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Benee

2020-03-14T12:14:04Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to Pop (link changed to Pop music) using DisamAssist.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{short description|New Zealand singer}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Benee
| background = solo_singer
| image = Benee performing live at Spotify's Front Left Live playlist event in Melbourne (2019).jpg
| caption = Benee at [[Forum Theatre|The Forum]] in October 2019
| birth_name = Stella Bennett
| genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]<ref name="AllMusic"/>|[[indie rock]]<ref name="AllMusic"/>}}
| birth_date = 30 January 2000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B78QiiXgACD/?igshid=1dpjqnrlrqdib|title=@beneemusic on Instagram: 20 🤎|publisher=BENEE [verified account]|date=30 January 2020|accessdate=13 March 2020|website=Instagram}}</ref>
| instrument = Vocals
| occupation = Singer-songwriter
| years_active = 2017–present
| label = [[Republic Records]]
| website = {{url|beneemusic.com}}
| birth_place = [[Grey Lynn]], [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]]<ref name="AllMusic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/benee-mn0003850385/biography|title=BENEE: Biography & History|last=Donelson|first=Marcy|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en-us|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>
}}

'''Stella Bennett''' (born 30 January 2000), known professionally as '''Benee''' ({{IPAc-en|'|b|ɛ|n|iː}}, stylised '''BENEE''', formerly spelt '''Bene''') is a [[New Zealand]] singer-songwriter from [[Auckland]]. She is best known for her 2019 single "[[Glitter (Benee song)|Glitter]]", which was certified platinum in both New Zealand and Australia. In 2019, Benee won 4 [[New Zealand Music Awards]], namely [[New Zealand Music Award for Single of the Year|Single of The Year]], [[New Zealand Music Award for Best Solo Artist|Best Solo Artist]], [[New Zealand Music Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year|Best Breakthrough Artist]] and Best Pop Artist.

== Early life ==
Stella Bennett was born and raised in the suburb of [[Grey Lynn]] in [[Auckland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fashionjournal.com.au/music/get-to-know-benee/|title=Get to know Benee, if you know what's good for you|last=Sholly|first=Eliza|date=29 November 2019|website=Fashion Journal|language=en-US|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="Spinoff">{{cite web|url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/music/13-07-2019/it-was-a-bit-nuts-kind-of-mindblowing-benee-on-touring-the-world-and-stuffing-up/ |title=‘It was a bit nuts, mindblowing’: Benee on touring the world and stuffing up |last=McAuley |first=Matthew |publisher=[[The Spinoff]]|date=14 July 2019|accessdate=13 July 2019}}</ref>

==Career==

=== 2017–2018: Online beginnings and solo debut ===
Benee began her music career by posting covers to [[SoundCloud]], and began making her own music in her final year of high school.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zmpwny/new-zealand-popstar-benee-|title=10 things you need to know about hazy pop superstar benee|last=Kheraj|first=Alim|date=4 June 2019|website=i-D|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> After dropping out of a communications degree at the [[Auckland University of Technology]] after two weeks, during what she called "a quarter-life crisis", she decided to enter the music business professionally.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=12285432|title=What you need to know about Benee, NZ music's rising star|date=14 November 2019|work=[[NZ Herald]]|access-date=13 March 2020|url-status=live|language=en-NZ|issn=1170-0777}}</ref> Her music caught the attention of [[Josh Fountain]], a producer and member of the band Leisure, with whom she worked with for both her 2017 debut single "Tough Guy" as well as her 2018 single "[[Soaked (song)|Soaked]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/2020/01/benee-interview|title=Meet BENEE, A Kiwi Pop Star in the Making|last=Yu|first=Eda|date=7 January 2020|website=[[Complex (website)|Complex]]|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sniffers.co.nz/article/auckland-teen-bene-makes-visual-debut-tough-guy|title=Auckland teen Bene makes her visual debut with ‘Tough Guy’|last=Tetlow|first=Max|date=28 February 2018|website=Sniffers|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>

=== 2019–present: ''Fire on Marzz'' and ''Stella & Steve'' ===
Under the moniker of "Bene", Bennett released her debut EP ''[[Fire on Marzz]]'' on 28 June 2019, before later adding an "e" because of "pronunciation woes",<ref>{{Cite news|last=Fenwick|first=George|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=12245884|title=Album review: Benee, Fire on Marzz|date=11 July 2019|work=NZ Herald|access-date=13 March 2020|url-status=live|language=en-NZ|issn=1170-0777}}</ref> and copyright issues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idolator.com/7820282/benee-interview-2019-fire-on-marzz-ep|title=Interview: BENEE Talks Debut EP 'FIRE ON MARZZ' & BENEEvision|last=Wass|first=Mike|date=2 July 2019|website=[[idolator]]|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> The EP, which was described by [[George Fenwick]] of ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]'' as "a funky, sun-soaked record", peaked at #13 on the [[New Zealand Albums Chart]] and at #75 on the [[Australian Albums Chart]]. The EP also earned Benee the award for [[New Zealand Music Award for Best Solo Artist|Best Solo Artist]] at the [[2019 New Zealand Music Awards]], where she also won awards for [[New Zealand Music Award for Single of the Year|Single of The Year]] with "[[Glitter (Benee song)|Glitter]]", [[New Zealand Music Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year|Best Breakthrough Artist]] and Best Pop Artist.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/music/117426344/kiwi-pop-sensation-benee-claims-four-titles-at-the-vodafone-new-zealand-music-awards|title=Kiwi pop sensation Benee claims four titles at the Vodafone New Zealand Music Awards|date=15 November 2019|website=Stuff NZ|accessdate=26 December 2019}}</ref>

Benee's follow-up EP, ''[[Stella & Steve]]'', was released on 15 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8543343/benee-interview-stella-steve-ep|title=Benee Interview: Singer Talks 'Stella & Steve' EP|last=Ginsberg|first=Gab|date=13 November 2019|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> The EP features the single "[[Supalonely]]" featuring [[Gus Dapperton]], which gained international success in March 2020 after a viral dance challenge accompanied by the song spawned on the online video-sharing platform [[TikTok]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idolator.com/7907879/future-hit-benees-supalonely-is-absolutely-irresistible|title=Future Hit: BENEE's "Supalonely" Is Absolutely Irresistible|last=Wass|first=Mike|date=10 March 2020|website=[[idolator]]|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clashmusic.com/videos/benees-supalonely-is-ultra-infectious|title=BENEE's 'Supalonely' Is Ultra-Infectious|last=Murray|first=Robin|date=6 March 2020|website=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> This became her second song to become viral on TikTok after "[[Glitter (Benee song)|Glitter]]" spawned a similar dance challenge in December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theindustryobserver.thebrag.com/benees-glitter-is-a-dance-challenge-on-tiktok/|title=Benee’s ‘Glitter’ is a dance challenge on TikTok|last=Reid|first=Poppy|date=19 December 2019|website=The Industry Observer|language=en-AU|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In an interview for ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]'', Benee revealed that she has [[dyslexia]]. She also described her childhood experiences with songwriting:<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=12216330|title=Meet Bene: The Kiwi teen taking over the charts|last=Fenwick|first=George|date=2019-03-27|access-date=2019-06-20|issn=1170-0777}}</ref> <blockquote>throughout school I struggled with writing....I liked creative writing, that was what I loved, but I was always making mistakes, and I was confined to this way that I should write....Songwriting for me was this place where I don't have to be grammatically correct. Learning the craft with [Josh Fountain], when he was sharing all his knowledge – something clicked, and I was just like, I love this. It's a great emotional outlet for me; I just love splashing what I feel on to a track.</blockquote>

==Discography==
===Extended plays===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Details
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:11em;"| [[Music recording sales certification|Certifications]]
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]] <ref name="NZBenee">{{cite web|url=https://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Benee|title=Discography Benee|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]. Hung Medien|url-status=live|accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2019/07/aria-chart-watch-532/|title=ARIA Chart Watch #532|publisher=auspOp|date=6 July 2019|accessdate=6 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Fire on Marzz]]''
|
* Released: 28 June 2019<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/news/musicnews/soaked-star-bene-new-song-evil-spider/11102074 |title=First Spin: 'Soaked' star Bene delivers the goods again on 'Evil Spider' |work=ABC |date=10 May 2019 |accessdate=15 June 2019 |author=Newstead, Al}}</ref>
* Label: [[Republic Records|Republic]]
* Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Streaming services|streaming]]
| 13 || 75
|
* [[Recorded Music New Zealand|RMNZ]]: Gold<ref>{{cite web|title=NZ Top 40 Albums Chart |date=18 January 2020 |url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=4806 |publisher=Recorded Music NZ|accessdate=18 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Stella & Steve]]''
|
* Released: 15 November 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/stella-steve-ep/1486928133|title=Stella & Steve – EP by BENEE|website=[[Apple Music]]|accessdate=15 November 2019}}</ref>
* Label: Republic
* Formats: Digital download, streaming
| 19 || —
|
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of singles, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="8"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]] <ref name="NZBenee"/>
! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ Artist]] <ref name="NZArtist">Peak positions for Benee's singles on the NZ Artist singles chart:
* For "Soaked": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/nzsingles?chart=4636 |title=NZ Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=20 May 2019|accessdate=5 July 2019}}
* For "Evil Spider", "Want Me Back": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/nzsingles?chart=4668 |title=NZ Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=5 July 2019|accessdate=5 July 2019}}
* For "Kua Kore He Kupu / Soaked": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/nzsingles?chart=4746 |title=NZ Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=14 September 2019|accessdate=14 September 2019}}
* For "Find an Island": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/nzsingles?chart=4766 |title=NZ Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=26 October 2019|accessdate=26 October 2019}}
* For "Monsta": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/nzsingles?chart=4772 |title=NZ Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=11 November 2019|accessdate=13 December 2019}}
* For "Glitter": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/nzsingles?chart=4792 |title=NZ Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=14 December 2019|accessdate=14 December 2019}}
* For "Supalonely": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/nzsingles?chart=4832 |title=NZ Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=14 March 2020|accessdate=14 March 2020}}
</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | [[ARIA Charts|AUS]] <ref>Peaks on the ARIA Singles Chart:
* All except noted: {{Cite web|url=https://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Benee|title=Discography Benee|website=australian-charts.com|access-date=13 March 2020}}
* "Find an Island": {{cite web|url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2019/10/aria-chart-watch-548/|title=ARIA Chart Watch #548|publisher=auspOp|date=26 October 2019|accessdate=26 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/charts/singles-chart|title=ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|date=16 March 2020|accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Benee|title=Discography Benee|website=irishcharts.com||access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | [[Dutch Single Top 100|NLD]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Benee|title=Discografie Benee|website=dutchcharts.nl|accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | [[VG-lista|NOR]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Benee|title=Discography Benee|website=norwegiancharts.com|accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Benee|title=Discography Benee|website=swedishcharts.com|accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | [[UK Singles Chart|UK]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/57252/benee-ft-gus-dapperton/|title=Benee ft Gus Dapperton {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Tough Guy"
| 2017
| — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Tough Guy" did not enter the NZ Artists Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 1 on the NZ Artists Heatseeker Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/nzsingles?chart=4434|title=NZ HEATSEEKER SINGLES|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=18 December 2017|accessdate=5 July 2019}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
| {{n/a|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Soaked (song)|Soaked]]"
| 2018
| 14 || 1 || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
* [[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]]: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/nzsingles?chart=4800|title=NZ Singles Chart|date=4 January 2020|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|accessdate=4 January 2020}}</ref>
| rowspan="4"| ''Fire on Marzz''
|-
! scope="row"| "Evil Spider"
| rowspan="6"| 2019
| —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Evil Spider" did not enter the [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ Top 40 Singles Chart]], but peaked at number four on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4636|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=20 May 2019|accessdate=17 May 2019}}</ref>}} || 3 || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Want Me Back"
| —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Want Me Back" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 16 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4654|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=24 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref>}} || 12 || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Glitter (Benee song)|Glitter]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/benee-announces-australian-tour-shares-new-single-glitter/|title=Benee announces Australian tour, shares new single 'Glitter'|author=Gallagher, Allison|date=3 July 2019|work=[[MusicFeeds]]|accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref>
| 3 || 2 || 21 || — || — || — || — || —
|
* RMNZ: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|type=single|artist=Benee|title=Glitter|recent=website|id=4806|accessdate=18 January 2020}}</ref>
* [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/charts/singles-chart|title=ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|date=9 March 2020|accessdate=7 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Find an Island]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coupdemainmagazine.com/nz-air/16062 |title=Listen: Benee's New Single, 'Find an Island'. |author=Riddell, Rose |date=11 October 2019|work=Coup De Main Magazine|accessdate=11 October 2019}}</ref>
| —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Find an Island" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 4 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4762|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=19 October 2019|accessdate=19 October 2019}}</ref>}} || 5 || 83 || — || — || — || — || —
|
* RMNZ: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/nzsingles?chart=4832 |title=NZ Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=14 March 2020|accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref>
| rowspan="3"| ''Stella & Steve''
|-
! scope="row"| "Monsta"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onestowatch.com/blog/benee-doesnt-want-you-to-be-afraid-of |title=BENEE Doesn't Want You to Be Afraid of the "Monsta" That Goes Bump in the Night. |author=Brown, Bianca |date=1 November 2019|work=OnestoWatch|accessdate= 1 November 2019}}</ref>
| —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Monsta" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 10 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4772|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=11 November 2019|accessdate=9 November 2019}}</ref>}} || 18 || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Supalonely]]" {{small|(featuring [[Gus Dapperton]])}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bongminesentertainment.com/benee-supalonely-gus-dapperton/ |title=BENEE releases an upbeat alternative-pop tune, entitled, "Supalonely", featuring Gus Dapperton |last=Thomson |first=Zangba |date=3 December 2019|website=Bongmines Entertainment|accessdate= 24 January 2020}}</ref>
| 7 <ref>https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4832</ref> || 2 || 11 || 18 || 61 || 15 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://topplista.no/charts/singles/2020-w11/|title=VG-lista – Topp 20 Single uke 11, 2020|publisher=[[VG-lista]]|accessdate=14 March 2020}}</ref> || 97 || 39
|
|-
| colspan="14" style="font-size:90%"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart, or charted on a subchart.
|}

===Other charted songs===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of songs, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | NZ Hot <ref>Peak positions for Benee's singles on the NZ Hot singles chart:
* For "Afterlife", "Wishful Thinking": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4668 |title=Hot 40 Singles|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=5 July 2019|accessdate=5 July 2019}}
* For "Kua Kore He Kupu / Soaked": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4746 |title=Hot 40 Singles|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=5 July 2019|accessdate=5 July 2019}}
* For "Supalonely", "Blu" and "Drifting": {{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4781|title=Hot 40 Singles|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=25 November 2019|accessdate=23 November 2019}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | NZ Artist <ref name="NZArtist"/>
|-
! scope="row"| "Afterlife"
| rowspan="5"| 2019
| 26 || —
| rowspan="2"| ''Fire on Marzz''
|-
! scope="row"| "Wishful Thinking"
| 27 || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Kua Kore He Kupu / Soaked"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/nz/album/waiata-anthems/1477414481 |title=Waiata / Anthems |publisher=iTunes | date=6 September 2019 |accessdate=8 September 2019}}</ref>
| 8 || 5
| ''[[Waiata / Anthems]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "Blu"
| 31 || —
| rowspan="2"| ''Stella & Steve''
|-
! scope="row"| "Drifting" {{small|(featuring Jack Berry)}}
| 32 || —
|-
| colspan="7" style="font-size:90%"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart.
|}

=== Guest appearances ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Other artists
! scope="col"| Album
|-
! scope="row"| "Notice Me"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onestowatch.com/blog/role-models-oh-how-perfect-is-for-all-the |title=ROLE MODEL’s ‘oh, how perfect’ Is for All the Freaks and Geeks |publisher=Live Nation | date=6 September 2019 |accessdate=13 December 2019}}</ref>
| 2019
| Role Model
| ''Oh, How Perfect''
|}

'''Notes'''
{{notelist-ua}}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!Awards
!Type
!Work
!Notes
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="5" |2019
|[[APRA Awards (Australia)|APRA Music Awards]]
|[[APRA Awards (New Zealand)#Silver Scroll award|Silver Scroll]]
| rowspan="2" |"[[Soaked (song)|Soaked]]"
|{{Shortlisted}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/nat-music/audio/2018708873/silver-scrolls-2019-top-5-finalists-announced|title=Aldous Harding, Tiny Ruins and Tom Scott among finalists for the 2019 Silver Scroll|date=22 August 2019|website=[[RNZ]]|language=en-nz|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[New Zealand Music Awards]]
|[[New Zealand Music Award for Single of the Year|Single of the Year]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[New Zealand Music Award for Best Solo Artist|Best Solo Artist]]
|''[[Fire on Marzz]]''
| {{Won}}
|-
|[[New Zealand Music Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year|Breakthrough Artist of the Year]]
| rowspan="2" |Herself
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Pop Artist
| {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Benee}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:21st-century New Zealand musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century New Zealand singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Auckland]]
[[Category:New Zealand female pop singers]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]

Jiang Shuo

2019-01-24T03:09:21Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to New York (link changed to New York City) using DisamAssist.

'''Jiang Shuo''' (Chinese: 蔣朔; pinyin: Jiáng Shuò) (born 1958, [[Beijing]], [[China]]) is a [[China|Chinese]] contemporary sculptor.

==Biography==

Jiang Shuo was born in 1958 in [[Beijing]], [[China]]. She studied sculpture at the Central Academy of Arts and Design, now the Academy of Fine Arts, [[Tsinghua University]], [[Beijing]], [[China]] from 1978–1982, and was one of the few women to do so. She studied under the sculptor Professor Zheng Ke for three years, becoming the first sculptress in China to complete a post-graduate degree.<ref>Seno, Alexandra A. [http://www.plumblossoms.com/jiangshuo/June2008/final%20text/Articles/Jiang%20Shuo%20International%20Herald%20Tribute%20article%2009-11-2007.pdf "Imagining Red Guards in China Today"] ''International Herald Tribune''</ref> Jiang then became a lecturer at the school from 1986-1989. After winning a scholarship to a university in [[Austria]] in 1989, she immigrated with her sculptor husband, [[Wu Shaoxiang]] and their three-year-old son. They settled in [[Klagenfurt]], [[Carinthia (state)|Carinthia]] where they established a joint studio.<ref>[http://www.lindagallery.com/ArtistDetail.php?ArtistID=42 "Jiang Shuo"] ''Linda Gallery''</ref> Since then Jiang has widely exhibited her sculptures around the world, including Austria, Indonesia, Singapore, and Switzerland. Her works are also regularly sold through galleries, and at auctions in Beijing, [[Hong Kong]], [[Austria]], and New York. Many of her works are included in major private and museum collections as well.

==Early works==

Jiang's earlier works in bronze possess a folk-like quality. These achieved recognition in China before she left for [[Austria]] in 1989. Such sculptures hint at blissful childhood memories of innocent children enjoying themselves in sport, playing music, and returning their mothers' warm embrace – which suggest Jiang's strong family values.<ref name="ReferenceA">Markbreiter, Robin: ["Red Guards - Sculptures by Jiang Shuo"] ''Arts of Asia''</ref>

==Later works==
[[File:LPH lobby statue.jpg|thumb|''Red Guards - Going Forward! Making Money!'', a 2004 sculpture by Jiang Shuo, exhibited in the lobby of [[Langham Place Hotel]], in [[Hong Kong]], [[Austria]].]]


However, Jiang became famous with her iconic "Red Guard" series begun in 2003. These anonymous, open mouthed warriors who wear the [[Red Guards (People's Republic of China)|Red Guard]] uniform, are cast in the ancient lost wax technique. They carry either a red flag or ''[[The Little Red Book]]'', and reflect both her personal experience as a young Red Guard during the [[Cultural Revolution]], and her observations from abroad of China's emergence into a capitalistic machine.

In 1993, after her family gained Austrian citizenship, Jiang returned to China and witnessed first-hand the changes that were occurring, and the ironic situation that was taking place; the Red Guards who previously persecuted the "bourgeois" elements of society had now become the successful businessmen or capitalists driving China's burgeoning economy.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

As Jiang's work progressed her Red Guard figures, for example, ''Cloud Rider - Terracotta Red'' (2008), and ''Run 2'' (2006), began posing alongside material items that replaced The Little Red Book. They now sang karaoke, drank Coca-Cola, ate McDonald's, rode atop flashy automobiles – all reflective of the lifestyles of rich businessmen pursuing a life filled with commercial luxury.

==Selected exhibitions and projects==
* Solo exhibition, ''Temptation'', Schütz Fine Art-Chinese Department, [[Vienna]], [[Austria]], 2018
* ''[https://www.artstage.com/jakarta/site/home Art Stage Indonesia]'', Linda Art Center, [[Indonesia]], 2017
* ''[https://www.artvienna.org/ Art Vienna]'', [[Leopold Museum]], Vienna, [[Austria]], Schütz Fine Art-Chinese Department, 2017
* ''[https://www.artantique-residenz.at/ Art & Antique Residenz Salzburg]'' (March and August), [[Salzburg]], [[Austria]], Schütz Fine Art-Chinese Department Art & Antique, 2017
* ''[https://www.artantique-hofburg.at/ Art & Antique Vienna]'', [[Austria]], Schütz Fine Art-Chinese Department, 2017
* [http://www.wernerberg.museum/archiv/ausstellungen-2014/rot-versus-gruen-wu-shaoxiang-jiang-shuo/ ''Red vs. Green''], together with [[Wu Shaoxiang]], Werner Berg Museum, [[Bleiburg]], [[Austria]] 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wernerberg.museum/archiv/ausstellungen-2014/rot-versus-gruen-wu-shaoxiang-jiang-shuo/|title=Rot versus Grün - Wu Shaoxiang & Jiang Shuo|website=www.wernerberg.museum|access-date=2019-01-18}}</ref>
* ''Art & Antique Residence Salzburg'' (March and August), [[Salzburg]], [[Austria]], Schütz Fine Art - Chinese Department
* ''[https://www.artnyfair.com/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=1 Art Miami New York]'', Schütz Fine Art-Chinese Department
* ''Contemporary Chinese Art'', [[Vienna]], [[Austria]], Schütz Fine Art-Chinese Department, 2017
* ''Art & Antique Hofburg Vienna'', [[Vienna]], [[Austria]], Schütz Fine Art-Chinese Department, 2017
* ''Hong Kong Art'', Hong Kong Art Center, Angela Li Contemporary, [[Hong Kong]], 2017
* ''[http://www.artbeijing.net/index.php?g=portal&m=article&a=index&id=512&l=en Art Beijing]'', Agriculture Exhibition Hall, Linda Gallery, 2017
* ''10 Years Anniversary of Linda Art Center Exhibition'', 798, [[China]], 2016
* ''60 Years of Anniversary of Tsing Hua University Art Academy'', [http://www.artmuseum.tsinghua.edu.cn/en/ Art Museum of Tsing Hua University] Art Academy, [[Beijing]], China, 2016
* ''2015 Art Salzburg'', [[Salzburg]], [[Austria]], Schütz Fine Art-Chinese Department, 2015
* ''[https://www.olympia-art-antiques.com/ Olympia Art Fair]'', Olympia, [[London]], [[United Kingdom]], Schütz Fine Art-Chinese Department 2015
* ''Art & Antique Residenz Salzburg'' (March and August), [[Salzburg]], [[Austria]], Schütz Fine Art-Chinese Department
* ''20 years Schütz Fine Art, Schütz Fine Art'', [[Vienna]], [[Austria]], 2015
* ''Art & Antique Hofburg Vienna'', [[Austria]], Schütz Fine Art-Chinese Department, 2015
* ''Art Stage Singapore'', [[Singapore]], Linda Gallery, 2015
* ''2014 Art Stage Singapore'', Linda Gallery Art Taipei, [[Taiwan]], Linda Gallery, 2014
* ''Art Beijing'', Agriculture Exhibition Hall, Linda Gallery, 2013
* ''2012 Across History II'' – Invitation of Chinese Contemporary Art Exhibition, G- Dot Art Space, [[Beijing]], [[China]], 2012
* ''2011 ART HK'', Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, Plum Blossoms Gallery
* ''ART Beijing'', China National Agriculture Exhibition Centre, [[Beijing]], [[China]], Linda Gallery, 2011
* ''SH Contemporary'', Shanghai Exhibition Centre, [[Shanghai]], [[China]], Linda Gallery, 2011
* ''ART HK'', Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, Plum Blossoms Gallery, 2010
* ''ART Singapore'', SUNTEC Singapore, [[Singapore]], Linda Gallery
* ''China International Gallery Exposition'', China World Trade Centre, [[Beijing]], [[China]], presentata da Linda Gallery
* ''ART Santa Fe'', El Museo Cultural de Santa Fe, [[New Mexico|New Mexico]], [[Stati Uniti d'America|USA]], Plum Blossoms Gallery, 2009
* ''2008 Asian Contemporary Art Fair'', Pier 92, [[New York City|New York]], [[USA]], Linda Gallery, 2008
* ''ART Singapore'', SUNTEC Singapore, [[Singapore]], Linda Gallery 2008
* ''[https://art-zurich.com/index.html Art International Zurich']', presentata da Art Seasons Lake Zurich Gallery, 2008''
* ''Image and Concepts'', Jiang Shuo and Wu Shaoxiang exhibition at Songzhuang Museum, [[Beijing]], [[China]], 2007
* ''Shanghai Art Fair 2007'', Shanghai, China, 2007
* ''Jiang Shuo: Monument of Time'', Plum Blossoms Gallery, [[Hong Kong]], 2007
* ''ARTSingapore 2007'', The Contemporary Asian Art Fair, Singapore, 2007
* ''Art Beijing 2007'', [[Beijing]], [[China]], 2007
* ''China International Gallery Exposition 2007'', [[Beijing]], [[China]], 2007
* ''Chase! Selected Sculpture Exhibition by Jiang Shuo & Wu Shao Xiang'', Linda Gallery, Jakarta and Singapore, 2006
* ''China International Gallery Exposition (CIGE) 2006'', Beijing World Trade Centre, 2006
* Individual exhibition, ''Red Guards Today'', Plum Blossoms Gallery, [[Hong Kong]], [[Austria]], 2005
* Individual exhibition, ''Red Guards'', Plum Blossoms Gallery, [[Hong Kong]], [[Austria]], 2004
* Group exhibition, organized by Plum Blossoms Gallery at The International Asian Art Fair, New York City, New York, USA, 2003
* Group exhibition, ''First International Biennial of Contemporary Art'' in [[Austria]], Hüttenberg Exhibition Center, [[Austria]], 2002
* Individual exhibition, ''Sculpting'', AAI Gallery, [[Vienna]], [[Austria]] Joint exhibition with [[Wu Shaoxiang]], Schloss Wolfsberg, [[Wolfsberg, Carinthia|Wolfsberg]], [[Austria]], 2001
* Group exhibition, ''Hundred Years of Chinese Art'', China Guardian Auctions, [[Beijing]], [[China]], 2000
* Group exhibition, ''Salzburg Art Fair'', [[Salzburg]], [[Austria]], 1999
* Joint exhibition with [[Wu Shaoxiang]], Gallery Dida, [[Graz]], [[Austria]], 1999
* Group exhibition, the ''International Contemporary Art Fair'', Palazzo Degli Affari, Florence, Italy, 1998
* Individual exhibition, City Hall, St. Veit, [[Austria]], 1998
* Individual exhibition, Central Gallery, [[Graz]], [[Austria]], 1997
* Joint exhibition with [[Wu Shaoxiang]], Gallery Dida, [[Graz]], [[Austria]], 1996
* Group exhibition, Gallery Mandarin Oriental, [[Hong Kong]], 1995
* Group exhibition by the Austrian Art Association, City Gallery, [[Klagenfurt]], [[Austria]], 1994
* ''The Spirit of Times'', Gallery Hinteregger, [[St. Pölten]], [[Austria]], 1993
* Individual exhibition, Europe House, [[Klagenfurt]], [[Austria]], 1993
* Joint exhibition with [[Wu Shaoxiang]], Culture House, [[Klagenfurt]], [[Austria]], 1992
* Joint exhibition with [[Wu Shaoxiang]], Gallery Nemenz, [[Judenburg|Judenberg]], [[Austria]], 1992
* Joint exhibition with [[Wu Shaoxiang]], Gallery Akzent K, [[Stuttgart]], [[Germany]], 1991
* Joint exhibition with [[Wu Shaoxiang]], [[Raiffeisen Zentralbank|Raiffeisen Bank]], [[Klagenfurt]], [[Austria]], 1991
* International Art Exhibition, Stadtgarten Gallery, [[Norden, Lower Saxony|Norden]], Germany, 1990
* Group Exhibition, the International Art Centre, [[Velden am Wörther See|Velden]], [[Austria]], 1990
* China National Exhibition of Fine Arts, China National Museum of Fine Arts, [[Beijing]], [[China]], 1988
* ''Today's Fine Arts in China'', Toronto Exhibition Hall, Canada, 1987
* ''Photo Exhibition of Prize-Winning Sculptures'', China National Museum of fine Arts, [[Beijing]], [[China]], 1986
* Individual exhibition, [[Central Academy of Fine Arts|Central Academy of Arts & Design]], [[Beijing]], [[China]], 1985
* ''First National Urban Sculpture Exhibition'', China National Museum of fine Arts, [[Beijing]], [[China]], 1984
* ''The Central Academy of Arts & Design Exhibition'', China National Museum of Fine Arts, [[Beijing]], [[China]], 1982

==Selected commissions and collections==
* ''Great Jump'', Werner Berg Museum, [[Bleiburg]], [[Austria]], 2015
* ''Chinese Cat'', [https://thewadsworth.org/collection/ Wadsworth Art Collection], USA, 2013
* ''Victor 2'', Schütz Fine Art, [[Vienna]], [[Austria]], 2012
* ''Narcissus'', Art Collection of Castle Pakein, 2012
* ''Dancing'', Copelouzos Art Museum, [[Athens]], [[Greece]], 2011
* ''Bauhinia Rider'', Departure Concourse, MTR [[Lok Ma Chau Station]], [[Hong Kong]], 2010<ref>[http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/community/art_architecture_popup_lmc.html MTR art in station architecture: ''Bauhinia Rider'']</ref>
* ''Lion Rider'', [[Hong Kong Museum of Art|Art Museum]] [[Hong Kong]], 2006
* ''Red Guards'', Art Museum Hong Kong, 2005
* ''Red Guards- Going Forward! Making Money!'', [[Langham Place Hotel]], [[Hong Kong]], 2004
* ''Christ'', [[Sankt Margarethen an der Raab|St. Margareten City]], [[Austria]], 2000
* ''Ancient Vase'', Hong Kong [[New World Development]], [[Hong Kong]], 1996
* ''Enjoyable Life'', County Attendant Centre, [[Moosburg, Austria|Moosburg]], [[Austria]], 1996
* ''Sculpture for Kärtner Landesversicherung'', [[Austria]], 1995
* Designed trophies for Evolution Club, [[Ferlach]], [[Austria]], 1993
* ''Hand (Fountain)'', Köck Villa, [[Velden am Wörther See|Velden]], [[Austria]], 1992
* Designed trophies for Advertising Award, 1991
* Designed trophies for The Chinese Film Festival, [[Beijing]], [[China]], 1989
* ''Fisherman'', Mi Yun Power Supply Bureau, [[Beijing]], [[China]], 1989
* Designed trophies for the Ten Best Enterprises of China, 1988
* Summer, regarded as one of the best sculptures in China
* ''Spirit of the Drunken City'', 10 meters high, Qioatou Square, [[Luzhou]], [[China]], 1987
* Designed trophies for the best film of Culture Ministry of China, 1984
* Summer, Binghe Garden, Beijing China
* ''The Sea of Knowledge'', The [[Central University of Finance and Economics]], [[Beijing]], [[China]], 1984
* Designed trophies for the best film of Culture Ministry of China, 1983
* Designed trophies for the best film of Culture Ministry of China, 1982

== Bibliography ==

* ''Versuchung'', Schütz Fine Art Chinese Department, [[Vienna]], [[Austria]], 2018
* ''Invisible Hand'', Linda Art Centre Beijing, 798, [[Beijing]], [[China]], 2015,
* ''Wu Shaoxiang und Jiang Shuo'', Indonesia National Museum and Linda Gallery, [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], 2014
* ''Camouflage'', Plum Blossoms Gallery, [[Hong Kong]], 2013
* ''Going for Money'', Museum of Contemporary Art Taiwan, 2012
* ''Red Cat'', Plum Blossoms Gallery, [[Hong Kong]], 2011
* ''Jiang Shuo & Wu Shaoxiang'', MOCA Singapore, 2010
* ''Cloud Riders'', Plum Blossoms Gallery, [[Hong Kong]], 2009
* ''Jiang Shuo and Wu Shaoxiang'', Indonesia National Museum and Linda Gallery, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2008
* ''Fruits of Paradise'', Art Seasons Lake Zurich Gallery, [[Switzerland]], 2008
* ''The Monument of Time'', Plum Blossoms Gallery, [[Hong Kong]] 2007
* ''Image and Concept'', Song Zhuang Art Centre Beijing, [[China]], 2007
* ''Chase'', Linda Gallery, [[Singapore]] e [[Indonesia]], 2006
* ''Red Guards Today'', Plum Blossoms Gallery, [[Hong Kong]] e [[New York City|New York]], [[United States|USA]], 2005
* ''Red Guards'', Plum Blossoms Gallery, [[Hong Kong]] and [[New York City|New York]], USA, 2003
* ''Jiang Shuo Sculpture'', People's Fine Arts Publishing House, [[Beijing]], [[China]], 2000
* ''Selected Works by Jiang Shuo'', Bauer Publishing House, [[Austria]], 1991
* ''Sculpture'', People's Liberation Army Publishing House, [[Beijing]], China, 1989
* ''Sculpting Skills'', People's Fine Arts Publishing House, [[Beijing]], [[China]], 1987

== See also ==
* [[Wu Shaoxiang]]
* [[Cultural Revolution]]
* [[Red Guards]]

== External link ==
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/09/arts/09iht-seno.1.8262971.html Alexandra A. Seno (November 9, 2007). "Imagining Red Guards in China today".]
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/09/arts/09iht-seno.1.8262971.html Imagining Red Guards in China today, New York Times]
*[http://www.wernerberg.museum/archiv/ausstellungen-2014/rot-versus-gruen-wu-shaoxiang-jiang-shuo/ Werner Berg Museum, Red Vs. Green]
*[http://www.schuetz-antik.com/search.php?search=Jiang%20Shuo&lang=eng Schütz Fine Art, Jiang Shuo]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jiang, Shuo}}
[[Category:Chinese sculptors]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Beijing]]
[[Category:20th-century women artists]]

Fionnuala Ní Aoláin

2018-11-29T16:22:33Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to Special rapporteur (link changed to United Nations special rapporteur) using DisamAssist.

{{EngvarB|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{BLP source|date=December 2014}}
'''Fionnuala Ní Aoláin''' ({{IPA-ga|ˈfʲɪn̪ˠuəl̪ˠə nʲiː ˈiːl̪ˠaːnʲ}}; born [[Galway]], 1967) is an Irish academic lawyer specialising in [[human rights law]].

== Career==
{{refimprove section|date=April 2018}}
Ní Aoláin graduated from [[Queen's University, Belfast]] ([[LLB]] 1990, PhD 1998), and [[Columbia Law School]] ([[LLM]] 1996).

She was a Visiting Fellow of [[Harvard Law School]]'s Human Rights Program in 1994. At [[Columbia University]] she was an Associate-in-Law at [[Columbia Law School]] from 1994 to 1996, and then a visiting professor at the [[School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University]] from 1996 to 2000.

She was appointed Associate Professor of Law at [[Hebrew University]] in [[Jerusalem]], Israel from 1997 to 1999. Returning to the United States in 2001, she was a Visiting Fellow at [[Princeton University]] from 2001 to 2002, at [[University of Minnesota Law School]] from 2003 to 2004, then returned to Harvard Law School as Visiting Professor from 2012 to 2013.

Ní Aoláin was appointed by the [[Government of Ireland]] in December 2000 as a member of the [[Irish Human Rights Commission]], for which creation was mandated by the [[Good Friday Agreement]]. She was a consultant to the [[UN Women]] and the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]'s ''Study on Reparations for Conflict Related Sexual Violence'', 2011–2012. She is the Chair of the Board of the [[Open Society Foundations]] [[International Women's Program]], and was Co-Chair of the Annual Meeting of the [[American Society of International Law]] 2014, with Hathaway and Johnson.

She was an executive member of the American Society of International Law from 2009 to 2012, and of the [[Committee on the Administration of Justice]] (CAJ), in Northern Ireland. She is a member of the [[Irish Council for Civil Liberties]], and was appointed by the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] as Special Expert on promoting gender equality in times of conflict and peace-making in 2003.

She was nominated by the Irish government in 2004 to the [[European Court of Human Rights]], and was both the first woman and the first academic lawyer to be nominated.

She is concurrently professor of law at the [[University of Ulster]], in [[Northern Ireland]], where she teaches [[international law]] and international human rights law. She is the founder and currently associate director of the [[Transitional Justice Institute]], and the [[Dorsey and Whitney Professor of Law]] at the [[University of Minnesota]] Law School. She is married to Oren Gross, [[Irving Younger]] professor of law at [[University of Minnesota]] Law School;

In 2015 ''[[Just Security]]'' described her as concurrently serving as the [[Dorsey and Whitney Chair in Law]] at the [[University of Minnesota Law School]] and as a Professor of Law at the University of Ulster.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://justsecurity.org/22192/complexity-addressing-sexual-violence-experienced-guantanamo-bay-detainees/
| title = The Complexity of Addressing Sexual Violence Experienced by Guantanamo Bay Detainees
| publisher = [[Just Security]]
| author = Fionnuala Ní Aoláin
| date = 20 April 2015
| accessdate = 21 April 2015
| quote = Fionnuala Ní Aoláin is concurrently the Dorsey and Whitney Chair in Law at the University of Minnesota Law School and Professor of Law at the University of Ulster.
}}
</ref>

In 2017, Ní Aoláin became the [[United Nations special rapporteur|Special Rapporteur]] for Counter Terrorism and Human Rights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Terrorism/Pages/SRTerrorismIndex.aspx|website=United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner|accessdate=9 April 2018}}</ref>

== Books==
*Ní Aoláin, ''The Politics of Force – Conflict Management and State Violence in Northern Ireland'' ([[Blackstaff Press]]) (2000), {{ISBN|978-0856406683}}
*Ní Aoláin & Gross, Law in Times of Crisis – ''Emergency Powers in Theory and Practice'' (Cambridge University Press) (2006), {{ISBN|978-0521833516}}. This book was awarded the [[American Society of International Law]]'s Certificate of Merit for its contribution to creative scholarship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://discover.umn.edu/news/business-law/new-way-war-there-duty-use-drones|title=The New Way of War: Is There a Duty to Use Drones?|work=Discover|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|date=7 February 2014|accessdate=29 December 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124003614/http://discover.umn.edu/news/business-law/new-way-war-there-duty-use-drones|archivedate=24 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*Weissbrodt, Ní Aoláin, Fitzpartick, and Nueman, ''International Human Rights: Law, Policy and Process'' (2009) ([[Lexis Pub]], 4th ed.) (2009), {{ISBN|978-1422411735}}
*Ní Aoláin, Weissbrodt, Rumsey & Others, ''Selected International Human Rights Instruments and Bibliography for Research on International Human Rights'' ([[LexisNexis]], 4th ed.) (2009), {{ISBN|978-1422411742}}
*Ni Aoláin, Fionnuala, Hayes & Cahn, ''On the Frontlines: Women, War and the Post-Conflict Process'' (2011) ([[Oxford University Press]]), {{ISBN|9780195396652}}
*Ní Aoláin & Weissbrodt, ''Development of International Human Rights Law'' (2013), {{ISBN|978-1409441298}} ([[Ashgate]])
*Ni Aoláin (ed.), Gross (ed.), ''Guantánamo and Beyond: Exceptional Courts and Military Commissions in Comparative Perspective'', (Cambridge University Press), (2013), {{ISBN|978-1107631717}}

== Awards and recognition==
{{BLP unsourced section|date=December 2014}}
* Ní Aoláin was the recipient of a [[Fulbright Scholarship]], the [[Alon Prize]], a [[Robert Schumann Scholarship]], and a [[Lawlor Fellowship]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ni Aolain, Fionnuala}}
[[Category:Alumni of Queen's University Belfast]]
[[Category:Academics of Ulster University]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota faculty]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota Law School faculty]]
[[Category:Columbia Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School people]]
[[Category:Princeton University staff]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Irish people]]
[[Category:21st-century Irish people]]
[[Category:People from County Galway]]
[[Category:International law scholars]]
[[Category:United Nations special rapporteurs]]
[[Category:Irish officials of the United Nations]]

Williamstown Castle

2018-09-06T14:35:10Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to Alan Lee (link changed to Alan Lee (footballer)) using DisamAssist.

{{For|the rugby union club|Blackrock College RFC}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox school
|type = [[Independent school (United Kingdom)|Independent]] [[day school|day]] and [[boarding school]]
|name = Blackrock College
|native_name = Coláiste na Carraige Duibhe
|latin_name =
|logo =
|seal_image =
|image = Blackrock crest.png
|alt =
|caption =
|motto = {{Lang-la|Fides et Robur}}
|motto_translation = trustworthiness and steadfastness; faith and strength
|religion = [[Roman Catholic]] ([[Holy Ghost Fathers]])
|location = [[Williamstown, Blackrock, Dublin|Blackrock]], [[County Dublin]]
|country = [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|53|18|17|N|6|11|30|W|region:IE_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
|established = 1860
|president = Fr Cormac Ó Brolcháin, [[Holy Ghost Fathers|CSSp]]
|principal = Alan McGinty
|principal_label1 = Vice principal
|principal1 = Brian Herlihy, Sinead Nolan, Yvonne Markey
|sister_school = [[St. Mary's School, Nairobi|St. Mary's School]]
|years = 2nd–6th
|gender = Male
|lower_age = 13
|houses = DeValera, Duff, Ebenrecht, Leman, McQuaid, Shanahan
|students = 1100
|staff = 75 full time, 25 part time
|colours = {{color box|blue}}{{color box|white}} [[Blue]] and [[white]]
|free_label = Religious order
|free_text = [[Holy Ghost Fathers]][[Spiritans]]
|free_label2 =
|free_text2 = €6,500 (day) / €17,250 (boarding)
|homepage = [http://www.blackrockcollege.ie blackrockcollege.ie]
}}

'''Blackrock College''' ({{lang-ga|Coláiste na Carraige Duibhe}}) is an independent day and boarding [[Catholicism|Catholic]] [[secondary school]] for boys aged 13–18, located in Williamstown, [[Blackrock, Dublin|Blackrock]], [[County Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. The College was founded by French missionaries in 1860, to act as a school and civil service training centre. Set in {{convert|0.25|km2|acre}} of grounds, it has a sporting tradition. The College, {{convert|7|km|miles}} from Dublin city centre is just in from the sea, and is self-contained, with large boarding school and teaching facilities. Now run by a lay foundation in trust, it maintains academic standards and requires all pupils to participate in non-academic activities. The missionary tradition continues with charity programmes, especially at Christmas. It accommodates approximately 1,100 day and boarding students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackrockcollege.ie/files/admin/uploads/W47_F_1279_6639.doc |title=Archived copy |accessdate=24 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119060046/http://www.blackrockcollege.ie/files/admin/uploads/W47_F_1279_6639.doc |archivedate=19 November 2007 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==History==
{{Expand section|date=May 2009}}
The college was founded by the [[Holy Ghost Fathers|Congregation of the Holy Ghost]] in 2020, the first of the Order's five schools in Ireland. The founder is listed as Fr (Père) Jules Leman, a French missionary with the Holy Ghost Order. Leman had a dual aim, namely to train personnel for missionary service in the Third World and provide a first class Catholic education for Irish boys. It was originally known as the ''French College'' by the locals. A successful [[civil service]] training and university department (where students were examined and had degrees conferred by the [[Royal University of Ireland]]) were run for over forty years, until [[University College Dublin]] grew, and the school focused more on the second level curriculum.
Although never a seminary, some ordinations have taken place in Blackrock. The first ordination at Blackrock College was on 22 April 1900 when Mgr. Emile Allgeyer CSSp (a former student in Blackrock and first to be made a bishop), ordained [[Joseph (Ignatius) Shanahan|Joseph Shanahan]] who later became a bishop, and has a House named after him within the school.<ref>[http://www.spiritan.org/shanahan_profile.html Bishop Joseph Shanahan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010217113518/http://www.spiritan.org/shanahan_profile.html |date=17 February 2001 }} www.spiritan.org.</ref>

===Heraldry===
The proper crest of the College, being the third and last creation, dating back to 1936 and explained in the 1937 College Annual as being: <blockquote>The Heraldic Crest Of The College. ARGENT: - On a Cross Azure, the Dove of the Holy Ghost, Proper, with seven Rays descendant, Or. In the first quarter a Lion rampant of the second.</blockquote>

On 30 April 1926, Fr. Leen at a sports day speech encapsulated the words ''Fides Et Robur'' which henceforth became the Rock motto. In 1928, a new College Crest, bearing four emblems around a blue cross was hurriedly officiated, primarily to show off the Fides Et Robur motto over the College's especially built new front gates. Not everyone was happy with this design and possible variations of a new design may have been experimented with; evidence exists that both in crest and in uniform, by reason of fault or debate, and most likely between 1928 and 1936, a distinctive crest had been "with nine rays descendant, Or". In 1936, Dr. McQuaid instigated a new and distinctive crest that to this day is in continual use (unchecked variations and wayward deviations are contracted into stores by stationery and uniform suppliers). It was adapted on blazers that year and a heraldic description of the arms of the College was published (though not officially registered) in the 1937 Blackrock College Annual. It was commissioned into stained glass in 1938, presumably in its true and intended likeness and survives today at the end of one of the house corridors, though its conformity to the true heraldic interpretations are not accurate; "a Lion Rampant of the second" would correctly reveal only a blue silhouette of a rampant lion, that is, minus any fine caricature details so apparent in the existing variations.<ref>(Farragher, S. and Wyer, A. Blackrock College 1860-1995 {{ISBN|0-946639-19-1}})</ref>
[[File:BlackrockCollege.JPG|thumb|left|350px|Blackrock College]]

==Status and operation==
Blackrock is now run by the Congregation of the Holy Ghost in close co-operation with a dedicated group of lay personnel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/education/2000/0523/00052300211.html |title=The Blackrock College Story |publisher=The Irish Times |date=5 May 2000 |accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> The annual fees for students in 2011 were € 6,300 for day boys, €17,250 for boarders and €18,250 for overseas borders.

The College and its sister schools in Ireland are today held in trust by the Des Places Educational Association,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irishspiritans.ie/dea.html |title=Des Places Educational Association |publisher=Irish Spiritans |year=2006 |accessdate=28 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601011550/http://www.irishspiritans.ie/dea.html |archivedate=1 June 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> which, as the College's Patron, aims to maintain the Spiritan ethos in all five schools – Blackrock, [[Rockwell College|Rockwell]], [[St. Mary's College, Dublin|St. Mary's]], [[St. Michael's College, Dublin|St. Michael's]] and [[Templeogue College|Templeogue]] – conducted by the Congregation of the Holy Spirit in Ireland.

All students within the college are divided into six houses, that compete through each of the years in inter house competitions and a points system. The members of each house are chosen in second year by the captains, and a student remains within the same house, throughout his time at the school. There are two house captains who lead each house in each year, except transition year in which there are three captains per house. They act as leaders and one from each year is chosen to represent the year on the student council. The captains are elected democratically every year by members of their house. They lead house meeting and make sure everyone in their house partakes in the school's various inter house events. The houses are DeValera, Duff, Ebenrecht, Leman, McQuaid and Shanahan.

==Curriculum==
The curriculum offered is broad, covering all common subjects in the State Examinations including Latin, German, Art, Music, Business, Materials Technology Wood, Science and History. Inspections by the Department of Education found exemplary standards of teaching and learning.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Inspection-Reports-Publications/Subject-Inspection-Reports-List/60030V_Subject%20Inspection_1149_20161206.pdf |title=Subject Inspection Report - Science 2006 - Blackrock College |publisher=Department of Education and Science |date=14 March 2006 |accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> The [[Irish Times]] placed the College in the "Top Ten" schools in the state, based on the proportion of students who accept a place in Higher or Further Education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/frontpage/2008/1204/1228337399139.html |title=Over 60% of top schools limit admission to certain groups |publisher=The Irish Times |date=12 December 2008 |accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> There are dedicated facilities for Home Economics and Materials Technology.

== College buildings ==
The college consists mainly of two buildings, the junior cycle and transition year building and the more modern senior cycle building. These two buildings are connected via the central St. Patricks Corridor and the entrance corridor. Several other wings contain community facilities as well as other classrooms and subject specific rooms. The quadrangle or "quad" is a large green area surrounded by the senior wing, the chapel and St. Mary's Corridor. The campus is {{convert|0.25|km2|acre}} and contains nine rugby pitches, a cricket lawn, an athletics track, an indoor swimming pool, a gym, six tennis courts, basketball courts, hammer throw field and indoor halls.

Apart from classrooms and three study halls, there are nine science laboratories, a woodwork room, a radio studio, three computer rooms, a digital communications and graphics room, an art room, a choir hall, a multimedia room and a home economics kitchen. The college also contains a refectory, chapel, creative arts and digital learning centre, lecture halls and stage which hosts student-run dramatic productions. The college is undergoing an extensive modernisation programme, currently the pitches are being transformed and roads around the school rerouted.

==Boarding school==
The boarding school is housed in Williamstown Castle (known by students as "The Castle"). Williamstown Castle was built around 1780 on lands rented by the Fitzwilliams, later Pembrokes, to Counsellor William Vavasour. It resembled other spacious houses in the area including Willow Park and Castledawson, but a later owner, Thomas O'Mara, extensively redeveloped the building and its surrounds, adding the castellated finish, hence making it into a 'castle'. O'Mara had acted as an election agent for [[Daniel O'Connell]], who dined in the Castle on occasion, and for years a portrait of O'Connell adorned the room which is now the oratory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blackrockcollegeboardingschool.com/history.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=21 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703003242/http://www.blackrockcollegeboardingschool.com/history.htm |archivedate=3 July 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> Niall MacDermott is the Director of Boarding in the college. The Boarding School contains around 100 students. Boarding is available from first year up to sixth year. Some day boys join the boarding school in 6th year in preparation for their [[Leaving Certificate]]. Boarders are allowed to leave the castle with permission.

== Extra curricular activities ==

=== Field sports ===
Sport is viewed as an integral part of a boy's education and each pupil is expected to participate in some activity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blackrockcollege.ie/blackrock/www/index.asp?magpage=7 |title=Blackrock College: About Us: Prospective Students |publisher=Blackrockcollege.ie |date= |accessdate=28 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616021609/http://www.blackrockcollege.ie/blackrock/www/index.asp?magpage=7 |archivedate=16 June 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The principal sport in the college is rugby, with Blackrock having won the [[Leinster Schools Senior Cup]] 69 times. It has also won the [[Leinster Schools Junior Cup]] 51 times. Blackrock won the inaugural Cup competition held in 1887 and have been consistently the most successful team, winning the Cup at least three times in every decade since.

Retired Blackrock rugby union players include [[Fergus Slattery]], [[Niall Brophy]], [[Hugo MacNeill (rugby union)|Hugo MacNeill]] and [[Brendan Mullin]] (all playing before rugby union was professional), former [[British and Irish Lions]], [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]] and [[Leinster rugby|Leinster]] captain [[Brian O'Driscoll]], [[Shane Byrne (rugby player)|Shane Byrne]], [[Victor Costello]], [[Luke Fitzgerald]], and the current Leinster Rugby Head Coach and former Irish international [[Leo Cullen (rugby union)|Leo Cullen]]. Current professional players include Bristol and Ireland's [[Ian Madigan]], Leinster and Ireland stars Garry Ringrose, Jordi Murphy and Joey Carbery, Munster and Ireland's Andrew Conway, Sale Sharks and US Eagles' AJ MacGinty and multiple others around Ireland and the world.
[[File:Rockleinster.jpg|thumb|250px|Blackrock v St Michael's 2006 [[Leinster Schools Senior Cup]] final at [[Lansdowne Road]]]]

[[Gaelic football]] is played in 4th year in the college. Past pupils [[Mark Vaughan]] and [[Niall Corkery]] are forwards on the [[Dublin GAA|Dublin]] [[Gaelic football]] team. The school also has a [[hurling]] team for 2nd and 3rd years. Five members of the All Ireland Club Championship winning Kilmacud Crokes team of 2008–09 were past pupils of Blackrock College. The college has a soccer team for its senior pupils in 4th, 5th and 6th year. The soccer team's greatest success came in 2003, when, captained by Steve Dillon, they won the Leinster and All-Ireland U-17s schools cup.

=== Swimming ===

The college has a strong [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]] team, which combines 1st to 6th year. Currently the team has six training sessions per week. The college competes in Leinster Senior Schools and has won the senior relay cup multiple times, most recently in 2008, and the Irish senior schools, regularly making finals. The college has a strong record of inter-schools galas also. The school has two {{convert|25|m|adj=on}} swimming pools on the grounds. The junior school Willow Park also has a successful swimming team. The college has teams in other water sports such as [[water polo]] and 4th years participate in rowing.

=== Other games===

[[Table tennis]] is another one of the colleges sports with many of its students participating. Many players come from 2nd year with older years fielding less numbers. 2010 saw the Blackrock Senior A team retain the Leinster Schools Senior Cup, won for the first time in 2009, while the seniors also won the Leinster Senior League for the first time since 1968, as well as reaching the final of the Senior All Irelands for the first time. 2010 saw the junior team reach the Junior Cup final for the 3rd year in a row, however in 2008 and 2009 the Blackrock Junior A team completed the Leinster double, with victories in both Junior Cup and Junior League, and also reached the final of the Junior All Irelands in both seasons. In 2010, the Senior A team competed in the World Schools Championships for the first time. It is currently very successful at schools level, completing a 'Treble-Treble' of Leinster League, Leinster Cup and All-Ireland Championship for the past three years

The college has its own [[basketball]] team run by teachers as well as professional coaches. Basketball has flourished when it comes to numbers and is also successful. The basketball programme produced Irish and inter provincial school boy representatives in the 1970s such as John and Noel Williams. The college has three outdoor basketball courts and different indoor basketball courts on the grounds. One indoor basketball court is in Willow Park gym, and one in the Jubilee Hall while the introduction of the new sports hall provides a professional basketball court and spectator area.

The school has a [[tennis]] team divided between minors, juniors and seniors. They practice and play their home matches on the colleges four tennis courts. 1st years in Willow Park also play on the colleges tennis teams. The college also has teams in other sports such as [[cricket]], [[golf]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] and [[Judo]]. Cricket has been played since the foundation of the school in 1860 and in 2016 Blackrock won their first Junior Cricket Trophy since 1964.
Other sports such as rowing, badminton and a full athletics programme is also available to name a few

=== Cycling ===

Blackrock College and Willow Park share a [[cycling]] club called the Willow Wheelers, run by Christy McDaid. The club has an annual trip abroad to either France or The Netherlands each Easter, recently in Cap D'Agde. It also has hostel trips to Clare and Donegal at the end of the school year. The club has an annual {{convert|160|km|mi|adj=on}} cycle for charity which has raised around 150,000 euro in the past few years. The club cycles every Sunday to varying destinations around Dublin.

=== Athletics ===

The college has a very successful [[track and field athletics|athletics]] team. The college encourages participation in both track events and field events. The college also has a strong cross country team who compete regionally, with a successful history. The school organises the annual Blackrock College Invitational, inviting top athletic schools ([[CBC Monkstown]], St Gerards School, [[St Michael's College, Dublin]] and [[The King's Hospital]] to compete as a preliminary to the annual provincial and national competitions.

The athletics team participates regularly in the East Leinster, Leinster and Ireland Athletic championships at under-14s to under-18s annually.

===The arts===

Each year, opera productions are staged in conjunction with [[Mount Anville Secondary School|Mount Anville]] (Senior Musical) and [[Loreto College, Foxrock]] (2nd and 4th Year Musical), two nearby schools for girls.

[[Debating]] is an old tradition in Blackrock College dating back to the school's founding in the 1860s. There are separate clubs for junior and senior pupils. One of the college alumni, Shane Murphy (now a Senior Counsel), won the 1985 World University Debating Championship at McGill University, representing the Honourable Society of the King's Inns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishdebate.com/universities/results/international.asp#worlds |title=Universities: Hall of Fame: International: World Universities Debating Championships |publisher=British Debate |accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> The college holds gold medal debates for every academic year giving the students the opportunity to win the medal on prize day if they win the debate. The gold medal debates are used in sixth year to select an eligible Valedictorian for the year, who give his address at both the graduation mass and again at prize day. The college's debaters participate in many competitions including the L&H debates in UCD.

The college has two main choirs: the Leman and the Libermann [[choirs]]. The Leman choir has members from 2nd, 4th, 5th and 6th year. The best of the senior members of the Leman choir are accepted into the Libermann choir. In 2013, a group of students from the college's Leman choir reached the final of the [[All Island Choir Competition]]. The College has a choir for boarders and another for parents. The College has a successful youth [[orchestra]]. Each year, all the choirs and the orchestra host the annual Leman Concert in the [[National Concert Hall]].

===Blackrock College Radio===

A transition year program to set up and maintain a [[radio]] station, broadcasting to the surrounding south Dublin area, is undertaken annually. All of the administrative work, promotion and content-creation is the labour of transition year students. The station also allows programming submissions from other schools to be broadcast. It's the only second-level radio project that broadcasts nine and a half hours a day (8:00 am to 5:30 pm), five days a week. The station has a mix of programmes from its current affairs programming to its guest programming. Blackrock College Radio has featured many famous and influential guests including [[Enda Kenny]], while in office as Taoiseach, Neil Flynn, [[Ryan Tubridy]], [[Eamon Gilmore]], Leo Cullen, Mary Hannifin, [[Micheál Martin]], [[Ruairi Quinn]], [[Brent Pope (rugby analyst)|Brent Pope]], David Norris, The Heathers, Bobby Kerr, and [[Denis O'Brien]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2007/1114/1194550268980.html |title=Get an earful of this |publisher=The Irish Times |date=11 November 2007 |accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.rockty.com/BCR.html Blackrock College Transition Year | BCR (Blackrock College Radio) 2006] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117020100/http://www.rockty.com/BCR.html |date=17 November 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bci.ie/licensing/radio/temporary_services_apps.html |title=BCI: Licensing: Radio: Successful applicants for Temporary services |publisher=Broadcasting Commission of Ireland |date= |accessdate=28 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402092214/http://www.bci.ie/licensing/radio/temporary_services_apps.html |archivedate=2 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Seachtain na Gaeilge===

Each year a ''Seachtain na Gaeilge'' (literally, "Week of Irish") is organised to promote the Irish language in the school. The Irish department organises events each year to mark this occasion including [[ceili dance]], pioc fada (Longest hit) and screens Irish films. This co-curricular activity was particularly commended in a Department of Education inspection, which also recommended its further development.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.education.ie/servlet/blobservlet/report2t_60030V.htm?language=EN |title=Subject Inspection Report - Irish - 2007 |publisher=Department of Education and Science |date=7 December 2007 |accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref>

==Social work==
The spiritual and missionary aspect of the school has been maintained, despite the worldwide decline of new clerics in the Catholic Church. Many charitable causes are supported by the students; a strong reflection upon the ethos of the school and the founder's aims. The school donates most of its funds raised during the first term (September to October) to St Vincent De Paul and in the second and third terms the focus is mainly on Goal, Aidlink and the Willow Wheelers humanitarian projects; all of which provide international aid.

===GOAL and Aidlink===
Up until 2017, the Transition Year students organised the annual [[St. Patrick's Day]] Badge appeal which raised large sums of money throughout Ireland for the Irish charities [[GOAL (charity)|GOAL]] and [[Aidlink]]. The students collected on the streets, sold the badges to overseas clients and to businesses across the country. Goal organized a trip to India in both 2012 and 2013 to the Transition Year boys, inviting them to see the projects which they helped fund through their Badge campaigns. The trip was centred around [[Kolkata]] were Goal's Indian office was situated. The St. Patrick's Day project is estimated to have raised over €5,000,000 for charity.

===St. Vincent De Paul===

The school also has a long-standing relationship with The [[Society of St. Vincent de Paul]], contributing large sums of money raised through various projects. For example, the proceeds of the annual sale of [[Christmas tree|Christmas Trees]] in the college are donated. In 2007, the Christmas Tree project raised € 93,000 and the total amount raised for the Society in that year is estimated to be in excess of € 150,000. Other projects for St Vincent De Paul include the Second and third year duck races, which raise money through sponsorship. Christmas Hampers are also packed and delivered by students and their families in the run-up to the holiday. This provides some families with the necessary supplies of food for the period.

===Willow Wheelers===

The College supports humanitarian projects in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], mainly through the college's cycling club, the [http://www.willowwheelers.ie/ Willow Wheelers]. In 2006, their annual sponsored {{convert|160|km|mi|abbr=on}} cycle raised in excess of € 60,000. The club also annually sends a group of self-funded volunteers to help with humanitarian projects in Africa, most commonly: establishing clean water supplies for villages and constructing schoolhouses, infirmaries or similar institutions. Transition year students who are members of the cycling club are invited to see the club's projects throughout the world, and understand how their raised funds are spent. The students usually visit [[Ethiopia]], and have visited [[Vietnam]].

===Rock Reaches Out To Kenya===
This an initiative to build a school in Kenya to help educate the country's future leaders. The school's 6th year students have the opportunity to travel to the school every year after the leaving certificate examinations. The school is to be run by the Spiritans, who also run Blackrock College.

===Past pupils' efforts===

[[Bob Geldof]], initiator of the [[Band Aid (band)|Band Aid]] and [[Live Aid]] movements for famine relief in the 1980s, was a student at the college. [[Frank Duff]], the founder of the [[Legion of Mary]], the Catholic [[Laity|lay]] movement, is also a past pupil. In his memoirs, ''Straight Left: A Journey in Politics'' [[Ruairi Quinn]] cites the ethos and "sense of solidarity" with the Third World that was imparted to students, including Bob Geldof, as a formative force. The Holy Ghost Fathers were (and remain) an active missionary order in Africa.<ref>Quinn, Ruairi, Straight Left: A Journey in Politics, 2005, Dublin, Hodder Headline Ireland</ref> He wrote:

{{quote|The poverty of distant Africa was brought into our classrooms by our returned missionary teachers.|author=[[Ruairi Quinn]]|source=''Straight Left'', pg. 36}}

==Associated primary schools==
[[Willow Park School]], a private [[primary school]] that acts as the College's principal feeder, is also run by the Order and is situated on the same campus. Until the early 1970s, [[St. Michael's College, Dublin|St. Michael's College]] in [[Ballsbridge]] was also a feeder school for Blackrock College, but St Michael's now has classes up to the [[Irish Leaving Certificate|Leaving Certificate]].

==Past pupils==

{{Main|List of Old Rockmen}}

The Blackrock College Union represents former students of the college, organises many charitable events throughout the year, assists the school (e.g., mentoring, management assistance, advice) and organises social events for members. There are branches in Ireland and across the world.

Blackrock's large enrolment and high standards have produced many distinguished alumni through its long history. Early Free State ministers such as [[Art O'Connor]] (Secretary for Agriculture 1921–1922), and [[Éamon de Valera]], six times Taoiseach and the 3rd President of Ireland, studied and later taught in Blackrock. Modern politicians include [[Eoin O'Broin]] TD, [[Ruairi Quinn]] ( a former Minister and Leader of the Labour Party) and [[Barry Andrews (politician)|Barry Andrews]], a former junior Minister. Many prominent businessmen have also attended the school such as [[David J. O'Reilly]], chairman and former CEO of Chevron Corporation, and [[Brendan O'Regan|Dr. Brendan O'Regan]] [[CBE]], founder of [[Shannon Airport]] and proponent of the Irish peace and reconciliation process.

[[Flann O'Brien]], the eminent writer (real name: Brian O'Nolan) and [[Tim Pat Coogan]], the journalist and scholar, were students of the school. Alumni in the fine arts include designer [[Paul Costelloe]], composer [[Michael McGlynn]] and visual artist [[Robert Ballagh]]. The Holy Ghost Order has a long tradition of missionaries. [[Frank Duff (religious worker)|Frank Duff]], founder of the [[Legion of Mary]], is perhaps the best-known. Singer, songwriter, author and [[political activist]] [[Bob Geldof]] was also a student at the College. Eminent handbag designer [[Pauric Sweeney]] also calls Blackrock his alma mater.

The college places a heavy emphasis on sport, particularly rugby. Past pupils include Ireland internationals [[Brian O'Driscoll]] former Ireland and Lions captain, [[Luke Fitzgerald]], [[Victor Costello]], a 20-year Leinster, Ireland and Blackrock College RFC veteran, who also represented Ireland in shot putting at the Olympics, [[Leo Cullen (rugby union)|Leo Cullen]], former captain, now coach of the [[Leinster Rugby]] team and [[Shane Byrne (rugby player)|Shane Byrne]], Leinster and Ireland professional rugby player.
The current Ireland international team includes [[Ian Madigan]], [[Jordi Murphy]], [[Garry Ringrose]] and [[Joey Carbery]],

In other games, [[Michael Cusack]], founder of the [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] taught at the school, and played early forms of [[hurling]] with the pupils. Golfer [[John O'Leary (golfer)|John O'Leary]] (winner of the Carrolls Irish Open), [[Alan Lee (footballer)|Alan Lee]] (Ireland soccer international) and Joey O'Meara (who represented Ireland in both Hockey and Cricket), also went to Blackrock.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}https://www.irishtimes.com/news/won-52-hockey-caps-for-ireland-1.307504

==External links==
* [http://www.blackrockcollege.ie/ Blackrock College] - official website

{{Spiritan secondary schools in Ireland}}
{{Schools and colleges in County Dublin}}
{{Private schools in the Republic of Ireland}}

[[Category:Boys' schools in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Private schools in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1860]]
[[Category:Secondary schools in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown]]
[[Category:Catholic boarding schools]]
[[Category:Blackrock, Dublin]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Ireland]]
[[Category:Spiritan schools]]

Waihi–Waikino Gold Tramway

2018-08-01T16:48:52Z

R'n'B: Disambiguated: 4-4-2 → 4-4-2 (locomotive)

The '''Waihi-Waikino Gold Tramway''' (also known locally as the '''Rake Line''') was a [[narrow-gauge railway]] which ran between gold mines at [[Waihi]] and the Victoria Battery at [[Waikino]]. Owned by the Waihi Gold Mining Company, it operated from 1897 to 1952.<ref>{{cite web |title=Time Line - Tramway to Victoria Battery - The Rake |url=http://www.ohinemuri.org.nz/research/heritage-on-the-hrt-cycleway/92-tramway-to-victoria-battery/1935-03-time-line |website=Ohinemuri |accessdate=30 July 2018}}</ref>
==History==
The township of Waihi was home to the [[Martha Mine | Martha Gold Mine]], with the first stamping battery coming into use in 1882. By the mid 1890s the mine was needing a new stamping battery, which was decided to be put down the [[Ohinemuri River]] at Waikino due to the availability of water power, and to keep stamping noise away from Waihi township. A tramway was built parallel to the Ohinemuri River, 5.75 miles long, to the uncommon gauge of {{convert|2|ft|9|in|abbr=on}}. Maximum gradient was 1 in 40, with the rails being 40lb/yard (20kg/m).<ref>{{cite web |title=HP Barry, description of tramway |url=http://www.ohinemuri.org.nz/research/heritage-on-the-hrt-cycleway/92-tramway-to-victoria-battery/1940-08-hp-barry-description-of-tramway |website=Ohinemuri - |accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref> The tramway started with only one locomotive, named "Ohinemuri", but more were purchased later, ending up with 5 from [[Manning Wardle]], except for the last which was from [[W. G. Bagnall]] <ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Summary - Tramway to Victoria Battery - The Rake |url=http://www.ohinemuri.org.nz/research/heritage-on-the-hrt-cycleway/92-tramway-to-victoria-battery/1934-02-historical-summary |website=Ohinemuri |accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref> as the former company had ceased operating by 1934 when it was purchased. The year 1905 saw the NZ Government Railway open to Waihi, and a overpass was built east of Waihi station to allow the NZR line to pass over the Rake Line. The structure is still there today. By 1952 increasing costs lead to the closure of the Martha Mine (the mine later re-opened in 1987 as open cast). The tramway took around two years to be lifted <ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Summary - Tramway to Victoria Battery - The Rake |url=http://www.ohinemuri.org.nz/research/heritage-on-the-hrt-cycleway/92-tramway-to-victoria-battery/1934-02-historical-summary |website=Ohinemuri |accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref>, with no locos or rolling stock being preserved. The Victoria Battery Tramway now runs a 1.2km long 2 ft gauge railway on the former battery site at Waikino <ref>{{cite web |title=Attractions |url=https://www.vbts.org.nz/index.php/attractions |website=The Victoria Battery Tramway and Museum Society Inc. |accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref>.

==Locomotives==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Whyte notation|Wheels]] !! Manufacturer !! Number !! Year !! Name !! Cylinder Bore x Stroke in Inches
|-
|[[0-4-0]] / [[0-4-2]] || [[Manning Wardle]] || 1329 || 1896 || Ohinemuri || 9 x 14
|-
| 0-4-2 || Manning Wardle || 1424 || 1898 || Victoria || 9 x 14
|-
| 0-4-2 || Manning Wardle || 1497 || 1900 || Albert || ?
|-
| [[4-4-0]] || Manning Wardle || 1662 || 1905 || Waikino || 10 x 16
|-
| [[4-4-2 (locomotive)|4-4-2]] || Manning Wardle || 1753 || 1909 || Dominion || 10 x 16
|-
| [[2-4-2]] || [[W. G. Bagnall]] || 2513 || 1934 || Empire || 10 x 16
|}

==References==
<references />
==External links==
* [https://www.vbts.org.nz/index.php Victoria Battery Tramway Website]
* [http://www.ohinemuri.org.nz/research/heritage-on-the-hrt-cycleway/92-tramway-to-victoria-battery/1939-07-photographs-historic Rake Line Historical Photo Gallery]

[[Category:2 ft 9 in gauge railways]]
[[Category:Railway lines in New Zealand]]

1. deild karla

2018-07-25T15:46:41Z

R'n'B: WP:INTDABLINK

{{about|the football league|other uses|1. deild karla (disambiguation)}}
{{for|the Faroese football division|1. deild}}
{{Infobox football league
| logo =
| pixels = 180px
| country = {{ISL}}
| founded = 1997 1955 ''(as 2. deild karla)''
| teams = 12
| promotion = [[Úrvalsdeild karla (football)|Úrvalsdeild karla]]
| relegation = [[2. deild karla]]
| level = 2
| pyramid = Icelandic football league system
| domest_cup = [[Icelandic Men's Football Cup|Bikarkeppni karla]] [[Deildabikar]]
| confed_cup =
| champions = [[Íþróttafélagið Fylkir|Fylkir]] (4th title)
| most successful club = [[Breiðablik men's football|Breiðablik]] (6 titles)
| season = [[2017 1. deild karla|2017]]
| website = [http://www.ksi.is/mot/motalisti/urslit-stada/?MotNumer=37370 KSÍ.is]
| current = [[2018 1. deild karla|2018]]
}}

'''1. deild karla''', known as '''Inkasso-deild karla''' ({{Lang-en|The Inkasso League}}) for sponsorship reasons, is a [[association football|football]] league in [[Iceland]]. It is the second division in the [[Icelandic football league system]]. The league was founded in 1955 and current champions are [[Íþróttafélagið Fylkir|Fylkir]].
The league was expanded to 12 teams for the 2007 season, after having only 10 teams for many years. Since 2008 the top three divisions have all had 12 teams.

==Current clubs (2018)==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team !! Location !! Stadium !! 2017 season
|-
|[[Knattspyrnufélagið Fram|Fram]]
|[[Reykjavík]] ([[Háaleiti]]/[[Grafarholt]])
|Framvöllur - Úlfarsárdal
|align=center|9th
|-
|[[Haukar men's football|Haukar]]
|[[Hafnarfjörður]]
|[[Ásvellir]]
|align=center|7th
|-
|[[Handknattleiksfélag Kópavogs|HK]]
|[[Kópavogur]]
|[[Kórinn]]
|align=center|4th
|-
|[[Íþróttabandalag Akraness|ÍA]]
|[[Akranes]]
|[[Akranesvöllur|Norðurálsvöllurinn]]
|align=center|Úrvalsdeild, 12th
|-
|[[Íþróttafélag Reykjavíkur|ÍR]]
|[[Reykjavík]] ([[Breiðholt]])
|Hertzvöllurinn
|align=center|10th
|-
|[[Leiknir Reykjavík|Leiknir R.]]
|[[Reykjavík]] ([[Breiðholt]])
|Leiknisvöllur
|align=center|5th
|-
|[[Magni Grenivík|Magni]]
|[[Grenivík]]
|Grenivíkurvöllur
|align=center|2. deild, 2nd
|-
|[[Ungmennafélag Njarðvíkur|Njarðvík]]
|[[Reykjanesbær]] ([[Njarðvík]])
|Njarðtaksvöllurinn
|align=center|2. deild, 1st
|-
|[[UMF Selfoss|Selfoss]]
|[[Selfoss (town)|Selfoss]]
|Selfossvöllur
|align=center|8th
|-
|[[Ungmennafélagið Víkingur|Víkingur Ó.]]
|[[Ólafsvík]]
|Ólafsvíkurvöllur
|align=center|Úrvalsdeild, 11th
|-
|[[Knattspyrnufélagið Þróttur|Þróttur Reykjavík]]
|[[Reykjavík]] ([[Laugardalur]])
|[[Valbjarnarvöllur]]
|align=center|3rd
|-
|[[Þór Akureyri|Þór]]
|[[Akureyri]]
|[[Þórsvöllur]]
|align=center|6th
|}

==History==

===Championship History===
{{col-begin-small}}
{{col-3}}
*1955 [[Knattspyrnufélag Akureyrar|ÍBA]] ([[Akureyri]])
*1956 ÍBH ([[Hafnarfjörður]])
*1957 [[Knattspyrnudeild_Keflavík|Keflavík]] ([[Keflavík]])
*1958 [[Knattspyrnufélagið Þróttur|Þróttur R.]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*1959 [[Knattspyrnufélag Akureyrar|ÍBA]] ([[Akureyri]])
*1960 ÍBH ([[Hafnarfjörður]])
*1961 ÍBÍ ([[Ísafjörður]])
*1962 [[Knattspyrnudeild_Keflavík|Keflavík]] ([[Keflavík]])
*1963 [[Knattspyrnufélagið Þróttur|Þróttur R.]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*1964 [[Knattspyrnufélag Akureyrar|ÍBA]] ([[Akureyri]])
*1965 [[Knattspyrnufélagið Þróttur|Þróttur R.]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*1966 [[Knattspyrnufélagið Fram|Fram]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*1967 [[Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja|ÍBV]] ([[Vestmannaeyjar]])
*1968 [[Íþróttabandalag Akraness|ÍA]] ([[Akranes]])
*1969 [[Knattspyrnufélagið Víkingur|Víkingur R.]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*1970 [[Breiðablik men's football|Breiðablik]] ([[Kópavogur]])
*1971 [[Knattspyrnufélagið Víkingur|Víkingur R.]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*1972 [[Knattspyrnufélag Akureyrar|ÍBA]] ([[Akureyri]])
*1973 [[Knattspyrnufélagið Víkingur|Víkingur R.]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*1974 [[Fimleikafélag Hafnarfjarðar|FH]] ([[Hafnarfjörður]])
*1975 [[Breiðablik men's football|Breiðablik]] ([[Kópavogur]])
{{col-3}}
*[[1976 1. deild karla|1976]] [[Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja|ÍBV]] ([[Vestmannaeyjar]])
*[[1977 1. deild karla|1977]] [[Knattspyrnufélagið Þróttur|Þróttur R.]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*[[1978 1. deild karla|1978]] [[Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur|KR]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*[[1979 1. deild karla|1979]] [[Breiðablik men's football|Breiðablik]] ([[Kópavogur]])
*[[1980 1. deild karla|1980]] [[Knattspyrnufélag Akureyrar|KA]] ([[Akureyri]])
*[[1981 1. deild karla|1981]] [[Knattspyrnudeild_Keflavík|Keflavík]] ([[Keflavík]])
*[[1982 1. deild karla|1982]] [[Knattspyrnufélagið Þróttur|Þróttur R.]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*[[1983 1. deild karla|1983]] [[Knattspyrnufélagið Fram|Fram]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*[[1984 1. deild karla|1984]] [[Fimleikafélag Hafnarfjarðar|FH]] ([[Hafnarfjörður]])
*[[1985 1. deild karla|1985]] [[Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja|ÍBV]] ([[Vestmannaeyjar]])
*[[1986 1. deild karla|1986]] [[Íþróttafélagið Völsungur|Völsungur]] ([[Húsavík]])
*[[1987 1. deild karla|1987]] [[Knattspyrnufélagið Víkingur|Víkingur R.]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*[[1988 1. deild karla|1988]] [[Fimleikafélag Hafnarfjarðar|FH]] ([[Hafnarfjörður]])
*[[1989 1. deild karla|1989]] [[Stjarnan]] ([[Garðabær]])
*[[1990 1. deild karla|1990]] [[Víðir]] ([[Garður]])
*[[1991 1. deild karla|1991]] [[Íþróttabandalag Akraness|ÍA]] ([[Akranes]])
*[[1992 1. deild karla|1992]] [[Fylkir]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*[[1993 1. deild karla|1993]] [[Breiðablik men's football|Breiðablik]] ([[Kópavogur]])
*[[1994 1. deild karla|1994]] [[Grindavík men's football|Grindavík]] ([[Grindavík]])
*[[1995 1. deild karla|1995]] [[Fylkir]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*[[1996 1. deild karla|1996]] [[Knattspyrnufélagið Fram|Fram]] ([[Reykjavík]])
{{col-3}}
*[[1997 1. deild karla|1997]] [[Knattspyrnufélagið Þróttur|Þróttur R.]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*[[1998 1. deild karla|1998]] [[Breiðablik men's football|Breiðablik]] ([[Kópavogur]])
*[[1999 1. deild karla|1999]] [[Fylkir]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*[[2000 1. deild karla|2000]] [[Fimleikafélag Hafnarfjarðar|FH]] ([[Hafnarfjörður]])
*[[2001 1. deild karla|2001]] [[Þór Akureyri|Þór]] ([[Akureyri]])
*[[2002 1. deild karla|2002]] [[Valur]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*[[2003 1. deild karla|2003]] [[Knattspyrnudeild_Keflavík|Keflavík]] ([[Reykjanesbær]])
*[[2004 1. deild karla|2004]] [[Valur]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*[[2005 1. deild karla|2005]] [[Breiðablik men's football|Breiðablik]] ([[Kópavogur]])
*[[2006 1. deild karla|2006]] [[Knattspyrnufélagið Fram|Fram]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*[[2007 1. deild karla|2007]] [[Grindavík men's football|Grindavík]] ([[Grindavík]])
*[[2008 1. deild karla|2008]] [[Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja|ÍBV]] ([[Vestmannaeyjar]])
*[[2009 1. deild karla|2009]] [[UMF Selfoss]] ([[Selfoss (town)|Selfoss]])
*[[2010 1. deild karla|2010]] [[Knattspyrnufélagið Víkingur|Víkingur R.]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*[[2011 1. deild karla|2011]] [[ÍA]] ([[Akranes]])
*[[2012 1. deild karla|2012]] [[Þór Akureyri|Þór A.]] ([[Akureyri]])
*[[2013 1. deild karla|2013]] [[Ungmennafélagið Fjölnir|Fjölnir]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*[[2014 1. deild karla|2014]] [[Leiknir Reykjavík|Leiknir R.]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*[[2015 1. deild karla|2015]] [[Ungmennafélagið Víkingur|Víkingur Ó.]] ([[Ólafsvík]])
*[[2016 1. deild karla|2016]] [[Knattspyrnufélag Akureyrar|KA]] ([[Akureyri]])
*[[2017 1. deild karla|2017]] [[Fylkir]] ([[Reykjavík]])
{{col-3}}
{{col-end}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ksi.is Icelandic FA] {{is icon}}
* [http://www.league321.com/iceland-football.html League321.com] - Icelandic football league tables, records & statistics database.
* [http://www.icelandfootball.net/second-level-champions.html IcelandFootball.net] - List of Second Level Champions. {{en icon}}

{{1. deild karla seasons}}
{{Football in Iceland}}
{{UEFA second leagues}}
[[Category:1. deild karla| ]]
[[Category:Football leagues in Iceland|2]]
[[Category:Second level football leagues in Europe|Ice]]

Reed Smith

2018-05-29T09:52:23Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to New York (link changed to New York City) using DisamAssist.

{{Infobox Law Firm
| firm_name = Reed Smith LLP
| firm_logo = [[File:Reed Smith logo.jpg|260px|Reed Smith]]
| num_offices = 27
| num_attorneys = 1,700+
| practice_areas = Finance, Life Sciences & Health, Energy & Natural Resources, Entertainment & Media, Shipping & Transportation
| revenue = {{profit}} $1.12 billion (2018)<ref name="Reed Smith boosts revenue and profits">{{cite web|title=Reed Smith boosts revenue and profits as London base closes in on $200m mark|url=http://www.legalweek.com/sites/legalweek/2018/02/28/reed-smith-grows-revenue-profits-as-head-count-stays-flat/|publisher=Legal Week|accessdate=1 March 2018|date=28 February 2018}}</ref>
| profit_per_equity_partner = {{gain}} $1.18 million (2018)<ref name="Reed Smith boosts revenue and profits"/>
| date_founded = 1877 ([[Pittsburgh]])
| founder = [[Philander Knox]] and [[James Hay Reed]]
| company_type = [[Limited liability partnership]]
| firm_slogan = Driving Progress Through Partnership.
| homepage = [http://www.reedsmith.com www.reedsmith.com]}}
'''Reed Smith LLP''' is a global law firm headquartered in [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]], with more than 1,700 [[lawyer]]s in 27 offices throughout the [[United States]], [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]] and [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Organizational Profile of Reed Smith at the National Law Review|journal=The National Law Review|date=May 16, 2012|url=http://www.natlawreview.com/organization/reed-smith-llp}}</ref> In 2018 and 2017, Reed Smith was listed by market analysts [[Law360]] and BTI Consulting as one of the 20 elite global law firms, which includes firms that have the biggest global presence and handle the largest, most groundbreaking international and cross-border matters.<ref name="law360_20_firms">https://www.law360.com/articles/961879/law360-reveals-the-global-20-firms-of-2017</ref> <ref>https://www.bticonsulting.com/brand-elite-top-firms-2018/</ref>

The firm counsels 13 of the world's 15 largest commercial and savings banks; 25 of the world's 35 largest oil and gas companies; and the world's three largest pharmaceutical distribution and wholesale companies. Reed Smith's shipping practice has been designated among the most preeminent in the world, and its advertising law practice is regarded as among the legal industry's finest.

In 2018, revenues at Reed Smith reached a record-breaking $1.12 billion. Profits per partner grew 6% to $1,180,000.00, while revenue per lawyer increased by 3% to $722,000.00.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reed Smith boosts revenue and profits as London base closes in on $200m mark
|url=http://www.legalweek.com/sites/legalweek/2018/02/28/reed-smith-grows-revenue-profits-as-head-count-stays-flat/|work=Legal Week|accessdate=2 March 2018|date=28 February 2018}}</ref> Reed Smith's [[London]] office is the firm's largest where it is dominating the lateral market and generating the 6th highest revenue of all US law firms in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>https://www.thelawyer.com/top-us-law-firms-lateral-hires-london/</ref>

==History==
Reed Smith was founded in Pittsburgh in 1877 by [[Philander C. Knox]] and [[James H. Reed]].<ref name="History">{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.reedsmith.com/aboutus/history/|publisher=Reed Smith|accessdate=6 March 2015|date=4 March 2015}}</ref> The two partners soon created a symbiotic relationship with the American industrial tycoon, [[Andrew Carnegie]], the creator of [[U.S. Steel]], the world's first billion-dollar corporation. Soon after, other large businesses and wealthy personalities such as [[Heinz (company)]], [[Andrew Mellon]] (now [[The Bank of New York Mellon]]) and [[Henry Clay Frick]] joined the firm's client roster. In the 1880s, Edwin W. Smith and other partners joined the firm and in 1922 the firm adopted the name Reed Smith Shaw & McClay, a name that would stand until being shortened in 2000. During the New Deal era, Reed Smith established a securities practice and partner [[Ralph H. Demmler]] became chair of the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]].<ref name="History"/>
[[File: 599 Lexington Avenue.jpg|thumb|Reed Smith's New York offices at [[599 Lexington Avenue]]|280px]]

Through 1970 to the present, the firm engaged in a series of strategic mergers & acquisitions, as well as new offices, to create one of the largest law firms in the world. In the 1970s, Reed Smith domestically grew with new offices beyond Pittsburgh. It set up an office in Washington, DC and in 1989, merged with Beltway firm Pierson, Ball & Dowd, thereby obtaining a well-regarded health care practice. Reed Smith opened new offices in New York and New Jersey in the 1990s and acquired a leading [[Northern Virginia]] firm, Hazel & Thomas.

During the 2000s Reed Smith experienced rapid international growth, both organically and through mergers. Acquiring the UK law firm Warner Cranston turned Reed Smith transatlantic in 2001 and opened offices in Paris and Munich four years later. Domestically, it opened an office in Delaware and combined with a California law firm, Crosby, Heafey, Roach & May, which moved the firm to a rank among the 20 largest law firms.<ref name="History"/> In 2007 Reed Smith merged with UK law firm, Richards Butler, which added offices in France, Greece, the Middle East and Hong Kong one year later.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reed Smith Richards Butler completes merger|url=http://www.thelawyer.com/reed-smith-richards-butler-completes-merger/123584.article|work=The Lawyer|accessdate=6 March 2015|date=2 January 2007}}</ref>

Since 2009 their office has been located in Reed Smith Centre, a LEED-certified workspace that helped jumpstart the modernization of the City's "Fifth Avenue ," on the perimeter of Pittsburgh's Cultural District. More than 275 lawyers comprise the Pittsburgh office, making it the largest law office in the city and the largest Reed Smith office in the United States. Pittsburgh also is home to the firm's Global Customer Center, which provides service to Reed Smith's lawyers and offices around the world.

Reed Smith opened their second German office in 2015 in Frankfurt, Germany's financial center, to meet growing client demand in the German market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reedsmith.com/en/about-us/history |title=Reed Smith opens second Germany office |publisher=Reed Smith}}</ref>

In 2016, Reed Smith entered into a formal alliance with Singapore firm Resource Law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelawyer.com/reed-smith-seals-alliance-with-singapore-firm-resource-law/|title=Reed Smith seals alliance with Singapore firm Resource Law |work=The Lawyer|date=2016-07-18|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-07-21}}</ref> A year later in 2017 the firm opened a new office in Miami, strengthening their connections to clients in Central and South America.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.reedsmith.com/en/about-us/history |title=Reed Smith opens new office in Miami}}</ref>

On April 30th, 2018 Reed Smith hired Lewis Zirogiannis ([[General Electric]]'s former [[Chief compliance officer|Chief Compliance Officer]]) as a partner for its global regulatory enforcement practice in [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.law.com/therecorder/2018/04/26/reed-smith-hires-ge-digitals-chief-compliance-officer/|title=Reed Smith Hires GE's Digital’s Chief Compliance Officer |work=The Recorder|access-date=2018-05-01}}</ref>
In 2018, Reed Smith hired 14 lawyers from competitor [[Norton Rose Fulbright]] – a group that will expand the firm’s life sciences health industry group in [[Washington DC]], [[New York City|New York]], and add a new office in [[Austin, Texas]].<ref>http://www.legalweek.com/2018/05/23/reed-smith-grabs-raids-norton-rose-for-life-scienceshealthcare-team-adds-austin-office-378-82465/</ref>

[[File: bell atlantic tower.jpg|thumb|Reed Smith's offices at [[Three Logan Square]] in [[Philadelphia]]|300 px]]

==Recognition==
*Reed Smith was named to BTI Global Elite in 2018, a list of 28 law firms with the biggest imprint on corporate counsel key brand activities influencing hiring and selection.<ref>https://www.bticonsulting.com/brand-elite-top-firms-2018/</ref>
*In 2018, Reed Smith has been ranked 25th in the AmLaw 100, a list analyzing the financial health of the 100 largest law firms in the US by gross revenue and other key metrics.<ref>https://www.law.com/thelegalintelligencer/2018/04/24/ten-pa-firms-make-am-law-100-with-mostly-steady-growth/</ref>
*The firm has been ranked a Top-tier Firm in Legal 500 German 2018 Rankings in seven categories, and 12 of the German partners received recommendations in their areas of specialty, in the Legal 500 Germany 2018 handbook.<ref>http://www.legal500.com/firms/3469-reed-smith-llp/23338-frankfurt-germany</ref>
*The firm was ranked 6th of all US law firms in [[London]].<ref>https://www.thelawyer.com/top-50-us-law-firms-london-2017/</ref>
*Reed Smith received 18 practice rankings and 42 individual lawyer recommendations in the 2018 edition of The Legal 500 Asia Pacific.<ref>https://www.reedsmith.com/en/news/2017/12/reed-smith-recognized-by-the-legal-500-asia-pacific-2018</ref>
*Reed Smith has been named a 2018 Top Ten Family Friendly Firm by [[Yale]] Law Women.<ref>https://biglawbusiness.com/yale-law-women-names-top-10-female-friendly-firms/</ref>
*The firm has been named Best Law Firm for Global Weather Risk Management in Environmental Finance’s Annual Market Rankings in 2018. The firm has retained the title since 2014, and was also named runner-up for Best Law Firm in the EU Emissions Trading System category this year.
*In 2017, Reed Smith was listed by [[Law360]] as one of the top Global 20 Firms, which includes firms that have the biggest global presence and handle the largest, most groundbreaking international and cross-border matters.<ref name="law360_20_firms"/>
*Reed Smith named Private Equity Team of the Year at British Legal Awards 2017.<ref>https://www.reedsmith.com/en/news/2017/11/reed-smith-private-equity-team-of-the-year-at-british-legal-awards-2017</ref>
*According to the National Law Journal's 2017 NLJ 500 ranking of firms based on size, Reed Smith has 1536 attorneys and is ranked 15th in the United States.<ref>https://www.law.com/law-firm-profile/?id=250&name=Reed-Smith</ref>
*Ranked 17th on Law360’s Global 20 Ranking in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law360.com/articles/807403/law360-reveals-the-global-20-firms-of-2016|title=Law360 Reveals The Global 20 Firms Of 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
*Legal Week's 2013 annual Client Satisfaction Report ranks Reed Smith #5 in the U.S. International firms category. The firm was especially recognized for the quality of its legal and commercial advice as well as personal/partner relationships.<ref>http://www.legalweek.com</ref>
* Reed Smith ranked 8th on the 2013 inaugural "Social Index" of Am Law 50 Firms in survey ranking use of social media technologies.<ref>http://abovethelaw.com/2014/01/the-social-law-firm-index-biglaws-new-media-mavens-2/#more-296346</ref>
*Reed Smith advances eight spots on Acritas’ Sharplegal US Law Firm Brand Index 2014, earning recognition as a lTop 20 U.S. brand.<ref>http://www.acritas.com/SharplegalUSLawFirmBrandIndex2014</ref>
* Ranked 19th among American law firms with the most gross revenue by [[AmLaw 100]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Am Law 100 2010|url=http://www.law.com/jsp/tal/PubArticleTAL.jsp?id=1202489360193|publisher=ALM Legal Intelligence|accessdate=10 April 2012|year=2010}}</ref>
* Ranked 1st out of 411 law firms by The BTI Client Relationship Scorecard for building and maintaining client relationships, June 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=The BTI Client Relationship Scorecard: Ranking Law Firm-Client Relationships 2009, Executive summary|url=http://www.bticonsulting.com/PDFs/CRS/TheBTIClientRelationshipScorecard_ExecSumm.pdf|publisher=BTI Consulting Group|accessdate=10 April 2012|year=2009}}</ref>
[[File:3 pnc plaza.jpg|thumb|Reed Smith's Pittsburgh offices in the [[Three PNC Plaza]] building|210px]]

==Notable cases and transactions==
* The firm handled the US and EU competition clearance for Hong Kong shipping firm [[OOCL]] in its $6.3 billion acquisition by China’s [[COSCO]] Shipping.<ref>https://www.law360.com/articles/968679/global-20-reed-smith</ref>
* Represented Russian company [[Concord Management and Consulting]] in the 2018 indictment on crimes related to interference in the [[United States presidential election, 2016]].<ref>https://abovethelaw.com/2018/05/the-biglaw-firm-behind-the-russian-trolls-indicted-in-the-mueller-probe/</ref>
* Reed Smith successfully defended artist Curtis Jackson better known as [[50 Cent]] in a number of disputes including a suit accusing him of stealing content from a third party protected under copyright law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/406796/3rd-circ-clears-50-cent-of-copying-gangster-book|title=3rd Circ. Clears 50 Cent Of Copying Gangster Book|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Represented French luxury perfumes and cosmetics house [[Lancôme]], part of the [[L'Oréal]] Luxury Products division, against actress [[Uma Thurman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/no-making-lancome-takes-uma-thurman-court-article-1.328715|title=No making up? Lancome takes Uma Thurman to court|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Advised [[Wells Fargo]] Bank and other mortgage lenders, servicers and trustees in "robo-signing" and other foreclosure-related matters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1007512/wells-fargo-beats-nj-fraud-suit-over-foreclosure-action|title=Wells Fargo Beats NJ Fraud Suit Over Foreclosure Action|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Reed Smith represented [[BNY Mellon]] to fend off a $539 million bondholder attack against the bank in the Argentina bond default litigation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law360.com/articles/590925/bny-doesn-t-have-to-turn-over-539m-to-argentina-creditors|title=BNY Doesn't Have To Turn Over $539M To Argentina Creditors|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Represented [[Toyota]] Motor Credit Corp. in securing $15 billion in financing through a syndicated credit facility.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reedsmith.com/Reed-Smith-Advises-Toyota-Motor-Credit-Corporation-in-15-Billion-Financing-11-24-2015/|title=Reed Smith Advises Toyota Motor Credit Corporation in $15 Billion Financing|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Advised the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)]] pension scheme on a buy-in worth over £1.6 billion with specialist insurer Rothesay Life.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pensionsworld.co.uk/article/rothesay-life-completes-%C2%A316bn-buy-caaps|title=Rothesay Life completes £1.6bn buy-in with CAAPS|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Represented [[BMW]] Financial Services in a number of suits and obtained dismissal on the basis of the voluntary payment rule of putative nationwide class action alleging a violation of the [[Uniform Commercial Code]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/x/29233/Corporate+Tax/The+Voluntary+Payment+Rule+A+Powerful+Defense+Tool+In+An+Appropriate+Case|title=The Voluntary Payment Rule: A Powerful Defense Tool In An Appropriate Case|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Reed Smith successfully defended [[Nintendo]] against a number of patent disputes by Motion Games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law360.com/articles/794489/fed-circ-backs-nintendo-s-ptab-win-on-game-patent|title=Fed. Circ. Backs Nintendo's PTAB Win On Game Patent|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Reed Smith successfully defended the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club members, whose alleged lack of maintenance to the South Fork Dam caused the [[Johnstown Flood#Investigation of the cause of the 1889 dam breach and flood|Johnstown Flood]], resulting in the death of 2,209 people.
[[file:Andrew Carnegie, three-quarter length portrait, seated, facing slightly left, 1913.jpg|thumb|Business magnate and one of the firm's first clients [[Andrew Carnegie]]|200px]]

==Notable alumni==
Individuals who have worked at Reed Smith include:
*[[Philander C. Knox]], American lawyer, bank director and politician who served as United States Attorney General, a Senator from Pennsylvania and Secretary of State
*[[Rip Sullivan]], Northern Virginia community activist and a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from Virginia's 48th district
*[[Jack McGregor]], former Pennsylvania State Senator from Pittsburgh and the founder of the National Hockey League's [[Pittsburgh Penguins]]
*[[James Hay Reed]], founding member of the law firm Reed, Smith, Shaw & Beal and a [[United States federal judge]]
*[[Cathy Bissoon]], American lawyer and judge who serves on the [[United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania]]
*[[David W. Marston]], lawyer, author and [[United States Attorney]] for the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania]]
*[[Paul Martha]], former American football safety who played seven seasons in the National Football League and was CEO of [[Pittsburgh Penguins]]
*[[Sheryl H. Lipman]], [[United States District Judge]] of the [[United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee]] and former Counsel to the [[University of Memphis]]
*[[Thomas Hardiman]], a federal judge on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit]] and former [[United States District Court]] judge
*[[Ralph H. Demmler]], an American lawyer specializing in corporate banking law and an appointed [[United States government]] official
*[[Ronald D. Castille]], served on the [[Supreme Court of Pennsylvania]] from 1994 to 2014, and was [[Chief Justice]] from 2008 to 2014
[[file:Philander C Know-H&E.jpg|thumb|The firm's founding member and former [[US Secretary of State]] [[Philander Knox]]|180px]]
[[file:Opernturm (UBS) und Alte Oper Frankfurt-2012-Ffm-b.jpg|thumb|The firm's Frankfurt Office at [[Opernturm]] next to [[Alte Oper]]|300px]]

==Popular culture==
The firm is depicted in [[Laurence Leamer]]'s book ''The Price of Justice''.<ref>http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/business/news/leamer-book-recounts-how-attorneys-tackled-wva-coal-campaigns-and-cash-687857/</ref>

==Offices==
As of January 2018, Reed Smith has 27 offices across three continents. London is the largest office with over 350 attorneys, while Pittsburgh is the founding office.<ref>{{cite web|title=London|url=http://www.reedsmith.com/London-England/|publisher=Reed Smith|accessdate=10 March 2015|date=4 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pittsburgh|url=http://www.reedsmith.com/Pittsburgh-United-States-of-America/|publisher=Reed Smith|accessdate=10 March 2015|date=4 March 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Top 10: Largest Pittsburgh-area law firms|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/slideshow/2013/01/18/top-10-largest-pittsburgh-area-law-firms.html|publisher=Pittsburgh Business Times|accessdate=10 March 2015|date=18 January 2013}}</ref>

As well as numerous offices, Reed Smith has the Global Customer Centre, also located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It houses Reed Smith's 24/7/365 firm-wide administrative operations, including the Network Operating Center, IT Help Desk and the Business Centre.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Customer Centre|url=http://www.reedsmith.com/Global-Customer-Centre-United-States-of-America/|publisher=Reed Smith|accessdate=10 March 2015|date=4 March 2014}}</ref>
[[file:C121 Shanghai Wheelock Square.jpg|thumb|The firm's Shanghai Office at [[Shanghai Wheelock Square]]|240px]]

==Compensation==
In June 2016, Reed Smith announced that it would raise attorney salaries to match market rates set earlier that month by the New York based law firm [[Cravath, Swaine & Moore]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Higher Associate Salaries|url=https://abovethelaw.com/2016/06/biglaw-firm-does-right-by-junior-associates-mid-levels-and-senior-associates-not-so-much/|publisher=Reed Smith|accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Salary
|-
|1st year associate
|$180,000
|-
|2nd year associate
|$190,000
|-
|3rd year associate
|merit-based
|-
|4th year associate
|merit-based
|-
|5th year associate
|merit-based
|-
|6th year associate
|merit-based
|-
|7th year associate
|merit-based
|-
|8th year associate
|merit-based
|}

==Main practice areas==
Reed Smith is an advisor to industries including [[financial services]], [[life sciences]], [[health care]], [[advertising]], [[technology]] and [[Media (communication)|media]], [[shipping]], [[energy]] and [[natural resources]], [[real estate]], [[manufacturing]], and [[education]].<ref name="reedsmith1"/> Reed Smith has five industry-focused groups: Energy & Natural Resources, Entertainment & Media, Financial Industry, Life Sciences Health Industry Group, and Shipping & Transportation. Its lawyers advise on all corporate and finance matters, litigation and other dispute resolution services, deliver regulatory counsel, and execute strategic domestic and cross-border transactions.<ref name="reedsmith1">[http://www.reedsmith.com/aboutus/ Reed Smith Profile]</ref> The main practice areas include:<ref>{{cite web|title=Learn About Our Practices & Industries|url=http://www.reedsmith.com/practices_and_industries/|publisher=Reed Smith|accessdate=10 March 2015|date=4 March 2014}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*Advertising, Technology & Media
*Antitrust & Competition
*Bankruptcy & Commercial Restructuring
*Construction and Engineering
*Corporate & Securities
*Education
*Energy & Natural Resources
*Environmental Law
*Executive Compensation & Employee Benefits
*Financial Services
*Government Contracts & Grants
*Government Investigations & White Collar Criminal Defense
*Health Care
*Hedge Funds
*Information Technology, Privacy & Data Security
*Insurance
*Intellectual Property
*International Arbitration
*International Trade & National Security
*Labor & Employment
*Litigation & Dispute Resolution
*Pensions
*Public Policy & Infrastructure
*State and Local Taxation
*Product Liability
*Real estate
*Securities Litigation & Enforcement
*Sovereign Wealth Funds
*Sports Law
*Shipping
*Wealth Planning
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[List of richest Americans in history]]
* [[List of wealthiest historical figures]]
* [[List of 100 largest law firms globally]]
* [[Johnstown Flood]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.reedsmith.com/ Official website]
*[http://www.americanlawyer.com/search-results-layout-page?query=reed+smith+&publication=TAL+2008 The American Lawyer]
*[http://www.martindale.com/Results.aspx?ft=2&frm=freesearch&lfd=Y&afs=reed%20smith Martindale]
*[http://www.natlawreview.com/organization/reed-smith-llp Organizational Profile at the ''National Law Review'']

[[Category:Law firms established in 1877]]
[[Category:Law firms based in Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:Foreign law firms with offices in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:1877 establishments in Pennsylvania]]

Serge Alexandrowitsch Zenkowski

2018-05-25T10:06:44Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to New York (help needed) using DisamAssist.

'''Serge Aleksandrovich Zenkovsky''' (* 16. June [[1907]] in [[Kiev]], [[Russian Empire]]; † 31. March [[1990]])<ref name="obituary">Ralph T. Fisher: ''Obituary. Serge A. Zenkovsky (1907-1990)'', in: The Russian Review (1991, No. 1), S. 121-123.</ref> was a [[Russians|Russian]] historian, [[expatriate]] in the [[United States]] since 1949. He specialized in Economic, Eastern European and Central Asian history.

==Life==
===Europe===
Zenkovsky was born on June 16, 1907 ([[Gregorian calendar]]) in Kiev. His father Aleksandr (1878-1966) was a professor of economics, his mother Elena (1884-1954) the daughter of a physician and professor of surgery; he also had a sister, Nadezhda. After the [[Russian Revolution]], the family fled first to [[Istanbul|Constantinople]], then [[Berlin]] and [[Prague]], where Zenkovsky graduated in economic history. He then left his family in Prague to move to Paris, where his uncle Vasilii Vasilievich Zenkovsky lived. There, he graduated from the [[University of Paris]] in Eastern European and modern history. He also began to learn English. From 1930 to 1939, he worked in Paris as business manager.<ref name="obituary"/>

In 1938, with his immigration papers to the [[United States]] already in order, Zenkovsky planned to visit his family in Prague one last time, but was caught up in the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia]]. Unable to leave, he continued his studies at [[Charles University]], earning a Ph.D. in Russian and modern history. His dissertation, written in German, was on Russian policies in Sinkiang from 1856 to 1914. After escaping from the [[Prague Offensive]], Zenkovsky and his parents wound up in the [[Allied-occupied Germany#American Zone of Occupation|American zone of occupation in Germany]], where he taught at the Polytechnical school of the [[International Refugee Organization]] in [[Munich]], until making their way to America in 1949.<ref name="obituary"/>

===America===
Zenkovsky spent a year shrubbing shrimp at [[Schrafft's (restaurant chain)|Schrafft's]] in [[New York]]{{dn|date=May 2018}}, until he was hired as teacher for various courses on Slavonic subjects at [[Indiana University]]. In 1952, he married Beaty Jean Bubbers, who was studying for her M.A. in [[Russian (language)|Russian]]. Two years later, in 1954, he was invited to [[Harvard University]] as [[Visiting scholar|visiting lecturer]] for the Russian Research Center, while his wife completed her Ph.D. at [[Radcliffe College]].<ref name="obituary"/>

With another move to [[Stetson University]] (including a post for teacher of Russian for his wife) started a period of steady movement; in 1960 to the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University of Colorado]], in 1962 back to Stanton. There, he founded the University's Russian institute, provoking angry reactions from locals who feared possible Communist influence.<ref>[https://www.stetson.edu/today/2018/03/sprees-celebrates-60-years-of-russian-studies-at-stetson-with-exhibit-panel-talk SPREES Celebrates 60 years of Russian Studies at Stetson]</ref> In 1964, Zenkovsky was awarded a [[Guggenheim fellowship]]. In 1967, the Zenkovskys moved to [[Vanderbilt University]], where they stayed until they retired to Florida in 1977. However, they still kept up their scholarly output with a new edition and translation of the [[Nikon Chronicle]]s. Starting in 1986, Zenkovsky struggled against several illnesses, but continued editing ''The Nikonian Chronicle'' together with his wife, completing the final volume in time for the thousandth anniversary of the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus']] in 1988. Zenkovsky died on March 31, 1990.<ref name="obituary"/>

==Works (Selection)==
At the time of his death, Zenkovsky had published over two hundred articles and books.<ref name="obituary"/>

* ''Pan-Turkism & Islam in Russia'', Cambridge 1960.
* ''Medieval Russia's Epics, Chronicles and Tales'', New York 1963.
* ''Russia's Old Believers'', Munich 1970.

==References==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zenkovsky, Serge Aleksandrovich}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kiev]]
[[Category:Russian historians]]
[[Category:Charles University in Prague alumni]]
[[Category:Expatriate academics in the United States]]

Casey Legler

2018-02-19T13:01:06Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to New York (link changed to New York City) using DisamAssist.

{{Infobox person
| name = Casey Legler
| image = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/nov/01/woman-models-mens-clothes-casey-legler
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|04|26}}
| birth_place = [[Fréjus]], Var, France
| nationality = French/American
| alma_mater = Phi Beta Kappa, graduated cum laude from Smith College
| parents =
| relatives =
| occupation = Writer, restaurateur, artist, model
| spouse = Siri May
| known_for = The first women signed to Ford Models to exclusively model men's clothes
}}
'''Casey Legler''' (born 26 April 1977) is a [[France|French]] American writer, restaurateur, model, and former [[Olympic]] swimmer. Legler was born in [[Fréjus]], Var, in the South of [[France]] to expatriate American parents. <ref name="sports-reference">{{cite web | url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/le/casey-legler-1.html | title=Casey Legler | publisher=www.sports-reference.com | accessdate=15 June 2014}}</ref> She attended school in both France and America, and began competitive swimming at the age of 13. She competed in the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] at the age of 19, where after breaking the world record in practice day before, she came 29th in the [[Swimming at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's 50 metre freestyle|Women's 50 metres Freestyle event]] and 10th in the [[Swimming at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|Women's 4x100 metres Freestyle Relay event]].

She gave up swimming two years later and subsequently studied architecture, obtained a scholarship for law school, and began medical school. She is a member of [[Phi Beta Kappa]] and graduated cum laude from [[Smith College]] before moving to New York to focus on an artistic career. <ref name="sports-reference" />

In 2012 Casey became the first woman signed to [[Ford Models]] to exclusively model men's clothes through a connection made by her friend the photographer [[Cass Bird]]. <ref>(http://style.time.com/2012/11/20/male-models-the-female-of-the-species/)</ref> <ref>(http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-12/casey-legler-in-her-own-words/6309250)</ref> <ref>(http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/meet-the-worlds-first-female-male-model/6292252)</ref> <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2013/mar/03/model-casey-legler-perfect-man | title=Model Casey Legler: is she the perfect man? | work=The Observer | date=March 3, 2013 | accessdate=March 6, 2013 | author=Wiseman, Eva}}</ref>

Casey dedicates her time to writing and pursuing her love of restaurants dividing her time between [[New York City|New York]] and [[Sydney]] with her wife, Siri May. Her first book, Goodspeed: A Memoir, is scheduled for release July 10th 2018 and is published by [[Simon & Schuster]]. <ref>(https://www.amazon.com/Godspeed-Memoir-Casey-Legler/dp/1501135759) (http://www.simonandschusterpublishing.com/atria/)</ref> She continues to model mens clothes in her spare time and her work has been featured in [[Vogue]], [[Le Monde]] and [[Time]].<ref>https://www.vogue.com/article/model-ryan-mcginley-suit-balenciaga-city-hall-wedding)(https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out-pride30/pride30-international-advocate-siri-may-protecting-lgbtq-rights-globally-n764281).</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Legler, Casey}}
[[Category:French female swimmers]]
[[Category:Female freestyle swimmers]]
[[Category:Olympic swimmers of France]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:French female models]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers]]
[[Category:LGBT]]
[[Category:Queer]]

{{France-swimming-bio-stub}}

Casey Legler

2018-02-19T10:39:36Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to American (link removed) using DisamAssist.

{{Infobox person
| name = Casey Legler
| image = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/nov/01/woman-models-mens-clothes-casey-legler
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|04|26}}
| birth_place = [[Fréjus]], Var, France
| nationality = French/American
| alma_mater = Phi Beta Kappa, graduated cum laude from Smith College
| parents =
| relatives =
| occupation = Writer, restaurateur, artist, model
| spouse = Siri May
| known_for = The first women signed to Ford Models to exclusively model men's clothes
}}
'''Casey Legler''' (born 26 April 1977) is a [[France|French]] American writer, restaurateur, model, and former [[Olympic]] swimmer. Legler was born in [[Fréjus]], Var, in the South of [[France]] to expatriate American parents. <ref name="sports-reference">{{cite web | url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/le/casey-legler-1.html | title=Casey Legler | publisher=www.sports-reference.com | accessdate=15 June 2014}}</ref> She attended school in both France and America, and began competitive swimming at the age of 13. She competed in the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] at the age of 19, where after breaking the world record in practice day before, she came 29th in the [[Swimming at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's 50 metre freestyle|Women's 50 metres Freestyle event]] and 10th in the [[Swimming at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|Women's 4x100 metres Freestyle Relay event]].

She gave up swimming two years later and subsequently studied architecture, obtained a scholarship for law school, and began medical school. She is a member of [[Phi Beta Kappa]] and graduated cum laude from [[Smith College]] before moving to New York to focus on an artistic career. <ref name="sports-reference" />

In 2012 Casey became the first woman signed to [[Ford Models]] to exclusively model men's clothes through a connection made by her friend the photographer [[Cass Bird]]. <ref>(http://style.time.com/2012/11/20/male-models-the-female-of-the-species/)</ref> <ref>(http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-12/casey-legler-in-her-own-words/6309250)</ref> <ref>(http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/meet-the-worlds-first-female-male-model/6292252)</ref> <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2013/mar/03/model-casey-legler-perfect-man | title=Model Casey Legler: is she the perfect man? | work=The Observer | date=March 3, 2013 | accessdate=March 6, 2013 | author=Wiseman, Eva}}</ref>

Casey dedicates her time to writing and pursuing her love of restaurants dividing her time between [[New York]] and [[Sydney]] with her wife, Siri May. Her first book, Goodspeed: A Memoir, is scheduled for release July 10th 2018 and is published by [[Simon & Schuster]]. <ref>(https://www.amazon.com/Godspeed-Memoir-Casey-Legler/dp/1501135759) (http://www.simonandschusterpublishing.com/atria/)</ref> She continues to model mens clothes in her spare time and her work has been featured in [[Vogue]], [[Le Monde]] and [[Time]].<ref>https://www.vogue.com/article/model-ryan-mcginley-suit-balenciaga-city-hall-wedding)(https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out-pride30/pride30-international-advocate-siri-may-protecting-lgbtq-rights-globally-n764281).</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Legler, Casey}}
[[Category:French female swimmers]]
[[Category:Female freestyle swimmers]]
[[Category:Olympic swimmers of France]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:French female models]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers]]
[[Category:LGBT]]
[[Category:Queer]]

{{France-swimming-bio-stub}}

Schlacht von Tripolis (1911)

2018-02-12T19:07:25Z

R'n'B: Disambiguated: Luigi Barzini → Luigi Barzini, Sr., well → Water well; spelling

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Tripoli
| partof = the [[Italo-Turkish War]]
| image = File:Italian landing at Tripoli3.jpg
|image_size = 300px
| caption = Italian Navy landing companies landing on the beach of Tripoli
| date = 3–10 October 1911
| place = [[Tripoli]], [[Tripolitania]], [[Ottoman Empire]] (now [[Libya]])
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = Italian victory
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|27px]] [[Kingdom of Italy]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Ottoman flag.svg|27px]] [[Ottoman Empire]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Luigi Faravelli]] {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Umberto Cagni]]
| commander2 = [[File:Ottoman flag.svg|27px]] [[Neshat Bey]]
| units1 =
| units2 =
| strength1 = 1,700 troops 4 battleships 4 armoured cruisers 1 protected cruiser
| strength2 = 3,000 troops 1 gunboat
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Italo-Turkish War}}
}}
The '''Battle of Tripoli''' was fought in October 1911, during the initial stages of the [[Italo-Turkish War]], and saw the capture of Tripoli, capital city of [[Tripolitania]] (and present-day [[Libya]]), by Italian landing forces. It marked the beginning of the land campaign in Libya of the Italo-Turkish War as well as the beginning of the [[Italian colonization of Libya]].

== Background ==

The [[Kingdom of Italy]], seeking to conquer [[Libya]] from the [[Ottoman Empire]], declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 29 September 1911, starting the [[Italo-Turkish War]]. After the declaration of war, an Italian naval squadron under Admiral [[Luigi Faravelli]] was sent to patrol the Libyan coast, especially the waters off [[Tripoli]]; the Italian government wanted the fleet to bombard the forts of Tripoli, but Faravelli initially refrained from this, as he feared this would cause retaliation from the local Arab population against the Europeans living in the city, estimated to be about 2,000.<ref>Franco Bandini, ''Gli italiani in Africa. Storia delle guerre coloniali 1882-1943'', p. 267.</ref> Faravelli offered to take foreign citizens aboard his ships, but the [[consul]]s of the neutral countries stated that they felt protected enough by the Ottoman authorities, therefore only the Italian citizens, including many journalists that had rushed to Libya to follow the events as they unfolded (among them [[Luigi Barzini, Sr.|Luigi Barzini]] and [[Corrado Zoli]]), were taken aboard.<ref>Franco Bandini, ''Gli italiani in Africa. Storia delle guerre coloniali 1882-1943'', p. 214-267.</ref>

Between 29 and 30 September an attempt was made to launch a torpedo [[Launch (boat)|launch]] with the aim of torpedoing the Turkish steamer ''Derna'', that in the previous days had run the Italian blockade, carrying a cargo of [[weapons]], and was now moored in the harbour. The rough seas, however, prevented the [[torpedo]]es from being embarked on the launch, therefore the attempt was abandoned.<ref>Franco Bandini, ''Gli italiani in Africa. Storia delle guerre coloniali 1882-1943'', p. 215.</ref>

== Naval bombardment ==

On 2 October 1911, the Italian squadron was deployed in front of Tripoli harbour, in anticipation of the arrival from Italy of an expeditionary force that would be landed in Libya; the ships were also tasked with preventing the arrival of supplies and reinforcements from Turkey. Faravelli was ordered to demand the surrender of the Ottoman garrison and, in case of refusal, to commence hostilities; the admiral complained that the Army troops were not yet ready to be sent ashore and the landing parties of his ships were numerically insufficient, but Rome sent another telegram urging immediate action.<ref>Bruce Vandervort, ''Verso la quarta sponda la guerra italiana per la Libia (1911-1912)'', pp. 261-262.</ref> Faravelli then invited the Turkish defterdar, Ahmed Bessim Bey, aboard his [[flagship]], and he commanded him to surrender the city; Bessim Bey refused and tried to buy time, claiming that he was unable to contact [[Istanbul]] and ask for instruction. During this encounter, Colonel Neshat Bey ordered all the Ottoman troops in Tripoli, some 2,000 men, to leave the city and to quarter at [[‘Aziziya]], about ten kilometres from Tripoli.<ref>Mariano Gabriele, ''La Marina nella guerra Italo-Turca'', pp. 50-51.</ref><ref>Bruce Vandervort, ''Verso la quarta sponda. La guerra italiana per la Libia (1911-1912)'', pp. 261-262.</ref>

Tripoli was defended by two main forts, Fort Hamidiye east of the city and Fort Sultaniye west of the city, as well as smaller fortifications in the harbour area; following Colonel Neshat Bey's orders, however, these fortifications were only partially manned. At 15:30 on 3 October, the Italian squadron opened fire on the forts: the [[battleship]] [[Italian battleship Benedetto Brin|''Benedetto Brin'']] fired first, soon followed by the battleship [[Italian battleship Emanuele Filiberto|''Emauele Filiberto'']] and by the [[armoured cruiser]]s [[Italian cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi (1899)|''Giuseppe Garibaldi'']] and [[Italian cruiser Carlo Alberto|''Carlo Alberto'']]. The ships commenced their bombardment from a distance of 9,500 meters, outside of the range of the forts' guns, and gradually closened; at 16:15, when the distance had been reduced to 6,500 meters, the ships' 152 mm secondaries also opened fire. At 17:15 the ships ceased fire; all the Ottoman forts were severely damaged, and their guns silenced. No significant damage was inflicted to the civilian buildings. The only Ottoman [[warship]] present in Tripoli, the [[gunboat]] ''Seyyad'', was [[scuttling|scuttled]] by her crew during the bombardment, and the steamer ''Derna'' suffered the same fate (she was later raised and commissioned into the Italian Navy as an [[auxiliary ship]]).<ref>Enrico Cernuschi, ''La guerra italo-turca sul mare'', in Storia Militare n. 229 (October 2012), page 59.</ref><ref>Bruce Vandervort, ''Verso la quarta sponda. La guerra italiana per la Libia (1911-1912)'', p. 262.</ref><ref>[http://www.cinquantamila.it/storyTellerThread.php?threadId=colonialismo6 La guerra di Libia]</ref>

On the following day, 4 October, the Italian squadron bombarded once more the Ottoman forts; only Fort Sultaniye returned fire, firing a few sporadic shots. An Italian patrol was sent ashore and found out that Fort Hamidiye had been abandoned; the German consul, Adrian Tilger, informed the members of the patrol that the Ottoman troops had abandoned Tripoli, and asked them to occupy the city in order to prevent [[looting]].<ref>Bruce Vandervort, Verso la quarta sponda la guerra italiana per la Libia (1911-1912), p. 264.</ref><ref>Franco Bandini, ''Gli italiani in Africa storia delle guerre coloniali 1882-1943'', p. 215.</ref>

== Landing ==

On 5 October, the Italian command took the decision of deploying the Italian Navy's landing force, under [[Captain]] [[Umberto Cagni]]. This force consisted of two [[regiment]]s, each made of three [[battalion]]s, of which one ([[Commander (rank)|Commander]] Mario Grassi, from the battleship [[Italian ironclad Sardegna|''Sardegna'']]) drew its personnel from the Training Ship Division, and the other (Commander Enrico Bonelli, from the battleship [[Italian ironclad Re Umberto|''Re Umberto'']]) drew its personnel from the 1st and 2nd Naval Division. The landing began at 7:30 on 5 October; the men from battleship [[Italian ironclad Sicilia|''Sicilia'']] were the first to land, followed by those from ''Sardegna'' and by an artillery section. There was no reaction, and the men occupied Fort Sultaniye and prepared the defenses. Afterwards, the men from the Re Umberto were also sent ashore with four [[artillery piece]]s, and at noon the Italian flag was raised upon the fort. At the same time, a [[sapper]] unit occupied Fort Hamidiye, at the other end of the harbour, and at 16:30 the entire second regiment was sent ashore and reached Tripoli's [[marketplace]], where they met up with the men of the first regiment.<ref>Mariano Gabriele, ''La Marina nella guerra Italo-Turca'', pp. 54.</ref>

Captain Cagni organised immediately a defense line in order to safeguard the landing area. As the landing force was the only force available to hold the city (the convoy with the Army troops had not yet sailed from [[Naples]] and [[Palermo]], and would not arrive for a few days), the situation for the Italians was rather dangerous, as a counterattack by the numerically superior Ottoman forces, that had retreated a few kilometres from Tripoli, could have overwhelmed the Italian bridgehead. Cagni, however, managed to trick the Ottomans into thinking that his forces were far more numerous than they actually were, by having his troops continually march from place to place in the city. This ruse managed to delay Ottoman counterattacks for a week; in the meantime, Admiral [[Raffaele Borea Ricci d'Olmo]], who had been appointed provisional Governor of [[Tripolitania]], tried to keep good relations with the Arab leaders of the city, who accepted the occupation without much opposition. The mayor of Tripoli Hassan Karamanli, whom had been appointed by the Ottoman authorities, was confirmed in his office and was also appointed as deputy governor of Tripolitania by the Italian authorities.<ref>Mariano Gabriele, ''La Marina nella guerra Italo-Turca'', pp. 54.</ref><ref>Bruce Vandervort, ''Verso la quarta sponda. La guerra italiana per la Libia (1911-1912)'', p. 264.</ref>

== Fighting at Bu Meliana and arrival of reinforcements ==

On the night between 9 and 10 Occtober the Ottoman troops, supported by Libyan irregulars, attacked the Italian positions in the area of the Bu Meliana [[Water well|well]]s, south of Tripoli, the main source of water for the city. The attack was repelled with the help of gunfire from the warships moored in the roads. This attack prompted the Italian commands to speed up the transport of the Army troops to Tripoli, in order to reinforce the scarce Navy forces that were still holding the city; the armoured cruiser [[Italian cruiser Varese|''Varese'']] and the [[troopship]]s ''America'' and ''Verona'', being the fastest ships in the troop convoy that had sailed from Italy, detached from the convoy and proceeded towards Tripoli at a higher speed. They reached destination on 11 October, and they landed the 84th Infantry Regiment, two battalions of the 40th Infantry Regiment and a battalion of the 11th [[Bersaglieri]] Regiment, altogether 4,800 men. On the following day, the remainder of the convoy also reached Tripoli; with these reinforcements, the Italian forces occupying the city grew to 35,000 men, under the command of General [[Carlo Caneva]]. After the arrival of the Army forces, Captain Cagni's naval landing personnel were re-embarked on their ships.<ref>Bruce Vandervort, ''Verso la quarta sponda. La guerra italiana per la Libia (1911-1912)'', p. 266.</ref>

Most of the Turkish garrison, however, remained intact; having retreated into the desert, as planned beforehand, they established bases outside of the range of the warships' guns and started recruiting Arab volunteers. A few weeks later, the Ottoman and Arab forces would attempt to retake Tripoli in the [[battle of Sciara Sciat]], but without success.<ref>Bruce Vandervort, ''Verso la quarta sponda. La guerra italiana per la Libia (1911-1912)'', p. 267.</ref>

== Notes==

<references/>

==References==
* Bruce Vandervort, ''Verso la quarta sponda la guerra italiana per la Libia (1911-1912)'', Italian Army General Staff, [[Rome]], 2012
* Mariano Gabriele, ''La Marina nella guerra Italo-Turca'', [[Rome]], Italian Navy Historical Branch, 1998.
* Franco Bandini, ''Gli italiani in Africa. Storia delle guerre coloniali 1882-1943'', Longanesi & C., [[Milan]], 1971

==See also==

* [[Italo-Turkish War]]

{{coord missing}}

[[Category:1911 in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:1911 in Libya]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire|Tripoli]]
[[Category:Battles involving Italy|Tripoli, Battle of]]
[[Category:Battles of the Italo-Turkish War|Tripoli]]
[[Category:October 1911 events]]

Alamy

2018-01-22T11:07:02Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to New York (link changed to New York (state)) using DisamAssist.

{{Infobox company
| name = Alamy
| logo = [[Image:Alamy ltd logo.png]]
| type = Private
| genre = [[Stock photography]]
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation =
| founder = [[Mike Fischer]], James West
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Abingdon-on-Thames|Abingdon]], [[Oxfordshire]]
| location_country = [[United Kingdom]]
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people =
| industry = [[Publishing]], [[Mass media|media]], [[web design]]
| products = [[Digital image]]s, [[Digital video|video]]
| production =
| services = [[Rights Managed|Rights-managed]] and royalty-free images and video
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|www.alamy.com}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''Alamy''' (registered as '''Alamy Limited''') is a privately owned stock photography agency launched in 1999. Its headquarters are on [[Milton Park]], near [[Abingdon-on-Thames|Abingdon, Oxfordshire]], [[United Kingdom]]. It has a development and operations centre at [[Technopark, Trivandrum|Techno park in Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]], [[India]] and a sales office in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reportlinker.com/p02588115-summary/Global-Still-Images-Market.html |title=Global Still Images Market 2015-2019 |date= December 2014 |work= |publisher=ReportLinker |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stock-photography-service-review.toptenreviews.com/alamy-review.html |title=Alamy |date= |work= |publisher=[[Purch|TopTenReviews]] |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Alamy maintains an online archive of over ten million still images, illustrations and hundreds of thousands of videos contributed by agencies and independent photographers or collected from news archives, museums and national collections. Its suppliers include both professional and amateur photographers, stock agencies, news archives, museums and national collections. Its clients are from the photography, publishing and advertising industries and the general public.

In response to criticisms about its updated contributor contract,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epuk.org/news/alamy-in-the-rear-view-mirror |title=Alamy in the rear view mirror |date=27 May 2015 |author= David Hoffman |publisher= Editorial Photographers UK (EPUK) |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref> Alamy responded by stating that the changes only reflect the company work style and do not represent a significant shift.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epuk.org/news/alamy-responds-to-epuk-s-open-letter |title=Alamy responds to EPUK's open letter |date=5 March 2015 |work= |publisher= EPUK |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cepic.org/news/alamy-makes-change-its-commission-structure |title=Alamy Makes a Change to its Commission Structure |date=20 November 2012 |work= |publisher=Centre of the Picture Industry (CEPIC) |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref>

== History ==
James West, a graduate of Edinburgh University, is the CEO of Alamy and co-founded the company with [[Mike Fischer]] in 1999. Fischer, the current chairman and co–founder of the firm, was also co-founder and CEO of [[RM Education|RM plc]], the UK Company that pioneered the use of technology in the classroom.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}

*In 2002, Alamy won an EMMA (Electronic Multimedia Awards) award for technical excellence. The purpose of the award is to recognize excellence in digital media content creation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alamy.com/pressreleases/2002/stock-photography-emma-award-121202.asp|title=Alamy in the news|first=Alamy|last=Limited|publisher=}}</ref> It also introduced a 24/7 [[high-resolution]] download tool for customers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.graphics.com/news-old/image-search-and-purchase-now-five-times-faster-alamycom |title=Image Search and Purchase Now Five Times Faster on Alamy.com |date=29 August 2002 |work= |publisher=Graphics |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref> The technical innovation continued with virtual CDs becoming a replacement for RF image CDs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.graphics.com/news-old/alamy-launches-virtual-alternative-royalty-free-cds |title=Alamy Launches Virtual Alternative to Royalty Free CDs |date=2 September 2003 |work= |publisher=Graphics.com |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref>
*In 2003, the firm introduced an international distribution network. Based on the resulting increased sales, it increased the royalty payments for its contributors in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weareoca.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/royalties-information-sheet.pdf |title=Alamy 100% royalties |date= |work= |publisher= Weareoca |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epuk.org/news/alamy-under-fire-over-new-search-engine |title=Alamy CEO: AlamyRank "not disadvantaging specialist contributors" |date=16 November 2006 |work= |publisher=Editorial Photographers UK (EPUK) |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref> Since 2002 Alamy has paid out over $100 million to its contributors.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}
*In March 2004 one million images were available on the site and by October 2007 there were 10 million images online.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.selling-stock.com/Article/alamy-reaches-10-million-images-reveals-finan|title=Alamy Reaches 10 Million Images, Reveals Financials|author=Jim Pickerell|work=selling-stock.com}}</ref>
*In 2010, the firm created an iPad app to showcase its images.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ipadinsight.com/general/new-ipad-apps-alamy-photo-collection/ |title=New iPad Apps: Alamy Photo Collection |date=28 August 2010 |author=Patrick Jordan |publisher=iPad Insight |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref>
*In 2011, Alamy launched a live news service,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stockphototalk.com/the_stock_photo_industry_/2011/10/alamy-launches-live-news-service.html |title=Alamy launches Live News service |date=18 October 2011 |work= |publisher=Stockphototalk |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref> and in 2012 it started to accept live news images from mobile phones<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ephotozine.com/article/alamy-stock-photo-agency-now-allows-mobile-photos-21205|title=Alamy Stock Photo Agency Now Allows Mobile Photos|author=Magezine Publishing Ltd|work=ePHOTOzine}}</ref> which upgraded their collection to 25 million images.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.aweber.com/microstock-news/PP1IY/h/Record_month_sees_Alamy_hit.htm |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130924120537/http://archive.aweber.com/microstock-news/PP1IY/h/Record_month_sees_Alamy_hit.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-09-24 |title=Email Marketing Software from AWeber - AWeber Email Marketing |work=aweber.com}}</ref>
*In the same year 2011, the company expanded its international sales unit with teams being introduced in Germany, Australia and The Middle East.
*In 2012, Alamy introduced the Alamy iQ, video, and creative search results .<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cepic.org/news/alamy-shakes-it-alamy-iq |title=Alamy shakes it up with Alamy iQ |date=16 November 2012 |work= |publisher= |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref>
*In 2015, Alamy’s [[iPhone app]] Stockimo was shortlisted in The Drum's Marketing on Mobile Awards (MOMAs) for the Best Mobile/Tablet Consumer Facing App.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alamy.com/pressrelease/releases/archive/2015/05/29/198.aspx#.WCb0m3rW-9I |title=Alamy’s iPhone app Stockimo has been shortlisted as a finalist in prestigious MOMA awards – In the best mobile/tablet consumer facing app category. |date=29 May 2015 ||publisher= Alamy |accessdate= 12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedrum.com/award/141043/winners/2015 |title=MOMAs – Marketing on Mobile Awards - 2016 - 2015 Winners |publisher= The Drum / Carnyx Group |accessdate= 12 November 2016}}</ref>
*In 2017, Alamy announced their new CEO, Andy Harding.

==See also==
{{Portal|Photography}}
*[[Image hosting service]]
*[[List of online image archives]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|www.alamy.com}}
{{Photography}}
[[Category:Companies based in Oxfordshire]]
[[Category:Media companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:Photography companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Stock photography]]

Danau (Telisai)

2017-12-23T00:08:14Z

R'n'B: /* top */ WP:NAMB

{{EngvarB|date=December 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Danau
| settlement_type = [[Villages of Brunei|Village]]
| pushpin_map = Brunei
| pushpin_label_position = none
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Danau
| coordinates = {{Coord|4|45|25|N|114|34|59|E|region:BN_type:city(1059)}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Brunei]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Districts of Brunei|District]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Mukims of Brunei|Subdistrict]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tutong District|Tutong]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Telisai, Tutong|Telisai]]
| leader_title = Village head
| leader_name = Abdullah bin Mohd. Tahir
| population_est = 1059
| postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in Brunei|Postcodes]]
| postal_code = TC2345 TC2545
}}

'''Danau''', officially known in [[Malay language|Malay]] as '''''{{Lang|ms|Kampung Danau}}''''' (sometimes '''''{{Lang|ms|Kampong Danau}}'''''), is a coastal [[village]] in [[Tutong District|Tutong]], a [[Districts of Brunei|district]] of [[Brunei]]. It is a [[Villages of Brunei|village subdivision]] under the ''{{Lang|ms|[[Mukims of Brunei|mukim]]}}'' or subdistrict of [[Telisai, Tutong|Telisai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.information.gov.bn/PublishingImages/SitePages/Publication%20Lists/TutongDistrict.pdf|title=Tutong District|last=|first=|date=|website=www.information.gov.bn|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref> The population of Danau is 1,059.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imk-tutong.blogspot.com/2009/06/keramaian-penduduk-mengikut-mukim.html|title=MAJLIS PERUNDINGAN MUKIM DAN KAMPUNG: Keramaian Penduduk mengikut Mukim|last=Hasnan|date=2009-06-23|website=MAJLIS PERUNDINGAN MUKIM DAN KAMPUNG|access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref>

== Administration ==
Danau is primarily governed as a [[Villages of Brunei|village subdivision]], the third- and lowest-level [[Administrative divisions of Brunei|administrative division of Brunei]]. It is a part of the subdivisions of [[Telisai, Tutong|Telisai]], a ''{{Lang|ms|[[Mukims of Brunei|mukim]]}}'' of [[Tutong District|Tutong]].<ref name=":0" /> As a village, the residents of Danau is headed by a village head ({{Lang-ms|ketua kampung}}), and the incumbent is Abdullah bin Mohd Tahir (Acting).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tutong.gov.bn/SiteAssets/SitePages/Mukim-Mukim%20di%20Daerah%20Tutong/Senarai%20Penghulu%20Ketua%20Kampung.pdf|title=SENARAI NAMA PENGHULU-PENGHULU, KETUA-KETUA KAMPUNG BAGI DAERAH TUTONG.|last=|first=|date=|website=www.tutong.gov.bn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref>

Danau has two [[Postcodes areas in Brunei|postcodes areas]], namely Danau and Penapar Danau, with the postcodes TC2345 and TC2545 respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://post.gov.bn/SitePages/postcodes.aspx|title=Brunei Postal Services - postcodes|website=post.gov.bn|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
''{{Lang|ms|Dewan Kemasyarakatan Kampung Danau}}'' is the [[community centre]] of the village.

Danau has two public schools: Danau Primary School ({{Lang-ms|Sekolah Rendah Danau}}), a Cluster 5 school,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moe.gov.bn/SitePages/Government-new_copy(1).aspx|title=Ministry of Education, Brunei Darussalam|website=www.moe.gov.bn|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref> provides general primary education to the resident pupils of Danau, where as Danau Religious School ({{Lang-ms|Sekolah Ugama Danau}}) provides primary religious education for its Muslim pupils.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kheu.gov.bn/SitePages/Senarai%20Sekolah%20Ugama.aspx|title=Laman Utama - Senarai Sekolah Ugama|website=www.kheu.gov.bn|language=en-SG|access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref>

There is a village mosque in Danau, namely Kampong Danau Mosque ({{Lang-ms|Masjid Kampong Danau}}), which serves the need for its Muslim residents for communal religious prayers and activities, in particular [[Jumu'ah]] or the Friday prayers. The mosque was built in 1972 and completed in the following year.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kheu.gov.bn/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=111&Source=/SenaraiMasjid/Forms/ViewAll.aspx|title=SenaraiMasjid - Masjid Kampong Danau|website=www.kheu.gov.bn|language=en-SG|access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref> Its present building can accommodate up to 200 worshippers at one time.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[Villages of Brunei]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Coord|4|45|25|N|114|34|59|E|region:BN_type:city(1059)|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages of Brunei]]
[[Category:Tutong District]]
[[Category:Populated places in Brunei]]

Unified Expression Language

2017-11-10T14:19:48Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to Expression Language (help needed) using DisamAssist.

{{context|date=November 2017}} 
The Java '''Unified Expression Language''' is a special purpose programming language mostly used in Java web applications for embedding expressions into web pages.
The [[Java (programming language)|Java]] specification writers and expert groups of the Java web-tier technologies have worked on a unified expression language which was first included in the [[JavaServer Pages|JSP 2.1]] specification (JSR-245), and later specified by itself in JSR-341, part of Java EE 7.

==History==
The expression language started out as part of the [[JavaServer Pages Standard Tag Library]] (JSTL) and was originally called SPEL (Simplest Possible Expression Language), then just '''Expression Language''' ('''EL'''). It was a scripting language which allowed access to [[Java (Sun)|Java]] components ([[JavaBean]]s) through [[JavaServer Pages|JSP]]. Since [[JavaServer Pages#JSP 2.0|JSP 2.0]], it has been used inside [[JavaServer Pages|JSP]] tags to separate Java code from JSP, and to allow easier access to Java components (than in Java code).

Over the years, the expression language has evolved to include more advanced functionality and it was included in the JSP 2.0 specification. Scripting was made easier for web-content designers who have little or practically no knowledge of the core Java Language. This scripting language made JSP a scripting language in the true sense. Before EL, JSP consisted of some special tags like [[scriptlet]]s, expressions etc. within which Java code was written explicitly. With EL the web-content designer needs only to know how to make proper calls to core Java methods.

EL was, both syntactically and semantically, similar to [[JavaScript]] expressions:
*there is no typecasting
*type conversions are usually done implicitly
*double and single quotes are equivalent
*<code>object.property</code> has the same meaning as <code>object['property']</code>

EL also liberated the programmer from having to know the particularities of how the values are actually accessed: <code>object.property</code> can mean (depending on what the <code>object</code> is) either <code>object.get("property")</code> or <code>object.getProperty("property")</code> or <code>object.getProperty()</code> etc.

During the development of JSP 2.0, the [[JavaServer Faces]] technology was released which also needed an [[Expression Language|expression language]]{{dn|date=November 2017}}, but the expression language defined in the JSP 2.0 specification didn't satisfy all the needs for development with JSF technology. The most obvious limitations were that its expressions were evaluated immediately, and the JSF components could not invoke methods on server-side objects. A more powerful language was created with the following new features:
*Deferred expressions, which are not immediately evaluated
*Expressions that can set as well as get data
*Method expressions, which can invoke methods

The new expression language worked well for the purposes of JSF. But developers had problems when integrating the JSP EL with the JSF EL because of conflicts. Because of these incompatibilities, the unified expression language initiative was started to unify these expression languages. As of JSP 2.1, the expression languages of JSP 2.0 and JSF 1.1 have been merged into a single unified expression language (EL 2.1).

Version 3.0 of the expression language (the unified was no longer deemed necessary) was developed in a JSR independent of the JSP and JSF specifications in [http://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=341 JSR-341] . Some new features were added, most notably EL equivalents of Java 8's streams and lambda expressions.<ref>https://weblogs.java.net/blog/swchan2/archive/2013/07/01/standard-deviation-illustration-expression-language-30-servlet-environment</ref>

==Features==
The new unified EL is a union of the JSP and JSF expression languages. In addition to the features already available in the JSP EL, the unified EL has the following features:
*Deferred evaluation
*Support for expressions that can set values and expressions that can invoke methods
*A pluggable API for resolving expressions

==Examples==
This shows a simple example of Unified EL being used within a JSTL "c:out" tag:

<c:out value="${myBean.myField}" />

An expression that calls a method with a parameter:

${myBean.addNewOrder('orderName')}

==Implementations==
*[http://juel.sourceforge.net/ JUEL] is an [[Open-source software|open-source]] implementation of the Unified Expression Language 2.1. It is considered stable and feature complete and is licensed under the [[Apache License|Apache License 2.0]]. JUEL is also suitable for use in non-JSP applications.
*[https://commons.apache.org/dormant/commons-el/ Apache Commons EL] is the JSP 2.0 EL interpreter from Apache.

==See also==
*[[OGNL]] – An open source EL used by [[WebWork]] (and [[Apache Struts|Struts]]2).
*[[MVEL]] – An open source EL used in many Java-based projects.
*[http://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-jexl/ Apache Commons JEXL] – An open source EL intended to facilitate the implementation of dynamic and scripting features for Java-based projects
*[http://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/current/spring-framework-reference/html/expressions.html SpEL] – Spring Expression Language, an open source EL that is part of the [[Spring Framework]]. It's mainly used in Spring portfolio projects but because it's technology-agnostic it may be used in other projects.
*[http://ant-flaka.bitio.org Ant-Flaka] - Intended to simplify [[Apache_Ant|Ant]] build scripts with the help of EL.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=245 JSR 245: JavaServer Pages 2.1]
*[http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/unifiedel-139263.html Unified Expression Language] (article at Sun Developer Network (SDN)
*[http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/1.4/tutorial/doc/JSPIntro7.html#wp71019 Expression Language]
*[http://today.java.net/pub/a/today/2006/03/07/unified-jsp-jsf-expression-language.html Unified Expression Language for JSP and JSF] (article at java.net)
*[http://juel.sourceforge.net JUEL] is an implementation of the Unified Expression Language (EL), specified as part of the JSP 2.1 standard (JSR-245).

{{Java EE 7}}

[[Category:Java (programming language)]]
[[Category:Scripting languages]]

Unified Expression Language

2017-11-10T14:18:26Z

R'n'B: /* top */ what is this article about?

{{context|date=November 2017}} 
The Java '''Unified Expression Language''' is a special purpose programming language mostly used in Java web applications for embedding expressions into web pages.
The [[Java (programming language)|Java]] specification writers and expert groups of the Java web-tier technologies have worked on a unified expression language which was first included in the [[JavaServer Pages|JSP 2.1]] specification (JSR-245), and later specified by itself in JSR-341, part of Java EE 7.

==History==
The expression language started out as part of the [[JavaServer Pages Standard Tag Library]] (JSTL) and was originally called SPEL (Simplest Possible Expression Language), then just '''Expression Language''' ('''EL'''). It was a scripting language which allowed access to [[Java (Sun)|Java]] components ([[JavaBean]]s) through [[JavaServer Pages|JSP]]. Since [[JavaServer Pages#JSP 2.0|JSP 2.0]], it has been used inside [[JavaServer Pages|JSP]] tags to separate Java code from JSP, and to allow easier access to Java components (than in Java code).

Over the years, the expression language has evolved to include more advanced functionality and it was included in the JSP 2.0 specification. Scripting was made easier for web-content designers who have little or practically no knowledge of the core Java Language. This scripting language made JSP a scripting language in the true sense. Before EL, JSP consisted of some special tags like [[scriptlet]]s, expressions etc. within which Java code was written explicitly. With EL the web-content designer needs only to know how to make proper calls to core Java methods.

EL was, both syntactically and semantically, similar to [[JavaScript]] expressions:
*there is no typecasting
*type conversions are usually done implicitly
*double and single quotes are equivalent
*<code>object.property</code> has the same meaning as <code>object['property']</code>

EL also liberated the programmer from having to know the particularities of how the values are actually accessed: <code>object.property</code> can mean (depending on what the <code>object</code> is) either <code>object.get("property")</code> or <code>object.getProperty("property")</code> or <code>object.getProperty()</code> etc.

During the development of JSP 2.0, the [[JavaServer Faces]] technology was released which also needed an [[Expression Language|expression language]], but the expression language defined in the JSP 2.0 specification didn't satisfy all the needs for development with JSF technology. The most obvious limitations were that its expressions were evaluated immediately, and the JSF components could not invoke methods on server-side objects. A more powerful language was created with the following new features:
*Deferred expressions, which are not immediately evaluated
*Expressions that can set as well as get data
*Method expressions, which can invoke methods

The new expression language worked well for the purposes of JSF. But developers had problems when integrating the JSP EL with the JSF EL because of conflicts. Because of these incompatibilities, the unified expression language initiative was started to unify these expression languages. As of JSP 2.1, the expression languages of JSP 2.0 and JSF 1.1 have been merged into a single unified expression language (EL 2.1).

Version 3.0 of the expression language (the unified was no longer deemed necessary) was developed in a JSR independent of the JSP and JSF specifications in [http://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=341 JSR-341] . Some new features were added, most notably EL equivalents of Java 8's streams and lambda expressions.<ref>https://weblogs.java.net/blog/swchan2/archive/2013/07/01/standard-deviation-illustration-expression-language-30-servlet-environment</ref>

==Features==
The new unified EL is a union of the JSP and JSF expression languages. In addition to the features already available in the JSP EL, the unified EL has the following features:
*Deferred evaluation
*Support for expressions that can set values and expressions that can invoke methods
*A pluggable API for resolving expressions

==Examples==
This shows a simple example of Unified EL being used within a JSTL "c:out" tag:

<c:out value="${myBean.myField}" />

An expression that calls a method with a parameter:

${myBean.addNewOrder('orderName')}

==Implementations==
*[http://juel.sourceforge.net/ JUEL] is an [[Open-source software|open-source]] implementation of the Unified Expression Language 2.1. It is considered stable and feature complete and is licensed under the [[Apache License|Apache License 2.0]]. JUEL is also suitable for use in non-JSP applications.
*[https://commons.apache.org/dormant/commons-el/ Apache Commons EL] is the JSP 2.0 EL interpreter from Apache.

==See also==
*[[OGNL]] – An open source EL used by [[WebWork]] (and [[Apache Struts|Struts]]2).
*[[MVEL]] – An open source EL used in many Java-based projects.
*[http://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-jexl/ Apache Commons JEXL] – An open source EL intended to facilitate the implementation of dynamic and scripting features for Java-based projects
*[http://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/current/spring-framework-reference/html/expressions.html SpEL] – Spring Expression Language, an open source EL that is part of the [[Spring Framework]]. It's mainly used in Spring portfolio projects but because it's technology-agnostic it may be used in other projects.
*[http://ant-flaka.bitio.org Ant-Flaka] - Intended to simplify [[Apache_Ant|Ant]] build scripts with the help of EL.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=245 JSR 245: JavaServer Pages 2.1]
*[http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/unifiedel-139263.html Unified Expression Language] (article at Sun Developer Network (SDN)
*[http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/1.4/tutorial/doc/JSPIntro7.html#wp71019 Expression Language]
*[http://today.java.net/pub/a/today/2006/03/07/unified-jsp-jsf-expression-language.html Unified Expression Language for JSP and JSF] (article at java.net)
*[http://juel.sourceforge.net JUEL] is an implementation of the Unified Expression Language (EL), specified as part of the JSP 2.1 standard (JSR-245).

{{Java EE 7}}

[[Category:Java (programming language)]]
[[Category:Scripting languages]]

Benutzer:Choky1995/Johnny Wright (Musikmanager)

2017-10-24T10:51:25Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to New York (link changed to New York City) using DisamAssist.

{{COI|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Johnny Wright
| image = Johnny Wright (Music Manager).png|
| image_size = 250
| caption =
| background = non_performing_personnel
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|8|17}}
| birth_place = [[Hyannis, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| occupation = Music manager, television producer, entrepreneur, president/CEO of the Wright Entertainment Group(WEG)
| yearsactive = 1993–present
| Associated Artists = [[Akon]], [[Backstreet Boys]], [[Ciara]], [[Britney Spears]], [[Danity Kane]], [[Janet Jackson]], [[Jonas Brothers]], [[Justin Timberlake]], [[Laurieann Gibson]], [[*NSYNC]], [[New Kids on the Block]]
}}
'''Johnny Wright''', born August 17, 1960 in [[Hyannis, Massachusetts]], is an American music manager and a president/CEO of the Wright Entertainment Group (WEG).

==Career==

===1993–2000===
He has managed groups including [[New Kids on the Block]], the [[Backstreet Boys]], [[*NSYNC]], the [[Jonas Brothers]], [[Menudo (band)|Menudo]], and solo acts such as [[Janet Jackson]], [[Justin Timberlake]], [[Britney Spears]], [[Stevie Brock]], and [[Ciara]].{{citation needed|date=January 2011}}

===2000–2010===
In 2003, he appeared as a judge on the NBC talent/reality show, ''[[Fame (2003 TV series)|Fame]]'',{{citation needed|date=January 2011}} hosted by one of his own managed talents, [[Joey Fatone]] of *NSYNC.

In 2004, Wright teamed up with [[Sean "Diddy" Combs]] for the third season of ''[[Making the Band]]''. After an unsuccessful first attempt, a band was finally chosen ([[Danity Kane]]). Wright had served as the girls' manager (which consist of singer, Shannon Bex whom he met in 'Fame'). In 2008, He quit managing Danity Kane via text message.<ref>[http://thatgrapejuice.net/2015/04/danity-kane-duo-sign-with-groups-ex-manager-for-dumb-blonde-venture/ Danity Kane Duo Sign With Group's Ex-Manager For Dumb Blonde Venture - That Grape Juice.net - Thirsty?]</ref>.

In 2007, Wright was selected to be the manager of the new version of the Latino boy band [[Menudo (band)|Menudo]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gurza|first1=Agustin|title=Remaking the band: MTV revives Menudo|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/remaking-the-band-mtv-revives-menudo/|accessdate=12 January 2016|publisher=The Seattle Times|date=15 April 2007}}</ref>. The new famous band would be a fusion of urban, pop and rock music in English and Spanish to produce several albums with the label of [[Sony]] [[BMG]] [[Epic Records]]. Several auditions were held in different cities such as [[Los Angeles]], [[Dallas]], [[Miami]], [[New York City|New York]], among others. In New York, they took 25 youngsters and during this one-week mini-competition where they chose the last 15: José Monti Montañez, JC Gonzalez<ref>{{cite news|last1=Guerra|first1=Joey|title=Menudo recipe features Sugar Land teen JC Gonzalez|url=http://blog.chron.com/tubular/2007/11/menudo-recipe-features-sugar-land-teen-jc-gonzalez/|accessdate=3 April 2016|publisher=Houston Chronicle|date=30 October 2007}}</ref>, [[Carlos Pena, Jr.]], Anthony, Carlos Olivero, Chris Moy, Dennis, Eric, Hansel, Henry, Jorge Jorge, Jorge Negron, José Bordonada, José Monti Montañez, Thomas and Trevor. Johnny met with the 15 semifinalists in [[South Beach]], [[Florida]] to continue the preparation along with choreographer Anibal Marrero and voice coach David Coury, participating through a reality show that [[MTV]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gurza|first1=Agustin|title=The making of the new Menudo|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-menudo-pg-photogallery.html|accessdate=17 February 2016|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=4 April 2008}}</ref> showed the entire process of the competition.

As of 2009, Wright announced{{citation needed|date=January 2011}} that he has put together a new boy band group for he wanted fans to vote on a name, which was ultimately [[One Call]]. The group consist of two former members of Menudo Chris Moy, José Bordonada Collazo and former member of [[NLT (band)|NLT]] Justin Thorne and newcomer Anthony Gamlieli.

===2011–2012===
As of 2011, Wright has been the manager of [[Aubrey O'Day]] and is featured on the upcoming [[Oxygen (TV channel)|Oxygen]] docu-reality series ''[[All About Aubrey]]''.<ref>[http://all-about-aubrey.oxygen.com/meet-the-cast-aaa/johnny All About Aubrey | Oxygen Official Site]</ref>

In 2011, Wright partnered with Cambio music website, to create a new web-reality show series called ''On the Spot Johnny Wright's Quest to Form the Next Supergroup''.<ref>[http://onthespot.cambio.com On The Spot News, Memes, GIFs and Viral Video | Cambio]</ref>

====Reality Series Online: "On the Spot"(2011)====
In 2011 He joined reality series online on cambio website under the name of "On the Spot". The story was about interactive talent search community to form the next Supergroup. Participants from around the world have the opportunity to audition for Johnny Wright by way of video upload submissions and Johnny will be connecting with the participants and audience in groundbreaking fashion way.

He and his team of experts will narrow down the auditions to 20 participants. And, from his high tech headquarters, Johnny will put these top 20 finalists to the test, utilizing the power of the internet to orchestrate a series of challenges that test each contestant’s artistic prowess, business savvy, and passion. The most impressive performers will be the winner and flown to LA to participate in Johnny’s famous “Boot Camp”, an intense workshop of rehearsals, dance choreography, vocal lessons, and media training. The eliminated participants also may have the chance to impress Johnny and reenter the competition.<ref>[http://onthespot.cambio.com/program-details/ On The Spot News, Memes, GIFs and Viral Video | Cambio]</ref>

====Webseries ''Take the stage'' (2012)====
In 2012, Wright was starring in the YOBI.tv singing competition webseries [[Take The Stage]]. Along with [[Rodney Jerkins|Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins]] and a number of other music and media industry professionals, Wright mentors and challenges the Take The Stage contestants Katelyn, Mykell, Brooklynn, Marquisa, Tyler, Gabrielle, Lyric, Ashlynn, and Luke to see who has what it takes to be the next breakout star. The winner of Take The Stage will win $20,000 and a management contract with Wright Entertainment Group and YOBI.tv.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shaw|first=Lucas|title=MySpace Meets 'American Idol' In New Singing Competition 'Take The Stage'|url=http://www.thewrap.com/media/article/myspace-meets-american-idol-new-singing-competition-take-stage-42726|publisher=TheWrap.com|accessdate=28 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rys|first=Dan|title=Johnny Wright Teams with YOBI.tv for Unscripted Online Singing Competition|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/johnny-wright-deal-yobitv-283206|publisher=TheHollywoodReporter.com|accessdate=28 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Take The Stage Singing Contest Webseries|url=http://yobi.tv/take_the_stage_webseries/|accessdate=28 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Take The Stage|url=https://www.myspace.com/takethestage|accessdate=28 August 2012}}</ref>

In 2012, Wright also took on a new group known as 89, based out of Orlando, and helped them launched their first single "Give Me Some More (GMSM)" and music video. The group hopes to begin touring in mid-2012. During this year, he also signed Luke Potter. A British Singer Songwriter with hopes to launch his career in 2013.

===2013–present===
As of August 2014 he began to handle Indonesian singer [[AGNEZ MO]] to break the US music market.

In early 2015, Johnny Wright appeared as manager for [[Dumblonde]], the new music band with Aubrey O' Day and [[Shannon Bex]], the former member of Danity Kane as a duo member. <ref>[http://thatgrapejuice.net/2015/04/danity-kane-duo-sign-with-groups-ex-manager-for-dumb-blonde-venture/#ixzz3essAZfKQ Danity Kane Duo Sign With Group's Ex-Manager For Dumb Blonde Venture - That Grape Juice.net - Thirsty?]</ref>

He is currently a president/CEO of the Wright Entertainment Group (WEG) and No. 83 on The 2015 Billboard Power 100.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6561279/johnny-wright-weg-pop-nation-florida-compound Johnny Wright, Timberlake Manager, Outlines His Plan for a Pop Factory | Billboard]</ref> Current Wright Entertainment Group (WEG) management roster includes Justin Timberlake, Lance Bass, Akon and Incubus.<ref>[http://www.wegmusic.com/ Weg Music]</ref> "The regimented classes from vocal and dance training to a studio sessions is almost like a school," he said.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0942526/
* http://www.wegmusic.com

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wright, Johnny}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Music promoters]]
[[Category:American talent agents]]
[[Category:NSYNC]]
[[Category:People from Hyannis, Massachusetts]]

Jay Williams (Schriftsteller)

2017-10-20T12:49:48Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to New York (link changed to New York (state)) using DisamAssist.

{{refimprove|date=October 2015}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Jay Williams
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym = Michael Delving
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1914|5|31}}
| birth_place = [[Buffalo, New York]], United States
| death_date = {{death date and age|1978|7|12|1914|5|31}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Author
| nationality = American
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of Pennsylvania]] [[Columbia University]]
| period =
| genre = Science fiction History
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = [[Danny Dunn]] series
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
| portaldisp = yes
}}
'''Jay Williams''' (May 31, 1914 – July 12, 1978) was an American author of science fiction (often for children), fantasy, historical fiction, non-fiction, and radical theatre.<ref name= "Arnsan SFF Book Review" /><ref name= NYT-obit>{{cite news |first=George, Jr. |last=Goodman |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=Children's author Jay Williams at 64; Prolific Writer Was Best Known For Danny Dunn Books, Had Been an Actor |page=28 |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0D16FE345513728DDDAF0994DF405B888BF1D3 |date=July 16, 1978 |accessdate=November 15, 2010}}</ref>

==Early life==
Williams was born in [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[New York (state)|New York]],<ref name= den>{{cite web| url= http://www.bookloversden.com/series/boys_children/Dunn.html | website= BookLoversDen.com| title= Danny Dunn: About the author | date= | deadurl= yes| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120307123951/www.bookloversden.com/series/boys_children/Dunn.html| archive-date= March 7, 2012| access-date= October 19, 2017}}</ref> the son of Max and Lillian Jacobson.<ref name= NYT-obit /> He cited the experience of growing up as the son of a [[vaudeville]] show producer as leading him to pursue his acting career as early as college.

He attended both the [[University of Pennsylvania]] (1932–33) and [[Columbia University]] (1934),<ref name= den /> participating in amateur theatrical productions.

==Career==
===Early endeavors===
Out of school and out of work during the end of the [[Great Depression]], he worked as a comedian on the upstate New York [[Borscht Belt]] circuit. From 1936 until 1941, Jay Williams worked as a [[press agent]] for [[Dwight Deere Winman]], [[Jed Harris]] and the [[Hollywood Theatre Alliance]].<ref name= NYT-obit /> Williams even played a feature role in the [[Cannes]] prize winning film, ''[[Little Fugitive]]'', produced in 1953.

Williams served in the Army during World War II, receiving a [[Purple Heart]]. While serving, he published his first book ''The Stolen Oracle'' in 1943. After his discharge from the military in 1945, he turned his attention to writing as a full-time career.

===Writing===
In all, Williams published at least 79 books including 11 picture books, 39 children's novels, 7 adult mysteries, 4 nonfiction books, 8 historical novels and a play.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.magicdragon.com/UltimateMystery/authorsD.html| title= Mystery/Detective Authors: | website= magicdragon.com| publisher= Magic Dragon Multimedia| date= | access-date= October 19, 2017}}</ref> He is probably best known for his young adult "[[Danny Dunn]]" science fiction/fantasy series which he co-authored with [[Raymond Abrashkin]].<ref name= NYT-obit /> Though Abrashkin died in 1960, Williams insisted Abrashkin should continue to receive credit as co-author of all 15 books of this series, which continued from 1956 until 1977. Williams was reported to personally reply to over 1,000 fan letters from his juvenile readers each year.<ref name= "Arnsan SFF Book Review">{{cite news| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=K9P1T0doSpkC&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163&dq=%22Jay+Williams%22+%22Danny+Dunn%22+1978&source=bl&ots=WTGKsgJ87A&sig=L3ZEByB9Hc7vOfEsmlCBJ1f4Njk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjH6MSZlP3WAhXF4CYKHaItAgU4ChDoAQgnMAA#v=onepage&q=%22Jay%20Williams%22%20%22Danny%20Dunn%22%201978&f=false| via= Google Books| first= Daniel C. | last= Arnsan| title= 79-815: Danny Dunn on a Desert Island | work= Science Fiction and Fantasy Book Review| date= | page= 163| access-date= October 19, 2017}}</ref>

Like his first novel, ''The Stolen Oracle'', Williams wrote mysteries for young adults, including ''The Counterfeit African'' (1945) and ''The Roman Moon Mystery''. He also wrote adult crime fiction, using the pseudonym Michael Delving.<ref name= NYT-obit /> (This may be a reference to [[Michel Delving]], a large hobbit-populated town in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.) One of his series of mysteries feature the American rare book and manuscript collector, Dave Cannon, and take place in Britain.

Jay Williams also wrote a number of successful historical novels for adults, including ''The Witches'', a look at the eradication of the healing women in Scotland; ''Solomon and Sheba''; ''The Siege'', a tale of the 13th century wars initiated by the [[Pope]] against the [[Albigensian heresy]]; ''Tomorrow's Fire'' (1964), set during the [[Third Crusade]];<ref name= NYT-obit /> and ''The Rogue from Padua'', a novel that takes place in the [[Renaissance]].

And he was interested in the future in his many speculative science fiction tales, often published in ''The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction''; eight of these stories were published under the title, ''Unearthly Beasts''. His novel ''Uniad'' sees a world in which individuality has shrunk.

His novel ''The Forger'' examines commercialism and art, and the relation of art to real life.

Williams also wrote non-fiction books: ''The [[Middle Ages]]'', ''Knights of the [[Crusades]]'', ''The [[Spanish Armada]]'', and ''[[Joan of Arc]]'', as well as his young adult Landmark book on [[World War II]], ''The Battle for the North Atlantic''. He was known for his extensive research in both his fiction and non-fiction.<ref name= NYT-obit />

He wrote about the environment in his ''Fall of the Sparrow'', describing the [[extinction|loss]] of numerous animal and bird species, often due to man; and he wrote a travel book, ''A Change of Climate'', a European trip with his son, Chris.

==Personal life==
Williams and his wife Barbara Girdansky were married June 3, 1941.<ref name= den /> They had a son, Christopher ("Chris"), and a daughter, Victoria.<ref name= den />

Jay Williams died at age 64 from a [[heart attack]] while on a trip to London on July 12, 1978.<ref name= NYT-obit /><ref name= den />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Children and Young Adult Literature |Speculative fiction}}
*{{isfdb name|380|name=Jay Williams}}
* {{LCAuth|n79063563|Jay Williams|84|ue}}
*{{iblist name|id=5091|name=Jay Williams}}
*{{iblist name|id=6013|name=Michael Delving}}
* [https://lccn.loc.gov/no90006744 Michael Delving] at LC Authorities, 7 records, and [https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no90-006744 at WorldCat]

{{Danny Dunn}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Williams, Jay}}
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:American short story writers]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:Danny Dunn]]
[[Category:American military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Vaudeville performers]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]
[[Category:American male short story writers]]

Gui Minhai

2017-09-09T02:51:21Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to Swedish (link changed to Sweden) using DisamAssist.

{{good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox Chinese-language singer and actor
| name = Gui Minhai
| gender =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| chinesename = 桂民海
| tradchinesename =
| simpchinesename =
| pinyinchinesename = guì mín hǎi
| jyutpingchinesename =
| yalechinesename = gwái man hōi
| pojchinesename =
| vietnamesename =
| birth_name = 桂敏海
| ethnicity = [[Han Chinese]]
| nationality = [[Sweden|Swedish]]
| origin =
| birth_date =5 May 1964
| birth_place = [[Ningbo]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Writer, publisher
| genre =
| instrument =
| voicetype =
| label =
| yearsactive = 2006–
| associatedact =
| currentmembers =
| pastmembers =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| siblings =
| ancestry =
| influences =
| influenced =
| education =
| alma mater =[[Peking University]] (bachelor 1985), [[University of Gothenburg]] (MA 1990, PhD 1996)<ref name=chinesepen/>
| website = {{URL|freeguiminhai.org}}
| alias = Michael Gui, Ah Hai (阿海)
}}
{{chinese name|Gui}}
'''Gui Minhai''' (Chinese:桂敏海 or 桂民海),<ref name="mingpao1453140356"/> also known as '''Michael Gui''',<ref name="scmp1922289"/> (born 5 May 1964)<ref name=chinesepen/> is a Chinese-born Swedish scholar and book publisher. He is a prolific author of books about Chinese politics and political figures; Gui authored around 200 books during his ten-year career under the pen-name Ah Hai (阿海).<ref name=chinesepen/><ref name=20151208guardian/><ref name=boxun/><ref name=" AutoAI-2 "/><ref name=20160118nytimes/> and is one of three shareholders of [[Causeway Bay Books]] in Hong Kong.

Gui went missing in Thailand in late 2015, one of five men who vanished in a string of incidents known as the [[Causeway Bay Books disappearances]]. The case ignited fears locally and in Britain over the collapse of "[[one country, two systems]]", over the possibility that people could be subject to [[extraordinary rendition|rendition]] from Hong Kong and from other countries by Chinese law enforcement.<ref name=nbcnews505046/><ref name=20160212theguardian/> The Chinese government was silent about holding him in custody for three months, at which point a controversial video confession was broadcast on mainland media.<ref name=latimes20160120/> In it, Gui said that he had returned to mainland China and surrendered to the authorities of his own volition. He appeared to indicate that he was prepared to follow the course of justice in China, while waiving protection as a Swedish citizen.<ref name=latimes20160120/><ref name=20160121cpianalysis/><ref name="xinhuanet1117800737"/>

Many observers expressed doubts about the sincerity and credibility of Gui's confession.<ref name=20160117hongkongfp/><ref name=scmp1902805/><ref name=australian/><ref name="201601asiancorrespondent"/> ''The Washington Post'' described the narrative as "messy and incoherent, blending possible fact with what seems like outright fiction".<ref name=20160118wapo/><ref name=qz596565/> Chinese state media said in late February 2016 that Gui was being held for "illegal business operations". He is alleged to have knowingly distributed books not approved by China's press and publication authority since October 2014.<ref name="20160229hongkongfp"/> Gui remains in detention in China a year after his disappearance.<ref name="AutoLM-1"/>

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
Born in [[Ningbo]] in 1964, Gui graduated from [[Peking University]] with a bachelor's degree in history in 1985.<ref name=chinesepen/><ref name=scmp1902296/> Gui served as editor to the [[People's Education Press]] until 1988, when he departed for Sweden, and enrolled in a [[PhD|doctoral program]] at the [[University of Gothenburg]].<ref name=scmp1902296/> After the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]], he obtained Swedish residency, and later became a naturalised citizen of Sweden, upon which he renounced his Chinese citizenship. According to his daughter, he was attracted to the beauty of his adopted country and the freedom he felt living there.<ref name=201600903hongkongfp/> Gui obtained his PhD in 1996.<ref name=scmp1902296/> Gui's wife is also a naturalised Swedish citizen; the couple's daughter was born in 1994.<ref name=scmp1902296/>

Gui returned to China in 2000 and started a company in Ningbo, offering environmental engineering services.<ref name="AutoAI-3"/>Gui was involved in a drink-driving incident in Ningbo in December 2003 in which a 23-year-old girl was killed while crossing the road.<ref name=scmp1902296/><ref name=20160117hongkongfp/> The victim's mother disagreed with the police investigation report that her daughter should bear secondary responsibility for not paying attention to traffic, since she had heard from witnesses that the car had been speeding, so she risked her life to experiment on herself with the help of her son and a driver for 10 days, demonstrating that the driving speed had to exceed 110 km/h for the accident to occur. She appealed to the Zhejiang Provincial Public Security Department, which upon reexamination concluded that Gui should bear full responsibility for the incident in May 2004. Her experiment was widely reported in the Chinese media. The victim's parents later filed a civil lawsuit against Gui for compensation.<ref>{{cite news|title=群众面前无小事──记浙江省公安厅成功化解周艾萍上访案|work=Guang Ming Daily |date=27 January 2015|via=WiseNews (article no. 200501271410046)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=爱女车祸惨死被判次要责任模拟现场母亲以命讨公道|work=Nanguo Zaobao|date=10 March 2015|via=WiseNews (article no. 200503103800081)}}</ref> The Ningbo Municipal Intermediate People's Court ruled the following August that Gui had committed a crime, for which Gui received a two-year suspended jail term.<ref name=20160118nytimes/><ref name=20160117hongkongfp/><ref name="AutoAI-4"/> He then departed for Germany, thus violated his probation terms.<ref name=scmp1902296/> In 2004, after leaving China, he worked for a German affiliate of Nordpool Consulting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinesepen.org/blog/archives/48260|title=独立中文笔会关于会员桂民海被加罪再审的抗议声明|website=Independent Chinese PEN Center|date=5 March 2016|accessdate=10 July 2017}}</ref>

=== Publishing career ===
Beginning in 2006, he set up several publishing companies that focused on Chinese politics.<ref name=scmp1902296/> He joined the Chinese chapter of [[PEN International]], through which he became acquainted with professionals in Hong Kong International PEN.<ref name="nextmedia19440544"/> In 2013, Gui, Lee Bo, and Lui Bo set up Mighty Current Media<ref name=scmp1902296/> (also referred to as Sage Communications),<ref name=20151208guardian/> a Hong Kong company specialising in publishing and distributing books on political gossip about leaders in China.<ref name=scmp1902296/> Gui and Lee Bo both hold 34% of the company's shares (Lee Bo's shares are in the name of his wife, Sophie Choi), and Lui Bo holds the remaining 32%.<ref name="AutoMV-1"/> In 2014, the company acquired [[Causeway Bay Books]], an upstairs bookstore in the bustling part of Hong Kong.<ref name="nextmedia19440544"/>

Under the name "Ah Hai", Gui authored around 200 books during his ten-year career.<ref name=20151208guardian/><ref name=boxun/> The subjects of these books included [[Bo Xilai]], and [[Zhou Yongkang]], who are former members of the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of China|Politburo]], and [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China|General Secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]].<ref name=20151208guardian/> The books have been described in the Western media as "thinly-sourced, tabloid-style political books ... which are outlawed in mainland China".<ref name=20151208guardian/> Gui's colleague, Lee Bo, acknowledged that Gui's books contained a lot of conjecture and gossip rather than actual fact, and described Gui as a businessman whose publishing was motivated by profit rather than ideology.<ref name=20151208guardian/>

Because works critical of the leadership of the Chinese regime are considered sensitive, Gui always kept his work projects secret; he kept his movements to himself and his telephone calls were re-routed through foreign countries.<ref name=20151208guardian/> He went a long period without entering China; he did not visit his father when the latter was ill, and did not return to China for his father's funeral.<ref name=nextmedia19458046/> Media sources reported that Gui had published about half of the popular books written on Bo Xilai. When Bo was caught in the political fallout from the [[Wang Lijun incident]] in 2013, Gui reaped a financial benefit of HK$10 million from the surge in book sales.<ref name=scmp1902296/> Gui's publishing financed his property acquisitions in Hong Kong and Germany, including a seaside retreat in [[Pattaya]], Thailand.<ref name=scmp1902296/><ref name=20151208guardian/>

== Disappearance ==
His colleagues last heard from on 15 October,<ref name="scmp1922289"/> Gui was captured on closed circuit TV leaving his apartment in [[Pattaya]], Thailand on 17 October, apparently taken away by an unknown man.<ref name="time4184324"/> He was the second bookseller associated with Causeway Bay Books to apparently vanish without trace: Lui Bo had last been seen near his home in Shenzhen on 14 October 2015; three others would also disappear in the weeks that followed.<ref name="Initium"/> The three were reported missing in November.<ref name=scmp1897366/> Lee Bo had been informing the media of the disappearances of his other four colleagues when he himself vanished from Hong Kong on 30 December.<ref name=bbc35219260/> Lee's disappearance, due to the improbability that Lee had gone to Shenzhen while his [[Mainland Travel Permit for Hong Kong and Macao Residents|mainland travel permit]] was left at home, crystallised a great deal of anxiety about the pattern of bookshop disappearances and of the possibility of [[extraordinary rendition|cross-border renditions]].<ref name="bbc35219260"/> Lee Bo's disappearance prompted Hong Kong Chief Executive [[CY Leung]] to hold a press conference on 4 January 2016 in which he stated that it would be "unacceptable" and a breach of the [[Basic Law]] if mainland Chinese law officials were operating in Hong Kong.<ref name="20160105nytimes"/><ref name="20160107guardianpull"/>

Two weeks after Gui's disappearance, four men came to search his apartment – ostensibly for his computer – but left without it.<ref name="AutoAI-5"/><ref name="AutoAI-6"/><ref name="time4184324"/> A manager from the estate where Gui lived attempted to contact Gui on the number of the person who called her last regarding Gui. A taxi driver answered, saying that four men had left the telephone in the taxi, and that they had wanted to go to [[Poipet]], a border town in Cambodia.<ref name=20151208guardian/> Gui was last heard from on 6 November when he called his wife to tell her that he was safe but was unwilling to reveal his whereabouts.<ref name=Sweden2/> The Thai authorities have no record of Gui leaving the country.<ref name=scmp1922289/> Gui's family contacted the Swedish embassy, and the Swedish police filed a report through Interpol. ''The Guardian'' observed that the Thai government had done little to advance the case, noting that the military junta was becoming increasingly accommodating to Chinese demands.<ref name=20151208guardian/>

=== Confirmation of detention ===
[[Xinhua News Agency]] published an article on 17 January 2016 stating that an individual by the name of Gui Minhai had been detained relating to a fatal traffic accident in December 2003 in which a schoolgirl died.<ref name=20160118nytimes/><ref name="AutoAI-4"/> Xinhua alleged that Gui Minhai (桂敏海), with a different but identical-sounding middle character with respect to Gui Minhai the publisher, had fled abroad under the guise of a tourist in November 2004 using a borrowed [[People's Republic of China identity card|identity card]] following the court case; his stated age was 46 years in 2005 – a discrepancy of five years compared with the details in Gui's Swedish passport. The two discrepancies created doubts that there may have been a case of mistaken identity.<ref name=20160121cpianalysis/><ref name=20160117hongkongfp/><ref name="AutoAI-7"/> Xinhua claimed that Gui gave himself up to public security officials in October 2015.<ref name=latimes20160120/><ref name="xinhuanet1117800737"/>

A video confession which was released at the same time and broadcast on [[China Central Television]] confirmed his identity. In the 10-minute exclusive video, a tearful Gui expressed his remorse over a killing charge that he had absconded from a decade earlier. He said that his return to mainland China and his surrender were "my personal choice and had nothing to do with anyone else. I should shoulder my responsibility and I don't want any individual or institutions to interfere, or viciously hype up my return". Gui also said, "Although I have Swedish citizenship, I truly feel that I am still Chinese — my roots are in China. So I hope Sweden can respect my personal choice, respect my rights and privacy of my personal choice and allow me to resolve my own problems". Criminal investigations on other charges were said to be in progress.<ref name=latimes20160120/><ref name=20160121cpianalysis/><ref name="xinhuanet1117800737"/><ref name=20160117hongkongfp/> It was only on 19 January, when fellow Swedish citizen Peter Dahlin, cofounder of an NGO providing legal training for local lawyers in China, appeared on television, confessing to having violated Chinese law and "caused harm to the Chinese government [and] hurt the feelings of the Chinese people", that it came to international attention that Gui had also confessed on television; Dahlin was subsequently deported.<ref name=nbcnews505046/> [[Reporters Without Borders]] condemned China's [[forced confession]]s, and urged the EU to sanction CCTV and Xinhua for "knowingly peddling lies and statements presumably obtained under duress".<ref name=rthk/> Lee Bo's letter to his wife on 17 January said that he had voluntarily gone to the mainland to assist Chinese law enforcement in an investigation that involved Gui. He denounced Gui as "a morally unacceptable person" who had got him into trouble with the authorities.<ref name=20160119straitstimes/><ref name=20160121cpianalysis/>

[[File:Gui-minhai.jpg|thumb|Gui's video confession broadcast on [[China Central Television]] on 17 January 2016]]
Gui's confession was received with incredulity, and many of the facts surrounding his disappearance from Thailand, including the release of the video three months after his disappearance, were called into question.<ref name=20160117hongkongfp/><ref name=scmp1902805/> The president of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, [[Jasper Tsang]], said: "the China Central Television (CCTV) report [and broadcast of Gui Minghau's confession] did not seem to be able to calm the public. As the case drags on, there will be more speculation".<ref name=australian/> Human Rights Watch was quoted as saying: "Given that Gui has been held nearly three months incommunicado, in a secret location, and without a lawyer, his confession on state-controlled TV lacks credibility".<ref name="201601asiancorrespondent"/> ''The Washington Post'' said: "The narrative seems messy and incoherent, blending possible fact with what seems like outright fiction. It feels illogical, absurd even".<ref name=20160118wapo/><ref name=qz596565/> Amnesty International’s China researcher cast doubt on the narrative, asking: "Why would four other employees of a company need to go missing in order to assist with a regular criminal case? How could other missing or otherwise investigated colleagues of Gui Minhai have any connection to the case?"<ref name=20160117guardian/> ''The Guardian'' drew a connection to Operation Fox Hunt, a Chinese government campaign launched by Xi Jinping in 2014 to repatriate corrupt officials or opponents of the regime who had fled abroad, and which may also have been responsible for the abduction of the other missing booksellers.<ref name=20151208guardian/> By mid-June 2016, Gui's family had not yet received official confirmation that he was under detention, according to Gui's daughter.<ref name=scmp1976776/>

=== Reaction to detention ===
[[Bei Ling]], a personal friend of Gui and president of Independent Chinese PEN, said that Gui had not given himself up voluntarily but had in fact been abducted.<ref name="bbc160118"/> He confirmed that there had indeed been a drink-driving case involving Gui in which a young woman was killed but that the accident and his disappearance were unrelated.<ref name=20160119straitstimes/><ref name=20160121cpianalysis/> Bei asserted that there was no official record of Gui's departure from Thailand, and that international law had been violated by Gui's kidnapping.<ref name="bbc160118"/> He speculated that the abductors had returned to Gui's apartment to retrieve his passport, and that Gui may have been sent to China from Cambodia on a plane loaded with Chinese deportees.<ref name=20151208guardian/> Gui's daughter Angela had been notified of her father's disappearance in an email from Lee Bo dated 10 November in which Lee said he feared Gui had been taken to China "for political reasons".<ref name=scmp1922289/> Angela dismissed the assertion that her father had returned to the mainland voluntarily.<ref name=latimes20160120/><ref name=australian/>

Sweden has repeatedly requested transparency from China, and summoned the Thai ambassador for information in December.<ref name=latimes20160120/> After the appearance of the video confession, the Swedish foreign ministry reported that a Swedish envoy was finally allowed to visit Gui.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="scmp1966843"/> In January 2016, Swedish foreign minister [[Margot Wallström]] condemned the forced confessions of Dahlin and Gui (who are both Swedish citizens) on Chinese television, terming them "unacceptable". The Chinese government has said that Gui was first and foremost a Chinese subject, and the Swedish government seems to have quietly accepted this position. The Swedish diplomatic effort has been through consular channels and has been low profile.<ref name=20161017hongkongfp/>

In late February 2016, state media appeared to clarify the charges against Gui, saying that Gui was being held for "illegal business operations". He is alleged to have knowingly distributed books not approved by China's press and publication authority – according to the charges, some 4,000 such books had been sent by post disguised as different books to 380 buyers in 28 cities in mainland China since October 2014.<ref name="20160229hongkongfp"/> Also in early February, the European Parliament issued a statement asking for Gui, Lee Bo, and their three colleagues at Causeway Bay Books to be released immediately. In his report on Hong Kong for the second half of 2015, British Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond expressed concern about the Causeway Bay Books disappearances, and said in particular that the abduction of Gui's colleague Lee Bo, a British citizen, from Hong Kong was "a serious breach of the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] on Hong Kong and undermines the principle of [[one country, two systems]]".<ref name="20160212theguardian"/>

Gui's detention was discussed at the US Congressional Executive Committee on China in May.<ref name=20161017hongkongfp/> In September, Angela spoke before the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]], and also made an emotional plea on behalf of her father on Swedish television, an appearance which prompted another public statement by Wallström on the detention. The Swedish government, which said that they had been involved in "quiet diplomacy" with the Chinese regime, secured a second audience with Gui after 11 months of detention.<ref name="20161017hongkongfp"/>

A year after Gui's disappearance, there is a general consensus among commentators that the five booksellers were abducted by Chinese authorities.<ref name="AutoLM-1"/> As of October 2016, Gui has spent a year in detention, while the other four men were released in early March 2016.<ref name="20160304guardian"/><ref name="scmp1922757"/> One colleague, [[Lam Wing-kee]], gave an interview that received significant media coverage in which he spoke in great detail about his abduction and his months in detention by mainland law enforcement in Ningbo and subsequently Shaoguan. Their other colleagues have remained low profile and refused comment.<ref name="scmp1976598"/>

In June 2017 Swedish Prime Minister [[Stefan Löfven]] talked to the Chinese President during a state visit about the case of Gui Minhai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sydsvenskan.se/2017-06-26/lofven-lyfte-fragan-om-minhai-med-presidenten|title=Löfven lyfte frågan om Minhai med presidenten|publisher=Sydsvenskan|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
*《二十世纪西方文化史掠影》Beijing Normal University Press, 1991 {{ISBN|7810141120}}
*《北欧的神话传说》Liaoning University Press, 1992 {{ISBN|7561017294}}
*《雍正十年: 那条瑞典船的故事》China Social Sciences Press, 2006 {{ISBN|7801064194}}<ref name="AutoAI-2"/>
*《我把黑森林留给你》香港文化艺术出版社, 2007

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
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<ref name=20160118nytimes>{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/18/world/asia/missing-man-back-in-china-confessing-to-fatal-crime.html |title= Missing Man Back in China, Confessing to Fatal Crime|date=18 January 2016 |work= The New York Times |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/6lyDFOYR2 |archivedate= 12 November 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=scmp1976776>{{cite web |url= http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1976776/daughter-missing-hong-kong-bookseller-gui-minhai-hopeful |title= Daughter of missing Hong Kong bookseller Gui Minhai hopeful after return of Lam Wing-kee |date= 17 June 2016 |work=South China Morning Post |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/6lyDQ1NFD |archivedate= 12 November 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="20160117guardian">{{cite news|last1=Phillips|first1=Tom|title=Missing Hong Kong bookseller 'confesses' on Chinese state TV|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/17/missing-hong-kong-bookseller-gui-minhai-reappears-on-chinese-tv|accessdate=17 January 2017|work=The Guardian|date=17 January 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6nt8zPfRo |archivedate=29 January 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=nbcnews505046>{{cite web |url= http://www.nbcnews.com/news/china/disappearances-forced-confessions-china-targets-dissent-n505046 |title= Disappearances, Forced Confessions: China Targets Dissent |first=Ed |last=Flanagan |work= NBC News |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/6lyDVCN2U |archivedate= 12 November 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=20160121cpianalysis>{{cite web |url= https://cpianalysis.org/2016/01/21/unreliable-evidence-in-the-case-of-the-missing-hong-kong-booksellers/ |first= Jackie |last= Sheehan |title= Unreliable evidence in the case of the missing Hong Kong booksellers |date=21 January 2016 |publisher= China Policy Institute, The University of Nottingham |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/6lyDhnJU0 |archivedate= 12 November 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=latimes20160120>{{cite web |url= http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-missing-hong-kong-20160120-story.html |title= Mystery deepens as two missing Hong Kong men surface in mainland China |first1= Julie |last1= Makinen |first2= Jonathan |last2=Kaiman |date=20 January 2016|work=Los Angeles Times |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/6lyDlMdbO |archivedate= 12 November 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=scmp1902296>{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1902296/what-has-happened-him-abduction-gui-minhai-was-involved|title='What has happened to him is abduction': Gui Minhai was involved in drink drive accident but trip to mainland dubious, close friend reveals|first1=Phila |last1=Siu|first2=Jeffie |last2=Lam|date=18 January 2016|work=South China Morning Post|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6lyDo4TTx |archivedate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=201600903hongkongfp>{{cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2016/09/03/a-call-that-never-comes-why-i-cannot-remain-silent-after-chinese-authorities-abducted-my-father/|title=A call that never comes: Why I cannot remain silent after Chinese authorities abducted my father|first=Angela|last=Gui|date=3 September 2016|work=Hong Kong Free Press|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6lyDsuICi |archivedate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoAI-3">{{cite journal|title=我們與寧波共繁榮——首屆在甬外商投資企業家論壇發言選載|journal=寧波通訊|year=2001|number=1|pages=26–28|quote=創業之路在故鄉－唐友環保工程（寧波）有限公司董事長兼總經理桂敏海……這一點，歐洲人反而重視，我在瑞典時就給很多瑞典企業講過跨文化交流的課|language=zh}}</ref>

<ref name=20160117hongkongfp>{{cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2016/01/17/questions-raised-after-missing-hk-bookseller-confesses-to-drink-driving-death-on-state-tv/|title=Questions raised after missing HK bookseller 'confesses' to drink-driving death on state TV |first= Tom |last=Grundy|work=Hong Kong Free Press|date=17 January 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6lyE7E98d |archivedate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoAI-4">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=tidKAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22%E6%A1%82%E6%95%8F%E6%B5%B7%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22%E6%A1%82%E6%95%8F%E6%B5%B7%22|title=中国老年 Issues 1–12, 中国老年杂志社, 2005}}</ref>

<ref name=nextmedia19440544>{{cite web|url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20160106/19440544|title=內地針對的是桂民海|date=6 January 2016|work=Apple Daily |language=zh|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6nt98cJzH |archivedate=29 January 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=20160119straitstimes>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/tv-confession-dubious-activists|title=TV confession dubious: Activists|date=19 January 2016|work=Straits Times|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6nt9GvSQO |archivedate=29 January 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=20151208guardian>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/08/gui-minhai-the-strange-disappearance-of-a-publisher-who-riled-chinas-elite|title=Gui Minhai: the strange disappearance of a publisher who riled China's elite|first=Oliver |last=Holmes|work=The Guardian|date=8 December 2015|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6lyEFr9Ym |archivedate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoMV-1">{{cite web|url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20160106/19440544|title=內地針對的是桂民海|trans-title=Mainland targeting Gui Minhai|date=6 January 2016|work=Apple Daily|language=zh|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6lyECbg9u |archivedate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=boxun>{{cite web|url=http://en.boxun.com/2015/11/06/hong-kong-publisher-kidnapped-in-thailand-and-returned-to-china/|title=Hong Kong publisher kidnapped in Thailand and returned to China!|first=Edi|last1=Tor|publisher=Boxun News|date=6 November 2015|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6lyENpEd6 |archivedate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=nextmedia19458046>{{cite web|url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20160119/19458046|title=不理會央視桂民海片段瑞典政府堅持尋真相 |trans-title=Ignoring the CCTV confession, the Swedish Government insists on the truth|date=19 January 2016|work=Apple Daily |language=zh |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6nt9SAbP3|archivedate=30 January 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=time4184324>{{cite web|url=http://time.com/4184324/gui-minhai-dissident-search/|title=China's Hunt for Dissidents Expands to Foreign Countries|first=Hannah |last=Beech |date=18 January 2016|work=Time|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6nt9iF6ZI |archivedate=29 January 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=Initium>{{cite news|title=香港禁書書店老闆「被消失」奇案|trans-title=The strange case of bookstore 'disappearances'|url=https://theinitium.com/article/20151110-hongkong-hkbooksellers/|accessdate=6 January 2016|author1=洛秋心|author2=蘇文華|work=The Initium|date=10 November 2015|language=zh|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6nt9ppu2t |archivedate=29 January 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=bbc35219260>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-china-blog-35219260|title=The 'unprecedented' case of the missing Hong Kong bookseller |first=Juliana |last=Liu|publisher=BBC News|date=4 January 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6nt9zk8px |archivedate=29 January 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=20160105nytimes>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/05/world/asia/mighty-current-media-hong-kong-lee-bo.html|title=Disappearance of 5 Tied to Publisher Prompts Broader Worries in Hong Kong|date=5 January 2016|first=Michael |last=Forsythe|work=The New York Times|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6ntA8DbGR |archivedate=29 January 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=20160107guardianpull>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/07/hong-kong-bookshops-pull-politically-sensitive-titles-after-publishers-vanish|title=Hong Kong bookshops pull politically sensitive titles after publishers vanish|first=Ilaria Maria |last=Sala|work=The Guardian|date=7 January 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6ntAGaNMq |archivedate=29 January 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoAI-5">{{cite news|title=桂民海發神秘訊息予女　員工料失蹤或因新書|trans-title=Gui Minhai's mysterious SMS to daughter; colleagues fear disappearance linked to new book|url=http://hk.on.cc/hk/bkn/cnt/news/20151114/bkn-20151114171043185-1114_00822_001.html|accessdate=6 January 2016|work=Oriental Daily News|date=14 November 2015|language=zh}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoAI-6">{{cite news|title=銅鑼灣書店東主失蹤後　曾有四人搜掠其住所　BBC：桂民海擬出版習近平內幕書|url=https://thestandnews.com/society/銅鑼灣書店東主失蹤後-曾有四人搜掠其住所-bbc-桂民海擬出版習近平內幕書/|language=zh|accessdate=6 January 2016|publisher=The Stand News|date=13 November 2015|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6ntAYhDJh |archivedate=29 January 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=Sweden2>{{cite web|title=【書店5人失蹤】巨流傳媒瑞典籍股東桂民海疑泰國失蹤　瑞典外交部：嚴正看待|trans-title=Book shop missing 5: Disappearance of Swedish national Gui Minhai in Thailand – Sweden gravely concerned|url=http://news.mingpao.com/ins/instantnews/web_tc/article/20160105/s00001/1451992774457|work=[[Ming Pao]] |date=5 January 2016|accessdate=6 January 2016|language=zh|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6ntAYhDJh |archivedate=29 January 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoAI-7">{{cite news|title=[今日说法]本期话题：求证(2005年4月8日)
|url=http://www.cntv.cn/program/lawtoday/20050411/100463.shtml|accessdate=17 January 2016|publisher=[[China Central Television]]|language=zh|date=11 April 2005|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6ntBQ4TNZ |archivedate=29 January 2017}}</ref>


<ref name=xinhuanet1117800737>{{cite news|title=香港铜锣湾书店老板桂敏海"失踪"事件调查|trans-title=Disappearance of Causeway Bay Books boss case under investigation|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2016-01/17/c_1117800737.htm|accessdate=17 January 2016|agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|language=zh|date=17 January 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6ntBVUXG0 |archivedate=29 January 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=rthk>{{cite web|url=http://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1237336-20160121.htm|title=Action against CCTV urged over 'forced confession'|date=21 January 2016|publisher=RTHK}}</ref>

<ref name=scmp1902805>{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/1902805/who-believes-chinas-narrative-hong-kongs-missing-bookseller|title=Who believes China's narrative on Hong Kong's missing bookseller mystery?|first=Laura |last=Ma|date=19 January 2016|work=South China Morning Post}}</ref>

<ref name=australian>{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/latest-news/china-says-missing-bookseller-on-mainland/news-story/d3c914d45edf7825ca3f7b235fc40b76|title=Bookseller confession 'not enough'|date=19 January 2016|agency=AAP|work=The Australian}}</ref>

<ref name=201601asiancorrespondent>{{cite news|url=https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/01/china-confirms-missing-hong-kong-publisher-in-mainland/|title=China says missing Hong Kong publisher Lee Bo is in mainland |work= Asian Correspondent |date= 19 January 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=20160118wapo>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/01/18/hong-kong-booksellers-televised-confession-was-absurd-and-incoherent-and-thats-the-point/|title=Hong Kong bookseller's televised 'confession' was absurd and incoherent – and that's the point|first=Emily |last=Rauhala|date=18 January 2016|work=The Washington Post}}</ref>

<ref name=qz596565>{{cite web|url=http://qz.com/596565/chinese-citizens-are-questioning-hong-kong-bookseller-gui-minhais-public-confession/|title=Chinese citizens don't believe Hong Kong bookseller Gui Minhai's public confession either|first=Zheping |last=Huang|work=Quartz|date=19 January 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=bbc160118>{{cite news|title=香港铜锣湾书店案：瑞典寻求中国澄清桂民海下落|trans-title=Causeway Bay Books case: Sweden seeks clarification on whereabouts of Gui Minhai|url=http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/china/2016/01/160118_hongkong_bookstore_row|publisher=[[BBC]]|language=zh|date=18 January 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=":0">{{Cite web| url = http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-35685999| title = Missing Hong Kong booksellers paraded on Chinese TV | publisher = BBC News|date = 29 February 2016 }}</ref>

<ref name=scmp1966843>{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1966843/detained-causeway-bay-bookseller-gui-minhai-not-seen-swedish|title=Detained Causeway Bay bookseller Gui Minhai not seen by Swedish diplomats for more than three months, says consul general|first=Stuart |last=Lau|work=South China Morning Post|date=}}</ref>

<ref name=20161017hongkongfp>{{cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2016/10/17/the-last-missing-bookseller-one-year-on-the-anniversary-of-gui-minhais-abduction-demands-action/|title=The last missing bookseller: One year on, the anniversary of Gui Minhai's abduction demands action|first=Michael|last=Caster|date=17 October 2016|work=Hong Kong Free Press}}</ref>

<ref name=20160229hongkongfp>{{cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2016/02/29/58042/|title=Missing booksellers 'operated illegal business', but could return to HK soon – state media |first=Karen |last=Cheung|date=29 February 2016 |work=Hong Kong Free Press}}</ref>

<ref name=20160212theguardian>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/12/britain-accuses-china-of-serious-breach-of-treaty-over-removed-hong-kong-booksellers|first= Stuart |last=Leavenworth |title=Britain accuses China of serious breach of treaty over 'removed' Hong Kong booksellers|date=12 February 2016|work=The Guardian}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoLM-1">{{cite news|url=https://www.actualitte.com/article/monde-edition/depuis-plus-d-un-an-l-editeur-gui-minhai-est-detenu-en-chine/67558|title=Depuis plus d'un an, l'éditeur Gui Minhai est détenu en Chine|trans-title=For more than one year, publisher Gui Minhai remains under detention in China|first=Antoine |last=Oury |date=18 October 2016|work=ActuaLitté}}</ref>

<ref name="20160304guardian">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/04/missing-bookseller-back-in-hong-kong-government-says|title=Missing bookseller Lui Por back in Hong Kong, government says|work=The Guardian|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=scmp1922757>{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/1922757/quick-turnabout-two-booksellers-hurried-back-across-border|title=Booksellers slipped back to mainland China after requesting Hong Kong police drop missing persons cases|first1=Phila |last1=Siu |first2=Oliver |last2=Chou |first3=Clifford |last3=Lo|date=9 March 2016|work=South China Morning Post}}</ref>

<ref name=scmp1976598>{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/1976598/full-transcript-lam-wing-kees-opening-statement-his-hong|title=Full transcript of Lam Wing-kee's opening statement at his Hong Kong press conference|first=Jennifer |last=Ngo|work=South China Morning Post|date=17 June 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoAI-2">[http://www.amazon.cn/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B41732-%E9%82%A3%E6%9D%A1%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%88%B9%E7%9A%84%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B-%E9%98%BF%E6%B5%B7/dp/B00112ZYB6 雍正十年1732:那条瑞典船的故事平装 – 2006年1月1日] Amazon.com</ref>

}}

== External links ==
* [http://freeguiminhai.org/ Free Gui Minhai]
* Liu, Juliana (4 February 2016). [http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-35480229 "Hong Kong's missing booksellers and 'banned' Xi Jinping book"]. BBC News
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QxxY73pY6QE Gui Minhai's video confession], 17 January 2016, @YouTube
*[http://boxun.com/news/gb/pubvp/2016/01/201601181118.shtml#.VpzPTvl6-nQ 李方：中共编造弥天大谎]
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gui, Minhai}}
[[Category:Peking University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Gothenburg alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Ningbo]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of Sweden]]
[[Category:Chinese emigrants to Sweden]]
[[Category:Temporary disappearances]]
[[Category:Book publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Hong Kong writers]]

Lara Trump

2017-08-27T01:26:10Z

R'n'B: Disambiguate link to Wilmington

{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Lara Trump
|image = http://media.beam.usnews.com/de/a6/18e4aea844bfa0083431b4bbb766/170802-laratrump-editorial.jpg
|caption =
|birth_name = Lara Yunaska
|birth_date = October 12, 1982 (age 34)
|birth_place = [[Wilmington, North Carolina]], U.S.
| occupation =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|alma_mater = [[North Carolina State University]] French Culinary Institute in New York
<ref>{{cite news|last1=Miller|first1=George E.|title=Who Is Lara Trump? 8 Things to Know About the President’s Daughter-in-Law|url=http://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/politics/a10213528/lara-trump-yunaska-eric-trump-wife/|accessdate=August 9, 2017|work=[[Town & Country (magazine)|Town & Country]]}}</ref>
|known_for = Campaigning for [[The Trump Organization|Trump Organization]]
|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Eric Trump]]|November 8, 2014}}
|children =
|years_active =
|parents =
|family= ''See [[Trump family]]''
|website =
}}

'''Lara Trump''' (born Lara Yunaska October 12, 1982) is married to [[Eric Trump]]. She is the host of [[Lara Trump's "Real News"]].

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

{{Donald Trump}}
{{Trump family}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Lara}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trump family|Lara]]

Angelababy

2017-07-25T16:37:45Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to Cameo (link changed to Cameo appearance) using DisamAssist.

{{Chinese name|[[Yang (surname)|Yeung]]}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox Chinese-language singer and actor
| name = Angelababy
| image = Angelababy in 2014.jpg
| chinesename = 楊穎
| caption = Angelababy in 2014
| pinyinchinesename = Yáng Yǐng
| jyutpingchinesename = Joeng4 Wing6
|ancestry = [[Shanghai]], [[China]]
| birth_name = Angela Yeung Wing
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|02|28}}
| birth_place = [[Shanghai]], [[China]]
| religion =
| ethnicity = 3/4 [[Han Chinese]], 1/4 [[Germans|German]]
| occupation = [[Model (person)|Model]], [[Actor|Actress]]
| label =
| nationality = Chinese (Hong Kong)
| yearsactive = 2003–present
| spouse = [[Huang Xiaoming]] (m. 2015)
| hongkongfilmwards =
| goldenbauhiniaawards =
| hkfcsawards =
| goldenhorseawards =
| goldenroosterawards =
| ntsawards =
|children=1 (小海绵) (b. 2017)
|website=
|agentcompany=Style International Asia Cross Agency [[Avex Group]] [[Huayi Brothers]] AngelaBaby Studio
|alias=Baby AB
|alma mater=Canossian Sacred Heart Business College, [[Hong Kong]]
|hundredflowersawards=Best Supporting Actress Award
|awards=}}
'''Angela Yeung Wing''' (born 28 February 1989), better known by her stage name '''Angelababy''', is a Chinese model, actress, and singer based in Hong Kong. Her stage name came from the combination of her English name "Angela" and her nickname "Baby".<ref name="angelababy">{{cite web|url=https://www.dramafever.com/news/6-interesting-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-angelababy/%7B%5B%7Bnotification.object.url%7D%5D%7D|title=6 Interesting things you probably didn't know about Angelababy|website=DramaFever|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> In 2013, she was chosen by ''[[Southern Metropolis Daily]]'' as one of the [[Four Dan Actresses|New Four Dan Actresses]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smweekly.com/news/cover/201301/32220.aspx|title=10年之后再评花旦|last=|first=|date=|website=Southern Metropolis Daily|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> In 2016, she won the [[Hundred Flowers Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for her role in the blockbuster film ''[[Mojin: The Lost Legend]]''.

== Early life ==
Angela Yeung was born on 28 February 1989 in Shanghai, to a father from Hong Kong, who is of half Chinese and half German descent, and a [[Shanghainese people|Shanghainese]] mother from Shanghai. Her birth name is '''Yeung Wing'''. Her father runs a fashion business in Shanghai.<ref name="Q&A">{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/article/690328/qa-angelababy|title=Q&A: Angelababy|last=|first=|website=[[South China Morning Post]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> She gained an interest in fashion as a child under her father's influence. She said in an interview, "Even though he [her father] sells more mature clothes, I loved going to his store and trying on new outfits, and mixing and matching them. It was fun. I think that's how I developed a passion for fashion".<ref name="Q&A"/>

Yang moved to Hong Kong when she was thirteen,<ref name="Q&A"/> and signed a modeling contract with Style International Management at the age of 14.<ref name=angelababy /> Although her English name is Angela, she was sometimes called "Baby" during her primary and secondary school years. She combined these two names to form her stage name, Angelababy.<ref name="Q&A"/> She speaks [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Cantonese]], [[Shanghainese]] and English.<ref name="angelababy"/>

== Career ==

===2007–2012: Beginnings===
Angelababy debuted as an actress in the movie ''Trival Matters'' in 2007, where she had a 5-minute [[cameo appearance]] in the film. She then starred in numerous films as supporting roles, as well as appearing in music videos. Angelababy had her first leading role in the 2011 film ''[[Love You You]]'' alongside [[Eddie Peng]]. She sung a duet with [[JJ Lin]] titled "Bottom of the Heart" as part of the movie's soundtrack.

In 2012, Angelababy starred in alongside [[Mark Chao]] in ''[[First Time (2012 film)|First Time]]'', a remake of the 2003 Korean film ''[[...ing]]''. Her performance in ''First Time'' won her the Most Anticipated Actress award at the 13th [[Chinese Film Media Awards]].<ref name="film">{{cite web|url=http://english.sina.com/entertainment/2013/0820/620613.html|title=The 13th Chinese Film Media Awards|last=|first=|date=|website=Sina English|publisher=China Daily|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>

===2013–2014: Rising popularity===
Angelababy then starred in [[Tsui Hark]]'s crime action film ''[[Young Detective Dee: Rise of the Sea Dragon]]'' (2013), playing a beautiful courtesan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2012-08/03/content_26117876.htm|title=Cast list of Tsui Hark's 'Di Renjie' revealed|last=|first=|date=|website=China.org.cn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> She won the Most Popular Actress award at the 21st [[Beijing College Student Film Festival]].<ref name="dragon">{{cite web|url=http://english.cntv.cn/2014/05/12/VIDE1399846562841729.shtml|title=Beijing College Student Film Festival concludes|last=|first=|date=|website=CCTV|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>

In 2014, Angelababy joined the cast of ''[[Keep Running (TV series)|Keep Running]]'', a spin-off from the South Korean variety program ''[[Running Man (TV series)|Running Man]]''. The series was a major hit in China, and propelled Angelababy into a household name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.ifeng.com/a/20141025/40339775_0.shtml|title=《跑男》毁偶像包装 Angelababy全素颜出镜林更新打鼾|last=|first=|date=|website=ifeng|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The same year, she starred alongside fellow ''Hurry Up, Brother'' member [[Michael Chen]] in romance film ''[[Love on the Cloud]]'', which was a moderate success at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.sina.com/entertainment/2014/1224/767228.html|title=Love stories prove eternal at the box office|website=China Daily|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref> Angelababy was crowned "Weibo Goddess", as well as "Weibo Queen" for the year 2014,<ref name="weibo">{{cite web|url=http://english.sina.com/entertainment/2015/0116/773846.html|title="Weibo Night" sets Guinness World Record for "Most mentions of an event on Weibo in 24 hours"|last=|first=|date=|website=Sina English|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> and ranked 12th on [[Forbes China Celebrity 100|''Forbes'' China]] with an estimated income of 41 million yuan (US$6,604,000).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/top10/2015-05/12/content_35547596.htm|title=Top 10 Chinese celebrities in 2015 by Forbes|last=|first=|date=|website=[[China Internet Information Center]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>

===2015–present: International appearance and TV roles===
Angelababy made her Hollywood film debut in ''[[Hitman: Agent 47]]'' with a minor role.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geekcrusade.com/news/angelababy-star-agent-47-movie/12755/|title=Angelababy to star in Agent 47 movie|website=Geek Crusade|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref> She then starred in ''[[Mojin: The Lost Legend]]'', based on the popular tomb raiding novel series ''[[Ghost Blows Out the Light]]''. The film become the highest-grossing Chinese-language IMAX film in China, with {{USD|27.1 million}} (before being surpassed by ''[[The Mermaid (2016 film)|The Mermaid]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url= http://variety.com/2016/film/box-office/mojin-breaks-imax-record-in-china-exclusive-1201675689/|title= ‘Mojin’ Breaks IMAX Box Office Record in China (EXCLUSIVE)|first= Patrick|last= Frater|date= 8 January 2016|work= [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Angelababy won the Best Supporting Actress award at the 33rd [[Hundred Flowers Awards]] for her role, but was criticized for her mediocre acting and lackluster performance.<ref name=global>{{cite web|url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1008170.shtml|title=China's Golden Rooster & Hundred Flowers Film Festival faces 'popularity vs talent' controversy|website=Global Times|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref> The same year, she starred in her first television series, historical drama ''[[Love Yunge from the Desert]]'' based on [[Tong Hua (writer)|Tong Hua]]'s novel ''[[Song in the Clouds]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaynestars.com/tv-dramas/angelababy-stars-in-first-tv-drama-yun-zhong-ge/|title=Angelababy Stars in First TV Drama, “Yun Zhong Ge”|date=13 May 2013|work=JayneStars}}</ref>

In 2016, Angelababy played a major supporting role in Hollywood science fiction film, ''[[Independence Day: Resurgence]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/angelababy-joins-independence-day-2-064200069.html|title=Angelababy joins "Independence Day 2"|website=Yahoo News|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinatopix.com/articles/88132/20160522/independence-day-resurgence-news-chinese-actress-angelababy-to-co-star-in-hollywood-film-new-teaser-videos-released.htm|title=‘Independence Day: Resurgence’ News: Chinese Actress Angelababy to Co-Star in Hollywood Film; New Teaser Videos Released|website=China Topix|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref> The same year, she was listed as one of [[Forbes]]' inaugural 30 under 30 Asian Celebrities under the film, music, television and sport category.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/carolinehoward/2016/02/24/g-e-m-angelababy-soo-hyun-kim-and-the-actors-and-athletes-of-30-under-30-asia/#443115ba455b|title=G.E.M., Angelababy, Soo-hyun Kim And The Actors And Athletes Of 30 Under 30 Asia|website=Forbes|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref>

In 2017, Angelababy starred alongside [[Wallace Chung]] in the historical drama, ''[[General and I]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.163.com/16/0216/15/BFV5OKG500031GVS.html|title=剧版《孤芳不自赏》将开机 Angelababy主演|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref> Although the series was a commercial success, she received criticism for her acting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chinafilminsider.com/no-emoji-acting-please-angelababy/|title=No More Emoji Acting Please, Angelababy|website=China Film Insider|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.163.com/17/0211/00/CCV2JO1L000187VI.html|title=《孤芳不自赏》高收视收官，背后有秘密|work=[[NetEase]]|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Angelababy had been dating Chinese actor [[Huang Xiaoming]], who is 12 years her senior, for six years, but their relationship was not revealed to the public until February 2014. On 27 May 2015, they obtained their marriage certificate in [[Qingdao]], China<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/actors-huang-xiaoming-and-angelababy-marry-in-qingdao-planning-big-shanghai|title=Actors Huang Xiaoming and Angelababy marry in Qingdao, planning big Shanghai wedding: Report|last=|first=|website=[[The Straits Times]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> and their [[Marriage in China|wedding]] banquet took place in Shanghai on 8 October 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/actors-huang-xiaoming-and-angelababy-hold-fairy-tale-like-wedding | title=Actors Huang Xiaoming and Angelababy hold fairy-tale like wedding |date=2015-10-09 |accessdate= 2015-10-28 |website= [[The Straits Times]]}}</ref> The wedding banquet was reported to be one of the most lavish in China's history with a reported estimate of US$31 million.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.forbes.com/sites/kristintablang/2015/10/19/inside-chinese-star-angelababy-huang-xiaoming-31-million-wedding-shanghai | title=Inside Chinese Star Angelababy's $31 Million Wedding in Shanghai |last=Tablang |first=Kristin |date=2015-10-19 |accessdate= 2015-10-28 |website= [[Forbes]]}}</ref> In the same month, Angelababy sued a [[Ruili]] clinic for US$80,000 for referring to her as a recipient of [[plastic surgery]]. An examination she underwent at a Beijing hospital concluded that her face showed no signs of prior surgical work.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-34536268 | title=Chinese actress Angelababy's face examined for court case |date=2015-10-15 |accessdate=2015-10-28 |website= [[BBC News]]}}</ref>

In October 2016, Huang and Angelababy announced her pregnancy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vogue.com/13495431/angelababy-having-a-baby-extravagant-gifts/|title=Angelababy Is Having a Baby! What to Get the World’s Most Lavish Mom-to-Be|last=|first=|date=|website=Vogue|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> She gave birth to their son nicknamed Little Sponge on [[17 January]] 2017 at the [[Hong Kong Adventist Hospital]] in [[Stubbs Road]], [[Happy Valley, Hong Kong]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/angelababy-and-huang-xiaoming-welcome-a-son-in-hong-kong|title=Actors Angelababy and Huang Xiaoming welcome a son in Hong Kong|last=|first=|website=The Straits Times|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-04-25|date=2017-01-17}}</ref>

==Other activities==
Angelababy has invested in several businesses; including a nail parlour, a cafe (with fellow Hong Kong actor [[Tony Leung Ka-fai]]) and a lifestyle store.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.qq.com/a/20110110/000089.htm|title=Angelababy进攻商界投资百万首开美甲店|last=|first=|website=Tencent|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.qq.com/a/20110820/000104.htm|title=Angelababy投资百万开咖啡店下月装修十月开幕|last=|first=|website=Tencent|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>

In 2015, she set up her own venture capital fund, AB Capital. She then brought shares in Chinese overseas purchasing e-commerce site Ymatou and beverage brand HeyJuice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/tech/apps-gaming/article/1823741/chinese-actress-angelababy-uses-own-investment-fund-go-shopping|title=Chinese celeb Angelababy's investment fund goes on shopping spree for e-commerce site, juice-diet brand|last=|first=|website=South China Morning Post|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>

In 2016, Angelababy entered the Hurun Philanthropy List, the youngest to be included. She and husband [[Huang Xiaoming]] donated US$2.6 million to a charity program initiated by Huang to help university graduates start a business or seek employment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.sina.com/buz/b/2016-06-08/doc-ifxsvenx3638287.shtml|title=Tencent founders top list of mainland’s most generous|last=|first=|website=Sina English|publisher=Shanghai Daily|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Chinese Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2006
|''Under The Lion Rock Band Cream''
|狮子山下菊带霜
|student
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTk3NDk3MjI4.html|title=2006-Angelababy-《狮子山下-菊带霜》|last=|first=|date=|website=youku|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>
|-
| 2007 || ''Trivial Matters'' || 破事儿 || Tak Nga ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2009 || ''[[Short of Love]]'' || 矮仔多情 || Angel ||
|-
|''[[G-Force (film)|G-Force]]'' || 神机妙算 || || Voice-dubbed (Cantonese version)
|-
|rowspan=2|2010 || ''[[All's Well, Ends Well 2010]]'' || 花田喜事2010 || Princess Pearl of Flowerland ||
|-
| ''[[Hot Summer Days]]'' || 全城热恋 || Xiao Qi ||
|-
|rowspan=5|2011 || ''[[All's Well, Ends Well 2011]]'' || 最強喜事 || Better ||
|-
| ''[[Tangled]]'' || 魔髮奇緣 || Rapunzel || Voice-dubbed (Cantonese version)
|-
| ''[[The Founding of a Party]]'' || 建党伟业 || Xiao Fengxian ||
|-
| ''[[Love in Space (film)|Love in Space]]'' || 全球热恋 || Huang Mudan ||
|-
| ''[[Love You You]]'' || 夏日乐悠悠 || Xia Mi ||
|-
|rowspan=5|2012 || ''[[A Simple Life]]'' || 桃姐 || Herself || [[Cameo appearance|Cameo]]
|-
| ''[[First Time (2012 film)|First Time]]'' || 第一次 || Song Shiqiao ||
|-
| ''[[Black & White Episode I: The Dawn of Assault]]'' || 痞子英雄 || Fan Ning ||
|-
| ''[[Tai Chi 0]]'' || 太极1：之零开始 || Chen Yuniang ||
|-
| ''[[Tai Chi Hero]]'' || 太极2: 英雄崛起 || Chen Yuniang ||
|-
|rowspan=4|2013 || ''Together'' || 在一起 ||Lin Shengnan ||
|-
| ''[[Crimes of Passion (2013 film)|Crimes of Passion]]'' || 一场风花雪月的事 || Yue Yue ||
|-
| ''[[Young Detective Dee: Rise of the Sea Dragon]]'' || 狄仁杰之神都龙王 || Yin Ruiji ||
|-
| ''Who Is Your Dish'' || 誰是你的菜 || || [[Short film]]
|-
|rowspan=3|2014 || ''[[Temporary Family]]'' || 失戀急讓 || Lui Yuen-ping ||
|-
| ''[[Rise of the Legend]]'' || 黃飛鴻之英雄有夢 || Xiao Hua ||
|-
| ''[[Love on the Cloud]]'' || 微爱之渐入佳境 || Chen Xi ||
|-
|rowspan=5|2015 || ''[[Running Man (2015 film)|Running Man]]'' || 奔跑吧！兄弟 || Herself ||
|-
| ''[[You Are My Sunshine (2015 film)|You Are My Sunshine]]'' || 何以笙簫默 || He Yimei ||
|-
| ''[[Bride Wars (2015 film)|Bride Wars]]'' || 新娘大作战 || He Jing ||
|-
| ''[[Hitman: Agent 47]]'' || 代號47 || Diana Burnwood ||
|-
| ''[[Mojin: The Lost Legend]]'' || 鬼吹灯之寻龙诀 || Ding Sitian ||
|-
|rowspan=5|2016 || ''[[Kill Time (film)|Kill Time]]'' || 谋杀似水年华 || Tian Xiaomai ||
|-
| ''[[Independence Day: Resurgence]]'' || 天煞—地球反擊戰2 || Rain Lao||
|-
| ''[[League of Gods]]'' || 封神傳奇 || Lan Die ||
|-
| ''[[Love O2O (film)|Love O2O]]'' || 微微一笑很倾城 || Bei Weiwei ||
|-
| ''[[See You Tomorrow (2016 film)|See You Tomorrow]]'' || 摆渡人 || Ah Yu ||

|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Chinese Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Love Yunge from the Desert]]'' || 大汉情缘之云中歌 || Hou Yunge ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[General and I]]'' || 孤芳不自赏 || Bai Pingting ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Entrepreneurial Age'' || 创业时代 || ||
|}

=== Variety show===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Chinese Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2014–present || ''[[Keep Running (TV series)|Keep Running]]'' || 奔跑吧兄弟|| Cast member||
|}

===Music video appearances===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Singer
!Notes
|-
|2008
|Ten Million Youth (千万少年)
|[[William Chan]]
|
|-
|2009
|恋の予感から
|レミオロメン(Remioromen)
|
|-
|2010
|Can't Stand It (受不了)
|[[Huang Xiaoming]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|If Only (可惜没如果)
|[[JJ Lin]]
|
|-
|Alphabet Song (字母歌)
|[[Deng Chao]]
|
|}

== Discography ==
=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Original Title !! Album !! Notes
|-
| rowspan=3|2010 || "Beauty Survivor" || {{NA}}||{{NA}}||rowspan=3|Japanese single
|-
| "Love Never Stops"||{{NA}}||{{NA}}
|-
| "Everyday's A Beautiful Story"||{{NA}}||{{NA}}
|-
| 2011 ||"Bottom of the Heart" || 海底之心 || ''[[Love You You]]'' OST || with [[JJ Lin]]
|-
| 2012 || "Can We Smile Together" || 都要微笑好吗 ||''[[First Time (2012 film)|First Time]]'' OST ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2015 || "Today You Will Marry Me" || 今天你要嫁给我 || ''[[Bride Wars (2015 film)|Bride Wars]]'' OST || with [[Ni Ni]], [[Chen Xiao]] & Zhu Yawen
|-
| "Green Skirt" || 绿罗裙 || ''[[Love Yunge from the Desert]]'' OST ||
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
!Ref.
|-
|rowspan=4|2013
| Hong Kong Society of Cinematographers Awards
| Most Charismatic Actress
|
|{{won}}
|
|-
|13th [[Chinese Film Media Awards]]
|Most Anticipated Actress
|''[[First Time (2012 film)|First Time]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name=film />
|-
|1st China International Film Festival London
|Best Actress
|''[[Crimes of Passion (2013 film)|Crimes of Passion]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|9th Huading Awards
| Actress with the Most Media Popularity
|
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/ent/2013-04/11/c_124565820.htm|title=AngelaBaby华鼎奖领奖云彩低胸薄纱裹身秀曲线|website=Xinhua News Agency|accessdate=2017-02-26}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2014
|[[21st Beijing College Student Film Festival|21st]] [[Beijing College Student Film Festival]]
|[[Students' Choice Award for Favorite Actress|Most Popular Actress]]
|rowspan=2|''[[Young Detective Dee: Rise of the Sea Dragon]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name=dragon />
|-
| 14th [[Chinese Film Media Awards]]
|Most Anticipated Actress
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|rowspan=3|2016
|[[19th Huading Awards|19th]] [[Huading Awards]]
|Best Actress (Ancient)
| ''[[Love Yunge from the Desert]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[33rd Hundred Flowers Awards|33rd]] [[Hundred Flowers Awards]]
|[[Hundred Flowers Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|''[[Mojin: The Lost Legend]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name=global />
|-
| [[8th Macau International Movie Festival|8th]] [[Macau International Movie Festival]]
|[[Golden Lotus Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|''[[Kill Time (film)|Kill Time]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|2854802|Angelababy}}
* [http://weibo.com/realangelababy Angelababy] on [[Sina Weibo]]
* [https://instagram.com/angelababyct Angelababy] on [[Instagram]]

{{Hundred Flowers Award Best Supporting Actress}}
{{Forbes China Celebrity 100}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Angelababy}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Avex Group talents]]
[[Category:Chinese female models]]
[[Category:21st-century Hong Kong actresses]]
[[Category:Hong Kong female models]]
[[Category:Hong Kong entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Actresses from Shanghai]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Shanghai]]
[[Category:Hong Kong voice actresses]]
[[Category:People with acquired residency of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Chinese television actresses]]
[[Category:Chinese film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Chinese actresses]]
[[Category:Chinese people of German descent]]

Lin Gengxin

2017-07-25T10:19:02Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to Cameo (link changed to Cameo appearance) using DisamAssist.

{{Infobox Chinese-language singer and actor
|name = Lin Gengxin
|image = http://40.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lw6b9yprFR1r1i6euo6_1280.jpg
|caption = Legend"
|chinesename = 林更新
|pinyinchinesename = Lín Gēngxīn
|jyutpingchinesename =
|ancestry =
|origin =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|02|13}}
|birth_place = [[Shenyang]], [[Liaoning]], China
|death_date =
|death_place =
|restingplace =
|restingplacecoordinates =
|othername = Kenny Lin
|occupation = Actor
|genre =
|instrument =
|voicetype =
|label = [[Tangren Media]] (2010-2012) Lin Gengxin Studio (2013-present)
|yearsactive = 2009–present
|currentmembers =
|pastmembers =
|associatedact =
|spouse =
|partner =
|children =
|parents =
|influences =
|influenced =
|website =
|hongkongfilmwards =
|goldenbauhiniaawards =
|hkfcsawards =
|goldenhorseawards =
|goldenroosterawards =
|hundredflowersawards =
|mtvasiaawards =
|goldenmelodyawards =
|ntsawards =
|tvbanniversaryawards =
|awards =
}}
{{Chinese name|[[Lin (surname)|Lin]]}}
{{Contains Chinese text}}

'''Lin Gengxin''' ({{zh|林更新}}, born 13 February 1988), also known by his English name '''Kenny Lin''', is a Chinese actor. Lin rose to fame for his role in ''[[Scarlet Heart]]'' (2011), and since then has starred in several #1 box office hits such as ''[[Young Detective Dee: Rise of the Sea Dragon]]'' (2013), ''[[My Old Classmate]]'' (2014), ''[[The Taking of Tiger Mountain]]'' (2014) and ''[[Journey to the West: The Demons Strike Back]]'' (2017).

==Biography==
Lin Gengxin enrolled in the [[Shanghai Theatre Academy]] in 2007. During his college years, Lin appeared in low-budget films, television shows, short films and advertisements.

==Career==
===2011–2013: Rising popularity===
Lin rose to fame with the 2011 hit drama ''[[Scarlet Heart]]'', playing the role of [[Yunti, Prince Xun|14th Prince Yinti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2011-03-23/15063262012.shtml|title=《步步惊心》顺利杀青刘诗诗林更新悲情告别|website=[[Sina Corp|Sina]]|date=2011-03-25}}</ref> He then co-starred in [[xianxia novel|xianxia]] drama ''[[Xuan-Yuan Sword: Scar of Sky]]'' (2012),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/p/2012-04-09/02433599901.shtml|title=图文：《轩辕剑》曝剧照-林更新饰张烈|website=[[Sina Corp|Sina]]|date=2012-04-09}}</ref> which was extremely popular during its run and garnered 2 billion views online.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.qq.com/a/20120905/000692.htm|title=《轩辕剑》大结局完美收官开创周播剧新纪元|website=[[Tencent]]|access-date=2012-09-05}}</ref> Lin successfully made his crossover to film with his role in [[Tsui Hark]]'s ''[[Young Detective Dee: Rise of the Sea Dragon]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/c/2013-07-28/23113974369.shtml|title=《狄仁杰》发海报预告神都龙王露狰狞|website=[[Sina Corp|Sina]]|date=2013-07-28}}</ref> He was nominated for the Best New Actor award at the 33rd [[Hong Kong Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.163.com/14/0413/18/9PNV1R8D00034TG2.html|title=18:37 提名新人林更新红色西装喜庆亮相|website=[[NetEase]]|date=2014-04-13}}</ref>

===2014–present: Commercial success===
In 2014, Lin starred in youth romance film ''[[My Old Classmate]]'' with [[Zhou Dongyu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/c/2013-07-09/14103959993.shtml|title=电影《同桌的你》开拍高晓松监制|website=[[Sina Corp|Sina]]|date=2013-07-09}}</ref> The film broke 4 million admissions in 3 days, and won the Jury Prize at the 21st [[Beijing College Student Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.163.com/14/0513/08/9S44JQUH000300B1.html|title=《同桌的妳》票房破四亿北京大学生电影节获奖|website=[[NetEase]]|date=2014-05-13}}</ref> The same year, he starred in crime action film ''[[Black & White: The Dawn of Justice]]'';<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.163.com/13/0908/06/987U6D57000300B1.html|title=黄渤赵又廷《痞子英雄2》再合作林更新加盟|website=[[NetEase]]|date=2013-09-08}}</ref> and reunited with Tsui Hark in the period action film ''[[The Taking of Tiger Mountain]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.mtime.com/pix/2014/01/14/418552.html|title=徐克"智取威虎山3D"首发剧照张涵予杨子荣造型曝光|date= 2014-01-14 |work=MTime}}</ref> ''The Taking of Tiger Mountain'' was a success, becoming one of the [[List of highest-grossing films in China|highest-grossing films of all time in China]] with US$150 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2015/film/asia/china-box-office-wolf-warrior-and-kingsman-dominate-100-million-weekend-1201467196/|title=China Box Office: ‘Wolf Warrior’ and ‘Kingsman’ Dominate $100 Million Weekend|author=Patrick Frater |work=''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

In 2015, Lin was cast in Chinese historical drama ''[[God of War, Zhao Yun]]'', based on the Chinese novel ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]''. He plays General [[Zhao Yun]], who falls in love with a girl named Xiahou Qingyi (played by [[Girls' Generation]]'s [[Im Yoona]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.sina.com/entertainment/2014/1226/767530.html|title=Yoona, Lin Gengxin to star in drama "Zhao Zilong"|website=[[Sina Corp|Sina English]]|date=February 26, 2015}}</ref> The drama premiered in April 2016, and reached viewership ratings as high as 2%, and recorded more than 10 billion hits through various Chinese online videos sites.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20160417000209|title=SNSD Yoona making waves in China|author=Jung Eun-jin|date=April 17, 2016|work=[[The Korea Herald]]|publisher=[[Herald Corporation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=311&aid=0000626014|script-title=ko:윤아 "中 '무신조자룡' 100억뷰, 정말 어마어마한 일" |title="China 'God of War, Zhao Yun' 10 billion views, an incredible feat"|language=Korean|date=July 6, 2016|work=Xportsnews|publisher=XportsMedia}}</ref> The same year, Lin headlined action comedy ''[[For a Few Bullets]]'' and martial arts film ''[[Sword Master (film)|Sword Master]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.cri.cn/12394/2016/04/17/3521s924564.htm|title="For A Few Bullets", Compared to New Journey to The West|website=[[China Radio International]]|date=2016-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.cri.cn/12394/2016/12/01/3521s946304.htm|title=Derek Yee, Hark Tusi team up for martial arts epic|website=[[China Radio International]]|date=December 1, 2016}}</ref> He also featured in [[Zhang Yimou]]'s historical epic, ''[[The Great Wall (film)|The Great Wall]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.sina.com/entertainment/p/2015/0311/790683.html|title=Zhang Yimou's new film reveals star-studded cast|website=[[Sina Corp|Sina English]]|date=March 12, 2015}}</ref>

In 2017, Lin starred in [[Stephen Chow]]'s ''[[Journey to the West: The Demons Strike Back]]'', playing [[Sun Wukong]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.qq.com/a/20150806/000035.htm|title=《西游2》阵容独家曝光唐僧吴亦凡沙僧巴特尔|website=[[Tencent]]|date=August 6, 2015}}</ref> The film grossed $239.5 million,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=main&id=journeytothewest2.htm|title=‘Journey To The West: The Demons Strike Back’ summary page|work=Box Office Mojo|date=February 16, 2017}}</ref> becoming the highest grossing film among the ''[[Journey to the West]]'' novel adaptations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fun.youth.cn/yl24xs/201702/t20170205_9086266.htm |title=《西游伏妖篇》破13亿周星驰路演称为了观众我会越做越好|work=[[China Youth Daily]]|date=February 5, 2017}}</ref> The same year, he starred in historical action series ''[[Princess Agents]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eladies.sina.com.cn/news/star/2017-05-22/0728/doc-ifyfkqks4332333.shtml|title=《楚乔传》曝定档海报赵丽颖变特工少|date=May 22, 2017|work=Sina}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !!Chinese Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|rowspan=1| 2009 || ''The Immemorial Magic'' || 玩命魔术 || Tong Xing ||
|-
| 2011 || ''The Blue Cornflower'' || 蓝色矢车菊 ||Nan Haitian||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Young Detective Dee: Rise of the Sea Dragon]]'' || 狄仁杰之神都龙王 || Shatuo Zhong ||
|-
|rowspan=4| 2014 || ''[[Just Another Margin]]'' ||大话天仙 || Lin Chong || [[Cameo appearance|Cameo]]
|-
|''[[My Old Classmate]]'' || 同桌的你 || Lin Yi ||
|-
|''[[Black & White: The Dawn of Justice]]'' || 痞子英雄2 || Chen Zhen ||
|-
|''[[The Taking of Tiger Mountain]]'' || 智取威虎山 || Shao Jianbo ||
|-
|2015
| ''[[Jian Bing Man]]'' || 煎饼侠 || Himself ||Cameo
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016 || ''[[For a Few Bullets]]'' || 快手枪手快枪手 ||Xiao Zhuang ||
|-
| ''[[Sword Master (film)|Sword Master]]'' || 三少爺的劍 || Hsieh Shaofeng / Ah Chi||
|-
| ''[[The Great Wall (film)|The Great Wall]]'' || 長城 || General Chen ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2017
|''[[Journey to the West: Conquering the Demons 2|Journey to the West: The Demons Strike Back]]''
|西游伏妖篇
|[[Sun Wukong]]
|
|-
|''What A Day!''
|有完没完
|Xiao Xin
|Cameo
|-
|2018 || ''[[Detective Dee: The Four Heavenly Kings]]'' || 狄仁杰之四大天王 || Shatuo Zhong ||
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !!Chinese Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Scarlet Heart]]'' || 步步惊心 ||[[Yunti, Prince Xun|Yinti]] ||
|-
|rowspan=2| 2012 || ''[[Xuan-Yuan Sword: Scar of Sky]]'' || 轩辕剑:天之痕 || Zhang Lie ||
|-
|''[[Drama Go! Go! Go!]]'' || 姐姐立正向前走 || Tong Shaotian ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Dancing Legend'' || 舞乐传奇 || Burmese Prince Shu Nanda ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[God of War, Zhao Yun]]'' || 武神赵子龙 || [[Zhao Yun|Zhao Zilong]] ||
|-
|2017
|''[[Princess Agents]]''
|楚乔传
|Yuwen Yue
|
|}

===Variety show===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !!Chinese Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|2014||''Challenger Alliance'' || 挑戰者聯盟||rowspan=2|Cast member||
|-
|2017 || ''Baby, Let me go'' ||放开我北鼻第二季 ||
|}

==Discography==
*"Love In A Life Time" (with [[Yao Chen]]) - ''[[Journey to the West: The Demons Strike Back]] OST''

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominated work
!Ref.
|-
|2014
|9th Chinese Young Generation Film Forum
| Best New Actor
|''[[My Old Classmate]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.people.com.cn/n/2014/1106/c1012-25989188.html|title=第9届华语青年影像论坛闭幕韩寒等获颁年度新锐影人|work=[[People's Daily]]|date=2014-11-06}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|5341380}}

[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Shenyang]]
[[Category:Male actors from Liaoning]]
[[Category:Shanghai Theatre Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Chinese male film actors]]
[[Category:Chinese male television actors]]

Deng Chao

2017-07-25T10:18:38Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to Cameo (link changed to Cameo appearance) using DisamAssist.

{{Chinese name|[[Deng (surname)|Dèng (邓)]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox Chinese-language singer and actor 
| name = Deng Chao
| image =
| caption = Deng Chao at "Detective Dee And
The Mystery Of Phantom Flame" premiere
| image_size = 210px
| tradchinesename = 鄧超
| simpchinesename = 邓超
| pinyinchinesename = Dèng Chāo
| jyutpingchinesename =
| origin = [[China]]
| ancestry =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1979|02|08}}
| birth_place = [[Nanchang]], [[Jiangxi]], China
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*Actor
*comedian
*film director
*singer}}
| label =
| partner =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sun Li (actress)|Sun Li]]|2010}}
| children = 2
| yearsactive = 2000–present
| awards = '''29th Hundred Flowers Awards''' Best Supporting Actor (''[[Assembly (film)|Assembly]])''
| website =
| tvbanniversaryawards =
}}

'''Deng Chao''' ({{zh|s=邓超|t=鄧超}}; born 8 February 1979 in [[Nanchang]], [[Jiangxi]]) is a Chinese actor, comedian, director and singer.<ref>[http://asiacue.com/persons/Deng_Chao.html Asian Movies Catalogue]</ref> He is a cast member of the popular variety program, ''[[Keep Running (TV series)|Keep Running]]''. His recent films, ''[[The Breakup Guru]]'' (2014), ''[[The Mermaid (2016 film)|The Mermaid]]'' (2016) and ''[[Duckweed (film)|Duckweed]]'' (2017) are among the [[List of highest-grossing films in China|highest-grossing Chinese film of all time]] in China.

==Career==
===Beginnings===
During his third year of study at the Central Academy of Drama in Beijing, Deng achieved recognition from his performance in stage plays ''Cui Hua'', ''Serve Suancai'' and '' Please''. After graduation, he started filming dramas. He rose to fame with the 2003 historical television series ''The Young Emperor'' and further achieved recognition in director [[Gao Xixi]]'s military drama romance ''Happiness as Flowers'', which marked his image transformation.<ref name=theater>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/wap/2016-07/07/content_38829314.htm|title=All his world's a stage|date=2016-07-07|work=China.org.cn}}</ref>

===2008–2010: Increasing recognition===
Due to his rising popularity, Deng scored a role in [[Feng Xiaogang]]'s war film ''[[Assembly (film)|Assembly]]''. The film was well-received by the audience and won critical acclaim. Deng won the Best Supporting Actor at the [[Hundred Flowers Awards]], successfully making his crossover to the big screen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/13/content_9982379.htm|title=Feng Xiaogang's "The Assembly" wins biennial Chinese audience film awards|date=2008-09-13|work=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref> The same year, he co-starred in [[Cao Baoping]]'s romantic thriller ''[[The Equation of Love and Death]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.cri.cn/4026/2008/09/18/1241s406934.htm|title=
In the Name of Love|date=2008-09-18|work=[[China Radio International]]}}</ref> and was awarded the Society award at the [[Golden Phoenix Awards]] for his performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/c/2009-08-07/15232643256.shtmlence|date=2009-08-07|title=邓超获颁金凤凰奖感言享受表演热爱电影|work=[[Sina Corp|Sina]]|language=Chinese}}</ref>

In 2010, he starred in [[Tsui Hark]]'s action-mystery film ''[[Detective Dee and the Mystery of the Phantom Flame]]'', playing an albino detective named Peng Dong Lai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.cri.cn/6666/2009/07/23/1261s503502.htm|title=
'Sick' Detective Deng Smells out Clue|date=2009-07-23 |work=[[China Radio International]]}}</ref> He earned a Best Supporting Actor nomination at the [[Hong Kong Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2011-02/10/content_11982620_2.htm|title=
Detective Dee leads Hong Kong Film Awards|date=2009-07-23 |work=[[China Radio International]]}}</ref> Deng next starred in fantasy film ''[[Mural (film)|Mural]]'' (2011), directed by [[Gordon Chan]] and adapted from the renowned ghost novel "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.cri.cn/6666/2011/07/06/1261s646657.htm|title=Fantasy Film 'Mural' Sets Release Date|date= 2011-07-06|work=[[China Radio International]]}} </ref> In 2012, he signed on to play Cold Blood in ''The Four'' trilogy, based on [[Woon Swee Oan]]'s novel series ''Si Da Ming Bu'' (The Four Great Constables).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.cri.cn/6666/2012/05/25/45s702039.htm|title=Cast Members Promote Wuxia Drama "The Four"|date=2012-02-25|work=[[China Radio International]]}}</ref>

===2013–2015: Directorial works and ''Keep Running''===
Deng starred as one of the three male leads in [[Peter Chan]]'s 2013 film ''[[American Dreams in China]]'', about three young men from poor backgrounds who achieved success by establishing a reputable English teaching school.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2012-10/18/content_15827593.htm|title=Dream comes true|date=2012-10-18|work=[[China Daily]]}}</ref> The film was a commercial success<ref>{{cite web|url=http://africa.chinadaily.com.cn/weekly/2013-10/18/content_17042982.htm|title=
Chasing their dreams|date=2013-10-18|work=[[China Daily]]}}</ref> and earned positive reviews. ''[[Taipei Times]]'' call the movie a "a well-executed work of entertainment that preaches about China’s growing power" and praised Deng for "delivering a focused performance as an idealist with a defeated ego".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2013/08/02/2003568719/1|title=
Movie review: American Dreams in China|date=2013-08-02|work=[[Taipei Times]]}}</ref>

Deng made his directorial debut with ''[[The Breakup Guru]]'' (2014), a romantic comedy starring himself and [[Yang Mi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/beijing/2013-12/23/content_17190389.htm|title=Deng Chao prepares directorial debut|date=2013-12-23|work=[[China Daily]]}}</ref> Though it faced stiff competition from Hollywood blockbusters, the film grossed 180 million yuan in its opening week and received positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.cri.cn/12394/2014/07/02/1261s834166.htm|title=Deng Chao's Directorial Debut Opens Big|date=2014-07-22|work=[[China Radio International]]}}</ref> The same year, he joined ''[[Running Man China]]'', a remake of the South Korean variety program ''[[Keep Running (TV series)|Keep Running]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.cri.cn/12394/2014/07/10/3123s835297.htm|title=Zhejiang Satellite TV to Reproduce "Running Man"|date=2014-07-10|work=[[China Radio International]]}}</ref> ''Keep Running'' enjoyed explosive popularity in China and propelled Deng into a household name.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/2015/01/12/running-man-remake-hurry-up-brother-is-a-huge-hit-in-china/|work=[[Soompi]]|title=“Running Man” Remake “Hurry Up, Brother” Is a Huge Hit in China|date=2012-01-12}}</ref> That year, Deng was chosen as the Most Valuable Chinese Actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/deng-chao-wang-luodan-2014s-most-valuable-chinese-033600051.html|title=Deng Chao, Wang Luodan: 2014's Most Valuable Chinese Stars|website=Yahoo News}}</ref>

Deng then starred in crime film ''[[The Dead End]]'' directed by acclaimed director [[Cao Baoping]], and was praised by critics for "breathing life into the role with riveting performances", as well as his chemistry with co-star [[Duan Yihong]]. He shared the Best Actor award with co-stars Duan and [[Guo Tao (actor)|Guo Tao]] at the 18th [[Shanghai International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.szdaily.com/content/2015-09/04/content_12200918.htm|title=The Dead End|date=2015-09-04|work=[[Shenzhen Daily]]}}</ref> Deng teamed up again with Yu Baimei for the comedy film ''[[Devil and Angel]]'', following the success of the ''The Breakup Guru''. However unlike its predecessor, the film was voted the Most Disappointing Film of 2015 and received criticism for its poor approach to comedy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2016-01/26/content_37672607.htm|title=Growing domestic comedies set to boost festive scene|date=2016-01-26|work=China.org.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.sina.com/entertainment/p/2016/0322/900798.html|title='Devil and Angel' biggest winner at China's version of the Razzie Awards|date=2016-03-22|work=[[Sina Corp|Sina]]}}</ref>

===2016–present: Success on the big screen===
In 2016, Deng starred in renowned director [[Stephen Chow]]'s film ''[[The Mermaid (2016 film)|The Mermaid]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2015-12/10/content_37284965_2.htm|title=Stephen Chow comes back with 'The Mermaid'|date=2015-10-10|work=China.org.cn}}</ref> He plays a playboy businessman who falls in love with a mermaid that had been sent to assassinate him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/stephen-chow-deng-chao-perfect-mermaid-031400687.html|title=Stephen Chow: Deng Chao is perfect for "The Mermaid"|date=2016-02-03|work=[[Yahoo News]]}}</ref> ''The Mermaid'' is currently the highest grossing Chinese film of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2016-02/19/content_37828703.htm|title='Mermaid' takes crown of highest grossing Chinese film|date=2016-02-19|work=China.org.cn}}</ref> Deng next starred in romance film ''[[I Belonged to You]]'', based on a novel of the same name about a romance between two disc jockeys.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2016-02/19/content_37828703.htm|title='I Belonged to You' faces competition from Guo offering|date=2016-07-06|work=China.org.cn}}</ref> The film broke box office sales record for mainland-produced romance films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.news.cn/2016-10/26/c_1119788311.htm|title=《从你的全世界路过》破8亿引领国产爱情片新方向-新华网|website=China Entertainment News|date=October 26, 2016|language=zh}}</ref>

Due to his success on the big screen, ''CBN Weekly'' named him the 3rd most commercially valuable celebrity in China;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/beijing/2016-12/15/content_27708443.htm|title=Top 10 Chinese celebrities with most commercial value|work=[[China Daily]]|date=2016-12-12}}</ref> and the most lucrative actor on China's big screen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2016-06/20/content_25807138.htm|title=Computer picks latest China film award winners|date=2017-01-16|work=[[China Daily]]}}</ref>

In 2017, Deng starred in [[Han Han]]'s comedy film ''[[Duckweed (film)|Duckweed]]'', playing a rebellious car racer who thinks that his parents misunderstood him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://screenanarchy.com/2017/01/chinese-duckweed-features-eddie-peng-deng-chao-in-new-trailer.html|title=Chinese 'Duckweed' Features Eddie Peng, Deng Chao in New Trailer|date=2016-06-20|work=[[Screen Anarchy]]}}</ref> The sleeper hit gained commercial and critical success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/china-box-office-xxx-return-xander-cage-opens-massive-61m-974887|title=China Box Office: 'xXx: Return of Xander Cage' Opens to Massive $61.9M|website=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=2017-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Lee|first1=Maggie|title=Film Review: ‘Duckweed’|url=http://variety.com/2017/film/asia/duckweed-film-review-1201975546/|website=Variety|accessdate=2017-02-22}}</ref> He next starred in the suspense crime film, ''[[The Liquidator (2017 film)|The Liquidator]]'', based on the bestselling crime novel series ''Evil Minds: City Light'' and directed by acclaimed TV director Xu Jizhou.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://china.org.cn/arts/2017-02/27/content_40368930.htm |title=Henry Lee lends support to 'Evil Minds' film |website=China.org.cn |date=2017-02-27|accessdate=2017-03-13}}</ref>

Deng has been cast in [[Zhang Yimou]]'s upcoming film, ''[[Shadow (2018 film)|Shadow]]'' as the male lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2017-03/22/content_28642990.htm|title=Zhang Yimou starts new film project|date=2017-03-22|work=[[China Daily]]}}</ref>

==Other activities==
In 2016, Deng and long-time partner Yu Baimei (who co-directed ''[[The Breakup Guru]]'' and ''[[Devil and Angel]]'') set up their own theater, the Super Theater.<ref name=theater></ref>

==Personal life==
Deng is married to actress [[Sun Li (actress)|Sun Li]] since 2010. They have two children, a son named Deng Han Zhi and a daughter named Deng Han Yi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sun Li and Deng Chao hold party for their daughter|url=http://english.sina.com/entertainment/2014/0813/727395.html|work=[[Sina Corp|Sina]]|date=2014-08-21}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Chinese Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2003 ||''When Love Loses Its Memory'' || 当爱情失去记忆 || Li Buxiao ||
|-
||2007|| ''[[Assembly (film)|Assembly]]'' || 集结号 || Zhao Erdou ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2008|| ''[[The Equation of Love and Death]]'' || 李米的猜想 ||Fang Wen ||
|-
| ''Ai qing hu jiao zhuan yi II: Ai qing zuo you'' || 爱情呼叫转移2 || Yuan Jia ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2010|| ''[[Detective Dee and the Mystery of the Phantom Flame]]'' || 狄仁杰与通天帝国 || Bei Donglai ||
|-
|rowspan=4|2012 || ''[[The Founding of a Republic]]'' || 建国大业 || Xu Beihong || Guest appearance
|-
| ''Perfect Baby'' || 巴黎宝贝 || Ma Xiaoshun ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.cri.cn/6666/2011/06/14/1321s642751.htm|title=Expectant Father Deng Chao Promotes "Perfect Baby"|date=2011-06-14|work=[[China Radio International]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Founding of a Party]]'' || 建党伟业 || Chen Yi ||
|-
| ''[[Mural (film)|Mural]]'' || 画壁 || Zhu Xiaolian ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[The Four (film)|The Four]]'' || 四大名捕 || Leng Xie ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013||''[[American Dreams in China]]'' || 中国合伙人 || Meng Xiaojun ||
|-
||''[[The Four II]]'' || 四大名捕2 || Leng Xie ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014|| ''[[The Breakup Guru]]'' || 分手大师 || Mei Yuangui || also director and producer
|-
||''[[The Four III]]'' || 四大名捕3 || Leng Xie ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2015||''[[Jian Bing Man]]'' || 煎饼侠 || Deng Chao || [[Cameo appearance|Cameo]]
|-
|''[[The Dead End]]'' || 烈日灼心 || Xin Xiaofeng ||
|-
|''[[Hundred Regiments Offensive (film)|Hundred Regiments Offensive]]'' || 百年大战 || Zhang Zizhong ||Cameo
|-
|''[[Devil and Angel]]'' || 恶棍天使 || Mo Feili || also director and producer
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016||''[[The Mermaid (2016 film)|The Mermaid]]'' || 美人鱼 || Liu Xuan ||
|-
|''[[I Belonged to You]]'' || 从你的全世界路过 || Chen Mo ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017|| ''[[Duckweed (film)|Duckweed]]'' || 乘风破浪 || Xu Tailang||
|-
|''[[The Liquidator (2017 film)|The Liquidator]]'' || 缉凶者 || Fang Mu ||
|-
|2018 || ''[[Shadow (2018 film)|Shadow]]'' ||影 || ||
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Chinese Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2001|| ''The Joy of Spring'' || 换了青春 || Liang Dawei ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2003 ||''The following is the fertile soil of sand'' || 黄沙下面是沃土 || Wang Heiyuan ||
|-
| ''The Young Emperor'' || 少年天子|| Shun Zhi ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2004 || ''Beijing Holiday'' || 北京假日 || Liu Xiaodong ||
|-
| ''Die Zhan Zhi Te Shu Jiao Liang'' || 谍战之特殊较量 || Zhao Zhiqiang ||
|-
| rowspan=5|2005 || ''[[The Royal Swordsmen]]'' || 天下第一 || Zheng De ||
|-
| ''Happiness as Flowers'' || 幸福像花儿一样 || Bai Yang ||
|-
| ''Young Kangxi'' || 少年康熙 || Kang Xi ||
|-
| ''Ming Mei Feng Yun'' || 明末风云 || Chong Zhen ||
|-
| ''Feng Liu Cai Zi Fan Zhuan Tian'' || 风流才子翻转天 || Kuang Nanhai ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2006 ||''Ai Le San Le'' || 爱了散了 || Chen Feng ||
|-
| ''Young Justice Bao III'' || 少年包青天3 || Bao Zheng ||
|-
| ''New Stars in the Night'' || 新昨夜星辰 || Zhou Xinbang ||
|-
| 2007 || ''Silent Tears'' || 女人不哭 || Zhao Jian ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2008 || ''Romantic West St.''|| 浪漫的西街 || Hu Dawei ||
|-
| ''Tian Mi Mi'' || 甜蜜蜜 || Lei Lei ||
|-
| ''Rich Man Poor Love'' || 钻石王老五的艰难爱情 || Meng Hao ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2009 || ''Human Love'' || 人间情缘 || Li Xiaojun ||
|-
| ''Medic'' || 军医 || Lin Bingkun ||
|-
| ''[[The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber (2009 TV series)|The Heavenly Sword and Dragon Saber]]'' || 倚天屠龙记 || Zhang Wuji ||
|-
| 2010 || ''You're My Brother'' || 你是我兄弟 || Ma Xuejun ||
|-
| 2011 || ''Yan An Ai Qing'' || 延安爱情 || Peng Chengdou ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Ten Years of Love'' || 相爱十年 || Xiao Ran ||
|}

=== Variety show===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Chinese Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2014–present
| ''[[Keep Running (TV series)|Keep Running]]'' || 奔跑吧兄弟 || Cast member ||
|-
|}

==Discography==
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center;
! style="width:18px;" |Year
! style="width:250px;" |Title
! style="width:150px;" |Chinese Title
! style="width:250px;" |Album
! style="width:250px;" |Notes
|-
|2002
|align=left| "Forever Farewell" ||永相别
| ''The Young Emperor'' OST
|
|-
|2005
|align=left| "Only Need You" ||只要有你
| ''Young Justice Bao III'' OST
| with [[Jin Minjia]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2006
|align=left|"Tian Mi Mi" ||甜蜜蜜
|rowspan=2|''Tian Mi Mi'' OST
|rowspan=2|with [[Betty Sun|Sun Li]]
|-
|align=left| "The Moon Represents My Heart" ||月亮代表我的心
|-
|rowspan=2|2008
|align=left| "Brothers" ||兄弟
| ''[[Assembly (film)|Assembly]]'' OST
|
|-
|align=left| "I Will Grow Up Today" ||今天就长大
|{{NA}}
| Theme song of ''Jiayou, 2008!''
|-
|rowspan=2|2009
|align=left| "Hua Xia Hero" ||华夏英雄
| ''[[The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber (2009 TV series)|The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber]]'' OST
|
|-
|align=left| "Bloom" ||绽放
| {{NA}}
| Theme song of 18th [[Golden Rooster Awards]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2010
|align=left| "A Bright Moon is Born on the Sea" ||海上生明月
|{{NA}}
| Promotional song for the [[Shanghai World Expo]]
|-
|align=left| "Promise" ||诺言
| ''You're My Brother'' OST
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2011
|align=left| "Xuan Yuan Legend'' ||轩辕传奇
|{{NA}}
| Theme song for ''Xuan Yuan Legend'' game
|-
|align=left|''Mural'' ||画壁
|''[[Mural (film)|Mural]]'' OST
|with [[Betty Sun|Sun Li]]
|-
|rowspan=1|2012
|align=left| "Dreams Won't Die" ||梦不死
| ''[[The Four (film)|The Four]]'' OST
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2013
|align=left| "The Proverb of Love" ||爱的箴言
| ''Ten Years of Love'' OST
|
|-
|align=left| "The Story of Time" ||光阴的故事
| ''[[American Dreams in China]]'' OST
| with [[Huang Xiaoming]] & [[Tong Dawei]]
|-
|rowspan=5|2014
|align=left| "Hello World" ||{{NA}}
| rowspan=3| ''[[The Breakup Guru]]'' OST
|
|-
|align=left|"The Echoes of the Mountain Valley"||山谷里的回声
|
|-
|align=left|"Sweet Chocolate"||{{NA}}
|
|-
|align=left|"Super Hero" ||超级英雄
|{{NA}}
|Theme song of ''[[Keep Running (TV series)|Keep Running]]''
|-
|align=left|"Brahmas Lullaby" ||摇篮曲
|{{NA}}
|
|-
|rowspan=4|2015
|align=left| "The Song of Little Tail" ||小尾巴之歌
| ''[[The Dead End]]'' OST
|
|-
|align=left| "Your Majesty, I Am Wrong" ||娘娘我错了
| rowspan=3|''[[Devil and Angel]]'' OST
|
|-
| align=left|"Alphabet Song"||字母歌
|
|-
|align=left|"Love in the World" ||有情世间
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2016
|align=left|"Undefeatable" ||无敌
| ''[[The Mermaid (2016 film)|The Mermaid]]'' OST
|
|-
|align=left|"Love Song of Broadcast Station" ||电台情歌
| ''[[I Belonged to You]]'' OST
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2017
|align=left|"Luan Mu's Wood Guitar" ||乱炖的木吉他
|''[[Buddies in India]]'' OST
|
|-
|align=left|"Ride the Winds, Break the Waves" ||乘风破浪歌
|''[[Duckweed (film)|Duckweed]]'' OST
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
|-
|2008
|[[29th Hundred Flowers Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actor
|rowspan=3|''[[Assembly (film)|Assembly]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=2|2009
|27th [[Golden Rooster Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actor
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[Golden Phoenix Awards]]
|Male Actor In A Motion Picture
|{{won}}
|-
|2011
|[[30th Hong Kong Film Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actor
|''[[ Detective Dee and the Mystery of the Phantom Flame]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|2015
|18th [[Shanghai International Film Festival]]
|Best Actor
|rowspan=4|''[[The Dead End]]''
|{{won}}
|-
||[[52nd Golden Horse Film Awards|52nd]] [[Golden Horse Film Awards]]
|[[Golden Horse Award for Best Leading Actor| Best Actor ]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|2016
|7th [[China Film Director's Guild Awards]]
|Best Actor
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[33rd Hundred Flowers Awards|33rd]] [[Hundred Flowers Awards]]
|Best Actor
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Golden Goblet Award for Best Actor}}
{{Hundred Flowers Award Best Supporting Actor}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deng, Chao}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Nanchang]]
[[Category:Chinese male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Jiangxi]]
[[Category:21st-century Chinese male actors]]
[[Category:Chinese male film actors]]
[[Category:Chinese male television actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Jiangxi]]

Feng Shaofeng

2017-07-25T10:18:14Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to Cameo (link changed to Cameo appearance) using DisamAssist.

{{Infobox Chinese-language singer and actor 
|name = Feng Shaofeng
| image =
|tradchinesename = 馮紹峰
|simpchinesename = 冯绍峰
|pinyinchinesename = Féng Shàofēng
|birth_name = Feng Wei (冯威)
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|10|7}}
|birth_place = [[Shanghai]], [[China]]
|othername = William Feng
|occupation = [[Actor]]
|yearsactive = 2001-present
|label = [[Huayi Brothers]]
}}
{{Chinese name|[[Feng (surname)|Feng]]}}
'''Feng Shaofeng''' (born 7 October 1978), also known as '''William Feng''' is a Chinese actor. He is currently an artist under the management of [[Huayi Brothers]]. Feng rose to fame with the hit time travel series ''[[Palace (TV series)|Palace]]'' (2011). He was ranked number 33rd on 2012 Forbes China Celebrity 100 List.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbeschina.com/review/201205/0016593.shtml|title=2012 Forbes China Celebrity 100 List|work=Forbes China|access-date=2017-06-02}}</ref> He won the [[Hundred Flowers Award for Best Actor]] for his role in the film ''[[Wolf Totem]]'' (2015).

==Early life and education==
Feng was born in [[Shanghai]], [[People's Republic of China|China]] as the only child of an affluent family. His father is a civil servant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.iqiyi.com/20110321/9e52c007fbb04488.html|title=Feng Shaofeng's Interview Video|last=|first=|date=|website=iQiyi|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Strongly influenced by his artistic mother, Feng began taking violin lessons and participating in various extracurricular activities when he was a child. Upon graduating from high school, he applied to the [[Shanghai Theater Academy]] and was accepted with scholarship.

==Career==
===Beginnings===
Feng made his acting debut in 1998, and has appeared in several television series, including ''[[Boy & Girl]]'', ''[[Wind and Cloud 2]]'', ''[[Assassinator Jing Ke]]'', ''[[Sigh of His Highness]]'', and ''[[The Conquest (TV series)|The Conquest]]''.<ref name=baidu />

Feng gained more attention after starring in a grand production drama by Hong Kong's [[Television Broadcasts Limited|TVB]] and mainland China's [[China Central Television|CCTV]], ''[[The Drive of Life]]''. He then starred in the period drama ''Yun Niang'' alongside [[Ady An]] and [[Leanne Liu]], which placed number one in ratings upon its premiere on [[Shanghai Media Group|SMG]]. Feng reunited with Ady An in ''Four Women Conflicts'', and his performance in the series won him the Audience's Most Favorite Actor award at Fujian TV Station's "I Love My Drama" award ceremony. In 2010, he played the role of [[Liu Zhang (Han prince)|Liu Zhang]] in ''[[Beauty's Rival in Palace]]''.<ref name=baidu>{{cite web|url=http://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%86%AF%E7%BB%8D%E5%B3%B0|title=冯绍峰 (Feng Shaofeng)|work=Baike Baidu|access-date=2016-06-02|language=zh}}</ref>

===Rising popularity===
Feng rose to mainstream popularity after starring in ''[[Palace (TV series)|Palace]]'' (2011), one of the most popular Chinese dramas of the year.<ref name=cameo /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinahush.com/2011/04/09/interview-with-the-eighth-prince-of-jade-palace-lock-heart-feng-shaofeng/|title=Interview with The Eighth Prince of “Jade Palace Lock Heart”, Feng Shaofeng|date=9 April 2011|work=China Hush}}</ref> The same year, he starred in [[Daniel Lee]]'s historical film ''[[White Vengeance]]'' where plays [[Xiang Yu]], the powerful warlord.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2011-07/20/content_23030301.htm|title='White Vengeance' wraps up shooting|date=20 July 2011|work=China.org.cn}}</ref> Feng's outstanding performance in the film led to him winning two awards - "Most Commercially Valuable Newcomer" and "Outstanding Performance" at the 2011 Harbin Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinanews.com/yl/2012/02-17/3676924.shtml|title=冯绍峰哈尔滨影展独揽两大奖鞠躬谢李仁港导演查看下一页|date=17 February 2012|work=China News|language=zh}}</ref>

Feng then starred in ''[[Painted Skin: The Resurrection]]'' (2012), a sequel to [[Gordon Chan]]'s 2008 box office hit ''[[Painted Skin (2008 film)|Painted Skin]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://china.org.cn/arts/2011-05/25/content_22640336.htm|title=Yang Mi, Feng Shaofeng to join Painted Skin 2|website=China.org.cn|accessdate=2017-02-26}}</ref> He next starred alongside [[Fan Bingbing]] in ''[[Double Xposure]]'', a romantic thriller directed by Li Yu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinesefilms.cn/141/2012/09/18/241s11978.htm|title=New Still Photos of Feng Shaofeng in "Double Xposure"|date=18 September 2012|work=Chinese Films}}</ref>

Feng starred as the titular [[Lan Ling Wang]] in the historical drama ''[[Prince of Lan Ling]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asiapacificarts.usc.edu/article@apa?tv_drama_king_of_lan_ling_stars_feng_shao_feng_and_ariel_lin_19030.aspx|title=TV drama King of Lan Ling stars Feng Shao Feng and Ariel Lin|work=Asia Pacific Arts|date=21 August 2013}}</ref> The series earned high ratings in Taiwan, breaking the record set by ''[[Three Kingdoms (TV series)|Three Kingdoms]]'', and earned increased recognition for Feng in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaynestars.com/tv-dramas/prince-of-lan-ling-finale-grabs-soaring-ratings-in-taiwan-the-patriot-yue-fei-falls-short/|title=“Prince of Lan Ling” Finale Grabs Soaring Ratings in Taiwan, “The Patriot Yue Fei” Falls Short|date=8 October 2013|work=JayneStars|publisher=Hunan TV}}</ref> The same year, he starred in the action film ''[[Young Detective Dee: Rise of the Sea Dragon]]'' directed by [[Tsui Hark]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2012-08/03/content_26117876.htm|title=Cast list of Tsui Hark's 'Di Renjie' revealed|date=3 August 2012|work=CRI English}}</ref> Feng was voted the Most Popular Actor award at the 2014 [[Beijing Student Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.sina.com/2014/0511/699427.html|title=Beijing College Student Film Festival concludes|date=12 May 2014|work=Sina}}</ref>

===Success in films and TV productions===
Feng starred alongside [[Tang Wei]] in ''[[The Golden Era (film)|The Golden Era]]'' (2014) directed by [[Ann Hui]], which closed at the [[Venice International Film Festival]]. His portrayal of Xiao Jun, a left-wing author who is strong and not afraid to express his feelings, earned the praises of the director. Feng had requested not to be paid to support Ann, whom he has admired and wanted to work with her for many years.<ref name=cameo>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2014-09/26/content_18665683.htm|title=Actor Feng Shaofeng 'doesn't care' for Hollywood cameos|date=26 September 2014|work=China Daily}}</ref> The same year, he starred in the road-trip comedy ''[[The Continent (film)|The Continent]]'', directed by [[Han Han]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/872806.shtml|title=Driving two friends crazy|date=27 July 2014|work=Global Times}}</ref>

Feng starred in the Chinese-French co-production ''[[Wolf Totem (film)|Wolf Totem]]'' (2015), adapted from Jiang Rong’s 2004 best-selling novel by the same name. He plays a Chinese student who is sent to Inner Mongolia to teach shepherds and instead learns about the wolf population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-10/20/content_18772741.htm|title=Feng's soul floated away on meeting co-stars of Wolf Totem|date=20 October 2014|work=China Daily}}</ref> Feng and co-star [[Shawn Dou]] bonded with the wolves by cleaning their cages and feeding them; and trained in horse-riding for their roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chinawatch.washingtonpost.com/2014/07/chinese_actor_dances_with_wolves/|title=Chinese actor dances with wolves|date=23 July 2014|work=Washiongton Post}}</ref> The film earned Feng his first Best Actor trophy at the 33rd [[Hundred Flowers Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.cri.cn/12394/2016/09/25/4081s941201.htm|title=Winners revealed at Chinese famous film awards|date=25 September 2016|work=CRI English}}</ref> The same year, he was cast in the film adaptation of the best-selling novel, ''[[The Three-Body Problem]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2015-08/06/content_21522042.htm|title=Nebula-nominated Three-Body Problem completes filming|date=6 August 2015|work=China Daily}}</ref>

Feng then played [[Xuanzang]] in ''[[The Monkey King 2]]'', which was released in February 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/feng-shaofeng-joins-monkey-king-2-060600678.html|title=Feng Shaofeng joins "The Monkey King 2"|date=4 December 2014|work=Yahoo News!}}</ref> The same year, he starred alongside [[Victoria Song]] in fantasy drama ''[[Ice Fantasy]]'', adapted from [[Guo Jingming]]'s novel of the same name and the [[My Best Friend's Wedding (2016 film)|Chinese remake]] of ''[[My Best Friend's Wedding]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/my-best-friends-wedding-chinese-797110|title='My Best Friends' Wedding' Chinese Remake Finds Stars|date=20 May 2015|work=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Feng returned to television with another fantasy drama ''[[The Starry Night, The Starry Sea]]'' (2017) alongside [[Bea Hayden]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2017-02/07/content_28124389.htm|title=Catch glimpses of TV series 'The Starry Night, The Starry Sea'|date=7 February 2017|work=China Daily}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Chinese Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2004 || ''Brush Up My Sisters''|| 百分百刑警 || Dan ||
|-
| 2006 || ''Dragon Gate Station'' || 龙门驿站之嚎月 || Hou Feng ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[White Vengeance]]'' || 鸿门宴 || [[Xiang Yu]] ||
|-
|rowspan=5|2012 || ''[[Painted Skin: The Resurrection]]'' || 画皮2 || Pang Lang||
|-
| ''[[Double Xposure]]'' || 二次曝光 || Liu Dong ||
|-
| ''Threads of Time'' || 柳如是 || Chen Zilong ||
|-
| ''[[Tai Chi 0]]'' || 太極之零開始 || Chen Zaiyang ||
|-
| ''[[Tai Chi Hero]]'' || 太極２英雄崛起 || Chen Zaiyang ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2013 || ''[[Young Detective Dee: Rise of the Sea Dragon]]'' || 狄仁傑之神都龍王 || Yuchi ||
|-
| ''[[Love Will Tear Us Apart (2013 film)|Love Will Tear Us Apart]]'' || 我想和你好好的 || Jiang Liangliang ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2014 || ''[[Snow Blossom]]'' || 大寒桃花开 || Da Han || filmed in 2004
|-
| ''[[The Continent (film)|The Continent]]''|| 后会无期 || Han Dong ||
|-
| ''[[The Golden Era (film)|The Golden Era]]'' || 黄金时代 || Xiao Jun ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2015 || ''[[Wolf Totem (film)|Wolf Totem]]'' || 狼图腾 || Chen Zhen ||
|-
| ''[[Dragon Blade (film)|Dragon Blade]]'' || 天将雄师 || [[Huo Qubing]] || Special appearance
|-
|''[[Bride Wars (2015 film)|Bride Wars]]'' || 新娘大作战 || Priest ||[[Cameo appearance|Cameo]]
|-
|rowspan=3|2016 || ''[[The Monkey King 2]]'' || 西游记之三打白骨精 || [[Tang Sanzang]] ||
|-
| ''[[The Bodyguard (2016 film)|The Bodyguard]]'' || 特工爺爺 || Doctor Hu || Cameo
|-
| ''[[My Best Friend's Wedding (2016 film)|My Best Friend's Wedding]]'' || 我最好朋友的婚礼 || Li Ran ||
|-
|rowspan=2| 2017 || ''[[The Three-Body Problem (film)|The Three-Body Problem]]'' || 三体 || Wang Lin ||
|-
| ''[[Hanson and the Beast]]'' || 一代妖精 || Yuan Shuai (Hanson) ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2018 || ''[[The Monkey King 3]]'' || 西遊記之女兒國 || Tang Sanzang ||
|-
| ''[[Detective Dee: The Four Heavenly Kings]]'' || 狄仁杰之四大天王 || Yuchi ||
|-
| ''[[Song of the Assassins]]'' || 刺局 || ||
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Chinese Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|rowspan=3|1998 || ''Shaonian Xu Beihong'' || 少年徐悲鸿 || [[Xu Beihong]] ||
|-
| ''Xingxing Chuan'' || 星星串 || Wen Jun ||
|-
| ''Pudong Geyao'' || 浦东歌谣 || Red Guard ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2000 || ''Shangcheng Meiyou Yewan'' || 商城没有夜晚 || Bai Ling ||
|-
| ''Actually Don't Want to Go'' ||其实不想走 || Shen Jiaju ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2001 || ''Rising'' || 崛起 || Li Jinsong ||
|-
| ''Father Goes Forward'' || 老爸向前冲 || Chen Mingyuan ||
|-
| ''Love Password'' || 爱情密码 || Hao Lei ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2002 || ''Illusion'' || 镜花水月 || Ren Weijian ||
|-
| ''[[Boy & Girl]]'' || 男才女貌 || Yin Shan ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Wind and Cloud 2]]'' || 风云2 || [[List of Fung Wan characters|Huaikong]] ||
|-
|rowspan=4|2004 || ''First Lover'' || 初恋情人 || Fang Zhenwen ||
|-
| ''[[Assassinator Jing Ke]]'' || 荆轲传奇 || [[Crown Prince Dan of Yan]] ||
|-
| ''[[The Legend of Hero]]'' || 中华英雄 || Li Qianjun ||
|-
| ''First Kind of Crisis'' || 第一种危机 || Tong Gang ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Sigh of His Highness]]'' || 一生为奴 || [[Ronglu]] ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2006 || ''[[The Conquest (TV series)|The Conquest]]'' || 争霸传奇 || Crown Prince You ||
|-
| ''Deep Night'' || 夜深沉 || Song Xinsheng ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2007 || ''[[The Drive of Life]]'' || 岁月风云 || Wah Chun-man ||
|-
| ''Special Policewoman'' || 非常女警 || Han Yue ||
|-
|rowspan=4|2008 || ''Yun Niang'' || 芸娘 || Lu Haozhong ||
|-
| ''Women's Flowers'' ||女人花 || Wu Yusheng ||
|-
| ''One Thousand Teardrops''||一千滴眼泪 || Meng Shaobai ||
|-
| ''[[Rose Martial World]]''||玫瑰江湖 || Cen Yetong ||
|-
|rowspan=4|2009 || ''Traveling to Tiger Mountain''||再向虎山行 || Rong Kuan ||
|-
| ''Four Women Conflict''||锁清秋 || Shen Chaozong ||
|-
| ''The Diamond Family''||钻石豪门 || Shi Junchao ||
|-
| ''A Husband and Wife''||夫妻一场 || Qiu Li ||
|-
|rowspan=4|2010 || ''Ghost Catcher - Legend of Beauty''||天师钟馗之美丽传说之美丽之罪 || Huang Bingcheng ||
|-
| ''[[Beauty's Rival in Palace]]''||美人心计 || [[Liu Zhang (Han prince)|Liu Zhang]] ||
|-
| ''[[The Girl in Blue (TV series)|The Girl in Blue]]'' || 佳期如梦 || Meng Heping ||
|-
| ''Horizon True Heart''||天涯赤子心 || Zheng Shixian ||
|-
|rowspan=5|2011 || ''My Daughter''||夏家三千金 || Zheng Yunhai ||
|-
| ''[[Journey to the West (2011 TV series)|Journey to the West]]'' || 西游记 || [[Erlang Shen]] ||
|-
| ''[[Palace (TV series)|Palace]]'' || 宫 || [[Yunsi|Yinsi]] ||
|-
| ''The Emperor's Harem'' || 后宫 || Yang Yong ||
|-
| ''[[Symphony of Fate]]'' || 命运交响曲 || Liu Chenxi ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2012 || ''Legend of the Military Seal'' || 虎符传奇 || [[Lord Xinling]] ||
|-
| ''Beijing Love Story'' || 小城大爱 || Ouyang Yifei ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Prince of Lan Ling]] '' || 兰陵王|| [[Gao Changgong]] (Prince of Lanling) || also producer
|-
|2016
|''[[Ice Fantasy]]'' || 幻城 || Ka Suo||also producer
|-
| rowspan=2|2017 || ''[[The Starry Night, The Starry Sea]] '' || 那片星空那片海 || Wu Julan ||
|-
|''[[Ice Fantasy Destiny]]'' ||幻城凡世||Ka Suo||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[The Legend of the Concubine’s Daughter Ming Lan]]'' || 知否？知否？应是绿肥红瘦 ||Gu Tingye||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2017-06-20/doc-ifyhfnqa4480210.shtml|title=《知否》官宣男主冯绍峰出演顾二公子搭档赵丽颖|date=|work=Sina|language=zh}}</ref>
|}

==Discography==
{|class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Chinese Title !! Album !! Notes
|-
| 2002 || "Moon Flower" ||月亮花 || ''The Love Story in the Fantasyland'' OST ||
|-
| 2011 || "My Only Lover" ||唯一的恋人|| {{NA}}||
|-
| rowspan=2|2012 || "Song of Chu" ||楚歌|| ''[[White Vengeance]]'' OST || with [[Crystal Liu]]
|-
| "A Hundred Years of Revolution" ||百年轮回 ||{{NA}} ||Theme song for ''Fantasy Zhu Xian 2''
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name |name=Shaofeng Feng}}
* {{zh icon}} [http://blog.sina.com.cn/weiranfengxing Feng Shaofeng's official blog] on [[Sina.com]]
* {{zh icon}} [http://t.sina.com.cn/fengshaofeng Feng Shaofeng] on Sina Twitter

{{Hundred Flowers Award Best Actor}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Feng, Shaofeng}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Shanghai]]
[[Category:Shanghai Theatre Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Chinese male television actors]]
[[Category:Chinese male film actors]]

Pete Dunne

2017-07-25T10:12:41Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to New York (link changed to New York (state)) using DisamAssist.

{{Infobox professional wrestler
| name = Pete Dunne
| names = '''Pete Dunne''' Peter England Tiger Kid Streetfighter Ken<ref name="wrestlingdata1">{{cite web|url=http://wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=bios&wrestler=12832&bild=1&gestaltung=schmaler |title=The World's Largest Wrestling Database |website=Wrestlingdata.com |date=2010-01-16 |accessdate=2016-12-12}}</ref>
| image = Pete Dunne.jpg
| caption = Dunne (right) and [[William Regal]] (left) in January 2017
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=10}}<ref name="cagematch1">{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=10529 |title=Pete Dunne « Wrestlers Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date= |accessdate=2016-12-12}}</ref><ref name="wwe.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/section/uk-championship-tournament-competitors/article/pete-dunne|title=Pete Dunne|publisher=}}</ref>
| weight = {{convert|205|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref name="cagematch1"/><ref name="wwe.com"/>
| birth_name = Peter Thomas England
| birth_date ={{birth date and age|1993|11|09}}
| birth_place =[[Birmingham]], [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resides = [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States]]
| billed = Birmingham, England
| trainer = Max Angelus Steven Edwards<ref name="cagematch1"/>
| debut = 2007<ref name="cagematch1"/>
| website =
}}

'''Peter Thomas England'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/09995778/persons-with-significant-control|title=Persons with significant control|website=beta.companieshouse.gov.uk|accessdate=22 May 2017}}</ref> (born November 9, 1993)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/petedunneyxb/status/796282185787576320|title=Turned 23 years old today! Biggest week of my career. Glasgow - London for @WhatCulturePW tonight and then @RevProUK #GlobalWars thurs & fri|publisher=}}</ref> is an [[England|English]] [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] and [[Promoter (entertainment)|promoter]], currently signed to [[WWE]] under the [[ring name]] '''Pete Dunne''', where he is the current [[WWE United Kingdom Championship|WWE United Kingdom Champion]] in his first reign.<ref name="wrestlingdata1"/> Dunne also competes on the [[independent circuit]] in Europe and occasionally the United States, most notably in [[Progress Wrestling]], where he is the current [[Progress Wrestling#Progress World Championship|Progress World Champion]] in his first reign.

Dunne began training for a career in professional wrestling at the age of 12 in 2005 and made his professional debut in 2007. Since then, he has worked extensively across the United Kingdom for promotions such as [[Progress Wrestling]], [[Revolution Pro Wrestling]] (RPW), [[Insane Championship Wrestling]] (ICW) and [[Attack! Pro Wrestling]] (Attack!), a promotion he co-founded. In addition to the United Kingdom, Dunne has worked internationally in [[Germany]] with [[Westside Xtreme Wrestling]] (wXw), the [[United States]] with [[Pro Wrestling Guerrilla]] (PWG) and [[Japan]] with [[Michinoku Pro Wrestling]].

==Professional wrestling career==
===Training and early career (2006–2011)===
Dunne began training in 2006 at the age of 12,<ref>{{cite web|author=Bobby Melok |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wwe-united-kingdom-championship-tournament/article/pete-dunne-united-kingdom-championship |title=Pete Dunne on the United Kingdom Championship, training at 12 years old and transforming into "The Bruiserweight" |website=Wwe.com |date=2017-01-07 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> originally under the tutelage of Steve "Psycho" Edwards at Phoenix Wrestling in [[Coventry]], a short drive from his home city<ref name="wrestlingdata1"/> of [[Birmingham]]. Dunne has said that his early training under Edwards was limited, providing him with only "the basics".<ref name="soundcloud.com">{{cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/morgan-webster-468128657/wrestling-friends-2-mandrews-pete-dunne |title=Wrestling Friends 2 - Mandrews & Pete Dunne by Morgan Webster | Free Listening on SoundCloud |website=Soundcloud.com |date= |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> Dunne's first appearance as a wrestler was at the 2007 Holbrooks Festival in Coventry, where he first met and wrestled [[Mark Andrews (wrestler)|Mark Andrews]].<ref name="soundcloud.com"/> He later trained for a short time under Max Angelus and began working on other small local shows, largely in community centres around Birmingham.

Dunne competed as the masked Tiger Kid until January 2010, when he began performing as Pete Dunne after losing a hair vs mask match to Helix at Riot Act Wrestling in [[Kent]]. He then began regularly performing in a tag team alongside his [[kayfabe]] brother, Damian Dunne.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=28&nr=3033 |title=Dunne Bros « Tag Teams Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date= |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> He spent most of his early career working for as many small independent promotions as possible, as well as regularly practicing with Mark Andrews and other friends, training in a re-purposed boxing ring in a community centre in Cardiff during the school holidays.<ref name="soundcloud.com"/> Dunne began competing internationally and more regularly in 2011, competing for [[LDN Wrestling]], travelling to Ireland for Dublin Championship Wrestling, Wales for Celtic Wrestling & Welsh Wrestling, and Scotland for PBW.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=10529&page=20 |title=Career « Pete Dunne « Wrestlers Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date=2016-09-18 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref>

===Attack! Pro Wrestling (2011–2016)===
In a move to increase the number opportunities available to their group of friends, Dunne and friend Jim Lee co-founded [[Attack! Pro Wrestling]] in 2011, arranging a weekend of shows in Pete's native city of Birmingham.<ref name="wrestleropesuk.wordpress.com">{{cite web|url=https://wrestleropesuk.wordpress.com/2014/04/12/mark-andrews-mantothedrews-interview-april-2014/ |title=Mark Andrews (@MantotheDrews) Interview – April 2014 | Wrestle Ropes |website=Wrestleropesuk.wordpress.com |date=2014-04-12 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> On the first weekend of shows in August 2011, Dunne wrestled in a four-man tournament dubbed the 'Elder Stein Invitational', in which he advanced to the final, before losing to Mark Andrews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=72180 |title=ATTACK! « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date=2011-08-14 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> The promotion would later expand to run shows primarily in Cardiff and Bristol, with Dunne an ever-present performer, primarily as a [[Face (professional wrestling)|face]], and often taking on his best friend Mark.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=8&nr=854&page=4 |title=Events « ATTACK! Pro Wrestling (ATTACK!) « Promotions Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date= |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> Dunne later would become one of the promotion's primary [[Heel (professional wrestling)|heels]], after unexpectedly turning on Mark at "Mandrews Goes To America" in January 2015; a show themed as a farewell event to Mark upon his signature of a contract with [[TNA Wrestling]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heyevent.uk/event/2t4uo3m3hkvvwa/attack-pro-wrestling-mandrews-goes-to-america-cathays-community-centre-cardiff |title=Attack! Pro Wrestling - 'Mandrews Goes to America' (Cathays Community Centre, Cardiff) – |publisher=Heyevent.uk |date=2015-01-24 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Forrest |url=https://therealityera.com/2016/03/30/the-beginners-guide-to-attack-pro-wrestling/ |title=The Beginner’s Guide to ATTACK! Pro Wrestling – The Reality Era | Pro Wrestling News, Results, Reviews and more |website=Therealityera.com |date=2016-03-30 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> From mid-2015 to 2016, Dunne held the ATTACK! 24/7 Championship for an unprecedented 307 consecutive days, over which time he feuded with Eddie Dennis and Wild Boar simultaneously for the title.<ref name="cagematch.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2131 |title=ATTACK! 24:7 Championship « Titles Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date= |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> He would eventually lose the belt to referee Shay Purser, which acted as the beginning of a lengthy feud with ATTACK's co-founder and ring announcer, Jim Lee.<ref>{{cite web|last=Impoter |first=Wicid |url=https://www.wicid.tv/2016/04/14/rhys-review-attack-pro-wrestling-how-do-you-learn-to-fall-off-a-20ft-ladder-342016/ |title=Rhys Review: ATTACK! Pro Wrestling - How Do You Learn To Fall Off A 20ft Ladder? |website=Wicid.tv |date=2016-04-14 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> Pete's spell as a performer in ATTACK! Pro Wrestling concluded on 20 November 2016, when he lost a five-vs-five [[Professional wrestling match types#Elimination tag team match|elimination match]] against a team captained by Jim, with the stipulation that the losing team captain had to leave ATTACK.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kyle Watt |url=https://wrestleropesuk.wordpress.com/2016/11/29/attack-pro-wrestling-seriously-another-ppv-tie-in-event-full-results/ |title=Attack! Pro Wrestling ‘Seriously? Another PPV Tie-In Event’ FULL Results | Wrestle Ropes |website=Wrestleropesuk.wordpress.com |date=2016-11-29 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref>

===Michinoku Pro Wrestling (2013)===
Dunne spent three months touring with Japanese promotion [[Michinoku Pro Wrestling]] in 2013, teaming with Jason Larusso to defeat Bad Boy (Daichi Sasaki and Manjimaru) in his debut match,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=93139 |title=Michinoku Pro Michinoku Pro 20th Anniversary Vol. 1 - Tag 1 « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date=2013-03-16 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> but losing to the [[Brahman Brothers]] the next night.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=93174 |title=Michinoku Pro Michinoku Pro 20th Anniversary Vol. 1 - Tag 2 « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date=2013-03-17 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> Dunne lost his next two matches on the tour, before defeating Ayumu Gunji in his first singles match in Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=95103 |title=Michinoku Pro Golden Week Series 2013 - Tag 1 « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date=2013-04-29 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> Dunne's final match on the tour took place on 5 May, when he and Larusso were defeated by [[Tatsuhito Senga|Yapper Man #1]] and [[Tsutomu Oosugi|Yapper Man #2]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=95371 |title=Michinoku Pro Golden Week Series 2013 - Tag 7 « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date= |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref>

===Revolution Pro Wrestling (2014, 2016–present)===
[[File:Pete Dunne, Rev Pro Global Wars UK Night 1, November 2016.png|thumb|upright|Dunne at [[Revolution Pro Wrestling]]'s Global Wars UK event in November 2016]]

Dunne made his debut for [[Revolution Pro Wrestling]] on 10 May 2014, teaming with F.S.U ([[Mark Andrews (wrestler)|Mark Andrews]] and Eddie Dennis) to take on The Revolutionists (Sha Samuels, Josh Bodom and Terry Frazier) in a losing effort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/revpro/make-or-break-2014-24879.html |title=RevPro Make Or Break 2014 at Aston Uni SU wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database |website=Profightdb.com |date=2014-05-10 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> Dunne's next match was in January 2016 at Live At The Cockpit 5, first defeating [[El Ligero]], and then Morgan Webster to win the [[RPW British Cruiserweight Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/revpro/live-at-the-cockpit-5-24958.html |title=RevPro Live at the Cockpit 5 at Cockpit Theatre wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database |website=Profightdb.com |date=2016-01-03 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> Dunne held the Championship until July, successfully defending it against Webster,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/revpro/high-stakes-2016-24960.html |title=RevPro High Stakes 2016 at York Hall wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database |website=Profightdb.com |date=2016-01-16 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> [[Sonjay Dutt]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/revpro/live-at-the-cockpit-6-24961.html |title=RevPro Live at the Cockpit 6 at Cockpit Theatre wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database |website=Profightdb.com |date=2016-02-07 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> [[ACH (wrestler)|ACH]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/revpro/epic-encounter-25000.html |title=RevPro Epic Encounter at Rivermead Leisure Complex wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database |website=Profightdb.com |date=2016-04-16 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> Mike Bailey<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/revpro/live-in-portsmouth-25003.html |title=RevPro Live in Portsmouth at Portsmouth Guildhall wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database |website=Profightdb.com |date=2016-06-02 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> and [[Matt Cross (wrestler)|Matt Cross]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/revpro/live-at-the-cockpit-9-25004.html |title=RevPro Live at the Cockpit 9 at Cockpit Theatre wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database |website=Profightdb.com |date=2016-06-05 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> before dropping the championship to [[Will Ospreay]] at Summer Sizzler.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/revpro/summer-sizzler-2016-25008.html |title=RevPro Summer Sizzler 2016 at York Hall wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database |website=Profightdb.com |date=2016-07-10 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> Dunne also competed at Global Wars UK, losing to [[Yuji Nagata]] on night one<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/njpw-revpro/global-wars-uk-2016---day-1-25171.html |title=NJPW/RevPro Global Wars UK 2016 - Day 1 at York Hall wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database |website=Profightdb.com |date=2016-11-10 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> and [[Tomohiro Ishii]] on night two.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/njpw-revpro/global-wars-uk-2016---day-2-25172.html |title=NJPW/RevPro Global Wars UK 2016 - Day 2 at Walthamstow Assembly Hall wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database |website=Profightdb.com |date=2016-11-11 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> On 21 January 2017, Dunne lost to NJPW's [[Yoshi-Hashi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/revpro/high-stakes-2017-25474.html |title= RevPro High Stakes 2017 at York Hall wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database |website=Profightdb.com |accessdate=2017-05-04}}</ref>

===Progress Wrestling (2014, 2016–present)===
Dunne debuted in Progress at Chapter 13 on 18 May 2014, defeating Robbie X.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/progress/chapter-13-unbelievable-jeff-23615.html |title=PROGRESS Chapter 13: Unbelievable Jeff at Electric Ballroom wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database |website=Profightdb.com |date=2014-05-18 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> Four months later he returned to Progress, losing to Morgan Webster.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/progress/chapter-15-just-because-you39re-paranoid-doesn39t-mean-they-aren39t-out-to-get-you-23618.html |title=PROGRESS Chapter 15: Just Because You're Paranoid, Doesn't Mean They Aren't Out To Get You at Electric Ballroom wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database |website=Profightdb.com |date=2014-09-28 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> Dunne was absent from Progress for 19 months after this, returning at Chapter 28 in April 2016, teaming with Damian Dunne to defeat Trent Seven and [[Tyler Bate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/progress/chapter-28-please-please-please-let-me-get-what-i-want-24029.html |title=PROGRESS Chapter 28: Please, Please, Please, Let Me Get What I Want at The Ritz wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database |website=Profightdb.com |date=2016-04-10 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> At Chapter 29, Dunne was involved in a qualifying match for [[WWE]]'s [[Cruiserweight Classic]] tournament, losing to [[Jack Gallagher (wrestler)|Jack Gallagher]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/progress/chapter-29-practically-progress-in-every-way-24082.html |title=PROGRESS Chapter 29: Practically PROGRESS In Every Way at Electric Ballroom wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database |website=Profightdb.com |date=2016-04-24 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> At Chapter 30, Dunne competed in the first round of the Super Strong Style 16 Tournament, but was eliminated in the first round by [[Mark Haskins]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/progress/chapter-30-super-strong-style-16-tournament-edition-2016---day-1-24205.html |title=PROGRESS Chapter 30: Super Strong Style 16 Tournament Edition 2016 - Day 1 at Electric Ballroom wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database |website=Profightdb.com |date=2016-05-29 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> At Chapter 33, Dunne turned on longtime tag team partner and [[kayfabe]] brother Damian Dunne, aligning himself with Trent Seven as British Strong Style.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/progress/chapter-33-malice-in-wonderland-24484.html |title=PROGRESS Chapter 33: Malice In Wonderland at Electric Ballroom wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database |website=Profightdb.com |date=2016-07-31 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> Dunne and Seven defeated The London Riots (James Davis and Rob Lynch) at Chapter 36 to win the Progress Tag Team Championships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/progress/chapter-36-we39re-gonna-need-a-bigger-room-again-24862.html |title=PROGRESS Chapter 36: We're Gonna Need a Bigger Room... Again at O2 Academy Brixton wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database |website=Profightdb.com |date=2016-09-25 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref>

At Chapter 39, by virtue of retaining their championships in a rematch against the London Riots earlier in the night, Dunne and Seven were entered in a 7-man elimination match for the vacant Progress World Championship. Dunne pinned [[Jimmy Havoc]] to become the new Progress World Champion after [[Tyler Bate]] came down to the ring and attacked Havoc, thus turning [[heel (professional wrestling)|heel]] and aligning himself with Seven and Dunne.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/progress/chapter-39-the-graps-of-wrath-25251.html |title=PROGRESS Chapter 39: The Graps of Wrath at Electric Ballroom wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database |website=Profightdb.com |date=2016-11-27 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> At Chapter 40, Dunne made his first successful defence of the championship, defeating [[Zack Sabre Jr.|Zack Sabre Jr]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/progress/chapter-40-intercepted-angel-25324.html |title=PROGRESS Chapter 40: Intercepted Angel at O2 Academy Sheffield wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database |website=Profightdb.com |date=2016-12-11 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> On December 16, Progress management forced Dunne and Seven to vacate the Progress Tag Team Championship after Dunne attempted to give his half of the shield to Bate. At Chapter 41, British Strong Style once again left with all of the gold in Progress after Seven and Bate defeated the LDRS Of The New School (Marty Scurll and Zack Sabre, Jr.) and The London Riots to win the Progress Tag Team Championships and Dunne defeated Fabian Aichner to retain the Progress World Championship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/progress/chapter-41-unboxing-live-25377.html |title=PROGRESS Chapter 41: Unboxing Live! at Electric Ballroom wrestling results - Internet Wrestling Database |website=Profightdb.com |date=2016-12-30 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> Dunne lost by disqualification to Jimmy Havoc at Chapter 43, but the championship did not change hands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=107447|title=PROGRESS Chapter 43: Tropic Thunderbastard « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|website=www.cagematch.net|accessdate=22 May 2017}}</ref> At Chapter 44, Dunne, Seven and Bate were defeated by Havoc, Mark Haskins and Morgan Webster in a six-man tag team match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=162672|title=PROGRESS Chapter 44: Old Man Yells At Cloud « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|website=www.cagematch.net|accessdate=22 May 2017}}</ref> At Chapter 45, Dunne defeated Havoc in a no-disqualification match for his fourth successful defence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=162673|title=PROGRESS Chapter 45: Galvanize « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|website=www.cagematch.net|accessdate=22 May 2017}}</ref> At Chapter 46, he successfully defended the Championship against Mark Andrews.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=162674|title=PROGRESS Chapter 46: I Like To Chill Out Here And Shoot Some Dinosaurs « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|website=www.cagematch.net|accessdate=22 May 2017}}</ref> Dunne defended the Championship twice in [[Orlando, Florida]] during [[WrestleMania]] weekend, defeating Mark Haskins on 31 March<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=162675|title=PROGRESS Orlando « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|website=www.cagematch.net|accessdate=22 May 2017}}</ref> and ACH on 1 April.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=162676|title=WWNLive SuperShow - Mercury Rising 2017: EVOLVE Vs. PROGRESS « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|website=www.cagematch.net|accessdate=22 May 2017}}</ref> At Chapter 47, Dunne, Seven and Bate put all of their championships on the line against Ringkampf (Axel Dieter Jr, [[Timothy Thatcher]] and Walter), in a six man tag team match, successfully retaining all of them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=162677|title=PROGRESS Chapter 47: Complicated Simplicity « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|website=www.cagematch.net|accessdate=22 May 2017}}</ref> At Chapter 48, Dunne retained the title against both Andrews and Haskins in a triple threat match, and will defend the title against Travis Banks in September at the Alexandra Palace.

===WWE (2016–present)===
On 15 December 2016 it was revealed that Dunne would be one of 16 men competing in the two-night [[WWE United Kingdom Championship Tournament]] to crown the first ever [[WWE United Kingdom Championship|WWE United Kingdom Champion]] on 14 and 15 January 2017. Dunne defeated Roy Johnson in the first round, advancing to the quarter finals and eventually the semi-finals where he defeated Sam Gradwell and [[Mark Andrews (wrestler)|Mark Andrews]] respectively to advance to the finals, where he lost to [[Tyler Bate]].<ref name="UKTitle01142017">{{cite web|last1=Soucek|first1=Andrew|title=SOUCEK’S WWE UK CHAMPIONSHIP TOURNAMENT REPORT 1/14: Ongoing coverage of night one of UK Championship tournament|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/01/14/souceks-wwe-uk-championship-tournament-report-114/|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|accessdate=January 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name="UKTitle01152017">{{cite web|last1=Soucek|first1=Andrew|title=SOUCEK’S WWE UK CHAMPIONSHIP TOURNAMENT REPORT 1/15: Ongoing coverage of night two of UK Championship tournament|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/01/15/souceks-wwe-uk-championship-tournament-report-115-ongoing-coverage-night-two-uk-championship-tournament/|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|accessdate=January 15, 2017}}</ref> On the 22 February episode of [[WWE NXT|NXT]], Dunne made his NXT debut in a winning effort against Mark Andrews. On 4 April 2017 Dunne, and others who participated in the tournament, appeared on ''[[WWE 205 Live|205 Live]]''. On 7 May 2017 Dunne defeated Trent Seven at a live event to become the new #1 contender for the United Kingdom Championship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/WWE/status/861290306133786624|publisher=Twitter|title=It is OFFICIAL! @PeteDunneYxB will take on @WWEUK Champion @Tyler_Bate for the @WWE #UKChampionship at #NXTTakeOver: Chicago! |accessdate=May 8, 2017}}</ref> Dunne then went on to defeat Bate at [[NXT TakeOver: Chicago|TakeOver: Chicago]] to win the title for the first time.<ref name="NXTChicago">{{cite web|last=Zimmerman|first=Zack|title=5/20 Zim’s NXT Takeover: Chicago live review – Bobby Roode vs. Hideo Itami for the NXT Title, Authors of Pain vs. Johnny Gargano and Tommaso Ciampa in a ladder match for the NXT Tag Titles, Asuka vs. Nikki Cross vs. Ruby Riot for the NXT Women’s Title|url=http://prowrestling.net/site/2017/05/20/520-zims-nxt-takeover-toronto-live-review-bobby-roode-vs-hideo-itami-nxt-title-authors-pain-vs-johnny-gargano-tommaso-ciampa-ladder-match-nxt-tag-tit/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|accessdate=May 20, 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Dunne is a [[Veganism|vegan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/PeteDunneYxB/status/817471712325410816|publisher=Twitter|accessdate=February 16, 2017|title="You're a vegan? How are you so big?" #PlantStrong}}</ref><ref>http://whatculture.com/wwe/8-things-you-didnt-know-about-wwe-uk-champion-pete-dunne</ref>

=== Defend Indy Wrestling ===

Dunne, [[Mark Andrews (wrestler)|Mark Andrews]], and Eddie Dennis are co-founders of Defend Indy Wrestling, a clothing line designed specifically for [[independent wrestling]] fans. Inspired by the "DEFEND Pop Punk" message propagated by American band [[Man Overboard (band)|Man Overboard]], the trio created the brand in 2011, producing T-shirts, hoodies, and other accessories.<ref name="theindycorner.wordpress.com">{{cite web|title=10 Questions With … ‘Dynamite’ Pete Dunne|url=https://theindycorner.wordpress.com/2014/01/07/10-questions-with-dynamite-pete-dunne-dynamitedunne-3/}}</ref>

==In wrestling==
*'''Finishing moves'''
**''Bitter End'' ([[WWE]]) / ''DT3'' / ''Drop Dead!'' (Independent circuit) ([[Facebuster#Lifting reverse STO|Pumphandle lift into a reverse STO]])<ref name="WWEUK">{{cite web|title=Pete Dunne uk-championship-tournament|url=http://www.wwe.com/section/uk-championship-tournament-competitors/article/pete-dunne|accessdate=2017-01-22}}</ref>
**[[Suplex#Tiger suplex|Tiger suplex]]<ref name="wrestlingdata1"/>
*'''Signature moves
** ''Crash Landing'' (Independent circuit) / ''X-Plex'' (WWE) ([[Suplex#Rolling release suplex|Rolling release suplex]], sometimes onto the ring apron)<ref name="WWECC">{{cite web|title= Zack Sabre Jr. and Jack Gallagher qualify for WWE Cruiserweight Classic at PROGRESS Wrestling|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/cruiserweightclassic/article/cruiserweight-classic-progress-wrestling-qualifying-match-results|accessdate=2016-12-17}}</ref>
** [[Cutter (professional wrestling)|Cutter]]<ref name="wrestlingdata1"/>
** [[Professional wrestling attacks#Double foot stomp|Double foot stomp]]<ref name="wrestlingdata1"/>
** [[Professional wrestling attacks#European uppercut|European uppercut]]
** [[Small joint manipulation|Finger bends]]
** [[Professional wrestling attacks#Forearm smash|Forearm smash]], sometimes while running, or to an oncoming or mid-air opponent
** [[Suplex#German suplex|German suplex]], sometimes [[Suplex#Turnbuckle suplex|into the turnbuckle]]
** ''Go 2 Europe'' ([[Professional wrestling attacks#Go 2 Sleep|Fireman's carry]] into a [[Professional wrestling throws#Pop-up|pop-up]] [[Professional wrestling attacks#European uppercut|European uppercut]])
** [[Powerbomb#Jackknife powerbomb|Jackknife powerbomb]]<ref name="WWECC"/>
** [[Armlock#Kimura (Gyaku ude-garami)|Kimura lock]]
** [[Piledriver (professional wrestling)#Kneeling reverse piledriver|Kneeling reverse piledriver]]
** [[Professional wrestling throws#Michinoku Driver II|Michinoku Driver II]]<ref name="wrestlingdata1"/>
** [[Professional wrestling throws#Scoop slam|Scoop slam]] into the turnbuckle
** [[Professional wrestling attacks#Enzuigiri|Standing, leg-feed or a running enzuigiri]], sometimes to an opponent in the corner
** [[Professional wrestling attacks#Stomp|Stomp]] to an opponent's hand on the steel steps
** [[Professional wrestling attacks#Superkick|Superkick]]
** [[Triangle choke]]
** [[Powerbomb#Vertical suplex powerbomb|Vertical suplex powerbomb]]
*'''[[Nickname]]s
**'''"Bruiserweight"'''<ref name="cagematch1"/>
**"Dynamite"<ref name="cagematch1"/>
**'''"YxB - Young and Bitter"'''<ref name="cagematch1"/>
**"Perfect"<ref name="cagematch1"/>
**"Pop Punk"<ref name="cagematch1"/>
*'''[[Music in professional wrestling|Entrance themes]]
**"[[Can You Feel My Heart]]" by [[Bring Me the Horizon]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=10529&page=15 |title=Themes « Pete Dunne « Wrestlers Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date= |accessdate=2016-12-12}}</ref>
**"St. James Infirmary Blues" by [[The White Stripes]] (as part of British Strong Style)
**"Love Is Blindness" by [[Jack White]] (as part of British Strong Style)
**"The Hessian" by [[Vallenbrosa]] ([[Revolution Pro Wrestling]])
**"Young & Bitter" by Hot Tag - Media Works (WCPW/[[WWE NXT|NXT]])<ref>{{cite web|last1=Media Works|first1=Hot Tag|title=Pete Dunne - Entrance Theme|url=https://soundcloud.com/hot-tag-media-works/pete-dunne-entrance-music|website=Hot Tag - Media Works @ Soundcloud|publisher=Soundcloud|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Media Works|first1=Hot Tag|url=https://www.facebook.com/hottagmediaworks/photos/a.1433389560286609.1073741829.1428643660761199/1683160235309539/?type=3&theater|website=Hot Tag - Media Works @ Facebook|publisher=Facebook|accessdate=15 January 2017|title=Sunday, 15 January 2017 at 15:34}}</ref>
**'''"Bruiserweight"''' by [[CFO$]] ([[WWE NXT|NXT]]; May 20, 2017 - present)<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VW_HnujNqKM&t=71s&ab_channel=WWEMusic</ref>

===Luchas de Apuestas record===
{{See also|Lucha libre#Luchas de Apuestas|l1=Luchas de Apuestas}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:#e3e3e3; width:20%;"|Winner (wager)
! style="background:#e3e3e3; width:20%;"|Loser (wager)
! style="background:#e3e3e3; width:20%;"|Location
! style="background:#e3e3e3; width:20%;"|Event
! style="background:#e3e3e3; width:15%;"|Date
! style="background:#e3e3e3; width:5%;"|Notes
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Helix (hair) || Tiger Kid (mask) || [[Kent]], [[England]] || Riot Act Wrestling || {{dts|2010|1}} ||
|}

==Championships and accomplishments==
[[File:British Strong Style with all teh gold.jpg|thumb|right|Dunne (left) as Progress World Champion with his British Strong Style partners [[Tyler Bate]] (centre) and Trent Seven.]]
*'''4 Front Wrestling
**4FW Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2396 |title=4FW Junior Heavyweight Championship « Titles Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date= |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref>
*'''Alternative Wrestling World
**AWW British Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Damian Dunne<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2462 |title=AWW British Tag Team Championship « Titles Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date= |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref>
*'''[[Attack! Pro Wrestling]]
**Attack! 24/7 Championship (5 times)<ref name="cagematch.net"/>
**Elder Stein Invitational (2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=26&nr=2457 |title=Elder Stein Invitational 2012 « Tournaments Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date= |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref>
*'''Destiny World Wrestling'''
**DWW Championship (1 time, current)<ref>https://www.cagematch.net//?id=5&nr=2663</ref>
*'''Fight Club:Pro
**Fight Club:Pro Championship (1 time)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2278 |title=FCP Championship « Titles Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date= |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref>
**Infinity Trophy (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=26&nr=3645 |title=Infinity Trophy 2015 « Tournaments Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date= |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref>
*'''Kamikaze Pro
**Relentless Division Championship (1 time)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2078 |title=Relentless Division Championship « Titles Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date= |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref>
*'''Over The Top Wrestling
**OTT No Limits Championship (2 times)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=466 |title=OTT No Limits Championship « Titles Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date= |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref>
*'''Pro Wrestling Kingdom
**Pro Wrestling Kingdom Championship (1 time)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2256 |title=Pro Wrestling Kingdom Championship « Titles Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date=2013-07-27 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref>
*'''[[Progress Wrestling]]
**Progress World Championship (1 time, current)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=1723 |title=PROGRESS World Championship « Titles Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date= |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref>
**Progress Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with [[Trent Seven]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2214 |title=PROGRESS Tag Team Championship « Titles Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date= |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref>
*'''[[Revolution Pro Wrestling]]
**[[RPW British Cruiserweight Championship]] (1 time)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2827 |title=RevPro British Cruiserweight Championship « Titles Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date= |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref>
**British Cruiserweight Title Tournament (2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=26&nr=3688 |title=RevPro British Cruiserweight Title Tournament « Tournaments Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date= |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref>
*'''Southside Wrestling Entertainment
**Young Tigers Cup (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=26&nr=3585 |title=Young Tigers Cup 2015 « Tournaments Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date= |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref>
*'''VII Pro Wrestling
**VII Pro Championship (1 time)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=3069 |title=VII Pro Championship « Titles Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date= |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref>
**VII Trifecta Trophy Tournament<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=26&nr=3604 |title=VII Trifecta Trophy Tournament « Tournaments Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date=2015-11-13 |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref>
*'''[[Westside Xtreme Wrestling]]
**[[wXw Shotgun Championship]] (1 time)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2059 |title=wXw Shotgun Championship « Titles Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |website=Cagematch.net |date= |accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref>
*'''[[WWE]]'''
**[[WWE United Kingdom Championship]] (1 time, current)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wwe-united-kingdom-championship|title=WWE United Kingdom Championship|publisher=[[WWE]]|accessdate=May 20, 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Professional wrestling}}
*[[List of vegans]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|DynamitePeteDunne}}
*{{Twitter|PeteDunneYxB}}
*{{Instagram|petedunneyxb}}
*{{Professional wrestling profiles}}

{{RPW British Cruiserweight Championship}}
{{WWE personnel}}
{{WWE United Kingdom Championship}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dunne, Pete}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Birmingham, West Midlands]]

Haus Dlamini

2017-07-08T12:39:22Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to National Geographic (link changed to National Geographic (magazine)) using DisamAssist.

{{expert needed|Africa|date=June 2014}}

{{Infobox royal house
|surname = House of Dlamini
|estate = [[Swaziland]]
|coat of arms = Coat_of_arms_of_Swaziland.svg
|caption = [[Coat of arms of Swaziland]]
|parent house =
|country = [[Swaziland]]
|titles = *[[Ngwenyama]] (king)
* [[Ndlovukati]] (queen mother)
|founder =
|final ruler =
|current head = [[Mswati III]]
|founding year =
|dissolution =
|nationality = [[Swazi people|Swazi]]
|cadet branches =
}}

The '''House of Dlamini''' is the [[dynasty|royal house]] of the Kingdom of Swaziland. [[Mswati III]], as king and [[Ngwenyama]] of [[Swaziland]], is the current head of the house of Dlamini. Swazi kings up to the present day are referred to as ''[[Ngwenyama|Ingwenyama]]'' and they rule together with the Queen Mother who is called ''[[Ndlovukati|Indlovukati]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=NY, USA|pages=1512|volume=3|editor-first=Thomas M.|editor-last= Leonard|url=https://books.google.com/?id=08OV704armMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9780415976640|accessdate=27 June 2014|year=2006}}</ref> The Swazi kings like other Nguni nations practice [[polygamy]] and thus have many wives and children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14095704|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=19 December 2013|title=Swaziland Proifle, King: Mswati III|accessdate=27 June 2014}}</ref>

==Foundations==

The Dlamini dynasty traces itself back to a chief ''Dlamini I'' (also known as ''Matalatala''), who is said to have migrated with the Swazi people from [[East Africa]] through [[Tanzania]] and [[Mozambique]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.sz/index.php?option=com_content&id=346&Itemid=328|title=Who We Are|publisher=The Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland|date=n.d.|accessdate=27 June 2014}}</ref> [[Ngwane III]], however, is often considered to be the first [[List of kings of Swaziland|King of modern Swaziland]], who ruled from 1745 to 1780.<ref name=king>{{Cite book|title=The Kingdom of Swaziland|author=D. Hugh Gillis|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|date=30 March 1999|isbn=978-0-313-30670-9}}</ref> In the early years of the Dlamini dynasty, the people and the country in which they resided was called ''Ngwane'', after Ngwane III.<ref>{{cite book|title=Peoples of Africa|pages=505|edition=reference|year=2003|origyear=2001|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|location=NY, USA|last=Macdonald|last2=Paren|last3=Shillington|last4=Stacey|last5=Steele|first=Fiona|first2=Elizabeth|first3=Kevin|first4=Gillian|first5=Philip|isbn=9780761471585|url=https://books.google.com/?id=_huVaR4HOUAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=4 July 2014}}</ref>

In the early 19th century, the Dlamini centre of power shifted to the central part of Swaziland, known as [[Ezulwini]] valley. This occurred during the rule of [[Sobhuza I]]. In the south of country (present day Shiselweni), tensions between the Ngwane and the Ndwandwe led to armed conflict. To escape this conflict, Sobhuza moved his royal capital to [[Zombodze]]. In this process, he conquered many of the earlier inhabitants of the country, thereby incorporating them under his rule. Later on, Sobhuza was able to strategically avoid conflict with the powerful Zulu kingdom which was now ruling in the south of the [[Pongola River]]. The Dlamini dynasty grew in strength and ruled over a large country encompassing the whole of present Swaziland during this time.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}

==The royal family==
[[File:King Mswati III 2014.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Mswati III, incumbent king of Swaziland]]
[[File:Meeting with the Queens of the Kingdom of Swaziland by Mrs. Akie Abe July 26, 2013.jpg|thumb|right|Some of the king's wives meeting [[Akie Abe|the wife of the Japanese prime minister]] in 2013]]

The royal family includes, but is not strictly limited to, the king, the queen mother, the king's wives (''emakhosikati''), the king's children, as well as the king's siblings, the king's half-siblings and their families.{{Citation needed|date=June 2014}} Due to the practice of polygamy, the number of people who can be counted as members of the royal family is relatively large. For example, Mswati III is thought to have over 200 brothers and sisters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1692217.stm|date=4 December 2001|accessdate=27 June 2014|last=Matsebula| first=Bhekie|publisher=[[BBC]]|title=Profile: Troubled King Mswati}}</ref>

Members of the royal family, including the king himself, have often courted both internal and international controversy. The king and his household have been criticized for their lavish spending in a country with high poverty rates. Reports have claimed that the king's large number of spouses and children "take up a huge chunk of the [national] budget"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13963463|accessdate=27 June 2014|date=12 July 2011|last=Chothia|first=Farouk|publisher=[[BBC]]|title=Swaziland: A kingdom in crisis}}</ref> and that "The royal family seems to live in its own world that is totally unaffected by the country's struggles".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/26/swaziland-royal-las-vegas-trip|title=Swaziland royals cause anger with Las Vegas trip|date=26 July 2012|accessdate=27 June 2014|last=David|first=Smith|publisher=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

Several members of the royal family have been educated abroad: [[Mswati III]] spent several years at [[Sherborne School]], in [[Dorset]], England and his eldest daughter [[Sikhanyiso Dlamini]] has studied at [[St Edmund's College, Ware]], in [[Hertfordshire]], and [[Biola University]], in [[California]], United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/05/29/hottest.royal/index.html |title=British blue blood top 'Hottest Royal' list |date=May 29, 2008 |last=Busari |first=Stephanie |work=[[CNN]] |accessdate=May 12, 2011}}</ref>
[[Model United Nations|Prince Banele Maphevu Dlamini]] (Also see his late uncle prime minister ''[[Maphevu Dlamini|Prince Maphevu Harry Dlamini]]'' whom he was named after) Banele did a few years of his studies in ''[[New York City|New York City, USA]]''. He was also part of the adjudication panel for [[South African Institute of International Affairs|SAIIA]] in their annual model UN debates and 1 of 4 that represented [[South Africa]] at the ''[[United Nations]]'' for international youth debates.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://unicpretoria.org.za/our-work/model-un/|title=Model UN {{!}} UNIC Pretoria|website=unicpretoria.org.za|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-06}}</ref> The current official residence of the royal family is the Ludzindzini Palace in [[Lobamba]], although [[Mswati III]] is known to spend long periods of time in cities outside of [[Swaziland]] and has received criticism for his "playboy lifestyle" and "lavish" spending habits.''<ref>{{cit news |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141003-swaziland-africa-king-mswati-reed-dance/ |title=Last Dance for the Playboy King of Swaziland? |date=October 3, 2014 |last=Rosen |first=Jonathan |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |accessdate=July 7, 2017}}</ref>''

==See also==
*[[Succession to the Swazi throne]]
*[[List of kings of Swaziland]]
*[[Ndlovukati]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:African royal families|Dlamini]]
[[Category:Monarchies of South Africa]]

Abby Stein

2017-06-22T11:10:58Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to French (link changed to French language) using DisamAssist.

{{Infobox person
|name = Abby Chava Stein
|image = File:Abby Stein at UC Berkeley April 2016.jpg
|caption = Stein talking at [[UC Berkeley]], April 2016
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|10|1|mf=yes}}
|birth_place = [[New York City]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|residence = New York City
|nationality = American
|education = [[Columbia University]] (currently attending)
|occupation = blogger
|employer =
|known_for = Transgender activism
|home_town = [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburg]], [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=7}}
| weight = {{convert|125|lb|kg}}
| television = [[Dark Net (TV series)]]
|boards =
|spouse = {{marriage|Fraidy Horowitz|2010|2013}}
|children = Duvid Stein
|parents = Rabbi [[Savran (Hasidic dynasty)#Lineage|Menachem Mendel Stein]], Chaya Stein
|website = [http://abbychavastein.com The Second Transition]
|religion = [[Jewish Renewal]], [[Atheist]] <ref>[http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2015/12/07/a-descendant-of-the-founder-of-hasidic-judaism-just-came-out-as-an-atheist-trans-woman/ "A Descendant of the Founder of Hasidic Judaism Just Came Out As an Atheist Trans Woman"]. Camille Beredjick, [[Friendly atheist|Friendly Atheist]], December 7, 2015.</ref>
|years active = 2012–present
}}

'''Abby Stein''' (born 1991) is an American [[transgender]] activist,<ref>[http://omnyapp.com/shows/gentile-and-the-jew/gentile-and-the-jew-with-yiscah-smith-and-abby-ste Discussing transgender rights in the Jewish community with two trans activists - Yiscah Smith and Abby Stein.] The Gentile and the Jew, 2015.</ref> blogger,<ref>[http://thesecondtransition.blogspot.com/ The Second Transition]</ref> and speaker. She is the first openly transgender woman raised in a [[Hasidic]] community, and is a direct descendant of Hasidic Judaism's founder the [[Baal Shem Tov]].<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/news/1.687051 "Descendant of Hasidic Judaism Founder Comes Out as Transgender"], [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency|JTA]], November 19, 2015</ref> In 2015, she founded the first support group nationwide for trans people of [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] background.<ref>[http://www.eshelonline.org/event/trans-meet-up/ "TRANS MEET-UP with Abby Stein,"] Eshel Online, December 15, 2015.</ref>

Stein is also the first openly transgender woman to have been ordained by an [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] institution, having received her rabbinical degree in 2012, from an [[Ultra-Orthodox]] [[Hasidic]] school. To date, she is also the only female rabbi to have been ordained by an Ultra-Orthodox institution.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/features/.premium-1.771440 "'Gender began punching me in the face': How a Hasidic rabbi came out as trans woman"], Debra Nussbaum Cohen, Haaretz, February 17, 2017.</ref> However, she was ordained before transitioning, and is not working as a rabbi as of 2016.<ref>[http://www.thejewishweek.com/special-sections/36-under-36/abby-stein-24 "36 Under 36" Abby Stein], The Jewish Week</ref>

==Early life==
Stein was born in 1991 in [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]]. She is the 6th child out of 13 to a family of notable [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] leaders.<ref>[http://forward.com/sisterhood/325156/introducing-abby-stein/ "Abby, who is 24, was born in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn to a notable Hasidic family that boasts a long lineage of rabbis."] Judy Bolton-Fasman, ''Forward'', November 20, 2015.</ref> She grew up speaking [[Yiddish]] and [[Hebrew]], and attended an all boys [[Jewish Day School]], in a society where everything is determined by gender roles.<ref>[http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/02/23/finding-faith-and-community-as-a-transgender-jew/ Abby’s early life was defined by an extreme iteration of Jewish practice, but more relaxed forms of traditional Judaism are also divided along gender lines. Sacred Jewish texts, and by extension Jewish law, are in fact predicated upon an assumption of gender duality. A person’s sex determines what religious practices he or she is obliged to perform, and how he or she is expected to behave in social contexts.] Brigit Katz, [[New York Times]], February 2, 2016.</ref> For high school she went to the [[Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)|Viznitz]] [[Yeshiva]] in [[Kiamesha Lake]], Upstate New York,<ref>Abby Stein's profile on [[Sefaria]] [https://www.sefaria.org/profile/abby-c-stein "Jewish Education Yeshivat Viznitz"]</ref> from where she also got a [[Semikhah|rabbinical degree]] in 2011.<ref>[http://www.glaad.org/blog/interview-abby-stein-talks-about-being-transgender-woman-hasidic-jewish-community "attended Yeshiva, completing a rabbinical degree in 2011"] Glaad.com, April 27, 2016.</ref> In 2012 she left the Hasidic community, and went [[off the derech]], and in 2014 she started school at [[Columbia University]]'s [[School of General Studies]].

==Coming out==
In November 2015 Stein made headlines when she came out on her blog as [[transgender]],<ref>[http://thesecondtransition.blogspot.com/2015/11/and-time-has-come-coming-out.html "And the Time has come... Coming Out]</ref> and started physical transition. She was featured in some major media outlets, including the ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>[http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2015/11/20/trans-woman-who-also-left-hasidism-blogs-about-double-transition/ Trans woman who also left Hasidism blogs about double transition.]</ref> ''[[New York Post]]'',<ref>[http://nypost.com/2015/11/18/i-left-hasidism-to-become-a-woman/ I left Hasidism to become a woman]</ref> ''[[New York Magazine]]'',<ref>[http://nymag.com/thecut/2015/12/growing-up-hasidic-trans.html I Grew Up Hasidic and Trans. Here’s How I Found a New Community.]</ref> [[NBC]],<ref>[http://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/outfront-trans-woman-spreads-lgbtq-awareness-hasidic-community-n706611 OutFront: Trans Woman Spreads LGBTQ Awareness in Hasidic Community]</ref> [[Daily Dot]],<ref>[http://www.dailydot.com/lifestyle/transgender-orthodox-jew-abby-stein/ For this transgender Orthodox Jew, blogging was her lifeline]</ref> and more. She also appeared on TV, on [[CNN]],<ref>[http://www.greatbigstory.com/stories/defiant-abby-stein Transitioning to Freedom]</ref> [[Fox News]],<ref>[http://transgeninsight.com/blog/chasing-news-free-to-be-me-transgender/ Free To Be Me]</ref> [[HuffPost Live]],<ref>[http://live.huffingtonpost.com/r/archive/segment/564e3c995a743ca48a00037a Why This Trans Woman Left Hasidism To Embrace Her Gender Identity]</ref> and [[Vice Media|Vice]] Canada.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oAsmx5U2GC8 Daily Vice Canada], March 19, 2016.</ref>

When Stein left her community in 2012 and came out as an [[atheist]], her parents said that "No matter what happens, no matter how you are, you are still my child." However, when she came out as trans, her father told her that "You should know that this means I might not be able to talk to you ever again."<ref>[http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/77311/hassidic-raised-trans-woman-to-speak-about-her-journey "Hassidic-raised trans woman to speak about her journey"]. Alix Wall, ''[[Jweekly]]'', April 7, 2016.</ref> Since then her parents [[shunned]] her, and stopped talking with her altogether.<ref>[http://thesecondtransition.blogspot.com/2016/01/i-have-daddy-and-mommy-issues-yet-i-am.html "I Have Daddy and Mommy Issues"]. ''The Second Transition'', January 16, 2016.</ref> She has also received some hate from her former community,<ref>[http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/11/19/this-trans-woman-got-some-serious-hate-when-she-left-hasidism-behind/ "This trans woman got some serious hate when she left Hasidism behind"]. Joseph Patrick McCormick, ''[[Pink News]]'', November 19, 2016.</ref> though in an interview with [[Chasing News]] (a [[Fox News]] Short film company) she said that she got less hate than some people would have expected.<ref>[http://transgeninsight.com/blog/chasing-news-free-to-be-me-transgender/ Free To Be Me]</ref>

Stein was featured in the 2016 [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] [[Documentary series]], ''[[Dark Net (TV series)|Dark Net]]'', in episode 8, "Revolt".<ref>[http://www.vocativ.com/295903/trans-orthodox-dark-net/ "DARK NET: Growing Up Trans In An Ultra-Orthodox Community"] Tracy Clark-Flory, March 10, 2016.</ref>

===Name change===
On Saturday June 4, 2016, Stein celebrated her transition with a celebration and name change at Romemu, a [[Jewish Renewal]] [[synagogue]] on NYC's [[Upper West Side]].<ref>[http://thesecondtransition.blogspot.com/2016/05/romemu-xoxo.html "Next Shabbat Morning, June 4th, I will be having a Celebration at Romemu. Call it a Bat Mitzva of sorts. We will do a name change at the Torah, followed by a Kiddush, which is the traditional way of celebrating milestones in one’s life. I am doing this event in public not just to celebrate my own life in transition, but to send a message to the entire Jewish-Trans community, the entire queer community, and well, every human being: '''Look, no matter what you think, you can find community, you can, and will find love. Don’t feel alone, because you are not alone. One might think that tradition has no way to accommodate and celebrate us, and maybe it didn’t have until now, but it does now!!!'''"] Abby Stein, ''Romemu, Xoxo'', May 22, 2016.</ref> In an interview with [[The Huffington Post]] she said that even though she doesn't believe in God, she wanted to celebrate in a synagogue: <blockquote>''"I wanted to show that if you claim being trans is unacceptable in traditional Judaism, well, '''here is a community that is not just okay with accepting me as I am, but is celebrating with me, rejoicing with me.''' What I’m hoping is that by sharing my story, others in the same situation will realize that you can have your name changed in a synagogue. There are so many synagogues where you can’t, but there are also those where you can—the [[Reform Judaism|Jewish Reform]] movement, the [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative movement]]. Within [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodoxy]], there’s still a long way to go. Every time something like this is done, it’s one step closer to acceptance for everyone."''<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/abby-stein-judaism_us_57574cbfe4b08f74f6c08963 "How This Ex-Hasidic Woman Lost And Found Her Judaism"], Carol Kuruvilla, June 9, 2016.</ref></blockquote>

==Activism==
After coming out in 2015 Stein started an online support group to help trans people who come from Orthodox backgrounds, by November 2015, it had over 20 members.<ref>[http://www.vocativ.com/295903/trans-orthodox-dark-net/ "DARK NET: Growing Up Trans In An Ultra-Orthodox Community"] Tracy Clark-Flory, March 10, 2016.</ref> Stein also said that Facebook and online support communities have been her lifeline while leaving her community, which made her realize the positive power of online communities.<ref>[http://www.sho.com/dark-net/season/1/episode/8 "The heir to a rabbinic dynasty who's turned away from Brooklyn's Hasidim after finding a world she never knew existed online,"] ''sho.com'', Dark Net Season 1, Episode 8, March 10, 2016.</ref>

In December 2015 Stein founded a support group for trans people who come from Orthodox backgrounds.<ref>[https://www.glaad.org/blog/interview-abby-stein-talks-about-being-transgender-woman-hasidic-jewish-community "She also founded a support group for trans people of Orthodox backgrounds,"] Summer Luk, ''Glaad.com Blog'', April 2016.</ref> The group's first meeting had 12 people attending, most of them fellow Hassids struggling with their gender identity.<ref>[http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/77311/hassidic-raised-trans-woman-to-speak-about-her-journey "Stein decided to start her own support group, and 25 people signed up. Most were fellow Hassids struggling with their sexuality or gender identity, Stein said. In December, they had their initial meet-up, with 12 people attending.], Alix Wall, Jweekly, April 2016.</ref> Stein's avid blogging also gained her a big following in the Jewish community, and she has become a role model for former ultra-Orthodox Jews – both LGBTQ and not.<ref>[http://www.cjnews.com/living-jewish/jewish-learning/ex-chassid-speaks-about-being-transgender-leaving-the-fold "She recently started a support group for transgender people from Orthodox backgrounds and, as an avid blogger (she came out as trans via blog, in a post that garnered 20,000 views overnight), has become a role model for former ultra-Orthodox Jews – both LGBTQ and not."] Jodie Shupac, [[CJN]], March 2016.</ref>

Since coming out, Stein has also done several modeling projects depicting her life and transition, which have been published by sites such as [[Refinery29]], Daily Mail, and Fuzz Magazine.<ref>[http://fuzzmagazine.com/portraiture/abby-stein-photographer-eve-singer-captures-stark-personal-portraits-ex-hasidic-transgender-activist/ ''Abby stein:'' Photographer Eve Singer Captures Stark, Personal Portraits of an Ex-Hasidic, Transgender Activist.] Eve singer, Fuzz Magazine, September 2016.</ref> She told ''Refinery29'' that "I actually liked [shooting], It did help me feel more comfortable," and that she does these projects to encourage others on their journey.<ref>[http://www.refinery29.com/2016/09/123226/male-to-female-transition-photos-transgender-woman#slide 14 Intimate Photos That Depict One Trans Woman's Rapidly Changing Life.] Sara Coughlin, Refinery29, October 7, 2016.</ref>

===Public speaking===
{{Peacock|section|date=June 2017}}
[[File:Abby Stein at Limmud NY.jpg|thumb|Stein speaking at the 2017 [[Limmud]] NY conference, in [[Princeton, New Jersey]].]]
Stein's first public appearance was in a promotional video for [[Footsteps (organization)|Footsteps]] 10th anniversary gala in 2013, where she was interviewed about her experience leaving the Ultra-Orthodox Jewish community.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bYYwM1HZ6vY&feature=youtu.be&t=34s/ "Footsteps: the journey"] ''Footsteps'' on YouTube, November 15, 2013.</ref> Around the same time, she also did interviews with ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/formerly-orthodox-and-struggling-for-parental-rights-1407810872 "Formerly Orthodox, and Struggling for Parental Rights"], Melanie Grayce West, August 11, 2014.</ref> and the ''[[Haaretz]]''<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.560872 "Off-road Jews: A Helping Hand for Those Who Stray From the ultra-Orthodox Path"], Debra Nussbaum Cohen, November 29, 2013.</ref> about her experience leaving the community and fighting for custody. She also started giving public speeches on these topics.<ref>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/on-tisha-bav-ex-ultra-orthodox-jew-mourns-destruction-of-personal-temple/ "On Tisha B’Av, ex-ultra-Orthodox Jew mourns destruction of ‘personal temple’"], Cathryn J. Prince, The [[Times of Israel]], July 24th, 2015.</ref>

In addition to public speaking, she also teaches classes on Gender within Judaism, as well as bringing attention to trans people from Orthodox communities.<ref>[https://www.sefaria.org/profile/abby-c-stein Abby stein] on Sefaria.</ref> As of November 2016, she has had speeches at several universities. She has also done longer speaking tours to several communities in [[Montreal]]; the [[San Francisco Bay Area]]; and the [[New York metropolitan area]].<ref>[http://thesecondtransition.blogspot.com/p/events.html "The Second Transition - Calendar"].</ref>

Starting in 2016 Stein has also become a rising star in demand for speaking engagements and conferences, such as the [[Limmud]] franchise,<ref>[http://forward.com/news/363113/her-journey-from-hasidic-rabbi-to-happy-transgender-woman/ "Her Journey From Hasidic Rabbi To (Happy) Transgender Woman"], Debra Nussbaum Cohen, Forward, February 7, 2017.</ref>, where at he 2017 Limmud NY conference, she spoke more times than any other presenter.<ref>[http://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/limmud-conference-tests-limits-of-pluralism/ "Limmud Conference Tests Limits Of Pluralism"], The New York Jewish Week, February 22, 2017.</ref> At the same time she has also spoken internationally at conferences such as the [[American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee]]'s annual Junction Conference in [[Berlin]],<ref>[http://www.junction.nu/programs/the-junction-annual-our-world-in-transition/ "The Junction Annual: Our World in Transition"], Speakers.</ref> and the [[Miles Nadal JCC]]'s [[Shavuot#Tikkun Leil Shavuot|Tikkun]] in [[Toronto]].

==Honors and awards==
[[File:Abby Stein and Jazz Jennings at the Philadelphia Trans Health Conference.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Stein with teenage trans activist, [[Jazz Jennings]] at the 2016 Philadelphia Trans Health Conference. They were both named as one of the "9 Jewish LGBTQ Activists You Should Know" by [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency|JTA]] and [[The Times of Israel|TOI]].]]
* '''The Jewish Week 36 Under 36'''. In 2016 she was named by [[The Jewish Week]] as one of the "36 Under 36" young Jews who change the world,<ref>[http://www.thejewishweek.com/special-sections/36-under-36/abby-stein-24 "A Voice For Transgender Chasidic Jews"], Amy Sara Clark, May 23, 2016.</ref> she is the first Trans person ever to get this award.<ref>[http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/new-york/redefining-inclusion "We celebrate our first-ever 36er of transgender experience — a thinker, blogger and activist."] Hannah Dreyfus, The Jewish Week, May 27, 2016.</ref>
* '''Footsteps Leadership Award'''. At the 2016 [[Footsteps (organization)|Footsteps]] Celebrates<ref>[http://footstepsorg.org/footstepscelebrates2016/ "Footsteps Celebrates 2016"]</ref> She received a leadership award for "Her outstanding leadership in advancing Footsteps stories in literature and Voice".<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=596193623883968&set=pcb.596193640550633&type=3&theater Picture, Leadership award plague.]</ref>
* '''New York Magazine 50 Reasons to Love New York'''. In 2015, the [[New York Magazine]] counted her story as one of the 50 reasons to love New York, saying that New Yorkers are overly accepting of trans people.<ref>[http://nymag.com/thecut/2015/12/growing-up-hasidic-trans.html "50 reasons to love New York: I Grew Up Hasidic and Trans. Here’s How I Found a New Community."], Tim Morphy, December 16, 2015.</ref>
* '''9 Jewish LGBTQ Activists You Should Know'''. In June 2016 she was named by [[The Times of Israel]]<ref>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/9-jewish-lgbtq-activists-you-should-know/ "From Stonewall to the US Supreme Court ruling legalizing same-sex marriage, Jews have been at the forefront of the fight for equal rights. Here are some of the most influential voices still making a difference."], June 28, 2016.</ref> and the [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] as one of the nine "most influential Jews who have helped make LGBTQ issues visible and are still working to enact change."<ref>[http://www.jta.org/2016/06/27/life-religion/9-jewish-lgbtq-activists-you-should-know "9 Jewish LGBTQ activists you should know."], Gabe Friedman, ''JTA'', June 27, 2016.</ref>

==Filmography==
In addition to a long list of interviews with major national and international news networks,{{ref|b}} Stein has also been featured in several TV segments in the United States, [[Canada]], [[Israel]], [[Bulgaria]], and more - in English, French, Hebrew, Bulgarian, and Yiddish.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Huffington Post Live]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://live.huffingtonpost.com/r/segment/jews-commiting-suicide-after-leaving-ultra-orthodox-community/55cbb564fe3444be450006ce|date=August 15, 2014|title=Why Orthodox Jews Struggle to Leave Community}}</ref>
| Herself
| TV Series; Episode: "Why Orthodox Jews Struggle to Leave Community" with [[Shulem Deen]]
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Huffington Post Live]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aol.co.uk/video/why-this-trans-woman-left-hasidism-to-embrace-her-gender-identity-519262631/|title=Why This Trans Woman Left Hasidism To Embrace Her Gender Identity|date=November 17, 2015}}</ref>
| Herself
| TV Series; Episode: "Why This Trans Woman Left Hasidism To Embrace Her Gender Identity"
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Chasing News]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Fc1vnqXSbA&list=PLGAOZDy50dxlMHLPGsb17QJOEU9jjtAa6|date=December 9, 2015|title=Free To Be Me}}</ref>
| Herself
| [[Fox]] TV Series; Episode: "Free To Be Me"
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Great Big Story]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatbigstory.com/stories/defiant-abby-stein|date=January 12, 2016|title=Defiant Abby Stein}}</ref>
| Herself
| A [[CNN]] Web Series; Episode: "Transitioning to Freedom"
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Dark Net (TV series)|Dark Net]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vocativ.com/295903/trans-orthodox-dark-net/|date=March 10, 2016|title=Trans Orthodox Dark Net}}</ref>
| Herself
| [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] [[Television documentary]] series, [[Showtime (TV network)#Episodes#Season 1 (2016)|Episode 8, "Revolt"]]
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Vice Media|Daily Vice]] - Canada''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oAsmx5U2GC8|date=March 15, 2016|title=DAily Vice Canada Interview}}</ref>
| Herself
| [[Canada|Canadian]] TV Series; Episode: "Les défis d'une activiste trans reniée par sa communauté juive hassidique" In [[French language|French]] and in English
|-
| 2017
| ''[[NowThis News|NowThis Original]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://diembaomang.com/video/watch/134876|date=May 6, 2017|title=How This Hasidic Rabbi Became A Trans Woman}}</ref>
| Herself
| TV Series; Episode: "How This Hasidic Rabbi Became A Trans Woman" - Got a million views on Facebook alone.
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Shishi (TV program)|Shishi]] [[Ayala Hasson-Nesher|With Ayala Hasson]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=1248233|date=May 27, 2017|title=All About Abby: The Wonderful Journey of the Young Ultra-Orthodox Man That Became A Woman}}</ref>
| Herself
| [[Israel|Israeli]] TV Series on [[Channel 10 (Israel)|Channel 10]]; Episode: "הכל אודות אבי: מסעו המופלא של האברך החרדי שהפך לאישה" (All About Abby: The Wonderful Journey of the Young Ultra-Orthodox Man That Became A Woman), In Hebrew
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Nova television (Bulgaria)|The Theme of NOVA]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nova.bg/news/view/2017/06/04/184121/%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0-nova-%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%82-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%B5-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0/|date=June 4, 2017|title=The Rabbi Who Prays to Be a Woman}}</ref>
| Herself
| [[Bulgaria|Bulgarian]] TV Show; Episode: "Темата на NOVA: Свещеникът, който се моли да бъде жена" (The Rabbi Who Prays to Be a Woman) - this was Stein's first TV appearance in [[Eastern Europe]], and Bulgaria's first transgender story on TV, in [[Bulgarian]].
|-
| 2017
| ''[[PopSugar]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.popsugar.com/news/Meet-Transgender-Activist-Abby-Stein-43598113|date=June 5, 2017|title=Meet Transgender Activist Abby Stein}}</ref>
| Herself
| Social Media series; Episode: "This Transgender Trailblazer Left the Hasidic Community to Live Her Truth as a Woman" - it got over 4.7 million views on [[Facebook]] alone,<ref>As of June 14 [https://www.facebook.com/PopSugarCelebrity/videos/vb.70699574823/958801707489634/?type=2&theater POPSUGAR. Celebrity]</ref> the most of any of her videos
|-
| 2017
| ''[[w:es:DKiss|DKISS]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/DKissTV/videos/711636905711824/|date=June 19, 2017|title= Abby Stein cortó toda la relación con su familia cuando les contó que era transgénero}}</ref>
| Herself
| [[Spain|Spanish]] TV series; Episode: "Abby Stein cortó toda la relación con su familia cuando les contó que era transgénero" - Stein was not interviewed for this episode, in [[Spanish]].
|}

==Personal life==
In 2010 Stein married a woman, Fraidy Howrowitz, with whom she also had her son, Duvid.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3330583/Hasidic-groom-Yisroel-Stein-wed-traditional-ceremony-wearing-black-robe-shtreimel-hat-Four-years-later-called-Abby-wears-make-figure-hugging-dresses.html "Abby shares custody of their three-year-old son Duvid with her former bride Fraidy Horowitz. Abby's sheltered upbringing culminated in her arranged marriage at 18 to Fraidy Horowitz. the daughter of another Hasidic Jewish family."] Ben Ashford, The [[Daily Mail]], November 23, 2015.</ref> The marriage was an [[arranged marriage]] by a [[Shadchan|matchmaker]], and the couple only met for 15 minutes prior to the engagement.<ref>[http://www.newsgrio.com/articles/153729-hasidic-groom-yisroel-stein-was-wed-in-a-traditional-ceremony-wearing-a-black-robe-and-shtreimel-hat.-four-years-later-she-is-called-abby-and-wears-make-up-and-figure-hugging-dresses%C2%A0.html "Abby's sheltered upbringing culminated in her marriage at 18 to Fraidy, the daughter of another Hasidic Jewish family. It was formally arranged by a matchmaker and was, in Abby’s words, a ‘done deal’ before they had even met. ‘It wasn’t exactly forced, but it was completely arranged,’ she said. ‘I met her once in advance, for 15 minutes.'], News Grio, November 23, 2015.</ref> As Stein left the community, she divorced her wife.<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Member-of-prominent-Hasidic-family-from-Brooklyn-comes-out-as-transgender-434619 "She divorced her wife and left the community."] [[The Jerusalem Post]], November 19, 2015.</ref> In an interview with the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' right after her divorce she said that "They had a good relationship," and that at the time of the divorce she was able to "obtain a "normal agreement," including weekly visits, joint custody, split holidays, joint decision-making on major life events and every second weekend with her son."<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/formerly-orthodox-and-struggling-for-parental-rights-1407810872 "Formerly Orthodox, and Struggling for Parental Rights."] Melanie Grayce West, August 11, 2014.</ref>

Her current sexuality is not clear,<ref>In an article she wrote for [[Keshet (organization)|Keshet]] through ''My Jewish Learning'' in November 2015, she writes that in the past [http://www.myjewishlearning.com/keshet/leaving-my-ultra-orthodox-home-and-finding-my-trans-self-part-two/ "really I wasn’t in the mood to think of sexuality while I was still working out gender."] But doesn't say anything about her current sexuality.</ref> although according to her Facebook profile she is currently (October 2016) in a relationship with a woman.<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/AbbyChavaStein/about?section=relationship&pnref=about/ Facebook.com.] Abby Stein, ''relationships''.</ref> She also refuses to talk about her current relationship with her son in public,<ref>[http://thesecondtransition.blogspot.com/2016/01/i-have-daddy-and-mommy-issues-yet-i-am.html "I like to keep my son out of public eye, so I prefer not to talk about him in public."] Abby Stein in a comment on her blog, March 19, 2016.</ref> she just says that "nothing has changed (relating to her son) since she came out."<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHXHcf47LJk "Her Speech on YouTube"] At [[Nyack Library]], May 2016.</ref>

===Lineage to the Baal Shem Tov===
* Israel ben Eliezer, [[Baal Shem Tov]]
** Tzvi Hirsh of [[Pinsk]]
*** Aharon of [[Tetiiv|Titiov]]
**** [[Skver (Hasidic dynasty)#History|Tzvi Hirsh (Hershel) of Skvira]]
***** Chana Sima Twersky
****** [[Skver (Hasidic dynasty)#Reb Dovidl|David Twersky]] (I) of [[Skvira]]
******* [[Skver (Hasidic dynasty)#Dynasty lineage|Shlomo Twersky of Skvira]]
******** Eluzar Twersky of [[Fălticeni]]
********* Sarah Stein (née Twersky)
********** Mordechai Stein of [[Fălticeni#History|Faltishan]]
*********** [[Savran (Hasidic dynasty)#Lineage|Menachem Mendel Stein]] of [[Savran (Hasidic dynasty)|Savran]], [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburg]]
************ Abby Stein

In addition the aforementioned lineage, Stein descends from the Baal Shem Tov in four more ways.{{ref|a}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|LGBT}}
* [[Footsteps (organization)]]
* [[Transgender rights movement]]
* [[Trans woman]]
* [[Hasidic Judaism]]
* [[List of LGBT Jews]]
* [[Transgender people and religion]]

==Notes==
:1.{{Note|b}}See the Media tab on her website.
:2.{{Note|a}}Read more (in Hebrew): {{cite book |last=Twersky |first=Eluzer |editor-last=Stein |editor-first=Menachem |title=Toldot Elʻazar |publisher=Brooklyn, NY |date=2003 |pages=128–132}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Category:Abby Stein |b=no |n=no |q=Abby Stein |s=no |v=no |species=no |display=Abby Stein |d=Q24263778}}
* {{official website}}
* {{Facebook}}
* {{imdb name|id=3204244}}
* {{YouTube|u=abbysteinas}}
* {{Twitter}}
* {{Instagram}}
* [https://www.yahoo.com/style/happy-pride-meet-the-women-celebrating-across-the-120242049.html "Happy Pride! Meet the Women Celebrating Across the Country"] an interview with Abby on [[Yahoo]] style for [[Pride Month]] 2016.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stein, Abby}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:21st-century women writers]]
[[Category:LGBT Jews]]
[[Category:LGBT rights activists from the United States]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from the United States]]
[[Category:LGBT people from New York]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Transgender and transsexual writers]]
[[Category:Transgender and transsexual women]]
[[Category:Transgender rights activists]]
[[Category:Hasidic Judaism]]
[[Category:Judaism in the United States]]
[[Category:Columbia University School of General Studies alumni]]
[[Category:Jewish Renewal]]
[[Category:Writers from New York City]]
[[Category:People from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:People from Williamsburg, Brooklyn]]
[[Category:American atheists]]
[[Category:American people of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Jewish atheists]]
[[Category:Transgender Jews]]
[[Category:Transfeminists]]
[[Category:American Jews]]
[[Category:Activists from New York]]
[[Category:Descendants of the Baal Shem Tov]]

Grammy Award for Best Arrangement, Instruments and Vocals

2017-06-04T11:59:58Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to Unforgettable (link changed to Unforgettable (Irving Gordon song)) using DisamAssist.

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Grammy Award for Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals
| description = quality arrangements of [[Instrumental|instrumentals]] with vocals
| image =
| imagesize = 100px
| alt = A gold gramophone trophy with a plaque set on a table
| caption = Gilded gramophone trophy presented to Grammy Award winners
| presenter = [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]]
| country = United States
| year = 1963
| year2 = 2017
| holder =
| website = [http://www.grammy.com/ grammy.com]
}}
The [[Grammy Award]] for '''Best Instrumental Arrangement, Instruments and Vocals''' (including its previous names) has been awarded since 1963. The award is presented to the arranger of the music, not to the performer(s), except if the performer is also the arranger.

There have been several minor changes to the name of the award:

* From 1963 to 1964 the award was known as '''Best Background Arrangement'''
* In 1965 it was awarded as '''Best Accompaniment Arrangement for Vocalist(s) or Instrumentalist(s)'''
* From 1966 to 1967 it was awarded as '''Best Arrangement Accompanying a Vocalist or Instrumentalist'''
* In 1968 it was awarded as '''Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)/Best Background Arrangement '''
* From 1969 to 1978 and in 1981 it was awarded as '''Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)'''
* From 1979 to 1980 it was awarded as '''Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocal(s)'''
* From 1982 to 1994 and from 1998 to 1999 it was awarded as '''Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal(s)'''
* From 1995 to 1997 it was awarded as '''Best Instrumental Arrangement with Accompanying Vocals'''
* From 2000 to 2014 it was awarded as '''Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)'''
* From 2015, it has been awarded as '''Best Arrangement, Instruments And Vocals''', which also includes vocal arrangements.

Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for works released in the previous year.

==2010s==
* [[59th Annual Grammy Awards]] (2017)
** [[Jacob Collier]] for ''[[Meet the Flintstones|Flintstones]]'', performed by Jacob Collier
**''Nominees''
*** [[Gordon Goodwin]] for ''Do You Hear What I Hear'', performed by [[Gordon Goodwin's Big Phat Band]] ft. [[Take 6]]
*** [[John Daversa]] for ''Do You Want To Know a Secret'', performed by John Daversa ft. [[Renee Olstead]]
*** [[Alan Broadbent]] for ''I'm a Fool to Want You'', performed by [[Kristin Chenoweth]]
*** [[Billy Childs]] & [[Larry Klein]] for ''Somewhere (Dirty Blvd)'', performed by [[Lang Lang (pianist)|Lang Lang]] ft. [[Lisa Fischer]] & [[Jeffrey Wright]]
* [[58th Annual Grammy Awards]] (2016)
** Maria Schneider for ''[[Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)]]'', performed by [[David Bowie]]
**''Nominees''
*** Shelly Berg for ''Be My Muse'', performed by [[Lorraine Feather]]
*** Patrick Williams for ''52nd & Broadway'', performed by Patrick Williams ft. [[Patti Austin]]
*** Otmaro Ruiz for ''Garota de Ipanema'', performed by Catina DeLuna ft. Otmaro Ruiz
*** Jimmy Greene for ''When I Come Home'', performed by [[Jimmy Greene]] & [[Javier Colon]]
* [[57th Annual Grammy Awards]] (2015)<ref>[http://www.grammy.com/files/pages/57thpresslist12042014-with_aoy.pdf List of Nominees 2015]</ref>
** [[Billy Childs]] for ''New York Tendaberry'', performed by Billy Childs ft. [[Renée Fleming]] & [[Yo Yo Ma]]
**''Nominees''
*** [[Jeremy Fox]] for ''All My Tomorrows'', performed by Jeremy Fox ft. [[Kate McGarry]]
*** [[Vince Mendoza]] for ''Goodnight America'', performed by [[Mary Chapin Carpenter]]
*** [[Gordon Goodwin]] for ''Party Rockers'', performed by Gordon Goodwin's Big Phat Band
*** Pete McGuinness for ''What Are You Doing The Rest of Your Life?'', performed by the Pete McGuinness Jazz Orchestra
* [[56th Annual Grammy Awards]] (2014)
** [[Gil Goldstein]] for "Swing Low," performed by [[Bobby McFerrin]] & [[Esperanza Spalding]]
** ''Nominees''
*** Nan Schwarz for "La Vida Nos Espera," performed by [[Gian Marco]]
*** [[Chris Walden]] for "Let's Fall In Love," performed by Calabria Foti featuring [[Seth Justman]]
*** [[John Hollenbeck (musician)|John Hollenbeck]] for "The Moon's A Harsh Mistress," performed by John Hollenbeck
*** [[Shelly Berg]] for "What a Wonderful World," performed by [[Gloria Estefan]]
* [[55th Annual Grammy Awards]] (2013)
** [[Thara Memory]] & [[Esperanza Spalding]] for "City of Roses," performed by Esperanza Spalding
** ''Nominees''
*** [[Gil Evans]] for "Look to the Rainbow," performed by the Gil Evans Project & [[Luciana Souza]]
*** [[Shelly Berg]] for "Out There," performed by [[Lorraine Feather]]
*** [[Vince Mendoza]] for "Spain (I Can Recall)," performed by [[Al Jarreau]] & The [[Metropole Orchestra]]
*** Nan Schwartz for "Wild is the Wind," performed by Whitney Claire Kaufman & Andrew Playfoot
* [[54th Annual Grammy Awards]] (2012)
** [[Jorge Calandrelli]] for "Who Can I Turn To (When Nobody Needs Me)"
** ''Nominees''
*** [[Vince Mendoza]] for "Ao Mar" (Vince Mendoza - Night on Earth)
*** [[Rob Mathes]] for "Moon Over Bourbon Street" ([[Sting (musician)|Sting]] & The [[Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra]] - Sting Live in Berlin)
*** Kevin Axt, Ray Brinker, Trey Henry, [[Christian Jacob (musician)|Christian Jacob]] & [[Tierney Sutton]] for "[[On Broadway (song)|On Broadway]]" (The Tierney Sutton Band - American Road)
*** [[Jorge Calandrelli]] for "Who Can I Turn To (When Nobody Needs Me)" ([[Tony Bennett]] & [[Queen Latifah]] - [[Duets II (Tony Bennett album)|Duets II]])
*** William A. Ross for "[[The Windmills of Your Mind]]" ([[Barbra Streisand]] - [[What Matters Most]] - Barbra Streisand Sings The Lyrics of Alan and Marilyn Bergman)
* [[53rd Annual Grammy Awards]] (2011)
** [[Christopher Tin]] for "[[Baba Yetu]]" performed by the [[Soweto Gospel Choir]] and the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]]
* [[52nd Annual Grammy Awards]] (2010)
** [[Claus Ogerman]] for "[[Corcovado (song)|Quiet Nights]]" performed by [[Diana Krall]]

==2000s==
*[[51st Annual Grammy Awards]] (2009)
**Nan Schwartz for "[[Here's That Rainy Day]]" performed by [[Natalie Cole]]
*[[50th Annual Grammy Awards]] (2008)
**[[John Clayton (bassist)|John Clayton]] for "I'm Gonna Live Till I Die" performed by [[Queen Latifah]]
*[[49th Annual Grammy Awards]] (2007)
**[[Jorge Calandrelli]], "[[For Once in My Life]]" performed by [[Tony Bennett]] and [[Stevie Wonder]]
*[[48th Annual Grammy Awards]] (2006)
**[[William Edward Childs|Billy Childs]], [[Gil Goldstein]], and [[Heitor Pereira]] (arrangers) for "[[What Are You Doing the Rest of Your Life?]]" performed by [[Chris Botti]] & [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
*[[47th Annual Grammy Awards]] (2005)
**Victor Vanacore for "[[Over the Rainbow]]" performed by [[Ray Charles]] & [[Johnny Mathis]]
*[[46th Annual Grammy Awards]] (2004)
**[[Vince Mendoza]] for "[[Woodstock (song)|Woodstock]]" performed by [[Joni Mitchell]]
*[[45th Annual Grammy Awards]] (2003)
**[[Dave Grusin]] for "Mean Old Man" performed by [[James Taylor]]
*[[44th Annual Grammy Awards]] (2002)
**[[Paul Buckmaster]] for "[[Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)]]" performed by [[Train (band)|Train]]
*[[43rd Annual Grammy Awards]] (2001)
**[[Vince Mendoza]] for "[[Both Sides Now]]" performed by [[Joni Mitchell]]
*[[42nd Annual Grammy Awards]] (2000)
**[[Alan Broadbent]] for "Lonely Town" performed by the [[Charlie Haden|Charlie Haden Quartet West]] featuring [[Shirley Horn]]

==1990s==
{| class=wikitable
|-align=center bgcolor=lavender
!width=1%|Year
!width=24%|Winner
!width=30%|Work
!width=18%|Performer
!width=45%|Nominations
!width=1%|Ref.
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[41st Annual Grammy Awards|1999]]
|[[Herbie Hancock]], [[Robert Sadin]] & [[Stevie Wonder]]
|"[[St. Louis Blues (song)|St. Louis Blues]]"
|[[Herbie Hancock]]
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/arts-entertainment/grammy-awards/1999-grammy-awards|title=1999 Grammy Awards|last=|first=|date=|website=www.infoplease.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[40th Annual Grammy Awards|1998]]
|[[Slide Hampton]]
|"[[Cotton Tail]]"
|[[Dee Dee Bridgewater]]
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/arts-entertainment/grammy-awards/1998-grammy-awards|title=1998 Grammy Awards|last=|first=|date=|website=www.infoplease.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[39th Annual Grammy Awards|1997]]
|[[Alan Broadbent]] & [[David Foster]]
|"[[When I Fall in Love]]"
|[[Natalie Cole]] with [[Nat King Cole]]
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/arts-entertainment/grammy-awards/1997-grammy-awards|title=1997 Grammy Awards|last=|first=|date=|website=www.infoplease.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[38th Annual Grammy Awards|1996]]
|[[Rob McConnell]]
|"[[I Get a Kick Out of You]]"
|[[Mel Tormé]] with [[Rob McConnell]] & The Boss Brass
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/arts-entertainment/grammy-awards/1996-grammy-awards|title=1996 Grammy Awards|last=|first=|date=|website=www.infoplease.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[37th Annual Grammy Awards|1995]]
|[[Hans Zimmer]] & [[Lebo M]]orake
|"[[Circle of Life]]"
|[[Carmen Twillie (actress)|Carmen Twillie]]
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/arts-entertainment/grammy-awards/1995-grammy-awards|title=1995 Grammy Awards|last=|first=|date=|website=www.infoplease.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[36th Annual Grammy Awards|1994]]
|[[David Foster]] & Jeremy Lubbock
|"[[When I Fall in Love]]"
|[[Celine Dion|Céline Dion]] & [[Clive Griffin]]
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/arts-entertainment/grammy-awards/1994-grammy-awards|title=1994 Grammy Awards|last=|first=|date=|website=www.infoplease.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[35th Annual Grammy Awards|1993]]
|[[Johnny Mandel]]
|"[[Here's to Life]]"
|[[Shirley Horn]]
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/arts-entertainment/grammy-awards/1993-grammy-awards|title=1993 Grammy Awards|last=|first=|date=|website=www.infoplease.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[34th Annual Grammy Awards|1992]]
|[[Johnny Mandel]]
|"[[Unforgettable (Irving Gordon song)|Unforgettable]]"
|[[Natalie Cole]] with [[Nat King Cole]]
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/arts-entertainment/grammy-awards/1992-grammy-awards|title=1992 Grammy Awards|last=|first=|date=|website=www.infoplease.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[33rd Annual Grammy Awards|1991]]
|[[Glen Ballard]], [[Jerry Hey]], [[Quincy Jones]] & [[Clif Magness]]
|"The Places You Find Love"
|[[Siedah Garrett]] & [[Chaka Khan]]
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/arts-entertainment/grammy-awards/1991-grammy-awards|title=1991 Grammy Awards|last=|first=|date=|website=www.infoplease.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[32nd Annual Grammy Awards|1990]]
|[[Dave Grusin]]
|"[[My Funny Valentine]]"
|[[Michelle Pfeiffer]]
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/arts-entertainment/grammy-awards/1990-grammy-awards|title=1990 Grammy Awards|last=|first=|date=|website=www.infoplease.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|}

==1980s==
{| class=wikitable
|-align=center bgcolor=lavender
!width=1%|Year
!width=15%|Winner
!width=21%|Work
!width=18%|Performer
!width=45%|Nominations
!width=1%|Ref.
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[31st Annual Grammy Awards|1989]]
|[[Jonathan Tunick]]
|"No One Is Alone"
|[[Cleo Laine]]
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1989-237.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1989 - Grammy Award Winners 1989|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[30th Annual Grammy Awards|1988]]
|[[Frank Foster (musician)|Frank Foster]]
|"Deedles' Blues"
|[[Diane Schuur]] & the [[Count Basie|Count Basie Orchestra]]
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1988-236.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1988 - Grammy Award Winners 1988|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[29th Annual Grammy Awards|1987]]
|[[David Foster]]
|"[[Somewhere (song)|Somewhere]]"
|[[Barbra Streisand]]
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1987-235.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1987 - Grammy Award Winners 1987|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[28th Annual Grammy Awards|1986]]
|[[Nelson Riddle]]
|"[[Lush Life (jazz song)|Lush Life]]"
|[[Linda Ronstadt]]
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1986-234.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1986 - Grammy Award Winners 1986|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[27th Annual Grammy Awards|1985]]
|[[David Foster]] & Jeremy Lubbock
|"[[Hard Habit to Break]]"
|[[Chicago (band)|Chicago]]
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1985-233.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1985 - Grammy Award Winners 1985|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[26th Annual Grammy Awards|1984]]
|[[Nelson Riddle]]
|"[[What's New?]]"
|[[Linda Ronstadt]]
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1984-232.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1984 - Grammy Award Winners 1984|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[25th Annual Grammy Awards|1983]]
|[[Jerry Hey]] & [[David Paich]], [[Jeff Porcaro]]
|"[[Rosanna (song)|Rosanna]]"
|[[Toto (band)|Toto]]
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1983-231.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1983 - Grammy Award Winners 1983|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[24th Annual Grammy Awards|1982]]
|[[Jerry Hey]] & [[Quincy Jones]]
|"[[Ai No Corrida (song)|Ai No Corrida]]"
|Quincy Jones
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1982-230.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1982 - Grammy Award Winners 1982|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[23rd Annual Grammy Awards|1981]]
|[[Christopher Cross]] & [[Michael Omartian]]
|"[[Sailing (Christopher Cross song)|Sailing]]"
|Christopher Cross
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1981-229.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1981 - Grammy Award Winners 1981|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[22nd Annual Grammy Awards|1980]]
|[[Michael McDonald (singer)|Michael McDonald]]
|"[[What a Fool Believes]]"
|[[The Doobie Brothers]]
|



|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1980-228.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1980 - Grammy Award Winners 1980|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|}

==1970s==
{| class=wikitable
|-align=center bgcolor=lavender
!width=1%|Year
!width=15%|Winner
!width=21%|Work
!width=18%|Performer
!width=45%|Nominations
!width=1%|Ref.
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[21st Annual Grammy Awards|1979]]
|[[Maurice White]]
|"[[Got to Get You into My Life]]"
|[[Earth, Wind & Fire]]
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1979-227.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1979 - Grammy Award Winners 1979|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[20th Annual Grammy Awards|1978]]
|Ian Freebairn-Smith
|"[[Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)]]"
|[[Barbra Streisand]]
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1978-226.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1978 - Grammy Award Winners 1978|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[19th Annual Grammy Awards|1977]]
|[[James William Guercio]] & [[Jimmie Haskell]]
|"[[If You Leave Me Now]]"
|[[Chicago (band)|Chicago]]
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1977-225.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1977 - Grammy Award Winners 1977|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[18th Annual Grammy Awards|1976]]
|[[Ray Stevens]]
|"Misty"
|''same as winner''
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1976-224.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1976 - Grammy Award Winners 1976|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[17th Annual Grammy Awards|1975]]
|[[Joni Mitchell]] & [[Tom Scott (musician)|Tom Scott]]
|"[[Down to You (song)|Down to You]]"
|Joni Mitchell
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1975-240.html|title=Grammy Awards Nominee 1975 - Grammy Award Winners 1975|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[16th Annual Grammy Awards|1974]]
|[[George Martin]]
|"[[Live and Let Die (song)|Live and Let Die]]"
|[[Paul McCartney]] & [[Wings (band)|Wings]]
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1974-223.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1974 - Grammy Award Winners 1974|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[15th Annual Grammy Awards|1973]]
|[[Michel Legrand]]
|"[[What Are You Doing the Rest of Your Life?]]"
|[[Sarah Vaughan]]
|


|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1973-222.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1973 - Grammy Award Winners 1973|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[14th Annual Grammy Awards|1972]]
|[[Paul McCartney]]
|"[[Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey]]"
|Paul & [[Linda McCartney]]
|
*Bj Thomas – "Long Ago Tomorrow"
*The Carpenters – "Superstar"
*[[Marvin Gaye]] – "[[What's Going On (song)|What's Going On]]"

|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1972-221.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1972 - Grammy Award Winners 1972|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[13th Annual Grammy Awards|1971]]
|[[Larry Knechtel]] & [[Paul Simon]]
|"[[Bridge Over Troubled Water (song)|Bridge Over Troubled Water]]"
|[[Simon and Garfunkel]]
|
*[[The Carpenters]] – "Close To You"
*[[Ray Stevens]] – "Everything Is Beautiful"
*Blood Sweat & Tears – "Lucretia Mac Evil"

|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1971-220.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1971 - Grammy Award Winners 1971|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[12th Annual Grammy Awards|1970]]
|[[Fred Lipsius]]
|"[[Spinning Wheel (song)|Spinning Wheel]]"
|[[Blood, Sweat & Tears]]
|
*[[The 5th Dimension]] – "Aquarius/Let The Sunshine In"
*[[Tony Bennett]] – "I've Gotta Be Me"
*[[Peggy Lee]] – "Is That All There Is?"
*Blood Sweat & Tears – "You've Made Me So Very Happy"

|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1970-219.html|title=Grammy Award Ceremony 1970 - Grammy Award Winners 1970|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|}

==1960s==
{| class=wikitable
|-align=center bgcolor=lavender
!width=1%|Year
!width=15%|Winner
!width=21%|Work
!width=18%|Performer
!width=45%|Nominations
!width=1%|Ref.
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[11th Annual Grammy Awards|1969]]
|[[Jimmy Webb|Jimmy L. Webb]]
|"[[MacArthur Park (song)|MacArthur Park]]"
|[[Richard Harris (actor)|Richard Harris]]
|
*Dave Grusin – "Fool on the Hill"; performed by Sergio Mendes & Brasil '66
*George Tipton – "Light My Fire"; performed by Jose Feliciano
*Al de Lory – "Wichita Lineman"; performed by Glen Campbell
*Torrie Zito – "Yesterday I Heard the Rain"; performed by Tony Bennett

|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1969-243.html|title=Grammy Awards Nominees 1969 - Grammy Award Winners 1969|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[10th Annual Grammy Awards|1968]]
|[[Jimmie Haskell]]
|"[[Ode to Billie Joe]]"
|[[Bobbie Gentry]]
|
*[[The Beatles]] – "[[A Day In The Life]]"
*[[Glen Campbell]] – "By The Time I Get To Phoenix"
*Petulia Clark – "Don't Sleep in the Subway"
*Association – "Windy"

|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1968-218.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1968 - Grammy Award Winners 1968|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[9th Annual Grammy Awards|1967]]
|[[Ernie Freeman]]
|"[[Strangers in the Night]]"
|[[Frank Sinatra]]
|
*[[Paul McCartney]] – "[[Eleanor Rigby]]"; performed by [[The Beatles]]
*Wes Montgomery – "Goin' out of My Head"
*[[Brian Wilson]] & [[Mike Love]] – "[[Good Vibrations]]"; performed by [[The Beach Boys]]
*Eydie Gorme – "If He Walked into My Life"
*[[Nancy Sinatra]] – "These Boot Are Made for Walkin'"

|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1967-242.html|title=Grammy Awards Nominees 1967 - Grammy Award Winners 1967|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[8th Annual Grammy Awards|1966]]
|[[Gordon Jenkins]]
|"[[It Was a Very Good Year]]"
|[[Frank Sinatra]]
|
*Astrud Gilberto – "Day by Day"
*Vikki Carr – "Everything I've Got"
*Kenny Burrell – "Greensleeves"
*Jackie Deshannon – "What The World Needs Now Is Love"
*[[The Beatles]] – "[[Yesterday (Beatles song)|Yesterday]]"

|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1966-241.html|title=Grammy Awards Nominees 1966 - Grammy Award Winners 1966|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[7th Annual Grammy Awards|1965]]
|[[Peter Matz]]
|"[[People (1964 song)|People]]"
|[[Barbra Streisand]]
|
*[[Nancy Wilson]] – "How Glad I Am"
*Lorne Greene – "Ringo"
*Gale Garnett – "We'll Sing in the Sunshine"
*Jack Jones – "Where Love Has Gone"
*Tony Bennett – "Who Can I Turn To?"

|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1965-217.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1965 - Grammy Award Winners 1965|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[6th Annual Grammy Awards|1964]]
|[[Henry Mancini]]
|"[[Days of Wine and Roses (song)|Days of Wine and Roses]]"
|''same as winner''
|
*Eydie Gorme – "Blame It on the Bossa Nova"
*[[Ray Charles]] – "Busted"
*[[Frank Sinatra]] – "Call Me Irresponsible"
*[[Nancy Wilson]] – "Tell Me the Truth"
*Jack Jones – "Wives and Lovers"

|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1964-216.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1964 - Grammy Award Winners 1964|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[5th Annual Grammy Awards|1963]]
|[[Marty Manning]]
|"[[I Left My Heart in San Francisco]]"
|[[Tony Bennett]]
|
*Ray Charles – "Born To Lose"
*Steve Lawrence – "Go Away Little Girl"
*Ray Charles – "I Can't Stop Loving You"
*Joao Gilberto – "Joao Gilberto"

|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1963-215.html|title=Grammy Award Nominees 1963 - Grammy Award Winners 1963|last=|first=|date=|website=www.awardsandshows.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Grammy Award categories}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grammy Award For Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)}}
[[Category:Grammy Award categories|Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist]]
[[Category:Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)| ]]

Lismore Castle

2017-06-02T17:08:17Z

R'n'B: Disambiguate link to Lismore

{{more footnotes|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Lismore Castle
| native_name = Caisleán an Leasa Mhóir
| native_name_lang = ga
| image = Lismore Castle 2.jpg
| image_size = 300
| image_caption = Lismore Castle, 2006
| map_type = Ireland
| map_dot_label = Lismore Castle
| architectural_style = [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]]
| location = [[Lismore, County Waterford]]
| location_country = [[Ireland]]
| coordinates = {{coord|52|8|25.922|N|7|56|2.771|W|display=inline,title}}
| altitude = {{convert|43|m}}
| completion_date = {{start date and age|1851}}
| owner = {{ublist|[[Duke of Devonshire]]|[[Cavendish family]]}}
| website = {{URL|lismorecastle.com}}
}}

'''Lismore Castle''' ({{lang-ga|Caisleán an Leasa Mhóir}}) is the Irish home of the [[Duke of Devonshire]]. Located in the town of [[Lismore, County Waterford|Lismore]] in [[County Waterford]] in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], it belonged to the [[Earl of Desmond|Earls of Desmond]], and subsequently to the [[Cavendish family]] from 1753. It was largely re-built in the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic style]] during the mid-nineteenth century by [[William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire]].

==Early history==
Built in 1185 by [[John, King of England|Prince John]], the castle site was originally occupied by [[Lismore Abbey]], an important monastery and seat of learning established in the early 7th century. It was still an ecclesiastical centre when [[Henry II of England|Henry II, King of England]] stayed here in 1171, and except for a brief period after 1185 when his son [[King John of England]] built a 'castellum' here, it served as the episcopal residence of the local bishop. It was a possession of the Earls of Desmond, whose lands were broken up during the plantations following the killing of [[Gerald FitzGerald, 15th Earl of Desmond]] in 1583.

In 1589, Lismore was leased and later acquired by [[Sir Walter Raleigh]]. Raleigh sold the property during his imprisonment for High Treason in 1602 to another infamous colonial adventurer, [[Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork|Richard Boyle]], later 1st Earl of Cork.

==Earls of Cork and Burlington==
Boyle came to Ireland from England in 1588 with only twenty-seven pounds in capital and proceeded to amass an extraordinary fortune. After purchasing Lismore he made it his principal seat and transformed it into a magnificent residence with impressive gabled ranges each side of the courtyard. He also built a castellated outer wall and a gatehouse known as the Riding Gate. The principal apartments were decorated with fretwork plaster ceilings, tapestry hangings, embroidered silks and velvet. It was here in [[1626 in Ireland|1626]] that [[Robert Boyle]] ''The Father of Modern Chemistry'', the fourteenth of the Earl's fifteen children, was born. The castle descended to another [[Richard Boyle, 4th Earl of Cork]] & 3rd Earl of Burlington, who was a noted influence on [[Georgian architecture]] (and known in architectural histories as the Earl of Burlington).

Lismore featured in the Cromwellian wars when, in [[1645 in Ireland|1645]], a force of Catholic confederacy commanded by Lord Castlehaven sacked the town and castle. Some restoration was carried out by [[Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington|Richard Boyle, 2nd Earl of Cork]] ([[1612 in Ireland|1612]]–[[1694 in Ireland|1694]]) to make it habitable again but neither he nor his successors lived at Lismore.

==Dukes of Devonshire==
The castle (along with other Boyle properties – [[Chiswick House]], [[Burlington House]], [[Bolton Abbey]] and [[Londesborough Hall]]) was acquired by the Cavendish family in [[1753 in Ireland|1753]] when the daughter and heiress of the [[Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington|4th Earl of Cork]], [[Charlotte Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington|Lady Charlotte Boyle]] ([[1731 in Ireland|1731]]–[[1754 in Ireland|1754]]) married [[William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire]], a future [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] of Great Britain & Ireland. Their son, the 5th Duke ([[1748 in Ireland|1748]]–[[1811 in Ireland|1811]]) carried out improvements at Lismore, notably the bridge across the river [[Munster Blackwater|Blackwater]] in [[1775 in Ireland|1775]] designed by Cork-born architect [[Thomas Ivory of Cork|Thomas Ivory]].

The [[William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire|6th Duke]] (1790–1858), commonly known as 'the Bachelor Duke', was responsible for the castle's present appearance. He began transforming the castle into a fashionable 'quasi-feudal ultra-regal fortress' as soon as he succeeded his father in 1811, engaging the architect [[William Atkinson (architect)|William Atkinson]] from 1812 to 1822 to rebuild the castle in the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic style]], using cut stone shipped over from Derbyshire. Lismore was always the Bachelor Duke's favourite residence, but as he grew older his love for the place developed into a passion. In 1850 he engaged his architect Sir [[Joseph Paxton]], the designer of [[The Crystal Palace]], to carry out improvements and additions to the castle on a magnificent scale – so much so that the present skyline is largely Paxton's work. At this time [[John Gregory Crace (designer)|J.G. Crace]] of London, the leading maker of Gothic Revival furniture and his partner the leading architect [[Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin|A.W.N. Pugin]] were commissioned to transform the ruined chapel of the old Bishop's Palace into a medieval-style banqueting hall, with a huge perpendicular stained-glass window, choir-stalls and Gothic stenciling on the walls and roof timbers. The chimney-piece, which was exhibited at the Medieval Court of the [[Great Exhibition]] of 1851, was also designed by Pugin (and Myers) but was originally intended for [[Horstead Place]] in Sussex, it was rejected because it was too elaborate and subsequently bought for Lismore – the Barchard family emblems later replaced with the present Irish inscription ''Cead Mille Failte'': a hundred thousand welcomes. Pugin also designed other chimney-pieces and furnishings in the castle and after his death in 1851 Crace continued to supply furnishings in the Puginesque manner.
[[File:The king, the duke, and some other people....jpg|thumb|right|[[King Edward VII]] visiting the Duke of Devonshire in May 1904]]
In 1858, the Cavendish family sponsored a new bridge over the Blackwater, which replaced the one built in 1775. This new construction followed designs by Charles Tarrant and was done by E.P.Nagle and C.H.Hunt.<ref>{{cite web | title=National Registry of Architectural Heritage, Cavendish Bridge| url=http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=WA&regno=22809082 | accessdate=2012-12-26}}</ref>

After the bachelor Duke's death, Lismore remained substantially unaltered. It became the home of a younger son of the [[Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire|9th Duke]], [[Lord Charles Cavendish]] who married [[Adele Astaire]], the sister and former dancing partner of [[Fred Astaire]]. After her husband's death in 1944 and remarriage in 1947, Adele continued to use the castle until shortly before her own death in 1981.<ref name="Astaire">{{cite book|last=Giles|first=Sarah|title=Fred Astaire – his friends talk|publisher=Doubleday|year=1988|isbn=0-385-24741-9 | page=90}}</ref> The castle was only used by [[Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire]] for brief annual visits, generally over Easter. In the last years of his tenure it was made available for premium short-term rental.

The [[Peregrine Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire|12th Duke]], who succeeded to the title in 2004, continues to live primarily on the family's [[Chatsworth House|Chatsworth]] estate. His son and heir, [[William Cavendish, Earl of Burlington|Lord Burlington]], who maintains an apartment in the castle, has been given management of it,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Lismore Castle garden gets royal treatment|url = http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/homes-and-property/lismore-castle-garden-gets-royal-treatment-1.1771479|website = The Irish Times|accessdate = 2015-12-11|language = en-US}}</ref> and in 2005 converted the derelict west range into a contemporary art gallery, known as ''Lismore Castle Arts''. The remainder of the interior is not open to the public, but is available for rental by groups of up to twenty-three visitors.

The castle features superb gardens, which are open to the public. The upper garden is a 17th-century walled garden,<ref>{{cite web | title=National Registry of Architectural Heritage, walled garden| url=http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=WA&regno=22809071 | accessdate=2012-12-26}}</ref> while much of the informal lower garden was designed in the 19th century. Under Lord Burlington the planting has been enhanced, and contemporary sculpture added, including works by [[Anthony Gormley]], Marzia Colonna and Eilís O'Connell.

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist}}

'''Sources'''
*Terence R Smyth. (1994). ''Irish Country Houses''
*Megan Aldrich, ‘Crace, John Gregory (1809–1889)’, ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004

==External links==
* [http://www.lismorecastle.com/ Official site]
*[http://www.discoverlismore.com Lismore Heritage Centre]
*[http://www.lismorecastlearts.ie/ Lismore Castle Arts gallery in West Wing of Lismore Castle]

{{Historic Irish houses}}

[[Category:Castles in County Waterford]]
[[Category:Gardens in County Waterford]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Contemporary art galleries in Ireland]]
[[Category:Historic Houses in County Waterford]]

Louis Rossetto

2017-04-18T00:51:45Z

R'n'B: Disambiguate link to Berkeley

{{Infobox person
| name = Louis Rossetto
| image = LouisRossettoJI5.jpg
| caption = Louis Rossetto at TCHO 2008
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|6|6}}
| birth_place = [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States of America]]
| residence = [[Berkeley, California]], [[United States of America]]
| alma_mater = [[Columbia University]]
| occupation =
| known_for = [[Wired magazine]], [[TCHO]], [[Entrepreneurship]]
| relatives = [[Jane Metcalfe]] (life partner)
}}

'''Louis Rossetto''' is an [[Italian_Americans|Italian-American]] writer, editor, and entrepreneur. He is best known as the founder and former editor-in-chief / publisher of ''[[Wired magazine]]''. He was also the first investor and the former CEO of [[TCHO]] chocolate company. In 2017, Galerie P98a is publishing his second novel, ''Change is Good''.

==Personal Life==
Louis Rossetto was born and grew up on [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]] in an Italian-American family <ref>{{cite news |title=A conversation with Wired Magazine founder Louis Rossetto
|work= L'Italo-American |date=October 23, 2015 |url= http://www.italoamericano.org/story/2015-10-23/louis-rossetto |accessdate=2017-04-12}}</ref>.
He went to [[Columbia University]] as an undergraduate and later returned for an MBA.
Rossetto is life-partners with [[Jane Metcalfe]] and they are the parents of Zoe Metcalfe and Orson Rossetto.

==Professional Life==
===1970s & 1980s===
In 1971, while a senior in college, he appeared on the cover of the New York Times Sunday Magazine as co-author with Stan Lehr of "Libertarianism, The New Right Credo," one of the first articles about the emerging Libertarian movement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Some Thoughts on WFB
|work= Reaon Magazine Hit & Run blog |date=February 27, 2008 |url= http://reason.com/blog/2008/02/27/some-thoughts-on-wfb|accessdate=2017-04-13}}</ref>. In 1974, he wrote a novel called Take-Over, released by controversial publisher Lyle Stuart <ref>{{cite web |author=Rossetto, Louis |title=Take-Over |url= http://a.co/2AmPqNu
|date=1974 |publisher= Lyle Stuart, Inc |accessdate=April 13, 2017}}</ref>. Take-Over posited a counterfactual history: instead of resigning during the Watergate crisis, Richard Nixon launched a coup d’etat. In 1976, Rossetto ghost edited a new journalism book called Ultimate Porno about the making of Penthouse publisher Bob Guccione’s film Caligula <ref>{{cite news |title=Louis Rossetto ’71 Goes from Wired to Chocolate|work= Columbia College Today |date= 2013 |url= https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/archive/summer13/alumni_profiles|accessdate=2017-04-13}}</ref>.

In 1985, he joined CBC reporter Richard Evans to report on the Aghanistan war for ABC News. Rossetto’s subsequent articles for the Christian Science Monitor and newsweeklies Elseviers in the Netherlands and Panorama in Italy were among the first to pinpoint the war's turning point, when the mujahideen first put the Russians on the defensive that was ultimately to push them out of Afghanistan <ref>{{cite news |title=Afghan guerrilla wants Soviets out, but has no illusions of victory
|work= The Christian Science Monitor |date=October 10, 1985 |url= http://www.csmonitor.com/1985/1010/odriv.html |accessdate=2017-04-13}}</ref>.

In 1986, Rossetto joined the staff of Amsterdam-based INK Taalservice, a high-tech translation company serving the new PC industry. INK launched an English-language magazine with Rossetto as editor called Language Technology <ref>{{cite web | title=Language Technology/Electric Word | url= https://archive.org/details/jonur_Ltew3 | accessdate=2017-04-13}}</ref>, which covered the burgeoning the technologies used to process language — from PCs to machine translation to networks. The first issue of Language Technology was designed by leading edge Dutch graphic designer Max Kisman, and was the first issue of any magazine to be created with desktop publishing software, in this case ReadySetGo, which Rossetto had carried back from its introduction at that year's San Francisco MacWorld exhibition. During his time at Language Technology, Rossetto was a consultant to the European Community on language industry issues.

In 1986, Rossetto's life partner [[Jane Metcalfe]] joined as the magazine's ad sales director. INK later sold the magazine to a small Dutch media company Media Nederland, who renamed it Electric Word. Electric Word's circulation grew to include leading research labs at universities, governments, and high tech companies around the world. Cover subjects were as diverse as computer visionary [[Alan Kay]], AI pioneer [[Marvin Minsky]], [[Timothy Leary]], and [[MIT Media Lab]] founder [[Nicholas Negroponte]]. The magazine was later sold to a small Dutch media company and renamed Electric Word. [[Whole Earth Review]]’s editor [[Kevin Kelly (editor)|Kevin Kelley]] proclaimed Electric Word "the least boring computer magazine in the world," which became its tagline.

At Media Nederland, Rossetto also became launch editor of its glossy, general interest monthly magazine O. When Electric Word was terminated in 1990 due to Media Nederland's change of focus, Rossetto left with Jane Metcalfe to write the business plan for Wired. The last issue of Electric Word featured the world's first Photoshopped magazine cover — of TED founder [[Richard Wurman]] <ref>{{cite web | title=Electric Word Issue 20 | url= https://archive.org/details/ltew20Ltew3 | accessdate=2017-04-13}}</ref>.

===1990s===
In 1991, Rossetto and his partner [[Jane Metcalfe]] resettled in the US to raise capital for ''[[Wired magazine|Wired]]''. They launched the magazine on a shoestring budget in January 1993, with art director John Plunkett, executive editor Kevin Kelly, and managing editor [[John Battelle]].

''Wired'' was greatly admired for its bold design<ref>[http://www.sfmoma.org/exhibitions/exhib_detail/98_exhib_wired_magazine.html SFMOMA | Exhibitions | Wired Magazine]</ref> and its coverage of "digital culture". The magazine exuded a [[counterculture]] ethos—and was even compared to ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' as a barometer of the zeitgeist of the era. Its often deliberately provocative editorial reflected Rossetto's beliefs in a far-reaching "digital revolution" based on global consciousness and networked markets. Under Rossetto's five years as editor, the magazine won two National Magazine Awards for General Excellence <ref>{{cite web | title=National Magazine Awards – General Excellence | url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Magazine_Awards#General_Excellence | accessdate=2017-04-13}}</ref>
, and one National Magazine Award for Design <ref>{{cite web | title=National Magazine Awards - Design| url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Magazine_Awards#Design | accessdate=2017-04-13}}</ref>.

In October 1994, Wired Ventures became an Internet pioneer when it launched the first Web site with original content and Fortune 500 advertising called [[HotWired]]. HotWired then proceeded to launch dozens of other Web sites, including [[Webmonkey]] and the search engine [[Hotbot]]. Hotwired employees Joey Anuff and [[Carl Steadman]] launched the first weblog [[Suck.com]].<ref>[https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.11/web_dreams.html Wired 4.11: Web Dreams]</ref>

After HotWired, Wired expanded into books with [[HardWired]] and television with Wired TV. By 1996, it had Japanese and British editions, and was actively planning a German edition, as well as new business and design magazines.

Wired Venture's rapid expansion forced it in 1996 to turn to an [[Initial public offering|IPO]] for financing. But after failing to take the company public as scheduled during what turned out to be a severe stock market downturn that summer, Rossetto and Metcalfe were forced to accept [[Providence Equity]] as financial partners in early 1997. By the summer of 1997, four years after launch, ''Wired'' magazine was solidly profitable. Its three-year-old online business, now renamed Wired Digital, was not. It was Wired Digital's cash needs which Providence used to wrest control of the company from Rossetto and Metcalfe in April 1997.

Despite Wired Ventures becoming cash-flow positive in May 1998, Providence sold off its assets. The company that Rossetto and Metcalfe began in 1991 with $30,000 was sold in pieces for $380 million. [[Condé Nast Publications|Condé Nast]] bought the now 500,000-circulation ''Wired'' magazine, and [[Lycos]] bought Wired Digital.

===2000s & 2010s===
Since Wired, Rossetto has mostly avoided the public eye. He assisted with a 2001 redesign of Reason Magazine and defended the invasion of Iraq in its pages <ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq Progress Report
|work= Reason Magazine |date=March 17, 2006 |url= http://reason.com/archives/2006/03/17/iraq-progress-report |accessdate=2017-04-12}}</ref>. He pursued disparate individual projects through his and Metcalfe's family holding company, Força da Imaginaçao. One was a large residential real estate project in Walnut Creek, California. Another was a 2006 investment in innovative, ultra-premium chocolate company, [[TCHO]].

Rossetto was TCHO's CEO and CCO from 2007 to 2014. TCHO was known for its award-winning, flavor-focused chocolate <ref> {{cite news |title= Louis and the Chocolate Factory|work= Diablo Magazine |date=March 19, 2010 |url= http://www.diablomag.com/April-2010/Louis-and-the-Chocolate-Factory|accessdate=2017-04-13}}</ref> and for pioneering [http://www.tcho.com/tchosource TCHOSource] program which transferred technology and expertise to partner growers in Peru, Ecuador, and Ghana <ref>{{cite news |title= Chocolate company brings high-tech factory to remote cocoa farms|work= CNET |url= https://www.cnet.com/news/chocolate-company-brings-high-tech-factory-to-remote-cocoa-farms|accessdate=2017-04-13}}</ref>.

In 2013, Rossetto and Metcalfe were honored by the Reason Foundation with the Lanny Friedlander Prize for having "created a publication, medium, or distribution platform that vastly expands human freedom by increasing our ability to express ourselves, engage in debate, and generate new ways of understanding."<ref>{{cite web |author=Rossetto, Louis |title=2013 Lanny Friedlander Prize|url= http://reason.com/reasonmediaawards/lannyfriedlander.php }}</ref>

In 2015, Rossetto and Metcalfe were honored with a Webby Lifetime Achievement Award<ref>{{cite news |title= The votes are in: Your 2015 Webby Awards winners
|work= Mashable |date=April 27, 2015 |url= http://mashable.com/2015/04/27/webby-awards-2015-winners/#bxB6WmZBiGq0
|accessdate=2017-04-13}}</ref>. Their five word acceptance speech: "Remember, it's all just prelude."<ref>{{cite web |author=Rossetto, Louis |title=WIRED's 5-Word Speech at the 19th Annual Webby Awards |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UAy5FdBIypg |date=May 19. 2015 |accessdate=April 13, 2017}}</ref>

In 2017, Rossetto is publishing Change is Good, an original novel about "the creation myth of the Digital Generation — a week in the lives of five Gen Xers and one millennial at ground zero of the Internet Revolution in South of Market, San Francisco, as it mutates into the dotcom bubble." The book is designed by Erik Spiekermann, and published by Spiekermann's Galerie P98a in Berlin. It will be the first book published with Spiekerman's new letterpress printing process.

==Further reading==
*[https://read.amazon.com/kp/embed?asin=B000QCS8XS&preview=newtab&linkCode=kpe&ref_=cm_sw_r_kb_dp_LG97ybKR1JF3R Wired – A Romance] (2003) by [[Gary Wolf (journalist)|Gary Wolf]] ISBN 0-375-50290-4.
* [http://www.edge.org/digerati/rossetto/ "Digerati: The Buccaneer: Louis Rossetto" by John Brockman]
* [http://archive.salon.com/21st/feature/1999/02/cov_17feature.html "The War for Wired" by Kevin Kelleher]
* {{C-SPAN|louisrossetto}}
* [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE4DF133CF934A15754C0A9659C8B63 "The Coolest Magazine on the Planet" by David Carr]
* [http://www.typoberlin.de/video/index.php?node_id=76&lang_id=1&filter_value=Louis%20Rossetto Louis Rossetto: »Change is good«, Typo 2005, Berlin.]
* [http://fare.tunes.org/liberty/library/new_right_credo.html The New Right Credo — Libertarianism by Stan Lehr and Louis Rossetto Jr.; New York Times Magazine, January 10, 1971]
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rossetto, Louis}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:American male journalists]]
[[Category:American magazine founders]]
[[Category:American magazine publishers (people)]]
[[Category:American libertarians]]
[[Category:Columbia Business School alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Wired (magazine) people]]
[[Category:People from Long Island]]
[[Category:American non-fiction writers]]

Benutzer:DerBini/Noctua

2017-04-04T17:11:28Z

R'n'B: WP:INTDABLINK

{{Infobox company |
name = Noctua|
logo = [[File:Noctua company logo.gif]] |
type = |
foundation = 2005 |
location_city = |
location_country = [[Austria]] |
key_people = |
industry = [[Computer industry|Computer]]|
products = [[Computer cooling]] |
revenue = |
operating_income = |
net_income = |
num_employees = |
parent = |
subsid = |
homepage = [http://www.noctua.at/ www.noctua.at]
}}
[[File:Noctua NH-U12P SE2 CPU cooler.jpg|thumb|A CPU cooler NH-U12P SE2 made of copper and aluminum, featuring four [[heat pipe]]s and two NF-P12 [[computer fan|fans]].]]
'''Noctua''' is a [[computer hardware]] manufacturer of [[Computer cooling|CPU coolers]] and [[computer fan]]s for primarily the enthusiast market. The company was founded in 2005 and is a joint venture between [[Austria]]n ''Rascom Computer Distribution GmbH'' and [[Taiwan]]ese ''Kolink International Corporation''.

Noctua is a highly regarded manufacturer on the enthusiast market <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/2485|title=Noctua NH-U12P: Top Performance AND Silence|author=Wesley Fink|work=anandtech.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hardwarecanucks.com/forum/hardware-canucks-reviews/10305-noctua-nh-u9b-cpu-cooler-review.html|title=Noctua NH-U9B CPU Cooler Review|work=hardwarecanucks.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tweaktown.com/reviews/3099/noctua_nh_c12p_se14_cpu_cooler/index.html|title=Noctua NH-C12P SE14 CPU Cooler|date=14 January 2010|work=TweakTown}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tomshardware.co.uk/lga-1156-heatsink,review-31796-5.html|title=Noctua NH-D14|author=Thomas Soderstrom|work=Tom's Hardware}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.silentpcreview.com/Noctua_NH-D14|title=Noctua NH-D14 flagship dual-fan CPU cooler|work=silentpcreview.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legitreviews.com/article/1212/1/|title=Noctua NH-D14 HSF Review - The Best CPU Cooler Ever? - Legit Reviews|work=Legit Reviews}}</ref> and has, according to the official website, received more than 3000 awards for their products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noctua.at/main.php?show=awards&lng=en|title=Noctua.at - sound-optimised premium components "Designed in Austria"!|work=noctua.at}}</ref>

"Noctua" means literally "night bird," see [[noctis]] and [[nox (disambiguation)|nox]], notice the owl in the logo.

==See also==
* [[Computer cooling]]
* [[Quiet PC]]
* [[Cooler Master]]
* [[Thermalright]]
* [[Zalman]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.noctua.at/ Noctua English Home page]

[[Category:Computer hardware companies]]
[[Category:Personal computers]]
[[Category:Computer hardware cooling]]

{{comp-hardware-stub}}

Crystal Mountain (Washington)

2017-03-03T21:59:09Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to Downhill (link changed to Downhill (ski competition)) using DisamAssist.

{{about|the ski area in Washington||Crystal Mountain (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox ski area
| name = Crystal Mountain
| logo = CrystalMtnLogo.png
| picture = Crystal Mountain WA.JPG
| caption = Crystal in March 2015
| location = [[Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest]] 
[[Pierce County, Washington|Pierce County]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| nearest_city = [[Enumclaw, Washington|Enumclaw]] 40 mi. (65 km) north
| pushpin_map = United States
| pushpin_relief = 1
| latd = 46.93 |latm = |lats = |latNS = N
| longd = 121.48 |longm = |longs = |longEW = W
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| pushpin_label_position = right
| map_caption = Location in the [[United States]]
| vertical = {{convert|3100|ft|0|abbr=on}} {{convert|2602|ft|abbr=on}} - ''lifts''
| top_elevation = {{convert|7012|ft|abbr=on}} {{convert|7002|ft|abbr=on}} - ''lifts''
| base_elevation = {{convert|3912|ft|abbr=on}} {{convert|4400|ft|0|abbr=on}} - ''lifts''
| skiable_area = {{convert|2600|acre|km2|1}} lift serviced: {{convert|2300|acre|km2|1}} inbounds backcountry {{convert|300|acre|km2|1}}
| number_trails = 57 [[File:Ski trail rating symbol-green circle.svg|13px]] - 11% easiest [[File:Ski trail rating symbol-blue square.svg|13px]] - 54% more difficult [[File:Ski trail rating symbol-black diamond.svg|13px]] - 35% most difficult
| longest_run = {{convert|2.5|mi|0|abbr=on}} ''"Northway"''
| liftsystem = 1 [[Gondola lift|gondola]] 10 [[chairlift|chairs]] 1 [[Magic carpet (ski lift)|magic carpet]]
| lift_capacity = 20,760 / hr
| gondola = 1
| fast_sixchair = 2
| fast_quadchair = 2
| triplechair = 2
| doublechair = 2
| terrainparks = 1
| snowfall = {{convert|350|in|ft m|1|abbr=on}}
| snowmaking = yes (added in 2015)
| nightskiing = Discovery chair open until 6PM some nights in 2014-15 ski season.
| external_link = [http://www.crystalmountainresort.com/ crystalmountainresort.com]
|}}
{{Location map
|USA Washington
|relief = 1
|label = Crystal Mountain
|lat = 46.93
|long = -121.48
|caption = Location in [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
|marksize = 5
|float =
|background =
|width = 240
}}
'''Crystal Mountain''' is a mountain and [[Alpine skiing|alpine]] [[ski area]] in the [[Western United States|western]] [[United States]], in the [[Cascade Range]] of [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], southeast of [[Seattle]].

Located in the [[Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest]], Crystal is the largest ski resort in the state and is readily accessible from the [[Seattle]]-[[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] metropolitan area through [[Enumclaw, Washington|Enumclaw]] via [[Washington State Route 410|Highway 410]]. It is primarily a day-use area, with nine [[chairlift]]s, various dining locations, and multiple hotels. Crystal is home to the Mt. Rainier Gondola; installed in 2010, it provides year-round access to the resort's summit and is the state's only high-speed [[Gondola lift|gondola]].<ref name=usfscmt>{{cite web |url=http://www.fs.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsinternet/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gjAwhwtDDw9_AI8zPyhQoY6BdkOyoCAGixyPg!/?ss=110605&navtype=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&cid=STELPRDB5229142&navid=091000000000000&position=Feature*&ttype=detail&pname=Mt.%20Baker-Snoqualmie%20National%20Forest-%20Home |publisher=United States Forest Service |agency=Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest|title=Ski news |accessdate=February 22, 2016}}</ref> Crystal Mountain is owned and operated by [[Boyne Resorts]], a private Michigan-based resort company.<ref>http://www.boyneresorts.com/FastFacts/Crystal_Mountain_200.pdf</ref>

==Location==
The ski resort is located in the valley of the Silver Creek, a tributary of the [[White River (Washington)|White River]], and on the east and north east slopes of Crystal Mountain. The main summit of Crystal Mountain, also called ''Silver King'', is {{convert|7002|ft|abbr=on}} high in the summer ([[NAVD88]] elevation) and is the highest land in a {{convert|5|mi|0|sing=on}} radius.<ref>[http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2245 Crystal Mountain] at peak bagger.com. The mountain has a [[topographic prominence|prominence]] of {{convert|2304|ft|abbr=on}}</ref> Subsidiary peaks on the north ridge of Silver King are ''The Throne'' ({{convert|6861|ft|abbr=on}}), ''Silver Queen'' (ca. {{convert|6990|ft|abbr=on|round=5}}), ''Grubstake Point'' (ca. {{convert|6875|ft|abbr=on|round=5}}) and ''North Way Peak'' ({{convert|6780|ft|abbr=on|round=5}}). The latter three can be reached by ski lifts, and the resort has a Summit House on a shoulder just south of Grubstake. The summits offer an unobstructed view of [[Mount Rainier]], which is less than {{convert|13|mi|round=5}} west-south-west.

==History==
===1960s===
Crystal Mountain Resort opened {{Years or months ago|1962|5}} in December 1962 with two double chairlifts. The first of these lifts, Miner's Basin, was decommissioned in the summer of 2011. Its route was close to that of the new gondola and ended by the top of the Exterminator and Deerfly runs. The other original lift (Iceberg Ridge) was removed when the current Rainier Express chair was built.<ref>http://www.skimap.org/data/429/7/1209189096.jpg</ref> The site, just northeast of [[Mount Rainier National Park]], was chosen after some [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] skiers were unable to start a resort within the boundaries of the park.<ref>http://www.crystalmountainresort.com/About-Us/423/History</ref>

The following summer the Green Valley double chairlift was built,<ref>http://www.skilifts.org/old/install_na1963.htm#pacific</ref> and the Quicksilver lift followed in 1964.

In 1965, Crystal hosted the collegiate ski championships in late March<ref name=cgshbnst>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OzlWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tOgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3713,4201822 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review |location=Spokane, Washington|title=Collegians get short rest before next ski tourney |agency=Associated Press |date=March 29, 1965 |page=11}}</ref> and the following week the U.S. Alpine Ski Championships, which included famous racers such as [[Karl Schranz]] of [[Austria]], Olympic medalists [[Jimmie Heuga]] and [[Billy Kidd]] of the U.S., future triple gold medalist [[Jean-Claude Killy]] of [[France]], and future gold medalist [[Nancy Greene]] of [[Canada]].<ref name=sialmt65>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oTdWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=s-gDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6906,195955 |newspaper=Spokemsan-Review|location=Spokane, Washington|title=Swiss in alpine meet|date=March 1, 1965}}</ref><ref name=mgassc>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BzhWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=segDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6112%2C1000373 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review|location=Spokane, Washington |title=Miss Greene adds slalom ski crown |agency=Associated Press |date=April 4, 1965 |page=3-sports}}</ref><ref name=cwtis>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uNxUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WjwNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6034,944504 |newspaper=Leader-Post |location=Regina, Saskatchewan |title=Canadians win titles in skiing |agency=CP-AP |date=April 5, 1965 |page=5}}</ref> Crystal hosted the national championships again in 1968, a few weeks after the [[Alpine skiing at the 1968 Winter Olympics|Winter Olympics]].<ref name=nghf68>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pztWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dOkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7416,2613483 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review |location=Spokane, Washington|title=Nagels, Greene, head field |date=March 8, 1968 |page=23}}</ref><ref name=abwdh68>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qDtWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dOkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1869%2C2866985 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review |location=Spokane, Washington|agency=Associated Press |title=Ann Black wins downhill |date=March 9, 1968 |page=11}}</ref> Kidd, Heuga, and Greene were again in the field, as well as [[Spider Sabich]].<ref name=vgws68>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qTtWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dOkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7030%2C3684963 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review |location=Spokane, Washington|title=Vermont girl wins slalom |date=March 10, 1968 |page=7}}</ref> Back from the Olympics and the World Cup tour, local [[Judy Nagel]] won the women's slalom and combined titles at age 16.<ref name=jnwusst>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19680311&id=qjtWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dOkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5073,3962383 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review |title=Judy Nagel wins U.S. slalom title |date=March 11, 1968 |page=12}}</ref> Five years earlier, her father Jack Nagel (1926–2004)<ref name=jnspbwe>{{cite news|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Jack-Nagel-1926-2004-Ski-pioneer-bubbled-with-1140311.php|newspaper=Seattle Post-Intelligencer|last=Holt|first=Gordy|title=Jack Nagel, 1926-2004: Ski pioneer 'bubbled' with energy|date=March 23, 2004}}</ref> and the racing school at Crystal were featured in ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', with her older sister Cathy, then 14, on the cover.<ref name=amthtss>{{cite journal|url=http://www.si.com/vault/issue/42745/1/1?cover_view=1|magazine=Sports Illustrated |title=A maestro tunes his teen ski stars |date=February 11, 1963 |page=24}}</ref>

===1970s===
The Campbell Basin chairlift opened in 1970,<ref>http://www.skilifts.org/old/install_na1970.htm#pacific</ref> which opened Campbell Basin to skiing for the first time and traveled from the base area all the way to the site of the current Campbell Basin Lodge.<ref>http://www.skimap.org/data/193/7/1209953075.jpg</ref>

Two weeks after the [[Alpine skiing at the 1972 Winter Olympics|1972 Olympics]], Crystal hosted the [[FIS Alpine Ski World Cup|World Cup]] tour in late February [[1972 Alpine Skiing World Cup|1972]] with two [[Downhill (ski competition)|downhill]]s for both men and women, with the start above Campbell Basin.<ref name=bggfidh>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=z8kpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6OwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6946,3537933 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review |location=Spokane, Washington |title=British gal goes first in downhill |agency=Associated Press |date=February 25, 1972 |page=23}}</ref> Weather forced a low start; the winning men's times were under 90 seconds. Newly-crowned [[Alpine skiing at the 1972 Winter Olympics|Olympic downhill champion]] [[Bernhard Russi]] of [[Switzerland]] won the Saturday race<ref name=skiaar>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nadYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pvgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5300%2C3306065|newspaper=Spokane Daily Chronicle |location=Washington|title=Skiers aim at repeats |date=February 26, 1972 |page=12}}</ref> and took second on Sunday. American [[Mike Lafferty (alpine skier)|Mike Lafferty]] of [[Eugene, Oregon]], took second<ref name=eugtsar>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xdtVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JuEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2035%2C6593263 |newspaper=Eugene Register-Guard |location=Oregon |title=Eugenean takes second as Russi takes World Cup event |date=February 26, 1972 |page=1B}}</ref> and fourth in the two downhills.<ref name=fiscm>{{cite web|url=http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/604/1228.html?event_id=2735&cal_suchsector=AL|publisher=FIS|title=Crystal Mountain - World Cup|accessdate=December 17, 2012}}</ref><ref name=ssiwisc>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1MkpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6OwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7117%2C4559009 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review |location=Spokane, Washington|title=Swiss star is winner in ski cup |agency=Associated Press |date=February 27, 1972 |page=3-sports}}</ref> A women's slalom scheduled for Sunday was cancelled due to weather.<ref name=slno>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1ckpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6OwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6483%2C4630524|newspaper=Spokesman-Review |location=Spokane, Washington|title=Slalom? No|agency=Associated Press|date=February 28, 1972|page=12}}</ref>

In 1974, Crystal added its first triple chairlift, Bullion Basin. High Campbell, the highest lift at Crystal, was added in 1976. It was pre-owned, purchased from the defunct Yodelin Ski Area near [[Stevens Pass]]. High Campbell serves the summit of Silver Queen and provides access to The Throne, Silver King, Campbell Basin, Avalanche Basin, and Silver Basin.

===1980s===
In 1984, Bullion Basin was moved to its current location as the Gold Hills lift. That same year, the Rendezvous and Discovery triple chairlifts were installed.<ref>http://www.skilifts.org/old/install_na1984.htm#pacific</ref>

[[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]’s first [[Detachable chairlift|high-speed detachable quad chairlift]], the Rainier Express was installed in the summer of 1988, replacing the original chair 2.<ref>http://www.skilifts.org/old/install_na1988.htm</ref> A fixed grip quad, Midway Shuttle, was added to connect the base area with Rainier Express. The Campbell Basin double was shortened because the lower half was no longer necessary.<ref>http://www.skimap.org/data/193/7/1213161511.jpg</ref> These upgrades were funded with money from investors, who in return would get future discounts on lift tickets and season passes. Today this group of investors is the Crystal Mountain Founder's Club.<ref>http://www.crystalfoundersclub.com/index.html</ref>

===1990s===
In the mid-1990s, Crystal Mountain became deeply in debt and was unable to pay for further important improvements such as new lifts and lodges. The original investors sold the area to [[Boyne Resorts]] in March 1997.<ref name="CFC history">http://www.crystalfoundersclub.com/about-us.html</ref> The deal directed Boyne to spend at least $15 million in capital improvements during the first ten years.<ref name="CFC history"/> In the first two years, Boyne purchased two high speed six passenger chairlifts, the Chinook<ref>http://www.skilifts.org/old/install_na1998.htm</ref> and Forest Queen Express<ref>http://www.skilifts.org/old/install_na1997.htm</ref> lifts to replace Midway Shuttle and Rendezvous, respectively. Boyne also made other improvements such as a new rental facility, paved parking lots, and five new Bombardier [[snowcat]] grooming machines.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}

===2000s===
The Green Valley double chairlift was replaced with a high-speed quad in the summer of 2000.<ref>http://www.skilifts.org/old/install_na2000.htm</ref> In the summer of 2007, Crystal underwent a major expansion, building the Northway chairlift in the former North Backcountry.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.seattlepi.com/getaways/336494_crystalift25.html | deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=April 2014|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> This increased developed terrain by 70% to {{convert|2300|acre|km2|1}}.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} In addition, the Summit House restaurant was remodeled.

===2010s===
During the summer of 2010, a terrain park was constructed and the Mt. Rainier [[Gondola lift|Gondola]] was installed, which travels directly from the base area to the summit house,<ref name="SC">http://www.crystalmountainresort.com/The-Mountain/Whats-New</ref> and its first day of operation was New Year's Day 2011.<ref name=ngoacm>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2013824566_apwacrystalgondola.html|newspaper=Seattle Times|agency=Associated Press|title=New gondola opens at Crystal Mountain|date=January 1, 2011}}</ref> during an extremely severe avalanche period on March 10, 2014, the ski patrol triggered an avalanche. as part of normal control work, which destroyed the High Campbell chairlift.<ref>http://www.oregonlive.com/travel/index.ssf/2014/03/crystal_mountain_chairlift_des.html</ref> During the summer of 2014 work to replace the High Campbell and Quicksilver chairs was initiated. Both new chairs are scheduled to be in service for the winter of 2014–15. The High Campbell Chair, now renamed Chair 6 opened for the 2014–15 season. The Quicksilver chair was successfully upgraded from a double to a fixed-grip quad chair. The top station was lowered {{convert|250|ft|round=5}} to cut off the steep top part of the Quicksilver Run, now rated a green circle, over a blue square. The ribbon-cutting ceremony for both chairs was held on January 8, 2015, at 9AM for Quicksilver and 10AM for Chair 6.

==World Cup alpine racers==
{{unsourced section|date=May 2016}}
{{colbegin||22em}}
*Alan Lauba (b.1961)
*[[Libby Ludlow]] (b.1981)
*[[Scott Macartney]] (b.1978)
*Paul McDonald (b.1984)
*Cathy Nagel (b.1949)
*[[Judy Nagel]] (b.1951)
*Tatum Skoglund (b.1978)
{{colend}}

== Master Development Plan ==
Following the acquisition by [[Boyne Resorts]], Crystal Mountain submitted a Master Development Plan (MDP) to the [[United States Forest Service|USFS]], which included six alternatives for redevelopment of the mountain. A draft [[Environmental impact assessment|environmental impact study]] was issued in 2001 and finalized in August 2004. John Phipps, [[Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest]] Supervisor, selected Alternative Six with modifications from the Final Environmental Impact Statement. It approves new facilities including an aerial tram to the summit, a new chairlift in Northback, a surface lift, existing chairlift upgrades, base facility renovations, employee housing and wastewater facilities. The plan is the largest in Washington’s history, costing Boyne an estimated $40 million.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}

=== Completed Projects ===
* ''Northway'' (C-12) provided direct lift access to the area north of the original ski area. Previously, this area was known as North Backcountry and required a long traverse or shuttle ride back to the base area. The new lift is a fixed-grip double chairlift from [[Doppelmayr CTEC]], installed in the summer of 2007 with a top terminal on Northway Peak.<ref>http://www.skicrystal.com/News/341/Northway-Lift-Grand-Opening</ref>
* ''Mt. Rainier Gondola'' provides direct access from the base area plaza to the summit, allowing for year-round access. Sightseers, skiers, hikers, and diners can all ride the gondola. This Doppelmayr CTEC 8-passenger lift was completed in 2010 and opened on January 1, 2010.<ref name="SC"/>
* ''High Campbell "Chair 6" Replacement'' (C-2) provided direct lift access to the area around Silver Queen and the Southback area. Previously, this area was served by a fixed-grip double known as High Campbell. The old chair was destroyed by an avalanche in March 2014 and was inoperable. The new lift is a fixed-grip double chairlift from [[HTM Skytrac]], installed in the summer of 2014 with a top terminal on Silver Queen at 7002', still providing access to Powder Bowl, Southback and Campbell Basin. The new chair can withstand higher winds than the original.
* ''Quicksilver Replacement'' (C-4) provides access to the green circle Quicksilver and black diamond Boonndoggle runs and is accessed by the Discovery triple. Previously, this chair was served by a fixed-grip double installed and left untouched since 1964. Crystal Mountain wanted to make the terrain more beginner-friendly and lowered the top station by 250 feet to avoid the steep slope at the top. The Quicksilver run was previously a blue square but was changed to a green circle. The base station is equipped with a loading carpet to ease the loading process. The new lift is a fixed-grip quad chairlift from [[HTM Skytrac]], installed in the summer of 2014 with a top terminal altitude of around 5200'. The new chair has double the uphill capacity, and the Quicksilver trail was regraded over the summer to make it more beginner-friendly.

=== Proposed and Approved ===
* ''Kelly's Gap Express'' (C-13) will rise westwards from the new Bullion Base and terminating above and to the north of Green Valley Express.<ref name="fs.fes.us">http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/mbs/projects/crystal_eis/.../crystal_mtn_mdp_app_a.pdf</ref>
* ''Bullion Basin'' (C15) would rise eastwards on the other side of valley from the Bullion Base to an area that previously had a lift abandoned in 1983 (the footprint of a lift and trails can be viewed from the top of Rainier Express). This lift will also allow access to East Peak backcountry area for expert skiers. Rumors suggest that although this lift was included in the Record of Decision, the lift may not actually be built. As of July 2007, Crystal has received the former Millicent double chair from [[Brighton Ski Resort]] ([[Utah]]) to possibly be installed as the Bullion Basin chair in the future.<ref name="fs.fes.us"/>
* ''Park N' Ride'' (C12) will provide access between the new Bullion Base and the current base area.
* Two new surface tows at the old base area (''Ptarmagin'', S1) and new Bullion Base (''Pika'', S2)<ref name="fs.fes.us"/>
* High speed replacements for the Quicksilver and Discovery chairs with no additional trail development.<ref name="fs.fes.us"/>

=== Under Forest Service review ===
None - High Campbell "Chair 6" Replacement was completed in Summer 2014.

=== Rejected by Forest Service ===
*Silver King lift, this lift would have started on Queen's Run and serviced the summit of Silver King.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://crystalmountainresort.com}}
* [http://www.skilifts.org/old/wa-crystal.htm Ski Lifts.org] - photos of lifts at Crystal Mountain
* [http://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/Crystal-s-backcountry-just-got-closer-1260113.php Crystal's backcountry just got closer] - ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]'' - 02-January–2008
* [http://www.skicrystal.com/1733.html Ski Crystal.com] - photos of Northway lift installation - 2007
* [http://www.seattletimes.com/outdoors/crystal-mountains-chairway-to-heaven/ Northway lift: Crystal Mountain's chairway to heaven] - ''[[Seattle Times]]'' - 21-February–2008
* [http://data.fis-ski.com/global-links/statistics/overview-top-ranked-in-all-competitions.html?&category=WC&sector=AL&place=Crystal%20Mountain,%20WA&gender=ALL World Cup Downhills Feb 1972] FIS-Ski.com
{{Washington Ski areas navbox}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pierce County, Washington]]
[[Category:Ski areas and resorts in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Pierce County, Washington]]

Tamburlaine

2017-03-03T21:25:52Z

R'n'B: Disambiguated: Charles Saunders → Charles Saunders (playwright), Peter Kavanagh → Peter Kavanagh (director)

{{about|the play|the 14th-century military leader and the subject of the play|Timur}}
{{italic title}}
{{engvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
[[File:Christopher Marlowe.jpg|thumb|right|An anonymous portrait, often believed to show Christopher Marlowe.]]
'''''Tamburlaine the Great''''' is a play in two parts by [[Christopher Marlowe]]. It is loosely based on the life of the [[Central Asia]]n emperor, [[Timur]] (Tamerlane/Timur the Lame, d. 1405). Written in 1587 or 1588, the play is a milestone in [[English literature#Elizabethan Era|Elizabethan]] public drama; it marks a turning away from the clumsy language and loose plotting of the earlier [[Tudor period|Tudor]] dramatists, and a new interest in fresh and vivid language, memorable action, and intellectual complexity. Along with [[Thomas Kyd]]'s ''[[The Spanish Tragedy]]'', it may be considered the first popular success of London's public stage.

Marlowe, generally considered the best of that group of writers known as the [[University Wits]], influenced playwrights well into the [[Jacobean era|Jacobean]] period, and echoes of the bombast and ambition of ''Tamburlaine'''s language can be found in English plays all the way to the [[Puritan]] closing of the theatres in 1642. While ''Tamburlaine'' is considered inferior to the great tragedies of the late-Elizabethan and early-Jacobean period, its significance in creating a stock of themes and, especially, in demonstrating the potential of [[blank verse]] in drama, is still acknowledged.

Whereas the real Timur was of [[Turkic people|Turkic]]-[[Mongolian people|Mongolian]] ancestry and belonged to the nobility, for dramatic purposes Marlowe depicts him as a [[Scythian]] shepherd who rises to the rank of emperor.

==Publication==
The play (in both parts) was entered into the [[Stationers' Register]] on 14 August 1590. Both parts were published together in a single [[black letter]] [[book size|octavo]] that same year by the printer Richard Jones; its text is usually referred to as O1. A second edition was issued by Jones in 1592, and a third reprint appeared in 1597, essentially reprinting the text of the first edition. The plays were next published separately in [[book size|quarto]] by the bookseller [[Edward White (printer)|Edward White]], ''Part 1'' in 1605 and ''Part 2'' in 1606, which reprinted the text of the 1597 printing.<ref>Chambers, Vol. 3, p. 421.</ref>

Although Christopher Marlowe was not actually cited as the author in the first printings of the play - no author is named - and the first clear attributions to Marlowe are much later than 1590, scholars attribute the play to Marlowe based on similarities to his other works. Many passages in ''Tamburlaine'' foreshadow and echo passages from others of his works, and there is a clear parallel between the character development in ''Tamburlaine'' and that of the majority of Marlowe's other characters. This evidence alone leads scholars to believe with virtual unanimity that Marlowe wrote ''Tamburlaine''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marlowe |first=Christopher |year=1971 |title=Tamburlaine |publisher=Ernst Benn Limited |location=London |editor=J.W. Harper}}</ref>

==Plot==
Part 1 opens in [[Persepolis]]. The [[Persian Empire|Persian]] emperor, Mycetes, dispatches troops to dispose of Tamburlaine, a Scythian shepherd and at that point a nomadic bandit. In the same scene, Mycetes' brother Cosroe plots to overthrow Mycetes and assume the throne.

The scene shifts to Scythia, where Tamburlaine is shown wooing, capturing, and winning Zenocrate, the daughter of the Egyptian king. Confronted by Mycetes' soldiers, he persuades first the soldiers and then Cosroe to join him in a fight against Mycetes. Although he promises Cosroe the Persian throne, Tamburlaine reneges on this promise and, after defeating Mycetes, takes personal control of the Persian Empire.

Now a powerful figure, Tamburlaine turns his attention to Bajazeth, Emperor of the Turks. He defeats Bajazeth and his tributary kings, capturing the Emperor and his wife Zabina. The victorious Tamburlaine keeps the defeated ruler in a cage and feeds him scraps from his table, releasing Bajazeth only to use him as a footstool. Bajazeth later kills himself onstage by bashing his head against the bars upon hearing of Tamburlaine's next victory, and upon finding his body Zabina does likewise.

After conquering Africa and naming himself emperor of that continent, Tamburlaine sets his eyes on [[Damascus]]; this target places the Egyptian Sultan, his father-in-law, directly in his path. Zenocrate pleads with her husband to spare her father. He complies, instead making the Sultan a tributary king. The play ends with the wedding of Tamburlaine and Zenocrate, who is crowned Empress of Persia.

In Part 2, Tamburlaine grooms his sons to be conquerors in his wake as he continues to attack his neighbouring kingdoms. His oldest son, Calyphas, preferring to stay by his mother's side and not risk death, incurs Tamburlaine's wrath. Meanwhile, the son of Bajazeth, Callapine, escapes from Tamburlaine's jail and gathers a group of tributary kings to his side, planning to avenge his father. Callapine and Tamburlaine meet in battle, where Tamburlaine is victorious. But finding that Calyphas remained in his tent during the battle, Tamburlaine kills him in anger. Tamburlaine then forces the defeated kings to pull his chariot to his next battlefield, declaring,
: Holla ye pampered jades of Asia!
: What, can ye draw but twenty miles a day?
Upon reaching [[Babylon]], which holds out against him, Tamburlaine displays further acts of extravagant savagery. When the Governor of the city attempts to save his life in return for revealing the city treasury, Tamburlaine has him hung from the city walls and shot. He orders the inhabitants — men, women, and children — bound and thrown into a nearby lake. Lastly, Tamburlaine scornfully burns a copy of the [[Qur'an]] and claims to be greater than God.
In the final act, he is struck ill but manages to defeat one more foe before he dies. He bids his sons to conquer the remainder of the earth as he departs life.

==Critical reception==
The influence of ''Tamburlaine'' on the drama of the 1590s cannot be overstated. The play exemplified, and in some cases created, many of the typical features of high Elizabethan drama: grandiloquent and often beautiful imagery, hyperbolic expression, and strong characters consumed by overwhelming passions. The first recorded comments on the play are negative; a letter written in 1587 relates the story of a child being killed by the accidental discharge of a firearm during a performance, and the next year [[Robert Greene (dramatist)|Robert Greene]], in the course of an attack on Marlowe, condemned the "atheistic Tamburlaine" in the epistle to ''Perimedes the Blacksmith''. That most playgoers (and playwrights) responded with enthusiasm is amply demonstrated by the proliferation of Asian tyrants and "aspiring minds" in the drama of the 1590s. Marlowe's influence on many characters in Shakespeare's history plays has been noted by, among others, [[Algernon Swinburne]]. [[Stephen Greenblatt]] considers it likely that ''Tamburlaine'' was among the first London plays that Shakespeare saw, an experience that directly inspired his early work like [[Shakespearean history|the three Henry VI plays]].<ref>Greenblatt, Stephen ''Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare'' W. W. Norton & Company, 2004, pp. 189–249</ref>

By the early years of the 17th century, this hyberbolic language had gone out of style. Shakespeare himself puts a speech from Tamburlaine in the mouth of his play-addled soldier Pistol ([[Henry IV, Part 2|2 Henry IV]] II.4.155).<ref>Della Hilton, ''Who Was Kit Marlowe?'', "[http://themarlowestudies.org/z-hilton/ch4-tamburlaine.pdf ''Tamburlaine'' in London]", Taplinger Publishing Company, p. 42</ref> In ''Timber'', [[Ben Jonson]] condemned "the Tamerlanes and Tamer-chams of the late age, which had nothing in them but the scenical strutting and furious vociferation to warrant them to the ignorant gapers."

Subsequent ages of critics have not reversed the position advanced by Jonson that the language and events in plays such as ''Tamburlaine'' are unnatural and ultimately unconvincing. Still, the play was regarded as the text above all others "wherein the whole restless temper of the age finds expression" (Long). Robert Fletcher notes that Marlowe "gained a high degree of flexibility and beauty by avoiding a regularly end-stopped arrangement, by taking pains to secure variety of pause and accent, and by giving his language poetic condensation and suggestiveness" (Fletcher). In his poem on Shakespeare, Jonson mentions "Marlowe's mighty line," a phrase critics have accepted as just, as they have also Jonson's claim that Shakespeare surpassed it. But while Shakespeare is commonly seen to have captured a far greater range of emotions than his contemporary, Marlowe retains a significant place as the first genius of blank verse in English drama.

==Themes==
The play is often linked to [[Renaissance humanism]] which idealises the potential of human beings. Tamburlaine's aspiration to immense power raises profound religious questions as he arrogates for himself a role as the "scourge of God" (an epithet originally applied to [[Attila the Hun]]). Some readers have linked this stance with the fact that Marlowe was accused of [[atheism]]. Others have been more concerned with a supposed anti-Muslim thread of the play, highlighted in a scene in which the main character burns the Qur'an.

Jeff Dailey notes in his article "Christian Underscoring in ''Tamburlaine the Great, Part II''" that Marlowe's work is a direct successor to the traditional medieval [[morality play]]s,<ref>Dailey, J "[http://www.athe.org/associations/12588/files/dailey.pdf Christian Underscoring in ''Tamburlaine the Great, Part II''], ''Journal of Religion and Theatre'', Vol. 4, No. 2, Fall 2005. (At Association for Theatre in Higher Education. Accessed 23 August 2012.)</ref> and that, whether or not he is an atheist, he has inherited religious elements of content and allegorical methods of presentation.

==Performance history==
The first part of ''Tamburlaine'' was performed by the [[Admiral's Men]] late in 1587, around a year after Marlowe's departure from [[Cambridge University]]. [[Edward Alleyn]] performed the role of Tamburlaine, and it apparently became one of his signature roles. The play's popularity, significant enough to prompt Marlowe to produce the sequel, led to numerous stagings over the next decade.

The stratification of London audiences in the early Jacobean period changed the fortunes of the play. For the sophisticated audiences of private theatres such as [[Blackfriars Theatre|Blackfriars]] and (by the early 1610s) the [[Globe Theatre]], Tamburlaine's "high astounding terms" were a relic of a simpler dramatic age. Satiric playwrights occasionally mimicked Marlowe's style, as [[John Marston (poet)|John Marston]] does in the induction to ''Antonio and Mellida''.

While it is likely that ''Tamburlaine'' was still revived in the large playhouses, such as the [[Red Bull Theatre]], that catered to traditional audiences, there is no surviving record of a Renaissance performance after 1595. ''Tamburlaine'' suffered more from the change in fashion than did Marlowe's other plays like ''Doctor Faustus'' or ''The Jew of Malta'' of which there are allusions to performances. [[Edward Phillips]], in his ''Theatrum Poetarum'' (1675), is so unfamiliar with the play that he attributes its writing to Thomas Newton.<ref>Quoted in Frederick S. Boas, ''Christopher Marlowe: A biographical and critical study'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953), p. 70</ref> A further sign of the obscurity this one-time audience favourite had fallen into is offered by playwright [[Charles Saunders (playwright)|Charles Saunders]]. Having written his own play in 1681 on Tamburlaine, he was accused by critics of having plagiarised Marlowe's work, to which he replied,
:I never heard of any Play on the same Subject, untill my own was Acted, neither have I since seen it, though it hath been told me, there is a Cock Pit Play going under the name of the ''Scythian Shepherd'', or ''Tamberlain the Great'', being a thing, not a Bookseller in London, or scarce the Players themselves, who Acted it formerly cou'd call to remembrance.<ref>Quoted in Boas, ''Christopher Marlowe'', p. 300</ref>

In 1919, the [[Yale Dramatic Association]] staged a ''Tamburlaine'' which edited and combined both parts of Marlowe's play. A revival of both parts in a condensed form was presented at [[The Old Vic]] in September 1951, with [[Donald Wolfit]] in the title role.<ref>Boas, ''Christopher Marlowe'', p. xiii</ref> For the Stratford Shakespeare Festival (now the [[Stratford Festival of Canada]]) in 1956, [[Tyrone Guthrie]] directed another dual version, starring [[Donald Wolfit]], [[William Shatner]], [[Robert Christie (actor)|Robert Christie]] and [[Louis Negin]];<ref name=cantheatre>[http://www.canadiantheatre.com/dict.pl?term=Negin%2C%20Louis Louis Negin] at the Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia.</ref> it travelled to Broadway, where it failed to impress—[[Eric Bentley]], among others, panned it— although [[Anthony Quayle]], who replaced [[Donald Wolfit|Wolfit]] in the title role, received a [[Tony Award]] nomination for his performance, as did [[Tyrone Guthrie|Guthrie]] for his direction.

The [[Royal National Theatre]] production in 1976 featured [[Albert Finney]] in the title role; this production opened the new Olivier Theatre on the [[South Bank]]. [[Peter Hall (theatre director)|Peter Hall]] directed. This production is generally considered the most successful of the rare modern productions.

In 1993 the Royal Shakespeare Company performed an award-winning production of the play, with [[Antony Sher]] as Tamburlaine and [[Tracy-Ann Oberman]] as Olympia.

Jeff Dailey directed both parts of the play, uncut, at the American Theatre of Actors in New York City. He presented Part I in 1997 and Part II in 2003, both in the outdoor theatre located in the courtyard of 314 West 54th Street.

[[Avery Brooks]] played the lead role in a production of the play for the [[Shakespeare Theatre Company]]. The play ran from 28 October 2007 to 6 January 2008 and was directed by [[Michael Kahn (theatre director)|Michael Kahn]]. [http://www.broadwayworld.com/viewcolumn.cfm?colid=16340]

A radio adaptation – of Part I – directed by [[Peter Kavanagh (director)|Peter Kavanagh]] was broadcast on [[BBC Radio 3]] on Sunday 16 September 2012 and starred [[Con O'Neill (actor)|Con O'Neill]] as Tamburlaine, with [[Kenneth Cranham]] as Cosroe, [[Edward de Souza]] as the Sultan and [[Oliver Ford Davies]] as Mycetes.

A new production combining Parts I and II ("trimming Marlowe’s two five-act plays to three hours of stage time [with a half-hour intermission]")<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/19/theater/marlowes-tamburlaine-parts-i-and-ii-in-brooklyn.html|last=Brantley|first=Ben|title=It’s Best Not to Make Him Angry: Marlowe’s ‘Tamburlaine, Parts I and II,’ in Brooklyn|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=2014-11-19|accessdate=January 2015}}</ref> edited and directed by [[Michael Boyd (theatre director)|Michael Boyd]] opened at the Polonsky Shakespeare Center, Brooklyn, New York on 16 November 2014 with John Douglas Thompson as Tamburlaine, Merritt Janson as Zenocrate/Callapine and a "large, multipurpose ensemble" cast.<ref name="NYT" />

A production of Tamburlaine was delivered by the Lazurus Theatre Company in London West End at the Tristan Bates Theatre between 25 August and 12 September 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lazurus Theatre Company|url=http://www.lazarustheatrecompany.com/tamburlaine-the-great}}</ref>

While the play has been revived periodically over the past century, the obstacles it presents—a large cast and an actor capable of performing in such a challenging role chief among them—have prevented more widespread performance. In general, the modern playgoer may still echo F. P. Wilson's question, asked at mid-century, "How many of us can boast that we are more than readers of Tamburlaine?"<ref>Wilson, F. P. ''Marlowe and the Early Shakespeare (Clark Lecture)'' Clarendon Press, Oxford 1953</ref>

===2005 controversy===

In November 2005, a production of ''Tamburlaine'' at the [[Barbican Arts Centre]] in London was accused of deferring to [[Muslim]] sensibilities by amending a section of the play in which the title character burns the [[Quran]] and excoriates the Islamic prophet, [[Muhammad]]. The sequence was changed so that Tamburlaine instead defiles books representing all religious texts. The director denied censoring the play, stating that the change was a "purely artistic" decision "to focus the play away from anti-Turkish pantomime to an existential epic".<ref>Farr, David [https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2005/nov/25/theatre1 "Tamburlaine wasn't censored"]. ''[[The Guardian]]'', 25 November 2005.</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Tamerlano]]''
*''[[Bajazet (opera)]]''

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Bevington, David. ''From Mankind to Marlowe: Growth of Structure in Elizabethan Drama''. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965.
* [[Edmund Kerchever Chambers|Chambers, E. K.]] ''The Elizabethan Stage.'' 4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923.
* Geckle, George L. ''Tamburlaine and Edward II: Text and Performance''. New Jersey: Humanities Press International, 1988.
* Kuriyama, Constance Brown. ''Christopher Marlowe: A Renaissance Life''. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2002.
* Waith, Eugene. ''The Herculean Hero in Marlowe, Chapman, Shakespeare, and Dryden''. New York: Columbia University Press, 1967.
* Wilson, F.P. ''Marlowe and the Early Shakespeare''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1094 Project Gutenberg etext of part I]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1589 Project Gutenberg etext of part II]
* *{{ibdb show|8517}}
* [http://www.masoncode.com/Tamburlaine.htm Masoncode.com – Esoteric symbolism in ''Tamburlaine'']
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-1887902,00.html Times Online article about the censorship of the play]
* [http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/?lid=1632 ''Tamburlaine the Great'' retrieved 3 August 2006.]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10609/10609-h/10609-h.htm Long, William. ''English Literature: Its History and Significance''.]
* [http://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-etexts/rfletcher/bl-rfletcher-history-6-marlowe.htm Fletcher, Robert. ''A History of English Literature.'' 1918.]
* {{librivox book | title=Tamburlaine the Great | author=Christopher MARLOWE}}

{{Christopher Marlowe}}

[[Category:1587 plays]]
[[Category:English Renaissance plays]]
[[Category:Plays by Christopher Marlowe]]

Joel McKinnon Miller

2017-03-02T14:40:14Z

R'n'B: Disambiguate link to Rockford

{{Infobox person
| birthname = Joel McKinnon Miller
| birth_place = [[Rockford, Minnesota]], United States
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1991—present
}}

{{BLP sources|date=March 2013}}
'''Joel McKinnon Miller''' (born 1951), sometimes credited as '''Joel McKinnon''', is an American film and television actor who has been living in [[Los Angeles]] since 1991. He is known for the [[role (performing arts)|role]] of Don Embry on [[HBO]]'s drama series ''[[Big Love]]'' and the role of Detective Norman
Scully on ''[[Brooklyn Nine-Nine]]''.

==Life and career==
Miller, a native of [[Rockford, Minnesota]], took opera singing lessons as a youth and later attended the [[University of Minnesota Duluth]] where he studied theatre. He dropped out in 1980, a few credits short of graduating, but returned to his alma mater to finish his degree in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=Opera and Television: The Making of a Star|url=https://bridge.wp.d.umn.edu/2014/02/alum-miller/|website=Bridge|publisher=University of Minnesota Duluth|accessdate=5 September 2015}}</ref>

Prior to ''Big Love'' his main role on television was as Lyle Nubbin in three episodes of ''[[Las Vegas (TV series)|Las Vegas]]''. Since 1991 he has also appeared in episodes of several American television series, including ''[[Cold Case (TV series)|Cold Case]]'', ''[[Murphy Brown]]'', ''[[The Commish]]'', ''[[Curb Your Enthusiasm]]'', ''[[Pacific Blue (TV series)|Pacific Blue]]'', ''[[Dharma & Greg]]'', ''[[The X Files]]'', ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'', ''[[Malcolm in the Middle]]'', ''[[Roswell (TV series)|Roswell]]'', ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]'', ''[[Deadwood (TV series)|Deadwood]]'', ''[[Six Feet Under (TV series)|Six Feet Under]]'', ''[[Desperate Housewives]]'', ''[[Boston Legal]]'', ''[[The Closer]]'', and ''[[Everybody Loves Raymond]]'' (in which he portrayed George, the custodian, in the episode ''[[List of Everybody Loves Raymond episodes#Season 9: 2004–2005|The Faux Pas]]'').<ref>[http://www.tv.com/joel-mckinnon/person/350141/appearances.html Profile], tv.com; accessed August 11, 2014.</ref><ref name="imdb">{{IMDb name|571930|Joel McKinnon Miller}}</ref>

His biggest role in a movie is in the 2003 award winning [[television movie]] ''[[Secret Santa]]''. He also played supporting characters in ''[[The Truman Show]]'', ''[[Galaxy Quest]]'', ''[[Rush Hour 2]]'' and ''[[Men in Black II]]'', and supplied the voice of Bromley in the [[animated feature]] ''[[The Swan Princess]]''. Miller currently appears as a cast member on ''[[Brooklyn Nine-Nine]]'' as Detective Scully.<ref name="imdb"/>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2013-present || ''[[Brooklyn Nine-Nine]]'' || [[List of Brooklyn Nine-Nine characters#Norman "Norm" Scully|Norman Scully]] || 68 Episodes
|-
| 2012-2013 || ''[[American Horror Story: Asylum]]'' || Det. Connors || 3 Episodes
|-
| 2006-2011 || ''[[Big Love]]'' || Don Embry || 46 Episodes
|-
| 2005-2006 || ''[[Las Vegas (TV series)|Las Vegas]]'' || Lyle Nubbin || 3 Episodes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Everybody Loves Raymond]]'' || George || 1 Episode
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Cold Case]]'' || Brad Atwater || 1 Episode
|-
| 2001 || ''[[The Jennie Project]]'' || Frank || TV Movie
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Nikki (TV series)|Nikki]]'' || Mr Higgins || 1 Episode
|-
| 2000 || ''[[The Family Man]]'' || Tommy ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Spin City]]'' || George || 1 Episode
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Miracle in Lane 2]]'' || Bill || TV Movie
|-
| 2000 || ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'' || Mr. Emerson || 1 Episode
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Malcolm in the Middle]]'' || Officer Carl || 1 Episode
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Galaxy Quest]]'' || Warrior Alien ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]'' || Gary Sharps || 1 Episode
|-
| 1999 || ''[[The Thirteenth Year]]'' || Hal || TV Movie
|-
| 1999 || ''[[The X-Files]]'' || Deputy Greer || Episode: "[[Agua Mala]]"
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Rugrats]]'' || Dummi Bear || Voice Only, 1 Episode
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Maggie (1998 TV series)|Maggie]]'' || Mr. Dawson || 1 Episode
|-
| 1998 || ''[[The Rat Pack]]'' || G-Man #1 || TV Movie
|-
| 1998 || ''[[The Truman Show]]'' || Garage Attendant ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Blackout Effect]]'' || Brian Mack || TV Movie
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Dharma & Greg]]'' || Hooper || 1 Episode
|-
| 1997 || ''[[The Maker (film)|The Maker]]'' || Customs Officer ||
|-
| 1997 || ''Dead Men Can't Dance'' || Bearclaw ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Crisis Center]]'' || Bob || 1 Episode
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Prison of Secrets]]'' || Dennis || TV Movie
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Star Trek: Klingon]]'' || || Video Game
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Boston Common]]'' || Manager || Episode: "Everybody's Stalking"
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Pacific Blue (TV series)|Pacific Blue]]'' || Rat Man || 1 Episode
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Sister, Sister (TV series)|Sister, Sister]]'' || Bert Walker || 1 Episode
|-
| 1996 || ''[[The Home Court]]'' || Cousin Roy || 1 Episode
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Courthouse]]'' || Officer Lucas || 1 Episode
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Picket Fences]]'' || Painter || 1 Episode
|-
| 1995 || ''[[The Commish]]'' || Michael Muldoon || 2 Episodes
|-
| 1995 || ''The Rockford Files: A Blessing in Disguise'' || Mackie || TV Movie
|-
| 1994 || ''[[The Swan Princess]]'' || Bromley || Voice Only
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Hardball (1994 TV series)|Hardball]]'' || Fan #1 || 1 Episode
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Wagons East]]'' || Zack Ferguson ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Dream Lover]]'' || Minister ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Dream On (TV series)|Dream On]]'' || Dick Hermann || 1 Episode
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Mother of the Bride (1993 film)|Mother of the Bride]]'' || Photographer || TV Movie
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Forever Young (1992 film)|Forever Young]]'' || Man At Picnic || Debut Film
|-
| 1992 || ''[[The Powers That Be (TV series)|The Powers That Be]]'' || Telephone Repair Guy || 1 Episode
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Murphy Brown]]'' || Joe Smith || 1 Episode
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|571930|Joel McKinnon Miller}}
* [http://www.tv.com/joel-mckinnon/person/350141/appearances.html Joel McKinnon (Miller) as noted at TV.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:McKinnon Miller, Joel}}
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Duluth, Minnesota]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{US-screen-actor-stub}}

Plünderung von Şamaxı

2017-02-22T16:38:04Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to Caravan (link changed to Convoy) using DisamAssist.

The '''Sack of Shamakhi''' took place in 1721,{{efn-ua|[[Michael Axworthy]] mentions that one of the gates of Shamakhi was opened to the rebels in August 1721,{{sfn|Axworthy|2010|page=42}} while Martin Sicker states that on 9 September 1721 the city of Shamakhi fell after a siege that had started on 15 August 1721.{{sfn|Sicker|2001|page=47}} The ''[[Cambridge History of Iran]]'' states that on 18 August 1721 the city was taken.{{sfn|Fisher|Avery|Hambly|Melville|1991|p=316}}}} when rebellious [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Lezgins]], within the declining [[Safavid Empire]], attacked the capital of [[Shirvan Beylarbeylik|Shirvan province]], [[Shamakhi]].{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2011|page=761}} The initially successful counter-campaign was abandoned by the central government at a critical moment and with the threat then left unchecked, Shamakhi was taken by 15,000 Lezgin tribesmen, its Shia population massacred, and the city ransacked.

The deaths of Russian merchants within Shamakhi, would be used as a ''[[Casus belli|casus belli]]'' for the [[Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)|Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723]], which lead to the cessation of trade between Iran and Russia, and for making [[Astrakhan]] the new terminus on the [[Volga Trade Route|Volga trade route]].

==Background==
[[File:Schamachia_1734.jpg|thumb|250px|A 1683 illustration of Shamakhi by [[Engelbert Kaempfer]] (published 1734 in the atlas of [[Johann Baptist Homann]])]]
By the first decade of the 18th century, the once-prosperous Safavid realm was in a state of heavy decline, with insurrections in numerous parts of its domains.{{sfn|Matthee|2005|page=27}} The king, Sultan Husayn, was a weak ruler, and although personally inclined to be more humane, flexible, and relaxed than his chief [[mullah]], he went along with the recommendations of his advisers regarding important state decisions.{{sfn|Axworthy|2010|page=42}} He reigned as a "stationary monarch", preferring, apart from the occasional [[hunting party]], to be inside or near the capital of [[Isfahan]] at all times, invisible to all "but the most intimate of courtiers".{{sfn|Matthee|2005|page=27}} Having seen not much more of the world than the [[harem]] walls, he had quickly fallen under the spell of the leading [[ulama]], most notably [[Muhammad Baqir Majlisi]].{{sfn|Matthee|2005|page=27}} Majlesi, who had already gained considerable political power during the reign of Sultan Husayn's predecessor [[Suleiman I of Persia|Suleiman{{nbsp}}I]] ({{Reign}} 1666–1694), instigated the persecutions directed towards Safavid Iran's Sunni and Sufi inhabitants, as well as its non-Muslim religious minorities, namely Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians.{{sfn|Matthee|2005|page=27}}{{sfn|Savory|2007|page=251}} Though the Christians, mainly represented by the [[Iranian Armenians|Armenians]], suffered less than other groups, they were also targeted from time to time.{{sfn|Savory|2007|page=251}} As Prof.{{nbsp}}[[Roger Savory]] states, even though Sultan Husayn did not show personal hostility towards Christians, he was persuaded by the clergy (Majlisi in particular), who had great influence over him, to issue "unjust and intolerant decrees".{{sfn|Savory|2007|page=251}} The tense religious atmosphere in the late Safavid era would prove to be a significant factor in the revolts by [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] adherents from various places within the empire.{{sfn|Axworthy|2010|page=42}} As Prof.{{nbsp}}[[Michael Axworthy]] notes: "The clearest example was the revolt in Shirvan, where Sunni religious men had been killed, religious books destroyed and Sunni mosques turned into [[stables]]".{{sfn|Axworthy|2010|page=42}}

The Sunni population in the northwestern domains of the [[Safavids]], comprising [[Shirvan Beylarbeylik|Shirvan]] and [[Dagestan]], felt the burden of the Shia persecution during Sultan Husayn's reign.{{sfn|Savory|2007|page=251}} Daud Beg, a rebel mountaineer chieftain of the [[Lezgins]] and a Sunni cleric who had been imprisoned for a long time in the Safavid city of [[Derbent]], was released not long after the Afghan attack on Safavid Iran from within its far easternmost domains.{{sfn|Fisher|Avery|Hambly|Melville|1991|p=316}}{{sfn|Matthee|2012|page=223}}{{efn-ua|Daud Beg is also referred to as in the sources as "Daud Khan", "Hajji Da'ud", and "Hajji Da'ud Beg".{{sfn|Matthee|1999|page=223}}}} Hoping that Daud Beg and his Dagestani allies would assist with the revolt on the eastern front, Daud instead put himself at the head of a tribal coalition, and subsequently launched a campaign against both the Safavid government forces and the Shia population of the empire, eventually marching upon the provincial capital of Shamakhi.{{sfn|Fisher|Avery|Hambly|Melville|1991|p=316}} In the same year he was released, the Shirvan province became a target for their raids.{{sfn|Matthee|2012|page=223}} By 1718, the Lezgin incursions into Shirvan had intensified.{{sfn|Matthee|2012|page=223}} According to Rudi Matthee, this was rumoured to be incited by then [[List of Safavid Viziers|grand vizier]] [[Fath-Ali Khan Daghestani]] (1716–1720).{{sfn|Matthee|2012|page=223}} Russia's ambassador to Safavid Iran, [[Artemy Volynsky]], who was in Shamakhi in 1718,{{sfn|Matthee|2012|page=225}} reported that, because local officials considered the grand vizier "an infidel", they therefore considered his orders invalid and even questioned the authority of the king himself.{{sfn|Matthee|2012|page=225}} Florio Beneveni, an Italian in the Russian diplomatic service, insisted that Shamakhi's inhabitants were ready to revolt against the government for "extorting large sums of money from them".{{sfn|Matthee|2012|page=225}} The maurauding raids, incursions, and pillages nevertheless carried on; in April of the same year, the Lezgins took the village of Ak{{nbsp}}Tashi (located near Nizovoi), but not before abducting a number of its inhabitants and plundering a [[Convoy|caravan]] of a mere 40 people on the road to Shamakhi.{{sfn|Matthee|2012|page=223}} After these events, numerous more reports in relation to the rebels are reported.{{sfn|Matthee|2012|page=223}}

==Attack and sack==
By early May 1718, some 17,000 Lezgin tribesmen had reached a distance of within 20 kilometers from Shamakhi, occupying themselves for the time being with looting settlements in Shamakhi's surrounding area.{{sfn|Matthee|2012|page=223}} In 1719, the Iranian government decided to send the ''[[sepahsalar]]'' [[Vakhtang VI of Kartli|Hosayn-Qoli Khan]] (Vakhtang{{nbsp}}VI of Kartli) to Georgia with the task of confronting the Lezgin rebellion.{{sfn|Matthee|2012|page=225}} Assisted by the ruler of neighboring Kakheti as well as the beglarbeg of [[Shirvan Beylarbeylik|Shirvan]], Hosayn-Qoli Khan made significant progress in putting a halt to the Lezgins.{{sfn|Matthee|2012|page=225}} However, in the winter of 1721, at a crucial moment in the campaign, he was recalled.{{sfn|Matthee|2012|page=225}} The order, which came after grand vizier Fath-Ali Khan Daghestani's fall, was made at the instigation of the eunuch faction within the royal court who had persuaded the shah that a successful end of the campaign would do the Safavid realm more harm than good, in that it would enable Vakhtang, the Safavid ''[[Vali (governor)|wali]]'', to form an alliance with Russia with the aim of conquering Iran.{{sfn|Matthee|2012|page=225}}

Shortly before the siege, the Sunnis of Shirvan province appealed for help from the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], their co-religionists{{sfn|Axworthy|2010|page=42}} and the arch-rivals of the Safavids.{{sfn|Rothman|2015|page=236}} The Lezgin "coalition", having mobilized some 15,000 tribesmen, and now assisted by Surkhay Khan of the [[Gazikumukh Khanate|Ghazikumukh]], laid siege to [[Shamakhi]] on 15{{nbsp}}August 1721.{{sfn|Sicker|2001|page=47}}{{sfn|Fisher|Avery|Hambly|Melville|1991|p=316}} Eventually, the Sunni inhabitants of Shamakhi opened one of the gates of the city, upon which thousands of Shia residents were massacred,{{efn-ua|Between 4,000–5,000 Shia's (which includes the city's officials) were killed.{{sfn|Atkin|1980|page=4}}{{sfn|Matthee|2012|page=225}}}} while Christians and foreigners were "merely" robbed.{{sfn|Fisher|Avery|Hambly|Melville|1991|p=316}}{{sfn|Axworthy|2010|page=42}} Several Russian merchants were killed as well.{{sfn|Fisher|Avery|Hambly|Melville|1991|p=316}}{{sfn|Atkin|1980|page=4}} The stores of the many [[Imperial Russia|Russian]] merchants were looted, which resulted in grave economic losses for them.{{sfn|Sicker|2001|page=48}}{{efn-ua|According to Atkin, "perhaps half a million rubles' worth of their property was seized".{{sfn|Atkin|1980|page=4}} According to Rudi Mathee, the merchants "are said to have lost 70,000–100,000 [[Iranian toman|tumans]]", citing "Bachoud, ''Lettre de Chamakié'', p. 99, for the 70,000 claim, and the Russian consul Avramov for the 100,000 claim.{{sfn|Matthee|1999|page=223}} He then later adds that the Russian sources speak of 400,000 tumans in lost merchandise, but that this is likely an exaggeration in an attempt to "bolster justification" for the Russian attack.{{sfn|Matthee|2012|page=226}} The more realistic reports according to Matthee are the ones that state 60,000 tumans.{{sfn|Matthee|2012|page=226}}}} Amongst them was Matvei Evreinov, "reputedly the wealthiest merchant in Russia", who suffered huge losses.{{sfn|Fisher|Avery|Hambly|Melville|1991|p=316}} The Shia Safavid governor of the city, his nephew, and the rest of his relatives were "cut to pieces by the mob, and their bodies thrown to the dogs".{{sfn|Axworthy|2010|page=42}} With the province subsequently completely overrun by the rebels, Daud Beg afterwards appealed to the Russians for protection, declaring his loyalty to the Tsar.{{sfn|Matthee|2012|page=226}} However, having been rebuffed by them, he then turned to the Ottomans with the same appeal, which he was granted; designated by the Sultan, he came to be the Ottoman governor of Shirvan.{{sfn|Sicker|2001|pages=47–48}}{{sfn|Fisher|Avery|Hambly|Melville|1991|p=316}}{{sfn|Matthee|2012|page=226}}

==Aftermath==
[[Artemy Volynsky]] reported to then Tsar [[Peter the Great]] ({{Reign}} 1682–1725) on the great damage done to the Russian merchants.{{sfn|Sicker|2001|page=48}}{{sfn|Fisher|Avery|Hambly|Melville|1991|p=316}} The report stipulated that the 1721 event was a clear violation of the 1717 Russo–Iranian trade treaty, by which the latter guaranteed to ensure the protection of Russian nationals within the Safavid domains.{{sfn|Sicker|2001|page=48}} With the Safavid realm in chaos, and the Safavid ruler in no way able to fulfill the provisions of the treaty, Volynsky urged Peter to take advantage of the situation, and to invade Iran on the pretext of restoring order as an ally of the Safavid king.{{sfn|Sicker|2001|page=48}}{{sfn|Fisher|Avery|Hambly|Melville|1991|p=316}} Indeed, Russia shortly afterward used the attack on its merchants in Shamakhi as the formal pretext to launch the [[Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)|Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723]].{{sfn|Axworthy|2010|page=62}}{{sfn|Matthee|2005|page=28}}{{sfn|Matthee|1999|page=223}} The episode brought the trade between Iran and Russia to a standstill, and made the city of [[Astrakhan]] the terminus for the [[Volga trade route]].{{sfn|Matthee|1999|page=223}}

==See also==
* [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam]]

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|last1=Atkin|first1=Muriel|title=Russia and Iran, 1780–1828|date=1980|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-5697-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Axworthy|first1=Michael|authorlink=Michael Axworthy|title=The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant|date=2010|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-0-85772-193-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = MAJLESI, Moḥammad-Bāqer | last = Brunner | first = Rainer | authorlink = | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/majlesi-mohammad-baqer | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | pages = | location = | publisher = | year = 2011 | isbn = |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Fisher | first1 = William Bayne | last2 = Avery | first2= P. | last3 = Hambly | first3 = G. R. G | last4 = Melville | first4 = C. | title = The Cambridge History of Iran | volume = 7 | url = https://books.google.nl/books?id=H20Xt157iYUC&dq=agha+muhammad+khan+invade+georgia&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-521-20095-0 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Matthee|first1=Rudolph P.|title=The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver, 1600–1730|date=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-64131-9|page=120|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=5U0yECMV--wC&dq=qazaq+khan+cherkes&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Matthee|first1=Rudolph P.|title=The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500–1900|date=2005|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-11855-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Matthee|first1=Rudi|title=Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan|date=2012|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-745-0|url=|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Mikaberidze|first1=Alexander|authorlink1=Alexander Mikaberidze|title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-336-1|chapter=Russo-Iranian Wars|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Rothman|first1=E. Nathalie|title=Brokering Empire: Trans-Imperial Subjects between Venice and Istanbul|date=2015|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-6312-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | title = Iran Under the Safavids | year = 2007 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = | editor-last = | editor-first = | last = Savory | first = Roger | authorlink = Roger Savory | chapter = | pages = | isbn = 978-0-521-04251-2 | url = https://books.google.nl/books?id=v4Yr4foWFFgC&dq=shamkhal+sultan+safavid+executed&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sicker|first1=Martin|title=The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire|date=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96891-5|ref=harv}}

[[Category:Massacres perpetrated by Muslims]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1721]]
[[Category:Shia–Sunni sectarian violence]]
[[Category:Rebellions against the Safavid Empire]]
[[Category:1720s in Iran]]
[[Category:18th century in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Shamakhi District]]
[[Category:Violence against Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Lezgian people]]

Malik Riaz Hussain

2017-02-21T21:53:16Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to Contractor (link changed to General contractor) using DisamAssist.

{{about|the Pakistani business magnate|the first governor of the Balochistan province of Pakistan|Riaz Hussain (politician)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Malik Riaz Hussain
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|2|8}}
| birth_place = [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan
| residence = [[Islamabad]], Pakistan
| nationality = [[Pakistani]]
| citizenship =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Founder/Chairman of [[Bahria Town]]
| known_for = [[Business tycoon]]
| net_worth =
| spouse = Beena Riaz
| children=Ahmed Ali Riaz Malik
| mother =
| religion = [[Islam]]
}}

'''Malik Riaz Hussain''' ([[Urdu]], {{lang-pa|{{Nastaliq|ملک ریاض حسین}}}}; born February 8, 1954) is a [[Pakistan]]i real estate [[tycoon]] and philanthropist. He is the founder and chairman of [[Bahria Town]].<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/613784/bahria-town-karachi-projects-received-overwhelming-response/ Bahria Town Karachi: Projects received overwhelming response]. tribune.com.pk. October 5, 2013</ref><ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/625393/housing-projects-real-estate-sector-sees-potential-recovery/ Housing projects: Real estate sector sees potential recovery]. tribune.com.pk. November 1, 2013</ref> Riaz is currently the [[List of Pakistanis by net worth|7th richest person in Pakistan]], with an estimated wealth of US$1.1 billion as of 2017 and is one of Pakistan's most prominent philanthropists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/06/13/a-true-rags-to-riches-story/|title=A true rags to riches story|access-date=2017-01-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bahriatown.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=422|title=Malik Riaz Hussain Gets Humanitarian Award - Bahria Town - Your Lifestyle Destination|last=Mansoor|first=Babur|website=bahriatown.com|access-date=2017-01-12}}</ref>

Born in [[Sialkot]] into a wealthy family which went [[Bankruptcy|bankrupt]] during his [[adolescence]]. Riaz started his career as a clerk with a construction company in [[Rawalpindi]]. In the 1980s Riaz moved to become a [[General contractor|contractor]], and in 1995 was contracted to develop a [[gated community]] for [[Pakistan Navy]]. The contract was eventually terminated, but Riaz went on to develop [[Bahria Town Rawalpindi]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=12th Richest person of Pakistan|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/06/13/news/national/a-true-rags-to-riches-story/?printType=article|publisher=[[Pakistan Today]]|date=June 13, 2012|accessdate=June 14, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newslinemagazine.com/magazine/malik-riaz-robbing-hood/|title=Malik Riaz: Robbing Hood? {{!}} Newsline|newspaper=Newsline|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-12}}</ref>

He expanded his real-estate company and developed gated communities in [[Bahria Town Karachi|Karachi]], Lahore and [[Bahria Enclave Islamabad|Islamabad]] during the 2000s, developing a combined area of 45,000 square acres.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/725440|title=Profile: Malik Riaz Hussain|date=2012-06-10|newspaper=DAWN.COM|access-date=2017-01-12}}</ref> As of 2016, Bahria has 60,000 employees, making it one of the largest private sector employers in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1248654|title=Malik Riaz on bribes, blackmail and launching media empire|date=2016-03-29|newspaper=DAWN.COM|access-date=2017-01-12}}</ref> Riaz is a controversial figure and has been subject of several curruption investigations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/924819/face-off-malik-riaz-exposes-gang-of-extortionists/|title=Face-off: Malik Riaz exposes gang of extortionists - The Express Tribune|date=2015-07-23|newspaper=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-12}}</ref><ref>[http://www.geo.tv/article-119831-Malik-Riaz-offers-to-reconstruct-homes-destroyed-in-earthquake- Malik Riaz offers to reconstruct homes destroyed in earthquake]. geo.tv</ref><ref>Javeria Nasir (March 12, 2013) [http://www.aaj.tv/2013/03/malik-riaz-moves-to-us-businessman-for-20bn-deal/ Malik Riaz inks $20bn deal with US business tycoon]. aaj.tv</ref>

== Early life ==
Malik Riaz was born to a contractor who suffered heavy losses in business forcing Riaz to drop out of [[high school]] after completing his [[Matriculation in Pakistan|matriculation]]. He went on to work as a clerk with the [[Military Engineering Service]] and often working part-time as a painter. He later moved to become a low-key contractor in the military.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/725440/profile-malik-riaz-hussain|title=Profile: Malik Riaz Hussain|last=Dawn.com|date=2012-06-10|access-date=2016-08-06}}</ref> According to [[Ayesha Siddiqa|Dr. Ayesha Siddiqa]], Riaz learnt to ‘work the system’, according to Siddiqa, Riaz used his contacts to secure a contract with [[Pakistan Navy]] in mid-1990s to develop two housing schemes in outskirts of [[Rawalpindi]]. In 2000, Pakistan Navy transeffered its entire shareholding to Hussain and later fought a legal battle with Riaz over contract infringement which the Supreme Court ruled in Hussain’s favor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alice.ces.uc.pt/news/?p=2108|title=Pakistan beyond liberal and conservative: Ayesha Siddiqa {{!}} Alice News|website=alice.ces.uc.pt|access-date=2016-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/06/13/national/a-true-rags-to-riches-story/|title=A true rags to riches story|access-date=2016-08-06}}</ref>

== Business ==
Malik Riaz has ambitiously expanded his business empire under the brand name of [[Bahria Town Group]]. Riaz is considered as a liberal in his business practises, according to [[Ayesha Siddiqa|Dr. Ayesha Siddiqa]] "to think that he is defined by religiosity and traditionalism, however, would be a mistake. His employees’ profiles show that he hires a lot of women, especially at the middle and senior management levels, because he finds them “hard-working, efficient and diligent”.'<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alice.ces.uc.pt/news/?p=2108|title=Pakistan beyond liberal and conservative: Ayesha Siddiqa {{!}} Alice News|website=alice.ces.uc.pt|access-date=2016-08-06}}</ref>

Bahria Town has projects in Lahore, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Murree and Karachi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pakistantimes.com/topics/malik-riaz/|title=Malik Riaz|last=administrator|date=2012-06-09|website=Trending Topics in Pakistan|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-06}}</ref>

==Controversies==
{{speculation|date=November 2016}}Malik Riaz Hussain was approached by an intermediary of [[Arsalan Iftikhar Chaudhry]], son of [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] [[Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry]], that he had inside information and a [[Legal case|case]] and it can be resolved in his favour. Malik Riaz Hussain in an official deposition produced itemised list of how he bankrolled a playboy lifestyle for the son of the country's top judge. [[Arsalan Iftikhar Chaudhry]] had allegedly promised to influence his father's rulings.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/12/pakistan-chief-justice-son-gifts Pakistani chief justice's son accused of taking gifts to influence father]. theguardian.com. June 12, 2012</ref>

Malik Riaz Hussain, the Chairman of Bahria Town Pvt. Ltd., has been at the center of some controversies and allegations. The allegations are mostly that he pays to get things done his way. An excerpt from pakistanherald.com states that "National Accountability Bureau (NAB) is currently looking into another application filed by a former military officer Lt-Col (retd) Tariq Kamal, which states that the land on which Bahria town is constructed, and is further expanding, was not acquired through legal means. It is alleged that Hussain has strong ties with Pakistan’s military which assisted him in building a huge empire. Some claims go as far as saying that a handful of the important serving army officers, bureaucrats and lawyers are practically on Hussian’s payroll."<ref>http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/malik-riaz-hussain-1339</ref>

In April 2016, his son Ahmed Ali Riaz was [[List of people named in the Panama Papers|named]] in the [[Panama Papers]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zain|first1=Ali|title=Exposed By Panama Papers: List of Pakistani politicians, businessmen and judges who own offshore companies|url=http://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/exposed-by-panama-papers-list-of-pakistani-politicians-businessmen-and-judges-who-own-offshore-companies/|accessdate=12 April 2016|work=[[Daily Pakistan]]|date=4 April 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.malikriaz.com Official website]
* [http://tribune.com.pk/story/455354/real-estate-how-the-arsalan-iftikhar-case-affected-bahria-town/ How the Arsalan Iftikhar case affected Bahria Town]

{{Bahria Town Group |state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Riaz, Malik}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Pakistani billionaires]]
[[Category:Pakistani businesspeople]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pakistani real estate businesspeople]]
[[Category:Pakistani philanthropists]]
[[Category:Bahria Town]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Pakistani company founders]]

Aitzaz Ahsan

2017-01-25T18:53:48Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to Statesman (link changed to Politician) using DisamAssist.

{{unreliable sources|date=January 2017}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2015}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix =
|name =Chaudhry Aitzaz Ahsan
|honorific-suffix =
|colorcode = 
|image = Aitzaz ahsan.jpg
|imagesize =
|smallimage = 
|alt =
|caption =Aitzaz Ahsan
|order =[[Senate of Pakistan|Leader of the Opposition (House of the Federation)]]
|office =
|term_start =12 March 2015
|term_end =
|vicepresident= [[Raza Rabbani|Raza Rabbani (Chairman House of the Federation)]]

|order1 =[[Senate of Pakistan|Leader of House of the Federation]]
|term_start1 =12 March 2012
|term_end1 = 12 March 2015
|president1 =[[Asif Ali Zardari]]
|primeminister1=[[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] [[Raja Pervaiz Ashraf]]
|order2 =[[Law Minister of Pakistan|19th]] [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Law and]] [[Ministry of Justice (Pakistan)|Justice]]
|office2 =
|term_start2 =21 October 1993
|term_end2 = 5 November 1996
|alongside = 
|president2 =[[Farooq Leghari]]
|primeminister2 =[[Benazir Bhutto]]
|succeeding = 
|predecessor2 =[[Rana Sanaullah Khan]]
|successor2 =[[Ashtar Ausaf Ali]]
|constituency =
|majority =
|order3 =[[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)#List of Interior Ministers of Pakistan|25th]] [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Minister of Interior]]
|office3 = 
|term_start3 =4 December 1988
|term_end3 =6 August 1990
|president3 =[[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]
|primeminister3 = [[Benazir Bhutto]]
|predecessor3 =[[Vice Admiral|VAdm]] [[Malik Nasim Ahmed Aheer|Malik Nasim Ahmad]]
|successor3 =[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain|Ch. Schuja'at Hussain]]
|constituency3 = [[Constituency NA-124]]
|majority3 = 
|order4 =President of [[Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan|Supreme Court Bar Association]]
|office4 = 
|term_start4 =25 November 2007
|term_end4 =28 October 2008
|predecessor4 =[[Munir A. Malik]]
|successor4 =[[Ali Ahmad Kurd]]
|lieutenant4 =[[Asma Jahangir]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1945|09|27}}
| birth_place = [[Murree]], [[British Indian Empire]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = Pakistani
| party = [[Pakistan Peoples Party|Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)]]
| otherparty = 
| spouse = Bushra Aitzaz
| relations =
| children =
| residence = [[Lahore]], Pakistan
| alma_mater =[[Government College University, Lahore]] (LLB) [[Downing College, Cambridge|Downing College]], Cambridge (LLM and [[Juris Doctor|JD]])
| occupation =Lawyer
| profession = [[Barrister|Barrister-at-Law]] [[Politician|statesman]]
| religion = [[Muslim]]
| cabinet =[[Bainazir Bhuttoo Government]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chaudhry Aitzaz Ahsan''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|چودھری اعتزاز احسن}}}}; b. 27 September 1945) is a Pakistani [[barrister]], veteran activist-politician, [[Constitutional theory|constitutional theorist]] and a left-wing [[Politician|statesman]] who serves as the opposition leader in the [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]].<ref>[http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=764 Aitzaz Ahsan (Leader of the Opposition)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425071903/http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=764 |date=25 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=764|title=Senate of Pakistan|website=www.senate.gov.pk|access-date=2016-12-27}}</ref>

Ahsan studied law at the [[Government College University, Lahore|GCU Lahore]] and moved to the [[United Kingdom]] where he received a [[Master of Laws]] from the [[Downing College, Cambridge|Downing College]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] and was [[Call to the bar|called to the bar]] at [[Gray's Inn]] in 1967. On return to Pakistan, Ahsan joined the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] and became the [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Planning and Development Minister]] for [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] in 1975. After the [[Operation Fair Play]] Ahsan became a prominent figure of the [[Movement for the Restoration of Democracy]].

Ahsan was elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] from Lahore in 1988 and served as the [[Pakistan Ministry of Interior|Interior minister of Pakistan]] under [[Benazir Bhutto]]'s first government and served until 1990. Ahsan sat on the opposition benches in the National Assembly between 1990 and 1993, and was elected as a member of the [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] in 1994. He re-joined the cabinet after [[Benazir Bhutto|Benazir]] re-election, and went on to serve as the [[Minister for Law, Justice and Human Rights (Pakistan)|Minister for Law, Justice and Human Rights]] until 1997. He served as the minority leader in the Senate between 1996 and 1999.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/549105/manzoor-wattoo-resigns-from-ppp-post/|title=PPP downfall: Aitzaz Ahsan resigns from Senate - The Express Tribune|date=2013-05-14|newspaper=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-27}}</ref>

He was elected to National Assembly again in 2002 and emerged as a strong critic of [[General Musharraf]].<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/news/689029/chaudhry-aitzaz-ahsan Chaudhry Aitzaz Ahsan Bio] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507204153/http://www.dawn.com/news/689029/chaudhry-aitzaz-ahsan |date=7 May 2016 }}</ref> Ahsan served as the president of the [[Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan|Supreme Court Bar Association]] between 2007 and 2008 during which he emerged as a ''de-facto'' leader of the [[Lawyers' Movement]].<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/01/magazine/01PAKISTAN-t.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 The Lawyers’ Crusade]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/561678/fresh-adjustments-zafarul-haq-appointed-senate-house-leader/ |title=Fresh adjustments: Zafarul Haq appointed Senate house leader |publisher=The Express Tribune |date=11 June 2013 |accessdate=17 November 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/lawyers-leader-aitzaz-ahsan-freed/article1-279401.aspx Lawyers' leader Aitzaz Ahsan freed] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915121458/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/lawyers-leader-aitzaz-ahsan-freed/article1-279401.aspx |date=15 September 2014 }}</ref> Ahsan's ties with the Peoples Party where tensed after the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto]].<ref>[http://www.nation.com.pk/islamabad/11-Apr-2014/zardari-snubs-aitzaz-over-questioning-party-performance-in-sindh Zardari snubs Aitzaz over questioning party performance in Sindh] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228031708/http://www.nation.com.pk/islamabad/11-Apr-2014/zardari-snubs-aitzaz-over-questioning-party-performance-in-sindh |date=28 December 2016 }}</ref>

Ahsan served twice in the cabinet of [[Benazir Bhutto]] between 1988 till 1990 and 1993 and 1996 as first the [[Pakistan Ministry of Interior|Interior minister of Pakistan]] and then as the [[Minister for Law, Justice and Human Rights (Pakistan)|Minister for Law, Justice and Human Rights]]. After the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto]]. Ahsan however was elected as a Senator in 2012 and remains a member of the Peoples Party.<ref>[http://app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=172867&Itemid=2 Aitzaz Ahsan’s entering in main PPP activities to strengthen party] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115095631/http://app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=172867&Itemid=2 |date=15 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/549105/manzoor-wattoo-resigns-from-ppp-post/ PPP downfall: Aitzaz Ahsan resigns from Senate] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227200755/http://tribune.com.pk/story/549105/manzoor-wattoo-resigns-from-ppp-post/ |date=27 December 2016 }}</ref> As a senior lawyer, Ahsan has represented the case of several prime minister's including [[Nawaz Sharif]], [[Benazir Bhutto]] and [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]], also of formar chief justice [[Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry]].<ref>[http://www1.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/111/article_3233.asp Chief Justice Chaudhry reinstated] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006224255/http://www1.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/111/article_3233.asp |date=6 October 2016 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Aitzaz Ahsan was born in [[Murree]], [[Rawalpindi District]] of [[Punjab (British India)|British-controlled]] [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]] and originated from Mangowal (Gharbi) Tehsil & District [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]], Pakistan. He was educated at a private high school.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} He belong to a Waraich [[Jatt]] family.

He [[College transfer|transferred]] from Aitchison to the [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College University]] (GCU) in 1963, where he studied law. In 1965, he graduated with a BA degree.<ref name="aa"/> Ahsan went to United Kingdom to Study Law at the [[University of Cambridge]] and studied at [[Downing College, Cambridge|Downing College]] where he completed a Law Tripos and obtained a BA and MA in 1967. Upon graduating, Ahsan was called to the Bar at [[Gray's Inn]] in 1967.<ref name="aa">{{cite web|url=http://www.aitzazahsan.com/profile.htm|title=Aitzaz Ahsan : AitzazAhsan.com|publisher=Aitzaz|accessdate=10 November 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091026162546/http://www.aitzazahsan.com/profile.htm| archivedate= 26 October 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

==Political career==

===Statesmanship and parliamentary services===

Despite belonging to a ''[[bourgeois]]'' family,{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} Ahsan's interest further grew in [[Socialism|left-wing]] ideas, initially taking cases at the [[Lahore High Court]] against industrialists and powerful feudal families.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} In 1975 he became an active member of the [[Socialism in Pakistan|left-leaning]] [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP). In his writings and speeches, Ahsan wrote in support of left-wing politics and [[social democracy]] in Pakistan.

On the PPP's political platform, Ahsan secured his electoral membership of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Punjab Assembly]] in 1977. His name for the nomination came after his senior associate [[Chaudhry Anwar Samma|Anvar Sama]] was assassinated in a [[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]] political rally during the [[Pakistani general elections, 1977|general elections]] held in 1977. Initially, Ahsan was appointed as a minister of [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Pakistan)|Ministry of Information and Mass-media Broadcasting]], by Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]].<ref name="aa"/>

He lost his PPP membership after resigning his ministry appointment, after learning the news of [[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Police]] opening fire on a rally of lawyers during the [[Pakistan National Alliance|PNA]] demonstrations against the alleged rigging of elections by the PPP government in 1977.<ref name="aa"/>

Though he maintained his relations with the Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and rejoined the PPP following the [[1977 Pakistani coup d'état|1977 military coup d'état]] led by [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|chief of army staff]] General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]]. He consistently followed up with the case hearing by the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]] of Pakistan against Bhutto in 1978.<ref name="aa"/>

Ahsan renewed his public and political activities and actively became involved with the leftist alliance the [[Movement for the Restoration of Democracy]] led under various Marxist leaders. For his participation in the MRD he was repeatedly imprisoned.<ref name="aa"/> Ahsan was elected to the National Assembly as a PPP candidate in 1988, serving as Minister for Law and Justice, the Interior and Narcotics Control, before winning re-election in 1990 and losing in 1993. In 1994 he was elected to the [[Senate of Pakistan]], where he sat as Leader of the Opposition until 1999. He was re-elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] as a Peoples Party candidate in the 2002 General Elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.com.pk/candidatedetails.php?id=1242|title=PPP – Aitzaz Ahsan's profile|publisher=[[Pakistan Peoples Party]]|accessdate=10 November 2009}}</ref>

===Law career===

Ahsan is a Senior Advocate in the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]]. He started his career with Nadeem Ahmed Advocate and soon became a senior partner of the firm Aitzaz Ahsan & Associates,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aaa-law.net |title=:-Aitzaz Ahsan & Associates-: |publisher=Aaa-law.net |date= |accessdate=17 November 2013}}</ref> consistently given the highest rank by Chambers and Partners' ranking of legal professionals.<ref>[http://www.corporatecounsel.co.uk/global/resultseditorial.aspx?fid=91614&cid=75&pid=467&solbar=1&grouptype=1#91614 Aitzaz Ahsan Firm profile] {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He also made legal history by having defended three Prime Ministers in the court of law. Having previously fought cases in defence of [[Benazir Bhutto]] in 2001, he took up the case for the defence of former prime minister [[Nawaz Sharif]].

During his tenure as a member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] he was a member of the Standing Committee on Interior and the Standing Committee on Public Accounts.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

====Chief Justice case====
{{Main|Suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry}}
Ahsan and his team, consisting of Shahid Saeed, Gohar Khan and Nadeem Ahmed successfully represented [[Chief Justice of Pakistan]], Justice [[Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry]]'s case in the Supreme Court of Pakistan [PLD 2007 SC 578]. They were pitted against a team consisting of 16 senior lawyers representing the Federation. The hearing was being conducted by a full court headed by Justice Khalil-ur-Rehman Ramday, and the 13-member panel reinstated the Chief Justice, declaring his suspension by [[Pervez Musharraf]] regime "illegal."

====Contempt of Court case and subsequent disqualification of PM Gilani====
In 2011 he was the defence lawyer for [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]], when Pakistan's Supreme Court charged him with contempt.<ref>{{cite web|last=Khan |first=Sumera |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/370187/gilani-to-appeal-contempt-conviction-aitzaz-ahsan/ |title=Gilani to appeal contempt conviction: Aitzaz Ahsan |publisher=The Express Tribune |date= |accessdate=17 November 2013}}</ref> During the trial in Court his objections including jurisdictional and on merit were rejected and Gilani was convicted with punishment to remain in Court until the rising.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} Ahsan disagreed with the ruling, claiming the decision for scandalising and ridicule of court were not in the ambit of charges put forth by Supreme court of Pakistan. The Speaker of Pakistan Parliament declared the conviction and sentence of PM of Pakistan was not on a matter of 'moral turpitude'. The sentence, she maintained, did not rise to a level of disqualification for a sitting MNA; dismissing the verdict altogether. Mr. Ahsan, announced that his client will not further appeal this matter. This ruling by the Speaker was challenged in the Supreme Court of Pakistan and on 19 June 2012, the highest court of Pakistan ruled that Mr. Gilani stands disqualified as a member of Parliament as of 26 April 2012 and also as PM of Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

===Lawyers Movement===
{{Main|2007 Pakistani state of emergency}}
[[File:Lawyer's Movement anthem 'Kal, Aaj aur Kal', recited by Aitzaz Ahsan.ogv|thumbtime=3|thumb|200px|alt=Prominent leader of the Lawyers' Movement, Aitzaz Ahsan, recites the poem "Kal, Aaj aur Kal" which became the movement's anthem|Aitzaz Ahsan reciting his famous poem "Kal, Aaj aur Kal" which became the anthem for the movement to restore judiciary in Pakistan.]]

Ahsan was arrested soon after the declaration of emergency and martial law,.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqKoZVFcc_k |title=youtube video 1 |publisher=Youtube.com |date= |accessdate=25 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWZ9wyFYz98 |title=youtube video 2 |publisher=Youtube.com |date= |accessdate=25 September 2013}}</ref> At the time he and his team (Shahid Saeed, Gohar Khan and Nadeem Ahmed Advocate) were arguing against the eligibility of General Musharraf to contest the 2007 Presidential Elections before a full bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. 33 US Senators wrote to President Musharraf to release Barrister Aitzaz Ahsan immediately.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

He withdrew his papers of nomination to run for the National Parliament, in deference to the National Lawyers' Convention decision to boycott elections under Mr. Musharraf.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

He was rearrested during his three days' reprieve for celebrating a religious holiday, when he decided to offer prayers with Mr. Iftikhar Chaudhry and was heading to Islamabad. He has served detention in his house for 90 days and has declared his detention as illegal.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} He refused to abandon his work for the restoration of the judiciary, and was reluctant to negotiate when approached by Attorney General.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

Ahsan has been awarded the Asian Human Rights Defender Award by the Hong Kong-based Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC), along with Munir A Malik (past President SCBA).{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} The annual Award for Distinction in International Law and Affairs will be presented to Aitzaz Ahsan in absentia as more than 5,000 lawyers gather for the annual meeting of the New York State Bar Association (NYSBA).{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

Freed for two days, Mr. Ahsan was rearrested for 30 days on 2 February 2008 before he was to board a flight to Sindh to offer his condolences to Benazir Bhutto's husband.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

===LPG Quota Scandal===

The Supreme Court was informed on Tuesday that the previous government had awarded the LPG quota allegedly in a non-transparent manner to certain individuals, including Bushra Aitzaz Ahsan of Sam Gas (2005), who is wife of Aitzaz Ahsan.<ref name="LPG Quota Scandal">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/629624/rules-violated-in-awarding-lpg-quota-sc-told |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-11-16 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517035353/http://www.dawn.com:80/news/629624/rules-violated-in-awarding-lpg-quota-sc-told |archivedate=17 May 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>

===Literary contribution===

He was the author of the book ''The Indus Saga and the Making of Pakistan'' and its [[Urdu]] translation, ''Sindh Sagar Aur Qyam-e-Pakistan'' which presents the cultural history of Pakistan.<ref name="PIL">[http://www.pildat.org/mna/profile.asp?detid=124 Aitzaz Ahsan representative for NA-124 , Lahore-VII] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630012609/http://www.pildat.org/mna/profile.asp?detid=124 |date=30 June 2006 }}</ref>

He has also co-authored the book ''Divided by Democracy'' with [[Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai|Lord Meghnad Desai]] of the [[London School of Economics]].<ref>[https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43341.htm Divided by Democracy/Meghnad Desai and Aitzaz Ahsan. New Delhi, Roli, 2005] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017163428/https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43341.htm |date=17 October 2006 }}</ref>

===Honours===

Ahsan received an Honorary [[Fellow]]ship of [[Downing College]], one of the constituent colleges of the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dow.cam.ac.uk/dow_server/mfs/honorary_fellows/A._Ahsan.html |title=Aitzaz Ahsan Honorary Fellow – Downing College Cambridge |publisher=Dow.cam.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=25 September 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/user_files/file/18th_amendment_order.pdf IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PAKISTAN] (Original Jurisdiction)
* [http://www.aitzazahsanlaw.com Aitzaz Ahsan & Associates]
* [[Pakistan Bar Council]] (PBC)
* [[Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan]] (SCBA)
* [[Fakhruddin G. Ebrahim]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{more footnotes|date=November 2013}}
* [http://www.nadeemahmedadvocate.com/ Nadeem Ahmed Advocate website]
* [http://www.aitzazahsanlaw.com Aitzaz Ahsan & Associates Firm Website]
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01EFDC1430F930A25752C1A9619C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print New York Times story, Nov 2007]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/28/world/asia/28islamabad.html?ref=asia&pagewanted=print New York Times story, July 2007]
* [http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsMay2003/cover3may2003.htm 2003 Interview]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060630012609/http://www.pildat.org/mna/profile.asp?detid=124 PILDAT profile]
* [http://www.ibitians.com/category/personalities/aitzaz-ahsan/ Read Columns for Aitzaz Ahsan at IBITIANS.com (Urdu)]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |title=[[Interior Minister of Pakistan]]|
years=1988–1990|
before=Malik Nasim Ahmed Aheer|
after=Mian Zahid Sarfraz}}
{{s-end}}
{{Socialism in Pakistan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahsan, Aitzaz}}
[[Category:Aitchison College alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani Marxists]]
[[Category:Pakistan Peoples Party politicians]]
[[Category:Interior Ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani barristers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Downing College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law]]
[[Category:Members of Gray's Inn]]
[[Category:Pakistani politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistani democracy activists]]
[[Category:Government College University, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Murree]]
[[Category:Pakistani lawyers]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:21st-century Pakistani politicians]]

Holy Trinity Anglican Church (Woolloongabba)

2017-01-20T11:12:39Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to The Telegraph (link changed to The Telegraph (Brisbane)) using DisamAssist.

{{Use Australian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Holy Trinity Anglican Church, Woolloongabba
| image = Entrance to Holy Trinity Anglican Church, Woolloongabba.jpg
| caption = Building entrance, 2015
| locmapin = Queensland#Australia
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|-27.4881|153.0311|region:AU-QLD_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| location = 68 Hawthorne Street, [[Woolloongabba, Queensland|Woolloongabba]], [[City of Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], Australia
| beginning_label = Design period
| beginning_date = 1919 - 1930s (interwar period)
| built = 1930
| built_for =
| demolished =
| architect = [[Eric Ford (architect)|Eric Ford]]
| architecture = [[Mission Revival architecture|Spanish Mission]]
| owner =
| designation1 = Queensland Heritage Register
| designation1_offname = Holy Trinity Anglican Church, Holy Trinity Church of England
| designation1_type = state heritage (landscape, built)
| designation1_date = 9 May 2008
| delisted1_date =
| designation1_partof =
| designation1_number = 601875
| designation1_free1name = Significant period
| designation1_free1value = 1930s (historical) 1930s (fabric) ongoing (social)
| designation1_free2name = Significant components
| designation1_free2value = furniture/fittings, stained glass window/s, church, views from, tower - bell / belfry, views to
| designation1_free3name = Builders
| designation1_free3value =
}}

'''Holy Trinity Anglican Church''' is a [[Queensland Heritage Register|heritage-listed]] [[church (building)|church]] at 68 Hawthorne Street, [[Woolloongabba, Queensland|Woolloongabba]], [[City of Brisbane|Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]. Since the formation of the [[Church of England]] [[Parish]] of [[Woolloongabba]] in 1869, three church buildings have stood on this site. The current church was completed by J. H. Davis in 1930. It was designed by the architect, [[Eric Ford (architect)|Eric Ford]] in the [[Mission Revival architecture|Spanish mission style]]. The church was added to the [[Queensland Heritage Register]] on 9 May 2008.<ref name=qhr>{{cite QHR|16612|Holy Trinity Anglican Church|601875|accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:Holy Trinity Church of England at Woolloongabba 1949.tiff|thumb|Holy Trinity Church of England, Woolloongabba, 1949]]

[[Woolloongabba]] is a densely occupied [[suburb]] of [[Brisbane]], located {{convert|2|km|mi}} south of the [[Brisbane]] [[central business district|CBD]].<ref>Koulizos P. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=JfodDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96&dq=brisbane+woolloongabba&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy296hmqPRAhUJNpQKHVC9BXwQ6AEIIjAA#v=onepage&q=brisbane%20woolloongabba&f=false "The Property Professor's Top Australian Suburbs"] John Wiley & Sons, 2016 p96 ISBN 1118320379. Accessed 2 January 2017 at Google Books.</ref> Prior to the arrival of European people, [[Indigenous Australians]] lived in the area. These were people of the [[Turrbal]] nation.<ref>Kerwin D. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=NZdr_x-VNBsC&pg=PA125&dq=aboriginal+people+of+brisbane&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjihpjXm6PRAhVGE5QKHeVUCowQ6AEILTAC#v=onepage&q=aboriginal%20people%20of%20brisbane&f=false "Aboriginal Dreaming Paths and Trading Routes"] Sussex Academic Press, 2011 p125. ISBN 1845195299 Accessed at Google Books 2 January 2016.</ref>

In 1825, the [[Moreton Bay]] colony, a [[penal colony]], was established on the north bank of the [[Brisbane river]].<ref>Craig L. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=hVEXWJLALscC&dq=penal+colony+brisbane&source=gbs_navlinks_s "Australian History Series: The Australian Colonies"] Ready-Ed Publications, 2011 p12. ISBN 1863978240. Accessed at Google Books 2 January 2016.</ref> Free settlement in the colony by European people was allowed from 1842.<ref>Fisher R. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=5mMhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&dq=brisbane+settlement+1842&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJq7XFn6PRAhXHLpQKHUsVD88Q6AEIGTAA#v=onepage&q=brisbane%20settlement%201842&f=false "The Best of Colonial Brisbane"] Boolarong Press, 2012 p3 ISBN 192210907X Accessed at Google Books 2 January 2016.</ref> From that time until the 1860s, the area south of the river that would become [[Woolloongabba]] remained an undeveloped stretch of [[wetland]] known as One Mile Swamp.<ref name="Laverty 2009">Laverty J. R. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZL_bETiZ9P0C&pg=PA97&dq=woolloongabba&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQ2rbFkKPRAhWDnJQKHWMpBFwQ6AEISTAH#v=onepage&q=woolloongabba&f=false "The Making of a Metropolis: Brisbane, 1823-1925"] Brisbane History Group, Boolarong Press, 2009 p165 ISBN 0975179357 Accessed at Google Books 2 January 2016.</ref> It was a government reserve with fresh water for the colony.

In 1851, however, land in the One Mile Swamp area was made available for private purchase.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3714879 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The Moreton Bay Courier]] |volume=X, |issue=474 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=14 July 1855 |accessdate=9 January 2017 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Then, in 1864, a set of residential and business allotments, called the Clarence Town Estate, was sold by auction. Advertisements for the allotments cited the benefits of an uninterrupted supply of fresh water from One Mile Swamp; the development of transportation and mail routes through One Mile Swamp to places like [[Cleveland, Queensland|Cleveland]] and [[Ipswich, Queensland|Ipswich]];<ref name="Laverty 2009"/> and the promise of a bridge across the Brisbane river.<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1259677?searchTerm=%22clarence%20town%20estate%22&searchLimits=l-state=Queensland|||sortby=dateAsc "Monster Land Sale of South Brisbane] The Brisbane Courier 14 July 1864 p4 Accessed at Trove 4 January 2017.</ref>

In 1869, an allotment at Clarence Town Estate atop a hill at [[Woolloongabba]] was donated to the [[Anglican Diocese of Brisbane]] by the Reverend Robert Creyke. Creyke held multiple roles in the colony: he was a minister of the [[Church of England]]; district registrar for Moreton Bay from 6 January 1860; and Queensland acting deputy registrar general.<ref>[http://www.qgso.qld.gov.au/about-us/our-services/data-information-dissemination/q150/historical-maps/index.php "Historical Maps"] Queensland Government Statistician's Office 8 December 2015. Accessed 4 January 2017.</ref><ref>de Looper M. W. [https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/16791/1/De%20Looper%20Thesis%202015.pdf "Death registration and mortality trends in Australia 1856–1906"] Australian National University Open Research Repository May 2014. Accessed 4 January 2016.</ref> The deed of the allotment had been acquired in 1861 by his late son, also Robert Creyke, and Mary Ann Peterson. The new Church of England congregation was formed. Its meetings and services were held in local buildings such as the Buffalo Hotel on the Ipswich road.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article21589658 |title=NEW CHURCH. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |issue=22,676 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=2 October 1930 |accessdate=17 January 2017 |page=17 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref name=qhr/>

== 1870 - 1874 ==
In 1870, a simple wooden church was built after a design by the [[Ireland|Irish]] born, Australian architect, [[Richard Gailey]] (1834 - 1924). At this time, the church was called, ''Woolloongabba Church of England, South Brisbane''.<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/169487975?searchTerm=church%20woolloongabba&searchLimits=l-state=Queensland|||sortby=dateAsc|||l-category=Article "Woolloongabba Church"] The Telegraph 16 Apr 1873 p2. Accessed at Trove 7 January 2017.</ref> In 1873, the church was represented by Mr Robinson and children of the Sunday school at a meeting of the Church of England Sunday School Union in the [[City Botanic Gardens]].<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1305521?searchTerm=%22holy%20trinity%22%20church%20brisbane&searchLimits=l-state=Queensland|||l-decade=187|||sortby=dateAsc "Church of England Sunday School Union"] The Brisbane Courier 2 January 1873 p2. Accessed at Trove, 4 January 2017.</ref> This first church building blew down in a storm in October 1874.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19637299 |title=Fortieth Anniversary of Holy Trinity, Woolloongabba. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |issue=16,342 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=28 May 1910 |accessdate=17 January 2017 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

== 1875 - 1889 ==
A second church building was dedicated for service on 23 May 1875 by the Archdeacon Glennie. It was known as ''Holy Trinity Church, Woolloongabba''.<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1388382?searchTerm=%22holy%20trinity%22%20brisbane&searchLimits=sortby=dateAsc|||l-state=Queensland|||l-category=Article|||l-decade=187|||l-title=16# "Telegraphic"] The Brisbane Courier 1 Aug 1876 p2. Accessed at Trove 7 January 2017.</ref> It was built on a rectangular plan with a steeply pitched [[Roof shingle|shingle]]d roof and [[gable]]s.<ref name=qhr/> Like the first church building, it was a rudimentary, timber structure. In their report of 1880, the Holy Trinity [[Churchwarden]]s compared it to a [[woolshed]]. Improvements were difficult due to a lack of funds. The [[churchwarden]]s went as far as raffling a chestnut horse in order to raise the monies needed.<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/174714662?searchTerm=church%20woolloongabba&searchLimits=l-state=Queensland|||sortby=dateAsc|||l-category=Article "Miscellanea"] The Telegraph 5 June 1880 p2. Accessed at Trove 8 January 2017.</ref> Eventually, the church ceiling was lined and a bell was installed.<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/175546236?searchTerm=%22church%20woolloongabba%22&searchLimits=l-decade=188|||sortby=dateAsc "Bishop Hale at Woolloongabba"] The Telegraph 25 July 1881 p2. Accessed at Trove 8 January 2017.</ref> In 1884, a communion table was purchased.<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3429382?searchTerm=%22church%20woolloongabba%22&searchLimits=l-decade=188|||sortby=dateAsc "Woolloongabba Church"] The Brisbane Courier 25 April 1884 p5. Accessed at Trove 8 January 2017.</ref>

The Reverend Hugh Thomas Molesworth (born June 1860, New [[Brompton, Kent]] - died 30 June 1930 Brisbane) was appointed curate-in-charge of Holy Trinity in 1886. At that time, Holy Trinity was a church within the Parish of [[South Brisbane, Queensland|South Brisbane]] but the congregation was growing. For instance, in 1886, the Holy Trinity Sunday School numbered 143 children and 24 teachers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article174706294 |title=Church of England Sunday Schools Demonstration. |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Brisbane)|The Telegraph]] |issue=4,275 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=25 May 1886 |accessdate=10 January 2017 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Molesworth proposed the formation of a Woolloongabba parish, separate from that of South Brisbane. On 19 January 1888, the Holy Trinity Church of England Parish of Woolloongabba was constituted by the Brisbane Church of England Diocesan Council. Reverend David Ruddock (1850 - 1920) was appointed rector.<ref>{{Citation | author1=Ruddock, David | title=David Ruddock Papers | url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/200346360 | accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> He ministered at the church until 1893 and was replaced by the Reverend Hugh Simmonds.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article173509901 |title=Rector Departing. |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Brisbane)|The Telegraph]] |issue=6,306 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=3 January 1893 |accessdate=11 January 2017 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

In November 1889, a new wooden church hall and Sunday school were opened. The hall was designed by the Brisbane architect, [[John Henry Burley]]. It measured {{convert|66|ft|m}} by {{convert|25|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3504521 |title=The Brisbane Courier. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=9,945 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=28 November 1889 |accessdate=10 January 2017 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> By 1890 a rectory was constructed on the site to the design of diocesan architect, [[John Hingeston Buckeridge]]. This was in use until destroyed by fire in 1956.<ref name=qhr/>

On 4 November 1895, two men were executed by [[hanging]] at [[Boggo Road Gaol]]. Reverend Simmonds, Rector of Woolloongabba Parish, in which the gaol stands, attended to one of the men, an Aboriginal man called ''Jacky''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article183713976 |title=Dual Execution. |newspaper=[[The Week]] |volume=XL, |issue=1,037 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=8 November 1895 |accessdate=11 January 2017 |page=24 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The priest of Holy Trinity Woolloongabba, then Reverend W. P. Oakeley, also attended a condemned Aboriginal man called ''Billy Broom'' at Boggo Road Gaol on Monday 11 June 1900.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article185585494 |title=DEATH PENALTY. |newspaper=[[Darling Downs Gazette]] |volume=XLII, |issue=9,664 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=13 June 1900 |accessdate=15 January 2017 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

== 1900 - 1914 ==
Parish life around the turn of the century was busy; there were services with large congregations (a record 154 communicants on Sunday 12 April 1903), weddings, social gatherings, concerts and activities such as amateur dramatics, debating and cricket and fund raising events.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19233640 |title=HOLY TRINITY, WOOLLOONGABBA. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |volume=LIX, |issue=14,117 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=13 April 1903 |accessdate=15 January 2017 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article175289418 |title=Amateur Dramatics. |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Brisbane)|The Telegraph]] |issue=8,709 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=18 October 1900 |accessdate=15 January 2017 |page=4 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19086553 |title=HOLY TRINITY CHURCH, WOOLLOONGABBA. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |volume=LVIII, |issue=13,568 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=8 July 1901 |accessdate=15 January 2017 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The year 1901 was notable for the services of mourning, featuring black and purple, following the death of [[Queen Victoria]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article174945521 |title=HOLY TRINITY, WOOLLOONGABBA. |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Brisbane)|The Telegraph]] |issue=8,795 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=28 January 1901 |accessdate=15 January 2017 |page=5 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

In June 1906, a building fund was commenced to raise monies for a new and larger church building to accommodate Holy Trinity Woolloongabba's growing congregation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19454207 |title=Holy Trinity Church, Woolloongabba. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |volume=LXII, |issue=15,106 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=12 June 1906 |accessdate=15 January 2017 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

In 1910, [[Edward VII]] died. The words of the [[David John Garland|Reverend D. J. Garland]] at the services of Sunday 8 May 1910 reflected the mood of the congregation. Garland said the King's death had "come with a suddenness which had been so shocking that it was impossible for anyone to speak calmly of the calamity which had befallen the Empire". Many of those present at the services were wearing [[mourning]] clothes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19633938 |title=HOLY TRINITY CHURCH. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |issue=16,325 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=9 May 1910 |accessdate=15 January 2017 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The Holy Trinity Womens' Guild along with many other groups, delivered a wreath to the Brisbane mayoress at the town hall.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19636085 |title=WREATHS AT THE TOWN HALL. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |issue=16,336 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=21 May 1910 |accessdate=15 January 2017 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Just one week later, Holy Trinity Woolloongabba celebrated the fortieth anniversary of its dedication.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19637299 |title=Fortieth Anniversary of Holy Trinity, Woolloongabba. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |issue=16,342 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=28 May 1910 |accessdate=15 January 2017 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

== World War I (1914 - 1918) ==
In the first months of the [[Military history of Australia during World War I|Great War]] little changed at Holy Trinity Woolloongabba: Sunday services, weddings, fetes and fundraising continued. In mid 1915, well after the start of the [[Gallipoli Campaign]] on [[Anzac Day|25 April 1915]], St Clair George Alfred Donaldson (Dr Donaldson), first Archbishop of Brisbane, sermonised at Holy Trinity Woolloongabba on the nature of the Christian spirit in war.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article20015489 |title=THE CHRISTIAN SPIRIT AND THE PRESENT CRISIS. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |issue=17,906 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=7 June 1915 |accessdate=16 January 2017 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Soon, priests, including Cecil Edwards, were leaving Brisbane to become [[military chaplain]]s. Parishes were being asked to release their chaplains to accompany soldiers on [[troopship]]s on full pay.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article20131920 |title=SACRIFICE. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |issue=18,175 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=17 April 1916 |accessdate=16 January 2017 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Proceeds of fundraising went to the war effort and parishes were holding send-offs for men and women who were enlisting.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article181475863 |title=Social and Personal. |newspaper=[[The Week]] |volume=LXXX, |issue=2,078 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=22 October 1915 |accessdate=16 January 2017 |page=23 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

By September 1918, some men were returning to the parish.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article175504790 |title=Personal Notes. |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Brisbane)|The Telegraph]] |issue=14,291 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=13 September 1918 |accessdate=16 January 2017 |page=4 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The rector, Cecil Edwards returned in January 1920.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article180967283|title=THE CHURCHES. - Daily Standard (Brisbane, Qld. : 1912 - 1936) - 10 Jan 1920|last=|first=|date=|website=Trove|publisher=|access-date=2017-01-17}}</ref>

In the following year, the global influenza pandemic, known as the [[1918 flu pandemic|''Spanish flu'']] reached Brisbane. Holy Trinity Woolloongabba church hall was a meeting place for organisation of care in the emergency.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article190746342 |title=PNEOFLD. |newspaper=[[Daily Standard]] |issue=2008 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=31 May 1919 |accessdate=17 January 2017 |page=5 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

== Fire of 1929 ==
In the 1920s, fund raising for a new church building at Holy Trinity Woolloongabba recommenced with a system of long term subscriptions. A target amount of £ 5,000 was set.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182824866 |title=THE CHURCHES. |newspaper=[[Daily Standard]] |issue=3682 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=25 October 1924 |accessdate=17 January 2017 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> However, on the evening of Wednesday 11 December 1929, the church was destroyed by fire. There were no injuries.The source of the fire was not apparent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article181321019 |title=Church on Fire |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Brisbane)|The Telegraph]] |issue=17,792 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=12 December 1929 |accessdate=17 January 2017 |page=8 (CITY EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The claim to the Diocesan Fire Insurance Fund was £ 1,019.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article184446329 |title=Fire Insurance |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Brisbane)|The Telegraph]] |issue=17,954 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=21 June 1930 |accessdate=17 January 2017 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

[[Gerald Sharp]], Archbishop of Brisbane, lay the foundation stone of the new church on Sunday 2 May 1930.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article184169166 |title=NEWS OF THE CHURCHES |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Brisbane)|The Telegraph]] |issue=17,859 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=1 March 1930 |accessdate=17 January 2017 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Building of the new church was completed in September 1930.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article70275558 |title=ARCHITECTURAL BEAUTY. |newspaper=[[The Central Queensland Herald]] |volume=1, |issue=39 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=25 September 1930 |accessdate=17 January 2017 |page=50 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Bishop Batty dedicated the new church on Saturday 4 October 1930.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article21589658 |title=NEW CHURCH. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |issue=22,676 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=2 October 1930 |accessdate=17 January 2017 |page=17 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> A dedication festival took place on Sunday 4 October 1931 in the presence of the archbishop, Dr Sharp.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article190687837 |title=Anglican |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Brisbane)|The Telegraph]] |issue=18,354 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=3 October 1931 |accessdate=19 January 2017 |page=10 (FIRST EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
In about 1916 a subscription scheme was devised to allow parishioners to donate a sum of money over a lengthy period which finally contributed to the construction of a substantial church in 1930. The 1920s was a period of expansion for the Church of England in Queensland and during this time many older churches were rebuilt and new churches constructed. Typically these new buildings were unpretentious, retaining influence from the nineteenth century [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] but with more awareness of the Queensland sub-tropical climate. In the late 1920s experimentation with derivatives of a hybrid of [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and [[Mission Revival Style architecture|Spanish Mission architecture]] are apparent in both the Holy Trinity Church at Woolloongabba and at another [[Holy Trinity Church, Mackay|Holy Trinity Church]] in [[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]] designed by [[Lange Powell]]. Earlier in 1924, [[Our Lady of Victories Catholic Church]] at [[Bowen Hills, Queensland|Bowen Hills]] was constructed using Spanish Mission influences but few other churches display the hybrid style developed by the architect Eric Ford at Woolloongabba.<ref name=qhr/>

== Priests ==
* David Ruddock: 1888-1893
* Hugh Simmonds: 1893
* W. P. Oakely: 1899 - 1901
* Jasper S. Caiger: 1901
* E. C. Ganly: ( - 1925) rector 1904 - 1907
* David John Garland: 1907-1913<ref>{{cite web|title = Holy Trinity Church|url = http://www.garlandmemorial.com/holy-trinity-opened-1930/|publisher = Canon Garland Memorial Society|accessdate = 17 February 2016}}</ref> Described as "overpoweringly energetic with a distinctive flair, if not genius, for organisation". Played a pivotal role in the Queensland experience of the war, and was a central figure in a variety of committees and organisations established to aid the war effort and support or commemorate serving or returned soldiers.<ref name="adb">{{cite web|last = Mansfield|first = Wendy M.|title = Garland, David John (1864–1939)|url = http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/garland-david-john-6278|work = Australian Dictionary of Biography|publisher = National Centre for Biography, Australian National University|accessdate = 17 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://blogs.slq.qld.gov.au/ww1/2015/10/14/digitisedslq-letters-of-army-chaplain-david-john-garland/|title = Digitised@SLQ: Letters of army chaplain David John Garland|date = 14 October 2015|access-date = 17 February 2016|website = SLQ blogs|publisher = [[State Library of Queensland]]|last = Hamilton|first = Robyn}}</ref>
* Cecil Howard Edwards: 1913 - 1915, 1920-1925
* S. Watkins: 1915 - 1920 (locum tenens)
* E. Morgan Baker: 1915 -
* R. B. Massey: 19 May 1925 - 1933
* A. E. Morris: 1933 -

The architectural firm, Chambers and Ford who designed the Woolloongabba Church of England, was a partnership of [[Claude William Chambers]] and Eric Marshall Ford. Chambers and Ford remained in practise in Brisbane from 1920 until 1951, although Chambers was largely not involved and moved permanently to [[Sydney]] in about 1935. Chambers was a highly experienced and notable architect, who worked for a number of prominent Brisbane firms during the nineteenth century and formed several partnerships in the twentieth century, including [[Chambers and Powell]] (where EM Ford was office manager); Chambers and Ford and [[Chambers and Hutton]]. The partnership of Chambers and Ford designed several Brisbane churches notably St Margaret's Church of England, [[Sandgate, Queensland|Sandgate]] (1927) and St James' Church, [[Kelvin Grove, Queensland|Kelvin Grove]] (1943).<ref name=qhr/>

Plans, prepared by Ford, for the erection of a new church at Woolloongabba were ready by the end of the 1920s and it is thought that the design was chosen from a limited competition. The parish was saved the expense of the demolition of the earlier church which was blazed to the ground in a fire on 11 December 1929.<ref name=qhr/>

The foundation stone was laid on 3 March 1930 by [[Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane|Archbishop]] [[Gerald Sharp]]. A description rendered by the Buildings and Real Estate writer of the [[Brisbane Courier]], talked of the building designed in the Italian Romanesque style of the eleventh century, "slightly modified to suit local conditions". The plan comprised a prominent tower, [[Vestry (architecture)|vestry]], entrance [[porch]] and [[nave]] with side aisles and octagonal [[chancel]]. A basement was to provide access for a further two vestries. Finishes throughout the church included face brick internal walls with black [[tuckpointing]], timber panelled ceilings and external roughcast render. A red tiled roof was to provide a contrast with the [[whitewash]]ed external walls.<ref name=qhr/>

Tenders were called by Chambers and Ford for the Holy Trinity Church in the February edition of the [[Architects and Builder's Journal of Queensland]] and in the May edition of the journal the tender of JH Davis was accepted. The final cost of the church was about £9800.<ref name=qhr/>

The Holy Trinity Church was dedicated on 4 October 1930 by the Coadjutor Bishop of Brisbane, the Right Reverend [[Francis de Witt Batty]]. Most of the descriptions of the building on the day of its [[dedication]] focussed on its extraordinary site which crowned the highest part of Hawthorne Street and commanded a view of the entire parish. The completed building housed an organ by Messrs Whitehouse costing £560, electric lighting installed by Mr Dudley Winterford, plasterwork by James Bain & Son, glazing by Decorative Art Company and leadlights by [[RS Exton & Co|Exton & Company]]. The garden and landscaping was set out by Mr H Stokes. Many of the internal fittings were donated by parishioners and much of the fitted and loose furniture, including the altar furniture and [[pew]]s was designed by the architect, Eric Ford.<ref name=qhr/>

The church has remained as it was constructed with very few apparent alterations. The organ pipes have been painted, carpet runners and squares have been laid, commemorative [[stained glass]] windows have been added to the side aisles and work appears to have been undertaken on the [[reredos]] screen which is now concealed by a heavy curtain. The exterior of the church has been painted but retains a whitewashed appearance.<ref name=qhr/>

Alterations to the site include the 1938 renovation of an sub-basement area in the church for a [[columbarium]], or a place to hold funerary vases and the erection of a freestanding [[bell tower]] in 1949 to commemorate those soldiers who were killed during [[World War II]]. In 1956 after the original [[rectory]] was destroyed the church acquired an adjoining property with an early house from the Sawyer family. This building became the rectory. In 1971 a freestanding [[crucifix]] was erected on the southern side of the church commemorating Eric Johnstone. The most substantial changes to the church complex occurred in late 1997 to early 1998 when the church hall and rectory were demolished.<ref name=qhr/>

== Description ==
[[File:Foundation stone at Holy Trinity Anglican Church, Woolloongabba.jpg|thumb|Foundation stone, 2015]]
The Holy Trinity Church is a substantial, prominently sited building located on the crest of a hill in Hawthorne Street, Woolloongabba. The church complex, including the church and adjacent hall, called Trinity Place, has views of the surrounding suburbs: [[Mater Hill]], [[Kangaroo Point, Queensland|Kangaroo Point]] and Woolloongabba.<ref name=qhr/>

The church is a brick structure with all external surfaces rendered with a roughcast concrete [[stucco]]. The principal roof is clad with [[terracotta]] cordova tiles. The design of the building is strongly influenced by the popular Spanish Mission style of the inter-war period manifest both externally and internally in the textured render, barley twist [[columns]], heavy timber joinery and cordova roofing tiles. Combined with this obvious influence is [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] detailing including the raked arch motif on the [[parapet]]s, [[Dome|domed roofs]], tower and round arched openings embellished with [[Norman architecture|Norman detailing]].<ref name=qhr/>

The church has a traditional [[cruciform]] floor plan, with shallow [[transepts]], an octagonal [[chancel]] at the eastern end and a dominant tower projecting from the north western corner. The body of the church is divided into a [[nave]] with a [[gable]]d roof abutted on the northern and southern sides by [[skillion roof]]ed [[aisle]]s, creating a high level [[clerestory]]. The transepts are formed by gabled abutments to the principal roof and the eastern end of the roof is separated from the principal by a secondary gabled parapet from which an octagonal hipped section roofs the chancel.<ref name=qhr/>

The corner tower stands about three storeys or 75 feet above ground level and has a square plan through to the second floor level where it tapers inward to form a platform which is surmounted by a circular planned lantern. Surrounding the lantern is an elaborate concrete [[balustrade]] featuring large flames at the four corners. Original [[floodlighting]], concealed by the balustrade, illuminates the lantern at night. The lantern comprises a [[colonnade]]d exterior which supports a pointed [[dome]] roof clad with [[copper]] tiles and surmounted by a [[Latin cross]]. At the base of the tower, on the northern face is a one storeyed semicircular projection, with a half dome roof clad with painted copper tiles. The principal entrance to the tower is from the western face, through a double timber door, flanked by twisted [[column]]s and surrounded by an archway in [[relief]] [[plasterwork]] featuring moulded panels of two alternating types of crosses. Within the base of the tower is a curved [[cantilever]]ed concrete stair which winds up inside the tower to give access to the upper levels. The faces of the tower feature double round arched openings separated by twisted columns on the first floor and thin slit windows on the floor above. A repeated arched moulding forms a [[cornice]] mould around the top of the second floor of the tower.<ref name=qhr/>

The western [[facade]] of the church houses two entrances, the principal entrance to the body of the church and the already mentioned entrance to the base of the tower. The principal entrance to the church is via a centrally located double timber door with circular motifs on each of five panels lining the exterior of the door. The door is protected by a small open [[porch]], which has a gabled [[awning]] clad with cordova tiles and a [[Vault (architecture)|vaulted]] concrete [[soffit]] supported on substantial columns with [[Composite order]] [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]]. On the [[Fascia (architecture)|fascia]] and surrounding the round archway is a relief moulding featuring square panels of moulded panels featuring crosses. Flanking the entrance are two shallow [[pilasters]] which divide the [[facade]] into three [[Bay (architecture)|bays]]. Within the central bay, above the entrance, is a row of six round arched window openings divided by thin twisted columns and glazed with coloured glass [[leadlight]]s. Above this is a large [[wheel window]] again featuring brightly coloured glazing. The [[parapet]]ed [[gable]] is lined at [[cornice]] level with a repeated arch moulding aligned with the taper of the gable. Surmounting the apex of the gable is a cross.<ref name=qhr/>

The side aisles of the northern and southern facades of the building are lined with paired round arched openings divided by twisted columns with Composite order capitals and flanked by panels with [[Dog-tooth|dog tooth]] mouldings. These openings define the internal bays of the nave and are glazed with figured stained glass panels. The windows throughout the church are steel [[Casement window|casements]]. Above the height of the side aisles are taller paired round arched openings aligned with the lower windows, but glazed with two tones of green leadlighting. Above the windows is a cornice formed by the repeated arch moulding. The eastern end of the church features a number of single round arched openings glazed with stained glass panels. The repeated arch moulding is used as a cornice moulding on the octagonal chancel and raked on the two parapeted gables. A freestanding copper crucifix, with memorial tablet, is found adjacent to the western end of the southern elevation of the church. Adjacent to the south western corner of the building is a small rustic stone [[baptismal font]] which is thought to have a long association with the parish. Also apparent on the southern elevation is the semi-basement under the southern transept.<ref name=qhr/>

Internally the body of the church is divided into a nave and side aisles with two heavy face brick [[Arcade (architecture)|arcades]], comprising compound columns supporting round arched openings and forming a six bay nave. The compound columns are capped with white painted concrete capitals embellished with mouldings of [[foliage]]. The side aisles are further divided by round archways defining each of the bays of the nave and springing from the compound columns of the principal arcades. Also demarcating the internal bays are a number of heavy dark stained timber [[Scissor truss|scissor]] [[roof trusses]] supported on white painted concrete [[corbel]]s with simple mouldings. The ceiling of the church is lined with stained pine [[rafter]]s between which are infill panels of timber based board, like an early coarse [[particle board]]. The internal walls of the Holy Trinity Church are all dark face brickwork with black pointing. The flooring throughout the interior is concrete which has been scoured to resemble flagging stones and treated with a light buff colour in areas to form patterns. Symbols for [[alpha]] and [[omega]], are inscribed in the concrete floor in the steps to the sanctuary area.<ref name=qhr/>

The transepts of the church are formed by projections aligned with the two most easterly bays of the nave. Housed in the northern facing chancel is a memorial chapel separated from the church by a face brick balustrade. Featured in this chapel are early stained glass panels commemorating Mr and Mrs Thomas Weedon, long time parishioners of the church. Housed in the chancel on the southern side of the church is a [[Vestry (architecture)|vestry]] and organ case. The vestry is formed by dark stained timber panelling with feature panels of timber [[cross bracing]]. Aligned with the transepts in the nave is a [[Choir (architecture)|choir]] area, separated from the body of the church by stepped platforms.<ref name=qhr/>

The [[sanctuary]] in the chancel is demarcated by two adjacent round chancel arches, defined externally by the two parapeted gable ends and separated from one another by a recessed bay housing round arched openings. [[Altar rails]] are aligned with the forward chancel arch. The ceiling of the chancel follows the [[Hipped Roof|hipped roof]] line and is clad with a concrete render. The sanctuary has a number of stepped platforms, and on the uppermost platform is a timber [[altar]]. Also in the sanctuary area are two early patterned stained glass panels in round arched openings within the raked walls behind the altar. A large concrete [[pulpit]], to which access is provided by three steps, is found in the choir section of the church and is decorated in the manner of the exterior of the building, painted white and featuring the repeated arch moulding as a cornice.<ref name=qhr/>

Generally the interior of the church is quite dark and heavy, as a result of the dark finishes, heavy joinery and small openings, mostly glazed with coloured glass. There is early electrical [[lighting]] within the church in the form of [[Pendant light|pendants]] in the nave and wall [[Bracket (architecture)|brackets]] along the walls of the side aisles. The [[pew]]s and other furniture and fittings including the organ, altar furniture, [[lectern]] and [[altar candle]]s are also early features of the church. An early [[sandstone]] [[baptismal font]] is elevated on small platforms in the south western corner of the church.<ref name=qhr/>

== Heritage listing ==
Holy Trinity Anglican Church was listed on the [[Queensland Heritage Register]] on 9 May 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.<ref name=qhr/>

'''The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.'''

Constructed in 1930 as the third Holy Trinity Church of England on the site, the building demonstrates the development of the Woolloongabba area from the nineteenth century when the original church was constructed and also reflects the expansion of the Church of England in Queensland during the 1920s when many parish churches were constructed or upgraded increasing the presence of the church in the state.<ref name=qhr/>

'''The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.'''

The building demonstrates the principal characteristics of inter-war church architecture, with traditional cruciform plan including prominent tower, Romanesque detailing, internal layout and furniture and stained glass panels in traceried surrounds.<ref name=qhr/>

'''The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.'''

The outstanding landmark qualities of the Holy Trinity Church contribute to the aesthetic significance of the place; it is a well composed and dramatic building on a prominent site. The design of the building is significant as a good intact example of a blend of architectural influences, most apparently inter-war Spanish Mission and ecclesiastical Romanesque. Elements of the building have aesthetic merit as well designed features which complement the design of the place, such features include the artificial lighting both internal and external; internal furniture and fittings, most significantly the pews, choir seating, two altars and altar furniture, lectern, pulpit, organ and font; as well as the early stained glass panels in the memorial chapel, on the western facade and in the sanctuary.<ref name=qhr/>

'''The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.'''

The church has special associations with the Holy Trinity parish and with the Church of England in Queensland as the site of a Church of England for nearly 130 years and as the parish church for sixty eight years.<ref name=qhr/>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

=== Attribution ===
[[File:CC-BY-icon-80x15.png]] This Wikipedia article was originally based on [https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/the-queensland-heritage-register ''"The Queensland heritage register"''] published by the [[State of Queensland]] under [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/ CC-BY 3.0 AU] licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141008094804/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/the-queensland-heritage-register archived] on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the [https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/queensland-heritage-register-boundaries ''"Queensland heritage register boundaries"''] published by the [[State of Queensland]] under [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/ CC-BY 3.0 AU] licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141015223514/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/queensland-heritage-register-boundaries archived] on 15 October 2014).

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Anglican Church of Australia}}

[[Category:Queensland Heritage Register]]
[[Category:Woolloongabba]]
[[Category:Churches in Brisbane]]
[[Category:Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register (please review)]]
[[Category:Anglican churches in Queensland]]

Holy Trinity Anglican Church (Woolloongabba)

2017-01-17T11:04:17Z

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{{Use Australian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Holy Trinity Anglican Church, Woolloongabba
| image = Entrance to Holy Trinity Anglican Church, Woolloongabba.jpg
| caption = Building entrance, 2015
| locmapin = Queensland#Australia
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|-27.4881|153.0311|region:AU-QLD_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| location = 68 Hawthorne Street, [[Woolloongabba, Queensland|Woolloongabba]], [[City of Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], Australia
| beginning_label = Design period
| beginning_date = 1919 - 1930s (interwar period)
| built = 1930
| built_for =
| demolished =
| architect = [[Eric Ford (architect)|Eric Ford]]
| architecture = [[Mission Revival architecture|Spanish Mission]]
| owner =
| designation1 = Queensland Heritage Register
| designation1_offname = Holy Trinity Anglican Church, Holy Trinity Church of England
| designation1_type = state heritage (landscape, built)
| designation1_date = 9 May 2008
| delisted1_date =
| designation1_partof =
| designation1_number = 601875
| designation1_free1name = Significant period
| designation1_free1value = 1930s (historical) 1930s (fabric) ongoing (social)
| designation1_free2name = Significant components
| designation1_free2value = furniture/fittings, stained glass window/s, church, views from, tower - bell / belfry, views to
| designation1_free3name = Builders
| designation1_free3value =
}}

'''Holy Trinity Anglican Church''' is a [[Queensland Heritage Register|heritage-listed]] [[church (building)|church]] at 68 Hawthorne Street, [[Woolloongabba, Queensland|Woolloongabba]], [[City of Brisbane|Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]. Since the formation of the [[Church of England]] [[Parish]] of [[Woolloongabba]] in 1869, three church buildings have stood on this site. The current church was completed by J. H. Davis in 1930. It was designed by the architect, [[Eric Ford (architect)|Eric Ford]] in the [[Mission Revival architecture|Spanish mission style]]. The church was added to the [[Queensland Heritage Register]] on 9 May 2008.<ref name=qhr>{{cite QHR|16612|Holy Trinity Anglican Church|601875|accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:Holy Trinity Church of England at Woolloongabba 1949.tiff|thumb|Holy Trinity Church of England, Woolloongabba, 1949]]

[[Woolloongabba]] is a densely occupied [[suburb]] of [[Brisbane]], located {{convert|2|km|mi}} south of the [[Brisbane]] [[central business district|CBD]].<ref>Koulizos P. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=JfodDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96&dq=brisbane+woolloongabba&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy296hmqPRAhUJNpQKHVC9BXwQ6AEIIjAA#v=onepage&q=brisbane%20woolloongabba&f=false "The Property Professor's Top Australian Suburbs"] John Wiley & Sons, 2016 p96 ISBN 1118320379. Accessed 2 January 2017 at Google Books.</ref> Prior to the arrival of European people, [[Indigenous Australians]] lived in the area. These were people of the [[Turrbal]] nation.<ref>Kerwin D. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=NZdr_x-VNBsC&pg=PA125&dq=aboriginal+people+of+brisbane&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjihpjXm6PRAhVGE5QKHeVUCowQ6AEILTAC#v=onepage&q=aboriginal%20people%20of%20brisbane&f=false "Aboriginal Dreaming Paths and Trading Routes"] Sussex Academic Press, 2011 p125. ISBN 1845195299 Accessed at Google Books 2 January 2016.</ref>

In 1825, the [[Moreton Bay]] colony, a [[penal colony]], was established on the north bank of the [[Brisbane river]].<ref>Craig L. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=hVEXWJLALscC&dq=penal+colony+brisbane&source=gbs_navlinks_s "Australian History Series: The Australian Colonies"] Ready-Ed Publications, 2011 p12. ISBN 1863978240. Accessed at Google Books 2 January 2016.</ref> Free settlement in the colony by European people was allowed from 1842.<ref>Fisher R. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=5mMhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&dq=brisbane+settlement+1842&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJq7XFn6PRAhXHLpQKHUsVD88Q6AEIGTAA#v=onepage&q=brisbane%20settlement%201842&f=false "The Best of Colonial Brisbane"] Boolarong Press, 2012 p3 ISBN 192210907X Accessed at Google Books 2 January 2016.</ref> From that time until the 1860s, the area south of the river that would become [[Woolloongabba]] remained an undeveloped stretch of [[wetland]] known as One Mile Swamp.<ref name="Laverty 2009">Laverty J. R. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZL_bETiZ9P0C&pg=PA97&dq=woolloongabba&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQ2rbFkKPRAhWDnJQKHWMpBFwQ6AEISTAH#v=onepage&q=woolloongabba&f=false "The Making of a Metropolis: Brisbane, 1823-1925"] Brisbane History Group, Boolarong Press, 2009 p165 ISBN 0975179357 Accessed at Google Books 2 January 2016.</ref> It was a government reserve with fresh water for the colony.

In 1851, however, land in the One Mile Swamp area was made available for private purchase.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3714879 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The Moreton Bay Courier]] |volume=X, |issue=474 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=14 July 1855 |accessdate=9 January 2017 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Then, in 1864, a set of residential and business allotments, called the Clarence Town Estate, was sold by auction. Advertisements for the allotments cited the benefits of an uninterrupted supply of fresh water from One Mile Swamp; the development of transportation and mail routes through One Mile Swamp to places like [[Cleveland, Queensland|Cleveland]] and [[Ipswich, Queensland|Ipswich]];<ref name="Laverty 2009"/> and the promise of a bridge across the Brisbane river.<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1259677?searchTerm=%22clarence%20town%20estate%22&searchLimits=l-state=Queensland|||sortby=dateAsc "Monster Land Sale of South Brisbane] The Brisbane Courier 14 July 1864 p4 Accessed at Trove 4 January 2017.</ref>

In 1869, an allotment at Clarence Town Estate atop a hill at [[Woolloongabba]] was donated to the [[Anglican Diocese of Brisbane]] by the Reverend Robert Creyke. Creyke held multiple roles in the colony: he was a minister of the [[Church of England]]; district registrar for Moreton Bay from 6 January 1860; and Queensland acting deputy registrar general.<ref>[http://www.qgso.qld.gov.au/about-us/our-services/data-information-dissemination/q150/historical-maps/index.php "Historical Maps"] Queensland Government Statistician's Office 8 December 2015. Accessed 4 January 2017.</ref><ref>de Looper M. W. [https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/16791/1/De%20Looper%20Thesis%202015.pdf "Death registration and mortality trends in Australia 1856–1906"] Australian National University Open Research Repository May 2014. Accessed 4 January 2016.</ref> The deed of the allotment had been acquired in 1861 by his late son, also Robert Creyke, and Mary Ann Peterson. The new Church of England congregation was formed. Its meetings and services were held in local buildings.<ref name=qhr/>

== 1870 - 1874 ==
In 1870, a simple wooden church was built after a design by the [[Ireland|Irish]] born, Australian architect, [[Richard Gailey]] (1834 - 1924). At this time, the church was called, ''Woolloongabba Church of England, South Brisbane''.<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/169487975?searchTerm=church%20woolloongabba&searchLimits=l-state=Queensland|||sortby=dateAsc|||l-category=Article "Woolloongabba Church"] The Telegraph 16 Apr 1873 p2. Accessed at Trove 7 January 2017.</ref> In 1873, the church was represented by Mr Robinson and children of the Sunday school at a meeting of the Church of England Sunday School Union in the [[City Botanic Gardens]].<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1305521?searchTerm=%22holy%20trinity%22%20church%20brisbane&searchLimits=l-state=Queensland|||l-decade=187|||sortby=dateAsc "Church of England Sunday School Union"] The Brisbane Courier 2 January 1873 p2. Accessed at Trove, 4 January 2017.</ref> This first church building blew down in a storm in October 1874.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19637299 |title=Fortieth Anniversary of Holy Trinity, Woolloongabba. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |issue=16,342 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=28 May 1910 |accessdate=17 January 2017 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

== 1875 - 1889 ==
A second church building was dedicated for service on 23 May 1875 by the Archdeacon Glennie. It was known as ''Holy Trinity Church, Woolloongabba''.<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1388382?searchTerm=%22holy%20trinity%22%20brisbane&searchLimits=sortby=dateAsc|||l-state=Queensland|||l-category=Article|||l-decade=187|||l-title=16# "Telegraphic"] The Brisbane Courier 1 Aug 1876 p2. Accessed at Trove 7 January 2017.</ref> It was built on a rectangular plan with a steeply pitched [[Roof shingle|shingle]]d roof and [[gable]]s.<ref name=qhr/> Like the first church building, it was a rudimentary, timber structure. In their report of 1880, the Holy Trinity [[Churchwarden]]s compared it to a [[woolshed]]. Improvements were difficult due to a lack of funds. The [[churchwarden]]s went as far as raffling a chestnut horse in order to raise the monies needed.<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/174714662?searchTerm=church%20woolloongabba&searchLimits=l-state=Queensland|||sortby=dateAsc|||l-category=Article "Miscellanea"] The Telegraph 5 June 1880 p2. Accessed at Trove 8 January 2017.</ref> Eventually, the church ceiling was lined and a bell was installed.<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/175546236?searchTerm=%22church%20woolloongabba%22&searchLimits=l-decade=188|||sortby=dateAsc "Bishop Hale at Woolloongabba"] The Telegraph 25 July 1881 p2. Accessed at Trove 8 January 2017.</ref> In 1884, a communion table was purchased.<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3429382?searchTerm=%22church%20woolloongabba%22&searchLimits=l-decade=188|||sortby=dateAsc "Woolloongabba Church"] The Brisbane Courier 25 April 1884 p5. Accessed at Trove 8 January 2017.</ref>

The Reverend Hugh Thomas Molesworth (born June 1860, New [[Brompton, Kent]] - died 30 June 1930 Brisbane) was appointed curate-in-charge of Holy Trinity in 1886. At that time, Holy Trinity was a church within the Parish of [[South Brisbane, Queensland|South Brisbane]] but the congregation was growing. For instance, in 1886, the Holy Trinity Sunday School numbered 143 children and 24 teachers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article174706294 |title=Church of England Sunday Schools Demonstration. |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Brisbane)|The Telegraph]] |issue=4,275 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=25 May 1886 |accessdate=10 January 2017 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Molesworth proposed the formation of a Woolloongabba parish, separate from that of South Brisbane. On 19 January 1888, the Holy Trinity Church of England Parish of Woolloongabba was constituted by the Brisbane Church of England Diocesan Council. Reverend David Ruddock (1850 - 1920) was appointed rector.<ref>{{Citation | author1=Ruddock, David | title=David Ruddock Papers | url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/200346360 | accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> He ministered at the church until 1893 and was replaced by the Reverend Hugh Simmonds.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article173509901 |title=Rector Departing. |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Brisbane)|The Telegraph]] |issue=6,306 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=3 January 1893 |accessdate=11 January 2017 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

In November 1889, a new wooden church hall and Sunday school were opened. The hall was designed by the Brisbane architect, [[John Henry Burley]]. It measured {{convert|66|ft|m}} by {{convert|25|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3504521 |title=The Brisbane Courier. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=9,945 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=28 November 1889 |accessdate=10 January 2017 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> By 1890 a rectory was constructed on the site to the design of diocesan architect, [[John Hingeston Buckeridge]]. This was in use until destroyed by fire in 1956.<ref name=qhr/>

On 4 November 1895, two men were executed by [[hanging]] at [[Boggo Road Gaol]]. Reverend Simmonds, Rector of Woolloongabba Parish, in which the gaol stands, attended to one of the men, an Aboriginal man called ''Jacky''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article183713976 |title=Dual Execution. |newspaper=[[The Week]] |volume=XL, |issue=1,037 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=8 November 1895 |accessdate=11 January 2017 |page=24 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The priest of Holy Trinity Woolloongabba, then Reverend W. P. Oakeley, also attended a condemned Aboriginal man called ''Billy Broom'' at Boggo Road Gaol on Monday 11 June 1900.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article185585494 |title=DEATH PENALTY. |newspaper=[[Darling Downs Gazette]] |volume=XLII, |issue=9,664 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=13 June 1900 |accessdate=15 January 2017 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

== 1900 - 1914 ==
Parish life around the turn of the century was busy; there were services with large congregations (a record 154 communicants on Sunday 12 April 1903), weddings, social gatherings, concerts and activities such as amateur dramatics, debating and cricket and fund raising events.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19233640 |title=HOLY TRINITY, WOOLLOONGABBA. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |volume=LIX, |issue=14,117 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=13 April 1903 |accessdate=15 January 2017 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article175289418 |title=Amateur Dramatics. |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Brisbane)|The Telegraph]] |issue=8,709 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=18 October 1900 |accessdate=15 January 2017 |page=4 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19086553 |title=HOLY TRINITY CHURCH, WOOLLOONGABBA. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |volume=LVIII, |issue=13,568 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=8 July 1901 |accessdate=15 January 2017 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The year 1901 was notable for the services of mourning, featuring black and purple, following the death of [[Queen Victoria]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article174945521 |title=HOLY TRINITY, WOOLLOONGABBA. |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Brisbane)|The Telegraph]] |issue=8,795 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=28 January 1901 |accessdate=15 January 2017 |page=5 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

In June 1906, a building fund was commenced to raise monies for a new and larger church building to accommodate Holy Trinity Woolloongabba's growing congregation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19454207 |title=Holy Trinity Church, Woolloongabba. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |volume=LXII, |issue=15,106 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=12 June 1906 |accessdate=15 January 2017 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

In 1910, [[Edward VII]] died. The words of the Reverend D. J. Garland at the services of Sunday 8 May 1910 reflected the mood of the congregation. Garland said the King's death had "come with a suddenness which had been so shocking that it was impossible for anyone to speak calmly of the calamity which had befallen the Empire". Many of those present at the services were wearing [[mourning]] clothes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19633938 |title=HOLY TRINITY CHURCH. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |issue=16,325 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=9 May 1910 |accessdate=15 January 2017 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The Holy Trinity Womens' Guild along with many other groups, delivered a wreath to the Brisbane mayoress at the town hall.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19636085 |title=WREATHS AT THE TOWN HALL. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |issue=16,336 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=21 May 1910 |accessdate=15 January 2017 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Just one week later, Holy Trinity Woolloongabba celebrated the fortieth anniversary of its dedication.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19637299 |title=Fortieth Anniversary of Holy Trinity, Woolloongabba. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |issue=16,342 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=28 May 1910 |accessdate=15 January 2017 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

== World War I (1914 - 1918) ==
In the first months of the [[Military history of Australia during World War I|Great War]] little changed at Holy Trinity Woolloongabba: Sunday services, weddings, fetes and fundraising continued. In mid 1915, well after the start of the [[Gallipoli Campaign]] on [[Anzac Day|25 April 1915]], St Clair George Alfred Donaldson (Dr Donaldson), first Archbishop of Brisbane, sermonised at Holy Trinity Woolloongabba on the nature of the Christian spirit in war.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article20015489 |title=THE CHRISTIAN SPIRIT AND THE PRESENT CRISIS. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |issue=17,906 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=7 June 1915 |accessdate=16 January 2017 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Soon, priests, including Cecil Edwards, were leaving Brisbane to become [[military chaplain]]s. Parishes were being asked to release their chaplains to accompany soldiers on [[troopship]]s on full pay.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article20131920 |title=SACRIFICE. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |issue=18,175 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=17 April 1916 |accessdate=16 January 2017 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Proceeds of fundraising went to the war effort and parishes were holding send-offs for men and women who were enlisting.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article181475863 |title=Social and Personal. |newspaper=[[The Week]] |volume=LXXX, |issue=2,078 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=22 October 1915 |accessdate=16 January 2017 |page=23 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

By September 1918, some men were returning to the parish.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article175504790 |title=Personal Notes. |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Brisbane)|The Telegraph]] |issue=14,291 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=13 September 1918 |accessdate=16 January 2017 |page=4 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The rector, Cecil Edwards returned in January 1920.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article180967283|title=THE CHURCHES. - Daily Standard (Brisbane, Qld. : 1912 - 1936) - 10 Jan 1920|last=|first=|date=|website=Trove|publisher=|access-date=2017-01-17}}</ref>

In the following year, the global influenza pandemic, known as the [[1918 flu pandemic|''Spanish flu'']] reached Brisbane. Holy Trinity Woolloongabba church hall was a meeting place for organisation of care in the emergency.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article190746342 |title=PNEOFLD. |newspaper=[[Daily Standard]] |issue=2008 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=31 May 1919 |accessdate=17 January 2017 |page=5 (SECOND EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
In about 1916 a subscription scheme was devised to allow parishioners to donate a sum of money over a lengthy period which finally contributed to the construction of a substantial church in 1930. The 1920s was a period of expansion for the Church of England in Queensland and during this time many older churches were rebuilt and new churches constructed. Typically these new buildings were unpretentious, retaining influence from the nineteenth century [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] but with more awareness of the Queensland sub-tropical climate. In the late 1920s experimentation with derivatives of a hybrid of [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and [[Mission Revival Style architecture|Spanish Mission architecture]] are apparent in both the Holy Trinity Church at Woolloongabba and at another [[Holy Trinity Church, Mackay|Holy Trinity Church]] in [[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]] designed by [[Lange Powell]]. Earlier in 1924, [[Our Lady of Victories Catholic Church]] at [[Bowen Hills, Queensland|Bowen Hills]] was constructed using Spanish Mission influences but few other churches display the hybrid style developed by the architect Eric Ford at Woolloongabba.<ref name=qhr/>

== Priests ==
* David Ruddock: 1888-1893
* Hugh Simmonds: 1893
* W. P. Oakely: 1901
* Jasper S. Caiger: 1901
* E. C. Ganly: ( - 1925) rector 1904 - 1907
* David John Garland: 1907-1913<ref>{{cite web|title = Holy Trinity Church|url = http://www.garlandmemorial.com/holy-trinity-opened-1930/|publisher = Canon Garland Memorial Society|accessdate = 17 February 2016}}</ref> Described as "overpoweringly energetic with a distinctive flair, if not genius, for organisation". Played a pivotal role in the Queensland experience of the war, and was a central figure in a variety of committees and organisations established to aid the war effort and support or commemorate serving or returned soldiers.<ref name="adb">{{cite web|last = Mansfield|first = Wendy M.|title = Garland, David John (1864–1939)|url = http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/garland-david-john-6278|work = Australian Dictionary of Biography|publisher = National Centre for Biography, Australian National University|accessdate = 17 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://blogs.slq.qld.gov.au/ww1/2015/10/14/digitisedslq-letters-of-army-chaplain-david-john-garland/|title = Digitised@SLQ: Letters of army chaplain David John Garland|date = 14 October 2015|access-date = 17 February 2016|website = SLQ blogs|publisher = [[State Library of Queensland]]|last = Hamilton|first = Robyn}}</ref>
* Cecil Howard Edwards: 1913 - 1915, 1920-1925
* S. Watkins: 1915 - 1920 (locum tenens)
* E. Morgan Baker: 1915 -
* R. B. Massey: 19 May 1925 -

== Fire of 1929 ==
In the 1920s, fund raising for a new church at Holy Trinity Woolloongabba recommenced with a system of long term subscriptions. A target amount of £ 5,000 was set before building commenced.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article182824866 |title=THE CHURCHES. |newspaper=[[Daily Standard]] |issue=3682 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=25 October 1924 |accessdate=17 January 2017 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> However, on the evening of Wednesday 11 December 1929 the church was destroyed by fire. There were no injuries.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article181321019 |title=Church on Fire |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Brisbane)|The Telegraph]] |issue=17,792 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=12 December 1929 |accessdate=17 January 2017 |page=8 (CITY EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The claim to the Diocesan Fire Insurance Fund was £ 1,019.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article184446329 |title=Fire Insurance |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Brisbane)|The Telegraph]] |issue=17,954 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=21 June 1930 |accessdate=17 January 2017 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

Sharp, Archbishop of Brisbane, lay the foundation stone of the new church on Sunday 2 May 1930.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article184169166 |title=NEWS OF THE CHURCHES |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Brisbane)|The Telegraph]] |issue=17,859 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=1 March 1930 |accessdate=17 January 2017 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Building of the new church was completed in September 1930.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article70275558 |title=ARCHITECTURAL BEAUTY. |newspaper=[[The Central Queensland Herald]] |volume=1, |issue=39 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=25 September 1930 |accessdate=17 January 2017 |page=50 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

The architectural firm, Chambers and Ford who designed the Woolloongabba Church of England, was a partnership of [[Claude William Chambers]] and Eric Marshall Ford. Chambers and Ford remained in practise in Brisbane from 1920 until 1951, although Chambers was largely not involved and moved permanently to [[Sydney]] in about 1935. Chambers was a highly experienced and notable architect, who worked for a number of prominent Brisbane firms during the nineteenth century and formed several partnerships in the twentieth century, including [[Chambers and Powell]] (where EM Ford was office manager); Chambers and Ford and [[Chambers and Hutton]]. The partnership of Chambers and Ford designed several Brisbane churches notably St Margaret's Church of England, [[Sandgate, Queensland|Sandgate]] (1927) and St James' Church, [[Kelvin Grove, Queensland|Kelvin Grove]] (1943).<ref name=qhr/>

Plans, prepared by Ford, for the erection of a new church at Woolloongabba were ready by the end of the 1920s and it is thought that the design was chosen from a limited competition. The parish was saved the expense of the demolition of the earlier church which was blazed to the ground in a fire on 11 December 1929.<ref name=qhr/>

The foundation stone was laid on 3 March 1930 by [[Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane|Archbishop]] [[Gerald Sharp]]. A description rendered by the Buildings and Real Estate writer of the [[Brisbane Courier]], talked of the building designed in the Italian Romanesque style of the eleventh century, "slightly modified to suit local conditions". The plan comprised a prominent tower, [[Vestry (architecture)|vestry]], entrance [[porch]] and [[nave]] with side aisles and octagonal [[chancel]]. A basement was to provide access for a further two vestries. Finishes throughout the church included face brick internal walls with black [[tuckpointing]], timber panelled ceilings and external roughcast render. A red tiled roof was to provide a contrast with the [[whitewash]]ed external walls.<ref name=qhr/>

Tenders were called by Chambers and Ford for the Holy Trinity Church in the February edition of the [[Architects and Builder's Journal of Queensland]] and in the May edition of the journal the tender of JH Davis was accepted. The final cost of the church was about £9800.<ref name=qhr/>

The Holy Trinity Church was dedicated on 4 October 1930 by the Coadjutor Bishop of Brisbane, the Right Reverend [[Francis de Witt Batty]]. Most of the descriptions of the building on the day of its [[dedication]] focussed on its extraordinary site which crowned the highest part of Hawthorne Street and commanded a view of the entire parish. The completed building housed an organ by Messrs Whitehouse costing £560, electric lighting installed by Mr Dudley Winterford, plasterwork by James Bain & Son, glazing by Decorative Art Company and leadlights by [[RS Exton & Co|Exton & Company]]. The garden and landscaping was set out by Mr H Stokes. Many of the internal fittings were donated by parishioners and much of the fitted and loose furniture, including the altar furniture and [[pew]]s was designed by the architect, Eric Ford.<ref name=qhr/>

The church has remained as it was constructed with very few apparent alterations. The organ pipes have been painted, carpet runners and squares have been laid, commemorative [[stained glass]] windows have been added to the side aisles and work appears to have been undertaken on the [[reredos]] screen which is now concealed by a heavy curtain. The exterior of the church has been painted but retains a whitewashed appearance.<ref name=qhr/>

Alterations to the site include the 1938 renovation of an sub-basement area in the church for a [[columbarium]], or a place to hold funerary vases and the erection of a freestanding [[bell tower]] in 1949 to commemorate those soldiers who were killed during [[World War II]]. In 1956 after the original [[rectory]] was destroyed the church acquired an adjoining property with an early house from the Sawyer family. This building became the rectory. In 1971 a freestanding [[crucifix]] was erected on the southern side of the church commemorating Eric Johnstone. The most substantial changes to the church complex occurred in late 1997 to early 1998 when the church hall and rectory were demolished.<ref name=qhr/>

== Description ==
[[File:Foundation stone at Holy Trinity Anglican Church, Woolloongabba.jpg|thumb|Foundation stone, 2015]]
The Holy Trinity Church is a substantial, prominently sited building located on the crest of a hill in Hawthorne Street, Woolloongabba. The church complex, including the church and adjacent hall, called Trinity Place, has views of the surrounding suburbs: [[Mater Hill]], [[Kangaroo Point, Queensland|Kangaroo Point]] and Woolloongabba.<ref name=qhr/>

The church is a brick structure with all external surfaces rendered with a roughcast concrete [[stucco]]. The principal roof is clad with [[terracotta]] cordova tiles. The design of the building is strongly influenced by the popular Spanish Mission style of the inter-war period manifest both externally and internally in the textured render, barley twist [[columns]], heavy timber joinery and cordova roofing tiles. Combined with this obvious influence is [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] detailing including the raked arch motif on the [[parapet]]s, [[Dome|domed roofs]], tower and round arched openings embellished with [[Norman architecture|Norman detailing]].<ref name=qhr/>

The church has a traditional [[cruciform]] floor plan, with shallow [[transepts]], an octagonal [[chancel]] at the eastern end and a dominant tower projecting from the north western corner. The body of the church is divided into a [[nave]] with a [[gable]]d roof abutted on the northern and southern sides by [[skillion roof]]ed [[aisle]]s, creating a high level [[clerestory]]. The transepts are formed by gabled abutments to the principal roof and the eastern end of the roof is separated from the principal by a secondary gabled parapet from which an octagonal hipped section roofs the chancel.<ref name=qhr/>

The corner tower stands about three storeys or 75 feet above ground level and has a square plan through to the second floor level where it tapers inward to form a platform which is surmounted by a circular planned lantern. Surrounding the lantern is an elaborate concrete [[balustrade]] featuring large flames at the four corners. Original [[floodlighting]], concealed by the balustrade, illuminates the lantern at night. The lantern comprises a [[colonnade]]d exterior which supports a pointed [[dome]] roof clad with [[copper]] tiles and surmounted by a [[Latin cross]]. At the base of the tower, on the northern face is a one storeyed semicircular projection, with a half dome roof clad with painted copper tiles. The principal entrance to the tower is from the western face, through a double timber door, flanked by twisted [[column]]s and surrounded by an archway in [[relief]] [[plasterwork]] featuring moulded panels of two alternating types of crosses. Within the base of the tower is a curved [[cantilever]]ed concrete stair which winds up inside the tower to give access to the upper levels. The faces of the tower feature double round arched openings separated by twisted columns on the first floor and thin slit windows on the floor above. A repeated arched moulding forms a [[cornice]] mould around the top of the second floor of the tower.<ref name=qhr/>

The western [[facade]] of the church houses two entrances, the principal entrance to the body of the church and the already mentioned entrance to the base of the tower. The principal entrance to the church is via a centrally located double timber door with circular motifs on each of five panels lining the exterior of the door. The door is protected by a small open [[porch]], which has a gabled [[awning]] clad with cordova tiles and a [[Vault (architecture)|vaulted]] concrete [[soffit]] supported on substantial columns with [[Composite order]] [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]]. On the [[Fascia (architecture)|fascia]] and surrounding the round archway is a relief moulding featuring square panels of moulded panels featuring crosses. Flanking the entrance are two shallow [[pilasters]] which divide the [[facade]] into three [[Bay (architecture)|bays]]. Within the central bay, above the entrance, is a row of six round arched window openings divided by thin twisted columns and glazed with coloured glass [[leadlight]]s. Above this is a large [[wheel window]] again featuring brightly coloured glazing. The [[parapet]]ed [[gable]] is lined at [[cornice]] level with a repeated arch moulding aligned with the taper of the gable. Surmounting the apex of the gable is a cross.<ref name=qhr/>

The side aisles of the northern and southern facades of the building are lined with paired round arched openings divided by twisted columns with Composite order capitals and flanked by panels with [[Dog-tooth|dog tooth]] mouldings. These openings define the internal bays of the nave and are glazed with figured stained glass panels. The windows throughout the church are steel [[Casement window|casements]]. Above the height of the side aisles are taller paired round arched openings aligned with the lower windows, but glazed with two tones of green leadlighting. Above the windows is a cornice formed by the repeated arch moulding. The eastern end of the church features a number of single round arched openings glazed with stained glass panels. The repeated arch moulding is used as a cornice moulding on the octagonal chancel and raked on the two parapeted gables. A freestanding copper crucifix, with memorial tablet, is found adjacent to the western end of the southern elevation of the church. Adjacent to the south western corner of the building is a small rustic stone [[baptismal font]] which is thought to have a long association with the parish. Also apparent on the southern elevation is the semi-basement under the southern transept.<ref name=qhr/>

Internally the body of the church is divided into a nave and side aisles with two heavy face brick [[Arcade (architecture)|arcades]], comprising compound columns supporting round arched openings and forming a six bay nave. The compound columns are capped with white painted concrete capitals embellished with mouldings of [[foliage]]. The side aisles are further divided by round archways defining each of the bays of the nave and springing from the compound columns of the principal arcades. Also demarcating the internal bays are a number of heavy dark stained timber [[Scissor truss|scissor]] [[roof trusses]] supported on white painted concrete [[corbel]]s with simple mouldings. The ceiling of the church is lined with stained pine [[rafter]]s between which are infill panels of timber based board, like an early coarse [[particle board]]. The internal walls of the Holy Trinity Church are all dark face brickwork with black pointing. The flooring throughout the interior is concrete which has been scoured to resemble flagging stones and treated with a light buff colour in areas to form patterns. Symbols for [[alpha]] and [[omega]], are inscribed in the concrete floor in the steps to the sanctuary area.<ref name=qhr/>

The transepts of the church are formed by projections aligned with the two most easterly bays of the nave. Housed in the northern facing chancel is a memorial chapel separated from the church by a face brick balustrade. Featured in this chapel are early stained glass panels commemorating Mr and Mrs Thomas Weedon, long time parishioners of the church. Housed in the chancel on the southern side of the church is a [[Vestry (architecture)|vestry]] and organ case. The vestry is formed by dark stained timber panelling with feature panels of timber [[cross bracing]]. Aligned with the transepts in the nave is a [[Choir (architecture)|choir]] area, separated from the body of the church by stepped platforms.<ref name=qhr/>

The [[sanctuary]] in the chancel is demarcated by two adjacent round chancel arches, defined externally by the two parapeted gable ends and separated from one another by a recessed bay housing round arched openings. [[Altar rails]] are aligned with the forward chancel arch. The ceiling of the chancel follows the [[Hipped Roof|hipped roof]] line and is clad with a concrete render. The sanctuary has a number of stepped platforms, and on the uppermost platform is a timber [[altar]]. Also in the sanctuary area are two early patterned stained glass panels in round arched openings within the raked walls behind the altar. A large concrete [[pulpit]], to which access is provided by three steps, is found in the choir section of the church and is decorated in the manner of the exterior of the building, painted white and featuring the repeated arch moulding as a cornice.<ref name=qhr/>

Generally the interior of the church is quite dark and heavy, as a result of the dark finishes, heavy joinery and small openings, mostly glazed with coloured glass. There is early electrical [[lighting]] within the church in the form of [[Pendant light|pendants]] in the nave and wall [[Bracket (architecture)|brackets]] along the walls of the side aisles. The [[pew]]s and other furniture and fittings including the organ, altar furniture, [[lectern]] and [[altar candle]]s are also early features of the church. An early [[sandstone]] [[baptismal font]] is elevated on small platforms in the south western corner of the church.<ref name=qhr/>

== Heritage listing ==
Holy Trinity Anglican Church was listed on the [[Queensland Heritage Register]] on 9 May 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.<ref name=qhr/>

'''The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.'''

Constructed in 1930 as the third Holy Trinity Church of England on the site, the building demonstrates the development of the Woolloongabba area from the nineteenth century when the original church was constructed and also reflects the expansion of the Church of England in Queensland during the 1920s when many parish churches were constructed or upgraded increasing the presence of the church in the state.<ref name=qhr/>

'''The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.'''

The building demonstrates the principal characteristics of inter-war church architecture, with traditional cruciform plan including prominent tower, Romanesque detailing, internal layout and furniture and stained glass panels in traceried surrounds.<ref name=qhr/>

'''The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.'''

The outstanding landmark qualities of the Holy Trinity Church contribute to the aesthetic significance of the place; it is a well composed and dramatic building on a prominent site. The design of the building is significant as a good intact example of a blend of architectural influences, most apparently inter-war Spanish Mission and ecclesiastical Romanesque. Elements of the building have aesthetic merit as well designed features which complement the design of the place, such features include the artificial lighting both internal and external; internal furniture and fittings, most significantly the pews, choir seating, two altars and altar furniture, lectern, pulpit, organ and font; as well as the early stained glass panels in the memorial chapel, on the western facade and in the sanctuary.<ref name=qhr/>

'''The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.'''

The church has special associations with the Holy Trinity parish and with the Church of England in Queensland as the site of a Church of England for nearly 130 years and as the parish church for sixty eight years.<ref name=qhr/>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

=== Attribution ===
[[File:CC-BY-icon-80x15.png]] This Wikipedia article was originally based on [https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/the-queensland-heritage-register ''"The Queensland heritage register"''] published by the [[State of Queensland]] under [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/ CC-BY 3.0 AU] licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141008094804/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/the-queensland-heritage-register archived] on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the [https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/queensland-heritage-register-boundaries ''"Queensland heritage register boundaries"''] published by the [[State of Queensland]] under [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/ CC-BY 3.0 AU] licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141015223514/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/queensland-heritage-register-boundaries archived] on 15 October 2014).

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Anglican Church of Australia}}

[[Category:Queensland Heritage Register]]
[[Category:Woolloongabba]]
[[Category:Churches in Brisbane]]
[[Category:Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register (please review)]]
[[Category:Anglican churches in Queensland]]

Holy Trinity Anglican Church (Woolloongabba)

2017-01-12T21:46:45Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to The Telegraph (link changed to The Telegraph (Brisbane); link changed to The Telegraph (Brisbane)) using DisamAssist.

{{Use Australian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Holy Trinity Anglican Church, Woolloongabba
| image = Entrance to Holy Trinity Anglican Church, Woolloongabba.jpg
| caption = Building entrance, 2015
| locmapin = Queensland#Australia
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|-27.4881|153.0311|region:AU-QLD_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| location = 68 Hawthorne Street, [[Woolloongabba, Queensland|Woolloongabba]], [[City of Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], Australia
| beginning_label = Design period
| beginning_date = 1919 - 1930s (interwar period)
| built = 1930
| built_for =
| demolished =
| architect = [[Eric Ford (architect)|Eric Ford]]
| architecture = [[Mission Revival architecture|Spanish Mission]]
| owner =
| designation1 = Queensland Heritage Register
| designation1_offname = Holy Trinity Anglican Church, Holy Trinity Church of England
| designation1_type = state heritage (landscape, built)
| designation1_date = 9 May 2008
| delisted1_date =
| designation1_partof =
| designation1_number = 601875
| designation1_free1name = Significant period
| designation1_free1value = 1930s (historical) 1930s (fabric) ongoing (social)
| designation1_free2name = Significant components
| designation1_free2value = furniture/fittings, stained glass window/s, church, views from, tower - bell / belfry, views to
| designation1_free3name = Builders
| designation1_free3value =
}}

'''Holy Trinity Anglican Church''' is a [[Queensland Heritage Register|heritage-listed]] [[church (building)|church]] at 68 Hawthorne Street, [[Woolloongabba, Queensland|Woolloongabba]], [[City of Brisbane|Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]. Since the formation of the [[Church of England]] [[Parish]] of [[Woolloongabba]] in 1869, three church buildings have stood on this site. The current church was completed by J. H. Davis in 1930. It was designed by the architect, [[Eric Ford (architect)|Eric Ford]] in the [[Mission Revival architecture|Spanish mission style]]. The church was added to the [[Queensland Heritage Register]] on 9 May 2008.<ref name=qhr>{{cite QHR|16612|Holy Trinity Anglican Church|601875|accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:Holy Trinity Church of England at Woolloongabba 1949.tiff|thumb|Holy Trinity Church of England, Woolloongabba, 1949]]

[[Woolloongabba]] is a densely occupied [[suburb]] of [[Brisbane]], located {{convert|2|km|mi}} south of the [[Brisbane]] [[central business district|CBD]].<ref>Koulizos P. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=JfodDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96&dq=brisbane+woolloongabba&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy296hmqPRAhUJNpQKHVC9BXwQ6AEIIjAA#v=onepage&q=brisbane%20woolloongabba&f=false "The Property Professor's Top Australian Suburbs"] John Wiley & Sons, 2016 p96 ISBN 1118320379. Accessed 2 January 2017 at Google Books.</ref> Prior to the arrival of European people, [[Indigenous Australians]] lived in the area. These were people of the [[Turrbal]] nation.<ref>Kerwin D. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=NZdr_x-VNBsC&pg=PA125&dq=aboriginal+people+of+brisbane&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjihpjXm6PRAhVGE5QKHeVUCowQ6AEILTAC#v=onepage&q=aboriginal%20people%20of%20brisbane&f=false "Aboriginal Dreaming Paths and Trading Routes"] Sussex Academic Press, 2011 p125. ISBN 1845195299 Accessed at Google Books 2 January 2016.</ref>

In 1825, the [[Moreton Bay]] colony, a [[penal colony]], was established on the north bank of the [[Brisbane river]].<ref>Craig L. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=hVEXWJLALscC&dq=penal+colony+brisbane&source=gbs_navlinks_s "Australian History Series: The Australian Colonies"] Ready-Ed Publications, 2011 p12. ISBN 1863978240. Accessed at Google Books 2 January 2016.</ref> Free settlement in the colony by European people was allowed from 1842.<ref>Fisher R. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=5mMhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&dq=brisbane+settlement+1842&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJq7XFn6PRAhXHLpQKHUsVD88Q6AEIGTAA#v=onepage&q=brisbane%20settlement%201842&f=false "The Best of Colonial Brisbane"] Boolarong Press, 2012 p3 ISBN 192210907X Accessed at Google Books 2 January 2016.</ref> From that time until the 1860s, the area south of the river that would become [[Woolloongabba]] remained an undeveloped stretch of [[wetland]] known as One Mile Swamp.<ref name="Laverty 2009">Laverty J. R. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZL_bETiZ9P0C&pg=PA97&dq=woolloongabba&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQ2rbFkKPRAhWDnJQKHWMpBFwQ6AEISTAH#v=onepage&q=woolloongabba&f=false "The Making of a Metropolis: Brisbane, 1823-1925"] Brisbane History Group, Boolarong Press, 2009 p165 ISBN 0975179357 Accessed at Google Books 2 January 2016.</ref> It was a government reserve with fresh water for the colony.

In 1851, however, land in the One Mile Swamp area was made available for private purchase.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3714879 |title=Classified Advertising |newspaper=[[The Moreton Bay Courier]] |volume=X, |issue=474 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=14 July 1855 |accessdate=9 January 2017 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Then, in 1864, a set of residential and business allotments, called the Clarence Town Estate, was sold by auction. Advertisements for the allotments cited the benefits of an uninterrupted supply of fresh water from One Mile Swamp; the development of transportation and mail routes through One Mile Swamp to places like [[Cleveland, Queensland|Cleveland]] and [[Ipswich, Queensland|Ipswich]];<ref name="Laverty 2009"/> and the promise of a bridge across the Brisbane river.<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1259677?searchTerm=%22clarence%20town%20estate%22&searchLimits=l-state=Queensland|||sortby=dateAsc "Monster Land Sale of South Brisbane] The Brisbane Courier 14 July 1864 p4 Accessed at Trove 4 January 2017.</ref>

In 1869, an allotment at Clarence Town Estate atop a hill at [[Woolloongabba]] was donated to the [[Anglican Diocese of Brisbane]] by the Reverend Robert Creyke. Creyke held multiple roles in the colony: he was a minister of the [[Church of England]]; district registrar for Moreton Bay from 6 January 1860; and Queensland acting deputy registrar general.<ref>[http://www.qgso.qld.gov.au/about-us/our-services/data-information-dissemination/q150/historical-maps/index.php "Historical Maps"] Queensland Government Statistician's Office 8 December 2015. Accessed 4 January 2017.</ref><ref>de Looper M. W. [https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/16791/1/De%20Looper%20Thesis%202015.pdf "Death registration and mortality trends in Australia 1856–1906"] Australian National University Open Research Repository May 2014. Accessed 4 January 2016.</ref> The deed of the allotment had been acquired in 1861 by his late son, also Robert Creyke, and Mary Ann Peterson. The new Church of England congregation was formed. Its meetings and services were held in local buildings.<ref name=qhr/>

== 1870 - 1874 ==
In 1870, a simple wooden church was built after a design by the [[Ireland|Irish]] born, Australian architect, [[Richard Gailey]] (1834 - 1924). At this time, the church was called, ''Woolloongabba Church of England, South Brisbane''.<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/169487975?searchTerm=church%20woolloongabba&searchLimits=l-state=Queensland|||sortby=dateAsc|||l-category=Article "Woolloongabba Church"] The Telegraph 16 Apr 1873 p2. Accessed at Trove 7 January 2017.</ref> In 1873, the church was represented by Mr Robinson and children of the Sunday school at a meeting of the Church of England Sunday School Union in the [[City Botanic Gardens]].<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1305521?searchTerm=%22holy%20trinity%22%20church%20brisbane&searchLimits=l-state=Queensland|||l-decade=187|||sortby=dateAsc "Church of England Sunday School Union"] The Brisbane Courier 2 January 1873 p2. Accessed at Trove, 4 January 2017.</ref> In October 1874, this first church building blew down in a storm.<ref name=qhr/>

== 1875 - 1899 ==
A second church building was dedicated for service on 23 May 1875. It was known as ''Holy Trinity Church, Woolloongabba''.<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1388382?searchTerm=%22holy%20trinity%22%20brisbane&searchLimits=sortby=dateAsc|||l-state=Queensland|||l-category=Article|||l-decade=187|||l-title=16# "Telegraphic"] The Brisbane Courier 1 Aug 1876 p2. Accessed at Trove 7 January 2017.</ref> It was built on a rectangular plan with a steeply pitched [[Roof shingle|shingle]]d roof and [[gable]]s.<ref name=qhr/> Like the first building, it was a rudimentary, timber structure. In their report of 1880, the Holy Trinity [[Churchwarden]]s compared it to a [[woolshed]]. Improvements were difficult due to a lack of funds. The [[churchwarden]]s went as far as raffling a chestnut horse in order to raise the monies needed.<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/174714662?searchTerm=church%20woolloongabba&searchLimits=l-state=Queensland|||sortby=dateAsc|||l-category=Article "Miscellanea"] The Telegraph 5 June 1880 p2. Accessed at Trove 8 January 2017.</ref> Eventually, the church ceiling was lined and a bell was installed.<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/175546236?searchTerm=%22church%20woolloongabba%22&searchLimits=l-decade=188|||sortby=dateAsc "Bishop Hale at Woolloongabba"] The Telegraph 25 July 1881 p2. Accessed at Trove 8 January 2017.</ref> In 1884, a communion table was purchased.<ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3429382?searchTerm=%22church%20woolloongabba%22&searchLimits=l-decade=188|||sortby=dateAsc "Woolloongabba Church"] The Brisbane Courier 25 April 1884 p5. Accessed at Trove 8 January 2017.</ref>

The Reverend Hugh Thomas Molesworth (born June 1860, New [[Brompton, Kent]] - died 30 June 1930 Brisbane) was appointed curate-in-charge of Holy Trinity in 1886. At that time, Holy Trinity was a church within the Parish of [[South Brisbane, Queensland|South Brisbane]] but the congregation was growing. For instance, in 1886, the Holy Trinity Sunday School numbered 143 children and 24 teachers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article174706294 |title=Church of England Sunday Schools Demonstration. |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Brisbane)|The Telegraph]] |issue=4,275 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=25 May 1886 |accessdate=10 January 2017 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Molesworth proposed the formation of a Woolloongabba parish, separate from that of South Brisbane. On 19 January 1888, the Holy Trinity Church of England Parish of Woolloongabba was constituted by the Brisbane Church of England Diocesan Council. Reverend David Ruddock (1850 - 1920) was appointed rector.<ref>{{Citation | author1=Ruddock, David | title=David Ruddock Papers | url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/200346360 | accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> He ministered at the church until 1893 and was replaced by the Reverend Hugh Simmonds.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article173509901 |title=Rector Departing. |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Brisbane)|The Telegraph]] |issue=6,306 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=3 January 1893 |accessdate=11 January 2017 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

In November 1889, a new wooden church hall and Sunday school were opened. The hall measured {{convert|66|ft|m}} by {{convert|25|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3504521 |title=The Brisbane Courier. |newspaper=[[The Brisbane Courier]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=9,945 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=28 November 1889 |accessdate=10 January 2017 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}} </ref> Parish life in the early 1890s was busy with services with large congregations, social gatherings, concerts, activities such as debating and cricket and fund raising activities.

On 4 November 1895, two men were executed by [[hanging]] at [[Boggo Road Gaol]]. Reverend Simmonds, Rector of Woolloongabba Parish in which the gaol stands attended to one of the two men, an Aboriginal man called ''Jacky''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article183713976 |title=Dual Execution. |newspaper=[[The Week]] |volume=XL, |issue=1,037 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=8 November 1895 |accessdate=11 January 2017 |page=24 |via=National Library of Australia}} </ref>

== 1900 - ==
In 1915 the rector of Holy Trinity Parish, Cecil Howard Edwards, temporarily left the parish to serve in [[World War I]] and after a brief return in 1916 did not return to the parish until 1920, where he remained until 1925. It is thought that he instigated a movement to construct another church because the timber church, despite the premier hilltop site, remained relatively inconspicuous, particularly compared with those Roman Catholic churches being constructed on elevated Brisbane sites by Archbishop [[James Duhig]]. In about 1916 a subscription scheme was devised to allow parishioners to donate a sum of money over a lengthy period which finally contributed to the construction of a substantial church in 1930. The 1920s was a period of expansion for the Church of England in Queensland and during this time many older churches were rebuilt and new churches constructed. Typically these new buildings were unpretentious, retaining influence from the nineteenth century [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] but with more awareness of the Queensland sub-tropical climate. In the late 1920s experimentation with derivatives of a hybrid of [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and [[Mission Revival Style architecture|Spanish Mission architecture]] are apparent in both the Holy Trinity Church at Woolloongabba and at another [[Holy Trinity Church, Mackay|Holy Trinity Church]] in [[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]] designed by [[Lange Powell]]. Earlier in 1924, [[Our Lady of Victories Catholic Church]] at [[Bowen Hills, Queensland|Bowen Hills]] was constructed using Spanish Mission influences but few other churches display the hybrid style developed by the architect Eric Ford at Woolloongabba.<ref name=qhr/>

== Church hall and rectory ==
In 1889, Brisbane architect, [[John Henry Burley]] designed a substantial church hall for the Parish which remained in use until 1998 when it was demolished. By 1890 a rectory also was constructed on the site to the design of diocesan architect, [[John Hingeston Buckeridge]]. This was in use until destroyed by fire in 1956.<ref name=qhr/>

== Priests ==
From 1907 to 1913, [[David John Garland]] was rector at Holy Trinity.<ref>{{cite web|title = Holy Trinity Church|url = http://www.garlandmemorial.com/holy-trinity-opened-1930/|publisher = Canon Garland Memorial Society|accessdate = 17 February 2016}}</ref> As senior army camp chaplain in Queensland from 1914 to 1917, Garland experienced the [[World War I]] both at home and at the front. He was one of the originators of the now annual [[Anzac Day in Queensland|Anzac Day]] ceremonies. Described as an "overpoweringly energetic with a distinctive flair, if not genius, for organisation", he played a pivotal role in the Queensland experience of the war, and was a central figure in a variety of committees and organisations established to aid the war effort and support or commemorate serving or returned soldiers.<ref name="adb">{{cite web|last = Mansfield|first = Wendy M.|title = Garland, David John (1864–1939)|url = http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/garland-david-john-6278|work = Australian Dictionary of Biography|publisher = National Centre for Biography, Australian National University|accessdate = 17 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://blogs.slq.qld.gov.au/ww1/2015/10/14/digitisedslq-letters-of-army-chaplain-david-john-garland/|title = Digitised@SLQ: Letters of army chaplain David John Garland|date = 14 October 2015|access-date = 17 February 2016|website = SLQ blogs|publisher = [[State Library of Queensland]]|last = Hamilton|first = Robyn}}</ref>

== 1930 - ==
The architectural firm, Chambers and Ford who designed the Woolloongabba Church of England, was a partnership of [[Claude William Chambers]] and Eric Marshall Ford. Chambers and Ford remained in practise in Brisbane from 1920 until 1951, although Chambers was largely not involved and moved permanently to [[Sydney]] in about 1935. Chambers was a highly experienced and notable architect, who worked for a number of prominent Brisbane firms during the nineteenth century and formed several partnerships in the twentieth century, including [[Chambers and Powell]] (where EM Ford was office manager); Chambers and Ford and [[Chambers and Hutton]]. The partnership of Chambers and Ford designed several Brisbane churches notably St Margaret's Church of England, [[Sandgate, Queensland|Sandgate]] (1927) and St James' Church, [[Kelvin Grove, Queensland|Kelvin Grove]] (1943).<ref name=qhr/>

Plans, prepared by Ford, for the erection of a new church at Woolloongabba were ready by the end of the 1920s and it is thought that the design was chosen from a limited competition. The parish was saved the expense of the demolition of the earlier church which was blazed to the ground in a fire on 11 December 1929.<ref name=qhr/>

The foundation stone was laid on 3 March 1930 by [[Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane|Archbishop]] [[Gerald Sharp]]. A description rendered by the Buildings and Real Estate writer of the [[Brisbane Courier]], talked of the building designed in the Italian Romanesque style of the eleventh century, "slightly modified to suit local conditions". The plan comprised a prominent tower, [[Vestry (architecture)|vestry]], entrance [[porch]] and [[nave]] with side aisles and octagonal [[chancel]]. A basement was to provide access for a further two vestries. Finishes throughout the church included face brick internal walls with black [[tuckpointing]], timber panelled ceilings and external roughcast render. A red tiled roof was to provide a contrast with the [[whitewash]]ed external walls.<ref name=qhr/>

Tenders were called by Chambers and Ford for the Holy Trinity Church in the February edition of the [[Architects and Builder's Journal of Queensland]] and in the May edition of the journal the tender of JH Davis was accepted. The final cost of the church was about £9800.<ref name=qhr/>

The Holy Trinity Church was dedicated on 4 October 1930 by the Coadjutor Bishop of Brisbane, the Right Reverend [[Francis de Witt Batty]]. Most of the descriptions of the building on the day of its [[dedication]] focussed on its extraordinary site which crowned the highest part of Hawthorne Street and commanded a view of the entire parish. The completed building housed an organ by Messrs Whitehouse costing £560, electric lighting installed by Mr Dudley Winterford, plasterwork by James Bain & Son, glazing by Decorative Art Company and leadlights by [[RS Exton & Co|Exton & Company]]. The garden and landscaping was set out by Mr H Stokes. Many of the internal fittings were donated by parishioners and much of the fitted and loose furniture, including the altar furniture and [[pew]]s was designed by the architect, Eric Ford.<ref name=qhr/>

The church has remained as it was constructed with very few apparent alterations. The organ pipes have been painted, carpet runners and squares have been laid, commemorative [[stained glass]] windows have been added to the side aisles and work appears to have been undertaken on the [[reredos]] screen which is now concealed by a heavy curtain. The exterior of the church has been painted but retains a whitewashed appearance.<ref name=qhr/>

Alterations to the site include the 1938 renovation of an sub-basement area in the church for a [[columbarium]], or a place to hold funerary vases and the erection of a freestanding [[bell tower]] in 1949 to commemorate those soldiers who were killed during [[World War II]]. In 1956 after the original [[rectory]] was destroyed the church acquired an adjoining property with an early house from the Sawyer family. This building became the rectory. In 1971 a freestanding [[crucifix]] was erected on the southern side of the church commemorating Eric Johnstone. The most substantial changes to the church complex occurred in late 1997 to early 1998 when the church hall and rectory were demolished.<ref name=qhr/>

== Description ==
[[File:Foundation stone at Holy Trinity Anglican Church, Woolloongabba.jpg|thumb|Foundation stone, 2015]]
The Holy Trinity Church is a substantial, prominently sited building located on the crest of a hill in Hawthorne Street, Woolloongabba. The church complex, including the church and adjacent hall, called Trinity Place, has views of the surrounding suburbs: [[Mater Hill]], [[Kangaroo Point, Queensland|Kangaroo Point]] and Woolloongabba.<ref name=qhr/>

The church is a brick structure with all external surfaces rendered with a roughcast concrete [[stucco]]. The principal roof is clad with [[terracotta]] cordova tiles. The design of the building is strongly influenced by the popular Spanish Mission style of the inter-war period manifest both externally and internally in the textured render, barley twist [[columns]], heavy timber joinery and cordova roofing tiles. Combined with this obvious influence is [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] detailing including the raked arch motif on the [[parapet]]s, [[Dome|domed roofs]], tower and round arched openings embellished with [[Norman architecture|Norman detailing]].<ref name=qhr/>

The church has a traditional [[cruciform]] floor plan, with shallow [[transepts]], an octagonal [[chancel]] at the eastern end and a dominant tower projecting from the north western corner. The body of the church is divided into a [[nave]] with a [[gable]]d roof abutted on the northern and southern sides by [[skillion roof]]ed [[aisle]]s, creating a high level [[clerestory]]. The transepts are formed by gabled abutments to the principal roof and the eastern end of the roof is separated from the principal by a secondary gabled parapet from which an octagonal hipped section roofs the chancel.<ref name=qhr/>

The corner tower stands about three storeys or 75 feet above ground level and has a square plan through to the second floor level where it tapers inward to form a platform which is surmounted by a circular planned lantern. Surrounding the lantern is an elaborate concrete [[balustrade]] featuring large flames at the four corners. Original [[floodlighting]], concealed by the balustrade, illuminates the lantern at night. The lantern comprises a [[colonnade]]d exterior which supports a pointed [[dome]] roof clad with [[copper]] tiles and surmounted by a [[Latin cross]]. At the base of the tower, on the northern face is a one storeyed semicircular projection, with a half dome roof clad with painted copper tiles. The principal entrance to the tower is from the western face, through a double timber door, flanked by twisted [[column]]s and surrounded by an archway in [[relief]] [[plasterwork]] featuring moulded panels of two alternating types of crosses. Within the base of the tower is a curved [[cantilever]]ed concrete stair which winds up inside the tower to give access to the upper levels. The faces of the tower feature double round arched openings separated by twisted columns on the first floor and thin slit windows on the floor above. A repeated arched moulding forms a [[cornice]] mould around the top of the second floor of the tower.<ref name=qhr/>

The western [[facade]] of the church houses two entrances, the principal entrance to the body of the church and the already mentioned entrance to the base of the tower. The principal entrance to the church is via a centrally located double timber door with circular motifs on each of five panels lining the exterior of the door. The door is protected by a small open [[porch]], which has a gabled [[awning]] clad with cordova tiles and a [[Vault (architecture)|vaulted]] concrete [[soffit]] supported on substantial columns with [[Composite order]] [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]]. On the [[Fascia (architecture)|fascia]] and surrounding the round archway is a relief moulding featuring square panels of moulded panels featuring crosses. Flanking the entrance are two shallow [[pilasters]] which divide the [[facade]] into three [[Bay (architecture)|bays]]. Within the central bay, above the entrance, is a row of six round arched window openings divided by thin twisted columns and glazed with coloured glass [[leadlight]]s. Above this is a large [[wheel window]] again featuring brightly coloured glazing. The [[parapet]]ed [[gable]] is lined at [[cornice]] level with a repeated arch moulding aligned with the taper of the gable. Surmounting the apex of the gable is a cross.<ref name=qhr/>

The side aisles of the northern and southern facades of the building are lined with paired round arched openings divided by twisted columns with Composite order capitals and flanked by panels with [[Dog-tooth|dog tooth]] mouldings. These openings define the internal bays of the nave and are glazed with figured stained glass panels. The windows throughout the church are steel [[Casement window|casements]]. Above the height of the side aisles are taller paired round arched openings aligned with the lower windows, but glazed with two tones of green leadlighting. Above the windows is a cornice formed by the repeated arch moulding. The eastern end of the church features a number of single round arched openings glazed with stained glass panels. The repeated arch moulding is used as a cornice moulding on the octagonal chancel and raked on the two parapeted gables. A freestanding copper crucifix, with memorial tablet, is found adjacent to the western end of the southern elevation of the church. Adjacent to the south western corner of the building is a small rustic stone [[baptismal font]] which is thought to have a long association with the parish. Also apparent on the southern elevation is the semi-basement under the southern transept.<ref name=qhr/>

Internally the body of the church is divided into a nave and side aisles with two heavy face brick [[Arcade (architecture)|arcades]], comprising compound columns supporting round arched openings and forming a six bay nave. The compound columns are capped with white painted concrete capitals embellished with mouldings of [[foliage]]. The side aisles are further divided by round archways defining each of the bays of the nave and springing from the compound columns of the principal arcades. Also demarcating the internal bays are a number of heavy dark stained timber [[Scissor truss|scissor]] [[roof trusses]] supported on white painted concrete [[corbel]]s with simple mouldings. The ceiling of the church is lined with stained pine [[rafter]]s between which are infill panels of timber based board, like an early coarse [[particle board]]. The internal walls of the Holy Trinity Church are all dark face brickwork with black pointing. The flooring throughout the interior is concrete which has been scoured to resemble flagging stones and treated with a light buff colour in areas to form patterns. Symbols for [[alpha]] and [[omega]], are inscribed in the concrete floor in the steps to the sanctuary area.<ref name=qhr/>

The transepts of the church are formed by projections aligned with the two most easterly bays of the nave. Housed in the northern facing chancel is a memorial chapel separated from the church by a face brick balustrade. Featured in this chapel are early stained glass panels commemorating Mr and Mrs Thomas Weedon, long time parishioners of the church. Housed in the chancel on the southern side of the church is a [[Vestry (architecture)|vestry]] and organ case. The vestry is formed by dark stained timber panelling with feature panels of timber [[cross bracing]]. Aligned with the transepts in the nave is a [[Choir (architecture)|choir]] area, separated from the body of the church by stepped platforms.<ref name=qhr/>

The [[sanctuary]] in the chancel is demarcated by two adjacent round chancel arches, defined externally by the two parapeted gable ends and separated from one another by a recessed bay housing round arched openings. [[Altar rails]] are aligned with the forward chancel arch. The ceiling of the chancel follows the [[Hipped Roof|hipped roof]] line and is clad with a concrete render. The sanctuary has a number of stepped platforms, and on the uppermost platform is a timber [[altar]]. Also in the sanctuary area are two early patterned stained glass panels in round arched openings within the raked walls behind the altar. A large concrete [[pulpit]], to which access is provided by three steps, is found in the choir section of the church and is decorated in the manner of the exterior of the building, painted white and featuring the repeated arch moulding as a cornice.<ref name=qhr/>

Generally the interior of the church is quite dark and heavy, as a result of the dark finishes, heavy joinery and small openings, mostly glazed with coloured glass. There is early electrical [[lighting]] within the church in the form of [[Pendant light|pendants]] in the nave and wall [[Bracket (architecture)|brackets]] along the walls of the side aisles. The [[pew]]s and other furniture and fittings including the organ, altar furniture, [[lectern]] and [[altar candle]]s are also early features of the church. An early [[sandstone]] [[baptismal font]] is elevated on small platforms in the south western corner of the church.<ref name=qhr/>

== Heritage listing ==
Holy Trinity Anglican Church was listed on the [[Queensland Heritage Register]] on 9 May 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.<ref name=qhr/>

'''The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.'''

Constructed in 1930 as the third Holy Trinity Church of England on the site, the building demonstrates the development of the Woolloongabba area from the nineteenth century when the original church was constructed and also reflects the expansion of the Church of England in Queensland during the 1920s when many parish churches were constructed or upgraded increasing the presence of the church in the state.<ref name=qhr/>

'''The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.'''

The building demonstrates the principal characteristics of inter-war church architecture, with traditional cruciform plan including prominent tower, Romanesque detailing, internal layout and furniture and stained glass panels in traceried surrounds.<ref name=qhr/>

'''The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.'''

The outstanding landmark qualities of the Holy Trinity Church contribute to the aesthetic significance of the place; it is a well composed and dramatic building on a prominent site. The design of the building is significant as a good intact example of a blend of architectural influences, most apparently inter-war Spanish Mission and ecclesiastical Romanesque. Elements of the building have aesthetic merit as well designed features which complement the design of the place, such features include the artificial lighting both internal and external; internal furniture and fittings, most significantly the pews, choir seating, two altars and altar furniture, lectern, pulpit, organ and font; as well as the early stained glass panels in the memorial chapel, on the western facade and in the sanctuary.<ref name=qhr/>

'''The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.'''

The church has special associations with the Holy Trinity parish and with the Church of England in Queensland as the site of a Church of England for nearly 130 years and as the parish church for sixty eight years.<ref name=qhr/>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

=== Attribution ===
[[File:CC-BY-icon-80x15.png]] This Wikipedia article was originally based on [https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/the-queensland-heritage-register ''"The Queensland heritage register"''] published by the [[State of Queensland]] under [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/ CC-BY 3.0 AU] licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141008094804/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/the-queensland-heritage-register archived] on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the [https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/queensland-heritage-register-boundaries ''"Queensland heritage register boundaries"''] published by the [[State of Queensland]] under [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/ CC-BY 3.0 AU] licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141015223514/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/queensland-heritage-register-boundaries archived] on 15 October 2014).

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Anglican Church of Australia}}

[[Category:Queensland Heritage Register]]
[[Category:Woolloongabba]]
[[Category:Churches in Brisbane]]
[[Category:Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register (please review)]]
[[Category:Anglican churches in Queensland]]

Steamboat Rock State Park

2016-12-19T22:56:34Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to Native Americans (link changed to Native Americans in the United States) using DisamAssist.

{{Geobox|Protected Area

| name = Steamboat Rock State Park
| native_name = | other_name =
| category = [[List of Washington state parks|Washington State Park]]

| etymology = | official_name = | motto = | nickname =

| image = SteamboatRock.jpg
| image_caption =
| image_size = 250px

| flag =
| symbol =

| country = United States
| state = [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| region_type = County
| region = [[Grant County, Washington|Grant]]
| district =
| municipality =

| city = | landmark = | river =

| location =
| elevation_imperial = 1975
| elevation_note = <ref name=gnis/>
| prominence_name = Steamboat Rock
| prominence_imperial = 2283
| prominence_note = <ref name=gnis2>{{cite gnis|1513296|Steamboat Rock}}</ref>
| lat_d = 47 | lat_m = 51 | lat_s = 47 | lat_NS = N
| long_d = 119 | long_m = 08 | long_s = 00 | long_EW = W
| coordinates_note = <ref name=gnis>{{cite gnis|1513303|Steamboat Rock State Park}}</ref>
| highest =
| highest_location = | highest_region = | highest_country =
| highest_elevation_imperial =
| highest_lat_d = | highest_lat_m = | highest_lat_s = | highest_lat_NS =
| highest_long_d = | highest_long_m = | highest_long_s = | highest_long_EW =
| lowest =
| lowest_location = | lowest_region = | lowest_country =
| lowest_elevation_imperial =
| lowest_lat_d = | lowest_lat_m = | lowest_lat_s = | lowest_lat_NS =
| lowest_long_d = | lowest_long_m = | lowest_long_s = | lowest_long_EW =

| length_imperial = | length_orientation =
| width_imperial = | width_orientation =
| area_unit = acre
| area_imperial = 3522

| geology = | biome = | plant = | animal = | style =

| established_type = Established
| established = 1972
| established_note = <ref name=tate/>
| date =
| management = Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission
| management_location = | management_region = | management_country =
| management_elevation_imperial =
| management_lat_d = | management_lat_m = | management_lat_s = | management_lat_NS =
| management_long_d = | management_long_m = | management_long_s = | management_long_EW =
| owner = | leader =

| public = | visitation = | visitation_date = | access =

| whs_name = | whs_year = | whs_number = | whs_region = | whs_criteria = | category_iucn =

| free = | free_type =

| map = Washington Locator Map.PNG
| map_caption = Location in the state of Washington
| map_background =
| map_locator = Washington
| map_locator_x =
| map_locator_y =

| commons =
| website = [http://www.parks.wa.gov/590/Steamboat-Rock Steamboat Rock State Park]

| footnotes =
}}

'''Steamboat Rock State Park''' is a {{convert|3522|acre|adj=on}} [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] [[state park]] located near the north end of [[Banks Lake]] in the [[Grand Coulee]]. The park takes its name from the landscape's dominating feature, '''Steamboat Rock''', a [[basalt]] [[butte]] that rises {{convert|800|ft}} above the lake which nearly completely surrounds it.<ref name=tate/> The butte's plateau covers more than {{convert|600|acre}} and was used by nomadic [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes and by early settlers.<ref name=wasp/> During the last [[Ice Age]], the monolith stood as an island in the new bed of the [[Columbia River]] where it had been diverted by ice dams. Once the dams burst creating massive floods, the Columbia returned to its original course, leaving Steamboat Rock as a prominent feature of the dry Grand Coulee.<ref name=tate/>

==Activities and amenities==
The park has {{convert|50000|ft}} of shoreline and is open year-round for camping and day use. The park has trails for hiking, biking and equestrian use as well as water activities including boating, swimming, waterskiing, and fishing. Winter activities include cross-country skiing, ice fishing, and ice climbing.<ref name=wasp/>

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=wasp>{{cite web |url=http://www.parks.wa.gov/590/Steamboat-Rock |title=Steamboat Rock State Park |publisher=Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission |accessdate=February 5, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name=tate>{{cite web |title=Steamboat Rock State Park |publisher=HistoryLink |work=The Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History |url=http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=7506 |first=Cassandra |last=Tate |date=October 11, 2005 |accessdate=November 24, 2007}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://parks.state.wa.us/590/Steamboat-Rock Steamboat Rock State Park] Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission
*[http://www.parks.wa.gov/DocumentCenter/Home/View/1951 Steamboat Rock State Park Map] Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission

{{Protected Areas of Washington}}

[[Category:Parks in Grant County, Washington]]
[[Category:State parks of Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Buttes of Washington (state)]]

Jaffa Street

2016-09-16T14:19:00Z

R'n'B: Disambiguate link to Mahane Yehuda

{{For|the world music band|Jaffa Road (band)}}
[[File:Jaffa road Jerusalem 2012.jpg|thumb|Jaffa road Jerusalem]]
[[File:Jaffa Road sign.jpg|thumb|Reflective street sign commemorating [[Jaffa]] as the "port city of Jerusalem in ancient times"]]

'''Jaffa Road''' ({{lang-he|רחוב יפו}}, ''Rehov Yaffo'', {{lang-ar|شارع يافا}}) is one of the longest and oldest major streets in [[Jerusalem]], [[Israel]].<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/ArtsAndCulture/Books/Article.aspx?id=1612It The life and death of Jaffa Road]</ref> It crosses the city from east to west, from the Old City walls to downtown Jerusalem, the western portal of Jerusalem and the [[Highway 1 (Israel)|Jerusalem-Tel Aviv highway]]. It is lined with shops, businesses, and restaurants. It joins with [[Ben Yehuda Street (Jerusalem)|Ben Yehuda Street]] and [[King George Street (Jerusalem)|King George Street]] to form the [[Downtown Triangle (Jerusalem)|Downtown Triangle]] central business district. Major landmarks along Jaffa Road are [[Tzahal Square]] ([[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] square), [[Safra Square]] (city hall), [[Zion Square]], [[Davidka Square]], the "Triple" intersection (''Hameshulash'') at King George V Street and [[Straus Street]], the [[Ben Yehuda Street (Jerusalem)|Ben Yehuda Street]] [[pedestrian mall]], the [[Mahane Yehuda market]], and the [[Jerusalem Central Bus Station]]. Jaffa Road has been redeveloped as a car-free [[pedestrian mall]] served by the [[Jerusalem Light Rail]].

== History ==
{{see also|History of Jerusalem}}

Originally paved in 1861 as part of the highway to [[Jaffa]], the road quickly became a focal point for the 19th century expansion out of Jerusalem's Old City walls, and early neighbourhoods like the [[Russian Compound]], [[Nahalat Shiva]], and [[Mahane Yehuda]] blossomed around it, as well as [[Shaare Zedek Medical Center|Shaare Zedek hospital]]. Proximity to the artery quickly became a measure of real-estate value in the booming city. Traffic originally consisted of camels and mules, and the route was eventually improved enough to allow for horse-drawn [[carriage]]s. The German [[Templers (religious believers)|Templers]], who established the [[German Colony of Jerusalem|German Colony]], first began a regular carriage service along the road to Jaffa.
[[File:JaffaStreet.jpg|thumb|left|Jaffa Road after 1907]]
During the period of the [[British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate]], the street was further developed with the establishment of many central institutions including the city hall, the city's central post office, the [[Anglo-Palestine Bank]], and the [[Assicurazioni Generali|Generali]] office building. The buildings on its easternmost end constructed along the Old City walls were destroyed in July 1944 so as not to obscure the city's historic view. During this period the street took on its modern shape, and it became the heart of the city's developing [[central business district]] as most commerce left the Old City. During the city's 19-year division between Israel and Jordan after the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]], which separated the Old City from much of modern Jerusalem, Jaffa Road's primacy as the city-centre was unchallenged.

The [[Kikar Safra|Jerusalem Municipality]], Jerusalem's main post office, the [[Mahane Yehuda Market]] are located on Jaffa Road. As a bustling thoroughfare, it has been targeted by terrorist groups and some of the most devastating terrorist attacks from the late 1960s onward have been carried out on this street, among them the [[Zion Square refrigerator bombing]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://frontpagemag.com/articles/Read.aspx?GUID=B5D7461C-9948-4167-8ABD-E7F1EDF592A4 |title=FrontPage Magazine |publisher=Frontpagemag.com |date= |accessdate=2013-07-20}}</ref> and the [[Sbarro pizza bombing]].

For much of its hundred-year existence, Jaffa Road has served as Jerusalem's central artery. The municipality responded to problems in the struggling city-centre through focused efforts to redevelop the street; Jaffa Road was limited to public transit (buses and taxis) in an attempt to divert [[traffic congestion]] from the area, and became the centrepiece of a new development plan for revitalising the downtown. A tunnel was excavated under the street at [[Tzahal Square]] in 2004 to allow the city's [[highway 60 (Israel)|central north-south route]] to bypass it.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-99673833.html |title=Tzahal Square Tunnel Inaugurated |publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=September 24, 2004}}</ref> In order to accommodate the new system, new utility lines were laid under one side of the road, which was also widened. 180 properties were evacuated to allow for the road's improvement.

The [[Jerusalem Light Rail]] began operating in 2011. At the western end of Jaffa Road, opposite the [[Jerusalem Central Bus Station|Central Bus Station]], it passes over Jaffa Road via [[Santiago Calatrava]]'s [[Chords Bridge]], which serves as an architectural beacon for the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/jerusalem/ |title=Jerusalem Light Rail Project |publisher=Railway-technology.com |date= |accessdate=2013-07-20}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Rakevet kala.jpg|A [[mural]] on Jaffa Road depicting artist's vision of the [[Jerusalem Light Rail]] in operation.
File:Jaffa road jerusalem.png|Jaffa road [[Jerusalem]]
File:Jerusalem Light Rail in Zion Square on A Rainy morning - November 2011.jpg|Jaffa Road in the rain
File:A. Salzmann - Porte de Jaffa, intérieur - Jerusalem.jpg|Interior of [[Jaffa Gate]] in 1856
File:Wilhelm Jaffa Road.jpg|Visit of [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]] of Germany, 1898
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Jaffa Road, Jerusalem}}
* [http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_sys/picture/atarim/site_form_atar_eng.asp?site_id=1838&pic_cat=2&icon_cat=6&york_cat=7 Jaffa Road history on the Jerusalem Municipality website]

{{Jaffa Road}}

{{coord|31|47|11.19|N|35|12|36.39|E|display=title}}

{{Streets in Jerusalem}}
{{Jerusalem Old City}}

[[Category:Streets in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:History of Jerusalem]]

Tellarought Castle

2016-09-12T16:11:53Z

R'n'B: Disambiguated: Gaelic → Irish language

{{Refimprove|date=July 2016}}

'''Terrerath Castle''' is located approximately 10.8 km south-east of [[New Ross]], [[Co. Wexford]] at St. Brigid's Terrace, Terrerath in a field adjacent to the graveyard of St. Brigid's Roman Catholic church and beside St. Brigid's Terrace road. It is a ruined [[Tower House]] possibly dating to the Norman period.<ref>http://www.libraryireland.com/topog/T/Talleraght-Shelburne-Wexford.php</ref> The tower is located adjacent to St. Brigid's Well, which was believed by some local people to have special healing properties. A small stream also runs under the road beside the tower.

The tower may have been the property of one William Devoreux of Talleraght who is mentioned as being the recipient of a pardon in 1597 in the Elizabethan Fiants.<ref>https://archive.org/stream/reportofdeputyke1720irel#page/n85/mode/1up/search/talleraght</ref> Talleraght was an alternative Anglicisation of Terreraths original [[Irish language|Gaelic]] name Tulaigh Reacht.<ref>http://www.logainm.ie/en/53370</ref>

[[File:TerrerathCastle1.jpg|thumb|View of Terrerath castle tower house, from the bottom of St. Brigid's Churchyard, Terrerath, Co. Wexford, Ireland]]

[[File:TerrerathCastle2.jpg|thumb|A view of Terrerath Castle from the field in which it is located, showing what might possibly be the main entrance to the tower.]]

{{coord|52|34|N|6|53|W|display=title|region:IE_type:landmark_source:GNS-enwiki}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Castles in County Wexford]]
[[Category:Ruins in the Republic of Ireland]]

{{Ireland-castle-stub}}
{{Wexford-geo-stub}}

Intrinsisch ungeordnete Proteine

2016-07-28T19:05:21Z

R'n'B: Disambiguated: protein database → protein structure database

[[File:1a5r SUMO-1 protein.gif|thumb|300px|Conformational flexibility in [[SUMO protein|SUMO-1]] protein (PDB:[http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1a5r 1a5r]).
The central part shows relatively ordered structure. Conversely, the N- and C-terminal regions (left and right, respectively) show ‘intrinsic disorder’, although a short helical region persists in the N-terminal tail. Ten alternative [[Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins|NMR models]] were morphed. Secondary structure elements: [[Alpha helix|α-helices]] (red), [[Beta sheet|β-strands]] (blue arrows).
<ref>{{cite book |authors=Majorek K, Kozlowski L, Jakalski M, Bujnicki, JM |editor-last=Bujnicki |editor-first=J |title=Prediction of Protein Structures, Functions, and Interactions |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |date=December 18, 2008 |pages=39–62|doi=10.1002/9780470741894.ch2 |url=ftp://genesilico.pl/lukaskoz/pdfs/Majorek.pdf||chapter=Chapter 2: First Steps of Protein Structure Prediction |isbn=9780470517673}}</ref>]]

An '''intrinsically disordered protein''' ('''IDP''') is a [[protein]] that lacks a fixed or ordered [[protein tertiary structure|three-dimensional structure]].<ref name="pmid11381529">{{Cite journal
| pmid = 11381529
| year = 2001
| author1 = Dunker
| first1 = A. K.
| title = Intrinsically disordered protein
| journal = Journal of molecular graphics & modelling
| volume = 19
| issue = 1
| pages = 26–59
| last2 = Lawson
| first2 = J. D.
| last3 = Brown
| first3 = C. J.
| last4 = Williams
| first4 = R. M.
| last5 = Romero
| first5 = P
| last6 = Oh
| first6 = J. S.
| last7 = Oldfield
| first7 = C. J.
| last8 = Campen
| first8 = A. M.
| last9 = Ratliff
| first9 = C. M.
| last10 = Hipps
| first10 = K. W.
| last11 = Ausio
| first11 = J
| last12 = Nissen
| first12 = M. S.
| last13 = Reeves
| first13 = R
| last14 = Kang
| first14 = C
| last15 = Kissinger
| first15 = C. R.
| last16 = Bailey
| first16 = R. W.
| last17 = Griswold
| first17 = M. D.
| last18 = Chiu
| first18 = W
| last19 = Garner
| first19 = E. C.
| last20 = Obradovic
| first20 = Z
| doi=10.1016/s1093-3263(00)00138-8
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dyson HJ, Wright PE |title=Intrinsically unstructured proteins and their functions |journal=Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=197–208 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15738986 |doi=10.1038/nrm1589}}</ref><ref name="struct08">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dunker AK, Silman I, Uversky VN, Sussman JL |title=Function and structure of inherently disordered proteins |journal=Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=756–64 |date=December 2008 |pmid=18952168 |doi=10.1016/j.sbi.2008.10.002}}</ref> IDPs cover a spectrum of states from fully unstructured to partially structured and include [[random coil]]s, (pre-)[[molten globule]]s, and large multi-domain proteins connected by flexible linkers. They constitute one of the main [[Protein fold class|types]] of protein (alongside [[globular protein|globular]], [[fibrous protein|fibrous]] and [[membrane protein]]s).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Andreeva|first1=A|title=SCOP2 prototype: a new approach to protein structure mining|journal=Nucleic Acids Res|date=2014|doi=10.1093/nar/gkt1242|pmid=24293656 |pmc=3964979|volume=42|pages=D310–4}}</ref>

The discovery of IDPs has challenged the traditional protein structure [[paradigm]], that protein function depends on a fixed three-dimensional [[protein structure|structure]]. This dogma has been challenged over the last decades by increasing evidence from various branches of structural biology, suggesting that [[protein dynamics]] may be highly relevant for such systems. Despite their lack of stable structure, IDPs are a very large and functionally important class of proteins. In some cases, IDPs can adopt a fixed three-dimensional structure after binding to other macromolecules. Overall, IDPs are different from structured proteins in many ways and tend to have distinct properties in terms of function, structure, sequence, interactions, evolution and regulation.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Classification of Intrinsically Disordered Regions and Proteins|url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr400525m|journal = Chemical Reviews|date = 2014-07-09|issn = 0009-2665|pmc = 4095912|pmid = 24773235|pages = 6589–6631|volume = 114|issue = 13|doi = 10.1021/cr400525m|first = Robin|last = van der Lee|first2 = Marija|last2 = Buljan|first3 = Benjamin|last3 = Lang|first4 = Robert J.|last4 = Weatheritt|first5 = Gary W.|last5 = Daughdrill|first6 = A. Keith|last6 = Dunker|first7 = Monika|last7 = Fuxreiter|first8 = Julian|last8 = Gough|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:PDB 2fft EBI.jpg|thumb|An [[conformational ensembles|ensemble]] of NMR structures of the Thylakoid soluble phosphoprotein TSP9, which shows a largely flexible protein chain.<ref name="pmid17176085">{{cite journal |vauthors=Song J, Lee MS, Carlberg I, Vener AV, Markley JL |title=Micelle-induced folding of spinach thylakoid soluble phosphoprotein of 9 kDa and its functional implications |journal=Biochemistry |volume=45 |issue=51 |pages=15633–43 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17176085 |pmc=2533273 |doi=10.1021/bi062148m}}</ref>|250px]]

In the 1930s -1950s, the first [[protein structure]]s were solved by [[protein crystallography]]. These early structures suggested that a fixed [[Tertiary structure#Tertiary structure|three-dimensional structure]] might be generally required to mediate biological functions of proteins. When stating that proteins have just one uniquely defined configuration, Mirsky and Pauling did not recognize that Fisher's work would have supported their thesis with his 'Lock and Key' model (1894). These publications solidified the [[central dogma of molecular biology]] in that the sequence determines the structure which, in turn, determines the function of proteins. In 1950, Karush wrote about 'Configurational Adaptability' contradicting all the assumptions and research in the 19th century. He was convinced that proteins have more than one configuration at the same energy level and can chose one when binding to other substrates. In the 1960s, [[Levinthal's paradox]] suggested that the systematic conformational search of a long polypeptide is unlikely to yield a single folded protein structure on biologically relevant timescales (i.e. seconds to minutes). Curiously, for many (small) proteins or protein domains, relatively rapid and efficient refolding can be observed in vitro. As stated in [[Anfinsen's Dogma]] from 1973, the fixed 3D structure of these proteins is uniquely encoded in its primary structure (the amino acid sequence), is kinetically accessible and stable under a range of (near) physiological conditions, and can therefore be considered as the native state of such "ordered" proteins.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

During the subsequent decades, however, many large protein regions could not be assigned in x-ray datasets, indicating that they occupy multiple positions which average out in [[electron density]] maps. The lack of a fixed, unique positions relative to the crystal lattice suggested that these regions were "disordered". Additional techniques for determining protein structures, such as [[Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins|NMR]], demonstrated the presence of large flexible linkers and termini in many solved structural ensembles. It is now generally accepted that proteins exist as an ensemble of similar structures with some regions more constrained than others. Intrinsically Unstructured Proteins (IUPs) occupy the extreme end of this spectrum of flexibility, whereas IDPs also include proteins of considerable local structure tendency or flexible multidomain assemblies.These highly dynamic disordered regions of proteins have subsequently been linked to functionally important phenomena such as [[allosteric regulation]] and [[enzyme catalysis]].
<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bu Z, Callaway DJ |title=Proteins MOVE! Protein dynamics and long-range allostery in cell signaling |journal=Adv in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology |volume=83 |issue= |pages=163–221 |year=2011 |pmid=21570668 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-381262-9.00005-7 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B978-0-12-381262-9.00005-7 |series=Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology |isbn=9780123812629}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 20099310| pmc = 2841229| year = 2010| author1 = Kamerlin| first1 = S. C.
| title = At the dawn of the 21st century: Is dynamics the missing link for understanding enzyme catalysis?
| journal = Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics
| volume = 78| issue = 6| pages = 1339–75| last2 = Warshel| first2 = A
| doi = 10.1002/prot.22654}}</ref>

In the 2000s, [[bioinformatic]] predictions of intrinsic disorder in proteins indicated that intrinsic disorder is more common in sequenced/predicted [[proteome]]s than in known structures in the [[protein structure database|protein database]]. Based on DISOPRED2 prediction, long (>30 residue) disordered segments occur in 2.0% of archaean, 4.2% of eubacterial and 33.0% of eukaryotic proteins.<ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 15019783
| year = 2004
| author1 = Ward
| first1 = J. J.
| title = Prediction and functional analysis of native disorder in proteins from the three kingdoms of life
| journal = Journal of Molecular Biology
| volume = 337
| issue = 3
| pages = 635–45
| last2 = Sodhi
| first2 = J. S.
| last3 = McGuffin
| first3 = L. J.
| last4 = Buxton
| first4 = B. F.
| last5 = Jones
| first5 = D. T.
| doi = 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.02.002
}}</ref> In 2001, Dunker published his paper 'Intrinsically Disordered Proteins' questioning whether the newly found information was ignored for 50 years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dunker|first=A. K.|last2=Lawson|first2=J. D.|last3=Brown|first3=C. J.|last4=Williams|first4=R. M.|last5=Romero|first5=P.|last6=Oh|first6=J. S.|last7=Oldfield|first7=C. J.|last8=Campen|first8=A. M.|last9=Ratliff|first9=C. M.|date=2001-01-01|title=Intrinsically disordered protein|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11381529|journal=Journal of Molecular Graphics & Modelling|volume=19|issue=1|pages=26–59|issn=1093-3263|pmid=11381529}}</ref>

In the 2010s it became clear that IDPs are highly abundant among disease-related proteins.<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 18573080
| last1 = Uversky | first1 = V. N.
| last2 = Oldfield | first2 = C. J.
| last3 = Dunker | first3 = A. K.
| title = Intrinsically Disordered Proteins in Human Diseases: Introducing the D2Concept
| doi = 10.1146/annurev.biophys.37.032807.125924
| journal = Annual Review of Biophysics
| volume = 37
| pages = 215–246
| year = 2008

| pmc =
}}</ref>

==Biological roles==
Many disordered proteins have the binding affinity with their receptors regulated by [[post-translational modification]], thus it has been proposed that the flexibility of disordered proteins facilitates the different conformational requirements for binding the modifying enzymes as well as their receptors.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Collins MO, Yu L, Campuzano I, Grant SG, Choudhary JS |title=Phosphoproteomic analysis of the mouse brain cytosol reveals a predominance of protein phosphorylation in regions of intrinsic sequence disorder |journal=Mol. Cell Proteomics |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=1331–48 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18388127 |doi=10.1074/mcp.M700564-MCP200}}</ref> Intrinsic disorder is particularly enriched in proteins implicated in cell signaling, transcription and chromatin remodeling functions.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00969-5 |author=Iakoucheva LM, Brown CJ, Lawson JD, Obradović Z, Dunker AK |title=Intrinsic disorder in cell-signaling and cancer-associated proteins |journal=J. Mol. Biol. |volume=323 |issue=3 |pages=573–84 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12381310}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Sandhu KS |title=Intrinsic disorder explains diverse nuclear roles of chromatin remodeling proteins |journal=J. Mol. Recognit. |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |year=2009 |pmid=18802931 |doi=10.1002/jmr.915 }}</ref>

===Flexible linkers===
Disordered regions are often found as flexible linkers (or loops) connecting two globular or transmembrane domains. Linker sequences vary greatly in length and [[amino acid]] sequence, but are similar in amino acid composition (rich in polar uncharged amino acids). Flexible linkers allow the connecting domains to freely twist and rotate through space to recruit their binding partners or for those binding partners to induce larger scale interdomain conformation changes via [[Protein dynamics#Global flexibility: multiple domains|protein domain dynamics]].

===Linear motifs===
Linear motifs are short disordered segments of proteins that mediate functional interactions with other proteins or other biomolecules (RNA, DNA, sugars etc.). Many roles or linear motifs are associated with cell regulation, for instance in control of cell shape, subcellular localisation of individual proteins and regulated protein turnover. Often, post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation tune the affinity (not rarely by several orders of magnitude) of individual linear motifs for specific interactions. Relatively rapid evolution and a relatively small number of structural restraints for establishing novel (low-affinity) interfaces make it particularly challenging to detect linear motifs but their widespread biological roles and the fact that many viruses mimick/hijack linear motifs to efficiently recode infected cells underlines the timely urgency of research on this very challenging and exciting topic. Unlike globular proteins IDPs do not have spatially-disposed active pockets. Nevertheless, in 80% of IDPs (~3 dozens) subjected to detailed structural characterization by NMR there are linear motifs termed PreSMos (pre-structured motifs) that are transient secondary structural elements primed for target recognition. In several cases it has been demonstrated that these transient structures become full and stable secondary structures, e.g., helices, upon target binding. Hence, PreSMos are the putative active sites in IDPs.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lee | first1 = SH. | last2 = Kim | first2 = DH. | last3 = Han | first3 = JJ. | last4 = Cha | first4 = EJ. | last5 = Lim | first5 = JE. | last6 = Cho | first6 = YJ. | last7 = Lee | first7 = C. | last8 = Han | first8 = KH. | title = Understanding pre-structured motifs (PreSMos) in intrinsically unfolded proteins. | journal = Curr Protein Pept Sci | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 34–54 | year = 2012 | doi = | PMID = 22044148 }}</ref>

===Coupled folding and binding===
Many unstructured proteins undergo transitions to more ordered states upon binding to their targets (e.g. [[MoRFs|Molecular Recognition Features (MoRFs)]]<ref name=ref2006>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022283606009831|author1=Amrita Mohan |author2=Christopher J. Oldfield |author3=Predrag Radivojac |author4=Vladimir Vacic |author5=Marc S. Cortese |author6=A. Keith Dunker |author7=Vladimir N. Uversky |title = Analysis of Molecular Recognition Features (MoRFs)|date = |journal = Journal of Molecular Biology 2006 Oct 6|doi = 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.07.087|pmid = 16935303|access-date = |volume=362(5)|pages=1043–59}}</ref>). The coupled folding and binding may be local, involving only a few interacting residues, or it might involve an entire protein domain. It was recently shown that the coupled folding and binding allows the burial of a large surface area that would be possible only for fully structured proteins if they were much larger.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0968-0004(03)00003-3 |vauthors=Gunasekaran K, Tsai CJ, Kumar S, Zanuy D, Nussinov R |title=Extended disordered proteins: targeting function with less scaffold |journal=Trends Biochem. Sci. |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=81–5 |date=February 2003 |pmid=12575995}}</ref> Moreover, certain disordered regions might serve as "molecular switches" in regulating certain biological function by switching to ordered conformation upon molecular recognition like small molecule-binding, DNA/RNA binding, ion interactions etc.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sandhu KS, Dash D |title=Dynamic alpha-helices: conformations that do not conform |journal=Proteins |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=109–22 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17407165 |doi=10.1002/prot.21328}}</ref>

The ability of disordered proteins to bind, and thus to exert a function, shows that stability is not a required condition. Many short functional sites, for example [[Short linear motif|Short Linear Motifs]] are over-represented in disordered proteins.

===Disorder in the bound state (fuzzy complexes)===
Intrinsically disordered proteins can retain their conformational freedom even when they bind specifically to other proteins. The structural disorder in bound state can be static or dynamic. In [[fuzzy complex]]es structural multiplicity is required for function and the manipulation of the bound disordered region changes activity. The [[conformational ensembles|conformational ensemble]] of the complex is modulated via post-translational modifications or protein interactions.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=21927770 |year=2012 |last1=Fuxreiter |first1=M |title=Fuzziness: Linking regulation to protein dynamics |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=168–77 |doi=10.1039/c1mb05234a |journal=Molecular bioSystems}}</ref> Specificity of DNA binding proteins often depends on the length of fuzzy regions, which is varied by alternative splicing.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=21620710 |year=2011 |last1=Fuxreiter |first1=M |last2=Simon |first2=I |last3=Bondos |first3=S |title=Dynamic protein-DNA recognition: Beyond what can be seen |volume=36 |issue=8 |pages=415–23 |doi=10.1016/j.tibs.2011.04.006 |journal=Trends in Biochemical Sciences}}</ref>

==Structural Aspects==
Intrinsically disordered proteins adapt many different structures in vivo according to the cell's conditions, creating a structural or conformational ensemble.<ref name="uversky11">{{Cite journal |year=2011 |author1=Uversky |first1= V. N. |title=Intrinsically disordered proteins from A to Z | journal = The International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology | volume = 43 | pages = 1090–1103 |doi=10.1016/j.biocel.2011.04.001}}</ref><ref name="oldfield14">{{Cite journal |year=2014 |author1=Oldfield |first1= C. |title=Intrinsically Disordered Proteins and Intrinsically Disordered Protein Regions| journal = Annual Review of Biochemistry | volume = 83 | pages = 553–584 |doi=10.1146/annurev-biochem-072711}}</ref>

Therefore their structures are strongly function-related. However, only few proteins are fully disordered in their native state. Disorder is mostly found in intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) within an otherwise well-structured protein. The term intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) therefore includes proteins that contain IDRs as well as fully disordered proteins.

The existence and kind of protein disorder is encoded in its amino acid sequence.<ref name="pmid11381529" /> In general, IDPs are characterized by a low content of bulky [[hydrophobic]] amino acids and a high proportion of polar and charged amino acids, usually referred to as low hydrophobicity.<ref name="uversky11" /> This property leads to good interactions with water. Furthermore high net charges promote disorder because of electrostatic repulsion resulting from equally charged residues.<ref name="oldfield14" /> Thus disordered sequences cannot sufficiently bury a hydrophobic core to fold into stable globular proteins. In some cases, hydrophobic clusters in disordered sequences provide the clues for identifying the regions that undergo coupled folding and binding (refer to [[intrinsically disordered proteins#biological roles|biological roles]]).
Many disordered proteins reveal regions without any regular secondary structure These regions can be termed as flexible, compared to structured loops. While the latter are rigid and contain only one set of Ramachandran angles, IDPs involve multiple sets of angles.<ref name="oldfield14" /> The term flexibility is also used for well-structured proteins, but describes a different phenomenon in the context of disordered proteins. Flexibility in structured proteins is bound to an equilibrium state, while it is not so in IDPs.<ref name="oldfield14" />
Many disordered proteins also reveal [[low complexity sequences]], i.e. sequences with over-representation of a few [[residue (chemistry)|residue]]s. While low complexity sequences are a strong indication of disorder, the reverse is not necessarily true, that is, not all disordered proteins have low complexity sequences. Disordered proteins have a low content of predicted [[secondary structure]].

==Experimental validation==
Intrinsically unfolded proteins, once purified, can be identified by various experimental methods. The primary method to obtain information on disordered regions of a protein is [[Protein NMR|NMR spectroscopy]]. The lack of electron density in [[X-ray crystallography|X-ray crystallographic]] studies may also be a sign of disorder.

Folded proteins have a high density (partial specific volume of 0.72-0.74 mL/g) and commensurately small [[radius of gyration]]. Hence, unfolded proteins can be detected by methods that are sensitive to molecular size, density or [[hydrodynamic drag]], such as [[size exclusion chromatography]], [[analytical ultracentrifugation]], [[Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)]], and measurements of the [[diffusion constant]]. Unfolded proteins are also characterized by their lack of [[secondary structure]], as assessed by far-UV (170-250 nm) [[circular dichroism]] (esp. a pronounced minimum at ~200 nm) or [[infrared]] spectroscopy. Unfolded proteins also have exposed backbone [[peptide]] groups exposed to solvent, so that they are readily cleaved by [[protease]]s, undergo rapid [[hydrogen-deuterium exchange]] and exhibit a small dispersion (<1 ppm) in their 1H amide [[chemical shift]]s as measured by [[protein NMR|NMR]]. (Folded proteins typically show dispersions as large as 5 ppm for the amide protons.)
Recently, new methods including [[Fast parallel proteolysis (FASTpp)]] have been introduced, which allow to determine the fraction folded/disordered without the need for purification.<ref name="fastpp">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0046147 |title=Determining Biophysical Protein Stability in Lysates by a Fast Proteolysis Assay, FASTpp |year=2012 |editor1-last=Uversky |editor1-first=Vladimir N |last1=Minde |first1=David P. |last2=Maurice |first2=Madelon M. |last3=Rüdiger |first3=Stefan G. D. |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=e46147 |pmid=23056252 |pmc=3463568}}</ref><ref name="methods">{{cite journal |pmid=15782190 |year=2005 |last1=Park |first1=C |last2=Marqusee |first2=S |title=Pulse proteolysis: A simple method for quantitative determination of protein stability and ligand binding |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=207–12 |doi=10.1038/nmeth740 |journal=Nature Methods}}</ref> Even subtle differences in the stability of missense mutations, protein partner binding and (self)polymerisation-induced folding of (e.g.) coiled-coils can be detected using FASTpp as recently demonstrated using the tropomyosin-troponin protein interaction.<ref name="Robaszkiewicz2015">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.01.004| title = Impaired tropomyosin–troponin interactions reduce activation of the actin thin filament| journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics| year = 2015| last1 = Robaszkiewicz | first1 = K. | last2 = Ostrowska | first2 = Z. | last3 = Cyranka-Czaja | first3 = A. | last4 = Moraczewska | first4 = J. | volume=1854 | pages=381–390}}</ref> Fully unstructured protein regions can be experimentally validated by their hypersusceptibility to proteolysis using short digestion times and low protease concentrations.<ref name="APC-Axin-proteolysis">{{Cite journal |doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0077257|title= Large Extent of Disorder in Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Offers a Strategy to Guard Wnt Signalling against Point Mutations |year=2013 |editor1-last=Buckle |editor1-first=Ashley M |last1=Minde |first1=David P.|last2=Radli |first2=Martina |last3=Forneris |first3=Frederico|last4=Maurice |first4=Madelon M. |last5=Rüdiger |first5=Stefan G. D. |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=e77257 |pmid=24130866 |pmc=3793970}}</ref>

Bulk methods to study IDP structure and dynamics include [[SAXS]] for ensemble shape information, [[NMR]] for atomistic ensemble refinement, [[Fluorescence]] for visualising molecular interactions and conformational transitions, x-ray crystallography to highlight more mobile regions in otherwise rigid protein crystals, cryo-EM to reveal less fixed parts of proteins, light scattering to monitor size distributions of IDPs or their aggregation kinetics, [[Circular Dichroism]] to monitor secondary structure of IDPs.

Single-molecule methods to study IDPs include spFRET<ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 24432838
| year = 2014
| author1 = Brucale
| first1 = M
| title = Single-Molecule Studies of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
| journal = Chemical Reviews
| pages = 140117081415006
| last2 = Schuler
| first2 = B
| last3 = Samorì
| first3 = B
| doi = 10.1021/cr400297g
| volume=114
| issue=6
}}</ref> to study conformational flexibility of IDPs and the kinetics of structural transitions, [[optical tweezers]]<ref name=Neupane2014>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 24475132
| year = 2014
| author1 = Neupane
| first1 = K
| title = Diverse metastable structures formed by small oligomers of α-synuclein probed by force spectroscopy
| journal = PLoS ONE
| volume = 9
| issue = 1
| pages = e86495
| last2 = Solanki
| first2 = A
| last3 = Sosova
| first3 = I
| last4 = Belov
| first4 = M
| last5 = Woodside
| first5 = M. T.
| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0086495
| pmc = 3901707
}}</ref> for high-resolution insights into the ensembles of IDPs and their oligomers or aggregates, nanopores<ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 23327569
| year = 2013
| author1 = Japrung
| first1 = D
| title = Single-molecule studies of intrinsically disordered proteins using solid-state nanopores
| journal = Analytical Chemistry
| volume = 85
| issue = 4
| pages = 2449–56
| last2 = Dogan
| first2 = J
| last3 = Freedman
| first3 = K. J.
| last4 = Nadzeyka
| first4 = A
| last5 = Bauerdick
| first5 = S
| last6 = Albrecht
| first6 = T
| last7 = Kim
| first7 = M. J.
| last8 = Jemth
| first8 = P
| last9 = Edel
| first9 = J. B.
| doi = 10.1021/ac3035025

}}</ref> to reveal global shape distributions of IDPs, magnetic tweezers<ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 23591872
| year = 2013
| author1 = Min
| first1 = D
| title = Mechanical unzipping and rezipping of a single SNARE complex reveals hysteresis as a force-generating mechanism
| journal = Nature Communications
| volume = 4
| pages = 1705
| last2 = Kim
| first2 = K
| last3 = Hyeon
| first3 = C
| last4 = Cho
| first4 = Y. H.
| last5 = Shin
| first5 = Y. K.
| last6 = Yoon
| first6 = T. Y.
| doi = 10.1038/ncomms2692
| pmc = 3644077
| issue=4
}}</ref> to study structural transitions for long times at low forces, high-speed [[Atomic force microscope|AFM]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 18698566
| year = 2008
| author1 = Miyagi
| first1 = A
| title = Visualization of intrinsically disordered regions of proteins by high-speed atomic force microscopy
| journal = ChemPhysChem
| volume = 9
| issue = 13
| pages = 1859–66
| last2 = Tsunaka
| first2 = Y
| last3 = Uchihashi
| first3 = T
| last4 = Mayanagi
| first4 = K
| last5 = Hirose
| first5 = S
| last6 = Morikawa
| first6 = K
| last7 = Ando
| first7 = T
| doi = 10.1002/cphc.200800210
}}</ref> to visualise the spatio-temporal flexibility of IDPs directly.

==Disorder prediction==

[[File:Remark465 1a22 HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE BOUND TO SINGLE RECEPTOR.png|thumb|REMARK465 - missing electron densities in X-ray structure representing protein disorder ({{PDB|1a22}}, human growth hormone bound to receptor). Compilation of screenshots from PDB database and molecule representation via [[Visual Molecular Dynamics|VMD]]. Blue and red arrows point to missing residues on receptor and growth hormone, respectively.|250px]]

[[List of disorder prediction software|Disorder prediction algorithms]] can predict Intrinsic Disorder (ID) propensity with high accuracy (approaching around 80%) based on primary sequence composition, similarity to unassigned segments in protein x-ray datasets, flexible regions in NMR studies and physico-chemical properties of amino acids.

===Distinguishing IDPs from well-structured proteins===

Separating disordered from ordered proteins is essential for disorder prediction.
One of the first steps to find a factor that distinguishes IDPs from non-IDPs is to specify biases within the amino acid composition. The following hydrophilic, charged amino acids A, R, G, Q, S, P, E and K have been characterized as disorder-promoting amino acids, while order-promoting amino acids W, C, F, I, Y, V, L, and N are hydrophobic and uncharged. The remaining amino acids H, M, T and D are ambiguous, found in both ordered and unstructured regions.<ref name="pmid11381529" /> This information is the basis of most sequence-based predictors.
Regions with little to no secondary structure, also known as NORS (NO Regular Secondary structure) regions,<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2011 |author1=Schlessinger |first1= A. |title=Protein disorder - a breakthrough invention of evolution? | journal = Current Opinion in Structural Biology | volume = 21 | pages = 412–418 |last2=Schaefer |first2=C. |last3=Vicedo |first3=E. |last4=Schmidberger |first4=M. |last5=Punta |first5=M. |last6=Rost |first6=B. |doi=10.1016/j.sbi.2011.03.14}}</ref> and low-complexity regions can easily be detected. However, not all disordered proteins contain such low complexity sequences.

===Prediction methods===
{{Main article|List of disorder prediction software}}

Determining disordered regions from biochemical methods is very costly and time-consuming. Due to the variable nature of IDPs, only certain aspects of their structure can be detected, so that a full characterization requires a large number of different methods and experiments. This further increases the expense of IDP determination. In order to overcome this obstacle, computer-based methods are created for predicting protein structure and function. It is one of the main goals of bioinformatics to derive knowledge by prediction. Predictors for IDP function are also being developed, but mainly use structural information such as [[#linear motifs|linear motif]] sites.<ref name="struct08" /><ref>{{Cite journal |year=2011 |author1=Tompa |first1= P. |title=Unstructural biology coming of age | journal = Current Opinion in Structural Biology | volume = 21 | pages = 419–425 |doi=10.1016/j.sbi.2011.03.12}}</ref> There are different approaches for predicting IDP structure, such as [[artificial neural network|neural networks]] or matrix calculations, based on different structural and/or biophysical properties.

Many computational methods exploit sequence information to predict whether a protein is disordered.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ferron F, Longhi S, Canard B, Karlin D |title=A practical overview of protein disorder prediction methods |journal=Proteins |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |date=October 2006 |pmid=16856179 |doi=10.1002/prot.21075}}</ref> Notable examples of such software include IUPRED and Disopred. Different methods may use different definitions of disorder. Meta-predictors show a new concept, combining different primary predictors to create a more competent and exact predictor.

Due to the different approaches of predicting disordered proteins, estimating their relative accuracy is fairly difficult. For example, [[artificial neural network|neural networks]] are often trained on different datasets. The disorder prediction category is a part of biannual [[CASP]] experiment that is designed to test methods according accuracy in finding regions with missing 3D structure (marked in [[Protein Data Bank (file format)|PDB files]] as REMARK465, missing electron densities in X-ray structures).

== Disorder and disease ==
Intrinsically unstructured proteins have been implicated in a number of diseases.<ref name="d2d2 concept">{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.biophys.37.032807.125924 |title=Intrinsically Disordered Proteins in Human Diseases: Introducing the D2Concept |year=2008 |last1=Uversky |first1=Vladimir N. |last2=Oldfield |first2=Christopher J. |last3=Dunker |first3=A. Keith |journal=Annual Review of Biophysics |volume=37 |pages=215–46 |pmid=18573080}}</ref> Aggregation of misfolded proteins is the cause of many [[synuclein]]opathies and toxicity as those proteins start binding to each other randomly and can lead to cancer or cardiovascular diseases. Thereby, misfolding can happen spontaneously because millions of copies of proteins are made during the lifetime of an organism. The aggregation of the intrinsically unstructured protein [[Alpha-synuclein|α-Synuclein]] is thought to be responsible. The structural flexibility of this protein together with its susceptibility to modification in the cell leads to misfolding and aggregation. Genetics, oxidative and nitrative stress as well as mitochondrial impairment impact the structural flexibility of the unstructured [[Alpha-synuclein|α-Synuclein]] protein and associated disease mechanisms.<ref name="Genetic mutation">{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/cn3002027 |title=Structures of the E46K Mutant-Type α-Synuclein Protein and Impact of E46K Mutation on the Structures of the Wild-Type α-Synuclein Protein |year=2013 |last1=Coskuner |first1=Orkid |last2=Wise-Scira |first2=Olivia |last3=Dunn |first3=Aquila |journal=ACS Chemical Neuroscience |volume=4 |pages=498–508}}</ref> Many key [[oncogene]]s have large intrinsically unstructured regions, for example p53 and BRCA1. These regions of the proteins are responsible for mediating many of their interactions. Taking the cell's native defense mechanisms as a model drugs can be developed, trying to block the place of noxious substrates and inhibiting them, and thus counteracting the disease.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dobson|first=Christopher M.|date=2003-12-18|title=Protein folding and misfolding|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14685248|journal=Nature|volume=426|issue=6968|pages=884–890|doi=10.1038/nature02261|issn=1476-4687|pmid=14685248}}</ref>

==Computer simulations==
Structural and dynamical properties of intrinsically unstructured proteins are being studied by molecular dynamics simulations.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mittal J, Yoo T, Georgiou G, Truskett T |title=Structural Ensemble of an Intrinsically Disordered Polypeptide|journal=J. Of Phys. Chem B |volume=117 |pages=118–124 |date=December 2013 |doi=10.1021/jp308984e}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ojeda-May P, Pu J |title=Replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations of an α/β-type small acid soluble protein (SASP)|journal=Biophysical Chemistry |volume=184 |pages=17–21 |date=August 2013|doi=10.1016/j.bpc.2013.07.014 |pmid=24029407}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Higo J, Ito H, Kuroda M, Ono S, Nakajima N, Nakamura H |title=Energy landscape of a peptide consisting of α-helix, 3-10-helix, β-hairpin, and other disordered conformations |journal=Protein Science |volume=10 |pages=1160–1171 |date=March 2001 |doi=10.1110/ps.44901 |issue=6 |pmid=11369854 |pmc=2374007}}</ref> Findings from these simulations suggest a highly flexible [[conformational ensembles|conformational ensemble]] of intrinsically disordered proteins at different temperatures which is related to the presence of low free energy barriers.

Effects of confinement have also recently been addressed.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rao J, Cruz L |title=Effects of Confinement on the Structure and Dynamics of an Intrinsically Disordered Peptide: A Molecular-Dynamics Study |journal=J. Of Phys. Chem B |volume=117 |pages=3707–3719 |date=March 2013 |doi=10.1021/jp310623x |issue=14}}</ref> For example, these studies suggest that confinement tends to increase the population of turn structures with respect to the population of coils and β-hairpins.

Moreover, various protocols and methods of analyzing IDPs, such as studies based on quantitative analysis of GC content in genes and their respective chromosomal bands, have been used to understand functional IDP segments.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.4161/idp.25496 |title=Digested disorder: Quarterly intrinsic disorder digest (January/February/March, 2013) |year=2013 |last1=Uversky |first1=Vladimir N |journal=Intrinsically Disordered Proteins |volume=1 |pages=e25496}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Susan Costantini |author2=Ankush Sharma |author3=Raffaele Raucci |author4=Maria Costantini |author5=Ida Autiero |author6=Giovanni Colonna |title=Genealogy of an ancient protein family: the Sirtuins, a family of disordered members |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=13 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23497088 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-60 |pages=60 |pmc=3599600}}</ref>

== Pioneering IDP research labs ==
{{Main article|List of experimental and computational labs focusing on IDPs}}

In the last ten years, a great number of laboratories have investigated protein disorders using both experimental (e.g. SAXS-NMR, single-molecule fluorescence) and computational (analysis of protein structure) techniques.

==See also==

* [[IDPbyNMR]]
* [[DisProt|DisProt database]]
* [[Molten globule]]
* [[Random coil]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Intrinsically_Disordered_Protein Intrinsically disordered protein at Proteopedia]
* [http://mobidb.bio.unipd.it MobiDB: a comprehensive database or intrinsic protein disorder annotations]
* [http://www.ideal.force.cs.is.nagoya-u.ac.jp/IDEAL/ IDEAL - '''I'''ntrinsically '''D'''isordered proteins with '''E'''xtensive '''A'''nnotations and '''L'''iterature]
* [http://d2p2.pro/ D2P2 Database of Disordered Protein Predictions]
* [http://iimcb.genesilico.pl/metadisorder/protein_disorder_intrinsically_unstructured_proteins_gallery_images.html Gallery of images of intrinsically disordered proteins]
* [http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/kidp20/current#.VcZObfntlBf First IDP journal covering all topics of IDP research]
* [http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/IDP IDP Journal]
* [http://www.disprot.org/ Database of experimentally validated IDPs]
* [http://pedb.vib.be/ IDP ensemble database]

[[Category:Proteins]]
[[Category:Protein structure]]
[[Category:Proteomics]]

Manifest der faschistischen Intellektuellen

2016-07-28T18:48:37Z

R'n'B: Disambiguated: précis → Critical précis

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
[[File:Giovanni Gentile.png|thumb|right|175px|'''Giovanni Gentile:''' [[Actual idealism|Philosophic]] father of [[Italian Fascism]]. ]]

The '''Manifesto of Fascist Intellectuals''' (''Manifesto degli Intellettuali del Fascismo'', {{IPA-it|maniˈfɛsto deʎʎi intelletˈtwaːli del faʃˈʃizmo}}), by the [[Actual idealism|actualist]] philosopher [[Giovanni Gentile]], formally establishes the political and ideologic foundations of [[Italian Fascism]].<ref>Jeffrey T. Schnapp (1996). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/261164 Fascinating Fascism]. ''Journal of Contemporary History'', Vol. 31, No. 2, Special Issue: The Aesthetics of Fascism (Apr., 1996), pp. 235-244, accessed 4 February 2009.</ref> Applying a [[Liberalism|liberal]] perspective, it justifies the political violence of the [[Blackshirts|Blackshirt]] paramilitaries of the [[National Fascist Party]] (PNF — ''Partito Nazionale Fascista''), in the [[revolution]]ary realisation of Italian Fascism as the [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] and [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] rėgime of Prime Minister [[Benito Mussolini]], who ruled Italy as ''[[Il Duce]]'' ("The Leader"), from 1922 to 1943.<ref>Giovanni Gentile (1929). ''Origini e dottrina del fascismo''. Rome, 1929, 69 pp., revised 1934, 105 pp.</ref><ref>Giovanni Gentile (1928). "Philosophic Basis of Fascism", ''Foreign Affairs'', vol. 6 (January/February) 1928, pp 290-304.</ref>

The ''Manifesto'' is the ideological [[Critical précis|précis]] of the 29 March 1925 '''Conference of Fascist Culture''', at Bologna. In support of the government of Benito Mussolini, prominent Italian academic and public [[intellectual]]s effected the first, formal effort at defining the cultural aspirations of [[Italian Fascism]]. As conference Chairman, the Neo-idealist philosopher Gentile publicly proclaimed the alliance between [[Culture]] and [[Fascism]], thereby challenging [[Intellectualism|intellectualist]] critics who questioned the Fascist régime’s cultural respectability.

[[File:Flag of the National Fascist Party (PNF).svg|thumb|175px|upright|[[National Fascist Party]] flag (1930s–1940s).]]

The thesis of the ''Manifesto of Fascist Intellectuals'' bases Fascist [[revolution]] upon co-operation between [[Culture]] and [[Politics]].<ref>Philip V. Cannistraro (1972). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/259908 Mussolini's Cultural Revolution: Fascist or Nationalist?] ''Journal of Contemporary History'', Vol. 7, No. 3/4 (Jul. - Oct., 1972), pp. 115-39, accessed 4 February 2009.</ref> As a statement of politico-philosophic principles, the ''Manifesto'' derived from the "Fascism and Culture" (''Fascismo e cultura'') lecture Gentile delivered in the "Freedom and Liberalism" (''Libertà e liberalismo'') session of the cultural conference; although officially attended by more than 400 Italian [[intellectual]]s, the document bears only 250 signatures.<ref>Giovanni Gentile (1928). ''Fascismo e cultura''. Milan, 1928.</ref>

[[File:Benito Mussolini Roman Salute.jpg|thumb|175px|right| '''''Il Duce:''''' Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini rendering the [[Roman salute]] to his audience.]]

The ''Manifesto'' was first published in ''Il Mondo'' (''The World''), the PNF newspaper, then by most Italian newspapers on 21 April 1925 — the national, anniversary-day celebration of the [[Founding of Rome]] (ca. 21 April 753 BC). The publication date’s symbolism was deepened with the contemporary, legal establishment of the celebration of the 21 April ''Natale di Roma'' (''Birth of Rome'') day instead of the imposed [[International Workers' Day]], established by Royal decree in early 1925.<ref>Emiliana P. Noether (1971). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1881234 Italian Intellectuals under Fascism]. ''The Journal of Modern History'', Vol. 43, No. 4 (Dec., 1971), pp. 630-648, accessed 4 February 2009.</ref>

Many culturally influential Italian [[Intellectual|public intellectuals]] signed the ''Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals'', among them:

{{columns-list|2|
*[[Luigi Barzini, Sr.]]
*[[Salvatore Di Giacomo]]
*[[Luigi Federzoni]]
*[[Giovanni Gentile]]
*[[Curzio Malaparte]]
*[[Filippo Tommaso Marinetti]]
*[[Alfredo Panzini]]
*[[Salvatore Pincherle]]
*[[Luigi Pirandello]]
*[[Ildebrando Pizzetti]]
*[[Vittorio G. Rossi]]
*[[Margherita Sarfatti]]
*[[Ardengo Soffici]]
*[[Giuseppe Ungaretti]]
}}

Although not at the Conference of Fascist Culture, the [[drama]]turge and [[novelist]] Luigi Pirandello, publicly supported the ''Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals'' with a letter. Whereas the support of Neapolitan poet [[Di Giacomo]] provoked Gentile’s falling out with [[Benedetto Croce]], his intellectual mentor,<ref>Alessandra Tarquini (2005). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/30036352 The Anti-Gentilians during the Fascist Regime]. ''Journal of Contemporary History'', Vol. 40, No. 4 (Oct., 2005), pp. 637-662, accessed 04 February 2009.</ref> who afterwards responded to the Fascist Government’s proclamation with his ''[[Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals]]''.<ref>Jared M. Becker (1983). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/478854 "What We Are Not": Montale's Anti-Fascism Revisited]. ''Italica'', Vol. 60, No. 4 (Winter, 1983), pp. 331-339, accessed 04 February 2009.</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:60em"
! {{Link language|it|Italian}} '''Manifesto degli Intellettuali del Fascismo'''<ref>''The text'' ([[public domain]]) ''can also be found in'' Stanislao G. Pugliese. ''Italian fascism and antifascism: a critical anthology'', Manchester University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-7190-5639-X, ISBN 978-0-7190-5639-0, pages 117 -22 (of 250).</ref>
|-
| '''Le origini'''
<blockquote><poem>
Il Fascismo è un movimento recente ed antico dello spirito italiano, intimamente connesso alla storia della Nazione italiana, ma non privo di significato e interesse per tutte le altre.
Le sue origini prossime risalgono al 1919, quando intorno a Benito Mussolini si raccolse un manipolo di uomini reduci dalle trincee e risoluti a combattere energicamente la politica demosocialista allora imperante. La quale della grande guerra, da cui il popolo italiano era uscito vittorioso ma spossato, vedeva soltanto le immediate conseguenze materiali e lasciava disperdere se non lo negava apertamente il valore morale rappresentandola agli italiani da un punto di vista grettamente individualistico e utilitaristico come somma di sacrifici, di cui ognuno per parte sua doveva essere compensato in proporzione del danno sofferto, donde una presuntuosa e minacciosa contrapposizione dei privati allo Stato, un disconoscimento della sua autorità, un abbassamento del prestigio del Re e dell'Esercito, simboli della Nazione soprastanti agli individui e alle categorie particolari dei cittadini e un disfrenarsi delle passioni e degl'istinti inferiori, fomento di disgregazione sociale, di degenerazione morale, di egoistico e incosciente spirito di rivolta a ogni legge e disciplina.
L'individuo contro lo Stato; espressione tipica dell'aspetto politico della corruttela degli anni insofferenti di ogni superiore norma di vita umana che vigorosamente regga e contenga i sentimenti e i pensieri dei singoli.
Il Fascismo pertanto alle sue origini fu un movimento politico e morale. La politica sentì e propugnò come palestra di abnegazione e sacrificio dell'individuo a un'idea in cui l'individuo possa trovare la sua ragione di vita, la sua libertà e ogni suo diritto; idea che è Patria, come ideale che si viene realizzando storicamente senza mai esaurirsi, tradizione storica determinata e individuata di civiltà ma tradizione che nella coscienza del cittadino, lungi dal restare morta memoria del passato, si fa personalità consapevole di un fine da attuare, tradizione perciò e missione.
</poem></blockquote>
'''Il Fascismo e lo Stato'''
<blockquote><poem>
Di qui il carattere religioso del Fascismo.
Questo carattere religioso e perciò intransigente, spiega il metodo di lotta seguito dal Fascismo nei quattro anni dal '19 al '22.
I fascisti erano minoranza, nel Paese e in Parlamento, dove entrarono, piccolo nucleo, con le elezioni del 1921.
Lo Stato costituzionale era perciò, e doveva essere, antifascista, poiché era lo Stato della maggioranza, e il fascismo aveva contro di sé appunto questo Stato che si diceva liberale; ed era liberale, ma del liberalismo agnostico e abdicatorio, che non conosce se non la libertà esteriore.
Lo Stato che è liberale perché si ritiene estraneo alla coscienza del libero cittadino, quasi meccanico sistema di fronte all'attività dei singoli.
Non era perciò, evidentemente, lo Stato vagheggiato dai socialisti, quantunque i rappresentanti dell'ibrido socialismo democratizzante e parlamentaristico, si fossero, anche in Italia, venuti adattando a codesta concezione individualistica della concezione politica.
Ma non era neanche lo Stato, la cui idea aveva potentemente operato nel periodo eroico italiano del nostro Risorgimento, quando lo Stato era sorto dall'opera di ristrette minoranze, forti della forza di una idea alla quale gl'individui si erano in diversi modi piegati e si era fondato col grande programma di fare gli italiani, dopo aver dato loro l'indipendenza e l'unità.
Contro tale Stato il Fascismo si accampò anch'esso con la forza della sua idea la quale, grazie al fascino che esercita sempre ogni idea religiosa che inviti al sacrificio, attrasse intorno a sé un numero rapidamente crescente di giovani e fu il partito dei giovani (come dopo i moti del '31 da analogo bisogno politico e morale era sorta la "Giovane Italia" di Giuseppe Mazzini).
Questo partito ebbe anche il suo inno della giovinezza che venne cantato dai fascisti con gioia di cuore esultante!
E cominciò a essere, come la "Giovane Italia" mazziniana, la fede di tutti gli Italiani sdegnosi del passato e bramosi del rinnovamento.
Fede, come ogni fede che urti contro una realtà costituita da infrangere e fondere nel crogiolo delle nuove energie e riplasmare in conformità del nuovo ideale ardente e intransigente.
Era la fede stessa maturatasi nelle trincee e nel ripensamento intenso del sacrificio consumatosi nei campi di battaglia pel solo fine che potesse giustificarlo: la vita e la grandezza della Patria.
Fede energica, violenta, non disposta a nulla rispettare che opponesse alla vita, alla grandezza della Patria.
Sorse così lo squadrismo. Giovani risoluti, armati, indossanti la camicia nera, ordinati militarmente, si misero contro la legge per instaurare una nuova legge, forza armata contro lo Stato per fondare il nuovo Stato.
Lo squadrismo agì contro le forze disgregatrici antinazionali, la cui attività culminò nello sciopero generale del luglio 1922 e finalmente osò l'insurrezione del 28 ottobre 1922, quando colonne armate di fascisti, dopo avere occupato gli edifici pubblici delle province, marciarono su Roma.
La Marcia su Roma, nei giorni in cui fu compiuta e prima, ebbe i suoi morti, soprattutto nella Valle Padana. Essa, come in tutti i fatti audaci di alto contenuto morale, si compì dapprima fra la meraviglia e poi l'ammirazione e infine il plauso universale.
Onde parve che a un tratto il popolo italiano avesse ritrovato la sua unanimità entusiastica della vigilia della guerra, ma più vibrante per la coscienza della vittoria già riportata e della nuova onda di fede ristoratrice venuta a rianimare la Nazione vittoriosa sulla nuova via faticosa della urgente restaurazione della sue forze finanziarie e morali.
Codesta Patria è pure riconsacrazione delle tradizioni e degli istituti che sono la costanza della civiltà, nel flusso e nella perennità delle tradizioni.
Ed è scintilla di subordinazione di ciò che è particolare ed inferiore a ciò che è universale ed immortale, è rispetto della legge e disciplina, è libertà ma libertà da conquistare attraverso la legge, che si instaura con la rinuncia a tutto ciò che è piccolo arbitrio e velleità irragionevole e dissipatrice.
È concezione austera della vita, è serietà religiosa, che non distingue la teoria dalla pratica, il dire dal fare, e non dipinge ideali magnifici per relegarli fuori di questo mondo, dove intanto si possa continuare a vivere vilmente e miseramente, ma è duro sforzo di idealizzare la vita ed esprimere i propri convincimenti nella stessa azione o con parole che siano esse stesse azioni.
</poem></blockquote>
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:60em"
! {{Link language|en|English}} '''Manifest of the Fascist Intellectuals to the Intellectuals of Other Nations'''<ref>''Also see'' J. T. Schnapp, O. E. Sears, & M. G. Stampino (transl.). ''A Primer of Italian Fascism'', U of Nebraska Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8032-9268-6, ISBN 978-0-8032-9268-0, pages 297-307 (of 325)</ref>
|-
|'''The origins'''
<blockquote><poem>
Fascism is a recent yet ancient movement of the Italian spirit. It is intimately connected to the history of the Italian nation, yet it is not devoid of interest or meaning for other nations.
Its immediate origins must be traced back to 1919, when a handful of veterans from the trenches [of War World I] gathered around Benito Mussolini, determined to fight energetically the then-dominant demosocialist ({{sic|''demosocialista''}}) politics. Democratic socialism was blind to all but one side (that of immediate material consequences) of the Great War from which the Italian people had emerged at the same time weary and victorious. It diminished the moral value of the war, when it did not resort to outright denial, by presenting it to Italians in a crudely individualistic and utilitarian light. It claimed that the conflict had been little more than the combination of individual sacrifices, for which each and every party was to be repaid according to a precise evaluation of its suffering. This claim resulted in an arrogant and threatening juxtaposition of individuals to the State; the neglect of the State's authority; a lowering of the prestige due to the king and the Army—symbols of a nation that transcends individuals and individual social categories—; the unleashing of basic passions and instincts, which bring about social disintegration, moral degeneration, and a self-centered and mindless spirit of rebellion against all forms of discipline and law.
The opposition of individual and State is the typical political expression of a corruption so deep that it cannot accept any higher life principle, because doing so would vigorously inform and contain the individual's feelings and thoughts.
Fascism was, therefore, a political and moral movement at its origins. It understood and championed politics as a training ground for self-denial and self-sacrifice in the name of an idea, one which would provide the individuals with his reason for being, his freedom, and all his rights. The idea in question is that of the fatherland. It is an ideal that is a continuous and inexhaustible process of historical actualization. It represents a distinct and singular embodiment of a civilization's traditions which, far from withering as a dead memory of the past, assumes the form of a personality focussed on the end towards which it strives. The fatherland is, thus, a mission.
</poem></blockquote>
'''Fascism and the State'''
<blockquote><poem>
Hence Fascism's religious character.
This uncompromising religiosity explains the fighting tactics adopted by Fascism from 1919 to 1922.
Fascists were a minority, in the country and in Parliament, where a small nucleus of deputies were seated after the 1921 elections.
The constitutional State was, therefore, antifascist and necessarily so, because it reflected its majority. Fascism was opposed precisely by this State that called itself "liberal", yet whose liberalism was of the agnostic and renunciatory kind that only pays heed to outward freedoms.
This state considers itself "liberal" because it is extraneous to the conscience of its free citizens and mechanically reacts to the actions of individuals.
It goes without saying that this was hardly the state that socialists had envisioned. The representatives of such hybrid socialism, smeared in democratic values and parliamentarianism, were coming to terms with this individualistic conception of politics.
Nor was it the State that had fueled the ideals of the small minority operating during the heroic time of our Risorgimento, because those who fought for it were animated by the power of an idea to which individuals had variously submitted. That heroic time founded a State with the grand plan of making Italians, after granting them independence and unity.
This was the State against which Fascism took on, armed with the power of its own vision which, thanks to the appeal that any religious idea inviting to sacrifice exerts, attracted a growing group of young supporters. It became, thus, the party of the young (much as Mazzini's ''Giovane Italia'' movement had risen out of the riots of 1831 to fill a similar political and moral void).
The party even had its hymn to youth that the fascists sang with joyful, exuberant hearts!
Fascism became, like Mazzini's ''Giovane Italia'', the faith of all Italians who disdained the past and longed for renewal.
Like other faiths, it confronted a fully actualized reality that must be destroyed and melted into a crucible of new energies, and forged according to a new ardent and uncompromising ideal.
It was the very faith that had ripened in the trenches and in the reflection on the sacrifices that took place on the battlefields for the only worthy goal: the vigour and greatness of the fatherland.
It was an energetic, violent faith, unwilling to respect anything that would stand in the way of the fatherland's vigour and greatness.
This is how squadrism arose.
Determined youths, armed, dressed in black shirts and organized in military fashion, placed themselves against the law in order to institute a new law—fighting the State in order to found the new State.
Squadrism's targeted the apologists for national disintegration, whose actions culminated in the general strike of July 1922, and finally dared to mount an insurrection on 28 October 1922, when armed columns of fascists first occupied public buildings in the provinces, and then marched on Rome.
The march on Rome caused some casualties during its preparation and execution phases, particularly in the Po valley. Like all courageous events inspired by the highest moral goals, it was greeted first by marvel, then by admiration, followed by universal acclaim.
It seemed, for a while, that the Italian people had recovered the enthusiastic unanimity it had felt on the verge of war, but redoubled by the awareness of the nation's recent victory and invigorated by the belief that the victorious Nation was now on the path to recovering its financial and moral integrity.
This fatherland is the rechristening of those traditions and institutions that, amidst the perennial renewal of traditions, remain constant features of civilization.
It is also prompts the subordination of all that is particular and inferior to that which is universal and superior. It is the respect of law and discipline; it is freedom to be conquered through the law by renouncing all that comes from individual choice and irrational, wasteful desires.
This fatherland represents an austere philosophy of life, marked by religious depth; it does not separate theory from practice, saying from doing; and it does not propose magnificent, but utterly unrealistic, ideals that change nothing in the misery of everyday life.
Rather, it is a daunting effort to idealize life and express one's beliefs through action or words that are, themselves, actions.
</poem></blockquote>
|}

==See also==
*[[Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals]]
*[[Giovanni Gentile]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manifesto Of The Fascist Intellectuals}}
[[Category:Italian fascist works]]
[[Category:Political history of Italy]]
[[Category:Italian political writers]]
[[Category:Modern history of Italy]]
[[Category:1925 in politics]]
[[Category:1925 works]]
[[Category:1925 in Italy]]

Langschnabelgerygone

2016-06-28T18:49:30Z

R'n'B: Unlinked: Recovery plan

{{Taxobox
| name = Chatham gerygone
| image = Gerygone albofrontata Hullmandel.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3">{{IUCN|id=22704739 |title=''Gerygone albofrontata'' |assessors=[[BirdLife International]] |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Aves]]
| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
| familia = [[Acanthizidae]]
| genus = ''[[Gerygone]]''
| species = '''''G. albofrontata'''''
| binomial = ''Gerygone albofrontata''
| binomial_authority = [[George Robert Gray|G R Gray]], 1844
| synonyms = }}
The '''Chatham gerygone''' or '''Chatham Island warbler''' (''Gerygone albofrontata'') is a species of [[bird]] in the [[Acanthizidae]] family. It is [[endemic]] to the Chatham Islands and thus not found on the mainland, where it’s relative, the endemic grey warbler (Gerygone igata), is found. The Chatham Island warbler is larger and sports different plumage for the male, female and juvenile birds. Both warblers were discovered and named by G. R. Gray in 1845. The grey and Chatham Island warblers are the only two members of the Australasian family [[Acanthizidae]] found in New Zealand.<ref name="New Zealand Birds Online">{{cite web|title=Chatham Island warbler|url=http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/chatham-island-warbler#bird-extracts|publisher=New Zealand Birds Online|website=nzbirdsonline.org|accessdate=2 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Te Ara">{{cite web|title=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/small-forest-birds/page-8 |website=teara.govt.nz |accessdate=2 March 2015}}</ref>

==Description==
The Chatham Island warbler has a plain olive-brown head and upperparts, with off-white underparts interrupted by pale yellow flanks and undertail. The male warbler has a distinctive white forehead, eyebrows, throat and underparts. The female warbler lacks these white areas, instead showing dull greyish-white underparts and yellow eyebrows, cheek and throat. Both adults have red eyes. This species of warbler also shows variation in the plumage of the juvenile bird. More akin to the female colouration, the juveniles have olive-grey upperparts and more yellow through their underparts, with brown eyes.<ref name="New Zealand Birds Online" /><ref name=Gray>{{cite journal|last1=Gray|first1=G. R|title=Gerygone albofrontata|journal=Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S Erebus and Terror|date=1844|page=5|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BulBird-t1-g1-t1-body-d0-d14.html|accessdate=3 March 2015}}</ref>

Adult Chatham Island warblers of both sexes are about {{convert|12|cm|abbr=on}} long, but the male slightly outweighs the female adult, with average weights of {{convert|10|g|abbr=on}} and {{convert|8.5|g|abbr=on}} respectively.<ref name="New Zealand Birds Online" /><ref name="Gray" />

The call of the Chatham Island warbler is delicate and intricate. The bird song is said to be similar to that heard from grey warblers that haven’t graduated into full song, with initial phrases of four notes recurring throughout the tune. This distinctive call was said to be used by [[Māori people|Māori]] to act as a reminder for when the time came to plant their crops.<ref name="Te Ara" /><ref name="Song variation among Chatham Island Warblers">{{cite web|title=Song variation among Chatham Island Warblers|url=http://www.birdingnz.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=13&t=2616|website=www.birdingnz.net|accessdate=4 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="bird song">{{cite web|last1=Szabo|first1=M|title=Song variation among Chatham Island warblers|url=http://www.birdingnz.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=13&t=2616|website=New Zealand birding discussion forum|accessdate=4 March 2015}}</ref>

==Distribution==

Its natural [[habitat]] is temperate [[forest]]s. Widespread in the southern forest of the main Chatham Island, the warblers are also seen on surrounding islands such as [[Pitt Island]], [[Little Mangere Island]], [[Star Keys]], and [[Rangatira]]. Habitat loss and predators are the main causes for the northern boundary seen on the main island.<ref name="New Zealand Birds Online" /><ref name="Department of Conversation, Wellington, NZ">{{cite web|title=Chatham Island fantail, Chatham Island tomtit and Chatham Island warbler recovery plan|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/science-and-technical/TSRP46.pdf |website=doc.govt.nz |format=PDF|accessdate=3 March 2015}}</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==
The Chatham Island warbler’s diet consists of small insects such as caterpillars, flies and beetles, and spiders. They feed mainly in the canopy, taking insects from leaves and tree branch crevices, and are also seen to browse the leaf litter. Unlike the grey warbler, the Chatham Island warbler does not hover to collect insects.<ref name="New Zealand Birds Online" /><ref name="Te Ara" />

The Chatham Island warbler are known to occasionally have their nests parasitized by [[Shining Cuckoo]]s (Chrysococcyx lucidus). The cuckoo lays an egg in a nest, and hatching first the chick consequently pushes the warbler eggs out of the nest. The cuckoo chick is then fed and raised by the adult warblers.<ref name="Te Ara" />

Other threats include rats, cats, and most significantly, habitat reduction.<ref name="Te Ara" /><ref name="Department of Conversation, Wellington, NZ" />

==Breeding==
Chatham Island warblers are solitary nesters, with defined territories defended against from conspecifics. Disputes are mainly carried out by the male birds, and you can observe long chases occurring when boundaries are threatened. Although very territorial, boundary disputes never result in contact. The warblers are [[monogamous]] and the same breeding territories have been known to be defended for up to three years in a row.

The [[breeding season]] for these warblers varies from year to year, but can be seen to average from around September to January. The nest style produced is the enclosed pendant, very similar to that of the grey warbler. The female birds are the sole nest builders, and incorporate mosses, lichens, leaves, bark, feathers, small twigs and spider webs into the nests. The nests are also seen to be lined with soft feathers. The location of the nests differs depending on the island. Nests on the largest island tend to be hanging freely in the open and in gaps of vegetation, while nests on the surrounding islands are in dense foliage.

The female is in charge of brooding, and her eggs are an off-white colour flecked with reddish-brown. On hatching, both male and female contribute by feeding the chicks. The Chatham Island warbler has a high breeding success rate of 87%, significantly higher than the mainland grey warbler which sees only 38% breeding success.<ref name="New Zealand Birds Online" /><ref name="Te Ara" /><ref name=Notornis>{{cite journal|first1=M. D.|last1=DENNISON|first2=H. A.|last2=ROBERTSON|first3=D.|last3=CROUCHLEY|title=Breeding of the Chatham Island warbler (Gerygone albofrontata)|journal=Notornis|date=1984|volume=31|issue=2|url=http://notornis.osnz.org.nz/system/files/Notornis_31_2.pdf|accessdate=3 March 2015}}</ref>

==Status and conservation==
Thriving in predator-free habitats, the adult warbler population is estimated at around 5000 birds. Although thought to be decreasing, the population numbers have not yet reduced enough to be classified as [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]] by the IUCN and is thus categorised as "least concern" on the red list of threatened species.<ref name="The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3" /><ref name="New Zealand Birds Online" />

Although this is the case, a recovery plan has been in place in New Zealand due to habitat loss. Main efforts have involved restoring the warblers to the northern sites of Chatham Island, and reforestation to provide future habitats for the population. Control of pests such as cats and [[weka]] have also been a focus, although the canopy dwelling birds aren’t often effected by these.<ref name="Notornis" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cite web | url = http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/TSRP46.pdf| title = Chatham Island fantail, Chatham Island tomtit and Chatham Island warbler recovery plan 2001-2011 | year = 2001| publisher = Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand | format = PDF | accessdate = 2007-10-04}}

[[Category:Birds of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Gerygone]]
[[Category:Birds of the Chatham Islands]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1844]]

{{Acanthizidae-stub}}

The Melody at Night, with You (Album)

2016-06-16T19:08:06Z

R'n'B: Redirect bypass from Blame It on My Youth (disambiguation) to Blame It on My Youth using popups

{{Infobox album | 
| Name = The Melody at Night, With You
| Type = studio
| Artist = [[Keith Jarrett]]
| Cover = The-melody-at-night-with-you.jpg
| Released = October 14, 1999
| Recorded = 1998 Cavelight Studio, [[New Jersey]]
| Genre = [[Jazz]]
| Length = 55:13
| Label = [[ECM Records|ECM]] ECM 1675
| Producer = [[Manfred Eicher]], Keith Jarrett
| Last album = ''[[W.A. Mozart: Piano Concertos, Adagio And Fugue]]'' (1996)
| This album = '''''The Melody at Night, with You''''' (1999)
| Next album = ''[[Whisper Not (Keith Jarrett album)|Whisper Not]]'' (1999)
}}

'''''The Melody at Night, with You''''' is a solo album by American pianist [[Keith Jarrett]] recorded at his home studio in 1998 and released on the [[ECM Records|ECM]] label in 1999.<ref name="Jarrett discography">[http://www.jazzdisco.org/keith-jarrett/catalog/#ecm-1675 Keith Jarrett discography] accessed April 6, 2010</ref> It was recorded during his bout with [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] and was dedicated to Jarrett's second and then-wife, Rose Anne: "For Rose Anne, who heard the music, then gave it back to me".<ref>Jarrett's foreword in the album's booklet</ref>

In an interview in ''Time'' magazine in November 1999, he explained ″I started taping it in December 1997, as a Christmas present for my wife. I'd just had my Hamburg Steinway overhauled and wanted to try it out, and I have my studio right next to the house, so if I woke up and had a half-decent day, I would turn on the tape recorder and play for a few minutes. I was too fatiqued to do more. Then something started to click with the mike placement, the new action of the instrument,... I could play so soft,... and the internal dynamics of the melodies... of the songs... It was one of those little miracles that you have to be ready for, though part of it was that I just didn't have the energy to be clever.″<ref>http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,992486,00.html</ref>

Though Jarrett is most noted for his improvisations, this album contains few improvisations – it consists of 8 [[jazz standard]]s, 2 traditional songs, and only 1 improvisation ("Meditation", the second half of track 6, thematically linked to "Blame It on My Youth", which is the first half).

==Reception==
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = ''[[Allmusic]]''
| rev1Score = {{rating|2.5|5}}<ref name="Allmusic"/>
|rev2 = ''[[The Penguin Guide to Jazz]]''
|rev2score = {{Rating|4|4}}<ref name="Penguin">{{cite book|last1=Cook|first1=Richard|authorlink1=Richard Cook (journalist)|last2=Morton|first2=Brian|authorlink2=Brian Morton (Scottish writer)|year=2008|title=The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings|edition=9th|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin]]|page=770|isbn=978-0-141-03401-0}}</ref>
}}
The album was very successful commercially, becoming one of the best-selling jazz instrumental albums of the 2000s, and winning a number of awards;<ref>[http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=7984 Keith Jarrett Biography], ''[[All About Jazz]]'' accessed April 6, 2010</ref> The second track, "I Got It Bad (and That Ain't Good)", was nominated for the 2001 [[Grammy Award]] for Best Jazz Instrumental Solo.

The critical reception was more mixed, however, with some critics praising its intimacy, while others criticized its simplicity. On the negative side, the [[Allmusic]] review by Richard S. Ginell awarded the album 2½ stars (out of 5) and states "these performances lack color, contrast and life; and while you pull for Jarrett to summon the energy to make music again, the results are touching for awhile {{sic}} but soon pall".<ref name="Allmusic">Ginell, R. S. [{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r442047|pure_url=yes}} Allmusic Review] accessed April 6, 2010</ref> On the positive side, it was ranked the #2 Jazz album in the [[Down Beat]] "Critics Poll 2000",<ref>[[Down Beat]] (8/00, p.27), losing by 1 vote to ''[[Soul on Soul]]'' by ([[Dave Douglas (trumpeter)|Dave Douglas]])</ref> and [[Entertainment Weekly]] rated it an "A"<ref>[[Entertainment Weekly]], issue #512, Nov 12, 1999, p. 83</ref><ref>See [http://www.cduniverse.com/search/xx/music/pid/1178879/a/Melody+At+Night,+With+You.htm Keith Jarrett Melody At Night, With You CD] for a selection of reviews.</ref><ref>Further reviews: Q (2/00, p.90), 4 stars out of 5; Down Beat (8/00, p.27); JazzTimes (1-2/00, pp. 95–6)</ref>

==Track listing==
:''All tracks are jazz standards or traditional songs (5 & 9), by other composers, except the second half of track 6 ("Meditation"), which is an improvisation by Jarrett''

# "[[I Loves You, Porgy]]" ([[George Gershwin]], [[Ira Gershwin]], [[Dubose Heyward]]) - 5:50
# "[[I Got It Bad (and That Ain't Good)]]" ([[Duke Ellington]], [[Paul Francis Webster]]) - 7:10
# "Don't Ever Leave Me" ([[Oscar Hammerstein II]], [[Jerome Kern]]) - 2:47
# "[[Someone to Watch Over Me (song)|Someone to Watch over Me]]" (Gershwin, Gershwin) - 5:05
# "My Wild Irish Rose" (Traditional) - 5:21
# "[[Blame It on My Youth]]/Meditation" ([[Edward Heyman]], [[Oscar Levant]]/Jarrett) - 7:19
# "Something to Remember You By" ([[Howard Dietz]], [[Arthur Schwartz]]) - 7:15
# "[[Be My Love]]" ([[Nicholas Brodszky]], [[Sammy Cahn]]) - 5:38
# "[[Oh Shenandoah|Shenandoah]]" (Traditional) - 5:52
# "I'm Through With Love" ([[Gus Kahn]], [[Fud Livingston]], [[Matty Malneck]]) - 2:56

==Personnel==
*[[Keith Jarrett]] – [[piano]], engineering
*Daniela Nowitzki – cover photography

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* "[http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=4503 The Melody at Night, With You]" – review in All About Jazz, Glenn Astarita, November 1, 1999
* "[http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=4791 The Melody at Night, With You]" – review in All About Jazz, David Adler, December 1, 1999
* [http://jazztimes.com/articles/10796-the-melody-at-night-with-you-keith-jarrett Keith Jarrett, "The Melody at Night, With You", ECM Records] – review in [[JazzTimes]], Doug Ramsey, January/February 2000
* [http://www.ecmrecords.com/Catalogue/ECM/1600/1675.php ECM 1675] – publisher page ([http://www.ecmrecords.com/Background/Background_1675.php Album background])
* [http://www.keithjarrett.org/transcriptions/ Transcriptions]
** "[http://www.keithjarrett.org/wp-content/uploads/mywildirishrose.pdf My Wild Irish Rose]", transcribed by Evilásio Vilar
** "[http://www.keithjarrett.org/wp-content/uploads/shenandoah.pdf Shenandoah]", transcribed by Douglas Gould
* [http://dark-intervals.com/index_en.html Keith Jarrett Transcriptions Project], [http://dark-intervals.com/transcriptions.html Transcriptions]
** "[http://web.me.com/simon.savary/kj/transcriptions/the-melody-at-night/i-loves-you-porgy.pdf I Loves You Porgy]", transcribed by Walther Sell
** "[http://web.me.com/simon.savary/kj/transcriptions/the-melody-at-night/Dont-Ever-Leave-Me.pdf Don't Ever Leave Me]", transcribed by
** "[http://web.me.com/simon.savary/kj/transcriptions/the-melody-at-night/Someone-To-Watch-Over-Me.pdf Someone to Watch Over Me]", anonymous transcription
** "[http://web.me.com/simon.savary/kj/transcriptions/the-melody-at-night/Shenandoah.pdf Shenandoah]", transcribed by Douglas Gould

{{DEFAULTSORT:Melody At Night, With You}}
[[Category:ECM Records albums]]
[[Category:Keith Jarrett albums]]
[[Category:1999 albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Manfred Eicher]]
[[Category:Instrumental albums]]

Parliamentary Jazz Awards

2016-06-15T21:14:59Z

R'n'B: Disambiguated: Rob Adams → Rob Adams (journalist), Mike Flynn → Mike Flynn (journalist)

The '''Parliamentary Jazz Awards''' in the [[United Kingdom]] are organised by the [[All Party Parliamentary Jazz Appreciation Group]] at the [[Houses of Parliament]] in [[London]]. The group consists of over a hundred members drawn from across the UK political parties. The awards were the brainchild Bob Blizzard [Waveney MP] a long time enthusiast of the jazz genre who was concerned that there was a lack of national recognition for the work of jazz performers and venues across the UK. Bob was involved with organising and running the awards for 11 years. Also supporting the awards are [[Jazz Services]], Jazz UK, [[Jazzwise]],<ref name="jazzwise2010">[http://www.jazzwisemagazine.com/component/content/article/51-2009/11103-jazz-breaking-news-voting-now-open-for-2010-all-parliamentary-jazz-awards- Jazz breaking news: Voting Now Open For 2010 All Parliamentary Jazz Awards], ''[[Jazzwise]]'', 20 January 2010.</ref> the UK [[Musicians' Union (UK)|Musicians' Union]] jazz section, and [[Phonographic Performance Limited|PPL]].<ref>[http://www.ppluk.com/en/News--Events/Latest-News/VOTING-NOW-OPEN-FOR-SIXTH-PARLIAMENTARY-JAZZ-AWARDS-2010/ Voting now open for Sixth Parliamentary Jazz Awards 2010], [[Phonographic Performance Limited|PPL]], UK, 18 January 2010.</ref>

There are nine categories:<ref name="jazzwise2009">[http://www.jazzwisemagazine.com/component/content/article/51-2009/10832-parliamentary-jazz-awards-winners-are-announced Parliamentary Jazz Awards Winners Are Announced], ''[[Jazzwise]]'', 21 May 2009.</ref>

# Jazz Musician of the Year
# Jazz Ensemble of the Year
# Jazz Venue of the Year
# Jazz Journalist of the Year
# Jazz CD of the Year (released during the previous year by a band or musician)
# Jazz Broadcaster of the Year
# Jazz Publication of the Year
# Jazz Education Award (for a person who has contributed to jazz in education)
# Services to Jazz Award

In 2009, a special award was presented to [[Ronnie Scott's]] jazz club, as a tribute to the 50th anniversary of the well-known [[London]] club that year.<ref name="jazzwise2009" />

== Winners ==
;2015<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.jazzwisemagazine.com/breaking-news/13498-norma-winstone-laura-jurd-and-partisans-among-parliamentary-jazz-awards-winners | title=This year’s Parliamentary Jazz Awards | work=[[Jazzwise]] | date=10 March 2015 | accessdate=5 June 2015}}</ref>
*Jazz Instrumentalist of the Year: [[Laura Jurd]]
*Jazz Vocalist of the Year: [[Norma Winstone]]
*Jazz Album of the Year: Swamp by Partisans
*Jazz Venue of the Year: St Ives Jazz Club
*Jazz Ensemble of the Year: Engines Orchestra
*Jazz Education Award: [[National Youth Jazz Orchestra]]
*Jazz Media Award: London Jazz News website
*Services To Jazz: Chris Hodgkins
*Jazz Newcomer of the Year: Peter Edwards
*Special Award: [[Peter Ind]]

;2014
*Jazz Vocalist of the Year  – [[Christine Tobin]]
*Jazz Instrumentalist of the Year – [[Arun Ghosh]]
*Jazz Album of the Year – Troykestra ‘Live At Cheltenham 13 Jazz Festival’
*Jazz Ensemble of the Year – Beats & Pieces Big Band
*Jazz Newcomer of the Year – Phil Meadows
*Jazz Venue of the Year  – EFG London Jazz Festival
*Jazz Media Award – The Jamie Cullum Show
*Jazz Education Award  – [[Issie Barratt]], National Youth Jazz Collective
*Services to Jazz Award – [[David Redfern]]
*Special Award – [[Chris Barber]]

;2013
*Jazz Musician of the Year: [[Guy Barker]]
*Jazz Album of the Year: John Surman 'Saltash Bells' (ECM)
*Jazz Ensemble of the Year: Impossible Gentlemen
*Jazz Venue Award: [[Vortex Jazz Club|The Vortex Jazz Club, London]]
*Jazz Journalist of the Year: [[Rob Adams (journalist)|Rob Adams]]
*Jazz Broadcaster of the Year: Mike Chadwick
*Jazz Publication of the Year: Catherine Tackley – 'Benny Goodman's Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert'
*Jazz Education Award: [[Nick Smart]] (Head of Jazz at Royal Academy of Music)
*Services to Jazz Award: Stan Tracey O.B.E.
*Special Award: [[Elaine Delmar]]

;2011
*Jazz Musician of the Year: [[Brian Kellock]]
*Jazz Album of the Year: [[John Turville]] 'Midas'
*Jazz Ensemble of the Year: Brass Jaw
*Jazz Promoter/Venue of the Year: The Hideaway (Streatham, London)
*Jazz Journalist of the Year: John Fordham
*Jazz Broadcaster of the Year: Paul Barnes
*Jazz Publication of the Year: 'Goin' Home: The Uncompromising Life and Music of Ken Colyer' by Mike Pointon, Ray Smith, Martin Colyer.
*Jazz Education Award: [[Ian Darrington]] MBE
*Services to Jazz Award: Coleridge Goode
*Special Award: [[Cleo Laine]]

;2010
*Jazz Musician: [[Mark Lockheart]]
*Jazz CD: 'No Messin' by the Gareth Lockrane Septet
*Jazz Ensemble: the [[Nigel Price]] Organ Trio
*Jazz Venue: the Jazz Bar, Edinburgh
*Jazz Journalist: [[Mike Flynn (journalist)|Mike Flynn]]
*Jazz Broadcaster: Alyn Shipton
*Jazz Publication: [[Jazzwise]]
*Jazz Educator: [[Kathy Dyson]]
*Services to Jazz: Brian Blane

;2009
*Jazz Musician of the Year: [[Phil Robson]]
*Jazz CD of the Year: The Sam Crockatt Quartet 'Howeird'.
*Jazz Ensemble of the Year: The [[Ryan Quigley]] Sextet
*Jazz Venue of the Year: Fleece Jazz (South East England)
*Jazz Journalist of the Year: [[Kevin LeGendre]]
*Jazz Broadcaster of the Year: Sarah Ward
*Jazz Publication of the Year: jazzreloaded.com
*Jazz Education Award: [[Richard Michael]]
*Services to Jazz Award: Val Wilmer

;2008
*Jazz Musician of the Year: [[Liane Carroll]]
*Jazz Ensemble – Empirical
*Jazz Venue: Tithe Barn, Needham, Norfolk
*Jazz Educator: [[Dennis Rollins]]
*Jazz Publication: [[Jazz UK]]
*Jazz Journalist: [[John Fordham]]
*Jazz Broadcaster: Helen Mayhew
*Services to Jazz: Paul Pace (of Ray's Jazz)
*Jazz CD: The Amadeus Project – [[Guy Barker]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Awards established in 2005]]
[[Category:British jazz]]
[[Category:British music awards]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Parliament of the United Kingdom]]

{{jazz-stub}}

Boyan Slat

2016-05-27T23:35:14Z

R'n'B: Disambiguate link to Tsushima

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}

'''Boyan Slat''' (born 27 July 1994)<ref name="wiwo20140724">{{cite web | language = German | first = Tobias | last = Finger | url = http://green.wiwo.de/the-ocean-cleanup-dieser-student-will-die-weltmeere-vom-plastikmuell-befreien/ | title = The Ocean Cleanup – Dieser Student will die Weltmeere vom Plastikmüll befreien | trans-title = The Ocean Cleanup: This student wants to rid the seas of plastic waste | department = Umwelt [environment] | publisher = [[Wirtschaftswoche#WiWo Green|WiWo Green]] | date = 24 June 2014 }}</ref><ref name="bw20140916" /> is a Dutch [[inventor]], entrepreneur and aerospace engineering student<ref name="Welt20141024">{{cite news | language = German | first = Josephine | last = Pabst | url = http://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article131834451/Idee-eines-20-Jaehrigen-koennte-die-Ozeane-entmuellen.html | title = Idee eines 20-Jährigen könnte die Ozeane entmüllen | newspaper = [[Die Welt]] | date = 24 October 2014 }}</ref> who works on methods of cleaning [[marine debris|plastic waste from the oceans]]. He designed a passive system for concentrating and catching plastic debris driven by [[ocean currents]]. This won a prize for ''Best Technical Design'' at [[Delft University of Technology]] and he has established a foundation — ''[[The Ocean Cleanup]]'' — to further develop and eventually implement the technology. Initially, there was little interest but, since his [[TED (conference)|TEDx talk]], ''How the Oceans can Clean Themselves'', went viral, he has attracted thousands of volunteers and $2M of funding for pilot installations.<ref name="bw20140916">{{cite web | url = http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-09-16/this-dutch-wunderkind-now-has-the-funds-to-build-his-ocean-cleanup-machine |publisher=Bloomberg Businessweek| first = Caroline | last = Winter |date=16 September 2014 |title=This Dutch Wunderkind Now Has the Funds to Build His Ocean Cleanup Machine}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29631332 |title=The Dutch boy mopping up a sea of plastic | first = Vibeke | last = Venema |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=17 Oct 2014}}</ref> In November 2014, he won the Champions of the Earth award of the [[United Nations Environment Programme]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.unep.org/champions/laureates/2014/slat.asp | title = 2014 Laureate | publisher = [[United Nations Environment Programme]] | date = 2014 | accessdate = 17 November 2014 }}</ref>

''“Taking care of the world's ocean garbage problem is one of the largest environmental challenges mankind faces today,”'' Slat stated in a blog post. “Not only will this first cleanup array contribute to cleaner waters and coasts but it simultaneously is an essential step towards our goal of cleaning up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. This deployment will enable us to study the system's efficiency and durability over time.”

He says, the system, which involves a static platform that passively corrals plastics as wind and ocean currents push debris through 2000-meter booms, will be the longest floating structure ever deployed in the ocean.

The pilot program will be operational for at least two years in the proposed deployment location of [[Tsushima Island]] in Japan, where approximately one cubic meter of plastic pollution per person is washed up each year.

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[File:Sailors clean a beach in Diego Garcia..jpg|thumb|Sailors clean a beach in [[Garcia]]]]

==External links==
* [http://www.boyanslat.com/ Boyan Slat] — personal website
* [http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/How-the-oceans-can-clean-them-2 How the Oceans Can Clean Themselves] — Boyan Slat at TEDxDelft
* [http://www.theoceancleanup.com/ The Ocean Cleanup] — foundation website

{{Persondata
| NAME = Slat, Boyan
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Dutch inventor and environmentalist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 27 July 1994
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Delft, Netherlands
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Slat, Boyan}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Dutch environmentalists]]
[[Category:Dutch inventors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Plastics and the environment]]
[[Category:Pollution control technologies]]

{{environment-stub}}
{{Netherlands-scientist-stub}}

Jin (Name)

2016-05-23T12:01:58Z

R'n'B: Disambiguating links to Jin Yi (link changed to Jin Yi (Chinese politician)) using DisamAssist.

{{About|the surname Jin|other uses|Jin (disambiguation)}}
{{ infobox family name
| name = Jin
| image = File:Regular Style CJKV Radical 167 (0).svg
| image_size = 200
| caption =
| mc = Kim
| pronunciation =
| meaning = gold
| region = [[China]]
| language = Chinese
| related names = Gyim Kam Kym [[Kim (Korean name)|Kim]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jin''' is the [[Hanyu pinyin]] transliteration of a number of [[Chinese surname]]s. The most common one, Jīn {{linktext|金}}, literally means "gold" and is 29th<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hundred Families Surnames|url=http://freepages.family.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~chinesesurname/hundred.html|work=The Origin of Hundred Surnames|publisher=Ronald Eng Young|accessdate=10 June 2012|author=Ronald Eng Young|language=English, Chinese|year=1996–2009}}</ref> in the list of "[[Hundred Family Surnames]]". The name is also used in [[Vietnam]], [[Cambodia]], [[Korea]] (Koreans romanize the name as '''Kim''') and in Hong Kong, where it is written in Cantonese as '''Kam'''. As of 2006, it is ranked the [[List of common Chinese surnames|64th most common Chinese surname]].

The other, less common, surnames that are "Jin" in pinyin include Jìn ({{linktext|晋}}/{{linktext|晉}}) and Jìn ({{linktext|靳}}).
==金 (Jīn)==

===Mythology===

Jin is an ancient surname, dating back over 4,000 years. It was first mentioned during the period ruled by the [[Yellow Emperor]], a legendary Chinese sovereign and cultural hero, who is considered in [[Chinese mythology]] to be the ancestor of all [[Han Chinese]]. The legend behind the Jin surname is as follows:

<blockquote>The Yellow Emperor's son, Yi Zhi ([[Shaohao]]), eventually succeeded him. On the same day he was installed as leader, a golden [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]] flew down and perched on top of a house exactly opposite of where he sat. His followers reckoned it was an auspicious beginning. They decided to use gold as the emblem of their tribe. Yi Zhi was retitled Jin Tian Shi ("golden skies") by his people, and headed the Jin Tian Tribe. Their settlement was located in [[Qufu]] (presently Qufu city in [[Shandong]] province). Yi Zhi died in 2515 BCE. Some of his descendants adopted Jin as their surnames and left off the words Tian Shi ("skies").<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese surname No.29 Jin (gold)|url=http://groups.google.com/group/soc.culture.china/browse_thread/thread/c10cca68a6c5f75f/5fff5dde4b83d1c8?lnk=st&q=#5fff5dde4b83d1c8 soc.culture.china|work=Google groups - soc.culture.china|publisher=Google|accessdate=10 June 2012|author=CHUNG Yoon-Ngan|date=13 September 1996}}</ref></blockquote>

The surname also appeared in an area called [[Pengcheng]] (now known as Tong Shan Xian) during the [[Han Dynasty]], from 206[[Common Era|BCE]] to 220BCE.

===Origin of Surname Jīn (金)===
*Jīn Wang Sun (金王孫) was the first husband of [[Empress Wang Zhi]] during the [[Han Dynasty]].
*[[Jin Midi|Jīn Mi Di]] (金日磾) was with the [[Xiongnu]] people during the [[Han Dynasty]] and received the surname Jīn(金) from [[Han Wu Di]]. His father, Xiutu (休屠) was a [[general]]-feudal lord during the [[Xiongnu]] Dynasty. [[Jin Xuan]] (金旋) and [[Jin Yi (Chinese politician)|Jin Yi]] (金禕) were some of his descendants.
* [[Qiang people]] use the surnames Jīn (金), [[Chang (surname)|Chang]] (羌), [[Gong]] (功), and [[Ju (disambiguation)|Ju]]-[[Goo (disambiguation)|Goo]] (俱).
* Some of [[Qian Liu]]'s (錢鏐) descendents received the surname Jīn(金).{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}
* Jin was among the surnames granted to the [[Kaifeng Jews]] by an unnamed [[Song Dynasty]] emperor.
* During the [[Yuan Dynasty]], Chinese [[Liu]] (劉) clan received the surname Jīn (金), Jīn Fu Xiang (金覆祥).
* [[Mongols|Mongolian]] [[Ye (surname)|Ye]](也) clan got surname Jīn (金) at [[Ming Dynasty]]
* [[Taiwanese aborigines]] received surname Jīn (金), [[Zhang (surname)|Zhang]], amongst others, during the [[Qing Dynasty]].
* [[Aisin Gioro]] clan got the surname Jīn (金), as "Aisin" means "gold" in [[Manchu language]], following the fall of the Qing Dynasty.
* Jin uses the same character as the [[Kim (Korean name)|Korean surname, "Kim"]]. Kim is Korea's most common surname and is also widely found amongst the [[ethnic Koreans in China]].{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

===Notables with the surname 金===
* [[Jin Midi]] (金日磾)
* [[Jin Shengtan]] (金聖嘆) (born Jin Renrui 金人瑞)
* [[Jin Yuelin]] (金岳霖)
* [[Jin Di]] (金迪)
* [[Jin Jing]] (金晶)
* [[Jin Fengling]] (金鳳玲)
* [[Jin Jingdao]] (金敬道)
* [[Jin Liqun]] (金立群)
* [[Aloysius Jin Luxian|Jin Luxian]] (金鲁贤) bishop of Shanghai
* [[Jin Xing]] (金星)
* [[Jin Li]] (金力)
* [[Jin Renqing]] (金人慶)
* [[Jin Yubo]] (金煜博)
* [[Jin Zhiyang]] (金志扬)
* [[Elaine Jin]] (金燕玲)
* [[Ha Jin]] (born Jin Xuefei 金雪飛)

===Variants===
*[[Jin (disambiguation)|Gyim]], Kim in [[Middle Chinese]]
*Gam, [[Kam]] in [[Cantonese]]
*[[Jin (disambiguation)|Jin]], [[Chin]] in [[Beijing dialect]]
*[[Kim (surname)|Kim]], [[Ghim]], [[Cam]] in [[Vietnam]], [[Cambodia]]
*Gim, [[Kim (surname)|Kim]] in Korea

==靳 (Jìn)==
According to legend, Jìn ({{linktext|靳}}) family name originated from [[Zhu Rong]]. It was later a clan in the [[Chu (state)]]. Originally the name was Jian-Jin (篯), but was later changed to [[Jian]]-[[Qian (surname)|Qian]] (錢) and Jìn (靳).

===Notables with the surname 靳===
* [[Yue-Sai Kan]] (靳羽西)

==晋/晉 (Jìn)==
Jìn ({{linktext|晋}} family name originate from Táng Shū Yú (唐叔虞) the brother of [[King Wu of Zhou]], he founded the [[Jin (Chinese state)|state of Jin]] and his later descendants used the surname Jìn (晋).

===Notables with the surname 晋 ===
* [[Jin Xiaomei]] (晋小梅)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Chinese-language surnames]]

Ballindalloch Castle

2016-05-18T19:27:16Z

R'n'B: Help needed: which Russell family?

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name = Ballindaloch Castle
|partof = [[Banffshire]]
|location = Near [[Ballindalloch]], [[Banffshire]], [[Scotland]]
|image = [[File:Ballindaloch Castle.jpg|270px]]
|caption =
|map_type = Scotland Aberdeenshire
|map_alt =
|map_caption = Location in Aberdeenshire, Scotland
|latitude = 57.4118
|longitude = -3.3693
|map_size = 270
|type = [[Castle]]
|coordinates =
|code =
|built = 16th century
|builder =
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|ownership =
|open_to_public =
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}}

'''Ballindalloch Castle''', known as the "pearl of the north", is a Scottish [[castle]] located in [[Banffshire]], [[Scotland]]. It has been the family home of [[Macpherson-Grant baronets|Macpherson-Grants]] since 1546.<ref>https://www.ballindallochcastle.co.uk</ref>

==History==
The first tower of the ''Z plan'' castle was built in 1546. After it was plundered and burned by [[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose|James Graham]], the first [[Marquess of Montrose]], it was restored in 1645.

Extensions were added in 1770 by General [[James Grant (general)|James Grant]] of the [[American Wars of Independence]] (whose [[ghost]] is said to haunt the castle) and in 1850 by the architect [[Thomas MacKenzie]]. Further extensions carried out in 1878 were mostly demolished during and modernisations enacted in 1965. It has been continuously occupied by the [[Russell family|Russell]]{{dn|date=May 2016}} and [[Macpherson-Grant Baronets|Macpherson-Grant families]] throughout its existence.

The castle houses an important collection of 17th century [[Spain|Spanish]] paintings. The dining room of Ballindalloch is said to be haunted by a ghost known as ''The Green Lady''.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/heritage/scotland-s-specters-haunted-castles-part-1-1-2280035 |title=Scotland’s specters: Haunted castles, part 1 - Heritage |publisher=Scotsman.com |date= |accessdate=2012-05-07}}</ref>

The castle grounds contain a 20th-century [[rock garden]] and a 17th-century [[dovecote]]. The rivers [[Spey River, Scotland|Spey]] and [[River Avon, Strathspey|Avon]] flow through the grounds, offering excellent [[fishing]]. The famous [[Aberdeen Angus]] cattle herd resides in the castle estate.

Today, the castle is still occupied by the Macpherson-Grant family. It is open to [[tourism|tourists]] during the summer months and a number of workshops on its grounds are in active use.

==Traditions==
It is said that the original intention was to build at a better site defensively, but when building commenced whatever was built in the day was thrown down at night. Eventually the laird, annoyed by the problem, heard a mysterious voice saying "Build in the cow-haughs, and you will meet with no interruptions." He did so, and there was no further problem with the building.<ref name=Tranter>Tranter, Nigel (1993)''Tales and Traditions of Scottish Castles''. Neil Wilson Publishing. ISBN 1-897784-13-9 p.15</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.ballindallochcastle.co.uk/ The Ballindalloch Castle web site]
*[http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst3906.html Gazetteer for Scotland]
*[http://www.speysidesculpture.co.uk/ Ballindalloch sculptor]

[[Category:Castles in Moray]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Moray]]
[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in Moray]]
[[Category:Gardens in Moray]]
[[Category:Reportedly haunted locations in Scotland]]
[[Category:Country houses in Moray]]