Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Fredonian Rebellion

2010-01-30T00:26:03Z

RandomStringOfCharacters: Reverted edits by 173.74.177.103 to last revision by Ajraddatz (HG)

The '''Fredonian Rebellion''' (December 21, 1826 – January 31, 1827) was the first attempt by Anglo settlers in Texas to secede from Mexico. The settlers, led by ''[[empresario]]'' [[Haden Edwards]], declared independence from [[Mexican Texas]] and created the '''Republic of Fredonia''' near [[Nacogdoches, Texas]]. The short-lived republic encompassed the land the Mexican government had granted to Edwards in 1825 and included areas that had been previously settled. Edwards's actions soon alienated these established residents, and the increasing hostilities between them and settlers recruited by Edwards led the Mexican government to revoke Edwards's contract.

In late November 1826, a group of Edwards's supporters took control of the region by arresting and removing from office several municipality officials affiliated with the established residents. A month later, the Edwards supporters declared their independence from Mexico. Although the nearby [[Cherokee]] tribe initially signed a treaty to support the new republic, overtures from Mexican authorities and respected ''empresario'' [[Stephen F. Austin]] convinced tribal leaders to repudiate the rebellion. On January 31, 1827, a force of over 100 Mexican soldiers and 250 militiamen from Austin's colony marched into Nacogdoches to restore order. Many of the participants, including Edwards, fled to the United States. A local merchant was arrested and sentenced to death, but later paroled.

The rebellion led Mexican President [[Guadalupe Victoria]] to increase the military presence in the area. As a result, several hostile tribes in the area halted their raids on settlements and agreed to a peace treaty. The [[Comanche]] abided by this treaty for many years. Fearing that through the rebellion the United States hoped to gain control of Texas, the Mexican government severely curtailed immigration to Texas. This new immigration law was bitterly opposed by colonists and caused increasing dissatisfaction with Mexican rule. Some historians consider the Fredonian Rebellion to be the beginning of the [[Texas Revolution]]. Although "premature ... [the Fredonian Rebellion] sparked the powder for later success."<ref name=bates794>Bates (1956), p. 794.</ref>

==Background==
{{further|[[Mexican Texas]]}}
After winning independence in 1821, several of Spain's colonies in the [[New World]] joined together to create a new country, [[Mexico]]. The country divided itself into several states, and the area known as [[Mexican Texas]] became part of the border state [[Coahuila y Tejas]]. To assist in governing the large area, the state created several departments; all of Texas was included in the Department of Béxar. This department was further subdivided into municipalities, which were governed by ''[[alcalde]]s'', similar to a modern-day [[mayor]].<ref name=ericson33>Ericson (2000), p. 33.</ref> A large portion of [[East Texas]], ranging from the [[Sabine River (Texas-Louisiana)|Sabine]] to the [[Trinity River (Texas)|Trinity]] Rivers and from the [[Gulf Coast]] to the [[Red River (Mississippi watershed)|Red River]], became part of the municipality of [[Nacogdoches, TX|Nacogdoches]].<ref name=ericson33/><ref name=ericson35>Ericson (2000), p. 35.</ref> Most residents of the municipality were Spanish-speaking families who had occupied their land for generations.<ref name=davis70>Davis (2006), p. 70.</ref> An increasing number were English-speaking residents who had immigrated illegally during the [[Mexican War of Independence]]. Many of the immigrants were adventurers who had arrived as part of various military [[filibuster (military)|filibustering]] groups which had attempted to create independent republics within Texas during Spanish rule.<ref name=mcdonald/><ref group=Note>The most prominent of the filibustering groups were the [[Long Expedition]] and the [[Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition]].</ref>

To better control the sparsely populated border region, in 1824 the Mexican federal government passed the General Colonization Law to allow legal immigration into Texas. Under the law, each state would set its own requirements for immigration. After some debate, on March 24, 1825, Coahuila y Tejas authorized a system granting land to ''[[empresario]]s'', who would recruit settlers for their particular colony.<ref name=ericson35/> During the state government's deliberations, many would-be ''empresarios'' congregated in Mexico to lobby for land grants. Among these was [[Haden Edwards]], an American land speculator known for his quick temper and aggressiveness.<ref name=ericson37>Ericson (2000), p. 37.</ref> Despite his abrasiveness, Edwards was granted a colonization contract on April 14<ref name=mcdonald>{{citation|last=McDonald|first=Archie P.|title=Fredonian Rebellion|journal=Handbook of Texas online|publisher=Texas Historical Association|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/FF/jcf1.html|accessdate=April 20, 2009}}</ref> allowing him to settle 800 families in East Texas. The contract contained standard language requiring Edwards to recognize all pre-existing Spanish and Mexican land titles in his grant area, to raise a militia to protect the settlers in the area, and to allow the state land commissioner to certify all deeds awarded.<ref name=davis70/><ref name=ericson37/>

Edwards's colony encompassed the land from the [[Navasota River]] to 20 [[League (unit)|leagues]] west of the Sabine River, and from 20 leagues north of the Gulf of Mexico to 15 leagues north of the town of Nacogdoches.<ref name=ericson37/> To the west and north of the colony were lands controlled by several [[Native Americans in the United States|native tribes]] which had recently been driven out of the United States. The southern boundary was a colony overseen by [[Stephen F. Austin]], the first ''empresario'' in Texas. East of Edwards's grant was the former [[Sabine Free State]], a neutral zone which had been essentially lawless for several decades.<ref name=ericson36>Ericson (2000), p. 36.</ref> The boundaries of the new colony and the municipality of Nacogdoches partially overlapped, leading to uncertainty over who had jurisdiction over which function.<ref name=ericson37/> The majority of the established settlers lived outside the eastern boundary of the Edwards colony.<ref name=ericson37/>

==Prelude==
Edwards arrived in Nacogdoches in August 1825.<ref name=ericson37/> Mistakenly believing that he had the authority to determine the validity of existing land claims,<ref name=ericson38>Ericson (2000), p. 38.</ref> Edwards, in September, demanded written proof of ownership, or their land would be forfeited and sold at auction.<ref name=ericson38>Ericson (2000), p. 38.</ref><ref name=samora79/> His action was at least partially driven by prejudice; Edwards scorned those who were poorer or of a different race than himself. By removing less-prosperous settlers, he could to assign their lands to wealthy planters, like himself, from the southern United States.<ref name=ericson38/>

None of the English-speaking residents had valid titles. Those who had not arrived as filibusters had been duped by fraudulent land speculators.<ref name=samora79>Samora ''et al.'' (1993), p. 79.</ref> Most of the Spanish-speaking landowners lived on grants made to their families 70 or more years previously and were unable to produce any paperwork.<ref name=davis70/> Anticipating the potential conflict between the new ''empresario'' and the long-time residents of the area, the acting ''alcalde'' of the municipality, Luis Procela, and the municipality clerk, Jose Antonio Sepulveda, began validating old Spanish and Mexican land titles, a function legally assigned to the state land commissioner. In response, Edwards accused the men of forging deeds, further angering the residents.<ref name=ericson38and39>Ericson (2000), pp. 38–39.</ref>

By December 1825, Edwards had recruited 50 families to emigrate from the United States.<ref name=bates493/> As required under his contract, Edwards organized a local militia open to his colonists and established residents. When militia members elected Sepulveda as their captain, Edwards nullified the results and proclaimed himself head of the militia. Following this debacle, Edwards, acting outside his authority, called for elections for a new ''alcalde''.<ref name=ericson39>Ericson (2000), p. 39.</ref> Two men were nominated for the position—Edwards's son-in-law, Chichester Chaplin, seen as the representative for the newly arrived immigrants,<ref name=mcdonald/> and Samuel Norris, an American who had married the daughter of a long-time resident and was sympathetic to the more established residents.<ref name=ericson39/> After Chaplin's victory, many settlers alleged vote-stacking in an appeal to Juan Antonio Saucedo, the political chief of the Department of Bexar. In March, Saucedo overturned the election results and proclaimed Norris the winner. Edwards refused to recognize Norris's authority.<ref name=davis70/>

Shortly after Saucedo's ruling, Edwards left to recruit more settlers from the United States, leaving his younger brother [[Benjamin W. Edwards|Benjamin]] in charge of the colony. Benjamin could not maintain stability in the colony, and the situation deteriorated rapidly. A vigilante group of earlier settlers harassed many newcomers, and Benjamin Edwards made several complaints to state authorities. Unhappy with Benjamin's tone and the increasing tension, Mexican authorities revoked the land grant in October and instructed the Edwards brothers to leave Mexico.<ref name=davis70/><ref name=ericson40>Ericson (2000), p. 40.</ref> Rumors that Haden Edwards had returned to the United States to raise an army and not just to recruit settlers likely influenced the government action.<ref name=everett43>Everett (1995), p. 43.</ref> Unwilling to abandon his $50,000 investment in the colony, Haden Edwards rejoined his brother in Nacogodoches in late October, continuing their business affairs despite the cancellation of his colonization contract.<ref name=mcdonald/><ref name=bates493>Bates (1956), p. 493.</ref><ref name=everett44>Everett (1995), p. 44.</ref>

==Conflict==
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0em; font-size: 85%; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="0"
| style="text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; padding:0px 5px; vertical-align: top; font-size: large; color: gray;" | “
| It appears as tho. the people in your quarter have run mad or worse.
| style="text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; padding:0px 5px; vertical-align: bottom; font-size: large; color: gray" | ”
|-
| colspan=3 style="text-align: center;" |{{ndash}}excerpt from a letter [[Stephen F. Austin]] wrote to [[Haden Edwards]], after some of Edwards's men invaded Nacogdoches<ref name=davis71>Davis (2006), p. 71.</ref>
|}
In October, Norris ruled that Edwards had improperly taken land from an existing settler to give to a new immigrant. Norris evicted the immigrant, angering many of the colonists. Later that month, another new immigrant was arrested and ordered to leave the country after refusing to purchase a merchant license before trading with the Indian tribes.<ref name=jackson62>Jackson (2005), p. 62.</ref> On November 22, 1826, local militia colonel [[Martin Parmer]] and 39 other Edwards colonists entered Nacogdoches and arrested Norris, Sepulveda, and the commander of the small Mexican garrison, charging them with oppression and corruption.<ref name=davis70/><ref name=everett44/> Haden Edwards was also arrested for violating his expulsion order but was immediately paroled, possibly as a ploy to disguise his own involvement in the plot.<ref name=mcdonald/><ref name=everett44/> A [[kangaroo court]] found the other men guilty, removed them from their positions, and banned them from ever holding another public office. The court disbanded after appointing a temporary ''alcalde''.<ref name=ericson41>Ericson (2000), p. 41.</ref> These actions benefitted Parmer personally; several weeks before, after Parmer killed a man in a dispute, Norris had issued a warrant for Parmer's arrest. With Norris removed from office, the arrest warrant was voided.<ref name=jackson71>Jackson (2005), p. 71.</ref>

Throughout the fall, Benjamin Edwards had tried to gather support from the Edwards colonists for a potential armed revolt against Mexican authority. Largely unsuccessful, he approached the nearby [[Cherokee]] tribe for assistance.<ref name=everett44/> Several years previously, the tribe had applied for title to the lands they occupied in northern East Texas. They were promised but never given a deed from the Mexican authorities. Benjamin Edwards offered the tribe clear title to all of Texas north of Nacogdoches in exchange for armed support for his plans.<ref name=everett45>Everett (1995), p. 45.</ref>
[[Image:Old Stone Fort in Nacogdoches, Texas.jpg|thumb|left|The Old Stone Fort was seized during the Fredonian Rebellion.|alt=Two-story stone building with a wooden roof. A balcony runs the length of the second floor.]]
On December 16, the Edwards brothers invaded Nacogdoches with only 30 settlers, seizing one building in town, the Old Stone Fort.<ref name=samora80>Samora ''et al.'' (1993), p. 80.</ref> On December 21, they declared the former Edwards colony to be a new republic named Fredonia.<ref name=davis72/> Within hours of the announcement, the Fredonians signed a peace treaty with the Cherokee, represented by Chief [[Richard Fields (Cherokee)|Richard Fields]] and [[John Dunn Hunter]].<ref name=everett45/> Fields and Hunter claimed to represent an additional 23 other tribes and promised to provide 400 warriors.<ref name=jackson65>Jackson (2005), pp. 65, 67.</ref> In recognition of the agreement, above the Old Stone Fort flew a new flag containing two stripes–one red, one white–representing the two races.<ref name=weaver69>Weaver (1997), p. 69.</ref> Inscribed on the banner was the motto, "Independence, Liberty, and Justice".<ref name=davis72/> Haden Edwards also sent messengers to Louisiana to request aid from the United States military, which refused to intervene.<ref name=davis72/> Another emissary sent to invite Austin and his colonists to join the rebellion garnered the rebuke, "You are deluding yourselves and this delusion will ruin you."<ref name=davis71/>

Edwards's actions disturbed many of his colonists due to either their loyalty to their adopted country<ref name=davis72/> or fear of his alliance with the Cherokee.<ref name=bates493/> Mexican authorities were also concerned with the Cherokee alliance, and both [[Peter Ellis Bean]], the Mexican [[Indian agent]], and Saucedo, the political chief, began negotiations with Fields. They explained to the Cherokee that the tribe had not followed proper procedures to attain a land grant and promised that if they reapplied through official channels the Mexican government would honor their land request. These arguments and a planned Mexican military response convinced many Cherokee to repudiate the treaty with Edwards.<ref name=everett46>Everett (1995), p. 46.</ref>

On news of the November arrest of the ''alcalde'', the Mexican government began preparing to retaliate.<ref name=ericson41/> On December 11, Lieutenant Colonel Mateo Ahumada, the military commander in Texas, marched from [[San Antonio de Béxar]] with 110 infantry,<ref name=ericson41>Ericson (2000), p. 41.</ref> and initially stopped in Austin's colony to assess the loyalty of his settlers. On January 1, Austin announced to his colonists that "infatuated madmen at Nacogdoches have declared independence."<ref name=davis72>Davis (2006), p. 72.</ref> Much of his colony immediately volunteered to assist in quelling the rebellion.<ref name=davis72/> When the Mexican army left for Nacogdoches on January 22, they were joined by 250 militiamen from Austin's colony.<ref name=ericson41/>

Impatient with the army response time, Norris led 80 men to retake the Old Stone Fort. Although Parmer had fewer than 20 supporters with him, his men routed Norris's force in less than ten minutes.<ref name=jackson75>Jackson (2005), p. 75.</ref> On January 31, Bean, accompanied by 70 militiamen from Austin's colony, rode into Nacogdoches.<ref name=jackson76>Jackson (2005), p. 76.</ref> By this time, Parmer and Edwards had learned that the Cherokee had abandoned any intention of waging war against Mexico.<ref name=everett46/> When not a single Cherokee warrior had appeared to reinforce the revolt, Edwards and his supporters fled.<ref name=everett46/> Bean pursued them to the Sabine River, but most, including both Edwards brothers, safely crossed into the United States.<ref name=jackson76/><ref name=ericson42>Ericson (2000), p. 42.</ref> Ahumade and his soldiers, accompanied by political chief Saucedo, entered Nacogdoches on February 8 to restore order.<ref name=jackson77>Jackson (2005), p. 77.</ref>

Although the Cherokee had not raised arms against Mexico, their treaty with the Fredonian revolutionaries caused Mexican authorities to question the tribe's loyalty. To demonstrate their loyalty to Mexico, the Cherokee council ordered both Fields and Hunter to be executed. Under tribal law, certain offenses such as aiding an enemy of the tribe were punishable by death. By sentencing Fields and Hunter to death for this reason, the Cherokee affirmed that Edwards and his cohorts were their enemies.<ref name=everett47>Everett (1995), p. 47.</ref> Both men fled, but were soon captured and executed. When the executions were reported to Mexican authorities on February 28, the [[Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas|commandant general of the Eastern Interior Provinces]], [[Anastasio Bustamante]], praised the Cherokee for their prompt action.<ref name=everett47>Everett (1995), p. 47.</ref>

Bustamante ultimately offered a general amnesty for all who participated in the conflict except for Haden and Benjamin Edwards, Martin Parmer, and [[Adolphus Sterne]], a local merchant who had provided supplies to the rebel force. Like the Edwards brothers, Parmer escaped into Louisiana. Sterne remained and was sentenced to death for treason but was paroled on the condition that he swear allegiance to Mexico and never again take up arms against the Mexican government.<ref name=ericson43>Ericson (2000), p. 43.</ref><ref group=Note>Sterne technically upheld his oath to the Mexican government; during the [[Texas Revolution]], he did not personally fight against Mexico, but he did provide funds to raise two companies of soldiers for the [[Texian Army]]. Ericson (2000), p. 43.</ref>

==Aftermath==
The rebellion changed the dynamic between settlers and local tribes. Although the Cherokee repudiated the rebellion, their initial support caused many settlers to distrust the tribe.<ref name=everett48>Everett (1995), p. 48.</ref> The rebellion, and subsequent Mexican army response, also changed the settlers' relationships with other tribes. In preceding years, the [[Towakoni]] and Waco tribes, allied with various [[Comanche]] bands, had regularly raided Texas settlements. Fearing that these tribes, like the Cherokee, could ally with other groups against Mexican control, Bustamante began preparations to attack and weaken all hostile tribes in East Texas. On learning of the imminent invasion, in April 1827 the Towakoni and Waco [[Suing for peace|sued for peace]].<ref name=smith121>Smith (2000), p. 121.</ref> In June, the two tribes signed a peace treaty with Mexico, promising to halt all raids against Mexican settlers. The Towakoni then assisted their allies, the Penateka Comanche, in reaching a treaty with Mexico. When Bustamante's troops left Texas later that year, the Towakoni and Waco resumed their raiding. The Comanche tribe upheld their treaty for many years and often assisted Mexican soldiers in recovering livestock stolen by the other tribes.<ref name=smith122>Smith (2000), p. 122.</ref>

The failed rebellion also affected Mexican relations with the United States.<ref name=morton33>Morton (1947), p. 33.</ref> Even before the revolt, many Mexican officials had worried that the United States was plotting to gain control of Texas.<ref name=morton34>Morton (1947), p. 34.</ref> Once the rebellion came to light, officials suspected that Edwards had been an agent of the United States. To help protect the region, a new, larger, garrison was established in Nacogdoches, to be commanded by Colonel Jose de las Piedras.<ref name=morton33/> As a direct result of Edwards's actions, the Mexican government authorized an extensive expedition, conducted by General [[Manuel Mier y Teran]], to inspect the Texas settlements and recommend a future course of action. Mier y Teran's reports led to the [[Laws of April 6, 1830]], which severely restricted immigration into Texas.<ref name=morton34/> Within Texas, the laws were widely denounced by both recent immigrants and native-born Mexicans and led to further armed conflict between Mexican soldiers and Texas residents.<ref name=davis77and85>Davis (2006), pp. 77, 85.</ref>

Some historians regard the Fredonian Rebellion as the beginning of the [[Texas Revolution]]. Historian W.B. Bates remarked that the revolt was "premature, but it sparked the powder for later success".<ref name=bates794>Bates (1956), p. 794.</ref> The people of Nacogdoches played instrumental roles in other rebellions in Texas over the next few years; in 1832 they expelled Piedras and his troops from Nacogdoches, and many Nacogdoches residents participated in the Texas Revolution.<ref name=bates794/>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
*{{citation|last=Bates|first=W.B.|title=A Sketch History of Nacogdoches|journal=Southwestern Historical Quarterly|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/shqonline/apager.php?vol=059&pag=499|accessdate=2009-01-29|volume=59|issue=4|date=April 1956}}
*{{citation|last=Davis|first=William C.|authorlink=William C. Davis (historian)|title=Lone Star Rising|date=2006|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|location=College Station, TX|isbn=9781585445325}} originally published 2004 by New York: Free Press
*{{Citation|last=Ericson|first=Joe E.|title=The Nacogdoches story: an informal history|publisher=Heritage Books|date=2000|isbn=9780788416576}}
*{{citation|last=Everett|first=Dianna|title=The Texas Cherokees: A People between Two Fires, 1819–1840|series=Civilization of the American Indian Series, v. 203|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman, OK|date=1995|isbn=9780585168845}}
*{{citation|last=Jackson|first=Jack|date=2005|title=Indian Agent: Peter Ellis Bean in Mexican Texas|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|location=College Station, TX|isbn=9781585444441}}
*{{citation|last=Morton|first=Ohland|title=Life of General Don Manuel de Mier y Teran|journal=Southwestern Historical Quarterly|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|volume=47|issue=1|date=July 1943|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/shqonline/apager.php?vol=047&pag=035|accessdate=2009-01-29}}
*{{citation|last=Samora|first=Julian|last2=Simon|first2=Patricia Vandel|last3=Candelaria|first3=Cordelia|last4=Pulido|first4=Alberto L.|title=A History of the Mexican-American People|publisher=University of Notre Dame Press|date=1993|location=Notre Dame, IN|isbn=9780585333328}}
*{{citation|last=Smith|first=F. Todd|title=The Wichita Indians: Traders of Texas and the Southern Plains, 1540–1845|series=Centennial Series of the Association of Former Students, Texas A&M University, No. 87|location=College Station, TX|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|date=2000|isbn=9780585377049}}
*{{citation|last=Weaver|first=Jace|title=That the People Might Live: Native American Literatures and Native American Community|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|date=1997|isbn=9780195120370}}

{{Mexican Texas}}

{{featured article}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1826]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1827]]
[[Category:Mexican Texas]]
[[Category:Texas border disputes]]

[[ru:Фредонский мятеж]]
[[tr:Fredonia İsyanı]]

Howard A. Hanson Dam

2010-01-29T06:07:32Z

RandomStringOfCharacters: Reverted edits by 210.212.236.129 to last revision by 24.18.46.48 (HG)

{{Infobox_Dam
|dam_name=Howard A. Hanson Dam
|image=USACE Howard A Hanson Dam.jpg
|caption=Howard A. Hanson Dam (rear)
|official_name=
|crosses=[[Green River (Washington)|Green River]]
|reservoir=Howard A. Hanson Reservoir/Pool
|locale= [[King County, Washington|King County]], [[Washington|Washington, USA]]
|maint= [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]]
|length= 675 ft (206 m)
|height= 235 ft (72 m)
|hydraulic_head=
|width= 960 ft (292 m), '''Crest:''' 23 ft (7 m)
|irrigation=
|began=1959
|open=1961
|closed=
|cost=
|reservoir_capacity= 106,000 acre-ft (131,000,000 m3)
|reservoir_catchment= {{Convert|220|mi2|km2|lk=on}}
|reservoir_surface=
|turbines=
|installed_capacity=
|max_capacity=
|annual_generation=
}}
'''Howard A. Hanson Dam''' is an earthen [[embankment dam]] on the [[Green River (Washington)|Green River]], 21 miles (34 km) east of [[Auburn, Washington]]. The dam was completed in 1961 and its primary purpose is [[flood control]] along with water supply for [[Tacoma, Washington]].

After the dam's reservoir reached record levels in January 2009, the [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] discovered seepage in the right abutment of the dam, leading to efforts to mitigate a potential flood.<ref name="USACEM">[http://www.nws.usace.army.mil/PublicMenu/Menu.cfm?sitename=HHD&pagename=mainpage USACE - Howard A. Hanson main page]</ref>

==History and construction==

The Green River Valley was settled in the 1850s and became a notable farming area until an [[aphid]] infestation destroyed most of the crops in 1890. Since then, the area mainly consisted of cattle and berry farms but farmers had to cope with yearly floods. These floods would lead to log jams which redirected the Green and other rivers. Sometimes farmers would illicitly clear log jams with [[dynamite]] which led to the flooding of other farms. To deal with the matter, the Associated Improvement Clubs of South King County was formed in 1926. The association created several [[dike]]s and repaired river courses but they would soon realize more help was needed. <ref>[http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=3549 History Link - Howard A. Hanson History]</ref>

It was not until 1936 that community leaders, citizens and with additional effort by [[United States Congress|Congress]], the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Seattle District began to search for a suitable flood control project site on the Green River. The selection was delayed by the [[Second World War]] and finally in 1949, Eagle [[Gorge]] was recommended to Congress as a site for a [[dam]] and [[reservoir]] project. <ref name="USACEM"/>

In 1955, funds were appropriated for the project; Congress gave $37 million, [[Washington]] State $1.5 million and King County provided $500,000. Construction on the dam which included the relocation of 13 miles (21 km) of [[railroad]] began in February 1959. During construction in December 1959, the last devastating flood occurred on the Green River; damaging homes and removing [[topsoil]] from farms. Despite this, the dam was completed almost five months ahead of time on [[Christmas]] Day, 1961. The completion of the dam ended a 70-year era of flooding in the Green River Valley and by 1996, the dam had prevented an estimated $694 million in flood damages.<ref name="USACEM"/>

The dam was originally named the Eagle Gorge Dam but was renamed by Congress in 1958 to the Howard A. Hanson Dam. Hanson lead civic and government groups in an effort to construct the dam. He was largely instrumental in obtaining funding for the dam. Hanson died in 1957 before construction began.<ref name="USACEM"/>

==Dam characteristics==
[[Image:Hansondamintakeusace.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Howard A. Hanson Dam, spillway gates and intake]]
The Howard A. Hanson Dam is an earthen embankment structure at a length of 675 ft (205 m) and height of 235 ft (70 m). The base of the dam is 960 ft (290 m) wide and sits within Eagle Gorge, a ravine with nearly vertical rock walls. The reservoir withheld by the dam collects water from 220 square miles (570 m2) of drainage area 7 miles (11 km) long. The dam structure contains a concrete [[spillway]] on its left side capable of discharging overflow at 107,000 cubic feet per second (3,000 m3/s). The spillway is controlled by two 45 x 30 ft (15 x 6 m) [[Tainter gate]]s while an outlet tunnel at the base of the dam is controlled by two 10 x 12 ft (3 x 4 m) Tainter gates.<ref name="USACEM"/>

The dam serves its flood control purpose during the rainy season collecting and then controlling the release of flood waters through the base outlet tunnel. This process occurs as often as necessary and in the event of an extreme flood, the spillway can be used. However, spillway use has never been required. In March, the dam serves to conserve water and during the summer, releases specific amounts to assist in fish migration and spawning along with enhancing sports fishing. During the winter, the reservoir is kept near empty. The dam is located within the Tacoma watershed and public access is not allowed. Water released from the dam is diverted into a [[water purification]] facility 3 miles (5 km) downstream for civil consumption. <ref name="USACEM"/>

==Flooding concerns==
[[Image:Hansondamaerialphotousace.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Howard A. Hanson Dam USACE annotated aerial photo]]
In January 2009, 15 inches (380 mm) of rainfall within 24 hours peaked water inflows behind the reservoir at {{convert|30500|ft3/s|m3}} , raising the reservoir level to a record high of 1,189 feet (362 m) above sea level. <ref>[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2009376179_leakingdam24m.html Water seeping through Howard Hanson Dam is picking up speed - Seattle Times - Jan 24, 2009]</ref>In comparison, the maximum authorized storage level is 1,206 ft (367 m) above sea level and the normal summer level is 1,167 feet (355 m). The Howard A. Hanson dam had controlled and prevented a flood that would have caused an estimated $4 billion in damages. <ref>[http://www.nws.usace.army.mil/PublicMenu/documents/HHD/F1157update6-1-09.pdf Engineers continue testing, gathering data at Howard Hanson Dam - June 1, 2009]</ref> <ref>[http://www.nws.usace.army.mil/PublicMenu/documents/HHD/FAQs_restricted_pool_Sept_09.pdf USACE Howard A. Hanson Dam FAQ]</ref>

However, soon after the flood the USACE discovered two depressions on the right [[abutment]] of the dam, increased water levels in groundwater monitoring wells and the appearance of [[sediment]]-laden water entering the abutment drainage [[tunnel]]. The USACE does not believe the dam is at immediate risk of failing but assessed increased danger to downstream communities until the problem was resolved. The USACE began to lower and restrict the elevation of the dam's reservoir. In addition, by November 2009, the USACE constructed an interim seepage barrier along with improving the drainage of the right abutment. These actions reduced the chance of flooding from a 1 in 3 to a 1 in 25 chance during 2010. <ref name="USACEM"/>

Although the level of the reservoir is restricted, there are still increased chances for flooding downstream. In the event of a major flood, increased releases in order to maintain proper levels may cause water to over-top downstream levees. Sandbags have and are being distributed throughout the Green River Valley as the USACE continues to inspect, monitor and repair the dam.<ref name="USACEM"/>

==See also==
*[[Green River (Washington)|Green River]]

==External links==
*[http://www.nws.usace.army.mil/PublicMenu/Menu.cfm?sitename=HHD&pagename=mainpage USACE - Howard A. Hanson Dam Main Page]
*[http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=3549 History Link - Howard A. Hanson Dam History]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|47|16|40|N|121|47|15|W|region:US-WA_type:landmark|display=inline}}

[[Category:King County, Washington]]
[[Category:Dams in Washington (U.S. state)]]

Renzo Gracie

2009-10-03T18:38:29Z

RandomStringOfCharacters: Reverted edits by 68.99.87.13 to last revision by Zatofei (HG)

{{Infobox martial artist
| name = Renzo Gracie
| other_names =
| image =
| imagesize = 200px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|year=1967|month=3|day=11}}
| birth_place = [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| residence =
| nationality = Brazilian
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=10}}
| weight = {{convert|185|lb|kg st|abbr=on}}
| weightclass =
| reach =
| style = [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]]
| stance =
| fightingoutof=
| team = Renzo Gracie Jiu-Jitsu
| rank = {{color box|black}} ''black belt in [[BJJ]]''
| yearsactive =
| mmawins = 13
| mmakowins = 2
| mmasubwins = 7
| mmadecwins =
| mmalosses = 6
| mmakolosses =
| mmasublosses =
| mmadeclosses =
| mmadraws = 1
| mmancs = 0
| occupation =
| university =
| spouse =
| relatives = [[Gracie family]]
| students = [[Matt Serra]], [[Ricardo Almeida]]
| club =
| school =
| url =
| sherdog = 290
| footnotes =
| updated =
}}
'''Renzo Gracie''' ({{IPA-en|ˈhɛnzoʊ ˈɡræsiː}}; born March 11, 1967) is a [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]] (BJJ) expert and a [[Gracie Barra]] Black Belt under [[Carlos Gracie Jr.]] and a member of the [[Gracie family]] from [[Brazil]]. He is the son of [[Robson Gracie]], grandson of [[Carlos Gracie]], nephew and 5th degree black belt<ref>[http://evolve-mma.com/index.php/instructors#ins2 Renzo Gracie Bio at Evolve MMA]</ref> of [[Carlos Gracie, Jr.]] and grandnephew of [[Helio Gracie]]. His brothers [[Ralph Gracie|Ralph]] and the late [[Ryan Gracie]] are also famous fighters.<ref>[http://www.ifl.tv/Team-Pitbulls-Renzo-Gracie.html Renzo Gracie Coach of the New York Pitbulls. MMA Fighter Renzo Gracie Jiu Jitsu fighting style. Professional Fighting with Renzo Gracie. International Fight League]</ref> He holds notable wins in the sport of mixed martial arts over former [[UFC]] champions [[Pat Miletich]], [[Oleg Taktarov]], [[Frank Shamrock]], [[Carlos Newton]] and [[Maurice Smith]].

==Mixed martial arts==
Gracie has competed both in sport BJJ and [[mixed martial arts]] events such as the [[PRIDE Fighting Championships]], the [[International Fight League]], [[RINGS]], Martial Arts Reality Superfighting (MARS), and the World Combat Championship.

In February 10, 2007 Gracie won a match against [[Frank Shamrock]] for upstart [[Mixed martial arts|MMA]] promotion [[EliteXC]] on its debut night Saturday [[February 10]], [[2007]], on [[Showtime]]. Gracie was able to take Frank down fairly easily after being overmatched on his feet and was still able to dominate on the ground for most of the match before Shamrock was disqualified by referee [[Herb Dean]] due to landing illegal knee strikes to the back of Gracie's head while both fighters were on the ground. Shamrock had already been given one warning earlier in the match for illegal strikes to the back of Gracie's head. After the match, Gracie had to be helped out of the ring and back to his dressing room by his team allegedly due to receiving a concussion from the strikes.
 
Renzo formerly coached a team, the [[New York Pitbulls]], for the [[International Fight League]].

Gracie is the Head Instructor at the Renzo Gracie Academy in Midtown Manhattan. Many well known BJJ and MMA fighters have been trained by Renzo, including BJJ black belts [[Rodrigo Gracie]], current UFC Welterweight Champion [[Georges St-Pierre]], former UFC Welterweight Champion [[Matt Serra]], [[Paul Creighton]], former Middleweight King of Pancrase [[Ricardo Almeida]], [[Sean Alvarez]], Alan Teo, Mike Codella, Carl Massaro, [[Shawn Williams (Grappler)|Shawn Williams]],Gabe Koura, Chad Lebrun, and [[GRACIE Magazine]] founder [[Luca Atalla]].

Gracie also has written an instructional book on jiu-jitsu, called "Mastering Jiu-Jitsu", with his training partner John Danaher (NZ). He has also been the personal jiu-jitsu teacher of [[Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan|Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], [[Crown Prince]] of [[Abu Dhabi]], since 1993. <ref name="Fit for a Prince">{{cite web
|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/extra/mma/news/story?id=3039205
|title=Professional fighter gets royal treatment as prince's trainer
|year=2007
|accessdate=2007-08-19
|publisher=[[ESPN]] by [[Ryan Hockensmith]]
}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Gracie is a resident of [[Holmdel, New Jersey]]. He and his wife Cristina have three children, Catarina, Cora and Ruran.<ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2008/02/27/2008-02-27_renzo_gracie_shares_family_martial_arts_.html?print=1&page=all "But her boyfriend trains here," Gracie adds.]</ref> He has eleven brothers and sisters, including [[Charles Gracie]], Flavia Gracie, [[Ralph Gracie]], and the late [[Ryan Gracie]]<ref>[http://www.550media.com/igjjf/familytree.html Gracie Family Tree] URL accessed on June 5, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.charlesgracie.com/cms/ Charles Gracie Family Tree] URL accessed on June 5, 2009</ref>.

==Mixed martial arts record==


{{MMArecordbox
|wins=13
|losses=6
|draws=1
|nc=1
|ko-wins=1
|ko-losses=1
|sub-wins=8
|sub-losses=1
|dec-wins=3
|dec-losses=4
}}
{| style='font-size: 85%; text-align: left;' class='wikitable sortable' width='99%'
|-
!style='border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3'|Record
!style='border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3'|Date
!style='border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3'|Result
!style='border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3'|Opponent
!style='border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3'|Outcome
!style='border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3'|Event
!style='border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3'|Round
!style='border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3'|Time
!style='border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3'|Location
|-
|13–6–1(1)
|2007-02-10
|{{yes2}}Win
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Frank Shamrock]]
|DQ (Knees to the head of a downed opponent)
|[[EliteXC: Destiny]]
| 2
| 2:00
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Southaven, Mississippi]], [[US]]
|-
|12–6–1(1)
|2006-12-31
|{{yes2}}Win
|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Carlos Newton]]
|Decision (Split)
|IFL: World Team Championships
| 3
| 5:00
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Uncasville, Connecticut]], [[US]]
|-
|11–6–1(1)
|2006-09-23
|{{yes2}}Win
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Pat Miletich]]
|Submission ([[Guillotine Choke]])
|IFL: Gracie vs. Miletich
| 1
| 3:37
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Moline, Illinois]], [[US]]
|-
|10–6–1(1)
|2005-07-29
|{{no2}}Loss
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[B.J. Penn]]
|Decision (Unanimous)
|K-1 World Grand Prix Hawaii
| 3
| 5:00
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Honolulu, Hawaii]], [[US]]
|-
|10–5–1(1)
|2003-10-05
|{{no2}}Loss
|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Carlos Newton]]
|Decision (Split)
|[[PRIDE Bushido 1]]
| 2
| 5:00
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]], [[Japan]]
|-
|10–4–1(1)
|2002-06-23
|{{no2}}Loss
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Shungo Oyama]]
|Decision (Unanimous)
|[[PRIDE 21|PRIDE 21: Demolition]]
| 3
| 5:00
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]], [[Japan]]
|-
|10–3–1(1)
|2001-11-03
|{{yes2}}Win
|{{flagicon|Japan}} Michiyoshi Ohara
|Decision (Unanimous)
|[[PRIDE 17|PRIDE 17: Championship Chaos]]
| 3
| 5:00
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
|-
|9–3–1(1)
|2001-03-25
|{{no2}}Loss
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Dan Henderson]]
|KO (Punch)
|[[PRIDE 13|PRIDE 13 – Collision Course]]
| 1
|1:40
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]], [[Japan]]
|-
|9–2–1(1)
|2000-08-27
|{{no2}}Loss
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kazushi Sakuraba]]
|Technical Submission ([[Shoulderlock#Kimura|Kimura]])
|[[PRIDE 10|PRIDE 10: Return of the Warriors]]
| 2
|9:43
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]], [[Japan]]
|-
|9–1–1(1)
|2000-02-26
|{{no2}}Loss
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kiyoshi Tamura]]
|Decision (Unanimous)
|Rings – King of Kings 1999 Final
| 2
|5:00
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
|-
|9–0–1(1)
|1999-12-22
|{{yes2}}Win
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Maurice Smith]]
|Submission ([[Armlock]])
|Rings – King of Kings 1999 Block B
| 1
|0:50
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Osaka]], [[Japan]]
|-
|8–0–1(1)
|1999-12-22
|{{yes2}}Win
|{{flagicon|Japan}} Wataru Sakata
|Submission ([[Armbar]])
|Rings – King of Kings 1999 Block B
| 1
|1:25
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Osaka]], [[Japan]]
|-
|7–0–1(1)
|1999-11-21
|{{yes2}}Win
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Alexander Otsuka]]
|Decision
|[[PRIDE 8]]
| 2
|10:00
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
|-
|6–0–1(1)
|1998-03-15
|{{yes2}}Win
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Sanae Kikuta]]
|Submission ([[Guillotine Choke]])
|[[PRIDE 2]]
| 6
|0:43
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Yokohama]], [[Japan]]
|-
|5–0–1(1)
|1997-10-11
| style="background: #c5d2ea"| Draw
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Akira Shoji]]
|Draw
|[[PRIDE 1]]
| 3
|10:00
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
|-
|5–0–0(1)
|1997-09-27
|colspan=1 style="background: #c5d2ea" |No Contest
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} Eugenio Tadeu
|No Contest – Fans Rioted
|Pentagon Combat
| 1
|14:45
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]
|-
|5–0
|1996-11-22
|{{yes2}}Win
|{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Oleg Taktarov]]
|KO (Kick and Punch)
|MARS – Martial Arts Reality Superfighting
| 1
|1:02
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Birmingham, Alabama]], [[US]]
|-
|4–0
|1995-10-17
|{{yes2}}Win
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[James Warring]]
|Submission (Choke)
|WCC 1: First Strike
| 1
|2:47
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], [[US]]
|-
|3–0
|1995-10-17
|{{yes2}}Win
|{{flagicon|USA}} Phil Benedict
|Submission (Strikes)
|WCC 1 – First Strike
| 1
|2:08
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], [[US]]
|-
|2–0
|1995-10-17
|{{yes2}}Win
|{{flagicon|The Netherlands}} [[Ben Spijkers]]
|Submission (Choke)
|WCC 1 – First Strike
| 1
|2:38
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], [[US]]
|-
|1–0
|1992-01-01
|{{yes2}}Win
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} Luiz Augusto Alvareda
|Submission ([[Rear Naked Choke]])
|Desafio – Gracie Vale Tudo
| 1
|7:03
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]
{{end box}}

==Documentary==
On November 14 2008 there was limited release on DVD of a documentary, entitled "[[Renzo Gracie Legacy]]", which followed Renzo over 10 years of his life. The DVD was only released on Amazon.com and www.renzogracielegacy.com{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}. Its tag line is "A 10 year history of mixed martial arts through the eyes of Renzo Gracie, one of its most charismatic pioneers."

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.renzogracie.com/ Official site]
*[http://renzogracie.proelite.com/ Renzo Gracie's ProElite.com Profile]
*[http://www.renzogracielegacy.com/ The official website of the documentary]
*[http://www.elitexc.com/fighter/show/renzogracie Renzo Gracie's EliteXC Profile]
*{{Sherdog|id=290|name=Renzo Gracie}}
*[http://www.ifl.tv/Team-Pitbulls-Renzo-Gracie.html IFL profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gracie, Renzo}}
[[Category:Brazilian mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Brazilian Brazilian-Jiu-Jitsu practitioners]]
[[Category:Brazilians of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[es:Renzo Gracie]]
[[fr:Renzo Gracie]]
[[ja:ヘンゾ・グレイシー]]