Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Benutzer:E235JREMU/Bombardier Electrostar

2008-10-30T15:59:55Z

Random user 8384993: /* Diagram */ added Gautrain

[[Image:375609 at London Victoria.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Electrostar trains are the new standard on many of London’s commuter routes.]]
[[Image:Hastings line train interior.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Interior of a Southeastern electrostar ([[British Rail Class 375|Class 375]]).]]
'''Electrostar''' is the name given to a series of related [[electric multiple unit|electric multiple-unit]] passenger trains manufactured by [[Bombardier Transportation]], formerly [[Adtranz|ADtranz]]. Since the [[privatisation of British Rail]], it has become the most common new EMU type in [[UK|Britain]], where different variants referred to as [[British Rail Class 357|Class 357]], [[British Rail Class 375|Class 375]], [[British Rail Class 376|Class 376]], and [[British Rail Class 377|Class 377]] are most common on the high-volume commuter routes in [[South London]] and to the [[Sussex]], [[Kent]] & South [[Essex]] coasts. It shares the same bodyshell and core structure as the [[Turbostar]], which is in turn the most common post-privatisation [[diesel multiple unit]] family. Most of the Electrostar fleet were assembled at Bombardier’s [[Derby Carriage and Wagon Works|Derby]] works.

The Electrostar has also been selected for use on the [[Gautrain]] system in [[South Africa]], a new railway between [[Johannesburg]], [[Pretoria]], and the [[Johannesburg International Airport]]. The trains will be assembled by [[UCW Partnership]] in South Africa from components made in Derby. [http://www.bombardier.com/en/0_0/pressleft.jsp?group=0_0&lan=en&action=view&mode=search&year=null&id=2879&sCateg=1_0]

[[Transport for London]] (TfL) [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/press-centre/press-releases/press-releases-content.asp?prID=882 announced] in [[August 2006]] that it had ordered 48 three- and four-car Electrostar trains for the [[London Overground]] service, which will replace the [[British Rail Class 313|Class 313]] & [[British Rail Class 508|Class 508]] on the [[North London Line]] and [[West London Line]] in 2009 and will provide the opening service on the new [[East London Line]] extension in 2010. These have been categorised by [[Network Rail]] as [[British Rail Class 378|Class 378]].

==Electrostar variants==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Class !! Image !! Operator !! Introduced !! Number !! Power !! Carriages !! Door configuration !! End gangways
|-
|| [[British Rail Class 357|357]] || [[Image:357036 at Southend Central.jpg|100px]] || [[c2c]] || 1999 || 72 || AC electric || 4 || "Plug" style || No
|-
|| [[British Rail Class 375|375]]*<br /> || [[Image:NewCross-375913-01crop.jpg|100px]]||[[Southeastern (train operating company)|Southeastern]] || 1999 || 112 || DC electric** || 3 or 4 || "Plug" style || Yes
|-
|| [[British Rail Class 376|376]] || [[Image:Class376londonbridge.jpg|100px]] ||[[Southeastern (train operating company)|Southeastern]]|| 2004 || 36 || DC electric** || 5 || Wider "metro" style || No
|-
|| [[British Rail Class 377|377]]*|| [[Image:Southern 377203 at Kensington Olympia 03.jpg|100px]] || [[Southern (train operating company)|Southern]], [[First Capital Connect]]*** || 2002 || 182 || DC electric** || 3 or 4 || "Plug" style || Yes
|-
|| [[British Rail Class 378|378]]<br><small>(Building) || || [[London Overground]] || 2009 || 54 || Dual Voltage**** || 4 || Wider "metro" style || No
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Classes 375 and 377 differ only in their coupler configuration and other minor fittings; all Southern units built as Class 375 have since been converted to Class 377 couplers and re-classed. Minor differences in interior trim remain.<br />
<nowiki>**</nowiki> Forty-five units of the 375/6 and 377/2 sub-classes are configured for dual-voltage operation, and others have been constructed so as to allow future conversion to AC power.<br />
<nowiki>***</nowiki> First Capital Connect will run 23 four car Class 377 on the Thameslink route from March 2009. All trains will be dual-voltage.<br />
<nowiki>****</nowiki> Class 378 is being constructed in two separate batches - 24 four car units designated as Class 378/0 with dual voltage capability will be utilised on the [[North London Line]] and [[West London Line]], while 23 four car units designated Class 378/1 that are DC electric only will be utilised on the [[East London Line]].<br />
The component drawings were done by a Norwegian Product Development Company named Techni AS.<br />

==Electrostar routes==
=== c2c ===
The c2c fleet is now formed entirely of units of Class 357, used on services from [[Fenchurch Street railway station|Fenchurch Street]] down the [[London, Tilbury and Southend Railway|LTS Line]] to [[Southend]] and [[Shoeburyness]].
=== Southeastern ===
The Class 375 is the backbone of Southeastern's long distance routes, seeing services on most of its lines originating from its London termini ([[London Victoria station|Victoria]], [[Charing Cross railway station|Charing Cross]], [[Cannon Street station|Cannon Street]] and [[London Bridge station|London Bridge]]) including;
*[[Chatham Main Line]]
**[[Maidstone East Line]]
*[[South Eastern Main Line]]
**[[Hastings Line]]
**[[Ashford to Ramsgate (via Canterbury West) line]]
**[[Kent Coast Line]]
*[[North Kent Line]]
*Limited use on London Bridge to [[Tunbridge Wells railway station|Tunbridge Wells]] via the [[Brighton Main Line]] and [[Redhill to Tonbridge Line]] service.

On the outer suburban portions of these above routes, [[British Rail Class 465|Class 465]]/9 ''Networker''s support the ''Electrostar''s, but they do not work in multiple together.

The Class 376 operates on the metro routes in suburban London, in conjunction with the Class 465 and [[British Rail Class 466|Class 466]] [[Networker (train)|''Networker''s]], operating over the London portion of the above lines from the London Termini (including [[Blackfriars station|Blackfriars]]) out to [[Dartford railway station|Dartford]] and [[Sevenoaks railway station|Sevenoaks]]);

*North Kent Line (to Dartford)
*[[Bexleyheath Line]] (to Dartford)
*[[Dartford Loop Line]] (to Dartford)
*[[Chatham Main Line]] (to Sevenoaks)
*Maidstone East Line (to Sevenoaks)
*South Eastern Main Line (to Sevenoaks)
*[[Hayes Line]]

This leaves the few rural lines ([[Medway Valley Line]], [[Sheerness Line]] and Redhill to Tonbridge Line) operated by [[British Rail Class 508|Class 508s]] assisted by [[British Rail Class 466|Class 466s]] (2 car Networkers) who also operate solely on the [[Bromley North Line]].

===Southern===
Southern's Class 377 fleet usually operate on the operator's mid and long distance routes, but can occasionally be found on suburban services usually operated by [[British Rail Class 455|Class 455s]] and [[British Rail Class 456|Class 456s]].
====Main lines====
*[[Brighton Main Line]] (Victoria–Gatwick-Brighton)
*[[East Coastway Line|East Coastway]] (Brighton–Eastbourne/Hastings)
*[[West Coastway Line|West Coastway]] (Brighton–Portsmouth/Southampton)
*[[Arun Valley Line]] (Victoria–Horsham/Littlehampton/Chichester)
*[[West London Line]] (Brighton–Watford Junction) (Using Dual Voltage class 377/2)

====Outer suburban====
*London Victoria–Horsham via Dorking
*London Victoria–East Grinstead
*London Bridge–Horsham via East Croydon

The 377s are sometimes found on suburban duties at peak hours, such as:

*London Victoria–Dorking via Sutton
*London Victoria–Epsom Downs
*London Bridge-Guildford

377s can be also found running overnight on Southern London Victoria–Brighton duties at 1:00am and 4:00am, calling at Clapham Junction, East Croydon, Horley, Gatwick Airport, Three Bridges.

===London Overground===
London Overground will operate its new Class 378s over four lines around London:
*[[North London Line]] (Richmond-Stratford)
*[[West London Line]] (Clapham Junction-Harrow and Wealdstone)
*[[Watford DC Line]] (Euston-Watford)
*[[East London Line]] (Crystal Palace/West Croydon-Highbury & Islington)

The fifth major route it is responsible for, the [[Gospel Oak to Barking Line]], is not electrified. For this, London Overground is obtaining new lightweight [[Turbostar]] trains.

===First Capital Connect===
From March 2009 First Capital Connect will run 23 x 4 car Class 377's on the [[Thameslink]] Bedford to Brighton route. Trains have started testing in June 2008.
*[[Thameslink]], Bedford to Birghton, From March 2009.

==Diagram==
===Class 357, c2c===
[[Image:Class 357 c2c Diagram.PNG|800px]]
===Class 375, Southeastern===
[[Image:Southeastern Class 375 Diagram.PNG|800px]]
===Class 376, Southeastern===
[[Image:Class 376 Southeastern Diagram.PNG|800px]]
===Class 377, Southern===
[[Image:Southern Class 377 Diagram.PNG|800px]]
===Class 378, London Overground===
[[Image:Class 378 London Overground Diagram.PNG|800px]]
===Gautrain===
[[Image:Gautrain Electrostar.PNG|800px]]

==See Also==
*[[Bombardier]]
*[[Southern (train operating company)]]
*[[Southeastern (train operating company)]]
*[[London Overground]]
*[[First Capital Connect]]
*[[C2c (train operating company)]]

==External links==
* [http://www.southernelectric.org.uk/features/flrvelc.html Southern Electric fleet review - Electrostars]
The Makers of the Electrostars
* [http://www.bombardier.com] Bombardier
The Operators of the Electrostars
* [http://www.southernrailway.com] (classes 375/376) Southern
* [http://www.southeasternrailway.co.uk] (class 377) Southeastern
* [http://www.c2c-online.co.uk] (class 357) c2c
The Future Operators of the Electrostars
* [http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk] (class 377) First Capital Connect
* [http://www.tfl.gov.uk] (class 378) London Overground
 
{{Turbostar}}

[[Category:Bombardier multiple units]]
[[Category:Adtranz multiple units]]
[[Category:British Rail electric multiple units]]

[[fr:Electrostar]]
[[ja:エレクトロスター]]

Pakistan Movement

2007-08-31T20:08:21Z

Random user 8384993: Slight changes to wording in second paragraph + typo fixing

'''Pakistan Movement''' or '''Tehrik-e-Pakistan''' ([[Urdu]]: '''تحریک پاکستان''') is a name given to the Movement carried out by the [[Muslim]]s of [[British India]] to create a separate [[homeland]] in fear of losing their dominance over the Hindu majority. This struggle was led by the [[Muslim League]] and resulted in the [[Partition of India|partition]] of the [[British Empire]]. [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] was head of the movement. The other Muslim League leaders were: [[Allama Iqbal]], [[Liaqat Ali Khan]], [[Fatima Jinnah]], [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], [[A.K. Fazlul Huq]], and [[Abdur Rab Nishtar|Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar]].

The [[Pakistan Resolution]] was passed in [[1940]] at [[Lahore]]. Muslim League made this resolution its main objective election campaigns. Soon after [[World War II]], the [[United Kingdom]] was convinced that keeping its British colonies in [[South Asia]] was no longer possible, as the United Kingdom itself was economically shattered by the war. In the end, British India was divided into a [[Islam|Muslim]] state ([[Pakistan]]) and a [[Hindu]] state ([[India]]).

[[Image:Working Committee.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[Muslim League]] Working Committee at the [[Lahore Resolution|Lahore session]]]]
The idea of [[Pakistan]] was presented by [[Muhammad Iqbal|Allama Muhammad Iqbal]] in [[1930]]. Iqbal asked Jinnah to focus his energies towards getting an independent homeland for Muslims of the South Asia. The name was proposed by [[Choudhary Rahmat Ali]] in his [[Pakistan Declaration]]<ref name="cra">Choudhary Rahmat Ali, (1933), ''[[Now or Never; Are we to live or perish forever?]]'', [[pamphlet]], published [[28 January]]. (Rehmat Ali then was an [[undergraduate]] at the [[University of Cambridge]])</ref> in [[1933]].

==Timeline==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
<div style="font-size: 85%">
*[[1857]] [[War of Indian Independence of 1857|War of Independence]]
*[[1885]] [[Indian National Congress|Formation of the Indian National Congress]]
*[[1905]] [[Partition of Bengal]]
*[[1906]] Simla Deputation
*[[1906]] [[Muslim League|Founding of the All-India Muslim League]]
*[[1909]] [[Government of India Act 1909|Minto – Morley Reforms]]
*[[1911]] [[Partition of Bengal|Annulment of the Partition of Bengal]]
*[[1914]]-18 [[World War I]]
*[[1916]] [[Lucknow Pact]]
*[[1919]] [[Jallianwala Bagh Massacre]]
*[[1919]] [[Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms]]
*[[1919]]-23 [[Khilafat Movement]]
*[[1922]]-29 Hindu – Muslim Riots
*[[1927]] Delhi Muslim Proposals
*[[1928]] [[Nehru Report]]
*[[1929]] [[Fourteen Points of Jinnah]]
*[[1930]] [[Simon Commission|Simon Commission Report]]
*[[1930]] [[Allahabad Address|Allama Iqbal Address]]
</div>
{{col-2}}
<div style="font-size: 85%">
*1930-32 Round Table Conferences
*1932 Communal Award (1932)
*[[1933]] [[Now or Never|Now or Never Pamphlet]]
*[[1935]] [[Government of India Act 1935|Government of India Act]]
*1937 Elections
*1937-39 Congress Rule in the Provinces
*1938 Pirpur Report
*[[1939]]-45 [[World War II]]
*[[1940]] [[Pakistan Resolution]]
*[[1942]] [[Cripps' mission]]
*1944 Gandhi - Jinnah Talks
*1945 The Simla Conference
*[[1946]] [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India|The Cabinet Mission]]
*1946 [[Direct Action Day]]
*1946 Interim Government Installed in Office
*[[1946]] [[Quit Kashmmir Campaign]] as the formation of the interim government of [[Azad Kashmir]]
*1946 June 3 Partition Plan
*1947 Creation of Pakistan
</div>
{{col-end}}

==Statements and Sayings==

;[[Allama Iqbal]]
<br>
{{cquote|I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State. Self-government within the British Empire, or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.<ref name="res1">[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_iqbal_1930.html Sir Muhammad Iqbal’s 1930 Presidential Address], from Columbia University site</ref>|}}
<br>
;[[Choudhary Rahmat Ali]]
<br>
{{cquote|At this solemn hour in the history of India, when British and Indian statesmen are laying the foundations of a Federal Constitution for that land, we address this appeal to you, in the name of our common heritage, on behalf of our thirty million Muslim brethren who live in [[Pakistan]] - by which we mean the five Northern units of India, Viz: Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sind and Baluchistan - for your sympathy and support in our grim and fateful struggle against political crucifixion and complete annihilation.<ref name="cra" />}}
<br>
;[[Quaid-e-Azam]]
<br>
{{cquote|It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religious in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality, and this misconception of one Indian nation has troubles and will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Mussalmans derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes, and different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other and, likewise, their victories and defeats overlap. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built for the government of such a state.” <ref name="res3">[http://www.nazariapak.info/data/quaid/statements/two-nation.asp Excerpt from the Presidential Address delivered by Quaid-e-Azam at Lahore, March 22-23, 1940], Nazariapak.info</ref>}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other Leaders==
* [[Allama Mashriqi]]
* [[Chaudhry Naseer Ahmad Malhi]]
* [[Maulana Zafar Ali Khan]]
* [[Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk]]

==See also==
*[[A Short History of Pakistan]] an edited book by [[I H Qureshi]]
*[[History of Pakistan]]
*[[Pakistan Resolution]]

== External links ==
<div style="font-size: 90%">
* {{cite web
| title = Important Events at a Glance (1857 to 1947)
| work = Nazariapak.info
| url = http://nazariapak.info/data/history/glance/chronology.asp
}}
* {{cite web
| title = Pakistan Movement
| work = Pioneers of Freedom
| url = http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/pakistan_movement.html
}}
* {{cite web
| title = The Pakistan Movement
| work = Story of Pakistan website
| url = http://www.storyofpakistan.com/timeline06.htm
}}
* {{cite web
| title = Iqbal and the Pakistan Movement
| work = Iqbal Academy Pakistan
| url = http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/movement/move_main.htm
}}
* {{cite web
| title = History of Pakistan Movement
| work = Azadi2000
| url = http://www.brain.net.pk/~wisetech/50/history/
}}
* {{cite web
| title = The Pakistan Movement (Picture Gallery)
| work = Pakistan.gov
| url = http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/movement_pic.htm
}}
</div>

{{Jinnah}}
{{PakCreation}}

[[Category:Pakistan Movement| ]]