Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language

2009-10-21T23:08:27Z

Reiknir: Undid revision 320956949 by LanceBarber (talk) No information on extrenal link revelant to ESPOL

'''ESPOL''' (short for '''E'''xecutive '''S'''ystems '''P'''rogramming '''O'''riented '''L'''anguage) was a [[compiler]] for an [[ALGOL 60]] superset that provided capabilities of what would later be known as [[Mohol programming languages|Mohols]], ''machine oriented high order languages'', such as interrupting a processor on a [[multiprocessor]] system (the [[Burroughs large systems]] were multiprocessor processor systems.)

The ESPOL single pass compiler could compile over 250 lines per second and was used to write the [[MCP (Burroughs Large Systems)|MCP (Master Control Program)]] on the Burroughs B6700.

ESPOL was superseded by [[NEWP]].

==References==
*[http://bitsavers.org/pdf/burroughs/B5000_5500_5700/1032638_B5500_ESPOL_RefManOct67.pdf B5500 ESPOL Reference Manual, 1967]
*[http://bitsavers.org/pdf/burroughs/B6500_6700/1042744_B6500_ESPOL_Jan70.pdf B6500 ESPOL Reference Manual, 1970]
*[http://bitsavers.org/pdf/burroughs/B6500_6700/5000094_B6700_ESPOL_Jun72.pdf B6700/7700 ESPOL Reference Manual, 1972]

[[Category:ALGOL 60 compilers]]
[[Category:ALGOL 60 dialects]]

{{compu-soft-stub}}

Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language

2009-10-12T14:57:01Z

Reiknir: corrected mohol wikilink

Ford France

2009-09-17T13:08:07Z

Reiknir: /* Matford */ fixed wikilink to mathis

'''Ford SAF''' (Ford [[S.A. (corporation)|Société Anonyme]] Française) was the French subsidiary of the American [[automaker]] [[Ford Motor Company]], which existed under various names between 1916 and 1954, when Ford sold it to [[Simca]].
__NOTOC__
==Automobiles Ford==
The company was formed in 1916 as Automobiles Ford in Bordeaux by [[Percival Perry, 1st Baron Perry|Percival Perry]], the head of [[Ford of Britain]].<ref name=Beaulieu>{{cite book |last=Georgano |first=N. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile |year=2000 |publisher= |location=London |isbn=1-57958-293-1}}</ref>Like other European Ford subsidiaries, Automobiles Ford initially assembled the [[Ford Model T]] and this continued at Bordeaux until 1925 and then at [[Asnières]] near Paris until 1927. [[Ford Model A|Model A]]s were made from 1927 to 1931 and [[Ford Model Y|Model Y]]s from 1932 to 1934. The company also imported the US-built V8-powered [[Ford Model B]], but import taxes made them very expensive and it was not very popular in France.<ref name=Beaulieu/>

==Matford==
In 1934 Maurice Dollfuss, the head of Ford Société Anonyme Française (SAF), was looking for a larger manufacturing plant and reached agreement with Emile Mathis to enter into a joint venture with the [[Mathis (cars)|Mathis]] company forming [[Matford]] in [[Strasbourg]] and Asnières. The new company name was Matford SA. This venture continued until 1940 when the Strasbourg plant closed and a new one opened in [[Poissy]] and the company became again Ford SAF. During the [[World War II]], the Poissy plant was taken over by the German Army occupying France and used to make trucks and military equipment.<ref name=Beaulieu/>

==Ford SAF==
After the war the company re-introduced the smaller 2.2 litre V-8 engined Matford model. This was replaced in 1948 by the all new [[Ford Vedette|Vedette]] joined in 1952 its upscale counterpart, the Vendôme, and [[Ford Comète|Comète]] sports coupé, cars that were not shared with any other Ford subsidiary.<ref name="museum53">{{cite web|url=http://hometown.aol.com/mdcotton2000/SimcaVedetteFordto1954.html|title=Matt's (Simca) Ford Vedette Page to 1954|accessdate=2006-08-16}}</ref> In November 1954 Ford merged the entire French operation to [[Simca]] at first keeping 15.2 per cent of the company but selling this share as well in 1958.<ref name=Beaulieu/> Apart from the plant, Simca also acquired plans for a new Vedette, with the 2351 cc V8, which was made until 1961 (with a substantial modernisation for 1958) as [[Simca Vedette]] (although still marketed in some markets as Ford for some time).

The Poissy factory had an interesting later history - after the incorporation of Ford SAF into Simca, it was also a subject of Simca's takeover by [[Chrysler]] in the 1960, and during the 1970s it manufactured the first (and, as it later turned out, only) French-made car to bear the Chrysler brand, the [[Chrysler 180]]. At the end of the decade, Chrysler in turn divested its European operations (including Poissy) to [[PSA Peugeot Citroën|PSA]], which first rebranded the Poissy production to [[Talbot]]. Finally, in the second half of 1980s, the Talbot brand was axed and Poissy became one of the most important production sites for the [[Peugeot]] brand and continues to be today.<ref name="rootes-simca">{{cite web|url=http://www.rootes-chrysler.co.uk/car-history/history-simca.html|title=History of SIMCA - company and cars|work=Rootes-Chrysler.co.uk – Rootes Group, Chrysler Europe, SIMCA, and Talbot cars|accessdate=2006-08-18}}</ref>

== External Links ==
* http://dvole.free.fr/matford/ Matford Constructeur automobile

* http://dvole.free.fr/fordsaf/fordsaf.htm Ford Société Anonyme Française - Poissy

== References ==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>

{{Ford}}
{{FordEurope}}

[[Category:Ford|F]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1916]]
[[Category:1954 disestablishments]]

[[fr:Ford (France)]]
[[it:Ford SAF]]

Valleyspeak

2009-09-11T18:13:08Z

Reiknir: /* Intonation */ fixed wikilink

{{refimprove|date=July 2007}}
'''Valspeak''' is a common name for an American [[sociolect]], originally of [[Los Angeles]], [[Californians]], in particular [[Valley girl]]s. This stereotype originated in the 1970s, but was at its peak in the 1980s and lost popularity in the late 1990s and 2000s. Though for a brief period a national fad, many phrases and elements of Valspeak, along with [[Surf culture|surfer slang]] and [[skateboarding]] [[slang]], are stable elements of the [[California English]] dialect lexicon, and in some cases wider [[American English]] (such as the widespread use of "like" as a [[hedge (linguistics)|hedge]]). Elements of valspeak can now be found virtually everywhere English is spoken, particularly among young native English speakers.<ref Name="Cralle">{{cite book
| last = Cralle
| first = Trevor
| title = The Surfin'ary: A Dictionary of Surfing Terms and Surfspeak
| publisher = Ten Speed Press
| date = 2001
| location =
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=otcdFFJSEaEC&pg=PA308&ots=chpTWGR5ia&dq=%22valspeak%22+-wikipedia&ie=ISO-8859-1&sig=hqo8Nkt-vibNfgU2ZqyjGemSbg0 | doi =
| id =
| page = 308 }}</ref>

The term "Valley Girl" and the Valley manner of speech was given a wider circulation with the release of a hit single by [[Frank Zappa]] entitled "Valley Girl," on which [[Moon Unit Zappa|Moon Zappa]], Frank's fourteen-year-old daughter, delivered a monologue of meaningless phrases in "valspeak" behind the music. This song, Frank Zappa's only [[Top 40]] hit in the [[United States]], popularized phrases such as "grody to the max". Some of the terms used by Moon were not actually Valley phrases, but were [[Surfing|surfer]] terms instead (such as "tubular" and "gnarly"). But due to the song's popularity, some of the surfer phrases actually entered the speech of real Valley teens after this point. The Los Angeles surfing subculture, on the other hand, did not generally begin using the Valley terms, and in fact often despise users of the terms.

One of the earliest appearances of Valspeak and the Valley Girl stereotype on television was through the character of Jennifer DiNuccio, played by [[Tracy Nelson (actress)|Tracy Nelson]] in the 1982-83 [[sitcom]], ''[[Square Pegs]]''. According to an interview with Nelson included on the 2008 DVD release of the series, she developed the character's Valspeak and personality prior to the Zappa recording becoming popular.<ref>"Weemawee Yearbook Memories: Tracy Nelson and Claudette Wells", a featurette on the DVD release ''Square Pegs: The Like, Totally Complete Series ... Totally'' (Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, 2008).</ref>

Valspeak is used heavily in the 1995 film ''[[Clueless (film)|Clueless]]'' and quite a lot in ''[[Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure]]'', ''[[Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey]]'', and ''[[Wayne's World]]''. The character of [[List of characters in Daria#Tiffany Blum-Deckler|Tiffany Blum-Deckler]] in MTV's [[Daria]] also uses Valspeak.

== Intonation ==
Excessive use of [[high rising terminal]] is common in valspeak. Statements have rising intonation, causing normal declarative language to appear to the listener as interrogative. This is also known as "uptalking", and is similar to the Australian Questioning Intonation (or [[High rising terminal|AQI]]).

==See also==
* [[California English]]
* [[Filler (linguistics)]]
* [[Jive filter]] - a novelty program that translates English into parody forms.
* [[Like#As_a_discourse_particle_or_interjection|Like]]: As a discourse particle
* [[Pink Five]] - a [[Star Wars]] parody fanfilm starring a Valley girl.
* [[Gap Girls]] - a [[Saturday Night Live]] sketch, prominently featuring Valspeak phrases.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*cs.utexas.edu: [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/jbc/home/chef.html "Valspeak" text translator]
*[http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Hills/5342/Clueless.htm Clueless: the script]
* {{cite journal
| first = Eils | last = Lotozo| year =2002 | month =September 4
| title =The way teens talk, like, serves a purpose
| journal = [[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]
| url =http://www2.jsonline.com/enter/gen/sep02/71334.asp
}} Citing {{cite journal
| first =Muffy E. A. | last =Siegel | year =2002 | month =
| title =Like: The Discourse Particle and Semantics
| journal =Journal of Semantics | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages =35-71
| url =http://jos.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/1/35
}}

[[Category:1980s slang]]
[[Category:1990s slang]]
[[Category:Slang]]
[[Category:American English]]
[[Category:Valspeak]]

[[Category:San Fernando Valley]]