Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Iwate-Miyagi-Erdbeben 2008

2008-06-16T08:15:46Z

Revth: /* Effects */ changed shinkansen information to be more accurate

{{mergefrom|List of 2008 Iwate earthquake aftershocks}}
{{Current disaster|event=earthquake|time=recent}}
{{Earthquake
|title=2008 Iwate earthquake
|date= [[June 14]] [[2008]] ([[Japan Standard Time|JST]])
|map = USGS ShakeMap 2008tfdp.jpg
|magnitude = 6.8 [[Moment magnitude scale|M<sub>w</sub>]] (USGS), 7.2 ([[Richter scale]])
|depth={{convert|8|km|mi|0}} ([[Japan Meteorological Agency|JMA]]), {{convert|10.3|km|mi|0}} ([[United States Geological Survey|USGS]])
|aftershocks=20 major aftershocks so far (see [[List of 2008 Iwate earthquake aftershocks|list]])
|location={{coor at d|39.0|N|140.9|E}}<br/>([[Iwate Prefecture]])
|countries affected = {{JPN}}
|tsunami = none
|casualties = at least 9 dead, 224 injured
}}
{{wikinews|Northern Japan hit by strong quake}}
The '''2008 Iwate earthquake''', officially named by the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] the '''Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake in 2008''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/press/0806/14b/200806141110.html|title=2008年6月14日08時43分ころの岩手県内陸南部の地震について（第2報）|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|date=2008-06-14|accessdate=2008-06-14}}</ref> struck northeastern [[Honshū]], [[Japan]], on [[June 14]], [[2008]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jp/quake/14084700391.html |title=地震情報（各地の震度に関する情報）|date=2008-06-14 |accessdate=2008-06-14 |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |language=Japanese}}</ref> The earthquake occurred in [[Iwate Prefecture]] at {{coor d|39.0|N|140.9|E}} (about {{convert|60|mi|km}} north-northwest of [[Sendai]], {{convert|240|mi|km}} north of [[Tokyo]]) at 8:43 am [[Japan Standard Time|JST]] on [[June 14]], [[2008]] (2008-06-13 23:43[[UTC|Z]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssIndustryMaterialsUtilitiesNews/idUSSP17649620080614|title=UPDATE 11-North Japan quake kills at least 5, more missing|date=2008-06-14|accessdate=2008-06-15|publisher=Thompson Reuters}}</ref>). The [[magnitude]] of the quake was 7.2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/14/AR2008061400409.html|title=At least 3 dead, 7 missing in Japan's 7.2 quake|publisher=Washington Post|date=2008-06-15|accessdate=2008-06-15}}</ref> The strongest shaking was recorded in [[Ōshū, Iwate]] and [[Kurihara, Miyagi]], both of which recorded a ''[[Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale|shindo]]'' of 6+.<ref>[http://www.jma.go.jp/jp/quake/14084700391.html 気象庁｜地震情報] ''Kishōchō | Jishin Jōhō'' Retrieved [[June 14]], [[2008]]</ref> The [[United States Geological Survey]] placed the magnitude at 6.8.<ref>[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2008tfdp.php Magnitude 6.8 - EASTERN HONSHU, JAPAN] Retrieved [[June 14]], [[2008]]</ref>

== Tectonics ==
{{seealso|List of 2008 Iwate earthquake aftershocks}}
According to the USGS:<ref>{{cite web|url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2008/us2008tfdp/#summary |title = Magnitude 6.8 - EASTERN HONSHU, JAPAN |accessdate = 2008-06-14}}</ref>
<blockquote>The Mw 6.8 Honshu earthquake of June 13th 2008 occurred in a region of convergence between the Pacific Plate and the Okhotsk section of the North American Plate in northern Japan, where the Pacific plate is moving west-northwest with respect to North America at a rate of approximately 8.3 cm/yr. The hypocenter of the earthquake indicates shallow thrusting motion in the upper (Okhotsk) plate, above the subducting Pacific plate, which lies at approximately 80 km depth at this location.</blockquote>

<blockquote>The earthquake occurred in a region of upper-plate contraction, probably within the complicated tectonics of the Ou Backbone Range, known to have hosted several large earthquakes in historic times. The largest of these events occurred in 1896, approximately 70km north of the June 13th event, and killed over 200 people in the local area.</blockquote>

== Effects ==
It killed at least nine people, and injured 233 others. Eleven are missing.<ref>[http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/t10015257881000.html NHKニュース　地震９人死亡１１人行方不明] Retrieved [[June 15]], [[2008]]</ref> One death was attributed to a landslide; another occurred when a truck struck a man. Service interruption on the [[Tōhoku Shinkansen|Tōhoku]], [[Akita Shinkansen|Akita]], and [[Yamagata Shinkansen]] lines affected 2,000 passengers aboard 3 trains who were forced to exit the train and evacuate<ref>[http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20080614-00000965-san-soci 【岩手・宮城内陸地震】「脱線せず」はＪＲの対策が奏功か] Retrieved [[June 14]], [[2008]]</ref> while 17 others in the affected area disembarked their passengers on the nearest stations and local lines and [[East Nippon Expressway Company|expressways]] closed.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/06/13/japan.earthquake/index.html 2 dead, dozens injured as 6.9 earthquake rattles Japan - CNN.com] Retrieved [[June 14]], [[2008]]</ref> Service on the Shinkansen lines returned to normal by the following morning.<ref>[http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/k10015253551000.html http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/k10015253551000.html] Retrieved [[June 15]], [[2008]]</ref> In the city of [[Ōshū, Iwate|Ōshū]], a bus overturned and fell into a stream.<ref>[http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/t10015242971000.html NHKニュース　奥州市１７人乗りバスが転落] Retrieved [[June 14]], [[2008]]</ref>

Shaking was felt over a wide region. ''[[Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale|Shindo]]'' 3 or above was reported in [[Miyagi Prefecture|Miyagi]], [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]], [[Akita Prefecture|Akita]], [[Yamagata Prefecture|Yamagata]], [[Fukushima Prefecture|Fukushima]], [[Aomori Prefecture|Aomori]], [[Tochigi Prefecture|Tochigi]], [[Ibaraki Prefecture|Ibaraki]], [[Niigata Prefecture|Niigata]], [[Chiba Prefecture|Chiba]], [[Saitama Prefecture|Saitama]], [[Tokyo]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]], and [[Gunma Prefecture]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jp/quake/14084700391.html |title=地震情報（各地の震度に関する情報）|date=2008-06-14 |accessdate=2008-06-14 |publisher=[[Japan Meteorological Agency]] |language=Japanese}}</ref>

There were no shutdowns of nuclear power plants due to the quake, as in the [[2007 Chūetsu offshore earthquake]]. Some water was found to have splashed out of spent fuel pools in the [[Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant|Fukushima]] and [[Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant|Onagawa]] plants due to shaking. Nothing was released to the environment.<ref>NucNet. [http://www.worldnuclear.org/_news_database/rss_detail_features.cfm?objID=F800A2FD-EB55-4C48-8D7DCAA26DEE020C Japan Safety Agency Says No Quake Damage Reported At Nuclear Facilities].</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iwate earthquake}}

[[Category:2008 earthquakes]]
[[Category:2008 in Japan]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Japan]]
[[Category:Tōhoku region]]

[[fr:Séisme d'Iwate de 2008]]
[[ko:이와테·미야기 내륙지진]]
[[ja:岩手・宮城内陸地震]]
[[sv:Jordbävningen i Iwate 2008]]
[[zh:2008年岩手宮城內陸地震]]

Vocaloid

2007-10-19T01:48:15Z

Revth: Descriptions of Hatsune Miku, using JP version of the same article as the source

'''VOCALOID''' is a Singing Synthesizer technology and application software developed by the [[Yamaha Corporation]] that enables users to synthesize singing by just typing in [[lyrics]] and [[melody]].
Yamaha announced its development in 2003 and in January 2004 the first application software product was launched. It was not released as a Yamaha product, but a software package of Vocaloid Singer Libraries developed by third party licensees which included Yamaha’s Vocaloid software.

So far, Leon, Lola and Miriam have been released from Zero-G Limited, UK, while Meiko and Kaito have been released from Crypton Future Media, Japan.

In January 2007 Yamaha announced a new version of the software engine,VOCALOID2, with various major improvements in usability and synthesis quality. Zero-G and others have announced plans to release products powered by the new software engine in 2007. PowerFX have released the first english package that is powered by VOCALOID2, Sweet Ann. Crypton has followed and announced a series of character VOCALOID2 packages to be released, the first being Hatsune Miku. The second package is stated to be released in December 2007 while a third will be somewhere in 2008.

==Hatsune Miku==
{{nihongo|'''Hatsune Miku'''|初音ミク|Hatsune Miku}} is the first of VOCALOID Character Voice Series released on August 31, 2007. The name of title and the character of software was chosen by combining "{{nihongo|'''Hatsu'''|初|Hatsu}} (first)+{{nihongo|'''On'''|音|On}}(Sound)+{{nihongo|'''Miku'''|未来|Miku}}(future)". The data for voice was created by actually sampling the voice of [[Saki Fujita]], a [[Seiyū|voice actress]]. Unlike general purpose [[Speech synthesis|speech synthesizers]], the software is tuned to create [[J-pop]] songs commonly heard in [[anime]] but it is possible to create songs from other genres.

==See Also==
*[[Virtual Singer]]
*[[VirSyn Cantor]]

==External links==
*[http://www.vocaloid.com/en/index.html Official site]
*[http://www.crypton.co.jp/mp/pages/prod/vocaloid/ Crypton's Official VOCALOID2 site (Japanese only)]
*[http://www.powerfx.com/ PowerFX Official site]
*[http://vocaloid-user.net Unofficial Vocaloid user site]

[[Category:Musical instruments]]
[[Category:Vocal synthesising software]]
{{musical-instrument-stub}}
[[ja:VOCALOID]]
[[zh:VOCALOID]]

Han'yō

2006-06-02T07:13:00Z

Revth: Rewritten to be less focused on anime and manga

A {{nihongo|'''Han'yō'''|半妖}} appearing in [[Japan]]ese folklore and various fictions is the product of a union between a [[supernatural|supernatural being]], commonly a [[yokai|yōkai]] and a [[human]]. A common translation is '''half-demon''' but it is misleading as ''demon'' only has negative connotation in [[English language|English]] while in [[Japanese language|Japanese]], '''yo''' or '''ayakashi''' merely means ''supernatural existences excluding [[kami]]''. The term may also be used to describe a person born between an [[elf]] or a [[fairy]] though such use is far rarer. Depending on the parentage, they may be further classified. Those born between a [[demon]] and a human may be called '''Hanma''' and an [[oni]] and a human, '''Hanki'''. In a very rare case, hanyo's traits may appear many generations later, which will be called '''Senzo-ga'eri'''.

==Characteristics==
Hanyo often have characteristics from both parents but almost never quite equal to either. They enjoy a longer life than average humans and have abilities from his or her non-human parent. Their powers often make them an [[outsider]] to the human society, while their weakness compared to full non-human beings keep them out of the non-human society. They often adopt the human form as his or her regular appearance but those who consider themselves an [[outcast]], commonly a [[villain]] may intentionally choose the non-human form.

Depending on the story, the hanyo may be the product of love or hate of parents which strongly influence his or her future self. Reaction of those around a hanyo varies from strong racism to muted indifference. For example, in fictions, [[Abe no Seimei]] was a product of a human male and a [[kitsune]] female. As much prejudiced as the human society around him was, his eventual rise to the advisor of the emperor was contested solely on his abilities and not lineage. In contrast, most hanyo from the [[anime]] and [[manga]] series ''[[InuYasha]]'' are conflicted and traumatized individuals including the lead character [[InuYasha (character)|InuYasha]].

==Notable Examples==
* [[Abe no Seimei]], a real life [[onmyoji|onmyōji]] of the [[Heian Period]], rumored and fictionalized as born between a human and a kitsune
* [[InuYasha (character)|InuYasha]], from the [[anime]] and [[manga]] series [[InuYasha]]
* [[Sha Gojyo (Saiyuki)|Sha Gojyo]], from the manga and anime series [[Saiyuki]]
* [[Yusuke Urameshi]], from the manga and anime series [[YuYu Hakusho]]

{{Japan-myth-stub}}

[[Category:Japanese legendary creatures]]

[[ru:Ханъё]]
[[fi:Hanyou]]

Furoshiki

2005-10-17T03:49:58Z

Revth: rearranged and added some info

'''Furoshiki''' (風呂敷, ''furoshiki'') are a type of traditional Japanese wrapping cloth that were frequently used to transport clothes, gifts, or other goods. Although possibly dating back as far as the [[Nara period]], the name, meaning "bath spread", derives from the [[Edo period]] practice of using them to bundle clothes while at the [[Sento|sentō]] (public baths). Before becoming associated with public bath, furoshiki was known as ''Hirazutumi'' (平包), or flat folded bundle. Eventually, the ''furoshiki's'' usage extended to serve as a means for merchants to transport their wares or to protect and decorate a gift.

Modern ''furoshiki'' can be made of a variety of [[Cloth|cloths]], including [[Cotton|cotton]], [[Rayon|rayon]], and [[Nylon|nylon]]. Furoshiki are often decorated with traditional designs or by [[shibori]].

Although there are still ''furoshiki'' users in Japan, their numbers declined in the [[Post-war|post-war]] period, in large part due to the proliferation of the [[Plastic shopping bag|plastic shopping bag]]. In recent years, it has seen a renewed interest as [[Environmental movement|environmental protection]] became a concern.

==See also==
*[[Yumeji Takehisa]]
*[[Tenugui]]
*[[Yukata]]

{{Japan-stub}}

Liste der Countys in Kalifornien

2005-01-24T13:30:50Z

Revth: ja-link

<div style="float:right;width:200px;margin-left:5px">[[Image:California map showing counties.png]]</div>
The [[U.S. state]] of [[California]] is divided into 58 [[county|counties]]. Counties are responsible for local services and law enforcement for areas within their borders that are not within incorporated [[city|cites]], as well as providing local-level [[court (judicial)|court]]s.

==First establishment of California counties==
On [[January 4]], [[1850]], the California constitutional committee recommended the formation of 18 counties. They were Benicia, Butte, Fremont, Los Angeles, Mariposa, Monterey, Mount Diablo, Oro, Redding, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco, San Joaquin, San Jose, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Sonoma, and Sutter. On [[April 22]], the counties of Branciforte, Calaveras, Coloma, Colusi, Marin, Mendocino, Napa, Trinity, and Yuba were added. Benicia was renamed Solano, Coloma to El Dorado, Fremont to Yola, Mt. Diablo to Contra Costa, San Jose to Santa Clara, Oro to Tuolumne, and Redding to Shasta. One of the first state legislative acts regarding counties was to rename Branciforte County to Santa Cruz, Colusi to Colusa, and Yola to Yolo.

==List of California counties==
The present number of counties was achieved over time by subdivision of many of the larger counties into smaller ones. The 1850 counties are marked with an asterisk (*).
[[Image:California counties map.gif|thumbnail|California counties]]
*[[Alameda County, California|Alameda]]
*[[Alpine County, California|Alpine]]
*[[Amador County, California|Amador]]
*[[Butte County, California|Butte]] *
*[[Calaveras County, California|Calaveras]] *
*[[Colusa County, California|Colusa]] *
*[[Contra Costa County, California|Contra Costa]] *
*[[Del Norte County, California|Del Norte]]
*[[El Dorado County, California|El Dorado]] *
*[[Fresno County, California|Fresno]]
*[[Glenn County, California|Glenn]]
*[[Humboldt County, California|Humboldt]]
*[[Imperial County, California|Imperial]]
*[[Inyo County, California|Inyo]]
*[[Kern County, California|Kern]]
*[[Kings County, California|Kings]]
*[[Lake County, California|Lake]]
*[[Lassen County, California|Lassen]]
*[[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]] *
*[[Madera County, California|Madera]]
*[[Marin County, California|Marin]] *
*[[Mariposa County, California|Mariposa]] *
*[[Mendocino County, California|Mendocino]] *
*[[Merced County, California|Merced]]
*[[Modoc County, California|Modoc]]
*[[Mono County, California|Mono]]
*[[Monterey County, California|Monterey]] *
*[[Napa County, California|Napa]] *
*[[Nevada County, California|Nevada]]
*[[Orange County, California|Orange]]
*[[Placer County, California|Placer]]
*[[Plumas County, California|Plumas]]
*[[Riverside County, California|Riverside]]
*[[Sacramento County, California|Sacramento]] *
*[[San Benito County, California|San Benito]]
*[[San Bernardino County, California|San Bernardino]]
*[[San Diego County, California|San Diego]] *
*[[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] *
*[[San Joaquin County, California|San Joaquin]] *
*[[San Luis Obispo County, California|San Luis Obispo]] *
*[[San Mateo County, California|San Mateo]]
*[[Santa Barbara County, California|Santa Barbara]] *
*[[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara]] *
*[[Santa Cruz County, California|Santa Cruz]] *
*[[Shasta County, California|Shasta]] *
*[[Sierra County, California|Sierra]]
*[[Siskiyou County, California|Siskiyou]]
*[[Solano County, California|Solano]] *
*[[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma]] *
*[[Stanislaus County, California|Stanislaus]]
*[[Sutter County, California|Sutter]] *
*[[Tehama County, California|Tehama]]
*[[Trinity County, California|Trinity]] *
*[[Tulare County, California|Tulare]]
*[[Tuolumne County, California|Tuolumne]] *
*[[Ventura County, California|Ventura]]
*[[Yolo County, California|Yolo]] *
*[[Yuba County, California|Yuba]] *

==Counties which no longer exist==
*[[Klamath County, California|Klamath County]] was created in [[1851]] from the northern half of Trinity County, but in [[1874]] it was divided between Humboldt and Siskiyou counties.
*Pautah County was created in [[1852]] out of territory which, the state of California assumed, was to be ceded to it by the [[United States Congress]] from territory in what is now the state of [[Nevada]]. When the cession never occurred, the state legislature officially abolished the never-created county in [[1859]].

==History of county creations and modifications==
*[[1853]] - Alameda, from parts of Contra Costa and Santa Clara Counties
*[[1864]] - Alpine, from parts of Amador, El Dorado, Calaveras and Tuolumne Counties
*[[1854]] - Amador, from parts of Calaveras and El Dorado. Part of the county's territory went to Alpine County in 1864
*Butte - One of the original counties. Part of the county's territory went to Plumas County in 1854 and to Tehama in 1856
*Calaveras - One of the original counties. Part of the county's territory went to Amador County in 1854 and to Alpine in 1864
*Colusa - One of the original counties. Part of the county's territory went to Tehama County in 1856 and to Glenn in 1891
*Contra Costa - One of the original counties. Part of the county's territory went to Alameda County in 1853
*[[1857]] - Del Norte, from parts of Klamath County
*El Dorado - One of the original counties. Part of the county's territory went to Amador County in 1854 and to Alpine County in 1864
*[[1856]] - Fresno, from parts of Mariposa, Merced and Tulare. Part of the county's territory went to Mono County in 1861 and to Madera in 1893
*[[1891]] - Glenn, from parts of Colusa
*[[1853]] - Humboldt, from parts of Trinity
*[[1907]] - Imperial, from parts of San Diego. The most recent county formed.
*[[1866]] - Inyo, from parts of Mono and Tulare
*[[1866]] - Kern, from parts of Los Angeles and Tulare
*[[1893]] - Kings, from parts of Tulare
*[[1851]] - Klamath, from parts of Trinity. Part of the county's territory went to Del Norte in 1857
*[[1861]] - Lake, from parts of Napa
*[[1864]] - Lassen, from parts of Plumas and Shasta
*Los Angeles - One of the original counties. Parts of the county's territory went to San Bernardino County 1853, Kern in 1866 and Orange in 1889
*[[1893]] - Madera, from parts of Fresno
*Marin - One of the original counties
*Mariposa - One of the original counties. Part of the county's territory went to Tulare County in 1852, Merced in 1855, Fresno in 1856 and Mono in 1861. Mariposa County was the largest of the state's original counties, but territory that was once part of Mariposa is now in the counties of 12 other counties -- Fresno, Inyo, Kern, Kings, Los Angeles, Madera, Merced, Mono, San Benito, San Bernardino, San Luis Obispo, and Tulare.
*Mendocino - One of the original counties.
*[[1855]] - Merced, from parts of Mariposa. Part of the county's territory went to Fresno in 1856
*1855 - Modoc, from parts of Siskiyou
*[[1861]] - Mono, from parts of Calaveras, Fresno and Mariposa. Part of the county's territory went to Inyo in 1866
*Monterey - One of the original counties. Part of the county's territory went to San Benito in 1874
*Napa - One of the original counties. Part of the county's territory went to Lake in 1861
*[[1851]] - Nevada, from parts of Yuba County
*[[1889]] - Orange, from parts of Los Angeles County
*[[1851]] - Placer, from parts of Sutter and Yuba Counties
*[[1854]] - Plumas, from parts of Butte County. Part of the county's territory went to Lassen in 1864
*Sacramento - One of the original counties
*[[1874]] - San Benito, from parts of Monterey County
*[[1853]] - San Bernardino, from parts of Los Angeles County. Part of the county's territory went to Riverside in 1893
*San Diego - One of the original counties. Part of the county's territory went to Riverside in 1893 and to Imperial in 1907
*San Francisco - One of the original counties. Part of the county's territory went to San Mateo in 1856
*San Joaquin - One of the original counties
*San Luis Obispo - One of the original counties
*[[1856]] - San Mateo, from part of San Francisco County
*Santa Barbara - One of the original counties. Part of the county's territory went to Ventura in 1872
*Santa Clara - One of the original counties. Part of the county's territory went to Alameda in 1853
*Santa Cruz - One of the original counties
*Shasta - One of the original counties. Part of the county's territory went to Siskiyou in 1852, to Tehama in 1856 and to Lassen in 1864
*[[1852]] - Sierra, from part of Yuba County
*1852 - Siskiyou, from parts of Shasta and Klamath. Part of the county's territory went to Modoc in 1855
*Solano - One of the original counties
*Sonoma - One of the original counties.
*[[1854]] - Stanislaus, from part of Tuolumne
*Sutter - One of the original counties. Part of the county's territory went to Placer in 1851
*[[1856]] - Tehama, from parts of Butte, Colusa and Shasta
*Trinity - One of the original counties. Part of the county's territory went to Klamath in 1852 and to Humboldt in 1853
*[[1852]] - Tulare, from part of Mariposa. Part of the county's territory went to Fresno in 1856, to Kern in 1866, to Inyo in 1866 and to Kings in 1893
*Tuolumne - One of the original counties. Part of the county's territory went to Stanislaus in 1854 and to Alpine in 1864
*[[1872]] - Ventura, from part of Santa Barbara
*Yolo - One of the original counties
*Yuba - One of the original counties. Part of the county's territory went to Placer in 1851, to Nevada in 1851 and to Sierra in 1852

==See also==
*[[List of California county name etymologies]]

==External links==
*[http://www.csac.counties.org/ California State Association of Counties]
*[http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/maps/california_map.html State map showing the county names and linking to county data]

{{California}}

[[Category:Lists of U.S. counties|California, counties in]]
[[Category:California counties| ]]
[[de:Liste der Counties in Kalifornien]]
[[fr:Comtés de l'État de Californie]]
[[ja:カリフォルニア州の郡一覧]]
[[zh:加利福尼亞州行政區劃]]

Liste der Countys in Montana

2005-01-22T09:31:01Z

Revth: ja-link

'''List of [[Montana]] counties:'''
#[[Beaverhead County, Montana|Beaverhead County]]
#[[Big Horn County, Montana|Big Horn County]]
#[[Blaine County, Montana|Blaine County]]
#[[Broadwater County, Montana|Broadwater County]]
#[[Carbon County, Montana|Carbon County]]
#[[Carter County, Montana|Carter County]]
#[[Cascade County, Montana|Cascade County]]
#[[Chouteau County, Montana|Chouteau County]]
#[[Custer County, Montana|Custer County]]
#[[Daniels County, Montana|Daniels County]]
#[[Dawson County, Montana|Dawson County]]
#[[Deer Lodge County, Montana|Deer Lodge County]]
#[[Fallon County, Montana|Fallon County]]
#[[Fergus County, Montana|Fergus County]]
#[[Flathead County, Montana|Flathead County]]
#[[Gallatin County, Montana|Gallatin County]]
#[[Garfield County, Montana|Garfield County]]
#[[Glacier County, Montana|Glacier County]]
#[[Golden Valley County, Montana|Golden Valley County]]
#[[Granite County, Montana|Granite County]]
#[[Hill County, Montana|Hill County]]
#[[Jefferson County, Montana|Jefferson County]]
#[[Judith Basin County, Montana|Judith County]]
#[[Lake County, Montana|Lake County]]
#[[Lewis and Clark County, Montana|Lewis and Clark County]]
#[[Liberty County, Montana|Liberty County]]
#[[Lincoln County, Montana|Lincoln County]]
#[[Madison County, Montana|Madison County]]
#[[McCone County, Montana|McCone County]]
#[[Meagher County, Montana|Meagher County]]
#[[Mineral County, Montana|Mineral County]]
#[[Missoula County, Montana|Missoula County]]
#[[Musselshell County, Montana|Musselshell County]]
#[[Park County, Montana|Park County]]
#[[Petroleum County, Montana|Petroleum County]]
#[[Phillips County, Montana|Phillips County]]
#[[Pondera County, Montana|Pondera County]]
#[[Powder River County, Montana|Powder River County]]
#[[Powell County, Montana|Powell County]]
#[[Prairie County, Montana|Prairie County]]
#[[Ravalli County, Montana|Ravalli County]]
#[[Richland County, Montana|Richland County]]
#[[Roosevelt County, Montana|Roosevelt County]]
#[[Rosebud County, Montana|Rosebud County]]
#[[Sanders County, Montana|Sanders County]]
#[[Sheridan County, Montana|Sheridan County]]
#[[Silver Bow County, Montana|Silver Bow County]]
#[[Stillwater County, Montana|Stillwater County]]
#[[Sweet Grass County, Montana|Sweet Grass County]]
#[[Teton County, Montana|Teton County]]
#[[Toole County, Montana|Toole County]]
#[[Treasure County, Montana|Treasure County]]
#[[Valley County, Montana|Valley County]]
#[[Wheatland County, Montana|Wheatland County]]
#[[Wibaux County, Montana|Wibaux County]]
#[[Yellowstone County, Montana|Yellowstone County]]

[[de:Liste der Counties in Montana]]
[[fr:Comtés de l'État du Montana]]
[[ja:モンタナ州の郡一覧]]

[[Category:Lists of U.S. counties|Montana, counties in]]

Benutzer:Albtalkourtaki/Phanariotes

2005-01-18T09:48:01Z

Revth: ja-link

'''Phanariotes''' (from [[Phanar]], the chief Greek quarter at [[Istambul]], where the [[Patriarch of Constantinople|oecumenical patriarchate]] is situated) were those members of families resident in the Phanar quarter who between the years [[1711]] and [[1821]] were appointed voivodes of the Danubian principalities ([[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]]).

That period of Moldo-Wallachian history is also usually termed the Phanariote epoch. It is not to be understood as marking the introduction into the principalities of the Greek element, which had already established itself firmly in both provinces, to both of which Greek princes had been appointed before the [[18th century]]. But whereas the Greek families of earlier introduction gradually became merged in their country of adoption, the later immigrants retained their separate nationality and grew to be powerful agents for furthering the spread of Graecism in the principalities.

The person raised to the princely dignity was usually the chief dragoman of the [[Sublime Porte]], and was consequently well versed in contemporary politics and the statecralt of the Ottoman government.

The new prince, who was compelled to purchase his elevation with a heavy bribe, proceeded to the country which he was selected to govern, and of the language of which he was in nearly every case totally ignorant, accompanied by a horde of needy hangers-on. He and his acolytes ceunted on recouping themselves in as short a time as possible for their initial outlay and in laying by a sufficiency to live on after the termination of the princes brief authority. It was the interest of the Porte to change the princes as often as possible, as the accession donation thus became due more frequently.

When, owing to the numerous cases of treachery among the princes, the choice became limited to a few families the plan was hit upon of frequently shifting the prince from one province to the other: the prince of Wallachia, the richer of the two principalities, was always ready to pay a handsome douceur to avert his transfer to [[Iasi]]; the prince of Moldavia was equally ready to bribe his supporters at Constantinople to secure his appointment to Wallachia.

To raise funds to satisfy the rapacity of the Porte the princes became past masters in the art of spoliation, and the inhabitants, liable to every species of tax which the ingenuity of their Greek rulers could devise, were reduced to the last stage of destitution. The active part taken by the Greek princes in the revolt of [[1820]]-[[1821|21]] induced the Porte to revert to the appointment of native princes.

[[category:Romanian history]]

{{1911}}

[[ja:ファナリオット]]

St. Thomas (Ontario)

2005-01-11T16:45:01Z

Revth: ja-link

[[Image:Jumbo1St.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Jumbo Statue, St. Thomas Ontario]]
[[Image:Jumbo2St.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Circus mural with Jumbo, St. Thomas, Ontario]]
'''St. Thomas''' ([[2001]] population 33,236; area of 32.24km²) is a [[city]] in southwestern [[Ontario]], [[Canada]].

The city, located at the intersection of two historical roads, was first settled in [[1810]]. It was named the seat of the new [[Elgin County, Ontario|Elgin County]] in [[1844]] and was incorporated in [[1852]]. It officially became a city in [[1881]].

In the late [[19th century]] and early [[20th century]] several railways were constructed through the city, and St. Thomas became an important railway junction. A total of 26 railways have passed through the city since the first railway was completed in 1856. It has earned the title of the ''Railway Capital of Canada''. In the [[1950s]] and [[1960s]], with the decline of the railway as a mode of transportation, other industry began to locate in the city, principally primary and secondary automotive manufacturing.
[[Jumbo]] (the elephant) died here on September 15, 1885 when a train crashed into him. There is a commemorative statue remaining that was erected in 1985, for the centennial of Jumbo's demise.

The city was named after [[Thomas Talbot (Upper Canada)|Thomas Talbot]] who helped promote the development of this region during the early [[19th century]].

===External links===

* [http://www.city.st-thomas.on.ca/ City of St. Thomas Official Website]

[[Category:Ontario cities]]

[[ja:セントトーマス (オンタリオ州)]]

Jackson (Ohio)

2005-01-09T14:00:20Z

Revth: ja-link

'''Jackson''' is a city located in [[Jackson County, Ohio]]. As of the [[2000]] census, the city had a total population of 6,184. It is the [[county seat]] of [[Jackson County, Ohio|Jackson County]]{{GR|6}}.

== Geography ==
[[Image:OHMap-doton-Jackson.png|right|Location of Jackson, Ohio]]

Jackson is located at 39°3'3" North, 82°38'23" West (39.050784, -82.639584){{GR|1}}.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 20.1 [[square kilometer|km²]] (7.8 [[square mile|mi²]]). 19.5 km² (7.5 mi²) of it is land and 0.6 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 3.22% water.

== Demographics ==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of [[2000]], there are 6,184 people, 2,667 households, and 1,712 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] is 317.9/km² (823.4/mi²). There are 2,905 housing units at an average density of 149.4/km² (386.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 98.19% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.44% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.19% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.26% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.03% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.29% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 0.60% from two or more races. 0.86% of the population are [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race.

There are 2,667 households out of which 30.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.8% are [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 14.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 35.8% are non-families. 32.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.32 and the average family size is 2.91.

In the city the population is spread out with 24.7% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 85.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 80.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city is $26,728, and the median income for a family is $33,456. Males have a median income of $31,131 versus $21,612 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city is $14,855. 18.7% of the population and 14.6% of families are below the [[poverty line]]. Out of the total population, 23.6% of those under the age of 18 and 18.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

== Local Links ==
[http://www.jcs.k12.oh.us Jackson City School District]

== External links ==
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|39.050784|-82.639584}}

[[Category:Cities in Ohio]]
[[Category:Jackson County, Ohio]]
[[Category:County seats in Ohio]]

[[ja:ジャクソン (オハイオ州)]]

Schlitten

2004-12-20T23:53:09Z

Revth:

:For the cricket meaning, see [[Sledging (cricket)]]

A '''sled''', '''sledge''' or '''sleigh''' is a [[vehicle]] with [[runner]]s for sliding instead of [[wheel]]s for rolling. It is used for [[transport]] on surfaces with low [[friction]], usually [[snow]] or [[ice]] but any grassy surface is good when it is not too dry. In some cases round river-washed stones make a good surface for sledges. Devices to be pulled across bare ground, such as a [[travois]], are not generally called "sleds", although skids often are.

Sleds are typically smaller and simpler than [[sleigh]]s, though this is not always the case. Both are lightweight vehicles whereas a ''sledge'' is more usually a low and rough farm vehicle designed for heavy haulage of loads such as cordwood, stone or ice blocks.

With only [[gravity]] as the propelling [[force]], a sled can be used downhill, also as a [[toy]].

Alternatively, it may be pulled by [[animal]]s, usually [[horse]]s, [[mule]]s, [[oxen]] or [[dog]]s. It may also be pushed or pulled by humans (playing children, a parent pulling a child, etc.). Man-hauled sledges were the traditional means of transport on British exploring expeditions to the [[Arctic]] and [[Antarctic]] regions in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Dog-teams were used by most others, such as [[Roald Amundsen]]. Today people use [[kite]]s to tow exploration sleds in such climes.

A '''troika''' is a vehicle drawn by three horses, usually a sled, but it may also be a wheeled [[carriage]].

The fictional [[flying sleigh]] of [[Santa Claus]] is pulled by flying [[reindeer]]. It involves little sliding, perhaps only during taking-off and landing.

[[Image:Sleigh.jpg|thumb|250px|A horse-drawn sleigh]]

The various categories of sleds include:

* Coaster sled
* Wooden sled/sledge
* Draft-animal sled/sledge
** [[Horse-drawn sleigh]]
** [[Dog sled]]
* Flying sleigh
* [[Bobsled]] - an [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] sport.
* [[Toboggan]]

''See also'' [[ski]], [[snowboard]].

[[Category:Transportation]]
[[Category:Sporting goods]]

[[da:Slæde]]
[[de:Schlitten]]
[[fr:Luge]]
[[ja:ソリ]]
[[nl:Slee]]

River Churn

2004-11-28T02:48:47Z

Revth:

The River '''Churn''' rises at Seven Springs near [[Cheltenham]], [[Gloucestershire]], [[England]] and flows south across the [[Cotswolds|Cotswold]] [[dip slope]] passing through [[Cirencester]] and joining the River [[Thames]] near [[Cricklade]] in [[Wiltshire]]. Its distance from source to [[confluence]] with the Thames is considerably longer than the Thames itself from source to confluence, but historically the Churn is a regarded as a [[tributary]].

The name Churn is ancient, certainly pre-[[Roman]], and probably has its origins in the [[Celtic]] language spoken by the [[Dobunni]] tribe who controlled the area before the Roman conquest in the 1st Century CE. The original name may have sounded similar to ''Korinn''.

Cognate names and name elements from the area are ''Cerney'', ''Ciren'' and ''Corin'' as found in the villages of [[North Cerney]], [[South Cerney]], and [[Cerney Wick]], modern Cirencester, and the Roman town name [[Corinium|Corinium]]. All these places are on or close to the River Churn.

{{stub}}

[[Category:British rivers|Churn]]
[[Category:Gloucestershire]]
[[Category:Rivers in Wiltshire|Churn]]

[[ja:チャーン川]]

Kotobagari

2004-11-20T06:06:12Z

Revth:

'''''Kotobagari''''' (言葉狩り, lit. "word hunting") refers to the censorship of words considered [[political correctness|politically incorrect]] in the [[Japanese language]]. Words such as ''[[gaijin]]'' ("foreigner/outsider"), ''rai'' ("[[leper]]") , ''mekura'' ("blind") , ''tsunbo'' ("deaf") , ''kichigai'' ("crazy"), ''tosatsujō'' ("slaughter house"), and ''hakuchi'' ("moron/retard") are currently not used by the majority of Japanese publishing houses; the publishers often refuse to publish writing which includes these words.

Critics of ''kotobagari'' point out that the activity often does not serve the purpose of correcting the underlying cause of discrimination. For example, a school janitor in [[Japan]] used to be called a ''kozukai-san'' ("choir person"). Some felt that the word had a derogatory meaning, so it was changed to ''yōmuin'' ("task person"). Now ''youmuin'' is considered demeaning, so there is shift to use ''kōmuin'' ("school task person") or ''kanrisagyōin'' ("maintenance person") instead, an example of what [[Steven Pinker]] calls the "[[euphemism]] treadmill".

==Kotobagari and Ideology==
Kotobagari has lead to a bizzare collection of words those are highly confusing and often linguistically incorrect.

[[NHK]] runs a [[Korean language]] study program, but the language is called ''[[Hangul]]'' to avoid being politically incorrect. This is like calling an [[English language]] course as an ''[[Alphabet]]'' study course. This is a result of both North and South Korean governments demanding that the program be called by the name of one country. North Korea wanted the show to be called ''Chosen language''(朝鮮語) taken from its full name, ''朝鮮民主主義人民共和国'' or Democratic People's Republic of Korea. South Korea wanted ''Kankoku language''(韓国語) from ''大韓民国'' or Republic of Korea. As a compromise, ''Hangul'' was selected, but this has led to an amusing usage of nonexistant ''Hangul language'' to refer to Korean language.

{{msg:stub}}
[[Category:Japanese language]]
[[ja:言葉狩り]]

Toiletten in Japan

2004-10-18T13:32:22Z

Revth: /* Miscellaneous facts */

[[Image:Bidet toilet seat.jpg|frame|A twin-nozzled electronic bidet unit built into a toilet seat]]
There are three types of [[toilet]]s commonly found in [[Japan]]. The oldest type is a simple [[squat toilet]], which is still common in public restrooms. After [[World War II]], modern Western-type [[flush toilet]]s and [[urinal]]s became common. Currently, over 50% of the Japanese households have high-tech shower toilets worldwide, and Japanese companies currently produce some of the most advanced high tech toilets worldwide. These high-tech toilets are known as ''Washlet'' (ウォシュレット) and include a built-in bidet both for the anus and for the vulva. Many additional features are also often included, such as a blow dryer, seat heating, massage options and other adjustments for the water jet of the bidet, automatic opening of the lid and flushing after use, a [[wireless]] toilet control panel, heating and air conditioning for the toilet room, etc. The use of both the traditional squat and the modern high-tech toilet is often a source of confusion for foreigners.

==History==
[[Image:OldJapaneseToilet.jpg|thumb|[[Meiji Era]] [[squat toilet]] of a wealthy Japanese near [[Nakatsugawa]]]]
Toilets have been used in Japan since the start of civilization, although the exact construction and use is unknown. The earliest [[sewer]] systems are from the [[Yayoi]] period ([[300 BC]] to A.D. [[250]]). These systems were used in larger settlements, probably in combination with toilets. During the [[Nara period]] ([[710]] to [[784]]), a drainage system was created in the capital in [[Nara]]. The earliest known toilets in Japan also date back to that time, being constructed over an open pit similar to an [[outhouse]]. In earlier days [[seaweed]] was used for cleaning, but by the [[Edo period]], these were instead replaced by [[toilet paper]] that used [[washi]]. In the mountainous regions, wooden scrapers and large leaves were used as well. Often, toilets were also constructed over a running [[stream]] of [[water]]. However, historically, [[pit toilet]]s were more common, as they were easier to build and also allowed the reuse of the [[feces]] as fertilizer — very important in a country where [[Buddhism]] and its associated [[vegetarianism]] generally prevented [[livestock]] raising. In fact, the waste products of rich people were sold at higher prices because their diet was better. This practice stopped after [[World War II]] for sanitary reasons and with the proliferation of chemical fertilizers.

In [[Okinawa]], the toilet was often attached to the [[pig]] pen, and the pigs were fed with the human waste product. This practice was also stopped after World War II.

During the [[Azuchi-Momoyama period]] ([[1568]] to [[1600]]), the "Taiko Sewerage" was built around [[Osaka Castle]], and it is still existing and functioning today. The use of modern sewage systems began in [[1884]], with the installation of the first brick and ceramic sewer in [[Kanda]] in [[Tokyo]]. More plumbing and sewage systems were installed after the [[Great Kanto earthquake]] to avoid diseases after future earthquakes. However, the construction of sewers increased only after World War II to cope with the waste products of larger and larger population centers. In the year [[2000]], 60% of the population was connected to a sewer system.

Western-style toilets and [[urinal]]s started to appear in Japan at the beginning of the [[20th century]], but only after [[World War II]] did their use become more widespread due to the influence of the [[Occupied Japan|American occupation]]. In [[1977]], the sale of Western-style toilets exceeded the sale of traditional squat toilets in Japan. Based on toilets with a built-in bidet from [[Switzerland]] and the [[U.S.]], the World's largest bathroom fixtures company [[Toto]] introduced the ''Washlet'' in [[1980]]. Japanese companies currently produce some of the most advanced high tech toilets worldwide

==Terminology==

Toilets and the rooms that contain them are known by various names in Japanese. The most common word is ''toire'' (トイレ). ''Toire'' is an abbreviation of ''toiretto'' (トイレット), which was borrowed in the early 20th century from the English word "toilet." Today, ''toire'' and ''toiretto'' are used both for the toilet itself and for the room where it is located.

Among the many words for rooms or other structures that contain toilets, the most common are ''benjo'' (便所, literally "place of excrement") and ''otearai'' (お手洗い, literally "hand-washing"). Strictly speaking, ''otearai'' refers to the [[sink]] and thus has an origin similar to that of the English "lavatory." As a euphemism, this is similar to the English usage of "bathroom," which literally refers to a room with a [[bathtub]]. It is also common to see ''keshōshitsu'' (化粧室, literally "powder room") on signs in department stores and supermarkets as well as accompanying the public toilet [[pictogram]]. Another modern word for the toilet room, also taken from English, is ''resutorūm'' (レストルーム, "restroom"). Japanese has many other words for places reserved for excretory functions, including ''kawaya'' (厠) and ''habakari'' (憚り), but most are rare or archaic.

The toilet itself—that is, the bowl or in-floor receptacle, the water tank, etc.—is called ''benki'' (便器, literally "excrement device"). The toilet seat is ''benza'' (便座, "excrement seat"). A potty, either for small children or for the elderly or infirm, is called ''omaru'' (sometimes written 御虎子).

==Types of Toilets==
===Squat Toilet===
[[Image:JapaneseSquatToilet.jpg|thumb|A contemporary Japanese squat toilet including toilet slippers. The handwritten sign to the left of the vertical pipe says, "Please squat a bit closer."]]
The traditional Japanese-style (和式) toilet is a [[squat toilet]], also known as the ''Asian toilet'', as it is common all over [[Asia]]. A squat toilet differs from a western toilet in both construction and method of employment. A squat toilet essentially looks like a miniature [[urinal]] rotated 90 degrees and set into the floor. Most squat toilets in Japan are made of porcelain though in rare instances, stainless steel is also used. Instead of sitting, the user squats over the toilet, facing the hemispherical hood. A shallow trough collects the waste, instead of a large water-filled bowl as in a western toilet. All the other fixtures such as the water tank, piping, and flushing mechanism may be identical to those of a western toilet. Flushing causes water to push the waste matter from the trough into a collecting reservoir which is then emptied and carried off into the sewer system. The flush is often operated by the foot or by pulling the handle on the water tank or the piping fixture in the same manner as a western toilet.

Two variations are common, one where the toilet is level with the ground, and the other where the toilet is raised on a platform approximately 30 cm high. The latter is easier to use for men to [[Urination|urinate]] while standing, but both types can be used for this purposes. There is also no difference for [[defecation]] or squatting urination. The user stands over the squat toilet facing the hood and pulls down (up in the case of skirts) his or her pants and underwear to the knees. The user then squats over the hole, as closely to the front as possible. During defecation it is important to keep balanced. Beginners and foreigners often hold on to the piping at the front, which therefore has earned the nickname ''grunt'' bar from the sounds made while holding on to this pipe. If the plumbing is hidden or not strong enough, a separate handle may be installed specially to aid the user in keeping his/her balance. Another common strategy employed by foreigners to avoid any potentially embarrassing accidents while defecating is to strip completely from the waist down and hang the garments on a hook before assuming the position.

The advantages of this type of toilet are that they are easy to clean. Because of its simple construction, a squat toilet can be cleaned with just a bucket and a mop, or by simply hosing down the inside with water. Squat toilets are cheaper to make and consume less water per flush than western toilets.

Some claim that squat toilets are more sanitary than western toilets because no parts of the toilet actually come into contact with human skin. The waterless trough also minimizes the risk of splash back during defecation. In addition, a number of medical benefits are attributed to the squat toilet. It is said that the squatting strengthens the [[pelvic]] muscles of females, reducing the likelihood of [[incontinence]]. It is also said that this toilet builds up strength in the hips, and improves breathing and concentration, and that the upright squatting position allows more solid waste to be eliminated from the colon. However, there is no scientific study about the accuracy of any of these claims.

At one point in history, the Japanese bathroom fixtures company Toto produced a Japanese squat toilet with a built-in bidet, but this product was a commercial failure.

===Western Style [[flush toilet]]s===
[[Image:WaterSavingToiletJapan.jpg|thumb|A spigot on top of the bowl of this western style flush toilet allows users to conserve water by washing their hands in water destined for the next flush.]]
The standard [[flush toilet]] used worldwide is known in Japan as a ''Western style'' (洋式) toilet. Western style toilets, including high tech toilets, are now more common in Japanese homes than the traditional squat toilets. While most public facilities such as schools, temples, and train stations are often equipped with only squat toilets, in their own homes, Japanese people prefer being able to sit, especially older individuals for whom prolonged squatting is physically demanding or uncomfortable. Many western toilets also include a water saving device, where the user has the option to wash his or her hands with the water that goes into the tank for flushing. For details on the flush toilet see [[flush toilet]].

<br style="clear:both;" />

===High tech Japanese toilets===
{| align=right
|[[Image:JapaneseToiletBidet.jpg|thumb|200px|This jet of water would cleanse a user of this bidet toilet.]]
|-
|[[Image:WirelessToiletControlPanel.jpg|thumb|200px|A wireless toilet control panel with multiple options]]
|}

The modern high tech toilet in Japan, known in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] as ''Washlet'' (ウォシュレット) or as ''warm-water cleaning toilet seat'' (温水洗浄便座: ''onsuisenjoubenza'') is probably the most advanced type of toilet worldwide, showing a dazzling array of features. The age of the high tech toilet in Japan started in [[1980]] with the introduction of the ''washlet G series'' by Toto, and since then the product name ''washlet'' is used as [[slang]] to refer to all types of Japanese high tech toilets. Before it was introduced, it was believed that only a few would want such technology for more money when it can be done manually. It caught on when people realized that it actually worked, often surprisingly well. [[As of 2002]], almost 50% of private homes have such a toilet, exceeding the number of households with a personal computer. While the toilet looks at the first glance like a western style toilet, there are a number of features included either as part of the toilet or in a [[toilet seat]] that can be added to a regular western style toilet, also known as ''washlet'' in Japan. These features can be accessed by a control panel that is either attached to one side of the seat or on a wall nearby, often transmitting the commands wireless to the toilet seat.

The most basic feature is the integrated bidet, a nozzle the size of a pencil that comes out from underneath the toilet seat and squirts water on either the [[anus]] or the [[vulva]]. This is known as ''feminin cleaning'' or ''feminine wash'' and ''posterior wash'', ''general use'', or ''family cleaning''. At no point does the nozzle actually touch the body of the person. The nozzle is also self-cleaning and cleans itself before and after operation. The control logic is also attached to a pressure sensor in the toilet seat, and operates only if there is pressure on the seat, indicating that the seat is occupied. The user can select to wash his/her anus, or her vulva by pressing the corresponding button on the control panel. Usually the same nozzle is used for both operations, but at a different position of the nozzle head, and using different openings in the nozzle to squirt water at a different angle to aim for the correct spot. Occasionally, two nozzles are used, each dedicated for one area.

[[Image:TheApricotWasher.jpg|thumb|left|The ''[[Apricot]] washer'', an advertisement by Toto for their products]]
Most high-tech toilets also provide the option to select the water pressure to adjust to the preferences of the user. By default, the [[vulva]] receives less pressure than the [[anus]]. Usually, the temperature of the water can also be adjusted. Researchers in Japan have found that a water temperature slightly higher than the body temperature is preferred by most customers, and 38[[Celsius|°C]] is considered best. The exact nozzle position can also often be adjusted forward or aft manually. High-end washlets also provide options for a vibrating and pulsating jet of water. The manufacturers claim that this helps against [[constipation]] or [[hemorrhoid]]s. The most advanced washlets can even mix the water jet with [[soap]] for an improved cleaning process.

The washlet can replace toilet paper completely, but many users opt to improve the hygiene in combination with the mechanical action of the toilet paper. This also depends on the cleaned region, and the cleaning of the vulva may not need toilet paper. Some users use the toilet paper before the washing, some after the washing, some use only the washing and others use no washing at all and prefer to use only toilet paper.

A second commonly found feature is a blow drier, often adjustable between 40[[Celsius|°C]] and 60[[Celsius|°C]] to dry the private regions after cleaning with the integrated bidet. Other features may include a seat heating which may be adjustable from 30[[Celsius|°C]] to 40[[Celsius|°C]], an automatic opening and closing of the toilet lid based on a proximity sensor, automatic flushing of the toilet, automatic air deodorizer, and a germ resistant surface. Some models specially designed for the elderly may include arm rests and devices that help the user to stand up after use. A ''soft close'' feature slows the toilet lid down while closing so the lid does not slam onto the seat, or in some models the toilet lid will close automatically a certain time after flushing. The most recent introduction is the ozone deodorant system that can quickly eliminate the smell of the waste. Also, the latest models store the times of the use of the toilet, and have a power saving mode that heats up the toilet seat only during times when the toilet is likely to be used based on the collected usage data. Some toilets also glow in the dark or may even have [[Air conditioning|air conditioning]] for hot summer days.

Recently, researchers have added medical sensors into these toilets, which can measure the blood sugar based on the [[urine]], and also measure the pulse, blood pressure, and the body fat content of the user. Other measurements are currently researched. This data may automatically be sent to a doctor through a built in [[internet]] capable cellular phone. However, these devices are still very rare in Japan, and their future commercial success is difficult to predict. Producers currently also develop a voice-operated toilet that understands verbal commands. Toto, NAIS, and other companies also produce portable battery operated ''travel washlets'' which must be filled with warm water before use.

It is possible and occasionally done to use the water jet on a high pressure setting for an [[enema]]. There are also reports of females using the water jet as a [[masturbation]] aid. It is not known, however, how common these practices are.

===Male and female [[urinal]]s===
Urinals in Japan are very similiar to the [[urinal]]s in the rest of the world, and mainly used for public male toilets or male toilets with a large number of users.

Before and during the [[Meiji Era]], urinals were commonly used by both males and females. Traditionally, a [[kimono]] is worn without underwear, and the females merely pulled up their kimono and with an upward pull on their vulva were able to direct the [[urine]] forward into the urinal. This practice disappeared in the 20th century, when the female clothing changed to the western style, and nowadays even kimono are almost always worn with underwear. The female urinal had a small revival between [[1951]] and [[1968]], when Toto was producing female urinals. This device was shaped like a cone and placed on the floor. However, those were never very popular, and only a few of them are left, as for example underneath the ''Japan National Stadium'' from the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] in [[Tokyo]].
==Japan specific accessories==
Toilets in Japan have very similiar accessories as most toilets worldwide, including [[Toilet paper]], a toilet brush, a sink, etc. However, there are some Japan-specific accessoires that are rarely found outside of Japan.

===The ''Sound Princess''===

Many Japanese women are embarrassed at the thought that someone else can hear them while they are doing their business on the toilet. To cover the sound of bodily functions, many females flushed public toilets continuously while using them, wasting a large amount of water in the process. As education campaigns did not stop this practice, a device was developed that after activation produces the sound of flushing water without the need for actual flushing. One brand name commonly found is the ''Otohime'' (Japanese: 音姫), which literally means ''Sound Princess'', and is named after the Japanese goddess ''Otohime'', the beautiful daughter of the sea-king [[Ryujin]] (the goddess's name, though, is written with different [[kanji]]—乙姫—that mean "younger princess"). This device is now routinely placed in most new public female toilets, and many older public female toilets have been upgraded. The ''Otohime'' may be either a separate battery-operated device attached to the wall of the toilet, or included in an existing washlet. The device is activated by pressing a button or by the wave of a hand in front of a motion sensor. After activation, the device creates a loud flushing sound similiar to a toilet being flushed. This sound either stops after a preset time or can be halted through a second press on the button. It is estimated that this saves up to 20 liters of water per use. So far there appears to be no demand for these devices for men's public toilets, and the devices are almost never installed in men's restrooms.

===Bathroom slippers===
[[Image:JapaneseToiletSlippers.jpg|thumb|100px|A pair of Toilet slippers]]
In the Japanese life, there is a tendency to separate areas into ''clean'' and ''unclean'', and the contact between these areas is minimized. For example, the inside of the house is considered a clean area, whereas the outside of the house is considered unclean. To keep the two areas separated, the shoes are taken off before entering the house so that the ''unclean'' shoes do not touch the ''clean'' area inside of the house. Historically, toilets were located outside of the house, and shoes were worn for a trip to the toilet. Nowadays, the toilet is almost always inside of the house, and the hygienic conditions have improved significantly, but the toilte is still considered an ''unclean'' area. To minimize the contact between the ''unclean'' toilet floor and the ''clean'' floor in the rest of the house, many private homes and also some public toilets have ''toilet slippers'' in front of the toilet door that should be used when in the toilet and removed right after leaving the toilet. This also indicates if the toilet is in use. Therefore these toilet slippers are a historical leftover custom from days when shoes were worn for a visit to the toilet. These slippers can be as simple as a pair of rubber slippers or decorated slippers with prints of [[anime]] characters for small children, animal fur slippers for those with money to spend. A frequent [[faux pas]] of foreigners is to use these toilet slippers in the non-toilet areas, hence mixing the ''clean'' and ''unclean'' areas.

==Public toilets==
Public toilets are easy to find in Japan and one seldom needs to look very hard when nature calls. Restrooms can be found in department stores, supermarkets, book stores, CD shops, parks, most convenience stores, and in all but the most rural train stations. Beginning in the 1990s, there has been a movement to make public toilets cleaner and more hospitable than they had been in the past. The rooms were made brighter and larger, while the toilets were updated to more technologically advanced ones. Large mirrors were fitted over sinks. Even buildings themselves were redesigned to be more welcoming than previous dull looking ones. This may come as a thought of relief to tourists and Japanese alike. The open access to toilets in Japan can be contrasted with places like Europe where pay toilets are the standard, or the US where finding a public toilet in times of need is often an ordeal. It is, however, not uncommon to see Japanese men urinating in public, inebriated or not.

Many public restrooms nowadays have both types of toilets, but just as many do not. Most train stations in the Tokyo area and public schools throughout Japan, for example, only have squat toilets. In addition, trains, parks, temples, traditional Japanese restaurants, and older buildings typically only have squat toilets. Users not accustomed to squat toilets may either look for the stall(s) with the western toilet, indicated by the [[kanji]] characters 洋式 (youshiki), the English words "Western-style", a symbol for the type of toilet, or any combination of the three. Alternatively, users can seek a handicapped bathroom if available.

Toilet paper is usually but not always available. Often, Japanese carry small sheets of paper thin [[soap]] and a [[handkerchief]] with them for such occasions, or they keep the small packets of tissue passed out to pedestrians as advertisements. Coin-operated toilet paper vending machines are also sometimes installed outside bathrooms as a last resort for the desperate or ill-prepared.

Many public toilets do not have soap for washing hands, or towels for drying hands. Some public toilets are fitted with powerful air-blown hand dryers to reduce the volume of waste generated from paper towels. Hand dryers and faucets are usually installed with motion-sensors as an additional resource saving measure. Some people simply do not wash their hands, but this is considered a major faux pas in Japan as it is in other cultures.

Conditions inside a Japanese restroom vary from appallingly filthy to pristine depending on the venue. If one wants to find a clean toilet with all the amenities, it is often best to try an upscale department store such as [[ISETAN]], [[SEIYU]], [[Ito-Yokado]]. These restrooms are often well-lit, spacious, equipped with soap dispensers, anti-bacterial spray wipes, paper seat covers, and hand dryers, and are routinely cleaned several times a day. Some even have washlets installed. Large book stores often offer clean toilets as well as they tend to be less heavily trafficked and maintained more vigorously. At the bottom of the cleanliness spectrum are restrooms in train stations and public parks.

==Cultural aspects==

In Japan, being clean is a very important factor, and some Japanese words for clean can be used to describe beauty. The word ''kirei'' (奇麗、きれい) is often used to describe when something or someone is beautiful, but it may be used to describe number of other statuses such as ''clean water'', ''an orderly marching'', and ''pure feeling''. This may explain both the continuing success of the squat toilets without any physical contact, and also the success of the high tech toilet with an included shower. Occasionally, even a western style toilet is used as a squat toilet by a self-conscious user that squats by standing on the toilet seat. This, of course, is rather unhygienic for the next user that sits on the same seat. There is also a large market for deodorants and air fresheners that add a pleasant smell to the area.

In the often crowded living conditions of Japanese cities and the lack of rooms that can be locked from inside in a traditional Japanese house, the toilet is one of the few rooms in the house that allows for privacy. Some toilet rooms are equipped with a bookshelf, in others people may enter with a newspaper, and some are even filled with character goods and posters. Even with such obstacles, these toilets are, whenever possible, made into a separate room from a room for bathing. This is due to the ethic of separating clean with unclean and this fact is listed for properties for rent. According to another source, Dr. Hiroshi Ojima, the high tech toilets are popular due to the low fiber intake and the high [[constipation]] rates in Japan.

Both the traditional squat toilet and the high tech toilet are a source of confusion for foreigners unaccustomed to these devices. There are numerous reports of foreigners using a toilet, and randomly pressing buttons on the control panel either out of curiosity or in search for the flushing control, and suddenly to their [[horror]] receiving a jet of water directed at their private parts. As the water jet continued for a few seconds after they jumped up, they also got themselves and/or the bathroom wet. Many Japanese toilets now feature a brief manual in [[English language|English]] attached near the control panel or have the buttons written in English to reduce the [[culture shock]].

==Economics==

[[Toto]] is the largest producer of toilets, including washlets worldwide. Washlets and other toilet related products are also produced by [[Inax]], [[NAIS]], and [[Panasonic]].

The total market worldwide for high tech toilets was about US$800 million in [[1997]]. The largest producer is [[Toto]], with 50% of the market share, while the second largest is [[Inax]] at 25%. The main market for washlets is still in Japan, and Toto reports that overseas sales account for just 5% of their revenue. The primary foreign market is [[China]], where Toto sells over one million washlets each year. In the [[U.S.]] for example, sales are well below Japanese levels, even though the sales improved from 600 units per month in [[2001]] to 1000 units per month in [[2003]]. In [[Europe]], Toto sells only 5000 washlets annually. While most Europeans would probably regard the Japanese washlets as quite a curiosity, the number of such toilets being installed in Europe is actually on the rise. This is mainly for the special purpose of toilets for the handicapped. Depending on the type of disability, a handicapped person may have difficulties reaching his anus region in order to clean himself or herself after toilet use. Hence, the introduction of toilets with water jet cleaner and blow dryer saves these persons from the embarrassing need to ask somebody else for assistance with an inherently private procedure.

There are a number of reasons for the low sales outside of Japan. One main reason is that it needs some time for the customers to get used to the idea of a washlet. Sales in Japan were also slow when the device was introduced in [[1980]], but after some acclimatization sales improved significantly starting in [[1985]]. Around [[1990]], 10% of the Japanese households had a washlet, and this number increased greatly to over 50% in [[2002]]. Toto expects a corresponding improvement in foreign sales within the next few years. Another reason is the lack of a power supply near the toilet. While virtually all Japanese washrooms have a plug behind the toilet, many foreign bathrooms do not have a nearby outlet. Finally, in Europe, there is the competition of the traditional western [[bidet]]; conversely, North Americans are not accustomed to any sort of bidet.

[[Switzerland]] actually has its own producer of shower toilets, with a history predating the washlet in Japan. Trade names are ''Geberit-O-Mat'' and ''Geberella'', produced by [[Balena]]. These toilets are sold primarily for [[hospital]]s, private homes, and a few high-level restaurants, and may include similar features as the Japanese products. However, the most commmon type of flush toilet is still the "normal" one without either of these features.

==Miscellaneous facts==

''Sewage day'' in Japan is on [[September 10]]. The unofficial ''Toilet Day'' of the [[Japan Toilet Association]] is [[November 10]], because in Japan the numbers 11/10 (for the month and the day) can be read as ''ii-to(ire)'', which also means "Good Toilet".

Hideo Nishioka, chairman of the [[Japan Toilet Association]], has a collection of over 400 different types of toilet paper collected worldwide.

Many public male urinals have a sign reading "Please take one step closer,".

Some older apartments have a sticker in the bathroom illustrating the proper way to use a western toilet for urination and defecation.

==See also==
[[Toilet]], [[Flush toilet]], [[Squat toilet]], [[Bidet]], [[Toilet paper]]

==References==

#(2000): [http://www.sewerhistory.org/articles/whregion/japan_waj01/index.htm Making Great Breakthroughs - All about the Sewage Works in Japan], Japan Sewage Works Association, Tokyo, P. 47. ff
#Mark Magnier (1999): [http://www.theplumber.com/japaneseobsession.html Japan Is Flush With Obsession], L.A. Times
#Dimmer, Christine; Martin, Brian; et al. (1996): "[http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/96tldp.html Squatting for the Prevention of Hemorrhoids?]", Department of Science and Technology Studies, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia, published in the Townsend Letter for Doctors & Patients, Issue No. 159, October 1996, pp. 66-70
#[http://www.washlet.com/downloads/washlet-evolution.pdf Washlet - The Evolution of Clean], TOTO USA color brochure
#[http://www.totousa.com/toto/colors.asp Performing Art: The residential Collection], TOTO color brochure
#[http://www.totousa.com/toto/colors.asp Toto Annual Report 2002], TOTO
#James Brooke (2002): [http://www.globalaging.org/health/world/toilet.htm Japanese Masters Get Closer to the Toilet Nirvana], The New York Times, October 8, 2002
#Ryann Connell (2002): [http://mdn.mainichi.co.jp/waiwai/0207/020729bidet.html Girls gush over pleasures of new age bathroom relief] Mainichi Shinbun, WaiWai section, July 29 2002

==External links==

*[http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/techno/toilet/index.html High-Tech Toilets]
*[http://www.sewerhistory.org/grfx/wh_region/japan1.htm Japanese sewer history and modern technology]
*[http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/%7EAD8Y-HYS/index_e.htm Tokyo Toilet Map]
*[http://www.alpha-web.ne.jp/jswa/ Japan Sewage Works Association]
*[http://www.toto.co.jp/en/index.htm Toto homepage]
*[http://www.inax.co.jp/products/ INAX homepage] (in Japanese)
*[http://www.washlet.com/default.asp Washlet], commercial distributor with FAQ and videos
*[http://www.naturesplatform.com/health_benefits.html Nature's Platform] Health Benefits of the Natural Squatting Position
*[http://www.toilet.or.jp/ The Japanese Toilet Association] (in Japanese)
*[http://www.worldtoilet.org/hp/wto_hp.htm World Toilet association]

[[Category:Toilets]]
[[Category:Japan]]
[[de:Washlet]]
[[ja:便所#.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E3.81.AE.E4.BE.BF.E6.89.80.E5.8F.B2]]

Toiletten in Japan

2004-10-12T02:45:23Z

Revth: a typo

[[Image:Bidet toilet seat.jpg|frame|A twin-nozzled electronic bidet unit built into a toilet seat]]
There are three types of [[toilet]]s commonly found in [[Japan]]. The oldest type is a simple squat toilet, which is still common in public restrooms. After [[World War II]], modern Western-type flush toilets and urinals became common. Currently, Japan has the most advanced high-tech toilets worldwide. The use of both the traditional squat and the modern high-tech toilet is often a source of confusion for foreigners. Toilets in Japan are known as either under the Western name with Japanese pronunciation ''toire'' (トイレ), or as ''benjo'' (便所, literally "place of convenience"). The toilet is also often referred to as ''otearai'' (お手洗い, literally "hand-washing"), which strictly speaking refers to the [[sink]]. This has the same meaning as the English "lavatory". As a euphemism, this is similar to the English usage of "bathroom", which also strictly speaking refers to a room with a [[bathtub]]. It is also common to see ''keshoushitsu'' (化粧室, literally "powder room") on signs in department stores and supermarkets as well as the public toilet [[pictogram]].

==History==
[[Image:OldJapaneseToilet.jpg|thumb|[[Meiji Era]] squat toilet of a wealthy Japanese near [[Nakatsugawa]]]]
Toilets have been used in Japan since the start of civilization, although the exact construction and use is unknown. The earliest sewer systems are from the [[Yayoi]] period ([[300 BC]] to A.D. [[250]]). These systems were used in larger settlements, probably in combination with toilets. During the [[Nara period]] ([[710]] to [[784]]), a drainage system was created in the capital in [[Nara]]. The earliest known toilets in Japan also date back to that time, being constructed over an open pit similar to an [[outhouse]]. In earlier days [[seaweed]] was used for cleaning, but by the [[Edo period]], these were instead replaced by [[toilet paper]] that used [[washi]]. In the mountainous regions, wooden scrapers and a large leaf were used as well. Often, toilets were also constructed over a running stream of water. However, historically, pit toilets were more common, as they were easier to build and also allowed the reuse of the [[feces]] as fertilizer -- very important in a country where [[Buddhism]] and its associated [[vegetarianism]] generally prevented [[livestock]] raising. In fact, the waste products of rich people were sold at higher prices because their diet was better. This practice stopped after World War II for sanitary reasons and with the proliferation of chemical fertilizers.

In [[Okinawa]], the toilet was often attached to the [[pig]] pen, and the pigs were fed with the human waste product. This practice was also stopped after World War II.

During the [[Azuchi-Momoyama period]] ([[1568]] to [[1600]]), the "Taiko Sewerage" was built around [[Osaka Castle]], and it is still existing and functioning today. The use of modern sewage systems began in [[1884]], with the installation of the first brick and ceramic sewer in [[Kanda]] in [[Tokyo]]. More plumbing and sewage systems were installed after the [[Great Kanto earthquake]] to avoid diseases after future earthquakes. However, the construction of sewers increased only after World War II to cope with the waste products of larger and larger population centers. In the year [[2000]], 60% of the population was connected to a sewer system.

Western-style toilets and [[urinal]]s started to appear in Japan at the beginning of the 20th century, but only after [[World War II]] did their use become more widespread due to the influence of the [[Occupied Japan|American occupation]]. In [[1977]], the sale of Western-style toilets exceeded the sale of traditional squat toilets in Japan. The Japanese improved the idea of the Western-style toilet, and the world's largest bathroom fixtures company [[Toto]] introduced the ''Washlet'', a toilet with a built-in bidet, in [[1980]].

==Squat Toilet==
[[Image:JapaneseSquatToilet.jpg|thumb|A Japanese squat toilet including toilet slippers]]
The traditional Japanese-style (和式) toilet is a [[squat toilet]], also known as the ''Asian toilet'', as it is common all over [[Asia]]. A squat toilet differs from a western toilet in both construction and method of employment. A squat toilet essentially looks like a minature [[urinal]] rotated 90 degrees and set into the floor. Most squat toilets in Japan are made of porcelain though in rare instances, stainless steel is also used. Instead of sitting, the user squats over the toilet, facing the hemispherical hood. A shallow trough collects the waste, instead of a large water-filled bowl as in a western toilet. All the other fixtures such as the water tank, piping, and flushing mechanism may be identical to those of a western toilet. Flushing causes water to push the waste matter from the trough into a collecting reservoir which is then emptied and carried off into the sewer system. The flush is often operated by the foot or by pulling the handle on the water tank or the piping fixture in the same manner as a western toilet.

Two variations are common, one where the toilet is level with the ground, and the other where the toilet is raised on a platform approximately 30 cm high. The latter is easier to use for men to [[Urination|urinate]] while standing, but both types can be used for this purposes. There is also no difference for [[defecation]] or squatting urination. The user stands over the squat toilet facing the hood and pulls down (up in the case of skirts) his or her pants and underwear to the knees. The user then squats over the hole, as closely to the front as possible. During defecation it is important to keep balanced. Beginners and foreigners often hold on to the piping at the front, which therefore has earned the nickname ''grunt'' bar from the sounds made while holding on to this pipe. If the plumbing is hidden or not strong enough, a separate handle may be installed specially to aid the user in keeping his/her balance. Another common strategy employed by foreigners to avoid any potentially embarassing accidents while defecating is to strip completely from the waist down and hang the garments on a hook before assuming the position.

The advantages of this type of toilet are that they are easy to clean. Because of its simple construction, a squat toilet can be cleaned with just a bucket and a mop, or by simply hosing down the inside with water. Squat toilets are cheaper to make and consume less water per flush than western toilets.

Some claim that squat toilets are more sanitary than western toilets because no parts of the toilet actually come into contact with human skin. The waterless trough also minimizes the risk of splash back during defecation. In addition, a number of medical benefits are attributed to the squat toilet. It is said that the squatting strengthens the [[pelvic]] muscles of females, reducing the likelihood of [[incontinence]]. It is also said that this toilet builds up strength in the hips, and improves breathing and concentration, and that the upright squatting position allows more solid waste to be eliminated from the colon. However, there is no scientific study about the accuracy of any of these claims.

At one point in history, the Japanese bathroom fixtures company Toto produced a Japanese squat toilet with a built-in bidet, but this product was a commercial failure.

==Western Style [[flush toilet]]s==
[[Image:WaterSavingToiletJapan.jpg|thumb|A spigot on top of the bowl of this western style flush toilet allows users to conserve water by washing their hands in water destined for the next flush.]]
The standard [[flush toilet]] used worldwide is known in Japan as a ''Western style'' (洋式) toilet. Western style toilets, including high tech toilets, are now more common in Japanese homes than the traditional squat toilets. While most public facilities such as schools, temples, and train stations are often equipped with only squat toilets, in their own homes, Japanese people prefer being able to sit, especially older individuals for whom prolonged squatting is physically demanding or uncomfortable. Many western toilets also include a water saving device, where the user has the option to wash his or her hands with the water that goes into the tank for flushing. For details on the flush toilet see [[flush toilet]].

==High tech Japanese toilets==
[[Image:JapaneseToiletBidet.jpg|thumb|200px|This jet of water would cleanse a user of this bidet toilet.]]
[[Image:WirelessToiletControlPanel.jpg|thumb|200px|A wireless toilet control panel with multiple options]]

The modern high tech toilet in Japan, known in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] as Washlet (ウォシュレット) is probably the most advanced type of toilet worldwide, showing a dazzling array of features. The age of the high tech toilet in Japan started in [[1980]] with the introduction of the ''washlet G series'' by Toto, and since then the product name ''washlet'' is used as [[slang]] to refer to all types of Japanese high tech toilets. Before it was introduced, it was believed that only a few would want such technology for more money when it can be done manually. It caught on when people realized that it actually worked, often surprisingly well. [[As of 2002]], almost 50% of private homes have such a toilet. While the toilet looks at the first glance like a western style toilet, there are a number of features included either as part of the toilet or in a [[toilet seat]] that can be added to a regular western style toilet, also known as ''washlet'' in Japan. These features can be accessed by a control panel that is either attached to one side of the seat or on a wall nearby, often transmitting the commands wireless to the toilet seat.

The most basic feature is the integrated bidet, a nozzle the size of a pencil that comes out from underneath the toilet seat and squirts water on either the [[anus]] or the [[vulva]]. At no point does the nozzle actually touch the body of the person. The nozzle is also self-cleaning and cleans itself before and after operation. The control logic is also attached to a pressure sensor in the toilet seat, and operates only if there is pressure on the seat, indicating that the seat is occupied. The user can select to wash his/her anus, or her vulva by pressing the corresponding button on the control panel. Usually the same nozzle is used for both operations, but at a different position of the nozzle head, and using different openings in the nozzle to squirt water at a different angle to aim for the correct spot. Occasionally, two nozzles are used, each dedicated for one area.

[[Image:TheApricotWasher.jpg|thumb|left|The ''[[Apricot]] washer'', an advertisement by Toto for their products]]
Most high-tech toilets also provide the option to select the water pressure to adjust to the preferences of the user. By default, the [[vulva]] receives less pressure than the [[anus]]. Usually, the temperature of the water can also be adjusted. Researchers in Japan have found that a water temperature slightly higher than the body temperature is preferred by most customers, and 38[[Celsius|°C]] is considered best. The exact nozzle position can also often be adjusted forward or aft manually. High-end washlets also provide options for a vibrating and pulsating jet of water. The manufacturers claim that this helps against [[constipation]] or [[hemorrhoid]]s.

The washlet can replace toilet paper completely, but many users opt to improve the hygiene in combination with the mechanical action of the toilet paper. This also depends on the cleaned region, and the cleaning of the vulva may not need toilet paper. Some users use the toilet paper before the washing, some after the washing, some use only the washing and others use no washing at all and prefer to use only toilet paper.

A second commonly found feature is a blow drier, often adjustable between 40[[Celsius|°C]] and 60[[Celsius|°C]] to dry the private regions after cleaning with the integrated bidet. Other features may include a seat heating which may be adjustable from 30[[Celsius|°C]] to 40[[Celsius|°C]], an automatic opening and closing of the toilet lid based on a proximity sensor, automatic flushing of the toilet, automatic air deodorizer, and a germ resistant surface. Some models specially designed for the elderly may include arm rests and devices that help the user to stand up after use. The most recent introduction is the ozone deodorant system that can quickly eliminate the smell of the waste. Also, the latest models store the times of the use of the toilet, and have a power saving mode that heats up the toilet seat only during times when the toilet is likely to be used based on the collected usage data.

Recently, researchers have added medical sensors into these toilets, which can measure the blood sugar based on the [[urine]], and also measure the pulse, blood pressure, and the body fat content of the user. Other measurements are currently researched. This data may automatically be sent to a doctor through a network. However, these devices are still very rare in Japan, and their future commercial success is difficult to predict. Toto also produces a portable battery operated ''travel washlet'' which must be filled with warm water before use.

It is possible and occasionally done to use the water jet on a high pressure setting for an [[enema]]. There are also reports of females using the water jet as a [[masturbation]] aid. It is not known, however, how common these practices are.

===Use in Europe===
While most Europeans would probably regard the Japanese washlets as quite a curiosity, the number of such toilets being installed in Europe is actually on the rise, but only for the special purpose of toilets for the handicapped: Depending on the type of the disability, a handicapped person may have difficulties reaching his anus region in order to clean himself or herself after toilet use. Hence, the introduction of toilets with water jet cleaner and blow dryer saves these persons from the embarassing need to ask somebody else for assistance with an inherently private procedure.

==The ''Sound Princess''==

Many Japanese women are embarrassed at the thought that someone else can hear them while doing their business on the toilet. To cover the sound of any body function, many females flushed public toilets continuously while using them, wasting a large amount of water in the process. As education campaigns did not stop this practice, a device was developed that after activation produces the sound of flushing water without the need for actual flushing. One brand name commonly found is the ''Otohime'', which literally means ''Sound Princess'', and is named after the Japanese goddess ''Otohime'', the beautiful daughter of the sea-king [[Ryujin]]. This device is now routinely placed in most new public female toilets, and many old public female toilets are upgraded. It is estimated that this saves up to 20 liters of water per use. So far there appears to be no demand for these devices for men's public toilets, and the devices are installed in men's restrooms only very rarely.

==Public toilets==
Public toilets are easy to find in Japan and one seldom needs to look very hard when nature calls. Restrooms can be found in department stores, supermarkets, book stores, CD shops, parks, most convenience stores, and in all but the most rural train stations. Beginning in the 1990s, there has been a movement to make public toilets cleaner and more hospitable than they had been in the past. The number of lights in toilets was increased and made brighte; rooms were made larger and toilets were updated to more technologically advanced ones. Large mirrors were fitted over sinks. Even buildings themselves were redesigned to be more welcoming than previous dull looking ones. This may come as a thought of relief to tourists and Japanese alike. The open access to toilets in Japan can be contrasted with places like Europe where pay toilets are the standard, or the US where finding a public toilet in times of need is often an ordeal. It is, however, not uncommon to see Japanese men urinating in public, inebriated or not.

Many public restrooms nowadays have both types of toilets, but just as many do not. Most train stations in the Tokyo area and public schools throughout Japan, for example, only have squat toilets. In addition, trains, parks, temples, traditional Japanese restaurants, and older buildings typically only have squat toilets. Users not accustomed to squat toilets may either look for the stall(s) with the western toilet, indicated by the [[kanji]] characters 洋式 (youshiki), the English words "Western-style", a symbol for the type of toilet, or any combination of the three. Alternatively, users can seek a handicapped bathroom if available.

Toilet paper is usually but not always available. Often, Japanese carry small sheets of paper thin [[soap]] and a [[handkerchief]] with them for such occasions, or they keep the small packets of tissue passed out to pedestrians as advertisements. Coin-operated toilet paper vending machines are also sometimes installed outside bathrooms as a last resort for the desperate or ill-prepared.

Many public toilets do not have soap for washing hands, or towels for drying hands. Some public toilets are fitted with powerful air-blown hand dryers to reduce the volume of waste generated from paper towels. Hand dryers and faucets are usually installed with motion-sensors as an additional resource saving measure. Some people save even more resources by simply not washing their hands, but this is considered a major faux pas in Japan as it is in other cultures.

Conditions inside a Japanese restroom vary from appallingly filthy to pristine depending on the venue. If one wants to find a clean toilet with all the amenities, it is often best to try an upscale department store such as [[ISETAN]], [[SEIYU]], [[Ito-Yokado]]. These restrooms are often well-lit, spacious, equipped with soap dispensers, anti-bacterial spray wipes, paper seat covers, and hand dryers, and are routinely cleaned several times a day. Some even have washlets installed. Large book stores often offer clean toilets as well as they tend to be less heavily trafficked and maintained more vigorously. At the bottom of the cleanliness spectrum are restrooms in train stations and public parks.

==Female [[urinal]]s==
Before and during the [[Meiji Era]], urinals were commonly used by both males and females. Traditionally, a [[kimono]] is worn without underwear, and the females merely pulled up their kimono and with an upward pull on their vulva were able to direct the [[urine]] forward into the urinal. This practice disappeared in the 20th century, when the female clothing changed to the western style, and nowadays even kimono are almost always worn with underwear. The female urinal had a small revival between [[1951]] and [[1968]], when Toto was producing female urinals. This device was shaped like a cone and placed on the floor. However, those were never very popular, and only a few of them are left, as for example underneath the ''Japan National Stadium'' from the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] in [[Tokyo]].

==Bathroom slippers==
[[Image:JapaneseToiletSlippers.jpg|thumb|100px|A pair of Toilet slippers]]
Despite all the cleanliness of the modern toilet, the toilet area is traditionally considered dirty, and while Japanese routinely eat or sleep on the [[tatami]] mattress, nobody would do so in a toilet. To keep the ''clean'' and ''unclean'' areas separated, many private homes and also some public toilets have ''toilet slippers'' in front of the toilet door that should be used when in the toilet and removed right after leaving the toilet. This also indicates if the toilet is in use. This is actually a leftover custom from days when a toilet was constructed outside a house and thus required one to wear slippers. These slippers can be as simple as a pair of rubber slippers or decorated slippers with prints of [[anime]] characters for small children, animal fur slippers for those with money to spend. A frequent faux pas of foreigners is to use these toilet slippers in the non-toilet areas, hence mixing the ''clean'' and ''unclean'' areas.

==Cultural aspects==

In Japan, being clean is a very important factor, and some Japanese words for clean can be used to describe beauty. The word ''kirei'' (きれい) is often used to describe when something or someone is beautiful, but it may be used to describe number of other statuses such as ''clean water'', ''an orderly marching'', and ''pure feeling''. This may explain both the continuing success of the squat toilets without any physical contact, and also the success of the high tech toilet with an included shower. Occassionally, even a western style toilet is used as a squat toilet by a self-conscious user that squats by standing on the toilet seat. This, of course, is rather unhygienic for the next user that sits on the same seat. There is also a large market for deodorants and air fresheners that add a pleasant smell to the area.

In the often crowded living conditions in Japanese cities and the lack of a room that can be locked from inside in a traditional Japanese house, the toilet is one of the few rooms in the house that allows for privacy. Some toilet rooms are equipped with a bookshelf, other people enter the room with a newspaper, and some have even filled the room with character goods and posters. Even with such obstacles, these toilets are, whenever possible, made into a separate room from a room for bathing. This is due to the ethic of separating clean with unclean and this fact is listed for properties for rent. According to another source, Dr. Hiroshi Ojima, the high tech toilets are popular due to the low fiber intake and the high [[constipation]] rates in Japan.

Both the traditional squat toilet and the high tech toilet are a source of confusion for foreigners unaccustomed to these devices. There are numerous reports of foreigners using a toilet, and randomly pressing buttons on the control panel either out of curiosity or in search for the flushing control, and suddenly to their [[horror]] receiving a jet of water directed at their private parts. As the water jet continued for a few seconds after they jumped up, they also got themselves and/or the bathroom wet. Many Japanese toilets now feature a brief manual in [[English language|English]] attached near the control panel or have the buttons written in English to reduce the [[culture shock]].

==Economics==

The total market worldwide for high tech toilets was about US$ 800 million in [[1997]]. The largest producer is [[Toto]], with 50% of the market share; the second largest is [[Inax]] at 25%. The main market for washlets is still in Japan, and Toto reports that overseas sales account for just 5% of their revenue. In the [[U.S.]] for example, sales are well below Japanese levels, even though the sales improved from 600 units per month in [[2001]] to 1000 units per month in [[2003]]. In [[Europe]], Toto sells only 5000 washlets annually. The primary foreign market is [[China]], where Toto sells over one million washlets each year.

There are a number of reasons for this slow sale outside of Japan. One main reason is that it needs some time for the customers to get used to the idea of a washlet. Sales in Japan were also slow when the device was introduced in [[1980]], but after some acclimatization sales improved significantly in [[1985]]. Toto expects a corresponding improvement in foreign sales within the next few years. Another reason is the lack of a power supply near the toilet; while virtually all Japanese washrooms have a plug behind the toilet, many foreign bathrooms do not have a nearby outlet. Finally, in Europe, there is the competition of the traditional western [[bidet]]; conversely, North Americans are not accustomed to any sort of bidet.

==Miscellaneous==

''Sewage day'' in Japan is on [[September 10]].

Hideo Nishioka, chairman of the [[Japan Toilet Association]], has a collection of over 400 different types of toilet paper collected worldwide.

Many public toilets now have a message "Please take one step closer".

Some older apartments have a sticker in the bathroom illustrating the proper way to use a western toilet for urination and defecation.

==See also==
[[Toilet]], [[Flush toilet]], [[Squat toilet]], [[Bidet]], [[Toilet paper]]

==External links==

*[http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/techno/toilet/index.html High-Tech Toilets]
*[http://www.sewerhistory.org/grfx/wh_region/japan1.htm Japanese sewer history and modern technology]
*[http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/%7EAD8Y-HYS/index_e.htm Tokyo Toilet Map]
*[http://www.alpha-web.ne.jp/jswa/ Japan Sewage Works Association]
*[http://www.toto.co.jp/en/index.htm Toto homepage]
*[http://www.theplumber.com/japaneseobsession.html Japan Is Flush With Obsession]
*[http://www.washlet.com/default.asp Washlet], commercial distributor with FAQ and videos
*[http://www.naturesplatform.com/health_benefits.html Nature's Platform] Health Benefits of the Natural Squatting Position
[[Category:Toilets]]
[[Category:Japan]]
[[de:Washlet]]

Toiletten in Japan

2004-10-09T05:33:00Z

Revth: /* History */

Toiletten in Japan

2004-10-09T05:26:21Z

Revth: /* Miscellaneous */

Toiletten in Japan

2004-10-09T05:19:28Z

Revth: /* High tech Japanese toilets */

Toiletten in Japan

2004-10-09T05:12:16Z

Revth: /* Public toilets */

Toiletten in Japan

2004-10-09T04:43:25Z

Revth: /* Cultural aspects */

Toiletten in Japan

2004-10-09T04:06:37Z

Revth: /* Bathroom slippers */

Seiyū

2004-09-05T12:18:16Z

Revth: all moved

'''''Seiyū''''' (声優, also known as '''Seiyuu''' or simply '''Seiyu''') is a [[Japanese language|Japanese]] term that roughly equates to a [[voice actor|voice actor/actress]] for both [[radio]] and [[television]]. On television, they are mostly used in [[anime]] and commercial advertisements, and are somewhat more famous than voice actors traditionally are in America.

The typical [[United States|American]] fan convention is, when speaking of a character in a series translated into [[English language|English]], to use 'seiyuu' to refer to the Japanese actor and simply 'voice actor' for the English one.

Many of the more well-known seiyū in American fandom are sometimes criticized for being excessively typecast.

== Notable seiyuu and their major roles (Japanese version unless noted): ==
*[[Asakawa Yuu]] - [[Love Hina main characters#Aoyama Motoko|Motoko Aoyama]], [[Azumanga Daioh|Sakaki]]
*[[Megumi Hayashibara|Hayashibara Megumi]] - [[Evangelion General Characters#Rei Ayanami|Rei Ayanami]], [[Cowboy Bebop|Faye Valentine]], [[Love Hina main characters#Urashima Haruka|Haruka Urashima]], [[Ranma Characters#Ranma Saotome|Ranma (female)]]
*[[Yui Horie|Horie Yui]] - [[Love Hina main characters#Narusegawa Naru|Naru Narusegawa]], [[Kikaider|Mitsuko]], [[Fruits Basket | Tohru Honda]]
*[[Kotono Mitsuishi|Mitsuishi Kotono]] - [[Tsukino Usagi|Sailor Moon]], [[Evangelion General Characters#Misato Katsuragi|Misato Katsuragi]], [[Excel Saga|Excel]], [[Ebichu]]
*[[Houko Kuwashima|Kuwashima Houko]] - [[Yurika Misumaru]], [[Chobits characters#Minoru Kokubunji|Minoru Kokubunji]], [[Sango]]
*[[Kappei Yamaguchi|Yamaguchi Kappei]] - [[Inuyasha (character)|Inuyasha]], [[Ranma Characters#Ranma Saotome|Ranma (male)]], [[Artemis (Sailor Moon)|Artemis]] (live action), [[Usopp]]
*[[Yuriko Yamaguchi]] - [[Evangelion General Characters#Ritsuko Akagi | Ritsuko Akagi]], [[One Piece | Nico Robin]]
*[[Kikuko Inoue|Inoue Kikuko]] - [[Oh! My Goddess|Belldandy]], [[Onegai Teacher|Mizuho Kazami]], [[Ranma Characters#Kasumi Tendou|Tendo Kasumi]]
*[[Minami Takayama|Takayama Minami]] - [[Kiki's Delivery Service|Kiki]], [[Detective Conan|Konan]]
*[[Noda Junko]] - [[His and Her Circumstances|Maho Izawa]], [[Love Hina main characters#Konno Mitsune (Kitsune)|Konno 'Kitsune' Mitsune]]
*[[Horikawa Ryou]] - [[Vegeta]], [[Elf Princess Rane|Takuma]]
*[[Satsuki Yukino|Yukino Satsuki]] - [[Kagome Higurashi]], [[Love Hina main characters#Otohime Mutsumi|Mutsumi Otohime]], [[Trigun#Milly Thompson|Milly Thompson]]
*[[Rie Tanaka|Tanaka Rie]] - [[Chobits characters#Chii (Elda)|Chii]], [[Gundam Seed|Lacus Clyne]], [[Steel Angel Kurumi|Saki]]
*[[Yuji Ueda|Ueda Yuuji]] - [[Love Hina main characters#Urashima Keitaro|Keitaro Urashima]], [[Chobits characters#Hiroyasu Ueda|Hiroyasu Ueda]], [[Rurouni Kenshin#Sagara Sanosuke (Zanza)|Sanosuke Sagara]]
*[[Toshihiko Seki|Seki Toshihiko]] - [[Genjyo Sanzo]], [[Ranma Characters | Mousse]], [[Gundam Wing | Duo Maxwell]]
*[[Shoutarou Morikubo|Morikubo Shoutarou]] - [[Getbackers main characters#Amano Ginji|Ginji Amano]]
*[[Yokoyama Chisa]] - [[Sakura Taisen|Shinguuji Sakura]], [[Martian Successor Nadesico|Subaru Ryoko]], [[Tenchi Muyo | Sasami]], [[Gundam Wing | Lucrezia Noin]]
*[[Ishida Akira]] - [[Slayers|Xelloss]], [[Evangelion_General_Characters#Kaworu Nagisa|Nagisa Kaoru]]
*[[Aya Hisakawa]] - [[Sailor Mercury]], [[Skuld]], [[Revolutionary Girl Utena#Characters | Miki Kaoru]], [[Fruits_Basket#Characters|Yuki Sohma]], [[Card Captor Sakura#Characters | Kero-chan]]
*[[Kouichi Yamadera]] - [[Ranma Characters | Ryoga Hibiki]],[[Evangelion General Characters | Ryoji Kaji]],[[Cowboy Bebop | Spike Spiegel]]
*[[Ai Orikasa]] - [[Tenchi Muyo#Characters | Ryoko]],[[Gundam Wing#Characters | Quatre]]
*[[Emi Shinohara]] - [[Sailor Jupiter]],[[Project A-Ko | B-Ko]]
*[[Junko Iwao]] - [[Card Captor Sakura#Characters | Tomoyo Daidouji]],[[Magic User's Club |Akane Aikawa]]
*[[Megumi Ogata]] - [[Sailor Uranus]], [[Evangelion General Characters#Shinji Ikari | Shinji Ikari]],[[Card Captor Sakura#Characters | Yukito Tsukishiro]]
*[[Tomizawa Michie]] - [[Sailor Mars]],[[Project A-Ko | C-Ko]],[[Sakura Taisen | Sumire Kanzaki]]
*[[Koyasu Takehito]] - [[Revolutionary Girl Utena#Characters | Touga Kiryuu]],[[Excel Saga | Ilpalazzo]], [[Gundam Wing | Zechs Merquise]], [[Fushigi Yugi | Hotohori]],[[Weiss Kreuz | Aya Fujimiya]]
*[[Okiayu Ryoutarou]] - [[Fruits Basket#Characters | Shigure Sohma]],[[El Hazard | Katsuhiko Jinnai]], [[Gundam Wing | Trieze Kushrenada]]
*[[Touma Yumi]] - [[Urd]], [[Fushigi Yugi | Yui Hongo]], [[Gundam Wing | Sally Po]], [[Lodoss to Senki | Deedlit]]
*[[Miki Shinichirou]] - [[Fushigi Yugi |Keisuke Yuuki]], [[Sephiroth (video game character) |Sephiroth]], [[Pokémon (anime) |Kojiro]]

See also [[List of Seiyu]]

==See also==
*[[Category:Seiyuu]]
*[http://www.usagi.org/~doi/seiyuu/seiyuu.html Seiyuu (voice actor) database]

[[ja:声優]]
[[de:Seiyuu]]

Seiyū

2004-09-05T12:15:01Z

Revth: moving part 2

'''''Seiyū''''' (声優, also known as '''Seiyuu''' or simply '''Seiyu''') is a [[Japanese language|Japanese]] term that roughly equates to a [[voice actor|voice actor/actress]] for both [[radio]] and [[television]]. On television, they are mostly used in [[anime]] and commercial advertisements, and are somewhat more famous than voice actors traditionally are in America.

The typical [[United States|American]] fan convention is, when speaking of a character in a series translated into [[English language|English]], to use 'seiyuu' to refer to the Japanese actor and simply 'voice actor' for the English one.

Many of the more well-known seiyū in American fandom are sometimes criticized for being excessively typecast.

== Notable seiyuu and their major roles (Japanese version unless noted): ==
*[[Asakawa Yuu]] - [[Love Hina main characters#Aoyama Motoko|Motoko Aoyama]], [[Azumanga Daioh|Sakaki]]
*[[Megumi Hayashibara|Hayashibara Megumi]] - [[Evangelion General Characters#Rei Ayanami|Rei Ayanami]], [[Cowboy Bebop|Faye Valentine]], [[Love Hina main characters#Urashima Haruka|Haruka Urashima]], [[Ranma Characters#Ranma Saotome|Ranma (female)]]
*[[Yui Horie|Horie Yui]] - [[Love Hina main characters#Narusegawa Naru|Naru Narusegawa]], [[Kikaider|Mitsuko]], [[Fruits Basket | Tohru Honda]]
*[[Kotono Mitsuishi|Mitsuishi Kotono]] - [[Tsukino Usagi|Sailor Moon]], [[Evangelion General Characters#Misato Katsuragi|Misato Katsuragi]], [[Excel Saga|Excel]], [[Ebichu]]
*[[Houko Kuwashima|Kuwashima Houko]] - [[Yurika Misumaru]], [[Chobits characters#Minoru Kokubunji|Minoru Kokubunji]], [[Sango]]
*[[Kappei Yamaguchi|Yamaguchi Kappei]] - [[Inuyasha (character)|Inuyasha]], [[Ranma Characters#Ranma Saotome|Ranma (male)]], [[Artemis (Sailor Moon)|Artemis]] (live action), [[Usopp]]
*[[Yuriko Yamaguchi]] - [[Evangelion General Characters#Ritsuko Akagi | Ritsuko Akagi]], [[One Piece | Nico Robin]]
*[[Kikuko Inoue|Inoue Kikuko]] - [[Oh! My Goddess|Belldandy]], [[Onegai Teacher|Mizuho Kazami]], [[Ranma Characters#Kasumi Tendou|Tendo Kasumi]]
*[[Minami Takayama|Takayama Minami]] - [[Kiki's Delivery Service|Kiki]], [[Detective Conan|Konan]]
*[[Noda Junko]] - [[His and Her Circumstances|Maho Izawa]], [[Love Hina main characters#Konno Mitsune (Kitsune)|Konno 'Kitsune' Mitsune]]
*[[Horikawa Ryou]] - [[Vegeta]], [[Elf Princess Rane|Takuma]]
*[[Satsuki Yukino|Yukino Satsuki]] - [[Kagome Higurashi]], [[Love Hina main characters#Otohime Mutsumi|Mutsumi Otohime]], [[Trigun#Milly Thompson|Milly Thompson]]
*[[Rie Tanaka|Tanaka Rie]] - [[Chobits characters#Chii (Elda)|Chii]], [[Gundam Seed|Lacus Clyne]], [[Steel Angel Kurumi|Saki]]
*[[Yuji Ueda|Ueda Yuuji]] - [[Love Hina main characters#Urashima Keitaro|Keitaro Urashima]], [[Chobits characters#Hiroyasu Ueda|Hiroyasu Ueda]], [[Rurouni Kenshin#Sagara Sanosuke (Zanza)|Sanosuke Sagara]]
*[[Toshihiko Seki|Seki Toshihiko]] - [[Genjyo Sanzo]], [[Ranma Characters | Mousse]], [[Gundam Wing | Duo Maxwell]]
*[[Shoutarou Morikubo|Morikubo Shoutarou]] - [[Getbackers main characters#Amano Ginji|Ginji Amano]]
*[[Yokoyama Chisa]] - [[Sakura Taisen|Shinguuji Sakura]], [[Martian Successor Nadesico|Subaru Ryoko]], [[Tenchi Muyo | Sasami]], [[Gundam Wing | Lucrezia Noin]]
*[[Ishida Akira]] - [[Slayers|Xelloss]], [[Evangelion_General_Characters#Kaworu Nagisa|Nagisa Kaoru]]
*[[Aya Hisakawa]] - [[Sailor Mercury]], [[Skuld]], [[Revolutionary Girl Utena#Characters | Miki Kaoru]], [[Fruits_Basket#Characters|Yuki Sohma]], [[Card Captor Sakura#Characters | Kero-chan]]
*[[Kouichi Yamadera]] - [[Ranma Characters | Ryoga Hibiki]],[[Evangelion General Characters | Ryoji Kaji]],[[Cowboy Bebop | Spike Spiegel]]
*[[Ai Orikasa]] - [[Tenchi Muyo#Characters | Ryoko]],[[Gundam Wing#Characters | Quatre]]
*[[Emi Shinohara]] - [[Sailor Jupiter]],[[Project A-Ko | B-Ko]]
*[[Junko Iwao]] - [[Card Captor Sakura#Characters | Tomoyo Daidouji]],[[Magic User's Club |Akane Aikawa]]
*[[Megumi Ogata]] - [[Sailor Uranus]], [[Evangelion General Characters#Shinji Ikari | Shinji Ikari]],[[Card Captor Sakura#Characters | Yukito Tsukishiro]]
*[[Tomizawa Michie]] - [[Sailor Mars]],[[Project A-Ko | C-Ko]],[[Sakura Taisen | Sumire Kanzaki]]
*[[Koyasu Takehito]] - [[Revolutionary Girl Utena#Characters | Touga Kiryuu]],[[Excel Saga | Ilpalazzo]], [[Gundam Wing | Zechs Merquise]], [[Fushigi Yugi | Hotohori]],[[Weiss Kreuz | Aya Fujimiya]]
*[[Okiayu Ryoutarou]] - [[Fruits Basket#Characters | Shigure Sohma]],[[El Hazard | Katsuhiko Jinnai]], [[Gundam Wing | Trieze Kushrenada]]
*[[Touma Yumi]] - [[Urd]], [[Fushigi Yugi | Yui Hongo]], [[Gundam Wing | Sally Po]], [[Lodoss to Senki | Deedlit]]
*[[Miki Shinichirou]] - [[Fushigi Yugi |Keisuke Yuuki]], [[Sephiroth (video game character) |Sephiroth]], [[Pokémon (anime) |Kojiro]]
*[[Yuuki Hiro]]
*[[Han Keiko]]
*[[Omi Minami]]
*[[Hiromi Tsuru]]
*[[Koorogi Satomi]]
*[[Paku Romi]]

See also [[List of Seiyu]]

==See also==
*[[Category:Seiyuu]]
*[http://www.usagi.org/~doi/seiyuu/seiyuu.html Seiyuu (voice actor) database]

[[ja:声優]]
[[de:Seiyuu]]

Seiyū

2004-09-05T11:56:29Z

Revth: Names moved to the list of Seiyu

'''''Seiyū''''' (声優, also known as '''Seiyuu''' or simply '''Seiyu''') is a [[Japanese language|Japanese]] term that roughly equates to a [[voice actor|voice actor/actress]] for both [[radio]] and [[television]]. On television, they are mostly used in [[anime]] and commercial advertisements, and are somewhat more famous than voice actors traditionally are in America.

The typical [[United States|American]] fan convention is, when speaking of a character in a series translated into [[English language|English]], to use 'seiyuu' to refer to the Japanese actor and simply 'voice actor' for the English one.

Many of the more well-known seiyū in American fandom are sometimes criticized for being excessively typecast.

== Notable seiyuu and their major roles (Japanese version unless noted): ==
*[[Asakawa Yuu]] - [[Love Hina main characters#Aoyama Motoko|Motoko Aoyama]], [[Azumanga Daioh|Sakaki]]
*[[Megumi Hayashibara|Hayashibara Megumi]] - [[Evangelion General Characters#Rei Ayanami|Rei Ayanami]], [[Cowboy Bebop|Faye Valentine]], [[Love Hina main characters#Urashima Haruka|Haruka Urashima]], [[Ranma Characters#Ranma Saotome|Ranma (female)]]
*[[Yui Horie|Horie Yui]] - [[Love Hina main characters#Narusegawa Naru|Naru Narusegawa]], [[Kikaider|Mitsuko]], [[Fruits Basket | Tohru Honda]]
*[[Kotono Mitsuishi|Mitsuishi Kotono]] - [[Tsukino Usagi|Sailor Moon]], [[Evangelion General Characters#Misato Katsuragi|Misato Katsuragi]], [[Excel Saga|Excel]], [[Ebichu]]
*[[Houko Kuwashima|Kuwashima Houko]] - [[Yurika Misumaru]], [[Chobits characters#Minoru Kokubunji|Minoru Kokubunji]], [[Sango]]
*[[Kappei Yamaguchi|Yamaguchi Kappei]] - [[Inuyasha (character)|Inuyasha]], [[Ranma Characters#Ranma Saotome|Ranma (male)]], [[Artemis (Sailor Moon)|Artemis]] (live action), [[Usopp]]
*[[Yuriko Yamaguchi]] - [[Evangelion General Characters#Ritsuko Akagi | Ritsuko Akagi]], [[One Piece | Nico Robin]]
*[[Kikuko Inoue|Inoue Kikuko]] - [[Oh! My Goddess|Belldandy]], [[Onegai Teacher|Mizuho Kazami]], [[Ranma Characters#Kasumi Tendou|Tendo Kasumi]]
*[[Minami Takayama|Takayama Minami]] - [[Kiki's Delivery Service|Kiki]], [[Detective Conan|Konan]]
*[[Noda Junko]] - [[His and Her Circumstances|Maho Izawa]], [[Love Hina main characters#Konno Mitsune (Kitsune)|Konno 'Kitsune' Mitsune]]
*[[Horikawa Ryou]] - [[Vegeta]], [[Elf Princess Rane|Takuma]]
*[[Satsuki Yukino|Yukino Satsuki]] - [[Kagome Higurashi]], [[Love Hina main characters#Otohime Mutsumi|Mutsumi Otohime]], [[Trigun#Milly Thompson|Milly Thompson]]
*[[Rie Tanaka|Tanaka Rie]] - [[Chobits characters#Chii (Elda)|Chii]], [[Gundam Seed|Lacus Clyne]], [[Steel Angel Kurumi|Saki]]
*[[Yuji Ueda|Ueda Yuuji]] - [[Love Hina main characters#Urashima Keitaro|Keitaro Urashima]], [[Chobits characters#Hiroyasu Ueda|Hiroyasu Ueda]], [[Rurouni Kenshin#Sagara Sanosuke (Zanza)|Sanosuke Sagara]]
*[[Toshihiko Seki|Seki Toshihiko]] - [[Genjyo Sanzo]], [[Ranma Characters | Mousse]], [[Gundam Wing | Duo Maxwell]]
*[[Shoutarou Morikubo|Morikubo Shoutarou]] - [[Getbackers main characters#Amano Ginji|Ginji Amano]]
*[[Yokoyama Chisa]] - [[Sakura Taisen|Shinguuji Sakura]], [[Martian Successor Nadesico|Subaru Ryoko]], [[Tenchi Muyo | Sasami]], [[Gundam Wing | Lucrezia Noin]]
*[[Ishida Akira]] - [[Slayers|Xelloss]], [[Evangelion_General_Characters#Kaworu Nagisa|Nagisa Kaoru]]
*[[Aya Hisakawa]] - [[Sailor Mercury]], [[Skuld]], [[Revolutionary Girl Utena#Characters | Miki Kaoru]], [[Fruits_Basket#Characters|Yuki Sohma]], [[Card Captor Sakura#Characters | Kero-chan]]
*[[Kouichi Yamadera]] - [[Ranma Characters | Ryoga Hibiki]],[[Evangelion General Characters | Ryoji Kaji]],[[Cowboy Bebop | Spike Spiegel]]
*[[Ai Orikasa]] - [[Tenchi Muyo#Characters | Ryoko]],[[Gundam Wing#Characters | Quatre]]
*[[Emi Shinohara]] - [[Sailor Jupiter]],[[Project A-Ko | B-Ko]]
*[[Junko Iwao]] - [[Card Captor Sakura#Characters | Tomoyo Daidouji]],[[Magic User's Club |Akane Aikawa]]
*[[Megumi Ogata]] - [[Sailor Uranus]], [[Evangelion General Characters#Shinji Ikari | Shinji Ikari]],[[Card Captor Sakura#Characters | Yukito Tsukishiro]]
*[[Tomizawa Michie]] - [[Sailor Mars]],[[Project A-Ko | C-Ko]],[[Sakura Taisen | Sumire Kanzaki]]
*[[Koyasu Takehito]] - [[Revolutionary Girl Utena#Characters | Touga Kiryuu]],[[Excel Saga | Ilpalazzo]], [[Gundam Wing | Zechs Merquise]], [[Fushigi Yugi | Hotohori]],[[Weiss Kreuz | Aya Fujimiya]]
*[[Okiayu Ryoutarou]] - [[Fruits Basket#Characters | Shigure Sohma]],[[El Hazard | Katsuhiko Jinnai]], [[Gundam Wing | Trieze Kushrenada]]
*[[Touma Yumi]] - [[Urd]], [[Fushigi Yugi | Yui Hongo]], [[Gundam Wing | Sally Po]], [[Lodoss to Senki | Deedlit]]
*[[Miki Shinichirou]] - [[Fushigi Yugi |Keisuke Yuuki]], [[Sephiroth (video game character) |Sephiroth]], [[Pokémon (anime) |Kojiro]]
*[[Yuuki Hiro]]
*[[Kobayashi Yumiko]]
*[[Takahashi Mikako]]
*[[Motomu Kiyokawa]]
*[[Hiramatsu Akiko]]
*[[Nishihara Kumiko]]
*[[Kenichi Ogata]]
*[[Kurata Masayo]]
*[[Reiko Takagi]]
*[[Nishimura Tomomichi]]
*[[Kimura Ikue]]
*[[Yoshida Sayuri]]
*[[Yuji Mitsuya]]
*[[Saeko Shimazu]]
*[[Kuwatani Natsuko]]
*[[Hirotaka Suzuoki]]
*[[Shiina Hekiru]]
*[[Miki Itou]]
*[[Fukami Rika]]
*[[Han Keiko]]
*[[Suzumura Kenichi]]
*[[Nagasawa Miki]]
*[[Komatsu Rika]]
*[[Murai Kazusa]]
*[[Imai Yuka]]
*[[Seki Tomokazu]]
*[[Omi Minami]]
*[[Hiromi Tsuru]]
*[[Koorogi Satomi]]
*[[Rei Sakuma]]
*[[Paku Romi]]

See also [[List of Seiyu]]

==See also==
*[[Category:Seiyuu]]
*[http://www.usagi.org/~doi/seiyuu/seiyuu.html Seiyuu (voice actor) database]

[[ja:声優]]
[[de:Seiyuu]]

Seiyū

2004-09-05T11:45:42Z

Revth: /* Notable seiyuu and their major roles (Japanese version unless noted): */

'''''Seiyū''''' (声優, also known as '''Seiyuu''' or simply '''Seiyu''') is a [[Japanese language|Japanese]] term that roughly equates to a [[voice actor|voice actor/actress]] for both [[radio]] and [[television]]. On television, they are mostly used in [[anime]] and commercial advertisements, and are somewhat more famous than voice actors traditionally are in America.

The typical [[United States|American]] fan convention is, when speaking of a character in a series translated into [[English language|English]], to use 'seiyuu' to refer to the Japanese actor and simply 'voice actor' for the English one.

Many of the more well-known seiyū in American fandom are sometimes criticized for being excessively typecast.

== Notable seiyuu and their major roles (Japanese version unless noted): ==
*[[Asakawa Yuu]] - [[Love Hina main characters#Aoyama Motoko|Motoko Aoyama]], [[Azumanga Daioh|Sakaki]]
*[[Megumi Hayashibara|Hayashibara Megumi]] - [[Evangelion General Characters#Rei Ayanami|Rei Ayanami]], [[Cowboy Bebop|Faye Valentine]], [[Love Hina main characters#Urashima Haruka|Haruka Urashima]], [[Ranma Characters#Ranma Saotome|Ranma (female)]]
*[[Yui Horie|Horie Yui]] - [[Love Hina main characters#Narusegawa Naru|Naru Narusegawa]], [[Kikaider|Mitsuko]], [[Fruits Basket | Tohru Honda]]
*[[Kotono Mitsuishi|Mitsuishi Kotono]] - [[Tsukino Usagi|Sailor Moon]], [[Evangelion General Characters#Misato Katsuragi|Misato Katsuragi]], [[Excel Saga|Excel]], [[Ebichu]]
*[[Houko Kuwashima|Kuwashima Houko]] - [[Yurika Misumaru]], [[Chobits characters#Minoru Kokubunji|Minoru Kokubunji]], [[Sango]]
*[[Kappei Yamaguchi|Yamaguchi Kappei]] - [[Inuyasha (character)|Inuyasha]], [[Ranma Characters#Ranma Saotome|Ranma (male)]], [[Artemis (Sailor Moon)|Artemis]] (live action), [[Usopp]]
*[[Yuriko Yamaguchi]] - [[Evangelion General Characters#Ritsuko Akagi | Ritsuko Akagi]], [[One Piece | Nico Robin]]
*[[Kikuko Inoue|Inoue Kikuko]] - [[Oh! My Goddess|Belldandy]], [[Onegai Teacher|Mizuho Kazami]], [[Ranma Characters#Kasumi Tendou|Tendo Kasumi]]
*[[Minami Takayama|Takayama Minami]] - [[Kiki's Delivery Service|Kiki]], [[Detective Conan|Konan]]
*[[Noda Junko]] - [[His and Her Circumstances|Maho Izawa]], [[Love Hina main characters#Konno Mitsune (Kitsune)|Konno 'Kitsune' Mitsune]]
*[[Horikawa Ryou]] - [[Vegeta]], [[Elf Princess Rane|Takuma]]
*[[Satsuki Yukino|Yukino Satsuki]] - [[Kagome Higurashi]], [[Love Hina main characters#Otohime Mutsumi|Mutsumi Otohime]], [[Trigun#Milly Thompson|Milly Thompson]]
*[[Rie Tanaka|Tanaka Rie]] - [[Chobits characters#Chii (Elda)|Chii]], [[Gundam Seed|Lacus Clyne]], [[Steel Angel Kurumi|Saki]]
*[[Yuji Ueda|Ueda Yuuji]] - [[Love Hina main characters#Urashima Keitaro|Keitaro Urashima]], [[Chobits characters#Hiroyasu Ueda|Hiroyasu Ueda]], [[Rurouni Kenshin#Sagara Sanosuke (Zanza)|Sanosuke Sagara]]
*[[Toshihiko Seki|Seki Toshihiko]] - [[Genjyo Sanzo]], [[Ranma Characters | Mousse]], [[Gundam Wing | Duo Maxwell]]
*[[Shoutarou Morikubo|Morikubo Shoutarou]] - [[Getbackers main characters#Amano Ginji|Ginji Amano]]
*[[Yokoyama Chisa]] - [[Sakura Taisen|Shinguuji Sakura]], [[Martian Successor Nadesico|Subaru Ryoko]], [[Tenchi Muyo | Sasami]], [[Gundam Wing | Lucrezia Noin]]
*[[Ishida Akira]] - [[Slayers|Xelloss]], [[Evangelion_General_Characters#Kaworu Nagisa|Nagisa Kaoru]]
*[[Aya Hisakawa]] - [[Sailor Mercury]], [[Skuld]], [[Revolutionary Girl Utena#Characters | Miki Kaoru]], [[Fruits_Basket#Characters|Yuki Sohma]], [[Card Captor Sakura#Characters | Kero-chan]]
*[[Kouichi Yamadera]] - [[Ranma Characters | Ryoga Hibiki]],[[Evangelion General Characters | Ryoji Kaji]],[[Cowboy Bebop | Spike Spiegel]]
*[[Ai Orikasa]] - [[Tenchi Muyo#Characters | Ryoko]],[[Gundam Wing#Characters | Quatre]]
*[[Emi Shinohara]] - [[Sailor Jupiter]],[[Project A-Ko | B-Ko]]
*[[Junko Iwao]] - [[Card Captor Sakura#Characters | Tomoyo Daidouji]],[[Magic User's Club |Akane Aikawa]]
*[[Megumi Ogata]] - [[Sailor Uranus]], [[Evangelion General Characters#Shinji Ikari | Shinji Ikari]],[[Card Captor Sakura#Characters | Yukito Tsukishiro]]
*[[Tomizawa Michie]] - [[Sailor Mars]],[[Project A-Ko | C-Ko]],[[Sakura Taisen | Sumire Kanzaki]]
*[[Koyasu Takehito]] - [[Revolutionary Girl Utena#Characters | Touga Kiryuu]],[[Excel Saga | Ilpalazzo]], [[Gundam Wing | Zechs Merquise]], [[Fushigi Yugi | Hotohori]],[[Weiss Kreuz | Aya Fujimiya]]
*[[Okiayu Ryoutarou]] - [[Fruits Basket#Characters | Shigure Sohma]],[[El Hazard | Katsuhiko Jinnai]], [[Gundam Wing | Trieze Kushrenada]]
*[[Touma Yumi]] - [[Urd]], [[Fushigi Yugi | Yui Hongo]], [[Gundam Wing | Sally Po]], [[Lodoss to Senki | Deedlit]]
*[[Miki Shinichirou]] - [[Fushigi Yugi |Keisuke Yuuki]], [[Sephiroth (video game character) |Sephiroth]], [[Pokémon (anime) |Kojiro]]
*[[Yuuki Hiro]]
*[[Kobayashi Yumiko]]
*[[Takahashi Mikako]]
*[[Motomu Kiyokawa]]
*[[Hiramatsu Akiko]]
*[[Nishihara Kumiko]]
*[[Kenichi Ogata]]
*[[Kurata Masayo]]
*[[Reiko Takagi]]
*[[Nishimura Tomomichi]]
*[[Kimura Ikue]]
*[[Yoshida Sayuri]]
*[[Yuji Mitsuya]]
*[[Saeko Shimazu]]
*[[Kuwatani Natsuko]]
*[[Hirotaka Suzuoki]]
*[[Shiina Hekiru]]
*[[Miki Itou]]
*[[Fukami Rika]]
*[[Han Keiko]]
*[[Suzumura Kenichi]]
*[[Nagasawa Miki]]
*[[Ishikawa Hideo]]
*[[Shiratori Yuri]]
*[[Komatsu Rika]]
*[[Murai Kazusa]]
*[[Ishibashi Chie]]
*[[Imai Yuka]]
*[[Noriko Hidaka]]
*[[Seki Tomokazu]]
*[[Hikaru Midorikawa]]
*[[Tomoko Kawakami]]
*[[Soichiro Hoshi]]
*[[Yuri Amano]]
*[[Kouji Tsujitani]]
*[[Omi Minami]]
*[[Neya Michiko]]
*[[Maaya Sakamoto]]
*[[Hiromi Tsuru]]
*[[Koorogi Satomi]]
*[[Tetsuya Iwanaga]]
*[[Toyoguchi Megumi]]
*[[Yuko Miyamura]]
*[[Tohru Furuya]]
*[[Ken Narita]]
*[[Rei Sakuma]]
*[[Maria Kawamura]]
*[[Yasunori Matsumoto]]
*[[Haruna Ikezawa]]
*[[Kyoko Hikami]]
*[[Mayumi Iizuka]]
*[[Kazuhiko Inoue]]
*[[Nanba Keiichi]]
*[[Kumai Motoko]]
*[[Hirohashi Ryou]]
*[[Orikasa Fumiko]]
*[[Paku Romi]]
*[[Tominaga Miina]]
*[[Kasahara Hiroko]]
*[[Issei Futamata]]

*[[Yousuke Akimoto]]
*[[Takeshi Aono]]
*[[Kae Araki]]
*[[Chiba Shigeru]]
*[[Mika Doi]]
*[[Miki Fujitani]]
*[[Toshio Furukawa]]
*[[Tesshou Genda]]
*[[Nobutoshi Hayashi]]
*[[Sho Hayami]]
*[[Horiuchi Kenyuu]]
*[[Akira Kamiya]]
*[[Yanada Kiyoyuki]]
*[[Mami Koyama]]
*[[Hiroko Konishi]]
*[[Takeshi Kusao]]
*[[Matsuoka Yuki]]
*[[Iwata Mitsuo]]
*[[Mizutani Yuko]]
*[[Morikawa Toshiyuki]]
*[[Ichiro Nagai]]
*[[Chinami Nishimura]]
*[[Rio Natsuki]]
*[[Nogami Yukana]]
*[[Noto Mamiko]]
*[[Kenji Nojima]]
*[[Ohbayashi Ryunosuke]]
*[[Ikue Ootani]]
*[[Otsuka Akio]]
*[[Yoshiko Sakakibara]]
*[[Nozomu Sasaki]]
*[[Sugita Tomokazu]]
*[[Suwabe Junichi]]
*[[Suyama Akio]]
*[[Wataru Takagi]]
*[[Tamagawa Sakiko]]
*[[Hideyuki Tanaka]]
*[[Mayumi Tanaka]]
*[[Nobuo Tobita]]
*[[Kana Ueda]]
*[[Takano Urara]]
*[[Norio Wakamoto]]
*[[Kumiko Watanabe]]
*[[Akiko Yajima]]
*[[Kazuki Yao]]
*[[Yuzuki Ryouka]]

See also [[List of Seiyu]]

==See also==
*[[Category:Seiyuu]]
*[http://www.usagi.org/~doi/seiyuu/seiyuu.html Seiyuu (voice actor) database]

[[ja:声優]]
[[de:Seiyuu]]

Seiyū

2004-09-05T11:42:24Z

Revth: /* Notable seiyuu and their major roles (Japanese version unless noted): */

'''''Seiyū''''' (声優, also known as '''Seiyuu''' or simply '''Seiyu''') is a [[Japanese language|Japanese]] term that roughly equates to a [[voice actor|voice actor/actress]] for both [[radio]] and [[television]]. On television, they are mostly used in [[anime]] and commercial advertisements, and are somewhat more famous than voice actors traditionally are in America.

The typical [[United States|American]] fan convention is, when speaking of a character in a series translated into [[English language|English]], to use 'seiyuu' to refer to the Japanese actor and simply 'voice actor' for the English one.

Many of the more well-known seiyū in American fandom are sometimes criticized for being excessively typecast.

== Notable seiyuu and their major roles (Japanese version unless noted): ==
*[[Asakawa Yuu]] - [[Love Hina main characters#Aoyama Motoko|Motoko Aoyama]], [[Azumanga Daioh|Sakaki]]
*[[Megumi Hayashibara|Hayashibara Megumi]] - [[Evangelion General Characters#Rei Ayanami|Rei Ayanami]], [[Cowboy Bebop|Faye Valentine]], [[Love Hina main characters#Urashima Haruka|Haruka Urashima]], [[Ranma Characters#Ranma Saotome|Ranma (female)]]
*[[Yui Horie|Horie Yui]] - [[Love Hina main characters#Narusegawa Naru|Naru Narusegawa]], [[Kikaider|Mitsuko]], [[Fruits Basket | Tohru Honda]]
*[[Kotono Mitsuishi|Mitsuishi Kotono]] - [[Tsukino Usagi|Sailor Moon]], [[Evangelion General Characters#Misato Katsuragi|Misato Katsuragi]], [[Excel Saga|Excel]], [[Ebichu]]
*[[Houko Kuwashima|Kuwashima Houko]] - [[Yurika Misumaru]], [[Chobits characters#Minoru Kokubunji|Minoru Kokubunji]], [[Sango]]
*[[Kappei Yamaguchi|Yamaguchi Kappei]] - [[Inuyasha (character)|Inuyasha]], [[Ranma Characters#Ranma Saotome|Ranma (male)]], [[Artemis (Sailor Moon)|Artemis]] (live action), [[Usopp]]
*[[Yuriko Yamaguchi]] - [[Evangelion General Characters#Ritsuko Akagi | Ritsuko Akagi]], [[One Piece | Nico Robin]]
*[[Kikuko Inoue|Inoue Kikuko]] - [[Oh! My Goddess|Belldandy]], [[Onegai Teacher|Mizuho Kazami]], [[Ranma Characters#Kasumi Tendou|Tendo Kasumi]]
*[[Minami Takayama|Takayama Minami]] - [[Kiki's Delivery Service|Kiki]], [[Detective Conan|Konan]]
*[[Noda Junko]] - [[His and Her Circumstances|Maho Izawa]], [[Love Hina main characters#Konno Mitsune (Kitsune)|Konno 'Kitsune' Mitsune]]
*[[Horikawa Ryou]] - [[Vegeta]], [[Elf Princess Rane|Takuma]]
*[[Satsuki Yukino|Yukino Satsuki]] - [[Kagome Higurashi]], [[Love Hina main characters#Otohime Mutsumi|Mutsumi Otohime]], [[Trigun#Milly Thompson|Milly Thompson]]
*[[Rie Tanaka|Tanaka Rie]] - [[Chobits characters#Chii (Elda)|Chii]], [[Gundam Seed|Lacus Clyne]], [[Steel Angel Kurumi|Saki]]
*[[Yuji Ueda|Ueda Yuuji]] - [[Love Hina main characters#Urashima Keitaro|Keitaro Urashima]], [[Chobits characters#Hiroyasu Ueda|Hiroyasu Ueda]], [[Rurouni Kenshin#Sagara Sanosuke (Zanza)|Sanosuke Sagara]]
*[[Toshihiko Seki|Seki Toshihiko]] - [[Genjyo Sanzo]], [[Ranma Characters | Mousse]], [[Gundam Wing | Duo Maxwell]]
*[[Shoutarou Morikubo|Morikubo Shoutarou]] - [[Getbackers main characters#Amano Ginji|Ginji Amano]]
*[[Yokoyama Chisa]] - [[Sakura Taisen|Shinguuji Sakura]], [[Martian Successor Nadesico|Subaru Ryoko]], [[Tenchi Muyo | Sasami]], [[Gundam Wing | Lucrezia Noin]]
*[[Ishida Akira]] - [[Slayers|Xelloss]], [[Evangelion_General_Characters#Kaworu Nagisa|Nagisa Kaoru]]
*[[Aya Hisakawa]] - [[Sailor Mercury]], [[Skuld]], [[Revolutionary Girl Utena#Characters | Miki Kaoru]], [[Fruits_Basket#Characters|Yuki Sohma]], [[Card Captor Sakura#Characters | Kero-chan]]
*[[Kouichi Yamadera]] - [[Ranma Characters | Ryoga Hibiki]],[[Evangelion General Characters | Ryoji Kaji]],[[Cowboy Bebop | Spike Spiegel]]
*[[Ai Orikasa]] - [[Tenchi Muyo#Characters | Ryoko]],[[Gundam Wing#Characters | Quatre]]
*[[Emi Shinohara]] - [[Sailor Jupiter]],[[Project A-Ko | B-Ko]]
*[[Junko Iwao]] - [[Card Captor Sakura#Characters | Tomoyo Daidouji]],[[Magic User's Club |Akane Aikawa]]
*[[Megumi Ogata]] - [[Sailor Uranus]], [[Evangelion General Characters#Shinji Ikari | Shinji Ikari]],[[Card Captor Sakura#Characters | Yukito Tsukishiro]]
*[[Tomizawa Michie]] - [[Sailor Mars]],[[Project A-Ko | C-Ko]],[[Sakura Taisen | Sumire Kanzaki]]
*[[Koyasu Takehito]] - [[Revolutionary Girl Utena#Characters | Touga Kiryuu]],[[Excel Saga | Ilpalazzo]], [[Gundam Wing | Zechs Merquise]], [[Fushigi Yugi | Hotohori]],[[Weiss Kreuz | Aya Fujimiya]]
*[[Okiayu Ryoutarou]] - [[Fruits Basket#Characters | Shigure Sohma]],[[El Hazard | Katsuhiko Jinnai]], [[Gundam Wing | Trieze Kushrenada]]
*[[Touma Yumi]] - [[Urd]], [[Fushigi Yugi | Yui Hongo]], [[Gundam Wing | Sally Po]], [[Lodoss to Senki | Deedlit]]
*[[Miki Shinichirou]] - [[Fushigi Yugi |Keisuke Yuuki]], [[Sephiroth (video game character) |Sephiroth]], [[Pokémon (anime) |Kojiro]]
*[[Yuuki Hiro]]
*[[Kobayashi Yumiko]]
*[[Takahashi Mikako]]
*[[Motomu Kiyokawa]]
*[[Hiramatsu Akiko]]
*[[Nishihara Kumiko]]
*[[Kenichi Ogata]]
*[[Kurata Masayo]]
*[[Reiko Takagi]]
*[[Nishimura Tomomichi]]
*[[Kimura Ikue]]
*[[Yoshida Sayuri]]
*[[Yuji Mitsuya]]
*[[Saeko Shimazu]]
*[[Kuwatani Natsuko]]
*[[Hirotaka Suzuoki]]
*[[Shiina Hekiru]]
*[[Miki Itou]]
*[[Fukami Rika]]
*[[Han Keiko]]
*[[Suzumura Kenichi]]
*[[Nagasawa Miki]]
*[[Ishikawa Hideo]]
*[[Shiratori Yuri]]
*[[Komatsu Rika]]
*[[Murai Kazusa]]
*[[Ishibashi Chie]]
*[[Imai Yuka]]
*[[Noriko Hidaka]]
*[[Seki Tomokazu]]
*[[Hikaru Midorikawa]]
*[[Tomoko Kawakami]]
*[[Soichiro Hoshi]]
*[[Yuri Amano]]
*[[Kouji Tsujitani]]
*[[Omi Minami]]
*[[Neya Michiko]]
*[[Maaya Sakamoto]]
*[[Hiromi Tsuru]]
*[[Koorogi Satomi]]
*[[Tetsuya Iwanaga]]
*[[Toyoguchi Megumi]]
*[[Yuko Miyamura]]
*[[Tohru Furuya]]
*[[Ken Narita]]
*[[Rei Sakuma]]
*[[Maria Kawamura]]
*[[Yasunori Matsumoto]]
*[[Haruna Ikezawa]]
*[[Kyoko Hikami]]
*[[Mayumi Iizuka]]
*[[Kazuhiko Inoue]]
*[[Nanba Keiichi]]
*[[Kumai Motoko]]
*[[Hirohashi Ryou]]
*[[Orikasa Fumiko]]
*[[Paku Romi]]
*[[Tominaga Miina]]
*[[Kasahara Hiroko]]
*[[Issei Futamata]]

*[[Yousuke Akimoto]]
*[[Takeshi Aono]]
*[[Kae Araki]]
*[[Chiba Shigeru]]
*[[Mika Doi]]
*[[Miki Fujitani]]
*[[Toshio Furukawa]]
*[[Tesshou Genda]]
*[[Nobutoshi Hayashi]]
*[[Sho Hayami]]
*[[Horiuchi Kenyuu]]
*[[Akira Kamiya]]
*[[Yanada Kiyoyuki]]
*[[Mami Koyama]]
*[[Hiroko Konishi]]
*[[Takeshi Kusao]]
*[[Matsuoka Yuki]]
*[[Iwata Mitsuo]]
*[[Mizutani Yuko]]
*[[Morikawa Toshiyuki]]
*[[Ichiro Nagai]]
*[[Chinami Nishimura]]
*[[Rio Natsuki]]
*[[Nogami Yukana]]
*[[Noto Mamiko]]
*[[Kenji Nojima]]
*[[Ohbayashi Ryunosuke]]
*[[Ikue Ootani]]
*[[Otsuka Akio]]
*[[Yoshiko Sakakibara]]
*[[Nozomu Sasaki]]
*[[Sugita Tomokazu]]
*[[Suwabe Junichi]]
*[[Suyama Akio]]
*[[Wataru Takagi]]
*[[Tamagawa Sakiko]]
*[[Hideyuki Tanaka]]
*[[Mayumi Tanaka]]
*[[Nobuo Tobita]]
*[[Kana Ueda]]
*[[Takano Urara]]
*[[Norio Wakamoto]]
*[[Kumiko Watanabe]]
*[[Akiko Yajima]]
*[[Kazuki Yao]]
*[[Yuzuki Ryouka]]

==See also==
*[[Category:Seiyuu]]
*[http://www.usagi.org/~doi/seiyuu/seiyuu.html Seiyuu (voice actor) database]

[[ja:声優]]
[[de:Seiyuu]]

Makiyakinabe

2004-05-23T05:43:47Z

Revth:

[[Image:Makiyakinabe.Pan.jpg|thumb|150px|Different makiyakinabe for sale]]

'''Makiyakinabe''' (Japanese: 巻き焼き鍋, literally: roll-bake-pan) is a square pan used to make japanese style rolled [[omelette|omelettes]]. In [[Cuisine of Japan|Japanese cuisine]] rolled omelettes are made as rectangular thin omelettes and then rolled into a cylindrical or elongated cube shape using [[Japanese kitchen chopsticks]]. To obtain a roll with a constant diameter over the entire lengths, the thin omelette should be of rectangular shape. To obtain this shape a special rectangular frying pan is used. The pans have a size of approximately 15x25cm, and are made of metal as for example aluminum or cast iron. The best type is considered to be heavy copper coated with tin, although care has to be taken to avoid damage to the pan due to the low melting point of the tin. A cheaper, tefron coated pan is available in many stores.

See Also: [[List of Japanese cooking utensils]]