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Greville Janner, Baron Janner of Braunstone

2009-02-25T14:41:33Z

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'''Greville Ewan Janner, Baron Janner of Braunstone''' (born [[11 July]] [[1928]]) is a British politician in the [[The Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].

He was born in [[Cardiff]], [[Wales]] to [[Jewish]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Jews] parents. He was educated at St Paul’s School in London and during the war was evacuated to Canada where he went to Bishop’s College School, [[Lennoxville]], [[Quebec]]. Later, Lord Janner trained as a lawyer, attending [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge]] where he was President of the [[Cambridge Union Society]] in 1952, and [[Harvard Law School]], which he attended through both the [[Fulbright]] and [[Smith-Mundt]] awards. He became a [[barrister]] and was appointed a [[Queen's Counsel|QC]] in 1971{{Fact|date=March 2008}}. .

He represented [[Leicester North West (UK Parliament constituency)|Leicester North West]] and then [[Leicester West (UK Parliament constituency)|Leicester West]] in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] from 1970 until his retirement in 1997{{Fact|date=March 2008}}. . His predecessor in the seat was his father, Sir [[Barnett Janner]]. It is now held by [[Patricia Hewitt]].

He was president of the [[Board of Deputies of British Jews]], the main representative body of British Jewry, from 1978 to 1984, and was a key campaigner in the efforts to get reparations for victims of the [[Holocaust]]{{Fact|date=March 2008}}. .

He was created a [[life peer]] as '''Baron Janner of Braunstone''', of Leicester in the County of [[Leicestershire]] in 1997{{Fact|date=March 2008}}. . He is a member of the [[All-Party Parliamentary Group]] against Anti-Semitism, and the Israel APPG{{Fact|date=March 2008}}. .

==Charity & non-parliamentary Public Service==
Lord Janner is Founder and President of the [[Commonwealth Jewish Council]] and Chairman of the [[Holocaust Educational Trust]]{{Fact|date=March 2008}}. .

He is the Chairman of Holocaust Educational Trust's [[Baltic Mass Graves Committee]], seeking to find, map, signpost and mark the [[Holocaust]] mass graves in the [[Baltic States]]{{Fact|date=March 2008}}. .

==Miscellaneous==
He wrote several manuals on public speaking, notably "Janner on Presentation" (Hutchinson Business.) He is a member of [[The Magic Circle]] and the [[International Brotherhood of Magicians]].[http://www.grevillejanner.org.uk/history.html]

When Janner was ennobled in 1997, he took the title, Lord Janner of Braunstone.

The man responsible for ennobling Greville Janner was Tony Blair.

Barnett Janner, Greville Janner's father, was also an MP and, at one time, was the Chairman of the Zionist Federation of Great Britain.

Lord Janner has throughout his career sought to foster good relations between different faiths and religions. His book, ''One Hand Alone Cannot Clap'', is testament to this work. [http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1861052170]

==External links==
*[http://www.grevillejanner.org.uk/ Lord Janner's website]
*[http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1861052170 Lord Janner's book]

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{{succession box | before=Sir [[Barnett Janner]] | title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Leicester North West (UK Parliament constituency)|Leicester North West]] | years=1970–1974 | after=''constituency abolished''}}
{{succession box | before=''constituency reconstituted'' | title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Leicester West (UK Parliament constituency)|Leicester West]] | years=1974–1997 | after=[[Patricia Hewitt]]}}
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[[Category:1928 births]]
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[[Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Labour MPs (UK)]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Cambridge Union Society]]
[[Category:Life peers|Janner of Braunstone]]
[[Category:British Jews]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:People from Cardiff]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1970-1974]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1974]]
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[[Category:UK MPs 1992-1997]]

Pseudepigraphie (Bibel)

2008-11-12T17:28:21Z

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'''Pseudepigrapha''' (from the {{lang-el|ψευδής}}, ''pseudēs'', "false" and {{Polytonic|ἐπιγραφή}}, ''epigraphē'', "inscription"; see the related ''[[epigraphy]]'') are falsely attributed works, texts whose claimed [[authorship]] is unfounded; a work, simply, "whose real author attributed it to a figure of the past."<ref name="Bauckham 469-494">Bauckham, Richard; "Pseudo-Apostolic Letters", ''Journal of Biblical Literature'', Vo. 107, No. 3, September 1988, pp.469–494</ref> For instance, no [[Hebrew scholars]] would ascribe the ''[[Book of Enoch]]'' to [[Enoch (ancestor of Noah)|Enoch]], a character mentioned in [[Generations of Adam|Genesis 5]]. Nevertheless, in some cases, especially for books belonging to a religious [[canon law|canon]], the question of whether a text is pseudepigraphical or not elicits sensations of loyalty and can become a matter of heavy dispute. The authenticity or value of the work itself, which is a separate question for experienced readers, often becomes sentimentally entangled in the association. Though the inherent value of the text may not be called into question, the weight of a revered or even apostolic author lends authority to a text: in Antiquity pseudepigraphy was "an accepted and honored custom practiced by students/admirers of a revered figure".<ref "Kiley 1986a">''Colossians as Pseudepigraphy'' (Bible Seminar, 4 Sheffield:JSOT Press) 1986, p 12.{{nonspecific|date=September 2007}}</ref> This is the essential motivation for pseudepigraphy in the first place.

Pseudepigraphy covers the false ascription of names of [[author]]s to works, even to perfectly authentic works that make no such claim within their text. Thus a widely accepted but incorrect attribution of authorship may make a perfectly authentic text pseudepigraphical. Assessing the actual writer of a text brings questions of pseudepigraphical attributions within the discipline of [[literary criticism]]. In a parallel case, [[Forgery|forgers]] have been known to improve the market value of a perfectly genuine 17th-century Dutch painting by adding a painted signature ''[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt fecit]]''.

On a related note, a famous name assumed by the author of a work is an ''[[pseudonym|allonym]]''.

These are the basic and original meanings of the terms.

In Biblical studies, the Pseudepigrapha are Jewish religious works written ''c'' 200 BC to 200 AD, not all of which are literally pseudepigraphical.<ref name ="Harris">[[Stephen L Harris|Harris, Stephen L.]], Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.</ref> They are distinguished by [[Protestant]]s from the [[Deuterocanonical|Deuterocanonical]] (Catholic and Orthodox) or [[Apocrypha]] (Protestant), the books that appear in the [[Septuagint]] and [[Vulgate]] but not in the Hebrew Bible or in Protestant Bibles.<ref name ="Harris">[[Stephen L Harris|Harris, Stephen L.]], Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.</ref>. [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholics]] distinguish only between the [[Deuterocanonical|Deuterocanonical]] and all the other books, that are called [[Apocrypha]], a name that is used also for the Pseudepigrapha in the catholic usage.

== Classical and Biblical studies ==
There have probably been pseudepigrapha almost from [[History of literature|the invention of full writing]]. For example ancient [[Greek language|Greek]] authors often refer to texts which claimed to be by [[Orpheus]] or his pupil [[Musaeus]] but which attributions were generally disregarded. Already in Antiquity the collection known as the "[[Homeric hymn]]s" was recognized as pseudepigraphical, that is, not actually written by Homer.

===Literary studies===
In secular literary studies, when works of Antiquity have been demonstrated not to have been written by the authors to whom they have traditionally been ascribed, some writers apply the prefix ''pseudo-'' to their names. Thus the encyclopedic compilation of Greek myth called ''[[Bibliotheke]]'' is often now attributed, not to [[Apollodorus]], but to "[[Bibliotheke|pseudo-Apollodorus]]" and the ''[[Catasterismi]]'', recounting the translations of mythic figure into ''[[asterism]]s'' and constellations, not to the serious astronomer [[Eratosthenes]], but to a "[[pseudo-Eratosthenes]]". The prefix may be abbreviated, as in "ps-Apollodorus" or "ps-Eratosthenes".

===Biblical studies===
In [[Biblical]] studies, ''pseudepigrapha'' refers particularly to works which purport to be written by noted authorities in either the Old and New Testaments or by persons involved in Jewish or Christian religious study or history. These works can also be written about Biblical matters, often in such a way that they appear to be as authoritative as works which have been included in the many versions of the Judeo-Christian scriptures. [[Eusebius of Caesarea]] indicates this usage dates back at least to [[Serapion of Antioch|Serapion, bishop of Antioch]]){{Clarifyme|date=September 2007}} whom Eusebius records<ref>Eusebius, ''[[Church History (Eusebius)|Historia Ecclesiae]]'' 6,12.</ref> as having said: "But those writings which are falsely inscribed with their name (''ta pseudepigrapha''), we as experienced persons reject...."

Many such works were also referred to as [[Apocrypha]], which originally connoted "secret writings", those that were rejected for liturgical public reading. An example of a text that is both apocryphal and pseudepigraphical is the ''[[Odes of Solomon]]'', pseudepigraphical because it was not actually written by Solomon but instead is a collection of early Christian (first to second century) hymns and poems, originally written not in Hebrew, and apocryphal because not accepted in either the [[Tanach]] or the [[New Testament]].

But [[Protestant]]s have also applied the word ''Apocrypha'' to texts found in the [[Roman Catholic]] and [[Eastern Christianity|Orthodox]] scriptures which were not found in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] manuscripts. Roman Catholics called those texts "[[deuterocanonical]]". Accordingly, there arose in some Protestant Biblical scholarship an extended use of the term ''pseudepigrapha'' for works that appeared as though they ought to be part of the Bibical canon, because of the authorship ascribed to them, but which stood outside both the [[Biblical canon]]s recognized by Protestants and Catholics. These works were also outside the particular set of books that Roman Catholics called ''deuterocanonical'' and to which Protestants had generally applied the term Apocryphal. To confuse the matter even more, Orthodox Christians accept books as canonical that Roman Catholics and most Protestant denominations consider pseudepigraphical or at best of much less authority. There exist also churches that reject some of the books that Roman Catholics, Orthodox and Protestants accept. The same is true of some [[Jewish denominations|Jewish sects]].{{Clarifyme|date=September 2007}}
:''See also [[Apocrypha]] for more information.''

There is a tendency not to use the word ''pseudepigrapha'' when describing works later than about 300 AD when referring to Biblical matters. But the late-appearing ''[[Gospel of Barnabas]]'', ''[[Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius]]'', the [[Pseudo-Apuleius]] (author of a fifth-century [[herbal]] ascribed to Apuleius), and the author traditionally referred to as the "[[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite]]", are classic examples of pseudepigraphy. In the fifth century the moralist [[Salvian]] published ''Contra avaritiam'' under the name of Timothy; the letter in which he explained to his former pupil, Bishop Salonius, his motives for so doing survives.<ref name="Salvian">Salvian, ''Epistle'', ix.)</ref> There is also a category of [[modern pseudepigrapha]].

Examples of [[Old Testament]] pseudepigrapha are the [[Ethiopian]] ''[[Book of Enoch]]'', ''[[Jubilees]]'' (both of which are canonical in the [[Abyssinian Church]] of Ethiopia); the ''[[Life of Adam and Eve]]'' and the [[Pseudo-Philo]]. Examples of New Testament pseudepigrapha (but in these cases also likely to be called [[New Testament Apocrypha]]) are the [[Gospel of Peter]] and the attribution of the ''[[Epistle to the Laodiceans]]'' to Paul. Further examples of New Testament pseudepigrapha include the aforementioned ''Gospel of Barnabas'', and the ''[[Gospel of Judas]]'', which begins by presenting itself as "the secret account of the revelation that Jesus spoke in conversation with Judas Iscariot".

====Biblical Pseudepigrapha====
The term Pseudepigrapha commonly refers to numerous works of Jewish religious literature written from about 200 BC to 200 AD.<ref name ="Harris">[[Stephen L Harris|Harris, Stephen L.]], Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.</ref> Not all of these works are actually pseudepigraphical.<ref name ="Harris">[[Stephen L Harris|Harris, Stephen L.]], Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.</ref> Such works include the following.<ref name ="Harris">[[Stephen L Harris|Harris, Stephen L.]], Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.</ref>

* [[Letter of Aristeas]]
* [[Book of Jubilees]]
* [[Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah]]
* [[Psalms of Solomon]]
* [[3 Maccabees]]
* [[4 Maccabees]]
* [[Sibylline Oracles]]
* Ethiopic [[Book of Enoch]] (1 Enoch)
* Slavonic [[Book of Enoch]] (2 Enoch)
* [[Assumption of Moses]]
* [[Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch]] (2 Baruch)
* [[Greek Apocalypse of Baruch]] (3 Baruch)
* [[Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs]]
* [[Life of Adam and Eve]]

==Notes==
{{Refimprove|date=September 2007}}
{{Reflist}}
==References==
{{Refbegin}}
*von Fritz, Kurt, ed. ''Pseudepigraphica. 1'' (Geneva:Fondation Hardt). Contributions on pseudopythagorica (the literature ascribed to [[Pythagoras]]), the Platonic Epistles, Jewish-Hellenistic literature, and the characteristics particular to religious forgeries.
*Kiley, Mark. ''Colossians as Pseudepigraphy'' (Bible Seminar, 4 Sheffield:JSOT Press) 1986. Colossians as a non-deceptive school product
*Metzger, B.M. "Literary forgeries and canonical pseudepigrapha", ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' '''91''' (1972).
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.purl.org/net/ocp "Online Critical Pseudepigrapha"] Online texts of the Pseudepigrapha in their original or extant ancient languages
* Smith, Mahlon H. [http://virtualreligion.net/iho/pseudepig.html "Pseudepigrapha"] entry in ''Into His Own: Perspective on the World of Jesus'' online historical sourcebook, at VirtualReligion.net
* [http://jsp.sagepub.com ''Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha''] official website

[[Category:Pseudepigraphy|*]]
[[Category:Religious texts]]
[[Category:Apocrypha]]
[[Category:Patristics]]
[[Category:Christian texts]]
[[Category:Jewish literature]]
[[Category:False documents]]

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Massachusetts Turnpike

2008-11-12T17:25:34Z

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{{Infobox road
|state=MA
|marker_image=[[Image:Mass Pike shield.png|88x70px]] [[Image:I-90.svg|88x70px]]
|highway_name=Massachusetts Turnpike
|maint=[[Massachusetts Turnpike Authority|MTA]]
|map=Massachusetts_Turnpike.png
|length_mi=138.1
|length_round=2
|length_ref=<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://masspike.com/user-cgi/tollcalc.cgi|title=MTA - Toll Mileage Calculator|work = Massachusetts Turnpike Authority|accessdate=2007-03-15}}</ref>
|established=1958 (final construction in 2003)
|direction_a=West
|terminus_a={{Jct|state=NY|I|90|NYST|}} at [[New York]] state line
|junction={{Jct|state=MA|I|91|US|5}} in [[West Springfield, Massachusetts|West Springfield]] {{Jct|state=MA|I|84}} in [[Sturbridge, Massachusetts|Sturbridge]] {{Jct|state=MA|I|290|I|395|Route|12}} in [[Auburn, Massachusetts|Auburn]] {{Jct|state=MA|I|495}} in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] {{Jct|state=MA|I|95|Route|128|Route|30}} in [[Weston, Massachusetts|Weston]] {{Jct|state=MA|I|93|US|1|Route|3}} in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
|direction_b=East
|terminus_b={{Jct|state=MA|Route|1A}} in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
|previous_type=MA
|previous_route=88
|next_type=I
|next_route=91
}}
The '''Massachusetts Turnpike''' (commonly shortened to the '''MassPike''' or '''The Pike''') is the easternmost 138-mile (222 km) stretch of [[Interstate 90]]. The Turnpike begins at the western border of [[Massachusetts]] in [[West Stockbridge, Massachusetts|West Stockbridge]] connecting with the [[New York State Thruway#Berkshire Connector|Berkshire Connector]] portion of the [[New York State Thruway]]. From there, the MassPike heads east, traversing the state and serving the major cities of [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], and ends at [[Logan International Airport]] in [[East Boston, Massachusetts|East Boston]], where the road meets [[Massachusetts State Highway 1A|Route 1A]]. The highest point on the Turnpike is in the Town of [[Becket, Massachusetts]] at elevation 1,724 feet (526 meters) above sea level.

==Tolls==
[[Image:Mass-tpk-night.jpg|thumb|250px|left|View of the Turnpike from an [[overpass]] by [[Boston University]], facing east (towards downtown [[Boston]])]]
[[Image:Mass Pike at Newton.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The Pike at Exit 17 (just out of view at left) in [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]], looking west]]

The Mass Pike is a [[toll road]]; it costs $5.10 for a Class 1 passenger vehicle to travel east from Exit 1 ([[Route 41 (Massachusetts)|Route 41]]), in [[West Stockbridge, Massachusetts|West Stockbridge]], to [[Logan International Airport|Logan Airport]], in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. From Exit 1, in West Stockbridge, to Exit 14/15 ([[Route 128 (Massachusetts)|Route 128]] / [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|I-95]]), in [[Weston, Massachusetts|Weston]], the Mass Pike is a [[ticket system|closed-system]] toll road, using long-distance tickets obtained once by a motorist on entrance, and surrendered on exit, at toll gates. The toll gates exist at all exits and entrances from Exit 1 to Exit 14/15. From Exit 14/15 to its eastern end, in [[East Boston, Massachusetts|East Boston]], the Mass Pike is an open-system toll road. There are toll plazas at Exit 18/19/20 in [[Allston, Boston, Massachusetts|Allston, Massachusetts]], in both mainline directions and on the interchange ramps. There also is a toll plaza on the mainline at the westbound entrance to the [[Ted Williams Tunnel]], in [[East Boston, Massachusetts|East Boston]]. Exits 16, 17, and 21–26 have no toll plazas on their ramps.

Toll plazas on the interchange ramps at Exit 16 were removed in 1996 at the direction of then [[Governor of Massachusetts|Governor]] [[William Weld]].

After protests from [[Western Massachusetts]] residents that their toll money was funding the [[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Big Dig]], a [[Boston]] highway project, tolls were removed on a western portion of the [[freeway]] in July 1996: no toll is charged for passenger-vehicle travel between Springfield (Exit 6, [[Interstate 291 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 291]]) and the [[New York]] (Exit 1, West Stockbridge) border in either direction.

Travel between exits 16 and 17, both in [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]], is a "free movement": no toll is charged for travel between these two exits. At exit 16, traffic can enter the Turnpike only eastbound and may exit from the Turnpike only westbound.

Motorists can pay tolls to toll-booth personnel or use the [[Fast Lane]] [[electronic toll collection|electronic toll-collection]] system, whereby transponders installed in the cars (typically on the inner windshields) are recognized automatically in special lanes at the toll plazas, the toll amounts then being withdrawn from the motorists' accounts. Fast Lane is compatible with the [[E-ZPass]] electronic toll-collection system, which is used in the northeastern United States, south to Virginia and west to Chicago.

The [[Ted Williams Tunnel]] has a toll only in the westbound direction. The outbound (West) trip from Logan Airport costs $3.50.

Tolls were increased from $3.00 to $3.50 at the Tunnel on January 1, 2008.<ref>[http://www.masspike.com/user-cgi/news.cgi?dbkey=276&type=Press%20Release&src=news Massachusetts Turnpike Authority] News Release, 2007-12-28.</ref>

==History==
[[Image:Masspike logo 1955.jpg|thumb|200px|The original logo depicted [[Paul Revere]] on horseback with the words "Massachusetts Turnpike Authority" in a circle around him.]]
[[Image:Sumner Tunnel shield hat closeup.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The original Masspike pilgrim hat, on a shield for the [[Sumner Tunnel]].]]

Plans for the Turnpike date back to at least 1948, when the '''Western Expressway''' was being planned. The original section would have connected [[Boston]]'s [[Inner Belt (Boston)|Inner Belt]] to [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] with connections with [[US 20]] and [[Massachusetts Route 30|Route 30]] for traffic continuing west. Later extensions would take the road to and beyond [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]. From the beginning, the corridor was included in federal plans for the [[Interstate Highway System]], stretching west to the [[New York]] state line and beyond to [[Albany, New York|Albany]].

Also included in the route was the planned '''Springfield Bypass''', which had been proposed to provide a bypass of [[US 20]] in the [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] area. Part of this route (and that of the eventual Turnpike) used the grading from the never-opened [[Hampden Railroad]]. Similarly, the '''West Stockbridge Bypass''' provided a new route of [[Massachusetts Route 102|Route 102]] from [[Massachusetts Route 183|Route 183]] in [[Stockbridge, Massachusetts|Stockbridge]] west to Route 102 just east of the state line in [[West Stockbridge, Massachusetts|West Stockbridge]]; this latter route was built prior to the Turnpike.

The Massachusetts Turnpike Authority was created in 1952 by a special act of the Massachusetts General Court (legislature) upon the recommendation of Governor Dever and his Commissioner of Public Works, William F. Callahan. (1952 Acts and Resolves chapter 354; 1952 Senate Doc. 1.) The enabling act was modeled upon that of the Mystic River Bridge Authority (1946 Acts and Resolves chapter 562), but several changes were made that would prove of great importance fifty years later. Callahan served as chairman of the Authority until his death in April, 1964.

When the attorneys were searching land titles along the proposed route, they discovered that sections of the original land had been granted by the King of England to some of the landowner's ancestors. Construction began in 1955, and the whole four-lane road from Route 102 at the state line to [[Massachusetts Route 128|Route 128]] in [[Weston, Massachusetts|Weston]] opened on May 15, 1957. The [[Berkshire Thruway]] opened on May 26, 1959, connecting the west end to the [[New York State Thruway]] mainline south of [[Albany, New York|Albany]]. Prior to its opening, traffic used [[New York State Highway 22|Route 22]] and [[US 20]] in New York. At the Massachusetts/New York state line, one can see where the Turnpike made an abrupt right turn before terminating at Route 102, as the old pavement still exists for Turnpike Authority and State Police vehicles to access this remote stretch of highway.

After political and legal battles related to the '''Boston Extension''' inside Route 128, construction began on March 5, 1962, with the chosen alignment running next to the [[Boston and Albany Railroad]] and reducing that line to two tracks. In September 1964 the part from Route 128 east to exit 18 ([[Allston (MA)|Allston]]) opened, and the rest was finished on February 18, 1965, taking it to the [[Central Artery]].

The [[Interstate 90]] label was assigned to the Turnpike in 1959 with the completion of plans for the [[Interstate Highway System]]. Early proposals took I-90 across the northern part of the state, along [[Massachusetts Route 2|Route 2]], but this was rejected as too costly. With the completion of the Boston Extension, that too was designated as I-90.

In the 1990's the then [[Governor of Massachusetts]] [[William Weld]] took the decision to turn over the assets of Boston's Big Dig project to the Turnpike Authority.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/08/03/the_real_builder_of_the_big_dig/ The real builder of the Big Dig],</ref> <ref>[http://www.city-journal.org/html/17_4_big_dig.html Lessons of Boston’s Big Dig],</ref> <ref>[http://www.bostonroads.com/roads/mass-pike/ Massachusetts Turnpike (I-90)]</ref> During this time he appointed [[James Kerasiotes]] to the Turnpike Authority to continue the authority's oversight of the Big Dig project.<ref>[http://thephoenix.com/Boston/News/18726-A-Handy-Guide-to-the-Big-Dig-Screw-Up/?rel=inf A Handy Guide to the Big Dig Screw-Up]</ref>

In 1991, construction began on the extension of the Mass Pike to [[Logan Airport]], via the [[Ted Williams Tunnel]] as part of the Big Dig "mega" project. The final extension opened in 2003; the eastern end of I-90 now merges into [[Massachusetts Route 1A|Route 1A]].

==Controversies==
[[Image:Masspike.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Massachusetts Turnpike, as it nears the [[Prudential Tower|Prudential Center]], at sunset]]
===MTA Board firings===
Since 2001, the Turnpike Authority had come under fire from state politicians in a fight for control of the quasi-state agency. Beginning in 2001, former Massachusetts [[acting governor]] [[Jane Swift]] ([[Republican Party (US)|R]]) attempted to fire [[Christy Mihos]], a former Turnpike [[board of directors|board]] member and [[Jordan Levy]], the current Vice [[Chairman]] of the board.

Mihos and Levy had cast votes on the board to postpone a toll hike. Swift objected, saying such a delay was "fiscally irresponsible” and saying the two men "interfered with the effective daily management of the Authority."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=ma&vol=sjcslip/sjcMay02h&invol=1|title=JORDAN LEVY & another vs. THE ACTING GOVERNOR & another|accessdate=2007-07-13|date=19 November 2001}}</ref> Mihos and Levy refused to step down and sued Swift to retain their positions. The [[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court]] (SJC) ruled that the Turnpike was "not part of the machinery of the government" and therefore not subject to Swift’s decisions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ma-appellatecourts.org/display_docket.php?dno=SJC-08730|title=JORDAN LEVY & another vs. THE ACTING GOVERNOR & another SJC-08730|accessdate=2007-07-02|date=7 May 2002}}</ref>

===Proposed MTA/MassHighway merger===
Gov. [[Mitt Romney]] ([[Republican Party (US)|R]]), elected in 2002 during a fiscal crisis, ran on a [[Political platform|platform]] of streamlining state government and eliminating waste. Part of this was the elimination of the Turnpike Authority. Gov. Romney wanted to fold the Turnpike into MassHighway, the state highway department, operated under the Executive Office of Transportation. A first step to this was to replace the Chairman of the Board, [[Matthew J. Amorello]] with someone loyal to the governor. The governor has the power to appoint members to the board, but the SJC advised in an [[Amicus brief]] that "nothing in G. L. c. 81A explicitly provides for the removal and reassignment of the chairperson to the position of "member."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socialaw.com/slip.htm?cid=15320&sid=120|title=ANSWER OF THE JUSTICES TO THE GOVERNOR.|accessdate=2007-07-02|date=29 June 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ma-appellatecourts.org/display_docket.php?dno=SJC-09461|title=REQUEST FOR ADVISORY OPINION, A-108 SJC-09461|accessdate=2007-07-02|date=29 June 2005}}</ref>

The governor took the case to the court of the public opinion and put enormous pressure on Mr. Amorello to step down. Mr. Amorello announced he would do so in 2007, after Gov. Romney would have left office. Gov. Romney continued to press the legislature to give him the power to remove members from the board, specifically the chairman, pointing to a series of financial and construction mishaps over the last several years. However, the legislature instead sought to keep Mr. Amorello on board by extending the terms of various board members to prevent Gov. Romney from removing Mr. Amorello.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2006/06/02/budget_amendment_in_senate_would_let_amorello_keep_job/|title=Budget amendment in Senate would let Amorello keep job|date=2006-06-02|author=Murphy, Sean P.|publisher=The Boston Globe}}</ref>

===I-90 connector ceiling collapse===
{{wikinews|Portion of ceiling collapses in Boston tunnel}}
In response to a fatality caused by the collapse of the ceiling of the eastbound I-90 connector tunnel approaching the [[Ted Williams Tunnel]] on July 10, 2006, and in response to Mr. Amorello's refusal (at the time) to resign, Gov. Romney took legal steps to have Mr. Amorello forcibly removed as head of the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/07/14/amorello_now_adrift/|title=Amorello, now adrift|publisher=The Boston Globe|date=2006-07-14|author=Lehigh, Scot}}</ref> culminating in Mr. Amorello's resignation on August 15, 2006. The next day, [[John Cogliano]] was sworn in as the new Chairman of the Turnpike Authority by Gov. Romney.<ref>[http://www.thebostonchannel.com/news/9688510/detail.html Cogliano Sworn In as New Turnpike Chief, WCVB TV], [[August 16]], 2006</ref>

On November 27, 2006, departing [[Attorney General]] [[Tom Reilly]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) announced the state will launch a civil suit over the collapse of the ceiling in the [[Ted Williams Tunnel]]. The Commonwealth will be seeking over $150 million dollars from project manager [[Bechtel]]/[[Parsons Brinckerhoff]], builder [[Modern Continental|Modern Continental Construction Co.]] and the manufacturer of the [[epoxy]] used to hold the ceiling bolts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20061127/us_nm/massachusetts_bigdig_dc|title=Mass. to sue Big Dig firms over tunnel accident, ''Reuters'', 2006-11-27}}</ref>

===Toll removal===
On October 18, 2006, the Turnpike board voted to remove all tolls west of the 128 toll plaza in response to a recommendation<ref>{{cite web|url=/media/wikipedia/en/6/64/Turnpike_Taskforce_Report.pdf|title=upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/64/Turnpike_Taskforce_Report.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> made by [[Eric Kriss]], a former fiscal adviser to the governor, whom Gov. Romney asked to review the Turnpike situation following the July 2006 tunnel ceiling collapse.

On October 19, 2006 members of the [[Massachusetts]] Legislature Transportation Committee were quoted in ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' as saying that the governor's actions may require state law to be amended for the toll removal to happen. In addition, questions have been raised in regard to how the State would fund the maintenance of the Turnpike after the removal of the tolls.

The issue of the removal of the tolls is highly charged politically. Several members of the state [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] declared this as a political maneuver to bolster the gubernatorial campaign of [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Lieutenant governor|Lt. Governor]] [[Kerry Healy]] ([[Republican Party (US)|R]]), who was behind in the polls at the time of the announcement. Also, because the MTA Board is composed of appointees of Gov. Romney, Mr. Kriss's former association with the Gov. Romney Administration and the ongoing election at the time, the issue was clouded by accusations of partiality and political agendas from both sides of the aisle.

In the November 9, 2006 edition of ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', Gov. Romney announced his intention to try to remove the tolls before Governor-elect [[Deval Patrick]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) was inaugurated in January 2007.

On December 20, 2006, Gov. Patrick said he would oppose the removal of tolls on the portion of I-90 west of route 128, throwing into doubt the toll removal plan.

==Turnpike Authority funding and jurisdiction==
[[Image:Masspike25.JPG|250px||thumb|The Massachusetts Turnpike near the [[Chicopee]] exit]]
The Turnpike Authority also owns the [[Callahan Tunnel]] and [[Sumner Tunnel]], the other two road connections between downtown Boston and [[East Boston]] under [[Boston Harbor]].<ref>http://www.state.ma.us/eot/downloads/planning/dataResources/Jurisdiction-Distric
t4.pdf</ref> Upon completion of the [[Central Artery/Tunnel Project]], all tunnels constructed as part of the Big Dig, including the [[O'Neill Tunnel]] segment of [[I-93]], were transferred to its control.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.massturnpike.com/aboutus/index.html|title=MTA - About Us}}</ref>

The Authority receives no state or federal government funding. Its revenues come from tolls, leases on air rights and service areas, and advertising.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.massturnpike.com/aboutus/index.html|title=MTA - About Us}}</ref>

===Air rights===
The MTA has [[air rights|leased the air space]] over the highway; these are the current structures that have been constructed or are planned:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boston.com/advertisers/bigdig/air.shtml |title=The Future of Boston |author= |publisher=Boston.com |date= |accessdate=2007-11-28}}</ref>
* The [[Shaw's Supermarket]] between exits 16 and 17.
* The [[Sheraton Hotel]] and Gateway Office complex in [[Newton Corner]] at exit 17.
* The [[Copley Place]] Mall at exit 22. (1984)
* The new One Beacon development at parcel 9, between Beacon st and Brookline Ave., including a 23 story apartment complex and mixed use development.<ref name=globe-ross>{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2008/09/19/developer_hopes_for_hit_at_fenway/?page=full |title=Developer hopes for a hit at Fenway |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |author=Casey Ross |pages=C1, C6 |date=2008-09-19 |accessdate=2008-09-20}}</ref>
* New construction on parcels 8, and 10 adjacent to [[Fenway Park]]. (2008-2018)
* Near [[BU Bridge]], [[Boston University]] announced long-term plans to extend its campus over the highway<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.www.dailyfreepress.com/media/storage/paper87/news/2008/05/01/News/Bu.Says.Campus.Future.Is.Up.In.The.Air-3361027.shtml|title=media.www.dailyfreepress.com/media/storage/paper87/news/2008/05/01/News/Bu.Says.Campus.Future.Is.Up.In.The.Air-3361027.shtml}}</ref>

There is one major air rights property that the MTA does not own and that is the Prudential Center Complex constructed beginning in 1965. This property includes a [[Shaw's Supermarket]], the [[Prudential Tower]] office and residential buildings, the [[Shops at Prudential Center]] mall, the [[Hynes Convention Center]] and the [[Back Bay (MBTA station)|Back Bay MBTA station]].

==Exit list==
The Massachusetts Turnpike uses a system of sequential [[exit number]]ed [[Interchange (road)|interchanges]]. Since the time that the interchanges were originally numbered, more have been added, leading to situations like Exit 11, which is a minor state route, and 11A, which is a major [[Interstate Highway]] 10 miles away.

Also, near Boston, some of the interchanges are solely onramps and are not signed as exits, so, for instance, there is no "Exit 21" signed.

{| class="wikitable" border=1 cellpadding=1
!County
!Location
!Mile
!Exit #
!Destinations
!Notes
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Berkshire County, Massachusetts|Berkshire]]
|rowspan=2|[[West Stockbridge, Massachusetts|West Stockbridge]]
|2.9
|1
|[[Image:MA Route 41.svg|20px]] [[Route 41 (Massachusetts)|Route 41]] to [[Image:MA Route 102.svg|25px]] [[Route 102 (Massachusetts)|Route 102]] – West Stockbridge
|Westbound exit/eastbound entrance only
|-
|colspan=3 align=center|West Stockbridge Toll Barrier
|Western end of ticket system
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Lee, Massachusetts|Lee]]
|colspan=3 align=center|Lee Service Plaza
|Welcome Center at eastbound plaza
|-
|10.6
|2
|[[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] [[US 20 (MA)|U.S. Route 20]] – Lee, [[Pittsfield, Massachusetts|Pittsfield]]
|
|-
|rowspan=9|[[Hampden County, Massachusetts|Hampden]]
|[[Blandford, Massachusetts|Blandford]]
|colspan=3 align=center|Blandford Service Plaza
|-
|[[Westfield, Massachusetts|Westfield]]
|40.4
|3
|[[Image:MA Route 10.svg|20px]][[Image:US 202.svg|25px]] [[Route 10 (Massachusetts)|Route 10]]/[[U.S. Route 202]] – Westfield, [[Northampton, Massachusetts|Northampton]]
|
|-
|[[West Springfield, Massachusetts|West Springfield]]
|45.7
|4
|[[Image:I-91.svg|20px]][[Image:US 5.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 91]]/[[U.S. Route 5]] – [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], [[Holyoke, Massachusetts|Holyoke]]
|Hartford exit for eastbound travelers
|-
!colspan=5|[[Connecticut River]] crossing
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Chicopee, Massachusetts|Chicopee]]
|49.0
|5
|[[Image:MA Route 33.svg|20px]] [[Route 33 (Massachusetts)|Route 33]] – Chicopee
|To [[Image:Airport Sign.svg|20px]] [[Westover Air Reserve Base / Metropolitan Airport|Westover AFRB/Airport]]
|-
|51.3
|6
|[[Image:I-291.svg|25px]] [[I-291 (MA)|Interstate 291]] WEST – [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], [[Hartford, CT]]
|Stoplight intersection to I-291 or Burnett Road.
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Ludlow, Massachusetts|Ludlow]]
|54.9
|7
|[[Image:MA Route 21.svg|20px]] [[Route 21 (Massachusetts)|Route 21]] – Ludlow, [[Belchertown, Massachusetts|Belchertown]]
|
|-
|colspan=3 align=center|Ludlow Service Plaza
|-
|[[Palmer, Massachusetts|Palmer]]
|62.8
|8
|[[Image:MA Route 32.svg|20px]] [[Route 32 (Massachusetts)|Route 32]] to [[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] [[US 20 (MA)|US 20]] – Palmer, [[Ware, Massachusetts|Ware]] (eastbound), [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] (westbound)
|
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
|[[Sturbridge, Massachusetts|Sturbridge]]
|78.5
|9
|[[Image:I-84.svg|20px]] [[I-84 (east)|Interstate 84]] WEST to [[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] [[US 20 (MA)|U.S. Route 20]] – [[Hartford, CT]], Sturbridge (eastbound), [[New York City]] (westbound)
|Formerly Interstate 86.
|-
|[[Charlton, Massachusetts|Charlton]]
|colspan=3 align=center|Charlton Service Plaza
|Tourist Info centers at both plazas
|-
|[[Auburn, Massachusetts|Auburn]]
|90.2
|10
|[[Image:I-290.svg|25px]][[Image:I-395.svg|25px]][[Image:MA Route 12.svg|20px]] [[I-290 (MA)|Interstate 290]] EAST/[[I-395 (MA)|Interstate 395]] SOUTH/[[Route 12 (Massachusetts)|Route 12]] – Auburn, [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
|To Eastern Connecticut.
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Millbury, Massachusetts|Millbury]]
|94.1
|10A
|[[Image:MA Route 146.svg|25px]][[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] [[Route 146 (Massachusetts)|Route 146]]/[[US 20 (MA)|U.S. Route 20]] – [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], [[Providence]]
|To [[Route 122A (Massachusetts)|Route 122A]]. The interchange was opened in 1998; [[Route 146 (Massachusetts)|Route 146]] is being upgraded to a [[freeway]] from [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]] to [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]].
|-
|96.5
|11
|[[Image:MA Route 122.svg|25px]] [[Route 122 (Massachusetts)|Route 122]] – Millbury, [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
|To [[Grafton, Massachusetts|Grafton]] and [[Uxbridge, Massachusetts|Uxbridge]]
|-
|[[Westborough, Massachusetts|Westborough]]
|colspan=3 align=center|Westborough Service Plaza
||Westbound only
|-
|
|[[Westborough, Massachusetts|Westborough]] - [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] line
|106.2
|11A
|[[Image:I-495.svg|25px]] [[I-495 (MA)|Interstate 495]] – [[New Hampshire]], [[Maine]], [[Cape Cod]]
|Interchange opened in 1969.
|-
|rowspan=9|[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex]]
|rowspan=3|[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]
|111.4
|12
|[[Image:MA Route 9.svg|20px]] [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]] – Framingham, Marlborough (westbound)
|Access to West Framingham and Southborough
|-
|colspan=3 align=center|Framingham Service Plaza
|Westbound only
|-
|116.8
|13
|[[Image:MA Route 30.svg|20px]] [[Route 30 (Massachusetts)|Route 30]] – Natick, Framingham
|Access to East Framingham, West Natick and Wayland. Exit also serves the regional shopping hub and retail district.
|-
|[[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]]
|colspan=3 align=center|Natick Service Plaza
|Eastbound only
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Weston, Massachusetts|Weston]]
|123.3
|14
|[[Image:I-95.svg|20px]][[Image:MA Route 128.svg|25px]] [[I-95 (MA)|I-95]]/[[Route 128 (Massachusetts)|Route 128]] – [[New Hampshire]], [[Maine]], [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]]
|Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
|-
|colspan=3 align=center|Weston Toll Barrier
|Eastern end of ticket system.
|-
|124
|15
|[[Image:I-95.svg|20px]][[Image:MA Route 128.svg|25px]][[Image:MA Route 30.svg|20px]] [[I-95 (MA)|I-95]]/[[Route 128 (Massachusetts)|Route 128]]/[[Route 30 (Massachusetts)|Route 30]] – [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]], [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
|Westbound exit, eastbound entrance. Exit 15 ramps pay cash toll.
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
|125.2
|16
|[[Image:MA Route 16.svg|20px]] [[Route 16 (Massachusetts)|Route 16]] – West Newton, [[Wellesley, Massachusetts|Wellesley]]
|Westbound exit/eastbound entrance; exit became toll-free in 1996
|-
|127.7
|17
|Newton, [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]]
|Washington, Galen, and Centre Streets; toll-free interchange.
|-
|rowspan=12|[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk]] ([[Boston]])
|-
|rowspan=3|Allston/Brighton
|rowspan=3|130.9
|18
|[[Allston, Massachusetts|Allston]], [[Brighton, Massachusetts|Brighton]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
|Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; To Cambridge Street and [[Storrow Drive]]
|-
|19
|align=center|Boston Toll Barrier
|Not an actual exit, but 19 is the Interchange # for the mainline toll plaza located at exit 18/20. Exit 18/20 traffic goes to separate plaza.
|-
|20
|[[Allston, Massachusetts|Allston]], [[Brighton, Massachusetts|Brighton]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
|Westbound exit and eastbound entrance; To Cambridge Street and [[Storrow Drive]]
|-
|Back Bay
|132.9
|21
|[[Massachusetts Avenue (Boston)|Massachusetts Avenue]]
|Westbound entrance only, no exit. Number not marked
|-
|[[Copley Square]]
|133.4
|22
|[[Prudential Center]], Copley Square
|Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; To [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]] and [[Route 28 (Massachusetts)|Route 28]]
|-
|Theater District
|133.9
|23
|Arlington Street
|Westbound entrance only, no exit. Number not marked
|-
|[[South Station]]
|134.6
|24A-B-C
|[[Image:I-93.svg|20px]][[Image:US 1.svg|20px]][[Image:MA Route 3.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 93|I-93]]/[[U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts|U.S. 1]]/[[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] – South Station, [[Concord, New Hampshire|Concord]], [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
|This was the eastern end of the Massachusetts Turnpike and I-90 until 2003. No access from I-93 south to I-90 east. Eastbound Turnpike is toll-free east of this interchange.
|-
|[[South Boston, Massachusetts|South Boston]]
|135.3
|25
|South Boston
|Toll-free interchange.
|-
|colspan=4 align=center| [[Ted Williams Tunnel]] ([[Boston Harbor]] crossing)
|$3.50 westbound toll.
|-
|
|137.3
|26
|[[Image:Airport Sign.svg|20px]] [[Logan International Airport|Logan Airport]]
|
|-
|[[East Boston, Massachusetts|East Boston]]
|137.8
|
|[[Image:MA Route 1A.svg|20px]] (merges with [[Massachusetts Route 1A|Route 1A]])
|
|}

=== Toll ticket colors ===
[[Image:Mass Pike Toll Ticket.jpg|thumb|250px|A Massachusetts Turnpike toll ticket, obtained at exit 1]]
Toll tickets obtained by motorists traveling on the Mass Pike are color-coded based on the interchange where the motorist entered the Pike. In addition to the black stripe on the back which is read by a magnetic reader, this color coding allows rapid identification by the toll collector, expediting the process of toll collection.
* Exit 1 is orange.
* Exits 2-8, 11 and 12 are gray.
* Exit 9 is purple.
* Exit 10 is light blue.
* Exit 10A is dark blue/purple.
* Exit 11A is brown.
* Exit 13 is yellow.
* Exit 14 is green.
* Exit 15 is pink.

== Service areas ==
[[Image:I-90EAST approaching Stockbridge tolls.jpg|thumb|right|Interstate 90 eastbound approaching Stockbridge and the Lee toll plaza]]
There are 11 service areas (plazas) on the Massachusetts Turnpike, named for the towns in which they are located. Each plaza offers [[Gulf Oil|Gulf]] gas stations and Gulf Express convenience stores. Most offer [[McDonald's]] restaurants, with two plazas (Ludlow WB and Westboro WB) having [[Boston Market]] and [[D'Angelo Sandwich Shops|D'Angelo]] as the main food offerings. Some plazas also have secondary food such as [[Auntie Anne's]] pretzels, [[Ben & Jerry's]] ice cream, [[Papa Gino's]] pizza, and [[Fresh City]] restaurants.

The plazas are:
*[[Lee, Massachusetts|Lee]] Plaza (Eastbound and Westbound) between exits 1 and 2.
*[[Blandford, Massachusetts|Blandford]] Plaza (Eastbound and Westbound) between exits 2 and 3.
*[[Ludlow, Massachusetts|Ludlow]] Plaza (Eastbound and Westbound) between exits 7 and 8.
*[[Charlton, Massachusetts|Charlton]] Plaza (Eastbound and Westbound) between exits 9 and 10.
*[[Westborough, Massachusetts|Westborough]] Plaza (Westbound) between exits 11A and 11.
*[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] Plaza (Westbound) between exits 13 and 12.
*[[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] Plaza (Eastbound) between exits 13 and 14.

A [[weigh station]] is located on the eastbound side of the turnpike in Charlton between exits 9 and 10.

==The Mass Pike in song and popular culture==
[[Image:Stockbridge-Mass Pike View.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Mass Pike in Stockbridge, under less wintry conditions than James Taylor sings about.]]
*[[James Taylor]]'s 1969 song "[[Sweet Baby James (song)|Sweet Baby James]]" contains this mention:
::"Now the first of December was covered with snow
::And so was the Turnpike from [[Stockbridge, Massachusetts|Stockbridge]] to Boston
::Lord, the [[Berkshires]] seemed dreamlike on account of that frosting
::With ten miles behind me, and ten thousand more to go."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grinningplanet.com/review-lyrics/james-taylor-sweet-baby-james-lyrics.htm|title='Sweet Baby James' lyrics - James Taylor - song lyrics}}</ref>
*The song "''[[Roadrunner (Jonathan Richman song)|Roadrunner]]''" by [[Jonathan Richman]] (originally with [[The Modern Lovers]]), first recorded in 1972, describes the joys of driving around Boston's highways, including the Mass. Pike
* The [[NRBQ]] song "[[Howard Johnson's Got His Ho-Jo Workin']]" was composed by [[Terry Adams]] when he was driving along the Mass. Pike and, according to the liner notes on ''Peek-a-Boo: The Best of NRBQ'', refers to the fact that, at the time the song was written, the only service areas on the highway were operated by [[Howard Johnson's]].
* Kansas City's group [[The Get Up Kids]] featured a song titled ''Mass Pike'' on their 1999 EP ''[[Red Letter Day (EP)|Red Letter Day]].''
* A comedy skit ("[[Toll Booth Willie]]") on [[Adam Sandler]]'s 1993 album, ''[[They're All Gonna Laugh at You!]]'', concerns the abuse suffered by a toll-taker in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], presumably at either exit 10 or 11 on the Massachusetts Turnpike.
* [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] radio station [[WWFX]] calls itself "The Pike" in reference to the toll road.
* The far western portion of the Turnpike appears at the closing/credits section of the movie "Good Will Hunting," as the lead character "Will" (played by actor Matt Damon) is presumably driving west to California to follow his love interest, Skyler (played by actress Minnie Driver). The portion he drives is in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. As the scene fades to black, he rounds a bend. Just beyond this curve is the western toll plaza at exit 1.
*[[The Lemonheads]] song "The Turnpike Down" references "Butterscotch streetlamps" along the Mass Pike that mark the lyricist's progress toward New York.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
*Boston to Chicago, [[New York Times]] May 24, 1959 page XX1

==External links==
*[http://www.masspike.com/ Massachusetts Turnpike Authority Website]
*[http://www.bostonroads.com/roads/mass-pike/ The Roads of Metro Boston - Massachusetts Turnpike (I-90)]
*[http://www.boston.com/news/specials/big_dig_ceiling_collapse/ Big Dig Ceiling Collapse] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/specials/big_dig_problems/ Big Dig Problems] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/ Finishing the Big Dig] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/07/28/amorello_options_were_left_exhausted/ Amorello, options were left exhausted] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/07/28/a_vacancy_at_the_helm/ A vacancy at the helm] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/08/15/top_staff_is_leaving_mass_pike/ Top staff is leaving Mass. Pike] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/09/02/i_90_connector_reopens_to_traffic/ I-90 connector reopens to traffic] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/09/17/designer_proposed_more_bolts_in_big_dig/ Designer proposed more bolts in Big Dig] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/10/14/tunnel_bolts_never_inspected/ Tunnel bolts never inspected] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2006/10/19/pike_board_acts_to_end_tolls_west_of_route_128/ Pike board acts to end tolls west of Route 128] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/10/20/ending_pike_tolls_is_called_illegal/ Ending Pike tolls is called illegal] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/02/us/02dig.html?ex=1320123600&en=77cd8e365332acaa&ei=5090 Late Design Change Is Cited in Collapse of Tunnel Ceiling in Boston] -- ''[[The New York Times]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/11/27/ag_alleging_negligence_will_sue_in_tunnel_cave_in/ AG, alleging negligence, will sue in tunnel cave-in] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/11/28/reilly_says_neglect_with_tunnel_was_criminal/ Reilly says neglect with tunnel was criminal] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://cache.boston.com/news/special/big_dig/reilly_lawsuit/complaint.pdf Commonwealth of Mass. v. Bechtel Corporation, et al.]
*[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/12/24/cheaper_faster_path_led_to_failure/ Cheaper, faster path led to failure] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/12/25/i_90_connector_west_opens/ I-90 connector west opens] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.masspike.com/pdf/maps/90w_map.pdf Detailed Map of the I-90 West Connector Tunnel Opening]
*[http://www.masspike.com/pdf/maps/detour_map.pdf Detour Map]

{{compact state detail browse|type=I|route=90|state=Massachusetts|statebefore=New York}}

[[Category:Transportation in Boston, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Toll roads in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Tolled sections of Interstate Highways]]
[[Category:Interstate 90]]
[[Category:U.S. Route 20]]
[[Category:Freeways in the United States]]

Massachusetts Turnpike

2008-11-12T17:25:34Z

RandomP: markup

Massachusetts Turnpike

2008-10-19T18:59:05Z

RandomP: markup

{{Infobox road
|state=MA
|marker_image=[[Image:Mass Pike shield.png|88x70px]] [[Image:I-90.svg|88x70px]]
|highway_name=Massachusetts Turnpike
|maint=[[Massachusetts Turnpike Authority|MTA]]
|map=Massachusetts_Turnpike.png
|length_mi=138.1
|length_round=2
|length_ref=<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://masspike.com/user-cgi/tollcalc.cgi|title=MTA - Toll Mileage Calculator|work = Massachusetts Turnpike Authority|accessdate=2007-03-15}}</ref>
|established=[[1958]] (final construction in [[2003]])
|direction_a=West
|terminus_a={{Jct|state=NY|I|90|NYST|}} at [[New York]] state line
|junction={{Jct|state=MA|I|91|US|5}} in [[West Springfield, Massachusetts|West Springfield]] {{Jct|state=MA|I|84}} in [[Sturbridge, Massachusetts|Sturbridge]] {{Jct|state=MA|I|290|I|395|Route|12}} in [[Auburn, Massachusetts|Auburn]] {{Jct|state=MA|I|495}} in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] {{Jct|state=MA|I|95|Route|128|Route|30}} in [[Weston, Massachusetts|Weston]] {{Jct|state=MA|I|93|US|1|Route|3}} in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
|direction_b=East
|terminus_b={{Jct|state=MA|Route|1A}} in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
|previous_type=MA
|previous_route=88
|next_type=I
|next_route=91
}}
The '''Massachusetts Turnpike''' (commonly shortened to the '''MassPike''' or '''The Pike''') is the easternmost 138-mile (222 km) stretch of [[Interstate 90]]. The Turnpike begins at the western border of [[Massachusetts]] in [[West Stockbridge, Massachusetts|West Stockbridge]] connecting with the [[New York State Thruway#Berkshire Connector|Berkshire Connector]] portion of the [[New York State Thruway]]. From there, the MassPike heads east, traversing the state and serving the major cities of [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], and ends at [[Logan International Airport]] in [[East Boston, Massachusetts|East Boston]], where the road meets [[Massachusetts State Highway 1A|Route 1A]]. The highest point on the Turnpike is in the Town of [[Becket, Massachusetts]] at elevation 1,724 feet (526 meters) above sea level.

==Tolls==
[[Image:Mass-tpk-night.jpg|thumb|250px|left|View of the Turnpike from an [[overpass]] by [[Boston University]], facing east (towards downtown [[Boston]])]]
[[Image:Mass Pike at Newton.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The Pike at Exit 17 (just out of view at left) in [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]], looking west]]

The Mass Pike is a [[toll road]]; it costs $5.10 for a Class 1 passenger vehicle to travel east from Exit 1 ([[Route 41 (Massachusetts)|Route 41]]), in [[West Stockbridge, Massachusetts|West Stockbridge]], to [[Logan International Airport|Logan Airport]], in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. From Exit 1, in West Stockbridge, to Exit 14/15 ([[Route 128 (Massachusetts)|Route 128]] / [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|I-95]]), in [[Weston, Massachusetts|Weston]], the Mass Pike is a [[ticket system|closed-system]] toll road, using long-distance tickets obtained once by a motorist on entrance, and surrendered on exit, at toll gates. The toll gates exist at all exits and entrances from Exit 1 to Exit 14/15. From Exit 14/15 to its eastern end, in [[East Boston, Massachusetts|East Boston]], the Mass Pike is an open-system toll road. There are toll plazas at Exit 18/19/20 in [[Allston, Boston, Massachusetts|Allston, Massachusetts]], in both mainline directions and on the interchange ramps. There also is a toll plaza on the mainline at the westbound entrance to the [[Ted Williams Tunnel]], in [[East Boston, Massachusetts|East Boston]]. Exits 16, 17, and 21–26 have no toll plazas on their ramps.

Toll plazas on the interchange ramps at Exit 16 were removed in 1996 at the direction of then [[Governor of Massachusetts|Governor]] [[William Weld]].

After protests from [[Western Massachusetts]] residents that their toll money was funding the [[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Big Dig]], a [[Boston]] highway project, tolls were removed on a western portion of the [[freeway]] in July 1996: no toll is charged for passenger-vehicle travel between Springfield (Exit 6, [[Interstate 291 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 291]]) and the [[New York]] (Exit 1, West Stockbridge) border in either direction.

Travel between exits 16 and 17, both in [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]], is a "free movement": no toll is charged for travel between these two exits. At exit 16, traffic can enter the Turnpike only eastbound and may exit from the Turnpike only westbound.

Motorists can pay tolls to toll-booth personnel or use the [[Fast Lane]] [[electronic toll collection|electronic toll-collection]] system, whereby transponders installed in the cars (typically on the inner windshields) are recognized automatically in special lanes at the toll plazas, the toll amounts then being withdrawn from the motorists' accounts. Fast Lane is compatible with the [[E-ZPass]] electronic toll-collection system, which is used throughout the United States.

The [[Ted Williams Tunnel]] has a toll only in the westbound direction. The outbound (West) trip from Logan Airport costs $3.50.

Tolls were increased from $3.00 to $3.50 at the Tunnel on [[January 1]], [[2008]].<ref>[http://www.masspike.com/user-cgi/news.cgi?dbkey=276&type=Press%20Release&src=news Massachusetts Turnpike Authority] News Release, 2007-12-28.</ref>

==History==
[[Image:Masspike logo 1955.jpg|thumb|200px|The original logo depicted [[Paul Revere]] on horseback with the words "Massachusetts Turnpike Authority" in a circle around him.]]
[[Image:Sumner Tunnel shield hat closeup.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The original Masspike pilgrim hat, on a shield for the [[Sumner Tunnel]].]]

Plans for the Turnpike date back to at least [[1948]], when the '''Western Expressway''' was being planned. The original section would have connected [[Boston]]'s [[Inner Belt (Boston)|Inner Belt]] to [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] with connections with [[US 20]] and [[Massachusetts Route 30|Route 30]] for traffic continuing west. Later extensions would take the road to and beyond [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]. From the beginning, the corridor was included in federal plans for the [[Interstate Highway System]], stretching west to the [[New York]] state line and beyond to [[Albany, New York|Albany]].

Also included in the route was the planned '''Springfield Bypass''', which had been proposed to provide a bypass of [[US 20]] in the [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] area. Part of this route (and that of the eventual Turnpike) used the grading from the never-opened [[Hampden Railroad]]. Similarly, the '''West Stockbridge Bypass''' provided a new route of [[Massachusetts Route 102|Route 102]] from [[Massachusetts Route 183|Route 183]] in [[Stockbridge, Massachusetts|Stockbridge]] west to Route 102 just east of the state line in [[West Stockbridge, Massachusetts|West Stockbridge]]; this latter route was built prior to the Turnpike.

The Massachusetts Turnpike Authority was created in [[1952]] by a special act of the Massachusetts General Court (legislature) upon the recommendation of Governor Dever and his Commissioner of Public Works, William F. Callahan. (1952 Acts and Resolves chapter 354; 1952 Senate Doc. 1.) The enabling act was modeled upon that of the Mystic River Bridge Authority (1946 Acts and Resolves chapter 562), but several changes were made that would prove of great importance fifty years later. Callahan served as chairman of the Authority until his death in April, 1964.

When the attorneys were searching land titles along the proposed route, they discovered that sections of the original land had been granted by the King of England to some of the landowner's ancestors. Construction began in [[1955]], and the whole four-lane road from Route 102 at the state line to [[Massachusetts Route 128|Route 128]] in [[Weston, Massachusetts|Weston]] opened on [[May 15]], [[1957]]. The [[Berkshire Thruway]] opened on [[May 26]], [[1959]], connecting the west end to the [[New York State Thruway]] mainline south of [[Albany, New York|Albany]]. Prior to its opening, traffic used [[New York State Highway 22|Route 22]] and [[US 20]] in New York. At the Massachusetts/New York state line, one can see where the Turnpike made an abrupt right turn before terminating at Route 102, as the old pavement still exists for Turnpike Authority and State Police vehicles to access this remote stretch of highway.

After political and legal battles related to the '''Boston Extension''' inside Route 128, construction began on [[March 5]], [[1962]], with the chosen alignment running next to the [[Boston and Albany Railroad]] and reducing that line to two tracks. In September [[1964]] the part from Route 128 east to exit 18 ([[Allston (MA)|Allston]]) opened, and the rest was finished on [[February 18]], [[1965]], taking it to the [[Central Artery]].

The [[Interstate 90]] label was assigned to the Turnpike in [[1959]] with the completion of plans for the [[Interstate Highway System]]. Early proposals took I-90 across the northern part of the state, along [[Massachusetts Route 2|Route 2]], but this was rejected as too costly. With the completion of the Boston Extension, that too was designated as I-90.

In 1991, construction began on the extension of the Mass Pike to [[Logan Airport]], via the [[Ted Williams Tunnel]] as part of the Big Dig "mega" project. The final extension opened in 2003; the eastern end of I-90 now merges into [[Massachusetts Route 1A|Route 1A]].

==Controversies==
[[Image:Masspike.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Massachusetts Turnpike, as it nears the [[Prudential Tower|Prudential Center]], at sunset]]
===MTA Board firings===
Since [[2001]], the Turnpike Authority had come under fire from state politicians in a fight for control of the quasi-state agency. Beginning in 2001, former Massachusetts [[acting governor]] [[Jane Swift]] ([[Republican Party (US)|R]]) attempted to fire [[Christy Mihos]], a former Turnpike [[board of directors|board]] member and [[Jordan Levy]], the current Vice [[Chairman]] of the board.

Mihos and Levy had cast votes on the board to postpone a toll hike. Swift objected, saying such a delay was "fiscally irresponsible” and saying the two men "interfered with the effective daily management of the Authority."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=ma&vol=sjcslip/sjcMay02h&invol=1|title=JORDAN LEVY & another vs. THE ACTING GOVERNOR & another|accessdate=2007-07-13|date=19 November 2001}}</ref> Mihos and Levy refused to step down and sued Swift to retain their positions. The [[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court]] (SJC) ruled that the Turnpike was "not part of the machinery of the government" and therefore not subject to Swift’s decisions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ma-appellatecourts.org/display_docket.php?dno=SJC-08730|title=JORDAN LEVY & another vs. THE ACTING GOVERNOR & another SJC-08730|accessdate=2007-07-02|date=7 May 2002}}</ref>

===Proposed MTA/MassHighway merger===
Gov. [[Mitt Romney]] ([[Republican Party (US)|R]]), elected in [[2002]] during a fiscal crisis, ran on a [[Political platform|platform]] of streamlining state government and eliminating waste. Part of this was the elimination of the Turnpike Authority. Gov. Romney wanted to fold the Turnpike into MassHighway, the state highway department, operated under the Executive Office of Transportation. A first step to this was to replace the Chairman of the Board, [[Matthew J. Amorello]] with someone loyal to the governor. The governor has the power to appoint members to the board, but the SJC advised in an [[Amicus brief]] that "nothing in G. L. c. 81A explicitly provides for the removal and reassignment of the chairperson to the position of "member."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socialaw.com/slip.htm?cid=15320&sid=120|title=ANSWER OF THE JUSTICES TO THE GOVERNOR.|accessdate=2007-07-02|date=29 June 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ma-appellatecourts.org/display_docket.php?dno=SJC-09461|title=REQUEST FOR ADVISORY OPINION, A-108 SJC-09461|accessdate=2007-07-02|date=29 June 2005}}</ref>

The governor took the case to the court of the public opinion and put enormous pressure on Mr. Amorello to step down. Mr. Amorello announced he would do so in [[2007]], after Gov. Romney would have left office. Gov. Romney continued to press the legislature to give him the power to remove members from the board, specifically the chairman, pointing to a series of financial and construction mishaps over the last several years. However, the legislature instead sought to keep Mr. Amorello on board by extending the terms of various board members to prevent Gov. Romney from removing Mr. Amorello.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2006/06/02/budget_amendment_in_senate_would_let_amorello_keep_job/|title=Budget amendment in Senate would let Amorello keep job|date=2006-06-02|author=Murphy, Sean P.|publisher=The Boston Globe}}</ref>

===I-90 connector ceiling collapse===
{{wikinews|Portion of ceiling collapses in Boston tunnel}}
In response to a fatality caused by the collapse of the ceiling of the eastbound I-90 connector tunnel approaching the [[Ted Williams Tunnel]] on [[July 10]], [[2006]], and in response to Mr. Amorello's refusal (at the time) to resign, Gov. Romney took legal steps to have Mr. Amorello forcibly removed as head of the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/07/14/amorello_now_adrift/|title=Amorello, now adrift|publisher=The Boston Globe|date=2006-07-14|author=Lehigh, Scot}}</ref> culminating in Mr. Amorello's resignation on [[August 15]], [[2006]]. The next day, [[John Cogliano]] was sworn in as the new Chairman of the Turnpike Authority by Gov. Romney.<ref>[http://www.thebostonchannel.com/news/9688510/detail.html Cogliano Sworn In as New Turnpike Chief, WCVB TV], [[August 16], [[2006]]</ref>

On [[November 27]], [[2006]], departing [[Attorney General]] [[Tom Reilly]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) announced the state will launch a civil suit over the collapse of the ceiling in the [[Ted Williams Tunnel]]. The Commonwealth will be seeking over $150 million dollars from project manager [[Bechtel]]/[[Parsons Brinckerhoff]], builder [[Modern Continental|Modern Continental Construction Co.]] and the manufacturer of the [[epoxy]] used to hold the ceiling bolts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20061127/us_nm/massachusetts_bigdig_dc|title=Mass. to sue Big Dig firms over tunnel accident, ''Reuters'', 2006-11-27}}</ref>

===Toll removal===
On [[October 18]], [[2006]], the Turnpike board voted to remove all tolls west of the 128 toll plaza in response to a recommendation<ref>{{cite web|url=/media/wikipedia/en/6/64/Turnpike_Taskforce_Report.pdf|title=upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/64/Turnpike_Taskforce_Report.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> made by [[Eric Kriss]], a former fiscal adviser to the governor, whom Gov. Romney asked to review the Turnpike situation following the July 2006 tunnel ceiling collapse.

On [[October 19]], [[2006]] members of the [[Massachusetts]] Legislature Transportation Committee were quoted in ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' as saying that the governor's actions may require state law to be amended for the toll removal to happen. In addition, questions have been raised in regard to how the State would fund the maintenance of the Turnpike after the removal of the tolls.

The issue of the removal of the tolls is highly charged politically. Several members of the state [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] declared this as a political maneuver to bolster the gubernatorial campaign of [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Lieutenant governor|Lt. Governor]] [[Kerry Healy]] ([[Republican Party (US)|R]]), who was behind in the polls at the time of the announcement. Also, because the MTA Board is composed of appointees of Gov. Romney, Mr. Kriss's former association with the Gov. Romney Administration and the ongoing election at the time, the issue was clouded by accusations of partiality and political agendas from both sides of the aisle.

In the [[November 9]], [[2006]] edition of ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', Gov. Romney announced his intention to try to remove the tolls before Governor-elect [[Deval Patrick]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) was inaugurated in January 2007.

On [[December 20]], [[2006]], Gov. Patrick said he would oppose the removal of tolls on the portion of I-90 west of route 128, throwing into doubt the toll removal plan.

==Turnpike Authority funding and jurisdiction==
[[Image:Masspike25.JPG|250px||thumb|The Massachusetts Turnpike near the [[Chicopee]] exit]]
The Turnpike Authority also owns the [[Callahan Tunnel]] and [[Sumner Tunnel]], the other two road connections between downtown Boston and [[East Boston]] under [[Boston Harbor]].<ref>http://www.state.ma.us/eot/downloads/planning/dataResources/Jurisdiction-Distric
t4.pdf</ref> Upon completion of the [[Central Artery/Tunnel Project]], all tunnels constructed as part of the Big Dig, including the [[O'Neill Tunnel]] segment of [[I-93]], were transferred to its control.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.massturnpike.com/aboutus/index.html|title=MTA - About Us}}</ref>

The Authority receives no state or federal government funding. Its revenues come from tolls, leases on air rights and service areas, and advertising.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.massturnpike.com/aboutus/index.html|title=MTA - About Us}}</ref>

===Air rights===
The MTA has [[air rights|leased the air space]] over the highway; these are the current structures that have been constructed or are planned:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boston.com/advertisers/bigdig/air.shtml |title=The Future of Boston |author= |publisher=Boston.com |date= |accessdate=2007-11-28}}</ref>
* The [[Shaw's Supermarket]] between exits 16 and 17.
* The [[Sheraton Hotel]] and Gateway Office complex in [[Newton Corner]] at exit 17.
* The [[Copley Place]] Mall at exit 22. (1984)
* The new One Beacon development at parcel 9, between Beacon st and Brookline Ave., including a 23 story apartment complex and mixed use development.<ref name=globe-ross>{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2008/09/19/developer_hopes_for_hit_at_fenway/?page=full |title=Developer hopes for a hit at Fenway |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |author=Casey Ross |pages=C1, C6 |date=2008-09-19 |accessdate=2008-09-20}}</ref>
* New construction on parcels 8, and 10 adjacent to [[Fenway Park]]. (2008-2018)
* Near [[BU Bridge]], [[Boston University]] announced long-term plans to extend its campus over the highway<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.www.dailyfreepress.com/media/storage/paper87/news/2008/05/01/News/Bu.Says.Campus.Future.Is.Up.In.The.Air-3361027.shtml|title=media.www.dailyfreepress.com/media/storage/paper87/news/2008/05/01/News/Bu.Says.Campus.Future.Is.Up.In.The.Air-3361027.shtml}}</ref>

There is one major air rights property that the MTA does not own and that is the Prudential Center Complex constructed beginning in 1965. This property includes a [[Shaw's Supermarket]], the [[Prudential Tower]] office and residential buildings, the [[Shops at Prudential Center]] mall, the [[Hynes Convention Center]] and the [[Back Bay (MBTA station)|Back Bay MBTA station]].

==Exit list==
The Massachusetts Turnpike uses a system of sequential [[exit number]]ed [[Interchange (road)|interchanges]]. Since the time that the interchanges were originally numbered, more have been added, leading to situations like Exit 11, which is a minor state route, and 11A, which is a major [[Interstate Highway]] 10 miles away.

Also, near Boston, some of the interchanges are solely onramps and are not signed as exits, so, for instance, there is no "Exit 21" signed.

{| class="wikitable" border=1 cellpadding=1
!County
!Location
!Mile
!Exit #
!Destinations
!Notes
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Berkshire County, Massachusetts|Berkshire]]
|rowspan=2|[[West Stockbridge, Massachusetts|West Stockbridge]]
|2.9
|1
|[[Image:MA Route 41.svg|20px]] [[Route 41 (Massachusetts)|Route 41]] to [[Image:MA Route 102.svg|25px]] [[Route 102 (Massachusetts)|Route 102]] – West Stockbridge
|Westbound exit/eastbound entrance only
|-
|colspan=3 align=center|West Stockbridge Toll Barrier
|Western end of ticket system
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Lee, Massachusetts|Lee]]
|colspan=3 align=center|Lee Service Plaza
|Welcome Center at eastbound plaza
|-
|10.6
|2
|[[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] [[US 20 (MA)|U.S. Route 20]] – Lee, [[Pittsfield, Massachusetts|Pittsfield]]
|
|-
|rowspan=9|[[Hampden County, Massachusetts|Hampden]]
|[[Blandford, Massachusetts|Blandford]]
|colspan=3 align=center|Blandford Service Plaza
|-
|[[Westfield, Massachusetts|Westfield]]
|40.4
|3
|[[Image:MA Route 10.svg|20px]][[Image:US 202.svg|25px]] [[Route 10 (Massachusetts)|Route 10]]/[[U.S. Route 202]] – Westfield, [[Northampton, Massachusetts|Northampton]]
|
|-
|[[West Springfield, Massachusetts|West Springfield]]
|45.7
|4
|[[Image:I-91.svg|20px]][[Image:US 5.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 91]]/[[U.S. Route 5]] – [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], [[Holyoke, Massachusetts|Holyoke]]
|Hartford exit for eastbound travelers
|-
!colspan=5|[[Connecticut River]] crossing
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Chicopee, Massachusetts|Chicopee]]
|49.0
|5
|[[Image:MA Route 33.svg|20px]] [[Route 33 (Massachusetts)|Route 33]] – Chicopee
|To [[Image:Airport Sign.svg|20px]] [[Westover Air Reserve Base / Metropolitan Airport|Westover AFRB/Airport]]
|-
|51.3
|6
|[[Image:I-291.svg|25px]] [[I-291 (MA)|Interstate 291]] WEST – [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], [[Hartford, CT]]
|Stoplight intersection to I-291 or Burnett Road.
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Ludlow, Massachusetts|Ludlow]]
|54.9
|7
|[[Image:MA Route 21.svg|20px]] [[Route 21 (Massachusetts)|Route 21]] – Ludlow, [[Belchertown, Massachusetts|Belchertown]]
|
|-
|colspan=3 align=center|Ludlow Service Plaza
|-
|[[Palmer, Massachusetts|Palmer]]
|62.8
|8
|[[Image:MA Route 32.svg|20px]] [[Route 32 (Massachusetts)|Route 32]] to [[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] [[US 20 (MA)|US 20]] – Palmer, [[Ware, Massachusetts|Ware]] (eastbound), [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] (westbound)
|
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
|[[Sturbridge, Massachusetts|Sturbridge]]
|78.5
|9
|[[Image:I-84.svg|20px]] [[I-84 (east)|Interstate 84]] WEST to [[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] [[US 20 (MA)|U.S. Route 20]] – [[Hartford, CT]], Sturbridge (eastbound), [[New York City]] (westbound)
|Formerly Interstate 86.
|-
|[[Charlton, Massachusetts|Charlton]]
|colspan=3 align=center|Charlton Service Plaza
|Tourist Info centers at both plazas
|-
|[[Auburn, Massachusetts|Auburn]]
|90.2
|10
|[[Image:I-290.svg|25px]][[Image:I-395.svg|25px]][[Image:MA Route 12.svg|20px]] [[I-290 (MA)|Interstate 290]] EAST/[[I-395 (MA)|Interstate 395]] SOUTH/[[Route 12 (Massachusetts)|Route 12]] – Auburn, [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
|To Eastern Connecticut.
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Millbury, Massachusetts|Millbury]]
|94.1
|10A
|[[Image:MA Route 146.svg|25px]][[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] [[Route 146 (Massachusetts)|Route 146]]/[[US 20 (MA)|U.S. Route 20]] – [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], [[Providence]]
|To [[Route 122A (Massachusetts)|Route 122A]]. The interchange was opened in [[1998]]; [[Route 146 (Massachusetts)|Route 146]] is being upgraded to a [[freeway]] from [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]] to [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]].
|-
|96.5
|11
|[[Image:MA Route 122.svg|25px]] [[Route 122 (Massachusetts)|Route 122]] – Millbury, [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
|To [[Grafton, Massachusetts|Grafton]] and [[Uxbridge, Massachusetts|Uxbridge]]
|-
|[[Westborough, Massachusetts|Westborough]]
|colspan=3 align=center|Westborough Service Plaza
||Westbound only
|-
|
|[[Westborough, Massachusetts|Westborough]] - [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] line
|106.2
|11A
|[[Image:I-495.svg|25px]] [[I-495 (MA)|Interstate 495]] – [[New Hampshire]], [[Maine]], [[Cape Cod]]
|Interchange opened in 1969.
|-
|rowspan=9|[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex]]
|rowspan=3|[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]
|111.4
|12
|[[Image:MA Route 9.svg|20px]] [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]] – Framingham, Marlborough (westbound)
|Access to West Framingham and Southborough
|-
|colspan=3 align=center|Framingham Service Plaza
|Westbound only
|-
|116.8
|13
|[[Image:MA Route 30.svg|20px]] [[Route 30 (Massachusetts)|Route 30]] – Natick, Framingham
|Access to East Framingham, West Natick and Wayland. Exit also serves the regional shopping hub and retail district.
|-
|[[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]]
|colspan=3 align=center|Natick Service Plaza
|Eastbound only
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Weston, Massachusetts|Weston]]
|123.3
|14
|[[Image:I-95.svg|20px]][[Image:MA Route 128.svg|25px]] [[I-95 (MA)|I-95]]/[[Route 128 (Massachusetts)|Route 128]] – [[New Hampshire]], [[Maine]], [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]]
|Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
|-
|colspan=3 align=center|Weston Toll Barrier
|Eastern end of ticket system.
|-
|124
|15
|[[Image:I-95.svg|20px]][[Image:MA Route 128.svg|25px]][[Image:MA Route 30.svg|20px]] [[I-95 (MA)|I-95]]/[[Route 128 (Massachusetts)|Route 128]]/[[Route 30 (Massachusetts)|Route 30]] – [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]], [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
|Westbound exit, eastbound entrance. Exit 15 ramps pay cash toll.
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
|125.2
|16
|[[Image:MA Route 16.svg|20px]] [[Route 16 (Massachusetts)|Route 16]] – West Newton, [[Wellesley, Massachusetts|Wellesley]]
|Westbound exit/eastbound entrance; exit became toll-free in 1996
|-
|127.7
|17
|Newton, [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]]
|Washington, Galen, and Centre Streets; toll-free interchange.
|-
|rowspan=12|[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk]] ([[Boston]])
|-
|rowspan=3|Allston/Brighton
|rowspan=3|130.9
|18
|[[Allston, Massachusetts|Allston]], [[Brighton, Massachusetts|Brighton]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
|Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; To Cambridge Street and [[Storrow Drive]]
|-
|19
|align=center|Boston Toll Barrier
|Not an actual exit, but 19 is the Interchange # for the mainline toll plaza located at exit 18/20. Exit 18/20 traffic goes to separate plaza.
|-
|20
|[[Allston, Massachusetts|Allston]], [[Brighton, Massachusetts|Brighton]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
|Westbound exit and eastbound entrance; To Cambridge Street and [[Storrow Drive]]
|-
|Back Bay
|132.9
|21
|[[Massachusetts Avenue (Boston)|Massachusetts Avenue]]
|Westbound entrance only, no exit. Number not marked
|-
|[[Copley Square]]
|133.4
|22
|[[Prudential Center]], Copley Square
|Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; To [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]] and [[Route 28 (Massachusetts)|Route 28]]
|-
|Theater District
|133.9
|23
|Arlington Street
|Westbound entrance only, no exit. Number not marked
|-
|[[South Station]]
|134.6
|24A-B-C
|[[Image:I-93.svg|20px]][[Image:US 1.svg|20px]][[Image:MA Route 3.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 93|I-93]]/[[U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts|U.S. 1]]/[[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] – South Station, [[Concord, New Hampshire|Concord]], [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
|This was the eastern end of the Massachusetts Turnpike and I-90 until 2003. No access from I-93 south to I-90 east. Eastbound Turnpike is toll-free east of this interchange.
|-
|[[South Boston, Massachusetts|South Boston]]
|135.3
|25
|South Boston
|Toll-free interchange.
|-
|colspan=4 align=center| [[Ted Williams Tunnel]] ([[Boston Harbor]] crossing)
|$3.50 westbound toll.
|-
|
|137.3
|26
|[[Image:Airport Sign.svg|20px]] [[Logan International Airport|Logan Airport]]
|
|-
|[[East Boston, Massachusetts|East Boston]]
|137.8
|
|[[Image:MA Route 1A.svg|20px]] (merges with [[Massachusetts Route 1A|Route 1A]])
|
|}

=== Toll ticket colors ===
[[Image:Mass Pike Toll Ticket.jpg|thumb|250px|A Massachusetts Turnpike toll ticket, obtained at exit 1]]
Toll tickets obtained by motorists traveling on the Mass Pike are color-coded based on the interchange where the motorist entered the Pike. In addition to the black stripe on the back which is read by a magnetic reader, this color coding allows rapid identification by the toll collector, expediting the process of toll collection.
* Exit 1 is orange.
* Exits 2-8, 11 and 12 are gray.
* Exit 9 is purple.
* Exit 10 is light blue.
* Exit 10A is dark blue/purple.
* Exit 11A is brown.
* Exit 13 is yellow.
* Exit 14 is green.
* Exit 15 is pink.

== Service areas ==
[[Image:I-90EAST approaching Stockbridge tolls.jpg|thumb|right|Interstate 90 eastbound approaching Stockbridge and the Lee toll plaza]]
There are 11 service areas (plazas) on the Massachusetts Turnpike, named for the towns in which they are located. Each plaza offers [[Gulf Oil|Gulf]] gas stations and Gulf Express convenience stores. Most offer [[McDonald's]] restaurants, with two plazas (Ludlow WB and Westboro WB) having [[Boston Market]] and [[D'Angelo Sandwich Shops|D'Angelo]] as the main food offerings. Some plazas also have secondary food such as [[Auntie Anne's]] pretzels, [[Ben & Jerry's]] ice cream, [[Papa Gino's]] pizza, and [[Fresh City]] restaurants.

The plazas are:
*[[Lee, Massachusetts|Lee]] Plaza (Eastbound and Westbound) between exits 1 and 2.
*[[Blandford, Massachusetts|Blandford]] Plaza (Eastbound and Westbound) between exits 2 and 3.
*[[Ludlow, Massachusetts|Ludlow]] Plaza (Eastbound and Westbound) between exits 7 and 8.
*[[Charlton, Massachusetts|Charlton]] Plaza (Eastbound and Westbound) between exits 9 and 10.
*[[Westborough, Massachusetts|Westborough]] Plaza (Westbound) between exits 11A and 11.
*[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] Plaza (Westbound) between exits 13 and 12.
*[[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] Plaza (Eastbound) between exits 13 and 14.

A [[weigh station]] is located on the eastbound side of the turnpike in Charlton between exits 9 and 10.

==The Mass Pike in song and popular culture==
[[Image:Stockbridge-Mass Pike View.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Mass Pike in Stockbridge, under less wintry conditions than James Taylor sings about.]]
*[[James Taylor]]'s 1969 song "[[Sweet Baby James (song)|Sweet Baby James]]" contains this mention:
::"Now the first of December was covered with snow
::And so was the Turnpike from [[Stockbridge, Massachusetts|Stockbridge]] to Boston
::Lord, the [[Berkshires]] seemed dreamlike on account of that frosting
::With ten miles behind me, and ten thousand more to go."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grinningplanet.com/review-lyrics/james-taylor-sweet-baby-james-lyrics.htm|title='Sweet Baby James' lyrics - James Taylor - song lyrics}}</ref>
*The song "''[[Roadrunner (Jonathan Richman song)|Roadrunner]]''" by [[Jonathan Richman]] (originally with [[The Modern Lovers]]), first recorded in 1972, describes the joys of driving around Boston's highways, including the Mass. Pike
* The [[NRBQ]] song "[[Howard Johnson's Got His Ho-Jo Workin']]" was composed by [[Terry Adams]] when he was driving along the Mass. Pike and, according to the liner notes on ''Peek-a-Boo: The Best of NRBQ'', refers to the fact that, at the time the song was written, the only service areas on the highway were operated by [[Howard Johnson's]].
* Kansas City's group [[The Get Up Kids]] featured a song titled ''Mass Pike'' on their 1999 EP ''[[Red Letter Day (EP)|Red Letter Day]].''
* A comedy skit ("[[Toll Booth Willie]]") on [[Adam Sandler]]'s 1993 album, ''[[They're All Gonna Laugh at You!]]'', concerns the abuse suffered by a toll-taker in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], presumably at either exit 10 or 11 on the Massachusetts Turnpike.
* [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] radio station [[WWFX]] calls itself "The Pike" in reference to the toll road.
* The far western portion of the Turnpike appears at the closing/credits section of the movie "Good Will Hunting," as the lead character "Will" (played by actor Matt Damon) is presumably driving west to California to follow his love interest, Skyler (played by actress Minnie Driver). The portion he drives is in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. As the scene fades to black, he rounds a bend. Just beyond this curve is the western toll plaza at exit 1.
*[[The Lemonheads]] song "The Turnpike Down" references "Butterscotch streetlamps" along the Mass Pike that mark the lyricist's progress toward New York.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
*Boston to Chicago, [[New York Times]] [[May 24]], [[1959]] page XX1

==External links==
*[http://www.masspike.com/ Massachusetts Turnpike Authority Website]
*[http://www.bostonroads.com/roads/mass-pike/ The Roads of Metro Boston - Massachusetts Turnpike (I-90)]
*[http://www.boston.com/news/specials/big_dig_ceiling_collapse/ Big Dig Ceiling Collapse] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/specials/big_dig_problems/ Big Dig Problems] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/ Finishing the Big Dig] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/07/28/amorello_options_were_left_exhausted/ Amorello, options were left exhausted] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/07/28/a_vacancy_at_the_helm/ A vacancy at the helm] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/08/15/top_staff_is_leaving_mass_pike/ Top staff is leaving Mass. Pike] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/09/02/i_90_connector_reopens_to_traffic/ I-90 connector reopens to traffic] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/09/17/designer_proposed_more_bolts_in_big_dig/ Designer proposed more bolts in Big Dig] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/10/14/tunnel_bolts_never_inspected/ Tunnel bolts never inspected] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2006/10/19/pike_board_acts_to_end_tolls_west_of_route_128/ Pike board acts to end tolls west of Route 128] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/10/20/ending_pike_tolls_is_called_illegal/ Ending Pike tolls is called illegal] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/02/us/02dig.html?ex=1320123600&en=77cd8e365332acaa&ei=5090 Late Design Change Is Cited in Collapse of Tunnel Ceiling in Boston] -- ''[[The New York Times]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/11/27/ag_alleging_negligence_will_sue_in_tunnel_cave_in/ AG, alleging negligence, will sue in tunnel cave-in] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/11/28/reilly_says_neglect_with_tunnel_was_criminal/ Reilly says neglect with tunnel was criminal] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://cache.boston.com/news/special/big_dig/reilly_lawsuit/complaint.pdf Commonwealth of Mass. v. Bechtel Corporation, et al.]
*[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/12/24/cheaper_faster_path_led_to_failure/ Cheaper, faster path led to failure] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/12/25/i_90_connector_west_opens/ I-90 connector west opens] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.masspike.com/pdf/maps/90w_map.pdf Detailed Map of the I-90 West Connector Tunnel Opening]
*[http://www.masspike.com/pdf/maps/detour_map.pdf Detour Map]

{{compact state detail browse|type=I|route=90|state=Massachusetts|statebefore=New York}}

[[Category:Transportation in Boston, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Toll roads in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Tolled sections of Interstate Highways]]
[[Category:Interstate 90]]
[[Category:U.S. Route 20]]
[[Category:Freeways in the United States]]

Massachusetts Turnpike

2008-10-19T18:59:05Z

RandomP: markup

{{Infobox road
|state=MA
|marker_image=[[Image:Mass Pike shield.png|88x70px]] [[Image:I-90.svg|88x70px]]
|highway_name=Massachusetts Turnpike
|maint=[[Massachusetts Turnpike Authority|MTA]]
|map=Massachusetts_Turnpike.png
|length_mi=138.1
|length_round=2
|length_ref=<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://masspike.com/user-cgi/tollcalc.cgi|title=MTA - Toll Mileage Calculator|work = Massachusetts Turnpike Authority|accessdate=2007-03-15}}</ref>
|established=[[1958]] (final construction in [[2003]])
|direction_a=West
|terminus_a={{Jct|state=NY|I|90|NYST|}} at [[New York]] state line
|junction={{Jct|state=MA|I|91|US|5}} in [[West Springfield, Massachusetts|West Springfield]] {{Jct|state=MA|I|84}} in [[Sturbridge, Massachusetts|Sturbridge]] {{Jct|state=MA|I|290|I|395|Route|12}} in [[Auburn, Massachusetts|Auburn]] {{Jct|state=MA|I|495}} in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] {{Jct|state=MA|I|95|Route|128|Route|30}} in [[Weston, Massachusetts|Weston]] {{Jct|state=MA|I|93|US|1|Route|3}} in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
|direction_b=East
|terminus_b={{Jct|state=MA|Route|1A}} in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
|previous_type=MA
|previous_route=88
|next_type=I
|next_route=91
}}
The '''Massachusetts Turnpike''' (commonly shortened to the '''MassPike''' or '''The Pike''') is the easternmost 138-mile (222 km) stretch of [[Interstate 90]]. The Turnpike begins at the western border of [[Massachusetts]] in [[West Stockbridge, Massachusetts|West Stockbridge]] connecting with the [[New York State Thruway#Berkshire Connector|Berkshire Connector]] portion of the [[New York State Thruway]]. From there, the MassPike heads east, traversing the state and serving the major cities of [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], and ends at [[Logan International Airport]] in [[East Boston, Massachusetts|East Boston]], where the road meets [[Massachusetts State Highway 1A|Route 1A]]. The highest point on the Turnpike is in the Town of [[Becket, Massachusetts]] at elevation 1,724 feet (526 meters) above sea level.

==Tolls==
[[Image:Mass-tpk-night.jpg|thumb|250px|left|View of the Turnpike from an [[overpass]] by [[Boston University]], facing east (towards downtown [[Boston]])]]
[[Image:Mass Pike at Newton.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The Pike at Exit 17 (just out of view at left) in [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]], looking west]]

The Mass Pike is a [[toll road]]; it costs $5.10 for a Class 1 passenger vehicle to travel east from Exit 1 ([[Route 41 (Massachusetts)|Route 41]]), in [[West Stockbridge, Massachusetts|West Stockbridge]], to [[Logan International Airport|Logan Airport]], in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. From Exit 1, in West Stockbridge, to Exit 14/15 ([[Route 128 (Massachusetts)|Route 128]] / [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|I-95]]), in [[Weston, Massachusetts|Weston]], the Mass Pike is a [[ticket system|closed-system]] toll road, using long-distance tickets obtained once by a motorist on entrance, and surrendered on exit, at toll gates. The toll gates exist at all exits and entrances from Exit 1 to Exit 14/15. From Exit 14/15 to its eastern end, in [[East Boston, Massachusetts|East Boston]], the Mass Pike is an open-system toll road. There are toll plazas at Exit 18/19/20 in [[Allston, Boston, Massachusetts|Allston, Massachusetts]], in both mainline directions and on the interchange ramps. There also is a toll plaza on the mainline at the westbound entrance to the [[Ted Williams Tunnel]], in [[East Boston, Massachusetts|East Boston]]. Exits 16, 17, and 21–26 have no toll plazas on their ramps.

Toll plazas on the interchange ramps at Exit 16 were removed in 1996 at the direction of then [[Governor of Massachusetts|Governor]] [[William Weld]].

After protests from [[Western Massachusetts]] residents that their toll money was funding the [[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Big Dig]], a [[Boston]] highway project, tolls were removed on a western portion of the [[freeway]] in July 1996: no toll is charged for passenger-vehicle travel between Springfield (Exit 6, [[Interstate 291 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 291]]) and the [[New York]] (Exit 1, West Stockbridge) border in either direction.

Travel between exits 16 and 17, both in [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]], is a "free movement": no toll is charged for travel between these two exits. At exit 16, traffic can enter the Turnpike only eastbound and may exit from the Turnpike only westbound.

Motorists can pay tolls to toll-booth personnel or use the [[Fast Lane]] [[electronic toll collection|electronic toll-collection]] system, whereby transponders installed in the cars (typically on the inner windshields) are recognized automatically in special lanes at the toll plazas, the toll amounts then being withdrawn from the motorists' accounts. Fast Lane is compatible with the [[E-ZPass]] electronic toll-collection system, which is used throughout the United States.

The [[Ted Williams Tunnel]] has a toll only in the westbound direction. The outbound (West) trip from Logan Airport costs $3.50.

Tolls were increased from $3.00 to $3.50 at the Tunnel on [[January 1]], [[2008]].<ref>[http://www.masspike.com/user-cgi/news.cgi?dbkey=276&type=Press%20Release&src=news Massachusetts Turnpike Authority] News Release, 2007-12-28.</ref>

==History==
[[Image:Masspike logo 1955.jpg|thumb|200px|The original logo depicted [[Paul Revere]] on horseback with the words "Massachusetts Turnpike Authority" in a circle around him.]]
[[Image:Sumner Tunnel shield hat closeup.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The original Masspike pilgrim hat, on a shield for the [[Sumner Tunnel]].]]

Plans for the Turnpike date back to at least [[1948]], when the '''Western Expressway''' was being planned. The original section would have connected [[Boston]]'s [[Inner Belt (Boston)|Inner Belt]] to [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] with connections with [[US 20]] and [[Massachusetts Route 30|Route 30]] for traffic continuing west. Later extensions would take the road to and beyond [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]. From the beginning, the corridor was included in federal plans for the [[Interstate Highway System]], stretching west to the [[New York]] state line and beyond to [[Albany, New York|Albany]].

Also included in the route was the planned '''Springfield Bypass''', which had been proposed to provide a bypass of [[US 20]] in the [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] area. Part of this route (and that of the eventual Turnpike) used the grading from the never-opened [[Hampden Railroad]]. Similarly, the '''West Stockbridge Bypass''' provided a new route of [[Massachusetts Route 102|Route 102]] from [[Massachusetts Route 183|Route 183]] in [[Stockbridge, Massachusetts|Stockbridge]] west to Route 102 just east of the state line in [[West Stockbridge, Massachusetts|West Stockbridge]]; this latter route was built prior to the Turnpike.

The Massachusetts Turnpike Authority was created in [[1952]] by a special act of the Massachusetts General Court (legislature) upon the recommendation of Governor Dever and his Commissioner of Public Works, William F. Callahan. (1952 Acts and Resolves chapter 354; 1952 Senate Doc. 1.) The enabling act was modeled upon that of the Mystic River Bridge Authority (1946 Acts and Resolves chapter 562), but several changes were made that would prove of great importance fifty years later. Callahan served as chairman of the Authority until his death in April, 1964.

When the attorneys were searching land titles along the proposed route, they discovered that sections of the original land had been granted by the King of England to some of the landowner's ancestors. Construction began in [[1955]], and the whole four-lane road from Route 102 at the state line to [[Massachusetts Route 128|Route 128]] in [[Weston, Massachusetts|Weston]] opened on [[May 15]], [[1957]]. The [[Berkshire Thruway]] opened on [[May 26]], [[1959]], connecting the west end to the [[New York State Thruway]] mainline south of [[Albany, New York|Albany]]. Prior to its opening, traffic used [[New York State Highway 22|Route 22]] and [[US 20]] in New York. At the Massachusetts/New York state line, one can see where the Turnpike made an abrupt right turn before terminating at Route 102, as the old pavement still exists for Turnpike Authority and State Police vehicles to access this remote stretch of highway.

After political and legal battles related to the '''Boston Extension''' inside Route 128, construction began on [[March 5]], [[1962]], with the chosen alignment running next to the [[Boston and Albany Railroad]] and reducing that line to two tracks. In September [[1964]] the part from Route 128 east to exit 18 ([[Allston (MA)|Allston]]) opened, and the rest was finished on [[February 18]], [[1965]], taking it to the [[Central Artery]].

The [[Interstate 90]] label was assigned to the Turnpike in [[1959]] with the completion of plans for the [[Interstate Highway System]]. Early proposals took I-90 across the northern part of the state, along [[Massachusetts Route 2|Route 2]], but this was rejected as too costly. With the completion of the Boston Extension, that too was designated as I-90.

In 1991, construction began on the extension of the Mass Pike to [[Logan Airport]], via the [[Ted Williams Tunnel]] as part of the Big Dig "mega" project. The final extension opened in 2003; the eastern end of I-90 now merges into [[Massachusetts Route 1A|Route 1A]].

==Controversies==
[[Image:Masspike.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Massachusetts Turnpike, as it nears the [[Prudential Tower|Prudential Center]], at sunset]]
===MTA Board firings===
Since [[2001]], the Turnpike Authority had come under fire from state politicians in a fight for control of the quasi-state agency. Beginning in 2001, former Massachusetts [[acting governor]] [[Jane Swift]] ([[Republican Party (US)|R]]) attempted to fire [[Christy Mihos]], a former Turnpike [[board of directors|board]] member and [[Jordan Levy]], the current Vice [[Chairman]] of the board.

Mihos and Levy had cast votes on the board to postpone a toll hike. Swift objected, saying such a delay was "fiscally irresponsible” and saying the two men "interfered with the effective daily management of the Authority."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=ma&vol=sjcslip/sjcMay02h&invol=1|title=JORDAN LEVY & another vs. THE ACTING GOVERNOR & another|accessdate=2007-07-13|date=19 November 2001}}</ref> Mihos and Levy refused to step down and sued Swift to retain their positions. The [[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court]] (SJC) ruled that the Turnpike was "not part of the machinery of the government" and therefore not subject to Swift’s decisions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ma-appellatecourts.org/display_docket.php?dno=SJC-08730|title=JORDAN LEVY & another vs. THE ACTING GOVERNOR & another SJC-08730|accessdate=2007-07-02|date=7 May 2002}}</ref>

===Proposed MTA/MassHighway merger===
Gov. [[Mitt Romney]] ([[Republican Party (US)|R]]), elected in [[2002]] during a fiscal crisis, ran on a [[Political platform|platform]] of streamlining state government and eliminating waste. Part of this was the elimination of the Turnpike Authority. Gov. Romney wanted to fold the Turnpike into MassHighway, the state highway department, operated under the Executive Office of Transportation. A first step to this was to replace the Chairman of the Board, [[Matthew J. Amorello]] with someone loyal to the governor. The governor has the power to appoint members to the board, but the SJC advised in an [[Amicus brief]] that "nothing in G. L. c. 81A explicitly provides for the removal and reassignment of the chairperson to the position of "member."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socialaw.com/slip.htm?cid=15320&sid=120|title=ANSWER OF THE JUSTICES TO THE GOVERNOR.|accessdate=2007-07-02|date=29 June 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ma-appellatecourts.org/display_docket.php?dno=SJC-09461|title=REQUEST FOR ADVISORY OPINION, A-108 SJC-09461|accessdate=2007-07-02|date=29 June 2005}}</ref>

The governor took the case to the court of the public opinion and put enormous pressure on Mr. Amorello to step down. Mr. Amorello announced he would do so in [[2007]], after Gov. Romney would have left office. Gov. Romney continued to press the legislature to give him the power to remove members from the board, specifically the chairman, pointing to a series of financial and construction mishaps over the last several years. However, the legislature instead sought to keep Mr. Amorello on board by extending the terms of various board members to prevent Gov. Romney from removing Mr. Amorello.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2006/06/02/budget_amendment_in_senate_would_let_amorello_keep_job/|title=Budget amendment in Senate would let Amorello keep job|date=2006-06-02|author=Murphy, Sean P.|publisher=The Boston Globe}}</ref>

===I-90 connector ceiling collapse===
{{wikinews|Portion of ceiling collapses in Boston tunnel}}
In response to a fatality caused by the collapse of the ceiling of the eastbound I-90 connector tunnel approaching the [[Ted Williams Tunnel]] on [[July 10]], [[2006]], and in response to Mr. Amorello's refusal (at the time) to resign, Gov. Romney took legal steps to have Mr. Amorello forcibly removed as head of the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/07/14/amorello_now_adrift/|title=Amorello, now adrift|publisher=The Boston Globe|date=2006-07-14|author=Lehigh, Scot}}</ref> culminating in Mr. Amorello's resignation on [[August 15]], [[2006]]. The next day, [[John Cogliano]] was sworn in as the new Chairman of the Turnpike Authority by Gov. Romney.<ref>[http://www.thebostonchannel.com/news/9688510/detail.html Cogliano Sworn In as New Turnpike Chief, WCVB TV], [[August 16], [[2006]]</ref>

On [[November 27]], [[2006]], departing [[Attorney General]] [[Tom Reilly]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) announced the state will launch a civil suit over the collapse of the ceiling in the [[Ted Williams Tunnel]]. The Commonwealth will be seeking over $150 million dollars from project manager [[Bechtel]]/[[Parsons Brinckerhoff]], builder [[Modern Continental|Modern Continental Construction Co.]] and the manufacturer of the [[epoxy]] used to hold the ceiling bolts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20061127/us_nm/massachusetts_bigdig_dc|title=Mass. to sue Big Dig firms over tunnel accident, ''Reuters'', 2006-11-27}}</ref>

===Toll removal===
On [[October 18]], [[2006]], the Turnpike board voted to remove all tolls west of the 128 toll plaza in response to a recommendation<ref>{{cite web|url=/media/wikipedia/en/6/64/Turnpike_Taskforce_Report.pdf|title=upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/64/Turnpike_Taskforce_Report.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> made by [[Eric Kriss]], a former fiscal adviser to the governor, whom Gov. Romney asked to review the Turnpike situation following the July 2006 tunnel ceiling collapse.

On [[October 19]], [[2006]] members of the [[Massachusetts]] Legislature Transportation Committee were quoted in ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' as saying that the governor's actions may require state law to be amended for the toll removal to happen. In addition, questions have been raised in regard to how the State would fund the maintenance of the Turnpike after the removal of the tolls.

The issue of the removal of the tolls is highly charged politically. Several members of the state [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] declared this as a political maneuver to bolster the gubernatorial campaign of [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Lieutenant governor|Lt. Governor]] [[Kerry Healy]] ([[Republican Party (US)|R]]), who was behind in the polls at the time of the announcement. Also, because the MTA Board is composed of appointees of Gov. Romney, Mr. Kriss's former association with the Gov. Romney Administration and the ongoing election at the time, the issue was clouded by accusations of partiality and political agendas from both sides of the aisle.

In the [[November 9]], [[2006]] edition of ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', Gov. Romney announced his intention to try to remove the tolls before Governor-elect [[Deval Patrick]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) was inaugurated in January 2007.

On [[December 20]], [[2006]], Gov. Patrick said he would oppose the removal of tolls on the portion of I-90 west of route 128, throwing into doubt the toll removal plan.

==Turnpike Authority funding and jurisdiction==
[[Image:Masspike25.JPG|250px||thumb|The Massachusetts Turnpike near the [[Chicopee]] exit]]
The Turnpike Authority also owns the [[Callahan Tunnel]] and [[Sumner Tunnel]], the other two road connections between downtown Boston and [[East Boston]] under [[Boston Harbor]].<ref>http://www.state.ma.us/eot/downloads/planning/dataResources/Jurisdiction-Distric
t4.pdf</ref> Upon completion of the [[Central Artery/Tunnel Project]], all tunnels constructed as part of the Big Dig, including the [[O'Neill Tunnel]] segment of [[I-93]], were transferred to its control.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.massturnpike.com/aboutus/index.html|title=MTA - About Us}}</ref>

The Authority receives no state or federal government funding. Its revenues come from tolls, leases on air rights and service areas, and advertising.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.massturnpike.com/aboutus/index.html|title=MTA - About Us}}</ref>

===Air rights===
The MTA has [[air rights|leased the air space]] over the highway; these are the current structures that have been constructed or are planned:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boston.com/advertisers/bigdig/air.shtml |title=The Future of Boston |author= |publisher=Boston.com |date= |accessdate=2007-11-28}}</ref>
* The [[Shaw's Supermarket]] between exits 16 and 17.
* The [[Sheraton Hotel]] and Gateway Office complex in [[Newton Corner]] at exit 17.
* The [[Copley Place]] Mall at exit 22. (1984)
* The new One Beacon development at parcel 9, between Beacon st and Brookline Ave., including a 23 story apartment complex and mixed use development.<ref name=globe-ross>{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2008/09/19/developer_hopes_for_hit_at_fenway/?page=full |title=Developer hopes for a hit at Fenway |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |author=Casey Ross |pages=C1, C6 |date=2008-09-19 |accessdate=2008-09-20}}</ref>
* New construction on parcels 8, and 10 adjacent to [[Fenway Park]]. (2008-2018)
* Near [[BU Bridge]], [[Boston University]] announced long-term plans to extend its campus over the highway<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.www.dailyfreepress.com/media/storage/paper87/news/2008/05/01/News/Bu.Says.Campus.Future.Is.Up.In.The.Air-3361027.shtml|title=media.www.dailyfreepress.com/media/storage/paper87/news/2008/05/01/News/Bu.Says.Campus.Future.Is.Up.In.The.Air-3361027.shtml}}</ref>

There is one major air rights property that the MTA does not own and that is the Prudential Center Complex constructed beginning in 1965. This property includes a [[Shaw's Supermarket]], the [[Prudential Tower]] office and residential buildings, the [[Shops at Prudential Center]] mall, the [[Hynes Convention Center]] and the [[Back Bay (MBTA station)|Back Bay MBTA station]].

==Exit list==
The Massachusetts Turnpike uses a system of sequential [[exit number]]ed [[Interchange (road)|interchanges]]. Since the time that the interchanges were originally numbered, more have been added, leading to situations like Exit 11, which is a minor state route, and 11A, which is a major [[Interstate Highway]] 10 miles away.

Also, near Boston, some of the interchanges are solely onramps and are not signed as exits, so, for instance, there is no "Exit 21" signed.

{| class="wikitable" border=1 cellpadding=1
!County
!Location
!Mile
!Exit #
!Destinations
!Notes
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Berkshire County, Massachusetts|Berkshire]]
|rowspan=2|[[West Stockbridge, Massachusetts|West Stockbridge]]
|2.9
|1
|[[Image:MA Route 41.svg|20px]] [[Route 41 (Massachusetts)|Route 41]] to [[Image:MA Route 102.svg|25px]] [[Route 102 (Massachusetts)|Route 102]] – West Stockbridge
|Westbound exit/eastbound entrance only
|-
|colspan=3 align=center|West Stockbridge Toll Barrier
|Western end of ticket system
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Lee, Massachusetts|Lee]]
|colspan=3 align=center|Lee Service Plaza
|Welcome Center at eastbound plaza
|-
|10.6
|2
|[[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] [[US 20 (MA)|U.S. Route 20]] – Lee, [[Pittsfield, Massachusetts|Pittsfield]]
|
|-
|rowspan=9|[[Hampden County, Massachusetts|Hampden]]
|[[Blandford, Massachusetts|Blandford]]
|colspan=3 align=center|Blandford Service Plaza
|-
|[[Westfield, Massachusetts|Westfield]]
|40.4
|3
|[[Image:MA Route 10.svg|20px]][[Image:US 202.svg|25px]] [[Route 10 (Massachusetts)|Route 10]]/[[U.S. Route 202]] – Westfield, [[Northampton, Massachusetts|Northampton]]
|
|-
|[[West Springfield, Massachusetts|West Springfield]]
|45.7
|4
|[[Image:I-91.svg|20px]][[Image:US 5.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 91]]/[[U.S. Route 5]] – [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], [[Holyoke, Massachusetts|Holyoke]]
|Hartford exit for eastbound travelers
|-
!colspan=5|[[Connecticut River]] crossing
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Chicopee, Massachusetts|Chicopee]]
|49.0
|5
|[[Image:MA Route 33.svg|20px]] [[Route 33 (Massachusetts)|Route 33]] – Chicopee
|To [[Image:Airport Sign.svg|20px]] [[Westover Air Reserve Base / Metropolitan Airport|Westover AFRB/Airport]]
|-
|51.3
|6
|[[Image:I-291.svg|25px]] [[I-291 (MA)|Interstate 291]] WEST – [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], [[Hartford, CT]]
|Stoplight intersection to I-291 or Burnett Road.
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Ludlow, Massachusetts|Ludlow]]
|54.9
|7
|[[Image:MA Route 21.svg|20px]] [[Route 21 (Massachusetts)|Route 21]] – Ludlow, [[Belchertown, Massachusetts|Belchertown]]
|
|-
|colspan=3 align=center|Ludlow Service Plaza
|-
|[[Palmer, Massachusetts|Palmer]]
|62.8
|8
|[[Image:MA Route 32.svg|20px]] [[Route 32 (Massachusetts)|Route 32]] to [[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] [[US 20 (MA)|US 20]] – Palmer, [[Ware, Massachusetts|Ware]] (eastbound), [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] (westbound)
|
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Worcester County, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
|[[Sturbridge, Massachusetts|Sturbridge]]
|78.5
|9
|[[Image:I-84.svg|20px]] [[I-84 (east)|Interstate 84]] WEST to [[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] [[US 20 (MA)|U.S. Route 20]] – [[Hartford, CT]], Sturbridge (eastbound), [[New York City]] (westbound)
|Formerly Interstate 86.
|-
|[[Charlton, Massachusetts|Charlton]]
|colspan=3 align=center|Charlton Service Plaza
|Tourist Info centers at both plazas
|-
|[[Auburn, Massachusetts|Auburn]]
|90.2
|10
|[[Image:I-290.svg|25px]][[Image:I-395.svg|25px]][[Image:MA Route 12.svg|20px]] [[I-290 (MA)|Interstate 290]] EAST/[[I-395 (MA)|Interstate 395]] SOUTH/[[Route 12 (Massachusetts)|Route 12]] – Auburn, [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
|To Eastern Connecticut.
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Millbury, Massachusetts|Millbury]]
|94.1
|10A
|[[Image:MA Route 146.svg|25px]][[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] [[Route 146 (Massachusetts)|Route 146]]/[[US 20 (MA)|U.S. Route 20]] – [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], [[Providence]]
|To [[Route 122A (Massachusetts)|Route 122A]]. The interchange was opened in [[1998]]; [[Route 146 (Massachusetts)|Route 146]] is being upgraded to a [[freeway]] from [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]] to [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]].
|-
|96.5
|11
|[[Image:MA Route 122.svg|25px]] [[Route 122 (Massachusetts)|Route 122]] – Millbury, [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]]
|To [[Grafton, Massachusetts|Grafton]] and [[Uxbridge, Massachusetts|Uxbridge]]
|-
|[[Westborough, Massachusetts|Westborough]]
|colspan=3 align=center|Westborough Service Plaza
||Westbound only
|-
|
|[[Westborough, Massachusetts|Westborough]] - [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]] line
|106.2
|11A
|[[Image:I-495.svg|25px]] [[I-495 (MA)|Interstate 495]] – [[New Hampshire]], [[Maine]], [[Cape Cod]]
|Interchange opened in 1969.
|-
|rowspan=9|[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex]]
|rowspan=3|[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]
|111.4
|12
|[[Image:MA Route 9.svg|20px]] [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]] – Framingham, Marlborough (westbound)
|Access to West Framingham and Southborough
|-
|colspan=3 align=center|Framingham Service Plaza
|Westbound only
|-
|116.8
|13
|[[Image:MA Route 30.svg|20px]] [[Route 30 (Massachusetts)|Route 30]] – Natick, Framingham
|Access to East Framingham, West Natick and Wayland. Exit also serves the regional shopping hub and retail district.
|-
|[[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]]
|colspan=3 align=center|Natick Service Plaza
|Eastbound only
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Weston, Massachusetts|Weston]]
|123.3
|14
|[[Image:I-95.svg|20px]][[Image:MA Route 128.svg|25px]] [[I-95 (MA)|I-95]]/[[Route 128 (Massachusetts)|Route 128]] – [[New Hampshire]], [[Maine]], [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|South Shore]]
|Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
|-
|colspan=3 align=center|Weston Toll Barrier
|Eastern end of ticket system.
|-
|124
|15
|[[Image:I-95.svg|20px]][[Image:MA Route 128.svg|25px]][[Image:MA Route 30.svg|20px]] [[I-95 (MA)|I-95]]/[[Route 128 (Massachusetts)|Route 128]]/[[Route 30 (Massachusetts)|Route 30]] – [[Westwood, Massachusetts|Westwood]], [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]
|Westbound exit, eastbound entrance. Exit 15 ramps pay cash toll.
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
|125.2
|16
|[[Image:MA Route 16.svg|20px]] [[Route 16 (Massachusetts)|Route 16]] – West Newton, [[Wellesley, Massachusetts|Wellesley]]
|Westbound exit/eastbound entrance; exit became toll-free in 1996
|-
|127.7
|17
|Newton, [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]]
|Washington, Galen, and Centre Streets; toll-free interchange.
|-
|rowspan=12|[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk]] ([[Boston]])
|-
|rowspan=3|Allston/Brighton
|rowspan=3|130.9
|18
|[[Allston, Massachusetts|Allston]], [[Brighton, Massachusetts|Brighton]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
|Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; To Cambridge Street and [[Storrow Drive]]
|-
|19
|align=center|Boston Toll Barrier
|Not an actual exit, but 19 is the Interchange # for the mainline toll plaza located at exit 18/20. Exit 18/20 traffic goes to separate plaza.
|-
|20
|[[Allston, Massachusetts|Allston]], [[Brighton, Massachusetts|Brighton]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
|Westbound exit and eastbound entrance; To Cambridge Street and [[Storrow Drive]]
|-
|Back Bay
|132.9
|21
|[[Massachusetts Avenue (Boston)|Massachusetts Avenue]]
|Westbound entrance only, no exit. Number not marked
|-
|[[Copley Square]]
|133.4
|22
|[[Prudential Center]], Copley Square
|Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; To [[Route 9 (Massachusetts)|Route 9]] and [[Route 28 (Massachusetts)|Route 28]]
|-
|Theater District
|133.9
|23
|Arlington Street
|Westbound entrance only, no exit. Number not marked
|-
|[[South Station]]
|134.6
|24A-B-C
|[[Image:I-93.svg|20px]][[Image:US 1.svg|20px]][[Image:MA Route 3.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 93|I-93]]/[[U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts|U.S. 1]]/[[Route 3 (Massachusetts)|Route 3]] – South Station, [[Concord, New Hampshire|Concord]], [[Quincy, Massachusetts|Quincy]]
|This was the eastern end of the Massachusetts Turnpike and I-90 until 2003. No access from I-93 south to I-90 east. Eastbound Turnpike is toll-free east of this interchange.
|-
|[[South Boston, Massachusetts|South Boston]]
|135.3
|25
|South Boston
|Toll-free interchange.
|-
|colspan=4 align=center| [[Ted Williams Tunnel]] ([[Boston Harbor]] crossing)
|$3.50 westbound toll.
|-
|
|137.3
|26
|[[Image:Airport Sign.svg|20px]] [[Logan International Airport|Logan Airport]]
|
|-
|[[East Boston, Massachusetts|East Boston]]
|137.8
|
|[[Image:MA Route 1A.svg|20px]] (merges with [[Massachusetts Route 1A|Route 1A]])
|
|}

=== Toll ticket colors ===
[[Image:Mass Pike Toll Ticket.jpg|thumb|250px|A Massachusetts Turnpike toll ticket, obtained at exit 1]]
Toll tickets obtained by motorists traveling on the Mass Pike are color-coded based on the interchange where the motorist entered the Pike. In addition to the black stripe on the back which is read by a magnetic reader, this color coding allows rapid identification by the toll collector, expediting the process of toll collection.
* Exit 1 is orange.
* Exits 2-8, 11 and 12 are gray.
* Exit 9 is purple.
* Exit 10 is light blue.
* Exit 10A is dark blue/purple.
* Exit 11A is brown.
* Exit 13 is yellow.
* Exit 14 is green.
* Exit 15 is pink.

== Service areas ==
[[Image:I-90EAST approaching Stockbridge tolls.jpg|thumb|right|Interstate 90 eastbound approaching Stockbridge and the Lee toll plaza]]
There are 11 service areas (plazas) on the Massachusetts Turnpike, named for the towns in which they are located. Each plaza offers [[Gulf Oil|Gulf]] gas stations and Gulf Express convenience stores. Most offer [[McDonald's]] restaurants, with two plazas (Ludlow WB and Westboro WB) having [[Boston Market]] and [[D'Angelo Sandwich Shops|D'Angelo]] as the main food offerings. Some plazas also have secondary food such as [[Auntie Anne's]] pretzels, [[Ben & Jerry's]] ice cream, [[Papa Gino's]] pizza, and [[Fresh City]] restaurants.

The plazas are:
*[[Lee, Massachusetts|Lee]] Plaza (Eastbound and Westbound) between exits 1 and 2.
*[[Blandford, Massachusetts|Blandford]] Plaza (Eastbound and Westbound) between exits 2 and 3.
*[[Ludlow, Massachusetts|Ludlow]] Plaza (Eastbound and Westbound) between exits 7 and 8.
*[[Charlton, Massachusetts|Charlton]] Plaza (Eastbound and Westbound) between exits 9 and 10.
*[[Westborough, Massachusetts|Westborough]] Plaza (Westbound) between exits 11A and 11.
*[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] Plaza (Westbound) between exits 13 and 12.
*[[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]] Plaza (Eastbound) between exits 13 and 14.

A [[weigh station]] is located on the eastbound side of the turnpike in Charlton between exits 9 and 10.

==The Mass Pike in song and popular culture==
[[Image:Stockbridge-Mass Pike View.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Mass Pike in Stockbridge, under less wintry conditions than James Taylor sings about.]]
*[[James Taylor]]'s 1969 song "[[Sweet Baby James (song)|Sweet Baby James]]" contains this mention:
::"Now the first of December was covered with snow
::And so was the Turnpike from [[Stockbridge, Massachusetts|Stockbridge]] to Boston
::Lord, the [[Berkshires]] seemed dreamlike on account of that frosting
::With ten miles behind me, and ten thousand more to go."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grinningplanet.com/review-lyrics/james-taylor-sweet-baby-james-lyrics.htm|title='Sweet Baby James' lyrics - James Taylor - song lyrics}}</ref>
*The song "''[[Roadrunner (Jonathan Richman song)|Roadrunner]]''" by [[Jonathan Richman]] (originally with [[The Modern Lovers]]), first recorded in 1972, describes the joys of driving around Boston's highways, including the Mass. Pike
* The [[NRBQ]] song "[[Howard Johnson's Got His Ho-Jo Workin']]" was composed by [[Terry Adams]] when he was driving along the Mass. Pike and, according to the liner notes on ''Peek-a-Boo: The Best of NRBQ'', refers to the fact that, at the time the song was written, the only service areas on the highway were operated by [[Howard Johnson's]].
* Kansas City's group [[The Get Up Kids]] featured a song titled ''Mass Pike'' on their 1999 EP ''[[Red Letter Day (EP)|Red Letter Day]].''
* A comedy skit ("[[Toll Booth Willie]]") on [[Adam Sandler]]'s 1993 album, ''[[They're All Gonna Laugh at You!]]'', concerns the abuse suffered by a toll-taker in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], presumably at either exit 10 or 11 on the Massachusetts Turnpike.
* [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] radio station [[WWFX]] calls itself "The Pike" in reference to the toll road.
* The far western portion of the Turnpike appears at the closing/credits section of the movie "Good Will Hunting," as the lead character "Will" (played by actor Matt Damon) is presumably driving west to California to follow his love interest, Skyler (played by actress Minnie Driver). The portion he drives is in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. As the scene fades to black, he rounds a bend. Just beyond this curve is the western toll plaza at exit 1.
*[[The Lemonheads]] song "The Turnpike Down" references "Butterscotch streetlamps" along the Mass Pike that mark the lyricist's progress toward New York.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
*Boston to Chicago, [[New York Times]] [[May 24]], [[1959]] page XX1

==External links==
*[http://www.masspike.com/ Massachusetts Turnpike Authority Website]
*[http://www.bostonroads.com/roads/mass-pike/ The Roads of Metro Boston - Massachusetts Turnpike (I-90)]
*[http://www.boston.com/news/specials/big_dig_ceiling_collapse/ Big Dig Ceiling Collapse] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/specials/big_dig_problems/ Big Dig Problems] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/ Finishing the Big Dig] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/07/28/amorello_options_were_left_exhausted/ Amorello, options were left exhausted] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/07/28/a_vacancy_at_the_helm/ A vacancy at the helm] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/08/15/top_staff_is_leaving_mass_pike/ Top staff is leaving Mass. Pike] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/09/02/i_90_connector_reopens_to_traffic/ I-90 connector reopens to traffic] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/09/17/designer_proposed_more_bolts_in_big_dig/ Designer proposed more bolts in Big Dig] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/10/14/tunnel_bolts_never_inspected/ Tunnel bolts never inspected] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2006/10/19/pike_board_acts_to_end_tolls_west_of_route_128/ Pike board acts to end tolls west of Route 128] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/10/20/ending_pike_tolls_is_called_illegal/ Ending Pike tolls is called illegal] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/02/us/02dig.html?ex=1320123600&en=77cd8e365332acaa&ei=5090 Late Design Change Is Cited in Collapse of Tunnel Ceiling in Boston] -- ''[[The New York Times]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/11/27/ag_alleging_negligence_will_sue_in_tunnel_cave_in/ AG, alleging negligence, will sue in tunnel cave-in] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/11/28/reilly_says_neglect_with_tunnel_was_criminal/ Reilly says neglect with tunnel was criminal] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://cache.boston.com/news/special/big_dig/reilly_lawsuit/complaint.pdf Commonwealth of Mass. v. Bechtel Corporation, et al.]
*[http://www.boston.com/news/traffic/bigdig/articles/2006/12/24/cheaper_faster_path_led_to_failure/ Cheaper, faster path led to failure] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/12/25/i_90_connector_west_opens/ I-90 connector west opens] -- ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
*[http://www.masspike.com/pdf/maps/90w_map.pdf Detailed Map of the I-90 West Connector Tunnel Opening]
*[http://www.masspike.com/pdf/maps/detour_map.pdf Detour Map]

{{compact state detail browse|type=I|route=90|state=Massachusetts|statebefore=New York}}

[[Category:Transportation in Boston, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Toll roads in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Tolled sections of Interstate Highways]]
[[Category:Interstate 90]]
[[Category:U.S. Route 20]]
[[Category:Freeways in the United States]]

American Independent Party

2008-10-19T12:54:06Z

RandomP: markup

{{Infobox American State Political Party
| party_name = Constitution Party of California
| party_articletitle = Constitution Party (United States)
| party_logo = 
| chairman = [[Jim King]]
| senateleader =
| houseleader =
| foundation = [[July 8]], [[1967]]
| colors =
| ideology = [[Paleoconservatism]]
| fiscalpolicy =
| socialpolicy =
| national = [[Constitution Party (United States)|Constitution Party]]
| headquarters = [[Address|8158 Palm Street]] [[Lemon Grove, California]] [[Zip Code|91945]]
|
| footnotes =
}}

The '''American Independent Party''' is a [[California]] [[political party]]. The party was established in 1967 by [[Bill Shearer]] and his wife Eileen.

In 1968, the American Independent Party nominated former [[Alabama]] [[Governor]] [[George C. Wallace]], as its presidential candidate and retired [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] [[General]] [[Curtis E. LeMay]] as the vice presidential candidate. Wallace ran on every state ballot in the [[1968 U.S. Presidential Election]]. Wallace did not represent the American Independent Party in all fifty states. In Connecticut, for instance, he was listed on the ballot as representing the "George Wallace Party." The 1968 presidential ticket received 13.5 percent of the popular vote and 46 electoral votes.

In [[1969]], representatives from 40 states established the [[The American Party|American Party]] as the successor to the American Independent Party. (In some places, such as Connecticut, the American Party was officially constituted as the American Conservative Party.) The official party flag adoption took place on August 30, 1970. The flag depicts an eagle holding a group of arrows in its left talons, over a [[compass rose]], with a banner which reads "The American Independent Party" at the eagle's base. In 1972, the party nominated former Congressman [[John G. Schmitz]] of [[California]] for president and [[Tennessee]] author [[Thomas J. Anderson|Thomas Jefferson Anderson]] for vice president. In [[1976]], the American Party split into the more moderate '''American Party''', which included more northern conservatives and Schmitz supporters, and the '''American Independent Party''', which focused on the deep South. Both of the parties have nominated candidates for the presidency and other offices. Neither the American Party nor the American Independent Party has had much national success.

The American Independent Party has had ballot status in the state of California since 1968 and is still active there. As of May 2008, AIP's registration total was 331,619.<ref>[http://ballot-access.org/2007/010107.html#11 Ballot Access News - January 1, 2007]</ref>

In the early 1980s, [[Bill Shearer]] led the American Independent Party into the [[Populist Party (United States)#Recent incarnations|Populist Party]]. Since 1992, the American Independent party has been the California affiliate of the national [[Constitution Party (United States)|Constitution Party]], formerly the [[U.S. Taxpayers Party]]. However, in 2008 one faction of the AIP broke with the Constitution Party and gave the ballot line (which it controlled) to [[Alan Keyes]], candidate of the similarly-named [[America's Independent Party]].

Many political analysts have theorized that the Party, which has received very few votes in recent California elections, maintains its state ballot status because people join the Party mistakenly believing that they are registering as an "independent," also known as a "non-partisan" or "decline-to-state" voter.<ref name=independent>''Voting at the Political Fault Line: California's Experiment With the Blanket Primary'' (2002), page 219. ISBN 0-520-22834-0.</ref>

One such voter was [[Jennifer Siebel]], fianceé of San Francisco's liberal Democratic mayor [[Gavin Newsom]]; in 2008, Siebel attempted to change her party affiliation from Republican to Non-Partisan, but "checked the American Independent box thinking that was what independent voters were supposed to do," according to the [[San Francisco Chronicle]].<ref name=indep>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/04/22/BAG510A1VD.DTL Newsom's girlfriend stumbles into wrong party]</ref>

== 2008 Split==

{{Infobox American State Political Party
| party_name = American Independent Party
| party_articletitle = Constitution Party (United States)
| party_logo = 
| chairman = Markham Robinson
| senateleader =
| houseleader =
| foundation = [[July 8]], [[1967]]
| colors =
| ideology = [[Paleoconservatism]]
| fiscalpolicy = [[Center-right]]
| socialpolicy = [[Far-right]]
| national = [[America's Independent Party]]
| headquarters = [[Address|1561 N. Beale Road]] [[Marysville, California|Marysville, CA]] [[Zip Code|95901]]
| website = http://aipca.org
| footnotes =
}}
During the 2008 presidential campaign, one recognizing Jim King as chairman of the AIP while the other, recognizing Ed Noonan as chairman, claims the old AIP Web site address while the King organization claims the AIP [[blog]] address. King's group met in Los Angeles on June 28-29, elected King to state chair. <ref>[http://thirdpartywatch.com/2008/06/30/aip-holds-its-state-convention-endorses-chuck-baldwin-and-reaffirms-cp-affiliation/]</ref> Ed Noonan's faction, which included 14 of the 23 AIP officers, held a convention in Sacramento on July 5, 2008. Issues in the split were US foreign policy and the influence of Constitution Party founder Howard Phillips on the state party.[http://horserace08.freedomblogging.com/category/third-party-candidates-and-possibilities/]

The King group elected to stay in the Constitution Party and supported its presidential candidate, [[Chuck Baldwin]]. It was not listed as the "Qualified Political Party" by the CA Secretary of State and Baldwin's name was not printed in the state's ballots.<ref>[http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/elections_f.htm California Secretary of State - Elections & Voter Information - Quaified Political Parties]</ref> King's group sued for ballot access
<ref>[http://thirdpartywatch.com/2008/07/22/statement-from-jim-king-aip-chairman/]</ref> and their case was dismissed without prejudice.[http://www.ballot-access.org/2008/08/26/keyes-wins-california-lawsuit-on-procedural-issues/]

The Noonan group voted to pull out of the Constitution Party and join a new outfit called America’s Independent Party, put together by perennial candidate [[Alan Keyes]] as a vehicle for his own presidential campaign.[http://horserace08.freedomblogging.com/category/third-party-candidates-and-possibilities/] Since Noonan was on record with the California Secretary of State as (outgoing) party chairman, Keyes was added to the state ballots as the AIP candidate.[http://thirdpartywatch.com/2008/07/22/3589/] This group elected Markham Robinson as its new chair at the convention.

The issue of who are the true officers of the AIP was not been decided in the ballot access court case. <ref>[http://www.ballot-access.org/2008/08/26/keyes-wins-california-lawsuit-on-procedural-issues/ Ballot Access News: Keyes Wins California Lawsuit on Procedural Issues]</ref> The future of the party after the November election is not clear. The King faction has removed all references to the American Independent Party from their website and is now billed as the Constitution Party of California. <ref>[http://www.aipcalif.blogspot.com/]</ref>

==Presidential candidates==
*[[U.S. presidential election, 1968|1968]] [[George C. Wallace]]
*[[U.S. presidential election, 1972|1972]] [[John G. Schmitz]]
*[[U.S. presidential election, 1976|1976]] [[Lester Maddox]]
*[[U.S. presidential election, 1980|1980]] [[John Rarick]]/Ray Brown- American Independent Party
*[[U.S. presidential election, 1992|1992]] [[Howard Phillips]] -- [[U.S. Taxpayers Party]]
*[[U.S. presidential election, 1996|1996]] [[Howard Phillips]] -- U.S. Taxpayers Party
*[[U.S. presidential election, 2000|2000]] [[Howard Phillips]] -- Constitution Party
*[[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004]] [[Michael A. Peroutka]] -- [[Constitution Party (United States)|Constitution Party]]
*[[U.S. presidential election, 2008|2008]] [[Alan Keyes]] -- [[America's Independent Party]] (disputed)
==California gubernatorial candidates==
The American Independent Party has nominated the following candidates for governor of California since becoming the California affiliate of the Constitution Party:

*[[California gubernatorial election, 1994|1994]] [[Jerome McCready]]
*[[California gubernatorial election, 1998|1998]] [[Nathan E. Johnson]]
*[[California gubernatorial election, 2002|2002]] [[Reinhold Gulke]]
*[[California recall election, 2003|2003]] [[Diane Beall Templin]]
*[[California gubernatorial election, 2006|2006]] [[Edward C. Noonan]]

==Chairmen/Vice-Chairmen==
*[[Bill Shearer]]: 1967-1999
*Nathan Johnson: 1999-2002
*Jim King/Reed R. Heustis: 2002-2004
*Nancy Spirkoff: 2004-2006
*[[Edward C. Noonan]]/Mark Seidenberg: 2006-2008
* ''Disputed: Chair is either [[Jim King]] or Markham Robinson'': 2008 - present

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://aipcalif.blogspot.com/ American Independent Party] King faction.
*[http://www.aip-ca.com/ American Independent Party of California] Noonan faction.
*[http://joincalifornia.com/party/American%20Independent American Independent Party at JoinCalifornia]
*[http://www.inbetweenpolitics.com/ In Between Politics]

{{CaliforniaPoliticalParties}}
{{USParty}}

[[Category:Political parties established in 1967]]
[[Category:American Independent Party]]
[[Category:Constitution Party (United States) by state]]

[[pl:Amerykańska Partia Niezależnych]]
[[ja:アメリカ独立党]]
[[ru:Американская независимая партия (США)]]

Benutzer:Parzi/Der privilegierte Planet

2008-07-05T03:32:50Z

RandomP: /* Controversies */ sp

{{Infobox_Book
| name = The Privileged Planet
| image =
| author = [[Guillermo Gonzalez (astronomer)|Guillermo Gonzalez]] and [[Jay Richards]]
| cover_artist =
| publisher = [[Regnery Publishing]]
| release_date = 2006
| media_type = Paperback
| pages =
| isbn =
}}

'''''The Privileged Planet: How Our Place in the Cosmos is Designed for Discovery''''' is a book by [[Guillermo Gonzalez (astronomer)|Guillermo Gonzalez]] and [[Jay Richards]] which claims there is scientific evidence that shows the Earth and life isn't a result of natural processes, but are the products of [[intelligent design]], a view firmly rejected within the [[scientific community]], and by a federal court ruling in the [[United States]].<ref>[http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2006/pdf/0219boardstatement.pdf Statement on the Teaching of Evolution] [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], 2006.</ref><ref>[http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6024&page=1 Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences, Second Edition] [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], 1999.</ref><ref>[[Wikisource:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District/4:Whether ID Is Science#Page 83 of 139|Ruling, Kitzmiller v. Dover page 83]]</ref><ref>"Not a single expert witness over the course of the six week trial identified one major scientific association, society or organization that endorsed ID as science." [[wikisource:Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District/4:Whether_ID_Is_Science#Page_70_of_139|Ruling, page 70]] [[Kitzmiller v. Dover]].</ref><ref>[http://www.nih.gov/nihrecord/07_28_2006/story03.htm Finding the Evolution in Medicine], Cynthia Delgado, NIH Record, [[National Institutes of Health]], Vol. LVIII, No. 15, July 28, 2006</ref> Both Gonzalez and Richards are associated with the [[Discovery Institute]], the hub of the [[intelligent design movement]]; Gonzalez serves as a senior fellow of the Discovery Institute's [[Center for Science and Culture]].

==Controversies==
The book served as the basis for a movie by the same name, which was at the center of a number of controversies due to the Discovery Institute promoting both the book and the film as part of their [[Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns|campaigns]] promoting intelligent design as valid science despite the [[scientific community]]'s statements and a federal court's ruling that it is not. (see: [[Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District]])

The Institute has alleged that the book is "at the heart of the attacks on Iowa State University astronomer Guillermo Gonzalez" and played a role in [[Guillermo_Gonzalez_%28astronomer%29#Tenure_Controversy|his denial of tenure]] and that it provoked more than 120 of Gonzalez's faculty colleagues (about 7 percent of his staff)<ref>The Spiritual Brain, p. 24</ref> to sign a petition in 2005 denouncing intelligent design and urging all other faculty members to do the same.<ref>[http://www.evolutionnews.org/2007/05/praise_from_scientists_for_the.html#more Praise from Scientists for The Privileged Planet] Discovery Institute, Evolutionnews.org</ref>

William H. Jefferys, a Professor of Astronomy at the [[University of Texas at Austin]], reviewed the book writing "the little that is new in this book isn't interesting, and what is old is just old-hat [[creationism]] in a new, modern-looking astronomical costume."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/articles/784_review_of_emthe_privileged_p_6_7_2005.asp | title=Review of The Privileged Planet | publisher=[[National Center for Science Education]] | date= July 2005 | first= | last= | accessdate = 2006-10-18}}</ref>

==External links==
*{{imdb title|id=0495399|title=The Privileged Planet}}
*[http://www.epicidiot.com/evo_cre/vr_privileged_planet.htm Critical review of "The Privileged Planet"]
*[http://veritas.org/media/presenters/326 MP3/Quicktime files of Guillermo Gonzalez presenting his arguments]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

[[Category:Intelligent design books|Privileged Planet]]
[[Category:Regnery Publishing|Privileged Planet]]

Mills’ Konstante

2006-06-19T21:52:09Z

RandomP: bring in line with mathworld text: this appears to be the correct definition

In [[mathematics]], it is known that there exist [[real number|real]] positive numbers θ such that the [[integer part]] of

:<math>\theta^{3^n}\,\!</math>

is a [[prime number]], for all positive integers ''n''. The least such number is called '''Mills' constant''' and is approximately
:1.30637788386308069046...

It is hard to calculate Mills' constant accurately (although several thousand digits are known), because to do that with the current state of knowledge one needs to know the primes it generates. There is no formula for this number as of now, and it is not even known if this number is [[rational number|rational]]. It is known, however, that the first few primes generated are 2, 11, 1361, 2521008887...

This constant is named after [[W. H. Mills]] who proved in [[1947]] the existence of θ based on results of [[Hoheisel]] and [[Ingham]] on the gaps between the primes.

==External link==

*[http://mathworld.wolfram.com/MillsConstant.html MathWorld page]

{{math-stub}}
[[Category:Mathematical constants]]
[[Category:Prime numbers]]
[[nl:Constante van Mills]]

Mills’ Konstante

2006-06-19T21:48:44Z

RandomP: notation

In [[mathematics]], it is known that there exists a [[mathematical constant|constant]] θ, called '''Mills' constant''', such that the [[integer part]] of

:<math>\theta^{3^n}\,\!</math>

is a [[prime number]], for all positive integers ''n''.

This constant is approximately
:1.30637788386308069046...

It is hard to calculate Mills' constant accurately (although several thousand digits are known), because to do that with the current state of knowledge one needs to know the primes it generates. There is no formula for this number as of now, and it is not even known if this number is [[rational number|rational]]. It is known, however, that the first few primes generated are 2, 11, 1361, 2521008887...

This constant is named after [[W. H. Mills]] who proved in [[1947]] the existence of θ based on results of [[Hoheisel]] and [[Ingham]] on the gaps between the primes.

==External link==

*[http://mathworld.wolfram.com/MillsConstant.html MathWorld page]

{{math-stub}}
[[Category:Mathematical constants]]
[[Category:Prime numbers]]
[[nl:Constante van Mills]]

Mills’ Konstante

2006-05-19T20:11:21Z

RandomP: force PNG rendering using \,\!; nested superscripts appear to be broken for html-if-possible.

In [[mathematics]], it is known that there exists a [[mathematical constant|constant]] θ, called '''Mills' constant''', such that the [[integer part]] of

:<math>\theta^{3^n}\,\!</math>

is a [[prime number]], for all positive integers ''n''.

This constant is approximately
:1.30637788386308069046...

It is hard to calculate Mills' constant accurately (although several thousand digits are known), because to do that with the current state of knowledge one needs to know the primes it generates. There is no formula for this number as of now, and it is not even known if this number is [[rational number|rational]]. It is known, however, that the first few primes generated are 2, 11, 1361, 2521008887...

This constant is named after [[W. H. Mills]] who proved in [[1947]] the existence of φ based on results of [[Hoheisel]] and [[Ingham]] on the gaps between the primes.

==External link==

*[http://mathworld.wolfram.com/MillsConstant.html MathWorld page]

{{math-stub}}
[[Category:Mathematical constants]]
[[Category:Prime numbers]]
[[nl:Constante van Mills]]

The End (The-Doors-Lied)

2006-03-10T22:42:53Z

RandomP: /* In film */ sp

'''"The End"''' is a song by [[The Doors]] from their [[The Doors (album)|self-titled album]]. It was gestated through months of performances at [[Los Angeles]]' [[Whisky A Go-Go]], but was released in March, [[1967]].

== Influences ==
The spoken-word section of the song includes the lines "Father/ Yes son?/ I want to kill you/ Mother, I want to...[[fuck]] you," (with the last two words screamed unintelligibly). This is often considered an homage to [[Sophocles]]' ''[[Oedipus the King]]'', a production of which [[Jim Morrison]] worked on while at [[Florida State University]].

Said Morrison in [[1969]], "Everytime I hear that song, it means something else to me. It could be goodbye to a kind of childhood." Morrison had also said that the song is an inside trip, and that "kill the father" means destroying everything hierarchical, controlling, and restrictive in one's psyche, while "fuck the mother" means embracing everything that is expansive, flowing, and alive in the psyche. This interpretation of his own lyrics recalls to us Morrison's lifelong passion for freedom. He may have been influenced by the [[Jungian]] concepts of [[individuation]] and [[archetype]]s, and was certainly influenced by [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]'s concept of going beyond the limited types of human beings that have so far existed by loving vitality and life ("the mother") while rejecting systems and traditions ("the father"). The lyrics' reference to "the Blue Bus" is almost certainly a reference to [[India|Indian]] [[mystic]] [[Meher Baba]]'s "[[Blue Bus]]" tours of the [[1930s]]. However, it may also be a reference to [[Santa Monica]]'s [[Big Blue Bus]] public bus lines or Fetrow's blue bus in which they took many trips in.

== Music ==
"The End" stands apart musically from everything that had been done before or since, though certain influences can be detected. [[Robby Krieger]]'s slinky, haunting guitar lines over D drone in DADGBD tuning recall Indian [[drone (music)|drone]] and [[raga]]-based music, as has often been noted, and the vital, unpredictable rolling and dramatic crescendoes of [[John Densmore]]'s drums recall Indian [[tabla]] rhythms. The music as a whole, though, does not sound entirely or even particularly "Indian". The sharp, ringing edge of the [[guitar]] recalls the 50s [[rock and roll]] style, while the fingerpicking attack may derive equally from the [[flamenco]] guitar style Krieger had studied as a youth and from alternate-tuned [[folk music|folk]]. [[Ray Manzarek]]'s organ is used sparingly to provide the inconspicuous but essential bass line (I-V-VIII-V-I-V...) and fills. One may find a strong similarity to Chopin's "Funeral March" theme and also to Sandy Bull's guitar instrumental "Blend" - but this probably has more to do with the quality of the melodic minor scale than with influence.

Structurally, the song rises to three separate mini-crescendoes separated by slower sections of half-spoken, half-sung lyrics before building to an enormous [[psychedelic]] crescendo right after Jim Morrison sings the "meet me at the back of the blue bus" verse. Previously, the song had been weaving along on its melodies to an encounter with the ruling powers of the mind, the controlling "father" structure and the longed-for "mother", or freedom. The final crescendo represents an attempt to break through to that freedom. Just afterward, "The End" departs on a wistful, post-orgasmic note when Morrison sings, "It hurts to set you free, but you'll never follow me. The end of laughter and soft lies, the end of nights we tried to die." In the context of Morrison's first interpretation quoted above, this lyric and the associated music that softly reiterates themes from the opening may mean that the comfort of childhood will be sacrificed for freedom.

== In film ==
"The End" was famously used as a [[framing device]] for [[Francis Ford Coppola]]'s [[1979]] film ''[[Apocalypse Now]]'', in which its dark, poetic passage marked the film's descent into the surreal. (The sound of helicopter rotors from the beginning of the film are often included in recordings of the song.)

This usage has led to other, often satirical usages, ranging from a sequence on ''[[The Simpsons]]'' television series in which the song plays while [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] contemplates suicide, to a [[Saturday Night Live]] sketch in which [[John McCain]] is driven to madness while campaigning for [[George W. Bush]] as a parody of ''Apocalypse Now''. The song was also used in [[Oliver Stone]]'s [[1991]] film ''[[The Doors (film)|The Doors]]'', where it plays while the band explored drugs in the desert.

In 2000, controversial superstar [[Marilyn Manson]] used the lyrics "Mother... I want to fuck you" to end his cover version another popular song by The Doors called 'Five to One' which can be heard as b-sides for the singles 'Disposable Teens' and 'The Fight Song' from the album [[Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death)]].

==External links==
*[http://www.thedoors.com/discography/?fa=thedoors# Lyrics]

[[Category:The Doors songs]]

[[fr:The End (musique)]]
[[ja:ジ・エンド (ソング)]]

Anekdotische Evidenz

2006-03-10T21:21:51Z

RandomP: sp

{{cleanup-date|March 2006}}
{{disputed}}
==Introduction==
There is no universal common usage of or accepted general meaning for '''Anecdotal evidence'''. "Anecdotal evidence" is an informal account of information from the teller's personal knowledge and experience, of information the teller has learned informally by hearsay or of information claimed to have existed which never has or whose existence cannot be verified independently of the teller. It may comprise any of or any combination of factual, fictional, true or false information. Examples of [[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anecdotal_evidence&action=submit#Conflicting_Definitions_.26_Usage Conflicting Definitions & Usage]] include:-
:"''non-scientific observations or studies, which do not provide proof but may assist research efforts''"
:::this excludes evidence other than "scientific" even if from careful study:-
:"''Report of clinical experiences based in individual cases''"
:::this is the "witness testimony" type eg. a consultant clinician's experience treating numerous patients
:"''describes information that is not based on facts or careful study''"
:::this covers evidence based neither on facts nor study and covers anything irrespective of reliability
:"''from personal interviews, public hearings, and surveys.''" and "''from the sense of anecdote `unpublished narratives or details of history'"''".
:::these are very different categories of evidence
:"''Information passed along by word-of-mouth but not documented scientifically''"
:::this covers oral information only and but excludes it from being "anecdotal" only if documented scientifically

==Common Feature==
The feature common to all forms of "anecdotal evidence" is that the ability to test its reliability by objective independent assessment may be in doubt. This is in turn a consequence of either the informal way the information is imparted or the manner in which it has been documented or both. The term is often used in relation to the claimed existence of evidence for which there is an absence of documentation. This leaves verification dependent on the acceptability of the credibility of the party laying claim to its existence.

==Anecdote & Witness Evidence==

Witness testimony is a common form of evidence in law and law has mechanisms to test witness evidence for reliability. Legal processes for the taking and assessment of evidence are usually formal. "Anecdotal evidence" is not therefore a category of evidence normally taken into account in or found in most developed legal judicial systems and there is therefore no place in law for a legal category of "anecdotal evidence".

Scientific method tends to demand a narrow range of evidence collected in controlled conditions so that sources of bias, for example, can be identified, eliminated or allowed for. Science consequently tends to exclude witness testimony as inherently unreliable, having tended not to develop and therefore lacking the means to test witness evidence. This has led to the use of the term "anecdotal evidence" by scientists for any form of witness testimony. A similar approach is commonly adopted in medicine. This has led to the exclusion and devaluation of witness evidence in these fields.

Whilst the term "anecdotal evidence" is used commonly in medicine, science and statistical methods in relation to statements like "My grandmother lived to 95, smoked constantly, and didn't die of lung cancer" such a statement is witness testimony by the teller. It is also evidence for the propositions that smoking does not cause lung cancer in some individuals or that the grandmother had lung cancer (diagnosed or not) but died from some other cause. Accordingly, in the absence of further evidence, it falls short of being proof.

Witness testimony can be tested and assessed for reliability. Examples of approaches to testing and assessment include the use of questioning, evidence of other witnesses, documents, video and forensic evidence.

Where a court lacks suitable means to test and assess testimony of a particular witness, such as the absence of forms of corroboration or substantiation it may afford that testimony limited or no "weight" when making a decision on the facts.

Part of the common confusion in usage of terms like "anecdotal evidence" stems from misunderstandings about the nature of evidence, its usage and how it differs from and what constitutes "proof". "Evidence" and "proof" are commonly used day-to-day interchangeably and inappropriately and this usage is particularly visible in mass media.

==Conflicting Definitions & Usage==
"anecdotal" "''Report of clinical experiences based in individual cases, rather than an organised
investigation with appropriate controls, etc.''" Origin: G. Anekdota, unpublished items, fr.
An-priv + ekidomi, to publish - [[http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?anecdotal]]

"anecdotal" adjective - describes information that is not based on facts or careful study:
anecdotal evidence [[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=2834&dict=CALD]]

"1 entry found for anecdotal evidence.
Main Entry: anecdotal evidence
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: non-scientific observations or studies, which do not provide proof but may assist
research efforts
Example: This chapter provides anecdotal evidence from personal interviews, public hearings,
and surveys.
Etymology: from the sense of anecdote `unpublished narratives or details of history'"
Source: Webster's New Millennium™ Dictionary of English, Preview Edition (v 0.9.6)
Copyright © 2003-2005 Lexico Publishing Group, LLC

"2 definitions found for anecdotal
From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 :
Anecdotal \An"ec*do`tal\, a.
Pertaining to, or abounding with, anecdotes; as, anecdotal
conversation.
[1913 Webster]

From WordNet (r) 2.0 :
anecdotal
adj 1: having the character of an anecdote; "anecdotal evidence"
2: characterized by or given to telling anecdotes; "anecdotal
conversation"; "an anectodal history of jazz"; "he was at
his anecdotic best" [syn: anecdotic, anecdotical]"

"One entry found for anecdotal.
Main Entry: an·ec·dot·al
Pronunciation: "a-nik-'dO-t&l
Function: adjective
1 a : of, relating to, or consisting of anecdotes <an anecdotal biography> b : ANECDOTIC 2 <my
anecdotal uncle>
2 : based on or consisting of reports or observations of usually unscientific observers <anecdotal
evidence>
3 : of, relating to, or being the depiction of a scene suggesting a story <anecdotal painting>
<anecdotal detail>
- an·ec·dot·al·ly /-t&l-E/ adverb"
[[http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/anecdotal]]

an·ec·dot·al adj.
1. also an·ec·dot·ic [-dtk] or an·ec·dot·i·cal [--kl] Of, characterized by, or full of
anecdotes.
2. Based on casual observations or indications rather than rigorous or scientific analysis:
"There are anecdotal reports of children poisoned by hot dogs roasted over a fire of the
[oleander] stems" (C. Claiborne Ray).
[[http://www.yourdictionary.com/ahd/a/a0294100.html]]

Definitions of Anecdotal Evidence on the Web:
* Information passed along by word-of-mouth but not documented scientifically.
www.nechakowhitesturgeon.org/sturgeon/glossary/index.php
* Anecdotal evidence is unreliable evidence based on personal experience that has not been
empirically tested, and which is often used in an argument as if it had been scientifically or
statistically proven. The person using anecdotal evidence may or may not be aware of the fact
that, by doing so, they are generalizing.
[[en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdotal evidence]]

Anecdotal Evidence: Anecdotal Evidence is information you obtain from a subjective report, an
observation, or some kind of example that may or may not be reliable. In addition, anecdotal
evidence is not scientifically valid or representative of a larger group or of conditions in
another location.
[[http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.cfm?term=Anecdotal%20Evidence]]

This webpage which exemplifies further contrasting approaches to "anecdotal evidence" [[http://www.tcnj.edu/~rgraham/rhetoric/anecdotes.html]]

See also [[http://www2.sjsu.edu/depts/itl/graphics/claims/premise.html]]:-
:''"Explanations and anecdotes. Sometimes, we are more willing to accept a premise if we are given background information or specific examples. Such explanations and accounts are not given the importance of evidence or authority in an argument. Anecdotal evidence, for example, is by definition less statistically reliable than other sorts of evidence, and explanations do not carry the weight of authority. But both anecdotal evidence and explanations may affect our understanding of a premise, and therefore influence our judgment. The relative strength of an explanation or an anecdote is usually a function of its clarity and applicability to the premise it is supporting.''

:''The various sorts of support for a premise--supporting arguments, evidence, authority, and explanations and anecdotes--interact in what we might call a hierarchy of support or evidence, in which one sort is given priority over another. In a murder trial, for example, the prosecution is usually based on the assumption that the jury's hierarchy of evidence will have at the top physical evidence (fingerprints, blood samples), especially as explained by technical authorities (forensic pathologists, ballistics experts), followed by eyewitness accounts, then by other sorts of authorities (psychologists, sociologists), and finally by explanations and anecdotes (character witnesses, personal histories). If the prosecution is right, their strong physical evidence and eyewitness accounts will outweigh the defendant's character witnesses, because of their relative placement in the jury's hierarchy of evidence. However, because that hierarchy is determined by each individual on a case-by-case basis, one can never be totally sure how any one piece of support will be accepted.''

:''Facts and Opinions. In the section on statements, we distinguish between three kinds of claims: verifiable, evaluative, and advocatory. Generally speaking, evidence takes the form of a verifiable statement, and authority takes the form of an evaluative statement. We have avoided using the terms "fact" and "opinion," in part because of the strong connotations these words carry. People tend to think that "facts" are much more reliable and convincing than "opinions," yet many "facts," such as statistical surveys, scientific measurements, and historical events, are ultimately based on "opinions." Thus, the difference between verifiable evidence ("The victim's blood was found on the suspect's clothes") and evaluative authority ("According to my analysis, the sample taken from the suspect's clothes matches the victim's blood type), is often more a matter of presentation than of fact vs. opinion.''

== Examples of usage of "anecdotal evidence" ==
*[http://www.med.govt.nz/ri/insolvency/review/consultation/lawcomreview/lawcomreview-04.html Overall Assessment of Approach and Analysis of the Law Commission Report] Ministry of Economic Development, New Zealand
*[http://www.sprengerlang.com/legal/terms Legal Terms & Definitions] Sprenger & Lang, Attorneys
*[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5269131/ Judge certifies Wal-Mart class action lawsuit] MSBN, June 22, 2004
*[http://phoenix.gov/CITYGOV/disparty.html Second Generation Disparity Study Final Report] City of Phoenix study

== Examples of "anecdotal evidence" being confused with witness testimony and "proof" ==
* [http://www.santarosa.edu/~dpeterso/permanenthtml/propaganda/prop_anecdotal.htm "Anecdotal Evidence"] from a course in [[Critical thinking]] at [[Santa Rosa Junior College]].

== Examples of "Anecdotal" being used interchangeably with and confused with "Witness" testimony ==
* [http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/skeptic/anecdotal.html "Anecdotal Evidence"].
* [http://skepdic.com/testimon.html "Anecdotal (testimonial) evidence"], from the [[skepticism|Skeptic]]'s Dictionary.

==See also==
* [[Faulty generalization]]
* [[Hasty generalization]]
* [[Scientific method]]

[[Category:Evidence]]
[[da:Anekdotisk evidens]]
[[he:ממצא אנקדוטלי]]