavenging.<ref name=preview/>

===Gameplay===
It's been confirmed by Naughty Dog that the player will take control of Joel, while Ellie will be controlled by the AI. The game will involve both gunfighting and melee combat and it will also have a cover system. Unlike [[Uncharted]], the players will have to find health packs to recover health. In the first two trailers two types of enemies can be seen: The Infected - former humans who were infected by the fungus - and The Survivors - other humans that are not infected but are still hostile towards Joel and Ellie for reasons unknown.

At Sony’s Press Conference at E3 2012 the first gameplay footage of the game was shown, receiving huge praise from spectators. The gameplay shows you playing as Joel trying to get to a bridge. The player brings Joel and Ellie into a flooded hotel where they hear other people. When the other people are heard Joel’s ammo and health finally appear showing four bullets in his revolver, and he and Ellie quickly go into cover mode. A violent fight soon ensues taking the player through several areas of the hotel - showing the different styles of fighting and weaponry in the game. The fighting gameplay shows Joel putting a man in a [[rear naked choke]], some hand-to-hand combat, and the aiming system for a pistol and shotgun. The AI in the game was shown for the human survivors, with several enemies using cover and one enemy recognizing the sound of an empty revolver. An inventory system was also demonstrated, in which Joel creates a Molotov cocktail. Joel's limited number of rounds also suggests that supplies will be limited, a typical mechanic in the end-of-the-world genre of games.

For Ellie, it shows her assisting Joel when needed such as distracting a man by yelling at him and throwing a brick at him when Joel’s out of rounds. In another scene, Ellie stabs a man in the back when he jumps Joel, allowing Joel to free himself. Ellie’s health was not shown or noted in the demo, so it is unknown as to whether or not she will need to be healed when she is injured.

==Development==
The game was first teased before the [[2011 video game awards|Spike Video Game Awards]] on November 29, 2011, with a billboard in [[Times Square]] mentioning "a PS3 exclusive you won't believe".<ref>{{cite web|author=Jake Denton |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/327914/vgas-to-premiere-a-ps3-exclusive-you-wont-believe/ |title=PS3 News: Video Game Awards (VGA's) to premiere 'a PS3 exclusive you won't believe' |publisher=''[[Computer and Video Games]]''|date=2011-11-30 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref> Initial trailers showed an apocalyptic event, including riots, epidemic, quarantine, and violence, as well as a clip of the [[BBC]]'s ''[[Planet Earth (TV series)|Planet Earth]]'' showing an ant infected with [[Cordyceps unilateralis]], a dangerous parasitic fungus that usually kills insects such as ants. On December 9, players of ''[[Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception]]'' spotted an in-game reference to the aforementioned trailer with the newspaper headline "scientists are still struggling to understand deadly fungus".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg247.com/2011/12/09/rumour-the-last-of-us-teased-in-uncharted-3/ |title=Rumour – The Last of Us teased in Uncharted 3 |publisher=VG247 |date=2011-12-09 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

At the Spike Video Game Awards, Sony officially unveiled the game, a brand new [[intellectual property]] from [[Naughty Dog]], created by an 80-strong Naughty Dog team no one knew existed. A gameplay trailer, made up of in-engine footage,<ref>{{cite web|last=Minkley |first=Johnny |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-13-the-last-of-us-preview |title=The Last of Us Preview • Previews • |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref> showed a man and a teenage girl fending off other survivors, and what appeared to be people with unusual fungal growth, before running out into a dilapidated city covered in greenery, reminiscent of the film ''[[I Am Legend (film)|I Am Legend]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg247.com/2011/12/11/naughty-dogs-the-last-of-us-announced-at-vgas/ |title=Naughty Dog's The Last of Us announced at VGAs |publisher=VG247 |date=2011-12-12 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

Shortly after the unveiling, Naughty Dog co-president Evan Wells posted on the PlayStation Blog new ''The Last of Us'' details:
{{prettyquote|''The Last of Us'' is a genre-defining experience that blends survival and action elements to tell a character driven tale about a modern plague decimating mankind. Nature encroaches upon civilization, forcing remaining survivors to kill for food, weapons and whatever they can find. Joel, a ruthless survivor, and Ellie, a brave young teenage girl who is wise beyond her years, must work together to survive their journey across what remains of the United States.<ref>{{cite web|author=Evan Wells |url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/12/10/naughty-dog-reveals-the-last-of-us-at-2011-vgas/ |title=Naughty Dog Reveals The Last of Us at 2011 VGAs |publisher=SCEA |date=2011-12-10 |accessdate=2011-12-11}}</ref>}}

The announcement confirmed that the new project is being headed by studio game director Bruce Straley. Former lead designer on ''[[Enslaved: Odyssey to the West]]'', Mark Richard Davies, has been working at Naughty Dog on the game.<ref>{{cite web|author=computerandvideogames.com Tamoor Hussain |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/329270/the-last-of-us-gets-enslaved-lead-designer-doesnt-star-ellen-page/ |title=PS3 News: The Last of Us gets Enslaved lead designer, doesn't star Ellen Page |publisher=ComputerAndVideoGames.com |date=2011-12-12 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref> After ''Uncharted 2: Among Thieves'' shipped in 2009, some of the development team from the game formed the team for ''The Last of Us'', while the remainder worked on ''Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception'';<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg247.com/2011/12/13/second-naughty-dog-team-at-work-on-the-last-of-us-for-two-years/ |title=Second Naughty Dog team at work on The Last of Us for two years |publisher=VG247 |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref> ''The Last of Us'' marks the first time that Naughty Dog has become a two-team studio.<ref name=preview/> It is also the first time the studio has introduced a second new IP in the same hardware generation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yin |first=Wesley |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-11-the-last-of-us-confirmed-as-a-new-naughty-dog-playstation-3-exclusive |title=The Last of Us confirmed as a new Naughty Dog PlayStation 3 exclusive • News • |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date=2011-12-11 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref> A gameplay by the developers was shown at the E3 2012, showing us the stealth and confrontations we will have to survive in-game.

===Concept===
[[File:TheLastOfUs concept.jpg|thumb|right|Stealth and cover mechanics are featured in the game. This image shows the title's two protagonists, Joel and Ellie, ducking behind a shop counter as other survivors search the place.]]
The concept for ''The Last of Us'' arose after watching [[BBC]] nature documentary ''[[Planet Earth (TV series)|Planet Earth]]'', which showed the [[cordyceps]] fungus-infected ants, resulting in taking over its brain and producing growths from its head; the idea that the fungus could infect humans became the initial idea for the game. Major artistic inspirations included the movies ''[[No Country for Old Men]]'' and ''[[The Road]]'', comic ''[[The Walking Dead (comics)|The Walking Dead]]'', historical novel ''[[City of Thieves (novel)|City of Thieves]]'', Richard Matheson's 1954 novel ''[[I Am Legend (novel)|I Am Legend]]'' and the films it inspired.<ref name=preview>{{cite web|last=Minkley |first=Johnny |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-13-the-last-of-us-preview |title=The Last of Us Preview • Previews • |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

While the fungus epidemic is the main backdrop of the game, ''The Last of Us'' is not a "zombie game", but "a love story about a father-daughter-like relationship", influenced in part by the sequence between Nathan Drake and Victor Sullivan, his mentor and adoptive father, in the ''Uncharted'' series. Joel is a survivor and anti-hero, and Ellie is a 14 year-old girl with no experience of the world pre-apocalypse.<ref name=preview/> The composer for the game will be [[Gustavo Santaolalla]]. The team wanted to focus on emotion with the soundtrack rather than horror.<ref name=preview/>

On release of the initial trailer for the game ''[[Dead Island]]'', the team was concerned that the two games would be largely similar, both exploring the human or emotional side to an apocalyptic event. However, on release of the aforementioned game, the team realised that the gameplay did not match up to that showed by the trailer; by contrast, lead designer Neil Druckmann feels that the trailer for ''The Last of Us'' is "very representative of what we're going for".<ref name=preview/> Druckmann also stated that he wants the story in ''The Last of Us'' to raise the bar for other video game developers, as he feels the standard of story-telling is not as good as it should be within the industry.<ref name="EU Release">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamingunion.net/news/naughty-dog-launches-damning-verdict-wants-other-devs-to-wake-up--7249.html | title=Naughty Dog Launches Damning Verdict, Wants Other Devs To Wake Up |publisher=GamingUnion.net |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2011-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Minkley |first=Johnny |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-12-13-naughty-dog-wants-to-change-the-f-ing-industry-with-the-last-of-us |title=Naughty Dog wants to "change the f***ing industry" with The Last of Us • News • |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

The developer showcased an extended length gameplay video at Sony's press conference during the [[Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012]].

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{official|http://www.lastofus.com/agegate.html}}

{{Naughty Dog}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Last of Us, The}}
[[Category:Horror video games]]
[[Category:Naughty Dog games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3 games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3-only games]]
[[Category:Post-apocalyptic video games]]
[[Category:Sony Computer Entertainment games]]
[[Category:Survival video games]]
[[Category:Upcoming video games scheduled for 2013]]
[[Category:Video games set in the United States]]
[[Category:Zombie video games]]

[[es:The Last of Us]]
[[fr:The Last of Us]]
[[it:The Last of Us]]
[[ja:THE LAST OF US]]
[[pl:The Last of Us]]
[[pt:The Last of Us]]
[[ru:The Last of Us]]
[[fi:The Last of Us]]

FaceTime

2011-08-29T03:35:02Z

Rob.bastholm: /* Limited availability */

{{about|the Apple product|the social interaction|face time}}
{{Infobox software
| name = FaceTime
| title = FaceTime
| screenshot = [[File:FaceTime logo.png|120px]]
| caption = FaceTime logo on [[Mac OS X]]
| collapsible =
| author =
| developer = [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2011|02|24}} (Mac OS X)
| discontinued =
| latest release version = 1.1 (258) (Mac OS X) 
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2011|07|20}}
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date = 
| programming language =
| operating system = [[iOS (Apple)|iOS]] 4, [[Mac OS X]]
| platform =
| size = 16.8 [[Megabyte|MB]] (Mac OS X)
| language = 16 languages
| status = Active
| genre = [[Video calling]]
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]
| website = [http://www.apple.com/iphone/features/facetime.html FaceTime for iPhone] 
[http://www.apple.com/ipodtouch/features/facetime.html FaceTime for iPod Touch] 
[http://www.apple.com/mac/facetime FaceTime for Mac] 
[http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/facetime/id414307850?mt=12 Mac App Store] 
[http://www.apple.com/ipad/built-in-apps/facetime.html FaceTime for iPad]
}}

'''FaceTime''' is a [[video calling]] software application and related protocol developed by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] for supported mobile devices running the [[IOS (Apple)|iOS]], in addition to Macintosh computers running [[Mac OS X Snow Leopard|Mac OS X]] 10.6.6 and higher. FaceTime is supported on any iOS device with a forward-facing camera (that is, all iOS devices released since the [[iPhone 4]]) and on any Macintosh computer equipped with a '''FaceTime Camera''' (formerly known as an '''[[iSight]] Camera''').

==History==
[[File:FaceTime Logo on iOS 4.3.png|thumb|FaceTime logo on supported [[IOS (Apple)|iOS]] [[IOS_version_history#4.3|4.3]] devices.]]

FaceTime was announced by Apple CEO [[Steve Jobs]] at his [[stevenote|keynote speech]] on June 7, 2010 at the [[WWDC 2010]] in conjunction with the [[iPhone 4]]. Support for the fourth-generation [[iPod Touch]], the first iPod Touch to be equipped with cameras, was announced in conjunction with this device's release on September 8, 2010.

The "FaceTime" name was purchased by Apple from FaceTime Communications, who changed their name to Actiance, Inc.<ref name="FaceTime Communications">{{cite web |url=http://facetime.com/LearnMore.aspx |accessdate=2010-06-07 |title=Our name – FaceTime |author=FaceTime Communications | quote=Apple has announced that it will use 'FaceTime' as the trademark for its new video calling application. Our agreement with Apple to transfer the FaceTime trademark to them comes as we are rebranding our company to better reflect our capabilities. We will be announcing a new name in the coming months.}}</ref>

FaceTime for Mac OS X was announced on October 20, 2010 at the "Back to the Mac" Media event on the Apple Campus.

On February 24, 2011, FaceTime left beta and was listed in the [[Mac App Store]] for [[United States dollar|$]]0.99 ([[Pound sterling|£]]0.59). Apple claims that it intended to provide the application for free, but was prohibited by the [[Sarbanes–Oxley Act]] of 2002 from providing an unadvertised new feature of an already sold product without enduring 'onerous accounting measures'.<ref>http://www.macgasm.net/2011/02/24/apple-charge-facetime/</ref> However, the free beta is still available for download from the Apple servers.<ref>http://mac.softpedia.com/get/Internet-Utilities/FaceTime.shtml - link within last sentence "The page provides access to FaceTime 0.9 Build 92 version".</ref>

On March 2, 2011, FaceTime support was announced for the newly-introduced [[iPad|iPad 2]], which gained forward- and rear-facing cameras.

== Implementation ==
[[File:IPhone call screen.png|thumb|The [[iPhone]]'s screen when a call is in progress, showing the FaceTime button (middle of bottom row).]]

FaceTime works by connecting an [[iPhone 4]], a fourth generation [[iPod touch]], a second generation [[iPad]], or a computer with [[Mac OS X]] to another similar device; the previous generations of [[iPhone]] and [[iPod Touch]] are not currently supported. FaceTime is not compatible with non-Apple devices or any other video calling services. The early 2011 revision of the MacBook Pro introduced high-definition FaceTime which may only be used with devices that have a HD FaceTime camera.

On the iPhone, FaceTime works in the Phone [[application software|application]] instead of being a separate application. It can be activated when in the Phone application by placing a call, and pressing the FaceTime button. The FaceTime button replaced the [[Hold (telephone)|Hold]] button (which is now available by pressing and holding the button). The icon resembles a camcorder. It is also possible to initiate a FaceTime call directly from a contact file.

While the current FaceTime implementation for the iPhone does not officially support FaceTime calls over [[3G]] ([[UMTS]]/[[High Speed Packet Access|HSPA]]), there are 3rd party applications that enable this capability for jailbroken devices.<ref>http://modmyi.com/cydia/com.eini.facebreak</ref>

Before the iOS 5 update, which will become available for end users in fall 2011, FaceTime over 3G can only be achieved by using third party [[iOS jailbreaking|jailbreaking]] commercial software such as the FaceBreak, 3G Unrestrictor or My3G which fools the phone into believing that it is connected via Wi-Fi. These programs are only available on jailbroken iPhones via the Cydia Store. At the moment there are no known free of cost solutions to unrestrict FaceTime. FaceTime uses about three megabytes of data per minute of conversation, so users with a limited data plan who use FaceTime over 3G (only on [[iOS jailbreaking|jailbroken]] devices as of right now) must be careful to not overextend their data limit. However, cellular talk time/minutes aren't used after switching from a voice call to a FaceTime call.

FaceTime on first generation iPad is also possible by porting the FaceTime application for the iPod touch 4th gen to iPad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.9to5mac.com/50959/ipad-facetime-now-possible-with-hack/ |title=iPad FaceTime now possible with hack |publisher= 9 to 5 Mac |date=2011-02-15 |author=Brian Purkiss}}</ref>

iOS 4.1 and FaceTime for Mac, iPhone 4, and iPod Touch (4th Generation) supports the use of an [[Apple ID]] email address to initiate a FaceTime call. The two parties would need two different Apple IDs to initiate a FaceTime call, although multiple IDs can reside under a single iTunes account.

== Standards ==
The FaceTime protocol is partly based on numerous open industry standards.<ref name="AppleInsider">{{cite web|url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/10/06/08/inside_iphone_4_facetime_video_calling.html |date=2010-06-08 |accessdate=2010-06-09 |title=Inside iPhone 4: FaceTime video calling |publisher=AppleInsider |author=Daniel Eran Dilger}}</ref>

FaceTime is based on numerous technologies:
* [[H.264]] and [[Advanced Audio Coding|AAC]] – video and audio [[codec]]s respectively
* [[Session Initiation Protocol|SIP]] – [[IETF]] signaling protocol for [[VoIP]]
* [[Session Traversal Utilities for NAT|STUN]], [[Traversal Using Relay NAT|TURN]] and [[Interactive Connectivity Establishment|ICE]] – IETF technologies for traversing [[Firewall (computing)|firewalls]] and [[Network address translation|NAT]]
* [[Real-time Transport Protocol|RTP]] and [[Secure Real-time Transport Protocol|SRTP]] – IETF standards for delivering real-time and encrypted media streams for VoIP

Upon the launch of the iPhone 4, Jobs promised that Apple would work in due course with standards bodies to make the FaceTime protocol an "open standard." {{As of|2011|June}}, it is not yet known to have been ratified by any standards body, and the extent of work by Apple with regards to this promise is unclear as Apple has not released technical specifications for the service. FaceTime is not currently supported on any non-Apple devices.

While FaceTime is based on open standards, Apple's FaceTime service requires a client-side certificate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.packetstan.com/2010/07/special-look-face-time-part-3-call.html | date=2010-07-09 | accessdate=2011-03-06 | title=Special Look: Face Time (part 3: Call Connection Initialization)|author=Josh Wright}}</ref> ''I.e.'' while the protocol might become an "open standard", access to Apple's FaceTime service is controlled by Apple.

==Limited availability==
{{As of|2010|October}}, FaceTime is not enabled on devices bought in [[Saudi Arabia]] & [[United Arab Emirates]] possibly due to regulations in these countries which restrict the use of IP-based communications technology. Devices bought elsewhere continue to support FaceTime even in these countries.<ref name="Register 19 October 2010">{{cite news|last=Ray|first=Bill|title=Apple wipes smile off FaceTime in the Middle East|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/10/19/facetime/|accessdate=19 October 2010|newspaper=[[The Register]]|date=19 October 2010}}</ref>

Although [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], & [[Kuwait]] used to disable FaceTime on the iPhone 4, they are re-enabling the feature back through a carrier update for existing phone owners and made it pre-enabled on any newly purchased iPhone 4.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{iOS}}
{{Mac OS X}}
{{IM clients}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Facetime}}
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:2010 software]]
[[Category:Assistive technology]]
[[Category:Videotelephony]]

[[es:FaceTime]]
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[[ko:페이스타임]]
[[mr:फेसटाइम]]
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[[fi:FaceTime]]
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Bannack (Montana)

2011-04-16T17:35:26Z

Rob.bastholm:

{{Infobox nrhp
| name =Bannack Historic District
| nrhp_type =nhld
| image = Bannack.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Bannack, Montana: A well preserved ghost town.
| location = [[Beaverhead County, Montana]]
| nearest_city= [[Dillon, Montana]]
| locmapin = Montana
| area =
| built =1862
| architect=
| architecture=
| coordinates = {{coord|45|09|40|N|112|59|44|W|type:city_region:US-MT|display=title,inline |name=Bannack, Montana}}<ref>{{cite gnis |id=802010 |name=Bannack, Montana}}</ref>
| designated_nrhp_type= July 4, 1961<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=297&ResourceType=District|title=Bannack Historic District |accessdate=2007-10-21|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
| added = October 15, 1966<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
| governing_body = U.S. Bureau of Land Management
| refnum=66000426
| elevation_ft = 5768
}}
'''Bannack''' is a [[ghost town]] in [[Beaverhead County, Montana|Beaverhead County]], [[Montana]], [[United States]], located on Grasshopper Creek, approximately {{mi to km|11}} upstream from where Grasshopper Creek joins with the Beaverhead River south of [[Dillon, Montana|Dillon]].

==History==
Founded in 1862 and named after the local [[Bannock (tribe)|Bannock]] Indians, it was the site of a major gold discovery in 1862, and served as the capital of [[Montana Territory]] briefly in 1864, until the capital was moved to [[Virginia City, Montana|Virginia City]]. Bannack continued as a mining town, though with a dwindling population. The last residents left in the 1970s.

At its peak, Bannack had a population of about ten thousand. There were three hotels, three bakeries, three blacksmith shops, two stables, two meat markets, a grocery store, a restaurant, a brewery, a billiard hall, and four saloons. Though all of the businesses were built of logs, some had decorative false fronts.

Among the town's founders was Dr. Erasmus Darwin Leavitt, a physician born in [[Cornish, New Hampshire]], who gave up medicine for a time to become a gold miner.<ref>[http://forms.lib.umt.edu/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe?e=d-000-00---0montana--00-0-0--0prompt-10---4------0-1l--1-en-50---20-home---00031-001-1-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D001D00593 Progressive Men of Montana, The University of Montana Libraries, Missoula]</ref> Dr. Leavitt arrived in Bannack in 1862, and alternately practiced medicine and mined for gold with pick and shovel. "Though some success crowned his labors," according to a history of Montana by [[Joaquin Miller]], "he soon found that he had more reputation as a physician than as a miner, and
that there was greater profit in allowing someone else to wield his pick and shovel while he attended to his profession." Subsequently, Dr. Leavitt moved on to [[Butte, Montana]], where he devoted the rest of his life to his medical practice.<ref>[http://files.usgwarchives.net/mt/beaverhead/bios/leavitt.txt History of Montana, Joaquin Miller, 1894, USGENWEB Montana Archives]</ref>

Bannack's sheriff, [[Henry Plummer]], was accused by some of secretly leading a [[Innocents (gang)|ruthless band of road agents]], with early accounts claiming that this gang was responsible for over a hundred murders in the Virginia City and Bannack gold fields and trails to [[Salt Lake City]]. However, because only eight white deaths are historically documented, some modern historians have called into question the exact nature of Plummer's gang, while others deny the existence of the gang altogether. In any case, Plummer and two compatriots were hanged, without trial, at Bannack on January 10, 1863. A number of Plummer's associates were [[lynched]] and others [[banished]] on pain of death if they ever returned. 22 individuals were accused, informally tried, and hanged by the [[Vigilance Committee]] (the [[Montana Vigilantes]]) of Bannack and [[Virginia City, Montana|Virginia City]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Hough |first=Emerson |title=The Story of the Outlaws-A Story of the Western Desperado |publisher=The Outling Publishing Company |location=New York |year=1907 |pages=105–126 }}</ref>. [[Nathaniel P. Langford|Nathaniel Pitt Langford]], the first superintendent of [[Yellowstone National Park]], was a member of that vigilance committee<ref>''Nathaniel Pitt Langford, The Vigilante, the Explorer, the Expounder and First Superintendent of Yellowstone Park'', Olin D. Wheeler, Speech to the Montana Historical Society, April 8, 1912</ref>.

Sixty historic log and frame structures remain standing in Bannack, many quite well-preserved; most can be explored. The site, now the Bannack Historic District, was declared a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1961.<ref name="nhlsum"/><ref name="nrhpinv2">{{Cite document|title=[http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/66000426.pdf National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Bannack Historic District]|date=September, 1975 |author=Blanche Higgins Schroer |publisher=National Park Service|postscript=}} and {{PDFlink|[http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Photos/66000426.pdf Accompanying 11 photos, from 1975.]|2.54 MB}}</ref> The town is presently the site of Bannack State Park.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Bannack, Montana}}
*[http://www.bannack.org Bannack State Park]
*[http://www.ghosttowngallery.com/htme/bannack.htm Photographs of Bannack]
*[http://www.nezperce.com/banack.html History and photographs]
*[http://www.beaverhead.com/bannack/Vig_Index.htm A detailed account of the Henry Plummer story]
*[http://www.theoutlaws.com/lawmen1.htm Another Henry Plummer account, giving both versions]

{{Beaverhead County, Montana}}
{{Registered Historic Places}}
{{Montana}}

[[Category:Beaverhead County, Montana]]
[[Category:Ghost towns in Montana]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1862]]
[[Category:Historic districts in Montana]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Montana]]
[[Category:United States colonial and territorial capitals]]
[[Category:Mining communities in Montana]]
[[Category:Gold mines in the United States]]

[[de:Bannack State Park]]
[[es:Bannack (Montana)]]
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Liste ungewöhnlicher Todesfälle

2010-08-07T16:08:59Z

Rob.bastholm: /* 18th century */

{{Dynamic list}}
This article provides a '''list of unusual deaths''' – unique, or extremely rare circumstances recorded throughout history. The list also includes less rare, but still unusual, deaths of prominent people.

==Antiquity==

{{dablink|'''Note:''' Many of these stories are likely to be [[apocryphal]]}}

*c. 620 BCE: '''[[Draco (lawgiver)|Draco]]''', Athenian law-maker, was smothered to death by gifts of cloaks showered upon him by appreciative citizens at a theatre on [[Aegina]].<ref>Suidas. "[http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?login=guest&enlogin=guest&db=REAL&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=delta,1495&filter=CD-Unicode {{polytonic|Δράκων}}]", ''Suda On Line'', Adler number delta, 1495.</ref>

*6th century BCE: Legend says [[Greek wrestling|Greek wrestler]] [[Milo of Croton]] came upon a tree-trunk split with wedges. Testing his strength, he tried to rend it with his bare hands. The wedges fell, trapping his hands in the tree making him unable to defend himself from attacking wolves, which devoured him.<ref>{{cite book |last=Spivey |first=Nigel Jonathan |title=The Ancient Olympics |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford and New York |year=2004 |pages=65–66, 100–101 |isbn=0-19-280433-2 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=_kcwp0RYS7sC&pg=PA100&dq=Milo+of+Kroton+Croton |accessdate=2009-03-01}}</ref>

*401 BCE: '''[[Mithridates (soldier)|Mithridates]]''', a soldier condemned for the murder of [[Cyrus the Younger]], was executed by [[scaphism]], surviving the insect torture 17 days.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plutarch, Life of Artaxerxes|url= http://www.bostonleadershipbuilders.com/plutarch/artaxerxes.htm}}</ref>

*272 BCE: According to [[Plutarch]], '''[[Pyrrhus of Epirus]]''', conqueror and the source of the term ''[[pyrrhic victory]]'', died while fighting an urban battle in [[Argos]] when an old woman threw a roof tile at him, stunning him and allowing an Argive soldier to kill him.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Thornton, W.|year=1968|title=Allusions in Ulysses|publisher= University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill|isbn=0807840890|oclc=185879476 27859245|page=29|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Dof6ABIIfwkC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=Pyrrhus+roof+tile+-wikipedia}}</ref>

*270 BCE: '''[[Philitas of Cos]]''', Greek intellectual, is said by [[Athenaeus of Naucratis]] to have studied arguments and erroneous word-usage so intensely that he wasted away and starved to death.<ref>[[Athenaeus of Naucratis|Athenaeus]], ''[[Deipnosophistae]]'', [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Literature/Literature-idx?type=turn&entity=Literature.AthV2.p0115 9.401e].</ref> [[Alan Cameron (classical scholar)|Alan Cameron]] speculates that Philitas died from a [[wasting disease]] which his contemporaries joked was caused by his [[pedantry]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal= The Classical Quarterly |volume=41 |issue=2 |year=1991 |pages=534â8 |author=Alan Cameron |title= How thin was Philitas? |doi= 10.1017/S0009838800004717}}</ref>

*207 BCE: '''[[Chrysippus]]''', a Greek [[Stoicism|stoic philosopher]], is believed to have [[died of laughter]] after watching his drunken donkey attempt to eat [[common fig|figs]].<ref>Donaldson, John William and Müller, Karl Otfried. ''A History of the Literature of Ancient Greece''. London: John W. Parker and Son, 1858, p. 27.</ref>

*162 BCE: '''[[Eleazar Maccabeus]]''' was crushed to death at the [[Battle of Beth-zechariah]] by a [[War elephant]] that he believed to be carrying [[Seleucid]] King [[Antiochus V]]; charging into battle, Eleazar rushed underneath the elephant and thrust a spear into its belly, whereupon it fell dead on top of him.<ref>Scullard, H.H ''The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World'' Thames and Hudson. 1974 pg 186</ref>

*53 BCE: The Roman general and consul '''[[Crassus|Marcus Licinius Crassus]]''' was reported as having been put to death by the Parthians after losing the battle of Carrhae, by being forced to drink a goblet of molten gold, symbolic of his great wealth. A much more likely scenario is that in which, following his death, the Parthian executioner(s) poured said 'molten gold' into his mouth as a message/symbol representing the perils of his 'great thirst for wealth.'<ref>[[Cassius Dio]] 40.27</ref>

*4 BCE: '''[[Herod the Great]]''' reportedly suffered from fever, intense rashes, colon pains, [[foot drop]], inflammation of the abdomen, a [[putrefaction]] of his genitals that produced worms, convulsions, and difficulty breathing before he finally expired.<ref>Flavius Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, Book 17, Chapter 6</ref> However, gruesome deaths have often been attributed by various authors to disliked rulers, including several Roman emperors (for example, [[Galerius]]).

*64 - 67: '''[[Saint Peter]]''' was executed by the Romans. According to tradition, he asked not to be [[crucifixion|crucified]] in the normal way, but was instead executed on an [[Cross of St. Peter|inverted cross]].<ref>"Peter, St." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref> According to [[Origen]] of [[Alexandria]], he said he was not worthy to be crucified in the same way as [[Jesus]] was.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Catholic Encyclopedia on St. Peter|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11744a.htm}}</ref>

*c. 98: '''[[Saint Antipas]]''', Bishop of Pergamum, was roasted to death in a [[brazen bull]] during the persecutions of Emperor [[Domitian]]. [[Saint Eustace]], as well as his wife and children supposedly suffered a similar fate under [[Hadrian]]. According to legend, the creator of the brazen bull, Perillos of Athens, was the first to be put into the brazen bull when he presented his invention to [[Phalaris]], Tyrant of [[Agrigentum]], but he was taken out before he died to be thrown from a hill where he met his ultimate demise.<ref>[http://home.iprimus.com.au/xenos/antipas.html Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia, WA]</ref>

*212: '''[[Lucius Fabius Cilo]]''', a [[ Roman senator]] of the 2nd century, "...choked...by a single hair in a draught of milk".<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], {{Cite web|title=Nat. History, vii ''7''|url= http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/7*.html}}</ref>

*260: [[Roman Empire|Roman]] emperor '''[[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]]''', after being defeated in battle and captured by the [[Sassanid dynasty|Persians]], was supposedly used as a footstool by the King [[Shapur I of Persia|Shapur I]]. After a long period of punishment and humiliation, Shapur is said to have had the emperor [[skinned alive]] and his skin stuffed with straw or dung and preserved as a trophy.<ref>[[Lactantius]], ''De Mortibus Persecutorum'', v; Wickert, L., "Licinius (Egnatius) 84" in ''[[Pauly-Wissowa|Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopädie]]'' 13.1 (1926), 488-495; Parker, H., ''A History of the Roman World A.D. 138 to 337'' (London, 1958), 170. From [http://www.roman-emperors.org/gallval.htm].</ref> However this story is generally considered to be unreliable as it was likely motivated by the [[Lactantius|author's]] will to establish that the persecutors of the Christians as having died fitting deaths;<ref name="Fik">{{cite book |author=Meijer, Fik | title=Emperors don't die in bed |publisher=Routledge | location=New York |year=2004 |pages= |isbn=0-415-31202-7 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=2008-02-14}}</ref> and by other Near East Roman authors' desire to establish the [[Persia]]ns as barbarians.<ref name="BI">{{cite book |author=Isaacs, Benjamin |title=The Near East under Roman Rule |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |location=Boston |year= 1996|pages=440 |isbn=90-04-09989-1 |oclc= |doi=
|accessdate=2008-02-14}}</ref>

*415: '''[[Hypatia of Alexandria]]''', Greek mathematician and Pagan philosopher, was murdered by a Christian mob by having her skin ripped off with sharp sea-shells; what remained of her was burned. (Various types of shells have been named: clams, oysters, abalones, ''etc.''. Other sources claim tiles or pottery-shards were used.)<ref>[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hypatia.html Hypatia biography]</ref>


==Middle Ages==
*9th century: '''[[Popiel|Prince Popiel]]''' of [[Goplans]] or [[Polans]] tribe was eaten alive by mice in a tower in [[Kruszwica]]. This curse was a consequence of his lack of hospitability or obeying traditions.

*892: '''[[Sigurd Eysteinsson|Sigurd the Mighty]]''' of Orkney strapped the head of his defeated foe, [[Máel Brigte of Moray|Máel Brigte]], to his horse's saddle. The teeth of this head grazed against his leg as he rode, causing an infection that killed him.

*1063: '''[[Béla I of Hungary]]''' died when his throne's canopy collapsed upon him.

*1135: '''[[Henry I of England]]''' is said to have died of food poisoning after gorging on [[lampreys]], a favourite meal.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/southerncounties/content/articles/2007/09/18/inside_out_lamprey_feature.shtml "The pre-historic visitors"], ''BBC'', 18 September 2007</ref>

*1219: According to legend, '''[[Inalchuk]]''', the Muslim governor of the Central Asian town of [[Otrar]], was captured and killed by the invading [[Mongols]], who poured molten [[silver]] in his eyes, ears, and throat.<ref name="Man">{{cite book | author = John Man | title = Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection | publisher = Macmillan | year = 2007 | isbn = 0312366248 | pages = 163}}</ref>

*1258: '''[[Al-Musta'sim]]''' was killed during the Mongol invasion of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. [[Hulagu Khan]], not wanting to spill royal blood, wrapped him in a rug and had him trampled to death by his horses.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/magazine/print?query=lamented&id=84&minGrade=&maxGrade= "The Mamluks"], Jame Waterson, ''History Today'', March, 2006</ref>

*1327: '''[[Edward II of England]]''', after being deposed and imprisoned by his [[Queen consort]] [[Isabella of France|Isabella]] and her lover [[Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March|Roger Mortimer]], was rumored to have been murdered by having a red-hot iron inserted into his [[Human anus|anus]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A History of Great Britain: 3000BC-AD1603|year=2000 |publisher=BBC Worldwide |location= London|id= }} p.220</ref>

*1410: '''[[Martin I of Aragon]]''' died from a lethal combination of indigestion and [[Death from laughter|uncontrollable laughing]].<ref>[http://www.cc.jyu.fi/mirator/pdf/Morris.pdf "Patronage and Piety - Montserrat and the Royal House of Medieval Catalonia-Aragon"], Paul N. Morris, ''Mirator Lokakuu'', October, 2000</ref>

*1478: '''[[George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence|George Plantagenet]]''', [[Duke of Clarence]], was executed by drowning in a barrel of [[Malvasia|Malmsey wine]] at his own request.<ref>Thompson, C. J. S. ''Mysteries of History with Accounts of Some Remarkable Characters and Charlatans'', pp. 31 ''ff.'' Kila, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2004.</ref>

==Renaissance==
*1514: '''[[György Dózsa]]''', [[Székely]] man-at-arms and peasants' revolt leader in Hungary, was condemned to sit on a red-hot iron throne with a red-hot iron crown on his head and a red-hot sceptre in his hand (mocking at his ambition to be king), by Hungarian [[landed nobility]] in Transylvania. While Dózsa was still alive, he was set upon and his partially roasted body was eaten by six of his fellow rebels, who had been starved for a week beforehand.<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Győrgy_Dozsa György Dózsa], ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 1911</ref>

*1556: '''[[Humayun]]''', a [[Mughal emperor]], was descending from the roof of his library after observing Venus, when he heard the ''adhan'', or call to prayer. Humayun's practice was to bow his knee when he heard the ''azaan'', and when he did his foot caught the folds of his garment, causing him to fall down several flights. He died three days later of the injuries.<ref>[http://www.archive.org/details/historyofhumayun00gulbrich Gulbadan Begum, ''The History of Humayun (Humayun-nama)'']. Trans. & ed. Annette Beveridge, Royal Asiatic Soc. (London) 1902 (ISBN 81-215-1006-6) Internet Archive. page 55.</ref>

*1599: '''[[Nanda Bayin]]''', a [[Bamar|Burman]] king, reportedly laughed to death when informed, by a visiting Italian merchant, that "Venice was a free state without a king."<ref name="Miscellany">{{cite book
|title=Schott's Original Miscellany
|author=Schott, Ben
|location=London | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing
|year=2003
|isbn=0-7475-6320-9
}}</ref>

*1601: '''[[Tycho Brahe]]''', Danish astronomer, according to legend, died of complications resulting from a strained bladder at a banquet. It would have been extremely bad etiquette to leave the table before the meal was finished, so he stayed until he became fatally ill. This version of events has since been brought into question as other causes of death (murder by [[Johannes Kepler]], [[suicide]], and mercury poisoning among others) have come to the fore.<ref>[http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Brahe.html Brahe, Tycho (1546-1601) - from Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography]</ref>

*1649: '''[[Arthur Aston (English Army officer)|Sir Arthur Aston]]''', [[Cavalier|Royalist]] commander of the garrison during the [[Siege of Drogheda]], was beaten to death with his own wooden leg, which the [[Roundhead|Parliamentarian]] soldiers thought concealed golden coins.<ref>[http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/aston.htm British Civil War site]</ref>

*1660: '''[[Thomas Urquhart]]''', [[scottish people|Scottish]] aristocrat, [[polymath]] and first translator of [[François Rabelais|Rabelais]] into English, is said to have died laughing upon hearing that [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] had taken the throne.<ref>{{cite book | title = Rabelais in English Literature | last = Brown | first = Huntington | isbn = 0-714-620-513 | publisher = Routledge | pages = 126 | year = 1968}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = The History of Scottish Poetry | publisher = Edmonston & Douglas | year = 1861 | pages = 539}}</ref>

*1671: '''[[François Vatel]]''', chef to [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], committed suicide because his seafood order was late and he could not stand the shame of a postponed meal. His body was discovered by an aide, sent to tell him of the arrival of the fish. The authenticity of this story is quite questionable.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/va/Vatel-Fr.html Bartelby], but it states the authenticity is doubtful.</ref>

*1673: '''[[Molière#Death|Molière]]''', the French actor and playwright, died after being seized by a violent coughing fit, while playing the title role in his play ''[[Le Malade imaginaire]]'' (The Hypochondriac).<ref>[http://litmed.med.nyu.edu/Annotation?action=view&annid=1420 "Moliere,: The Imaginary Invalid"], ''NYU Literature, Arts, and Medicine Database'', 23 October 2003</ref>

*1687: '''[[Jean-Baptiste Lully]]''', composer, died of a [[gangrene|gangrenous]] [[abscess]] after piercing his foot with a staff while he was vigorously conducting a ''[[Te Deum]]'', as it was customary at that time to conduct by banging a staff on the floor. The performance was to celebrate the king's recovery from an illness.<ref>[http://www.vanderbilt.edu/htdocs/Blair/Courses/MUSL243/lullbio.htm Biography of Jean-Baptiste Lully], ''Vanderbilt University''</ref>

==18th century==
*1751: '''[[Julien Offray de La Mettrie]]''', a major materialist and sensualist philosopher and author of ''L'Homme machine'', died of overeating at a feast given in his honor. His philosophical adversaries suggested that by doing so, he had contradicted his theoretical doctrine with the effect of his practical actions.<ref>[http://www.bookrags.com/biography/julien-offray-de-la-mettrie/ Julien Offray de La Mettrie Biography] ''Encyclopedia of World Biography''</ref>

*1753: Professor '''[[Georg Wilhelm Richmann]]''', of [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]], became the first recorded person to be killed while performing electrical experiments when he was struck and killed by a globe of [[ball lightning]].<ref>[http://scitation.aip.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_59/iss_1/42_1.shtml Benjamin Franklin and Lightning Rods] ''Physics Today'', January 2006</ref>

*1771: '''[[Adolf Frederick of Sweden|Adolf Frederick]]''', king of Sweden, died of digestion problems on 12 February 1771 after having consumed a meal consisting of lobster, caviar, sauerkraut, smoked herring and champagne, topped off with 14 servings of his favourite dessert: [[semla]] served in a bowl of hot milk.<ref>[http://www.thelocal.se/6470/20070220/ The lowdown on Sweden's best buns] ''The Local'', February 2007</ref> He is thus remembered by Swedish schoolchildren as "the king who ate himself to death."<ref>[http://www.messengernews.net/page/content.detail/id/503630.html?nav=5007 Semlor are Swedish treat for Lent] Sandy Mickelson, ''The Messenger'', 27 February 2008</ref>

*1794: '''[[John Kendrick (American sea captain)|John Kendrick]]''', an American sea captain and explorer, was killed in the [[Hawaii|Hawaiian Islands]] when a British ship mistakenly used a loaded cannon to fire a salute to Kendrick's vessel.<ref>[http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=1983] "John Kendrick", ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online''</ref>

==Modern Age==
===19th century===
*1814: '''[[London Beer Flood]]''', 9 people were killed when 323,000 imperial gallons (1,468,000L) of beer in the Meux and Company Brewery burst out of their vats and gushed into the streets.

*1830: '''[[William Huskisson]]''', statesman and financier, was crushed to death by a locomotive ([[Stephenson's Rocket]]), at the public opening of the world's first mechanically powered passenger railway.<ref>[http://www.lmu.livjm.ac.uk/lhol/content.aspx?itemid=329 "Huskisson, William"], ''International Centre for Digital Content'', 17 January 2003</ref> 

*1834: '''[[David Douglas (botanist)|David Douglas]]''', Scottish [[botanist]], fell into a pit trap accompanied by a bull. He was gored and possibly crushed.<ref>[http://www.life.umd.edu/emeritus/reveal/PBIO/LnC/douglas.html University of Maryland]: The source is uncertain if the bull fell in before or after him.</ref>

*1862: '''[[Jim Creighton]]''', [[baseball player]], died when he swung a bat too hard and ruptured his [[bladder]].

*1868: '''[[Matthew Vassar]]''', brewer and founder of [[Vassar College]], died in mid-speech while delivering his farewell address to the college board of trustees.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B0CE5DA1230EE34BC4C51DFB0668383679FDE "VASSAR COLLEGE.; Sudden Death of Matthew Vassar, Founder of the Institution, While Reading the Annual Address."], ''The New York Times'', 24 June 1868</ref>

*1871: '''[[Clement Vallandigham]]''', U.S. Congressman and political opponent of [[Abraham Lincoln]], died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound suffered in court while representing the defendant in a murder case. Demonstrating how the murder victim could have inadvertently shot himself, the gun, which Vallandigham believed to be unloaded, discharged and mortally wounded him. The defendant was acquitted.

===20th century===

*1912: '''[[Franz Reichelt]]''', tailor, fell to his death off the first deck of the [[Eiffel Tower]] while testing his invention, the coat parachute. It was his first ever attempt with the parachute and he had told the authorities in advance he would test it first with a [[Mannequin|dummy]].<ref>[http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=321 Damn Interesting » The Intrepid, Ill-Fated Parachutist]</ref>

*1916: '''[[Grigori Rasputin]]''', Russian [[Mysticism|mystic]], was reportedly poisoned while dining with a political enemy, shot in the head, shot three more times, bludgeoned, and then thrown into a frozen river, although not before being castrated. When his body washed ashore, an autopsy showed the cause of death to be [[hypothermia]]. However, there is now some doubt about the credibility of this account. Another account said that he was poisoned, shot, and stabbed, at which time he got up and ran off - and was later found to have [[drowned]] in a frozen river.<ref>[http://history1900s.about.com/od/famouscrimesscandals/a/rasputin.htm Murder of Rasputin]</ref>

*1918: '''[[Gustav Kobbé]]''', writer and musicologist, was killed when the [[sailboat]] he was on was struck by a landing seaplane off [[Long Island]], [[New York]].<ref name="Obit">[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B02E0D8143EE433A2575BC2A9619C946996D6CF "Hydroplane Kills Kobbe in his Boat; Naval Pilot Unaware He Had Struck Art Critic's Craft."] ''[[New York Times]]''. 28 July 1918. p. 1. Accessed 30 January 2008.</ref>

*1919: In the '''[[Boston Molasses Disaster]]''', 21 people were killed and 150 were injured when a tank containing as much as 2,300,000 US gal (8,700,000 L) of molasses exploded, sending a wave travelling at approximately 35 mph (56 km/h) through part of [[Boston, Massachusetts]], United States.<ref name="[[Boston Molasses Disaster]]">{{cite book | last=Puleo | first=Stephen | title=Dark Tide: The Great Boston Molasses Flood of 1919 | publisher= [[Beacon Press]]| location=Boston, Massachusetts | year = 2004|isbn=0-8070-5021-0 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/molasses.asp The Great Molasses Flood] at Snopes.com.</ref>

*1920: '''[[Dan Andersson]]''', a Swedish author, died of cyanide poisoning while staying at Hotel Hellman in [[Stockholm]], because the hotel staff had failed to clear the room after using hydrogen cyanide against bedbugs.

*1920, 25 October: '''[[Alexander of Greece (king)|Alexander I]]''' King of the Hellenes, was taking a walk in the [[National Gardens of Athens|Royal Gardens]], when his dog was attacked by a monkey. The King attempted to defend his dog, receiving bites from both the monkey and its mate. <ref>[[John Van der Kiste]], ''Kings of the Hellenes'' (Alan Sutton Publishing, Stroud, Gloucestershire, England, 1994) ISBN 0-7509-0525-5 p. 119</ref>. The animals were diseased, inducing infection which led to sepsis. He died three weeks later. His death resulted in the reinstatement of his deposed father [[Constantine I of Greece|Constantine I]] who, being pro-German, changed the fortunes of the Greek nation for the years to come.

*1923: '''[[Martha Mansfield]]''', an American film actress, died after sustaining severe burns on the set of the film ''The Warrens of Virginia'' after a smoker's match, tossed by a cast member, ignited her Civil War costume of hoopskirts and ruffles.<ref>{{imdb name|0543806|Martha Mansfield}}</ref>

*1923: '''[[George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon]]''', became the first to die from the alleged [[Curse of the Pharaohs|King Tut's Curse]] after a mosquito bite on his face, which he cut while shaving, became seriously infected with [[erysipelas]], leading to blood poisoning and eventually pneumonia.<ref>[http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/carnarvon.htm The Life of Lord Carnarvon]</ref><ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Carnarvon Is Dead Of An Insect's Bite At Pharaoh's Tomb. Blood Poisoning and Ensuing Pneumonia Conquer Tut-ankh-Amen Discoverer in Egypt. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20C11F7355416738DDDAC0894DC405B838EF1D3 |quote=The Earl of Carnarvon died peacefully at 2 o'clock this morning. He was conscious almost to the end. |work=[[New York Times]] |date=April 5, 1923 |accessdate=2008-08-12 }}</ref>

*1925: '''[[Zishe Breitbart|Zishe (Siegmund) Breitbart]]''', a circus strongman and Jewish folklore hero, died as a result of a demonstration in which he drove a spike through five one-inch (2.54 cm) thick oak boards using only his bare hands. He accidentally pierced his knee and the rusted spike caused an infection which led to fatal blood poisoning. He was the subject of the [[Werner Herzog]] film, ''[[Invincible (2001 film)|Invincible]]''.<ref>[http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/Competition/Breitbart/breitbart-index.htm Siegmund Breitbart]</ref>

*1926: '''[[Harry Houdini]]''', a famous American escape artist, was punched in the stomach by an amateur boxer who had heard that Houdini could withstand any blow to his body above his waist, excluding his head. Though this had been done with Houdini's permission, complications from this injury caused him to die days later, on October 31, 1926. It was later determined that Houdini died of a ruptured appendix.<ref>{{cite web|title=Harry Houdini - Biography|url=http://www.apl.org/history/houdini/biography.html|publisher=Appleton History|accessdate=August 4, 2009}}</ref>

*1927: '''[[J.G. Parry-Thomas]]''', a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] racing driver, was decapitated by his car's drive chain which, under stress, snapped and whipped into the cockpit. He was attempting to break his own [[land speed record]] which he had set the previous year. Despite being killed in the attempt, he succeeded in setting a new record of 171 mph (275 km/h).<ref>Reynolds, Barbara. ''Dorothy L. Sayers: her life and soul'', p. 162. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.</ref>

*1927: '''[[Isadora Duncan]]''', dancer, died of a broken neck when one of the long scarves she was known for caught on the wheel of a car in which she was a passenger.<ref>[http://www.newsroom.ucla.edu/page.asp?RelNum=6970 UCLA newsroom]</ref>

*1928: '''[[Alexander Bogdanov]]''', a Russian physician, died following one of his experiments, in which the blood of a student suffering from [[malaria]] and [[tuberculosis]], L. I. Koldomasov, was given to him in a transfusion.<ref>Bogdanov, Alexander (tr. & ed. Douglas W. Huestis). ''The Struggle for Viability: Collectivism Through Blood Exchange'', p. 7. Tinicum, Pennsylvania: Xlibris Corporation, 2002.</ref>

*1930: '''William Kogut''', an inmate on death row at [[San Quentin]], committed suicide with a pipe bomb created from several packs of playing cards and the hollow leg from his cot, which he heated with a kerosene heater. At the time, the ink in red playing cards contained [[nitrocellulose]], which is flammable and when wet can create an explosive mixture.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/kogut.asp Death by Playing Cards - Solitaire] at Snopes.com.</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencepunk.com/2007/09/the-ingenious-suicide-of-william-vogut/ The ingenious suicide of William Kogut] at SciencePunk.com, September 10, 2007.</ref>

*1932: '''[[Eben Byers]]''' died of [[radiation poisoning]] after having consumed large quantities of a popular patent medicine containing [[radium]].<ref>[http://www.clpgh.org/exhibit/neighborhoods/northside/nor_n106.html]</ref>

*1933: '''[[Michael Malloy]]''', a homeless man, was murdered by gassing after surviving multiple poisonings, intentional exposure, and being struck by a car. Malloy was murdered by five men in a plot to collect on [[life insurance]] policies they had purchased.<ref>{{cite book |last=Read |first=Simon |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Bizarre Killing of Michael Malloy |year=2005 |publisher=Penguin Book Group |location= |id= }}</ref>

*1935: Baseball player '''[[Len Koenecke]]''' was bludgeoned to death with a fire extinguisher by the crew of an aircraft he had chartered, after provoking a fight with the pilot while the plane was in the air.<ref>[http://www.thedeadballera.com/Obits/Koenecke.Len.Obit.html TheDeadballEra.com :: LEN KOENECKE'S OBIT]</ref>

*1939: Finnish actress '''[[Sirkka Sari]]''' died when she fell down a [[chimney]]. She was at a cast party celebrating the completion of a movie, her third and last. She mistook a chimney for a [[balcony]] and fell into a heating [[boiler]], dying instantly.<ref>http://koti.mbnet.fi/basil/nest/allmovies.txt</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OsU_7bTkpNw YouTube - Sirkka Sarin kuolema]</ref>

*1941: '''[[Sherwood Anderson]]''', writer, swallowed a toothpick at a party and then died of [[peritonitis]].<ref>[http://athena.english.vt.edu/~appalach/writersA/anderson.html Virginia Tech article]</ref>

*1942: '''32 men''' died when the British cruiser [[HMS Trinidad (46)|'''HMS ''Trinidad''''']] accidentally [[torpedo]]ed itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4030.html|title=HMS Trinidad (46) - Light cruiser of the Fiji class}}</ref>

*1943: Critic '''[[Alexander Woollcott]]''' suffered a fatal heart attack during an on-air discussion about [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A662230 BBC]</ref>

*1944: '''74 men''' died when the US Submarine [[USS Tang (SS-306)|'''USS Tang''']] accidentally torpedoed itself whilst on a combat patrol off the coast of Taiwan.<ref>Richard O'Kane, Clear the Bridge, 1989, Presidio Press, p. 443.</ref>

*1944: Inventor and chemist '''[[Thomas Midgley, Jr.]]''' accidentally strangled himself with the cord of a [[pulley]]-operated mechanical bed of his own design.<ref>[[Bill Bryson|Bryson, Bill]]. ''[[A Short History of Nearly Everything]]''. (2003) Broadway Books, USA. ISBN 0-385-66004-9</ref>

*1945: Scientist '''[[Harry K. Daghlian, Jr.]]''' accidentally dropped a brick of [[tungsten carbide]] onto a sphere of [[plutonium]] while working on the [[Manhattan Project]]. This caused the plutonium to come to criticality; Daghlian died of radiation poisoning, becoming the first person to die in a [[criticality accident]].<ref>[http://www.mphpa.org/classic/FH/LA/Harry_Daghlian.htm Harry K. Daghlian - 1 of 1]</ref>

*1946: '''[[Louis Slotin]]''', chemist and physicist, died of radiation poisoning after being exposed to lethal amounts of ionizing radiation from the same core that killed [[Harry K. Daghlian, Jr.]]. He allowed the core to become fully shielded by a spherical beryllium reflector when the screwdriver he was using to separate the two halves of the shield slipped, causing the core to go critical. The sphere of plutonium was thereafter nicknamed the [[Demon core]].<ref>http://hhs55.com/slotin.html</ref>

*1947: '''[[Collyer brothers|The Collyer Brothers]]''', extreme cases of [[compulsive hoarding|compulsive hoarders]], were found dead in their home in New York. The younger brother, Langley, died by falling victim to a booby trap he had set up, causing a mountain of objects, books, and newspapers to fall on him crushing him to death. His blind brother, Homer, who had depended on Langley for care, died of starvation some days later.<ref>[http://www.trivia-library.com/c/biography-of-hermits-of-harlem-homer-and-langley-collyer.htm Biography of Hermits of Harlem Homer and Langley Collyer - Trivia-Library.com]</ref>

*1955: '''[[Margo Jones]]''', theater director, was killed by exposure to [[carbon tetrachloride]] fumes from her newly cleaned carpet.<ref>[http://www.margojones.org/aboutMargo/timeline.lasso Sweet Tornado: Margo Jones and the American Theater]</ref>

*1958: '''[[Gareth Jones (actor)|Gareth Jones]]''', actor, collapsed and died while in make-up between scenes of a live television play, ''Underground'', at the studios of [[Associated British Corporation]] in [[Manchester]]. Director [[Ted Kotcheff]] continued the play to its conclusion, improvising around Jones' absence.<ref>{{imdb name|0428099|Gareth Jones}}</ref>

*1959: In the '''[[Dyatlov Pass incident]]''', nine ski hikers in the Ural Mountains abandoned their camp in the middle of the night, some clad only in their underwear despite sub-zero weather. Six died of hypothermia and three by unexplained injuries. The corpses showed no signs of struggle, but one had a fatal skull fracture, two had major chest fractures, and one was missing her tongue. Soviet investigators determined only that "a compelling unknown force" had caused the deaths, barring entry to the area for years.<ref>[http://www.sptimes.ru/story/25093 Mysterious Deaths of 9 Skiers Still Unresolved] Svetlana Osadchuk (February 19, 2008). St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 2010-02-09.</ref>

*1960: In the '''[[Nedelin disaster]]''', over 100 Soviet rocket technicians and officials died when a switch was turned on unintentionally igniting the rocket. The dead included Red Army Marshal Nedelin who was seated in a deck chair just 40 meters away overseeing launch preparations. The events were filmed by automatic cameras.<ref>[http://www.russianspaceweb.com/r16_disaster.html Nedelin disaster]</ref>

*1960: '''[[Inejiro Asanuma]]''', 61, the head of the [[Japanese Socialist Party]], was stabbed to death with a [[wakizashi]] sword by extreme rightist [[Otoya Yamaguchi]] during a televised political rally. Yamaguchi was immediately arrested and later committed suicide.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,711952,00.html Assassin's Apologies], ''Time'' magazine, 14 November 1960.</ref>

*1961: '''[[Valentin Bondarenko]]''', a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[cosmonaut]] trainee, died from shock after suffering [[third-degree burn]]s over much of his body due to a flash fire in the pure oxygen environment of a training simulator. This incident was not revealed outside of the Soviet Union until the 1980s.<ref>Oberg, James, ''Uncovering Soviet Disasters'', [http://www.jamesoberg.com/usd10.html Chapter 10: Dead Cosmonauts], pp 156-176, Random house, New York, 1988, retrieved 8 January 2008</ref>

*1963: '''[[Thích Quảng Đức]]''', a Vietnamese Buddhist monk, sat down in the middle of a busy intersection in [[Saigon]], covered himself in gasoline, and lit himself on fire, [[Self-immolation|burning himself to death]]. Đức was protesting President [[Ngo Dinh Diem|Ngô Đình Diệm's]] administration for oppressing the [[Buddhist]] religion.<ref>[http://everything2.com/title/Thich%2520Quang%2520Duc Thich Quang Duc@Everything2.com]</ref>

*1966: '''Worth Bingham''', son of [[Barry Bingham, Sr.]], died when a surfboard, lying atop the back of his convertible, hit a parked car, swung around, and broke his neck.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/04/business/media/04bingham.html?pagewanted=2&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/M/McFadden,%20Robert%20D.%20Jr.
|title=Barry Bingham Jr., Louisville Publisher, Is Dead at 72
|author=
|publisher=The New York Times
|date=4 April 2006
| first=Robert D.
| last=McFadden
| accessdate=2010-05-11
}}</ref>

* 1966: Skydiver '''[[Nick Piantanida]]''' died from the effects of [[uncontrolled decompression]] four months after an attempt to break the world record for the highest parachute jump. During his third attempt, his face mask came loose (or he possibly opened it by mistake), causing loss of air pressure and irreversible brain damage.<ref>{{cite book |title=Magnificent Failure: Free Fall from the Edge of Space |last1=Ryan |first1=Craig |publisher=Smithsonian Air and Space Museum Press |year=2003| isbn=9781588341419 |oclc=51059086 }}</ref> <ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/article687679.ece Dive Hard], [[The Globe and Mail]], May 25, 2008</ref>

*1967: '''[[Gus Grissom]]''', '''[[Edward Higgins White|Ed White]]''', and '''[[Roger B. Chaffee]]''', NASA astronauts, died when a flash fire began in their pure oxygen environment during a training exercise inside the unlaunched [[Apollo 1]] spacecraft. The spacecraft's escape hatch could not be opened during the fire because it was designed to seal shut under pressure.<ref>[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/grissom-vi.html Astronaut Bio: Virgil I. Grissom]</ref>

*1967: Cosmonaut '''[[Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov|Vladimir Komarov]]''' became the first person to die during a space mission after the parachute of [[Soyuz 1|his capsule]] failed to deploy following re-entry.<ref>[http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/04/dayintech_0424 24 April 1967: Last Day in the Life of Cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov]</ref>

*1970: '''[[Yukio Mishima]]''', award-winning Japanese playwright and novelist, committed [[seppuku]] after failing to inspire a [[coup d'état]] at the headquarters of the [[Japanese Self-Defence Forces]] in Tokyo.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Ross
| first = Christopher
| title = Mishima's Sword: In Search of a Samurai Legend
| publisher = Harper Perennial
| year=2006
| location = London
| pages = 234–238
}}</ref>

*1971: '''[[Jerome Irving Rodale]]''', an American pioneer of [[organic farming]], died of a heart attack while being interviewed on ''[[The Dick Cavett Show]]''. According to urban legend, when he appeared to fall asleep, Cavett quipped "Are we boring you, Mr. Rodale?".<ref>http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/onstage.htm</ref> Cavett says this is incorrect; the initial response was fellow guest [[Pete Hamill]] saying in a low voice to Cavett, "This looks bad."<ref>http://donkeyod.wordpress.com/2007/05/04/when-that-guy-died-on-my-show/ Reprint of NYT article by Cavett</ref> The show was never broadcast.

*1972: '''[[Leslie Harvey]]''', guitarist of [[Stone the Crows]], was electrocuted on stage by a live microphone.<ref>[http://elvispelvis.com/electrocuted.htm Electrocuted Page in Fuller Up, Dead Musician Directory]</ref>

*1974: '''Basil Brown''', a 48-year-old health food advocate from [[Croydon]], drank himself to death with [[carrot juice]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yLQsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jAoEAAAAIBAJ&dq=unusual-death&pg=6515%2C4463628 | work=Star-News | location:Wilmington, NC |title=Unusual death | date=1974-02-20 | accessdate=2010-06-12| page=28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Staub |first=Jack E.|title=Alluring Lettuces: And Other Seductive Vegetables for Your Garden |year=2005 |publisher=Gibbs Smith|location=Layton, Utah |isbn=1-42360-829-1|oclc=435711200 |page=230 |chapter=74. Yellowstone Carrot: Daucus carota savicus|chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=qbMz7YrTBMEC&lpg=PA230&ots=zu1Pef9qdF&dq=bl&pg=PA230#v=onepage&q=%22Basil%20Brown%22&f=false}}</ref>

*1974: '''[[Christine Chubbuck]]''', an American television news reporter, committed suicide during a live broadcast on July 15. At 9:38 am, 8 minutes into her talk show, on WXLT-TV in [[Sarasota, Florida]], she drew out a revolver and shot herself in the head.<ref name="dietz">Dietz, Jon. "On-Air Shot Kills TV Personality", ''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'', 16 July 1974.</ref>

*1974: '''Deborah Gail Stone''', 18, an employee at [[Disneyland Park|Disneyland]] in [[Anaheim, California]], was crushed to death between a moving wall and a stationary wall inside of the revolving [[America Sings]] attraction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mouseplanet.com/david/dk040708.htm |title=Why we'll never forget the tragedy of 30 years ago today |accessdate=2007-07-24 |last=Koenig |first=David |work=MousePlanet }}</ref>

*1975: '''[[Bandō Mitsugorō VIII]]''', a [[Japanese people|Japanese]] kabuki actor, died of severe poisoning when he ate four [[fugu]] livers (also known as pufferfish). The liver is considered one of the most poisonous parts of the fish, but Mitsugorō claimed to be immune to the poison. The fugu chef felt he could not refuse Mitsugorō and lost his license as a result.<ref>[http://kabuki21.com/mitsugoro8.php Bandô Mitsugorô Viii]</ref>

*1976: '''[[Keith Relf]]''', former singer for British [[rhythm and blues]] band [[The Yardbirds]], died while practicing his electric guitar. He was electrocuted because the amplifier was not properly grounded.<ref>[http://www.elvispelvis.com/electrocuted.htm Electrocuted Page in Fuller Up, Dead Musician Directory]</ref>

*1977: '''[[Tom Pryce]]''', a ([[Formula One]] driver) at the [[1977 South African Grand Prix]] was killed when he was struck in the face by the marshal's fire extinguisher. The fire marshal was running across the track when he was struck by Pryce's car.<ref name="Tom Pryce death">{{cite book |last=Tremayne |first= David|authorlink=David Tremayne |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=The Lost Generation |origdate= |origyear= 2006|url= |format= |accessdate=2007-01-05 |edition= |date= |year= 2006 |month=August|publisher= Haynes Publishing|location= |isbn=1-84425-205-1 |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages= |chapter=Chapter 19 - A Moment Of Desperate Sadness|chapterurl= |quote=}}</ref>

*1978: '''[[Georgi Markov]]''', a [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] dissident, was assassinated in London with a specially [[Bulgarian umbrella|modified umbrella]] that fired a metal pellet with a small cavity full of [[ricin]] into his calf.

*1978: '''[[Janet Parker]]''', a British medical photographer, died of [[smallpox]] in 1978, ten months after the disease was eradicated in the wild, when a researcher at the laboratory Parker worked at accidentally released some virus into the air of the building. She is believed to be the last smallpox fatality in history.<ref>[http://www.qmul.ac.uk/news/newsrelease.php?news_id=18 Twenty five years on: Smallpox revisited Queen Mary, University of London]</ref>

*1978: '''[[Kurt Gödel]]''', the Austrian/American mathematician, died of starvation when his wife was hospitalized. Gödel suffered from extreme paranoia and refused to eat food prepared by anyone else. He was 65 pounds (approx. 30 kg) when he died. His death certificate reported that he died of "malnutrition and [[inanition]] caused by personality disturbance" in Princeton Hospital on January 14, 1978.<ref>Toates, Frederick; Olga Coschug Toates (2002). Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Practical Tried-and-Tested Strategies to Overcome OCD. Class Publishing, 221. ISBN 978-1859590690.</ref>

*1979: '''[[Robert Williams (robot fatality)|Robert Williams]]''', a worker at a Ford Motor Co. plant, was the first known human to be killed by a robot,<ref name="rlid">Robot firm liable in death, Tim Kiska, ''The Oregonian'', 11 August 1983.</ref> after the arm of a one-ton factory robot hit him in the head..<ref name="a">{{cite news|last=Kiska|first=Tim|title=Death on the job: Jury awards $10 million to heirs of man killed by robot at auto plant |pages=A10|publisher=[[Philadelphia Inquirer]] |date=1983-08-11|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/PI/lib00187,0EB295F7D995F801.html |accessdate=2007-09-11}}</ref>

*1979: '''John Bowen''', a 20-year-old of [[Nashua, New Hampshire]] was attending a halftime show at a [[New York Jets]] football game at [[Shea Stadium]] on December 9, 1979. During an event which featured custom-made remote control flying machines, a 40-pound model plane shaped like a lawnmower accidentally dived into the stands, striking Bowen and another spectator and causing severe head injuries. While the other spectator survived, Bowen died in hospital four days later.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/lawnmower.asp Flying Lawnmower Death - Grim Reaper] at snopes.com. (contains additional references).</ref><ref>[http://www.courant.com/ny-spsmain28112329894sep28,0,3404154.story It was a grand stage for excitement] by Joe Gergen, Hartford Courant, September 28, 2008.</ref>

*1980: '''James Frederick Polley''', a 23-year-old, from [[Raytown, Missouri]] died while riding the [[Fire In The Hole (Silver Dollar City)|Fire In The Hole]] ride in [[Branson, Missouri]], at [[Silver Dollar City]] [[theme park]]. The train of cars he was riding in was mistakenly switched to enter the maintenance and storage area of the ride. The door to the maintenance area had a low hanging bay door and his head got caught between the door and the train.<ref>http://www.sdcfans.com/usrArt-entry.php?id=1</ref>

*1981: '''David Allen Kirwan''' a 24-year-old, died after attempting to rescue a friend's dog from the 200°F (93°C) water in Celestine Pool, a hot spring at [[Yellowstone National Park]] on July 20, 1981. Kirwan suffered third-degree burns over 100% of his body and died the next morning at a Salt Lake City hospital. Kirwan is the only known case of someone dying after deliberately jumping into one of the park's hot springs.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/hotspring.asp Hot Springs Death - Help Springs Eternal] at Snopes.com</ref><ref>Lee Whittlesey, ''Death in Yellowstone: Accidents and Foolhardiness in the First National Park''. Boulder, Colo. : Roberts Rinehart Publishers, ©1995.</ref>

*1981: American photographer '''[[Carl McCunn]]''' paid a bush pilot to drop him at a remote lake near the Coleen River in [[Alaska]] in March to photograph wildlife, but failed to confirm arrangements for the pilot to pick him up again in August. Rather than starve, McCunn shot himself in the head. His body was found in February 1982.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEED61638F93AA25751C1A964948260&sec=health&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink|title=LEFT IN WILDS, MAN PENNED DYING RECORD|date=December 19, 1982|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>

*1981: '''[[Boris Sagal]]''', a film director, died while shooting the TV miniseries ''[[World War III (TV miniseries)|World War III]]'' when he walked into the tail rotor blade of a [[helicopter]] and was [[decapitated]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40911FE3E5C0C778EDDAC0894D9484D81 | work=The New York Times | title=Boris Sagal, 58, Movie Director, Dies After A Helicopter Accident | date=1981-05-24 | accessdate=2010-05-11}}</ref>

*1981: '''Jeff Dailey''', a 19-year-old gamer, became the first known person to die while playing video games. After achieving a score of 16,660 in the arcade game [[Berzerk]], he succumbed to a massive heart attack. A year later, an 18-year-old gamer died after achieving high scores in the same game.<ref>[http://www.arcade-history.com/index.php?page=detail&id=236 berzerk, video game at arcade-history]</ref>

*1981: '''[[Kenji Urada]]''', a Japanese factory worker was killed by a malfunctioning robot he was working on at a [[Kawasaki]] plant in Japan. The robot's arm pushed him into a grinding machine, killing him.<ref name="a">[http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7001829 Trust me, I'm a robot], ''The Economist'', June 8, 2006; accessed online 6-III-2007.</ref>

*1981: '''Paul Gauci''', a 41-year old Maltese man, died after welding a [[butterfly bomb]] to a metal pipe and using it as a mallet, thinking it was a harmless can.<ref>[http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20091029/local/boy-finds-lethal-wwii-bomb-in-qormi-valley Boy finds lethal WWII bomb in Qormi valley], ''Times of Malta'', October 29, 2009.</ref>

*1982: '''[[Vic Morrow]]''', actor, was [[decapitation|decapitated]] by a helicopter blade during filming of ''[[Twilight Zone: The Movie]]''. Two child actors, '''Myca Dinh Le''' (who was decapitated) and '''Renee Shin-Yi Chen''' (who was crushed), also died.<ref>[http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/not_guilty/twilight_zone/1.html The Twilight Zone Tragedy - Crime Library on truTV.com]</ref>

*1982: '''David Grundman''' was killed near [[Lake Pleasant Regional Park|Lake Pleasant]], [[Arizona]] while shooting at cacti with his shotgun. After firing several shots at a 26 ft (8m) tall [[Saguaro Cactus]] from extremely close range, a 4 ft limb of the Cactus that was weakened by the gunfire detached and fell on him, crushing him.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/saguaro.asp Cactus Courageous - Death by Saguaro] at Snopes.com.</ref><ref>[http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/content/printVersion/160293 When Cactus and Civilization collide - Trifling with Saguaros can be Hazardous to one's Health] by Dave Walker, Phoenix New Times News, March 3, 1993 (retrieved on May 19, 2009).</ref>

*1983: '''Four divers and a tender''' were killed on the [[Byford Dolphin]] semi-submersible, when a decompression chamber [[Explosive decompression|explosively decompressed]] from 9 [[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]] to 1 atm in a fraction of a second. The diver nearest the chamber opening literally exploded just before his remains were ejected through a 24 in (60 cm) opening. The other divers' remains showed signs of boiled blood, unusually strong [[rigor mortis]], large amounts of gas in the blood vessels, and scattered hemorrhages in the soft tissues.<ref>Giertsen, J.C. et al., "An Explosive Decompression Accident", The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 9(2):91-101, 1988.</ref>

*1983: '''[[Sergei Chalibashvili]]''', a professional diver, died after a diving accident during the [[1983 Summer Universiade]] in [[Edmonton, Alberta]], Canada. When he attempted a three-and-a-half reverse somersault in the tuck position from the ten meter platform, he smashed his head on the platform and was knocked unconscious. He died after being in a coma for a week.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954031,00.html?promoid=googlep | work=Time | title=Milestones: Jul. 25, 1983 | date=1983-07-25 | accessdate=2010-05-11}}</ref>

*1983: American author '''[[Tennessee Williams]]''' died when he choked on an eyedrop bottle cap in his room at the Hotel Elysee in New York. He would routinely place the cap in his mouth, lean back, and place his eyedrops in each eye. Williams' lack of gag response may have been due to the effects of drugs and alcohol abuse, and it is highly likely that Williams was high when the cap ended up in his throat as drugs and alcohol were found in his room and inside his body. There is speculation that he committed suicide or was murdered (even his brother Walter Dakin alleged this), but nothing has been conclusively proven.<ref>[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB35B891D6D7E0F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM Search Results]</ref>

*1983: '''[[Jimmy Lee Gray]]''', a man executed in Mississippi's [[gas chamber]], died bashing his head against a metal pole behind the chair that he was strapped into. The poisonous gas had failed to kill him but left him in agony and gasping for eight minutes. It was later determined that the executioner was drunk.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/reportsfromabroad/macdonald/20071107.html "Might we make executions more civilized, please?"] from [[CBC News]]</ref>

*1984:'''[[Tommy Cooper]]''', British slapstick comedian, died of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] while performing at [[Her Majesty's Theatre]] in London, live on national television. The audience continued to laugh as he lay collapsed on the stage, thinking it was part of the act. Following the principle that the show must go on, his body was left on the stage, hastily curtained off, and while attempts were made to revive him the other actors continued the act on the small part of the set which remained.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

*1984: '''[[Jon-Erik Hexum]]''', an American television actor, died after he shot himself in the head with a prop gun during a break in filming, playing [[Russian Roulette]] using a revolver loaded with a single blank cartridge.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/18/us/wounding-of-actor-on-coast-is-laid-to-russian-roulette.html</ref>

*1986: Over 1,700 were killed after a '''[[limnic eruption]]''' from [[Lake Nyos]] in [[Cameroon]], released approximately 100 million cubic meters of [[carbon dioxide]] that quickly descended the lake and killed oxygen dependent life within 15-mile (25 kilometer) radius, including three villages. The same phenomenon is also blamed on the deaths of 37 near [[Lake Monoun]] in 1984.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/21/newsid_3380000/3380803.stm|title=21 August: 1986: Hundreds gassed in Cameroon lake disaster|publisher=[[BBC]]|author=BBC contributors|accessdate=May 20, 2009 | date=1986-08-21}}</ref>

*1987: '''[[Budd Dwyer]]''', the State Treasurer of Pennsylvania, committed suicide during a televised press conference in [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]]. Facing a potential 55-year jail sentence for alleged involvement in a [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]], Dwyer shot himself in the mouth with a revolver.<ref name="nytimes.1987">{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEFDF1638F930A15752C0A961948260 | title=OFFICIAL CALLS IN PRESS AND KILLS HIMSELF | last=Stevens | first=William K. | date=January 23, 1987 | publisher=[[The New York Times]] | accessdate=2008-09-11}}</ref>

*1987: '''Franco Brun''', a 22-year-old prisoner at [[Toronto East Detention Centre]], in Toronto, Ontario, died after attempting to swallow and choking on a 6.35 [[centimeter|cm]]. (2.5 [[inch]]es) by 10 cm. (4 inches) by 1.27 centimetres (half an inch) [[Gideon's Bible]]. Brun reportedly had mental deficiencies and as such, the coroner did not label his death as suicide, believing that "the swallowing of the Bible to him was some form of symbolism or allegory as though he was trying to purge himself of the devil by consuming religion". He was only serving a 15-day sentence.<ref>[http://www.aintnowaytogo.com/bibleEat.htm Aint No Way To Go: Food for thought]</ref>

*1988: '''C.B. Lansing''' an [[Aloha Airlines Flight 243]] flight attendant, was sucked out of an airliner when the bulkhead tore off in mid flight.<ref>http://www.ntsb.gov/ntsb/GenPDF.asp?id=DCA88MA054&rpt=fa NTSB Factual Report (PDF)</ref>

*1991: '''Edward Juchniewicz''', a 76-year-old man, was killed when the ambulance stretcher he was strapped to rolled down a grade and overturned. The ambulance attendants, while speaking to a doctor's staff, had left the stretcher unattended. Juchniewicz suffered a head injury and died a short time later.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/medical/emergent/gurney.asp The Runaway Gurney] at Snopes.com.</ref>

*1992: American survivalist '''[[Christopher McCandless]]''' died of starvation near [[Denali National Park]] after a few months trying to live off the land in the Alaskan wilderness. His life and death were researched by [[Jon Krakauer]], who then wrote the book [[Into the Wild]] which was later turned into a [[Into the Wild (film)|movie]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

*1993: Actor '''[[Brandon Lee]]''', son of [[Bruce Lee]], was shot and killed by [[Michael Massee]] using a prop gun while filming the movie ''[[The Crow (film)|The Crow]]''. A cartridge with only a primer and a bullet was fired in the pistol before the fatal scene; this caused a [[squib load]], in which the primer provided enough force to push the bullet out of the cartridge and into the barrel of the revolver, where it became stuck. The malfunction went unnoticed by the crew, and the same gun was used again later to shoot the death scene. His death was not instantly recognized by the crew or other actors; they believed he was still acting.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/movies/actors/brandonlee.asp snopes.com: Brandon Lee's Death in 'The Crow']</ref>

*1993: '''[[Garry Hoy]]''', a 38-year old lawyer and a senior partner at the Holden Day Wilson Law firm in [[Toronto, Canada]], fell to his death on July 9, 1993, after he threw himself against a window on the 24th floor of the [[Toronto-Dominion Centre]] in an attempt to prove to a group of visiting law students that the glass was "unbreakable." His first attempt failed to damage the glass at all. On his second attempt the glass still didn't break, but popped out of the window frame, and he fell over 300 feet to his death.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/window.asp Window Test Death - Through a Glass, Quickly] at Snopes.com</ref><ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20070315.RGOODMAN15/TPStory/? Goodman and Carr falls prey to rivals] by Jacquie McNish, The Globe and Mail, March 15, 2007.</ref>

*1993: '''Michael A. Shingledecker Jr.''' was killed almost instantly when he and a friend were struck by a pickup truck while lying flat on the yellow dividing line of a two-lane highway in [[Polk, Pennsylvania]]. They were copying a daredevil stunt from the movie ''[[The Program]]''. Marco Birkhimer died of a similar accident while performing the same stunt in Route 206 of [[Bordentown, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CEED7123AF93AA25753C1A965958260&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | work=The New York Times | title=Not Like the Movie: A Dare Leads to Death | date=1993-10-19 | accessdate=2010-05-11}}</ref>

*1994: '''[[Gloria Ramirez]]''' was admitted to [[Riverside County Regional Medical Center|Riverside General Hospital]], in [[Riverside, California]], for complications of advanced cervical cancer. Before she died, her caregivers claimed that Ramirez's body mysteriously emitted toxic fumes that made several emergency room workers very ill. She was dubbed the "toxic lady" by the media.<ref>[http://discovermagazine.com/1995/apr/analysisofatoxic493 Analysis of a Toxic Death | Cancer | DISCOVER Magazine]</ref>

*1995: A '''39 year old man''' committed suicide in Canberra, Australia by shooting himself [[Multiple gunshot suicide|three times]] with a pump action shotgun. The first shot passed through his chest and went out the other side. He reloaded and shot away his throat and part of his jaw. Breathing through the wound in his throat, he again reloaded, held the gun against his chest with his hands and operated the trigger with his toes. This shot entered the thoracic cavity and demolished the heart, killing him.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Herdson PB |title=Shotgun suicide with a difference |journal=Med J Aust. |volume=173 |issue=11-12 |pages=604–5 |year=2000 |pmid=11379504 |url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/173_11_041200/herdson/herdson.html}}</ref>

*1995: A 14 year old girl, '''Ryan Bielby''', fell 25 feet to her death while trying to exchange seats with a friend on the rollercoaster the [[Timber Wolf (roller coaster)|Timber Wolf]] at [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City's]] [[Worlds of Fun]] [[amusement park]]. <ref>http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4179/is_19990718/ai_n11726000/</ref><ref>http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1347&dat=19950702&id=JfkSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Df0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6754,582695</ref>

*1996: '''[[Sharon Lopatka]]''', an Internet entrepreneur from [[Maryland]], allegedly solicited a man via the Internet to torture and kill her for the purpose of sexual gratification. Her killer, Robert Fredrick Glass, was convicted of voluntary manslaughter for the homicide.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

*1998: '''[[Tom and Eileen Lonergan]]''' were stranded while scuba diving with a group of divers off Australia's [[Great Barrier Reef]]. The group's boat accidentally abandoned them owing to an incorrect head count taken by the dive boat crew. Their bodies were never recovered. The incident inspired the film ''[[Open Water (film)|Open Water]]'' and an episode of ''[[20/20]]''.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/08/04/1091557908320.html "A mystery resurfaces"], ''The Age'', 7 August 2004</ref>

*1998: '''Every player on the Basanga soccer team''' at a game in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. The field was struck by a fork bolt of lightning, hitting and killing the entire team instantly. Nobody on the opposing team was struck by the bolt.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/203137.stm | work=BBC News | title=Lightning kills football team | date=1998-10-28 | accessdate=2010-05-11}}</ref>

*1999: '''[[Owen Hart]]''', a Canadian-born professional wrestler for [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWF]], died during a pay-per-view event when performing a stunt. It was planned to have Owen come down from the rafters of the [[Kemper Arena]] on a safety harness tied to a rope to make his ring entrance. The safety latch was released and Owen dropped 78 feet (24 m), bouncing chest-first off the top rope resulting in a severed [[aorta]], which caused his lungs to fill with blood.<ref>[http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9542223 Owen Hart Biography - Biography.com]</ref>

*1999: '''[[Rod Hull]]''', a British children's entertainer, died whilst attempting to adjust his television aerial to improve the picture of the [[Manchester United]] versus [[Inter Milan]] football match. He fell from the roof of his home in Winchelsea, near Rye, and through an adjoining greenhouse. He suffered a massive skull fracture and chest injuries.<ref name="coroner">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/336174.stm |date=1999-05-05|accessdate=2008-10-29|work=BBC News|title=Rod Hull's death 'accidental'}}</ref>

===21st century===
*2000: Airline passenger '''[[Jonathan Burton]]''' stormed the cockpit door of a Southwest Airlines flight from Las Vegas to Salt Lake City. The 19-year-old was knocked over and pinned by eight other passengers with such force that he died of [[asphyxiation]].<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE2DE1F3BF930A1575AC0A9669C8B63 Janofsky, Michael. "Neighbors' Gentler View of Man Killed on Plane", ''The New York Times'', 23 September 2000.]</ref>

*2001: '''Bernd-Jürgen Brandes''' from Germany was voluntarily stabbed repeatedly and then partly eaten by [[Armin Meiwes]] (who was later called the Cannibal of Rotenburg). Brandes had answered an internet advertisement by Meiwes looking for someone for this purpose. Brandes explicitly stated in his will that he wished to be killed and eaten.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4752797.stm "German cannibal guilty of murder"], ''BBC News'', 9 May 2006</ref> This inspired the [[Rammstein]] Song "Mein Teil" ("My (private) part").

*2001: '''Gregory Biggs''', a homeless man in [[Fort Worth, Texas]], was struck by a car being driven by [[Chante Jawan Mallard]], who had been drinking and taking drugs that night. Biggs' torso became lodged in Mallard's windshield with severe but not immediately fatal injuries. Mallard drove home and left the car in her garage with Biggs still lodged in her car's windshield. She repeatedly visited Biggs and even apologized for hitting him. Biggs died of his injuries several hours later.<ref>[http://www.courttv.com/trials/mallard/background.html Woman faced murder trial after leaving accident victim in her car], CourtTV.com, 6 January 2005.</ref> Chante Mallard was tried and convicted for murder in this case and received a 50-year prison sentence. The film ''[[Stuck (2007 film)|Stuck]]'', an episode of "[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation|CSI]]", and an episode of [[Drawn Together|Drawn Together]] are loosely based on this unusual death.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment/orl-stuckreview-story,0,2389707.story|title='Stuck' is an attempt at getting cheap laughs|last=Moore|first=Roger|date=2008-07-13|publisher=Orlando Sentinel|accessdate=2008-12-27}}</ref>

*2001: '''Michael Colombini''', a 6-year-old from [[Croton-on-Hudson]], New York, was struck and killed, at Westchester Regional Medical Center, by a 6.5-pound metal [[oxygen tank]] when it was pulled into the [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) machine while he underwent a test. He began to experience breathing difficulties while in the MRI and when an anesthesiologist brought a portable oxygen canister into the magnetic field, it was pulled from his hands and struck the boy in the head.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/22/nyregion/hospital-details-failures-leading-to-mri-fatality.html Hospital Details Failures Leading To MRI Fatality]</ref><ref>[http://www.mri-planning.com/articles/2005_newsletter/0508_four_years_after.html MRI Newsletter: Four Years After The Tragedy].</ref>

*2002: '''[[Brittanie Cecil]]''', an American 13-year-old hockey fan, died two days after being struck in the head by a [[hockey puck]] shot by [[Espen Knutsen]] at a game in [[Columbus, Ohio]].<ref>[http://static.espn.go.com/nhl/news/2002/0319/1354060.html "Girl dies after getting hit by puck at NHL game"], ''ESPN.com'', 20 May 2002</ref>

*2002: '''[[Kenneth Farr]]''', a 37-year-old man from [[Penarth]], Wales, was partially decapitated when an unsecured safety barrier in a supermarket carpark was blown through the windshield of his car by a sudden gust of wind.<ref>[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2008/01/21/asda-admits-guilt-over-car-park-death-91466-20376184/ "Asda admits guilt over car park death"], ''Wales online'', 21 Jan 2008</ref>

*2003: '''[[Brian Douglas Wells]]''', a [[pizza delivery]] man in [[Erie, Pennsylvania]], was killed by a time bomb that was fastened around his neck. He was apprehended by the police after robbing a bank, and claimed he had been forced to do it by three people who had put the bomb around his neck and would kill him if he refused. The bomb later exploded, killing him. In 2007, police alleged Wells was involved in the robbery plot along with two other conspirators.<ref>{{cite news| last=Nephin| first=Dan| title=Indictment: Bomb Victim in on Bank Plot| publisher=Associated Press| date=2007-07-12| url=http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2007Jul12/0,4670,BankRobberyExplosion,00.html| accessdate=2008-07-21}}</ref>

*2003: '''Dr. Hitoshi Christopher Nikaidoh''', a surgeon, was decapitated as he stepped on to an [[elevator]] at Christus St. Joseph Hospital in [[Houston, Texas]] on August 16, 2003. According to a witness inside the elevator, the elevator doors closed as Nikaidoh entered, trapping his head inside the elevator with the remainder of his body still outside. His body was later found at the bottom of the elevator shaft while the upper portion of his head, severed just above the lower jaw, was found in the elevator. A subsequent investigation revealed that improper electrical wiring installed by a maintenance company several days earlier had effectively bypassed all of the elevator's safeguards, and thus enabling it to move under any circumstances.<ref>Click2Houston.'' [http://www.click2houston.com/news/2412223/detail.html Doctor Decapitated In Elevator Accident] 18 August 2003</ref><ref>[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/elevator.asp Elevator Decapitation - Lift and Separate] at Snopes.com.</ref><ref>[http://www.houstonpress.com/2003-10-09/news/catching-elevators/ Catching Elevators] by Wendy Grossman, ''Houston Press'', October 9, 2003.</ref><ref>[http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2003_3680854 Doctor decapitated by malfunctioning elevator at hospital] by Peggy O'Hare, Jo Ann Zuniga, Stephanie Weintraub, Houston Chronicle, Section A, Page 1, 4 STAR Edition, August 17, 2003.</ref>

*2003: '''[[Timothy Treadwell]]''', an American [[environmentalist]] who had lived in the wilderness among bears for thirteen summers in a remote region in [[Alaska]], and his girlfriend '''Amie Huguenard''' were killed and partially consumed by a bear. An audio recording of their deaths was captured on a video camera which had been turned on at the beginning of the incident. [[Werner Herzog]]'s [[documentary film]], ''[[Grizzly Man]]'', discusses Treadwell and his death.<ref>Medred, Craig.''[http://www.adn.com/front/story/4110831p-4127072c.html Wildlife author killed, eaten by bears he loved]''. ''[[Anchorage Daily News]]''. 8 October 2003. Retrieved 4 September 2006.</ref>

*2004: '''Phillip Quinn''', a 24-year-old from [[Kent, Washington]] was killed during an attempt to heat up a [[lava lamp]] bulb on his kitchen stove while observing it from a few feet away. The heat built up pressure in the [[Exploding light bulb|bulb until it exploded]], spraying shards of glass. One pierced his heart, killing him.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/lavalamp.asp Lava Lamp Death] at Snopes.com.</ref> The circumstances of his death were later repeated and confirmed in a [[MythBusters_(2006_season)#Episode_60_.E2.80.93_.22Earthquake_Machine.22|2006 episode]] of the popular science television series [[MythBusters]].<ref>Mytbusters, Seasion 4, episode 60: Earthquake Machine</ref>

*2004: '''Ronald McClagish''' died after being trapped inside a cupboard for a week. A wardrobe in the bedroom outside had fallen over, trapping him inside. In an effort to free himself, McClagish accidentally wrenched a water pipe from the wall and the water gushing from the pipe eventually caused his death from bronchitis. His body was not discovered until two weeks later.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cambridgeshire/4483137.stm Call For New Cupboard Death Probe] from BBC News</ref>

*2004: An unidentified Taiwanese woman died of alcohol intoxication after immersion for 12 hours in a bathtub filled with 40% ethanol. Her blood alcohol content was 1.35%. It was believed that she immersed herself as a response to the ongoing SARS epidemic. <ref>[http://www.fsijournal.org/article/S0379-0738%2804%2900389-5/abstract] Wu, Guo, Lin. 2005. Forensic Science International 149:287.</ref>

*2005: '''[[Kenneth Pinyan|Kenneth "Mr. Hands" Pinyan]]''' of [[Gig Harbor, Washington]] died of acute [[peritonitis]] after seeking out and receiving anal intercourse from a stallion, an act he had engaged in previously on numerous occasions without injury. Pinyan delayed his visit to the hospital for several hours out of reluctance to explain the circumstances of his injury to doctors. The case led to the criminalization of [[zoophilia|bestiality]] in [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington state]].<ref>[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002569751_horsesex19m.html "Trespassing charged in horse-sex case"] ''The Seattle Times''</ref> His story was recounted in the [[Sundance Film Festival|award winning]] 2007 documentary film ''[[Zoo (film)|Zoo]]''.

*2005: '''[[Lee Seung Seop]]''', a 28-year-old South Korean, collapsed of fatigue and died after playing the videogame ''[[StarCraft]]'' online for almost 50 consecutive hours in an Internet cafe.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-1729573,00.html "Korean drops dead after 50-hour gaming marathon"], ''Times Online'', 10 August 2005</ref>

*2006: '''[[Sean Caselli]]''', a 22-year-old New Milford, Connecticut man, was struck with pieces of shrapnel in the neck and chest after an empty keg that had been thrown into a fire exploded at a party. <ref>http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=news/local&id=4688311</ref>

*2006: '''Erika Tomanu''', a seven-year-old girl in [[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]], Japan, died when she was sucked 10 metres down the intake pipe of a current pool at a water park. The grille that was meant to cover the inlet came off, yet lifeguards at the pool at the time deemed it safe after issuing a verbal warning to swimmers. It took rescuers more than six hours to remove Tomanu by digging through concrete to access the pipe.<ref>http://www.japantimes.co.jp/weekly/news/nn2006/nn20060805a1.htm Girl sucked into intake at city-run pool</ref>

*2006: '''[[Steve Irwin]]''', an Australian television personality and naturalist known as [[the Crocodile Hunter]], died when his heart was impaled by a [[short-tail stingray]] barb while filming a documentary entitled "Ocean's Deadliest" in [[Queensland]]'s [[Great Barrier Reef]].<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/09/04/australia.irwin/index.html CNN Reports: 'Crocodile Hunter' dead], September 4, 2006</ref>

*2006: '''[[Alexander Litvinenko]]''', a former officer of the [[Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation|Russian State security service]], and later a Russian dissident and writer, died after being poisoned with [[Polonium|polonium-210]] causing [[radiation poisoning|acute radiation syndrome]]. He is the first known case of deliberate poisoning in this manner. {{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

*2007: '''[[Water intoxication#Notable cases|Jennifer Strange]]''', a 28-year-old woman from [[Sacramento]], died of [[water intoxication]] while trying to win a [[Nintendo]] [[Wii]] console in a [[KDND]] 107.9 "The End" radio station's "Hold Your Wee for a Wii" contest, which involved drinking large quantities of water without urinating.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/california/la-me-water14jan14,1,1368543.story?coll=la-headlines-pe-california "Woman dies after being in water-drinking contest"], ''The Los Angeles Times'', 14 January 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.knbc.com/news/10761800/detail.html "Woman's Death After Water-Drinking Contest Investigated"] ''KNBC.com'', 16 January 2007</ref>

*2007: '''Humberto Hernandez''', a 24-year-old [[Oakland, California]] resident, was killed from being struck in the face by an airborne fire hydrant while walking on a sidewalk; a passing car blew a tire and swerved onto the sidewalk, striking the fire hydrant. The force of the water pressure shot the 200-pound hydrant at Hernandez with enough force to kill him.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/hydrant.asp Fire Hydrant Death - Fire Plugged] at Snopes.com.</ref><ref>[http://cbs5.com/local/Humberto.Hernandez.fire.2.456707.html Oakland Man Killed By Airborne Fire Hydrant], CBS5.com, June 22, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/offbeat/2007-06-23-fire-hydrant_N.htm Flying fire hydrant kills Calif. man], Associated Press (reprinted in USAToday), June 23, 2007.</ref>

*2007: '''[[Kevin Whitrick]]''', a 42-year-old man, committed suicide by hanging himself live on a webcam during an Internet chat session.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/article1560877.ece |title=Get on with it, said net audience as man hanged himself on webcam |accessdate=2007-05-27 |last=Bale |first=Joanna |date=2007-03-24 |work=Times Online |publisher=Times Newspapers Ltd | location=London}}</ref>

*2007: '''[[Surinder Singh Bajwa]]''', the Deputy Mayor of [[Delhi, India]], was warding off several [[Rhesus Macaque]] monkeys at his home and fell from a first-floor balcony, suffering serious head injuries. He later died from his injuries.<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Bajwa-succumbs-to-injuries/230828/ Bajwa succumbs to injuries]</ref>

*2007: '''[[Carol Gotbaum|Carol Anne Gotbaum]]''' died in police custody at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. Police claim she asphyxiated herself with the chain that connected her handcuffs to the bench she had been chained to.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/texassouthwest/stories/111207dntsw.27b8f16.html|title=Private doctor: Police negligent in airport death|publisher=The Dallas Morning News|date=November 12, 2007}}</ref>

*2008: '''[[Abigail Taylor]]''', age 6, died nine months after several of her internal organs were partially sucked out of her lower body while she sat on an excessively powerful swimming pool drain. After several months, surgeons replaced her intestines and pancreas with donor organs. Unfortunately, she later succumbed to a rare transplant-related cancer.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-03-21-3982361687_x.htm Girl, 6, Dies From Swimming Pool Injury] ''USA Today'', 21 March 2008</ref>

*2008: '''Gerald Mellin''', a U.K. businessman, committed suicide by tying one end of a rope around his neck and the other to a tree. He then went into his [[Aston Martin DB7]] and drove down a main road in [[Swansea]] until the rope [[decapitated]] him. He supposedly did this as an act of revenge against his ex-wife for leaving him.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1042676/Businessman-uses-Aston-Martin-decapitate-horrific-suicide-revenge-ex-wife.html Businessman uses Aston Martin to decapitate himself]''Mail Online'', 8 August 2008</ref>

*2008: '''David Phyall''', 58, the last resident in a block of flats due to be demolished in [[Bishopstoke]], near [[Southampton]], [[Hampshire]], United Kingdom, [[decapitated|cut his own head off]] with a [[chainsaw]] to highlight the injustice of being forced to move out.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/death-was-carefully-thought-through-suicide-1025503.html|title= Chainsaw death was 'carefully thought through suicide'|last=Halfpenny|first=Martin|date=19 November 2008|publisher=The Independent|accessdate=2008-11-22 | location=London}}</ref>

*2008: '''James Mason''', 73, of [[Chardon, Ohio]], died of heart failure after his wife exercised him to death in a public [[swimming pool]]. Christine Newton-John, 41, was seen on video tape pulling Mason around the pool and preventing him from getting out of the water 43 times.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/News/World/article/587759 Wife guilty of exercising husband to death], Toronto Star, 14 February 2009</ref>

*2008: '''Isaiah Otieno''', 23, a Kenyan student living in [[Cranbrook, British Columbia]], Canada, was killed when a [[Bell 206]] helicopter crashed on top of him as he walked along a residential street.<ref>[http://www.thewesternstar.com/index.cfm?sid=134605&sc=505 Helicopter crash in Cranbrook, B.C. kills four including pedestrian], [[The Western Star (Corner Brook)|The Western Star]], May 14, 2008</ref>

*2008: '''Nordin Montong''', 32, a janitor at the Singapore Zoo committed suicide by entering an enclosure containing white tigers and provoking them with brooms and a pail. Three of the tigers pounced on him, dragging him by the neck to the back of their enclosure. He was pronounced dead by paramedics at the scene.<ref>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/389571/1/.html Malaysian worker dies after being attacked by white tigers at zoo], Channel NewsAsia, 13 November 2008</ref>

*2009: '''Jonathan Campos''', a sailor charged with murder, killed himself in his Camp Pendleton, San Diego, California, cell by stuffing toilet paper in his mouth until he asphyxiated.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32253584/ns/us_news-military/ MSNBC: Sailor charged with murder commits suicide]</ref>

*2009: '''Diana Durre''', of [[Chambers, Nebraska]], died after a 75-foot (23 m) tall Taco Bell sign fell on top of the truck cab she was in. Strong winds caused the pole to break at a welded joint about 15 feet (4.5 m) above the ground.<ref>[http://www.northplattebulletin.com/index.asp?show=news&action=readStory&storyID=16446&pageID=3], North Platte Bulletin, 4 April 2009</ref>

*2009: '''Sergey Tuganov''', a 28-year-old Russian, bet two women that he could continuously have sex with them both for twelve hours. Several minutes after winning the $4,300 bet, he suffered a heart attack and died, apparently because of having ingested an entire bottle of [[Viagra]] just after accepting the bet.<ref>[http://www.mosnews.com/weird/2009/03/10/marathone/], Mosnews, March 10, 2009</ref>

*2009: '''[[Taylor Mitchell]]''', a Canadian [[Folk music|folk]] singer, was attacked and killed by two [[coyotes]],<ref name="CBC">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/nova-scotia/story/2009/10/28/ns-coyote-attack-died.html|title=Coyotes kill Toronto singer in Cape Breton|publisher=[[CBC.ca]]|date=2009-10-28|accessdate=2009-10-29}}</ref> only the second recorded human fatality from a coyote attack.<ref>''A History of Urban Coyote Problems'', Robert M. Tim & Rex O. Baker, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 2007</ref>

*2009: '''Vladimir Likhonos''', a Ukrainian student, died after accidentally dipping a piece of homemade chewing gum into explosives he was using on another project. He mistook the jar of explosive for citric acid, which was also on his desk. The gum exploded, blowing off his jaw and most of the lower part of his face.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/exploding-bubble-gum-kills-student-1837673.html|title=Exploding bubble gum kills student|date=2009-12-10|publisher=The Independent|accessdate=22 March 2010 | location=London}}</ref>

*2009: '''Kim Sa-rang''', a 3-month-old Korean child, died from malnutrition after both her parents spent hours each day in an internet cafe raising a virtual child on an online game, [[Prius Online]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/05/28/south.korea.virtual.baby/|title=Jail for couple whose baby died while they raised online child|first=Andrew|last=Salmon|date=2009-5-28|publisher=CNN|accessdate=9 June 2010 | location=Seoul}}</ref>

*2010: '''Jenny Mitchell''', a 19-year-old English hairdresser, was killed when her car exploded after fumes, caused by chemicals mixing with [[hydrogen peroxide]] leaking from a bottle of hair bleach, ignited as she lit a cigarette.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/mar/25/peroxide-leak-hairdresser-car-death | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Peroxide leak suspected in hairdresser's car blast death | first=Steven | last=Morris | date=2010-03-25 | accessdate=2010-05-11}}</ref>

*2010: '''Joaquin Medina''', a man from [[Chico, California]], was killed when trying to shoot squirrels in a tree with a shotgun, but ended up shooting a tree branch, which fell and hit him, giving him trauma that killed him.<ref>{{http://newstalk1290.wordpress.com/2010/07/20/chico-man-dies-after-being-hit-by-tree-branch/}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Toilet-related injury]]
* [[List of inventors killed by their own inventions]]
* [[Darwin Awards]]
* [[Multiple gunshot suicide]]
* [[List of entertainers who died during a performance]]
* [[1000 Ways to Die]]
* [[Spontaneous human combustion]]
* [[Death from laughter]]

* [[List of footballers who died while playing]]
* [[List of deaths by motorcycle accidents]]
* [[List of sports people who died during their career]]
* [[List of fatal accidents in motorboat racing]]
* [[List of professional cyclists who died during a race]]
* [[List of ice hockey players who died during their playing career]]
* [[List of skiing deaths]]
* [[Stunt|List of notable stunt accidents]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unusual}}
[[Category:Lists of people by cause of death]]
[[Category:Death-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of things considered unusual|Deaths]]

[[bg:Списък на необичайни смъртни случаи]]
[[fr:Liste de morts insolites]]
[[sv:Lista över ovanliga dödsfall]]