Gebet (Judentum)

2006-07-27T17:17:46Z

Rbarenblat:

'''Jewish services''' are the communal [[prayer]] recitations which form part of the observance of [[Judaism]]. These prayers, often with instructions and commentary, are found in the [[siddur]], the traditional Jewish prayer book.

[[Orthodox Judaism]] regards ''[[halakha]]'' (Jewish law), as requiring Jewish men to pray three times daily and four times daily on the [[Shabbat|Sabbath]] and most [[Jewish holiday]]s, and five times on [[Yom Kippur]]. Orthodox Jewish women are required to pray at least daily, with no specific time requirement, but the system of multiple daily prayer services is regarded as optional. [[Conservative Judaism]] also regards the ''halakhic'' system of multiple daily services as mandatory. Since 2002, Conservative Jewish women have been regarded as having undertaken a communal obligation to pray the same prayers at the same times as men, with traditionalist communities and individual women permitted to opt out. [http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/19912000/oh_55_1_2002.pdf]. [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] congregations include many elements of the traditional liturgy in their services, but do not regard ''halakha'' as binding.

A distinction is made between individual prayer and communal prayer in a [[minyan]] (quorum). Communal prayer is generally preferable, as it includes components that can not be performed without a quorum.

Most of the Jewish liturgy is sung or chanted with traditional melody or trope ([[Nigun]]). Depending upon the size and platform, many synagogues designate or employ a professional or lay ''[[hazzan]]'' (cantor) for the purpose of leading the congregation in prayer.

'''Daven''' is the originally exclusively Eastern [[Yiddish]] verb meaning "pray"; it is widely used by [[Ashkenazic]] [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jews]]. In [[Yinglish]], this has become the [[Anglicise]]d ''davening''. The origin of the word is obscure, but is thought by some to have come from Middle [[French language|French]] and by others to be derived from a [[Slavonic languages|Slavic]] word meaning "give". Still others connect it with the Latinate "divine." In Western [[Yiddish]], the term for "pray" is '''oren''', a word with clear roots in [[Romance languages]] — compare [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] "orar" and [[Latin]] "[[Oratorium]]".
[[Image:2nd century Rome gold goblet shows Jewish ritual objects.jpg|thumb|240px|Jewish ritual objects shown on a gold goblet found in Rome (2nd century CE)]]

==The prayers and their origins==
===Backgrounds===
{{Jew}}
There are three prayer services each day on weekdays. A fourth additional prayer service (called ''mussaf'', "additional"), is added on [[Shabbat]] (the Jewish [[Sabbath]]) and on major holidays by Orthodox and Conservative congregations. A fifth prayer (''ne'ilah''), is only recited on [[Yom Kippur]].

According to the [[Talmud]] (tractate [[Taanit]] 2a), prayer is a Biblical command: "''You shall serve God with your whole heart'' ({{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|11:13|HE}}) - What service is performed with the heart? This is prayer". The prayers are therefore referred to as ''Avodah sheba-Lev'' (service from in the heart). [[Maimonides]] ([[Mishneh Torah]], Laws of Prayer 1:1) likewise categorises prayer as a Biblical command, but states that the number of prayers or their times are not. This statement is relied upon by the authorities that hold that women, while being required to pray, only need to pray once a day (preferably in the morning), though they can, if they wish, pray all three daily prayers.

The [[Talmud]] (tractate Berachoth 26b) gives different reasons why there are three basic prayers.
# According to one sage, every one of the [[Patriarchs (Bible)|Patriarchs]] instituted one prayer: [[Abraham]] the morning, [[Isaac]] the afternoon and [[Jacob]] the evening prayers. This view is supported with Biblical quotes indicating that the Patriarchs prayed at the time mentioned.
# A second opinion states that each was instituted parallel to a sacrificial act in the [[Temple in Jerusalem]]: the morning ''Tamid'' [[korban|offering]] in the morning for the morning, the afternoon ''Tamid'' for the afternoon prayers and the overnight burning of the leftovers for the evening prayers.

Additional Biblical references suggest that [[David|King David]] and the prophet [[Daniel]] prayed three times a day. In [[Book of Psalms|Psalms]], David states: "Evening, morning and afternoon do I pray and cry, and He will hear my voice" ({{bibleverse-nb||Psalm|55:18|HE}}). As in [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]]: "[...] his windows being open in his chamber toward Jerusalem, he kneeled upon his knees three times a day, and prayed, and gave thanks before his God, as he had done before" ({{bibleverse-nb||Daniel|6:11|HE}}).

===Text and language===
Maimonides (Mishneh Torah, Laws of Prayer 1:4) relates that until the Babylonian exile, all Jews composed their own prayers. After the exile, however, the sages of the time (united in the [[Great Assembly]]) found the ability of the people insufficient to continue the practice, and they composed the main portions of the ''[[siddur]]'', such as the ''[[Amidah]]''. The language of the prayers, while clearly being from the Second Temple period, often employs Biblical idiom, and according to some authorities it should not contain rabbinic or Mishnaic idiom apart from in the sections of Mishnah that are featured (see Baer).

Jewish law allows for prayers to be said in any language that the person praying understands. [[Ashkenazi]] [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] synagogues use almost exclusively [[Ashkenazi Hebrew]] (with a small percentage traditionally in [[Aramaic]]), and use the local language only for sermons and directions; [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] synagogues use Hebrew for 75% to 100% of the service (depending on the local custom), and the rest is in the local language. [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] synagogues (usually called Temples in North America) use anywhere from 10% to 50% Hebrew; most of the service is in the local language. [[Sephardic]] customs vary, but [[Ladino language|Ladino]] or [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] may be used in smaller or greater parts of the service even in the most traditional and [[Orthodox]] communities.

=== Quorum ===
''Main article: [[Minyan]]''

Individual prayer is considered acceptable, but prayer with a quorum of ten adults (a [[minyan]]) is considered "prayer with the community", and this is the most highly recommended form of prayer. Judaism has traditionally counted only men in the minyan for formal prayer, on the basis that one does not count someone who is not obligated to participate. Since 1973, many [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] congregations have begun to count women in the minyan as well, although the determination of whether or not to do so is left to the individual congregation. Those Reform and Reconstructionist congregations that consider a minyan mandatory for communal prayer, count both men and women for a minyan. In [[Orthodox Judaism]], according to some authorities, women can count in the minyan for certain specific prayers, such as the [[List of Jewish blessings|Birchot HaGomel]] blessing, which both men and women are obligated to say publicly.

===Concentration===
Proper concentration (''kavvanah'') is considered essential for prayer. There are only certain portions that are invalid ''[[a posteriori]]'' if they were recited without the required awareness. These are the first line of ''[[Shema Yisrael]]'' and the first of the nineteen benedictions of the ''[[Amidah]]''.

== Weekday prayer services ==
=== Shacharit: morning prayers ===
[[Image:190448 siddur.jpg|thumb|200px|Jewish prayer book ([[siddur]]). Reader is wearing tefillin.]]
Various prayers are said upon arising; [[tzitzit]] (small garment with fringes) are donned at this time. The [[tallit]] (large prayer shawl) is donned before or during the actual prayer service, as are the [[tefillin]] (phylacteries); both are accompanied by blessings.

The service starts with the "morning blessings" (''birkot ha-shachar''), including blessings for the [[Torah]] (considered the most important ones). In Orthodox services this is followed by a series of readings from Biblical and rabbinic writings recalling the [[korban|offerings]] made in the [[Temple in Jerusalem]]. The section concludes with the "Rabbis' [[Kaddish]]" (''kaddish de-rabbanan'').

The next section of morning prayers is called ''Pesukei D'Zimrah'' ("verses of praise"), containing several [[psalms]] (100 and 145-150), and prayers (such as ''yehi chevod'') made from a tapestry of Biblical verses, followed by the Song at the Sea (Exodus, chapters {{bibleverse-nb||Ex|14|HE}} and {{bibleverse-nb||Ex|15|HE}}).

''Barechu'', the formal public call to prayer, introduces a series of expanded blessings embracing the recitation of the ''[[Shema Yisrael|Shema]]''. This is followed by the core of the prayer service, the ''[[Amidah]]'' or ''Shemoneh Esreh'', a series of 19 blessings. The next part of the service, is ''Tachanun'', supplications, which is omitted on days with a festive character (and by Reform services usually entirely).

On Mondays and Thursdays a [[Torah reading]] service is inserted. Concluding prayers and [[Aleinu]] then follow, with the Kaddish of the mourners generally after Aleinu.

=== Mincha: afternoon prayers ===
[[Sephardi]]m and [[Italki]]m start the Mincha with [[Psalm]] 84 and ''Korbanot'' ({{bibleverse||Numbers|28:1-8|HE}}), and usually continue with the ''Pittum hakketoret''. The opening section is concluded with {{bibleverse||Malachi|3:4|HE}}. Prayers then continue as follows. ([[Ashkenazi]]m start here.) The ''Ashrei'', containing verses from [[Psalm]]s {{bibleverse-nb||Ps|84:5|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Ps|144:15|HE}} and the entire {{bibleverse||Psalm|145|HE}}, immediately followed by half Kaddish and the ''Shemoneh Esreh'' (''Amidah''). This is followed by a shortened version of ''Tachanun'', supplications, and then the full Kaddish. Sephardim insert Psalm {{bibleverse-nb||Ps|67|HE}} or {{bibleverse-nb||Ps|93|HE}}, followed by the Mourner's Kaddish. After this follows, in most modern rites, the ''[[Aleinu]]''. Ashkenazim then conclude with the Mourner's Kaddish.

=== Ma'ariv (or Arvit): evening prayers ===
This service begins with the ''Barechu'', the formal public call to prayer, and an expanded series of prayers relating to the ''Shema Yisrael''. This is followed by the ''Hashkiveinu'' ("Lay us down to sleep, Adonai, our God, in peace, raise us erect, our King, to life, and spread over us the shelter of Your peace.") Some [[Ashkenazi]]m outside of Israel add a series of other blessings, which are made from a tapestry of biblical verses. This is followed by the Half-Kaddish, and the ''Shemoneh Esreh'' (''Amidah''), bracketed with the full Kaddish. [[Sephardi]]m then repeat the ''Barechu'' and say the Mourner's Kaddish before concluding with the Aleinu. [[Ashkenazi]]m do not repeat the Barechu, but conclude with ''Aleinu'' followed by the Mourner's Kaddish.

In many congregations, the afternoon and evening prayers are recited back-to-back on a working day, to save people having attend synagogue twice. The [[Vilna Gaon]] discouraged this practice, and followers of his set of customs commonly wait until after nightfall to recite ''Ma'ariv''.

==Shabbat services==
=== Friday night services ===
[[Shabbat]] services begin on Friday evening with the weekday Mincha (see above), followed in some communities by the [[Song of Songs]], and then in most communities by the ''Kabbalat Shabbat'', the mystical prelude to Shabbat services composed by 17th century Kabbalists. This [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] term literally means "Receiving the Sabbath".

It is, except for amongst many [[Italkim]] and Western [[Sephardi]]m, composed of six psalms, {{bibleverse-nb||Ps|95|HE}} to {{bibleverse-nb||Ps|99|HE}}, and {{bibleverse-nb||Ps|29|HE}}, representing the six week-days. Next comes the poem ''[[Lekha Dodi]]''. Composed by [[Solomon ha-Levi Alkabetz]] in the mid-[[16th Century|1500s]], it is based on the words of the [[Talmud]]ic sage Hanina: "Come, let us go out to meet the Queen Sabbath" (Talmud Shabbat 119a). Kabbalat Shabbat is concluded by {{bibleverse||Psalm|92|HE}} (the recital of which constitutes men's acceptance of the current Shabbat with all its obligations) and {{bibleverse||Psalm|93|HE}}. Many add a study section here, including ''Bameh Madlikin'' and ''Amar ribbi El'azar'' and the concluding ''Kaddish deRabbanan'' and is then followed by the Maariv service. Some other customs add here a passage from the [[Zohar]].

The [[Shema Yisrael|Shema]] section of the Friday night service varies in some details from the weekday services — mainly in the different ending of the ''Hashkivenu'' prayer and the omission of the ''Barukh A. le'olam'' prayer in those traditions where this section is otherwise recited. In the [[Italki]] tradition, there are also different versions of the ''Ma'ariv 'aravim'' prayer (beginning ''asher killah'' on Friday nights) and the ''Ahavat 'olam'' prayer.

Most commemorate the Shabbat at this point with ''VeShameru'' ({{bibleverse||Exodus|31:16-17|HE}}). The custom to recite the biblical passage at this point has its origins in the Lurianic [[Kabbalah]], and does not appear before the 16th century. It is therefore absent in traditions and prayer books less influenced by the Kabbalah (such as the [[Yemenite Jews|Yemenite]] ''[[Baladi]]'' tradition), or those that opposed adding additional readings to the siddur based upon the Kabbalah (such the [[Vilna Gaon]]).

The [[Amidah]] on Shabbat is abbreviated, and is read in full once. This is then followed by the [[hazzan]]'s mini-repetition of the Amidah, ''Magen Avot'', a digest of the seven benedictions. In some [[Ashkenazi]] [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] synagogues the second chapter of [[Mishnah]] tractate Shabbat, ''Bameh Madlikin'', is read at this point, instead of earlier. The service then follows with the [[Aleinu]]. [[Kiddush]] is recited in the synagogue in Ashkenazi and a few Sephardi communities. Most Sephardi and many Ashkenazi synagogues end with the singing of ''Yigdal'', a poetic adaptation of [[Maimonides]]' 13 principles of Jewish faith. Other Ashkenazi synagogues end with ''[[Adon Olam|Adon `olam]]'' instead.

=== Saturday morning: Shacharit ===
[[Shabbat]] morning prayers commence as on week-days. Of the hymns, Psalm 100 (''Mizmor LeTodah'', the psalm for the Thanksgiving offering), is omitted because the ''todah'' or Thanksgiving [[korbanot|offering]] could not be offered on [[Shabbat]] in the days of the [[Temple in Jerusalem]]. Its place is taken in the [[Ashkenazi]] tradition by Psalms {{bibleverse-nb||Psalm|19|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Psalm|34|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Psalm|90|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Psalm|91|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Psalm|135|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Psalm|136|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Psalm|33|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Psalm|92|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Psalm|93|HE}}. [[Sephardi]]c Jews maintain a different order, add several psalms and two religious poems. The ''Nishmat'' prayer is recited at the end of the ''Pesukei D'Zimrah''. The blessings before ''Shema'' are expanded, and include the hymn ''El Adon'', which is often sung communally.

The fourth intermediary benediction of the ''Shacharit [[Amidah]]'' begins with ''Yismah Moshe''. The Torah scroll is taken out of the Ark, and the [[Parsha|weekly portion]] is [[Torah reading|read]], followed by the ''[[haftarah]]''.

After the [[Torah]] reading, three prayers for the community are recited. Two prayers starting with ''Yekum Purkan'', composed in Babylon in [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]], are similar to the subsequent ''Mi sheberakh'', a blessing for the leaders and patrons of the synagogue. The Sephardim omit much of the Yekum Purkan. Prayers are then recited (in most communities) for the government of the country, for peace, and for the State of [[Israel]].

After these prayers, Ashrei is repeated and the Torah scroll is returned to the Ark in a procession through the Synagogue. Many congregations allow children to come to the front in order to kiss the scroll as it passes. In many Orthodox communities, the Rabbi (or a learned member of the congregation) delivers a sermon at this point, usually on the topic of the Torah reading. In [[yeshivot]], the sermon is usually delivered on Saturday night.

=== Saturday morning additional service: Musaf ===
The ''Musaf'' service starts with the silent recitation of the ''[[Amidah]]''. It is followed by a second public recitation that includes an additional reading known as the ''Kedushah''. This is followed by the ''Tikanta Shabbat'' reading on the holiness of [[Shabbat]], and then by a reading from the biblical [[Book of Numbers]] about the sacrifices that used to be performed in the [[Temple in Jerusalem]]. Next comes ''Yismechu'', "They shall rejoice in Your sovereignty"; ''Eloheynu'', "Our God and God of our Ancestors, may you be pleased with our rest"; ''Retzei'', "Be favorable, our God, toward your people Israel and their prayer, and restore services to your Temple";

After the ''Amidah'' comes the full [[Kaddish]], Kaveh e-l HASHEM followed by ''Ein ke'eloheinu''. In [[Orthodox Judaism]] this is followed by a reading from the [[Talmud]] on the incense offering called Pittum Haketores and daily psalms that used to be performed in the Temple in Jerusalem. These readings are usually omitted by [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] Jews, and are always omitted by [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] Jews.

The ''Musaf'' service culminates with the Rabbi's Kaddish, the ''[[Aleinu]]'', and then the Mourner's Kaddish. Some [[synagogue]]s conclude with the reading of ''An'im Zemirot'', "The Hymn of Glory", Mourners Kaddish, The psalm of the Day and either Adon Olom or Yigdal.

=== Saturday afternoon: Mincha ===
Mincha commences with ''Ashrei'' (see above) and the prayer ''U'va le-Tziyon'', after which the first section of the next [[Parsha|weekly portion]] is [[Torah reading|read from the Torah scroll]]. The ''Amidah'' follows the same pattern as the other Shabbat ''Amidah'' prayers, with the middle blessing starting ''Attah Echad''.

After Mincha, during the winter Sabbaths (from [[Sukkot]] to [[Passover]]), ''Bareki Nafshi'' (Psalms {{bibleverse-nb||Ps|104|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Ps|120|HE}}-{{bibleverse-nb||Ps|134|HE}}) is recited in some customs. During the summer Sabbaths (from Passover to [[Rosh Hashanah]]) chapters from the ''[[Avot]]'', one every Sabbath in consecutive order, are recited instead of ''Barekhi Nafshi''.

=== Saturday evening: Maariv ===
The week-day Maariv is recited on Sabbath evening, concluding with ''Vihi No'am'', ''Ve-Yitten Leka'', and ''[[Havdalah]]''.

== Services on Passover, Shavuot and Sukkot ==
The services for the three festivals of [[Pesach]] ("Passover"), [[Shavuot]] ("Feast of Weeks" or "Pentecost"), and [[Sukkot]] ("Feast of Tabenacles") are alike, except for interpolated references and readings for each individual festival. The preliminaries and conclusions of the prayers are the same as on Shabbat. The Amidah on these festivals only contains seven benedictions, with ''Attah Bechartanu'' as the main one. [[Hallel]] (communal recitation of Psalms {{bibleverse-nb||Ps|113|HE}}-{{bibleverse-nb||Ps|118|HE}}) follows.

The Musaf service includes Mi-Pene Hata'enu, with reference to the special festival and [[Temple in Jerusalem|Temple]] sacrifices on the occasion. A [[Priestly Blessing|blessing on the pulpit]] ("Dukhen") is pronounced by the "[[Kohen|kohanim]]" (Jewish priests) during the Amidah (this occurs daily in Israel, but only on [[Pesach]], [[Shavuot]], [[Sukkot]], [[Rosh Hashanah]], and [[Yom Kippur]] in the [[diaspora]]). On week-days and Sabbath the priestly blessing is recited by the [[hazzan]] after the Modim ("Thanksgiving") prayer. (American Reform Jews omit the Musaf service.)

==Related customs==
Many Jews sway their body back and forth during prayer. This practice (referred to as ''[[Shuckling|shokeling]]'' in [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]) is not mandatory, and in fact the [[kabbalah|kabbalist]] [[Isaac Luria]] felt that it should not be done. In contrast, the German Medieval authority ''[[Maharil]]'' (Rabbi Jacob Molin) linked the practice to a statement in the [[Talmud]] that the Mishnaic sage [[Rabbi Akiva]] would sway so forcefully that he ended up at the other side of the room when praying (Talmud tractate Berachot).

Money for ''[[tzedakah]]'' (charity) is given during the weekday morning and afternoon services in many communities.

==Women and Jewish services==
Throughout [[Orthodox Judaism]], including its most liberal forms, men and women are required to sit in separate sections with a [[mechitza]] (partition) separating them. Conservative/Masorti Judaism permits mixed seating (almost universally in the United States, but not in all countries). Reform and Reconstructionist congregations have it universally.

[[Haredi]] and much of [[Modern Orthodox]] Judaism has a blanket prohibition on women leading public congregational prayers. Conservative Judaism has developed a blanket justification for women leading all or virtually all such prayers, holding that although only obligated individuals can lead prayers and women were not traditionally obligated, Conservative Jewish women in modern times have as a collective whole voluntarily undertaken such an obligation [http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/19912000/oh_55_1_2002.pdf]. Reform and Reconstructionist congregations permit women to perform all prayer roles because they do not regard [[halakha]] and its argumentation system as binding.

A small liberal wing within Modern Orthodox Judaism, particularly rabbis friendly to the [[Jewish Orthodox Feminist Alliance]] (JOFA), has begun re-examining the role of women in prayers based on an individual, case-by-case look at the historical role of specific prayers and services, doing so within what they claim to be classical ''halakhic'' argumentation.

Accepting that where obligation exists only the obligated can lead, this minority has typically made three general arguments for expanded women's roles:
# Because women were required to perform certain [[korbanot]] (sacrifices) in the [[Temple in Jerusalem]], women today are required to perform, and hence can lead (and can count in the ''minyan'' for if required), the specific prayers substituting for these specific sacrifices. ''Birchat Hagomel'' falls in this category
# Because certain parts of the service were added after the [[Talmud]] defined mandatory services, such prayers are equally voluntary on everyone and hence can be led by women (and no ''minyan'' is required). ''Pseukei D'Zimrah'' in the morning and ''Kabbalat Shabbat'' on Friday nights fall in this category.
# In cases where the Talmud indicates that women are generally qualified to lead certain services but do not do so because of the "dignity of the congregation", modern congregations are permitted to waive such dignity if they wish. Torah reading on Shabbat falls in this category. An argument that women are permitted to lead the services removing and replacing the Torah in the Ark on ''Shabbat'' extends from their ability to participate in Torah reading then.

A number of Modern Orthodox congregations accept a few such arguments. Very few Orthodox congregations or authorities, Modern or otherwise, accept all or even most. JOFA has called congregations generally accepting such arguments [[Partnership Minyan|Partnership Minyanim]]. In a Partnership Minyan, on Shabbat, women can typically lead Kabbalat Shabbat, the P'seukei D'Zimrah, the services for removing the Torah from and replacing it in the Ark, and Torah reading, as well as give a ''D'Var Torah'' or sermon.

==Boys under Bar Mitzvah and Davening==

In most Divisions of [[Judaism]] boys under [[Bar Mitzvah]] can't be a [[Hazzan|Chazzen]] for any davening that contains devarim sheb'kidusha I.E. Kaddish, [[Barechu]], The amida, ETC. or receive an aliya and chant the [[Torah]] for the congregation. Some eastern Jews let a boy under bar mitzvah read the Torah and have an aliyah. <ref>Epstein, Morris. ''All About Jewish Holidays and Customs''. Ktav Publishing House, 1959. p. 89 </ref>

==Guide on etiquette for visitors==
In most synagogues or temples, it is considered a sign of respect for all male attendees to wear a head covering, usually a dress hat, or preferably a [[kippa]], which are usually provided near the front door, close to the sanctuary. The kipot may be provided by the families of the celebrants of special occasions.

Orthodox and Conservative (Masorti) synagogues encourage all male attendees to cover their heads out of respect for God. Many Reform/Progressive temples do not require people to cover their heads, although some Reform Jews may choose to.

As might be expected, there are some things that a non-Jewish visitor should do during a Jewish religious service, and there are some things widely considered inappropriate:
*'''Seating'''. Most Orthodox synagogues will have separate seating and entrance by gender. Be certain to sit in the appropriate section and enter through the right door. To avoid sitting in someone's "accustomed spot" (מקום קבוע, ''maqom qavua'') be sure to ask people sitting nearby is this is someone's regular spot. Or you can wait until most people have arrived and have seated themself before choosing a seat.
*'''Prayer'''. A person who is not Jewish should not recite any of the blessings that deal with commandments given to Jews exclusively, such as the blessings recited by an ''oleh'' (the person who has an aliyah), dealing with the distinction between Jews and non-Jews, and praising God for giving the [[Torah]] to Jews. Prayers in Orthodox synagogues and, oftentimes, in Conservative synagogues are entirely in Hebrew; other synagogues use local languages along with the Hebrew (often, English).
*'''Standing'''. Parts of the services are recited standing; visitors are expected to stand together with the congregation.
*'''Bowing'''. At certain points in the service, congregants bow; visitors who are following along and wish to bow may do this but it is not obligatory.
*'''''[[Tallit]]''''' (prayer shawl). Non-Jewish visitors should not don a ''tallit''.
*'''''[[Tzeniut]]''''' (modesty). Appropriate dress for a house of worship is expected. When attending Orthodox synagogues, women will likely be expected to wear long sleeves (past the elbows), long skirts (past the knees), a high neckline (to the collar bone), and if married, to cover their hair. Men are expected to dress respectfully, short pants or sleeveless shirts are generally regarded as inappropriate. In Conservative and Reform synagogues the dress code is more lax, ranging from dress shirt and slacks to jeans and [[polo shirt]]s. The best course of action is for a visitor to inquire about expectations beforehand or to observe common practice before attending.
*'''''[[Aliyah]]'''''. If a non-Jewish visitor is offered the honor of reading from the Torah, or to recite the blessings for the readings (called an ''‘aliyah'', a person so-honored is called an ''‘oleh''), they should (as politely as decorum permits) inform the person inviting them for the honor, that they are not Jewish. In some Reform congregations, non-Jews may be permitted to receive this honor, but no assumption on the matter should be made. Inform the inviter, and let them determine whether or not the invitation stands.

==See also==
* [[Haftara]]
* [[Siddur]]
* [[Prayer]]
* [[List of Jewish prayers and blessings]]
* [[Torah reading]]
* [[Partnership Minyan]]

== References ==
<references/>
* ''To Pray As a Jew'', Hayim Halevy Donin, Basic Books (ISBN 0465086330)
* ''Entering Jewish Prayer'', Reuven Hammer (ISBN 0805210229)
* ''Kavvana: Directing the Heart in Jewish Prayer'', Seth Kadish, Jason Aronson Inc. 1997.
* ''Or Hadash: A Commentary on Siddur Sim Shalom for Shabbat and Festivals'', Reuven Hammer, The [[Rabbinical Assembly]] and the [[United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism]]
* Rabbi S. Baer. ''Siddur Avodath Yisrael'' (newly researched text with commentary Yachin Lashon), 19th century.
* ''A Guide to Jewish Prayer'', Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz, Shocken Books (ISBN 0805241744)

== External links ==
* [http://ezra.mts.jhu.edu/~rabbiars/synagogue/synagogue.html Introduction to synagogue services]
* [http://www.simpletoremember.com/faqs/Mitzvos_Prayer_Religion.htm FAQs on Jewish Prayer]
* [http://www.jewfaq.org/liturgy.htm Outline of prayer services]
* [http://www.GoDaven.com GoDaven.com - The Worldwide Minyan Database]
* [http://www.chabad.org/article.asp?AID=39909 Prayer in Judaism]
* [http://www.chabad.org/article.asp?AID=283696 Selected Prayer Transliterations] chabad.org
* [http://www.kakatuv.com/sitemap.html KaKatuv (As it is Written): Jewish liturgy in Hebrew and English]
* [http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/19912000/oh_55_1_2002.pdf ''Women and the Minyan'', Fine, David. Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Rabbinical Assembly (Conservative), 2002]

{{JewishLifeCycle}}

==Summary of weekly Torah portion==
{{main|Parsha|Torah reading}}

{{Torah portion}}

[[Category:Jewish holy days]]
[[Category:Jewish law and rituals]]
[[Category:Jewish liturgy|*]]
[[Category:Prayer]]
[[Category:Shabbat]]

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Gebet (Judentum)