Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Flutkatastrophe in China 1931

2013-10-14T19:05:43Z

RandomLittleHelper: Billion on the orders of magnitude of the entire population of the world (HG)

{{Infobox flood
|image location = Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12231,_China,_Überschwemmungsopfer.jpg
|image name = Victims of the flooding in August 1931
|image size = 350px
|name = 1931 China floods
|duration = July–November 1931 (depending on river)
|total fatalities = 145,000–4,000,000<ref name=ZHch>[http://2004.chinawater.com.cn/jlsx/zy/20040716/200407160089.asp 中国水利网 (in Chinese)]. Chinawater.com.cn. Retrieved 13 November 2012.</ref><ref name="pietz" /><ref name="pbsn" /><ref name="Glantz" />
|areas affected = [[Yellow River]], [[Yangtze River]], [[Huai River]]
}}

The '''1931 Central China floods''' or the '''Central China floods of 1931''' were a series of floods that occurred in the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. The floods are generally considered among the deadliest [[natural disaster]]s ever recorded, and almost certainly the deadliest of the 20th century (when [[pandemic]]s and [[famines]] are discounted).<ref name="pietz">Pietz, David (2002). ''Engineering the State: The Huai River and Reconstruction in Nationalist China 1927–1937''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93388-9. pg xvii, pg 61–70.</ref> Estimates of the total death toll range from 145,000<ref name=ZHch/> to between 3.7 million and 4 million.<ref name="pbsn">[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/flood/deluge.html "Dealing with the Deluge"]. PBS NOVA Online. 26 March 1996. Retrieved 12 February 2013.</ref><ref name="Glantz">Glantz, Mickey. Glantz, Michael H (2003). ''Climate Affairs: A Primer''. Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-919-9. pg 252.</ref><ref name="noaanews">[http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s334b.htm "NOAA'S top global weather, water and climate events of the 20th century"]. NOAA.gov. 13 December 1999. Retrieved 29 November 2012.</ref>

==Meteorological causes==
From 1928 to 1930, a long [[drought]] afflicted China.<ref name="Glantz" /> By some accounts, abnormal weather over [[central China]] began in the winter of late 1930. Heavy [[snowstorm]]s in the winter were followed by a spring thaw and heavy rains that raised river levels significantly. The rain grew heavier in July and August 1931.<ref name="pietz" /> 1931 was also characterized by extreme [[cyclone]] activity—in July of that year alone, seven cyclones hit the region, whereas on average only two occur per year.<ref name="pietz" />

==Death toll and damage==
Chinese sources usually indicate the death toll of the [[Yangtze River]] overflow at about 145,000, with flood damage affecting around 28.5 million,<ref name=ZHch/> while most Western sources give a far higher death toll of between 3.7 and 4 million people.<ref name="pietz" /><ref name="pbsn" /><ref name="Glantz" />

===Yangtze River===
The worst period of flooding was from July to August 1931.<ref name="Glantz" /> In July alone, four [[weather station]]s along the Yangtze River reported rain totaling over {{convert|2|ft|in}} for the month.<ref name="pietz" />

===Huai River===
The Yangtze and [[Huai River]] floods soon reached [[Nanjing]], the [[Historical capitals of China|capital of China]] at the time. The city, located on an island in a massive flood zone, suffered catastrophic damage.<ref name="pietz" /> Millions died of drowning or from waterborne diseases such as [[cholera]] and [[typhus]]. Wives and daughters were sold by desperate residents, and cases of [[infanticide]] and even [[cannibalism]] were reported in stark details to the government.<ref name="pietz" /> Some of the areas affected included [[Hubei]], [[Hunan]], [[Jiangxi]], [[Hankou District|Hankou]], [[Wuhan]], [[Hanyang District|Hanyang]] and [[Chongqing]]. The high-water mark was reached on 19 August at Hankou, with the water level exceeding {{convert|53|ft|m|abbr=on}} above normal. Comparatively, this is an average of {{convert|5.6|ft|m|abbr=on}} above [[the Bund|the Shanghai Bund]].<ref name="pietz" /><ref>Winchester, Simon (2004). ''The River at the Center of the World: A Journey Up the Yangtze, and Back in Chinese Time.'' Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-42337-3.</ref> On the evening of 25 August 1931, the water rushing through the [[Grand Canal (China)|Grand Canal]] washed away [[Dike (construction)|dikes]] near Gaoyou Lake. Some 200,000 people drowned in their sleep in the resulting deluge.<ref name="pietz" />

==Government reactions==
===Republic era (1930s–1940s)===
In the wake of the disaster, the [[Kuomintang|Nationalist]] government set up organisations such as the Huai River Conservancy Commission to address flood problems.<ref name="pietz" /> However, due to a lack of funding and the chaos of the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] and the subsequent [[Chinese Civil War]], the various commissions were only able to construct small dams along the Yangtze River.<ref name="Li">Li, Cheng & Barnett, Arthur Doak (1997). ''Rediscovering China: Dynamics and Dilemmas of Reform''. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-8338-9. pg 168–169.</ref>

===Communist era (1949–present)===
In 1953, after the end of the Civil War, [[Chinese Communist Party]] leader [[Mao Zedong]] travelled to the Yangtze River to promote the [[Three Gorges Dam]] flood control project. "The [[Socialist]] Three Gorges Dam project should excel other major projects in Chinese history such as [[Qin Shi Huang]]'s [[Great Wall of China|Great Wall]] and [[Emperor Yang of Sui|Sui Yang Di]]'s [[Grand Canal (China)|Grand Canal]]", he stated.<ref name="Li" />

Scientists and officials who raised doubts, such as [[Chen Mingshu]], were persecuted as [[rightists]]. [[Li Siguang]], a prominent scientist and minister of geological resources, told Mao he would commit [[suicide]] if he could not stop the construction of the dam.<ref name="Li" /> The project did not move beyond the planning stage in Mao's time, due to a lack of resources, rising [[Sino-Soviet split|Sino-Soviet tensions]] and the upheavals of the [[Great Leap Forward]].<ref name="Li" /> The project was restarted in the 1980s, and the [[hydroelectric]] Three Gorges Dam began full operation in 2012, becoming the world's largest [[power station]] in terms of installed capacity at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2178951/Three-Gorges-Worlds-powerful-dam-opens-China-gushing-water-generates-power-15-nuclear-reactors.html|title=Breathtaking force: World's most powerful dam opens in China as gushing water generates the same power as FIFTEEN nuclear reactors|work=[[The Daily Mail]]|date=25 July 2012|accessdate=13 September 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[1887 Yellow River flood]]
*[[1938 Yellow River flood]]
*[[List of deadliest natural disasters]]
*[[Natural disasters in China]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ilib.cn/A-dflt200704019.html "An Analysis of Flood and Social Risks Based on the 1931 Changjiang & Huai River Flood During the Republic of China"]. ILIB.cn.
*[http://www.cqvip.com/QK/97113X/200701/23772396.html "Extremely heavy meiyu over the Yangtze and Huaihe vaneies in 1931"] (in Chinese). CQVIP.com.

{{DEFAULTSORT:1931 China Floods}}
[[Category:1931 natural disasters|Yellow River]]
[[Category:Yellow River floods]]
[[Category:Yangtze River floods]]
[[Category:Huai River floods]]
[[Category:1931 in China|China Floods, 1931]]
[[Category:1931 floods|China Floods, 1931]]

J. J. Watt

2012-10-11T01:31:39Z

RandomLittleHelper: Reverted edits by J.J. Watt's Biggest Fan (talk) to last revision by RandomLittleHelper (HG)

{{Infobox NFL player
|name=J.J. Watt
|image=JJ Watt.JPG
|caption=Watt in the 2012 NFL season.
|currentteam=Houston Texans
|currentposition=Defensive end
|currentnumber=99
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1989|3|22}}
|birth_place=[[Pewaukee, Wisconsin]]
|heightft=6
|heightin=6
|weight=295
|college=[[Wisconsin Badgers football|Wisconsin]]
|draftyear=2011
|draftround=1
|draftpick=11
|debutyear=2011
|debutteam=Houston Texans
|finalyear=
|finalteam=
|statweek=4
|statseason=2012
|statlabel1=[[Tackle (football move)|Tackles]]
|statvalue1=76
|statlabel2=[[Quarterback sack|Sacks]]
|statvalue2=13.0
|statlabel3=[[Interception (American football)|INTs]]
|statvalue3=0
|statlabel4=[[Forced fumbles]]
|statvalue4=0
|pastteams=<nowiki></nowiki>
* [[Houston Texans]] ({{NFL Year|2011}}–present)
|status=Active
|highlights=<nowiki></nowiki>
* [[Big Ten]] Defensive Player of the Week (12-5-09 at Hawaii, 10-23-10 at Iowa and 11-27-10 vs. Northwestern)
* Wisconsin Team Co-MVP ([[2010 Wisconsin Badgers football team|2010]])
* 2010 [[Lott Trophy]]
* Associated Press All-American 2nd Team ([[2010 College Football All-America Team|2010]])
* [[Sports Illustrated|SI.com]] All-American 2nd Team ([[2010 College Football All-America Team|2010]])
|nfl=WAT579210
}}
'''Justin James "J. J." Watt'''<ref>{{cite web|last=Lucas |first=Mike |url=http://www.uwbadgers.com/blog/2011/07/lucas-at-large-catching-up-with-jj-watt.html |title=Lucas at Large: Catching up with J.J. Watt |publisher=UWBadgers.com |date=2011-07-19 |accessdate=2012-10-09}}</ref> (born March 22, 1989) is an [[American football]] [[defensive end]] for the [[Houston Texans]] of the [[National Football League]]. He was drafted 11th overall by the Houston Texans in the [[2011 NFL Draft]]. He played [[college football]] at [[Wisconsin Badgers football|Wisconsin]].

==Early years==
Watt was born in [[Pewaukee, Wisconsin]]. He attended [[Pewaukee High School]] in [[Pewaukee, Wisconsin]]. He played both defensive end and [[tight end]]. Watt also lettered in baseball, basketball, and track during his high school career. As a senior, Watt was state champion in the shot put.

==College career==
===Central Michigan===
Watt attended [[Central Michigan University]] for one year in 2007. While there, he played tight end and caught eight passes for 77 yards. Frustrated by his lack of direction at Central Michigan, he left school and began delivering pizzas. After a somber encounter with a fan, he regained his focus, telling himself, "I don't want to be delivering pizzas. I want to be playing football."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chron.com/sports/texans/article/Solomon-Texans-first-round-pick-Watt-driven-to-1685537.php |title=Solomon: Texans' first-round pick Watt driven to succeed - Houston Chronicle |publisher=Chron.com |date=2011-04-30 |accessdate=2012-10-09}}</ref> Shortly after, he enrolled at Wisconsin.

===Wisconsin===
After being redshirted in 2008, Watt started all 13 games at defensive end in 2009. He finished the season with 44 tackles and four sacks.

In the 2010 season, Watt finished the regular season with 59 tackles, seven [[Quarterback sack|sacks]], two fumble recoveries, and an [[interception]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/player/stats?playerId=238947 |title=ESPN.com profile |publisher=Sports.espn.go.com |date= |accessdate=2012-10-09}}</ref> Watt was the 2010 recipient of the [[Lott Trophy]] and was a finalist for the [[Ted Hendricks Award]].

===College statistics===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year !! Team !! Tackles !! TFL–yards !! Sacks–yards !! FR
|-
| '''2009''' || [[University of Wisconsin Madison|Wisconsin]] || 44 || 15.5–53 || 4.5–19 || 2
|-
| '''2010''' || [[University of Wisconsin Madison|Wisconsin]] || 62 || 21.0–91 || 7.0–56 || 2
|- style="background:#555; font-weight:bold; color:white;"
| colspan=2 | College totals || 106 || 36.5–144|| 11.5–75 || 4
|}

==Professional career==
On January 6, 2011, Watt announced that he would forgo his senior year of college to enter the [[2011 NFL Draft]].

===2011 NFL Draft===
{{nfl predraft
| height ft = 6
| height in = 5⅜
| weight = 290
| dash = 4.81
| ten split = 1.64
| twenty split = 2.71
| shuttle = 4.21
| cone drill = 6.88
| vertical = 37
| broad ft = 10
| broad in = 0
| bench = 34
| wonderlic = x
| arm span = 34
| hand span = 11⅛
| note = All values from NFL Combine<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/combine/profiles/J.J.-Watt?id=2495488#tabs:tab-overview |title=NFL Events: Combine Player Profiles - J.J. Watt |publisher=Nfl.com |date= |accessdate=2012-10-09}}</ref><ref>http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=active&biw=1260&bih=839&q=jj+watt+nfldraft++scout&aq=f&aqi=g-l3&aql=&oq=</ref>
}}

On April 28, 2011, Watt was drafted 11th overall to the [[Houston Texans]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uwbadgers.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/010611aaa.html |title=Watt to enter NFL draft - UWBadgers.com - The Official Web Site of The Wisconsin Badgers Athletics |publisher=UWBadgers.com |date= |accessdate=2012-10-09}}</ref> On July 31, 2011, Watt was signed to a four-year contract with the Texans worth $11,237,000, which includes a signing bonus of $6,672,000.<ref>[http://www.myfoxhouston.com/dpp/sports/nfl/110731-texans-reach-contract-agreement-with-j.j.-watt ]{{dead link|date=October 2012}}</ref> In his first regular season game with the Texans, Watt recorded five tackles (all solo) and recovered a fumble.

Watt finished the regular season with 56 tackles (48 of them solo stops), 5½ sacks, 2 fumble recoveries, 4 passes defensed, and a blocked field goal.

In the Texans' first ever playoff game on January 7, 2012 against the [[Cincinnati Bengals]], Watt intercepted quarterback [[Andy Dalton]] and returned it for his first career NFL touchdown to give Houston a 17-10 lead. The Texans won 31-10. Interestingly, Dalton had been the Quarterback that beat Watt's Badgers in the [[2011 Rose Bowl]] the year before.

In the Divisional Round against the [[Baltimore Ravens]] on January 15, 2012, Watt sacked quarterback [[Joe Flacco]] 2½ times, equal to fellow rookie [[Brooks Reed]]. However, the Texans lost 20-13, ending the franchise's first playoff run.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://espn.go.com/nfl/player/_/id/13979/jj-watt ESPN bio]
*[http://www.uwbadgers.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/watt_jj00.html Wisconsin Badgers bio]
*[http://www.houstontexans.com/team/roster/J.J.-Watt/b44e970b-c671-4671-a527-8ecc06f5b7b9 Houston Texans bio]

{{Lott Trophy}}
{{2011 NFL Draft}}
{{TexansFirstPick}}
{{Texans2011DraftPicks}}
{{Houston Texans roster navbox}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Watt, Jj
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American football player
| DATE OF BIRTH = March 22, 1989
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Pewaukee, Wisconsin
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Watt, Jj}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American football defensive ends]]
[[Category:Central Michigan Chippewas football players]]
[[Category:Wisconsin Badgers football players]]
[[Category:Houston Texans players]]
[[Category:Players of American football from Wisconsin]]
[[Category:People from Waukesha County, Wisconsin]]

[[fr:J. J. Watt]]
[[it:J.J. Watt]]

J. J. Watt

2012-10-11T01:30:26Z

RandomLittleHelper: Reverted edits by J.J. Watt's Biggest Fan (talk) to last revision by Hajatvrc (HG)