Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Jin (Name)

2016-10-12T11:38:13Z

Qwerty Binary: Space.

{{About|the surname Jin|other uses|Jin (disambiguation)}}
{{ infobox family name
| name = Jin
| image = File:Regular Style CJKV Radical 167 (0).svg
| image_size = 200
| caption =
| mc = Kim
| pronunciation =
| meaning = "gold"
| region = [[China]]
| language = Chinese
| related names = Gyim Kam Kym [[Kim (Korean name)|Kim]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jin''' is the [[Hanyu pinyin]] transliteration of a number of [[Chinese surname]]s. The most common one, Jīn {{linktext|金}}, literally means "gold" and is 29th<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hundred Families Surnames|url=http://freepages.family.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~chinesesurname/hundred.html|work=The Origin of Hundred Surnames|publisher=Ronald Eng Young|accessdate=10 June 2012|author=Ronald Eng Young|language=English, Chinese|year=1996–2009}}</ref> in the list of "[[Hundred Family Surnames]]". The name is also used in [[Vietnam]], [[Cambodia]], [[Korea]] (Koreans romanize the name as '''Kim''') and in Hong Kong, where it is written in Cantonese as '''Kam'''. As of 2006, it is ranked the [[List of common Chinese surnames|64th most common Chinese surname]].

The other, less common, surnames that are "Jin" in pinyin include Jìn ({{linktext|晋}}/{{linktext|晉}}) and Jìn ({{linktext|靳}}).

==金 (Jīn)==

===Mythology===

Jin is an ancient surname, dating back over 4,000 years. It was first mentioned during the period ruled by the [[Yellow Emperor]], a legendary Chinese sovereign and cultural hero, who is considered in [[Chinese mythology]] to be the ancestor of all [[Han Chinese]]. The legend behind the Jin surname is as follows:

<blockquote>The Yellow Emperor's son, Yi Zhi ([[Shaohao]]), eventually succeeded him. On the same day he was installed as leader, a golden [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]] flew down and perched on top of a house exactly opposite of where he sat. His followers reckoned it was an auspicious beginning. They decided to use gold as the emblem of their tribe. Yi Zhi was retitled Jin Tian Shi ("golden skies") by his people, and headed the Jin Tian Tribe. Their settlement was located in [[Qufu]] (presently Qufu city in [[Shandong]] province). Yi Zhi died in 2515 BCE. Some of his descendants adopted Jin as their surnames and left off the words Tian Shi ("skies").<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese surname No.29 Jin (gold)|url=http://groups.google.com/group/soc.culture.china/browse_thread/thread/c10cca68a6c5f75f/5fff5dde4b83d1c8?lnk=st&q=#5fff5dde4b83d1c8 soc.culture.china|work=Google groups - soc.culture.china|publisher=Google|accessdate=10 June 2012|author=CHUNG Yoon-Ngan|date=13 September 1996}}</ref></blockquote>

The surname also appeared in an area called [[Pengcheng]] (now known as Tong Shan Xian) during the [[Han Dynasty]], from 206[[Common Era|BCE]] to 220BCE.

===Origin of Surname Jīn (金)===
*Jīn Wang Sun (金王孫) was the first husband of [[Empress Wang Zhi]] during the [[Han Dynasty]].
*[[Jin Midi|Jīn Mi Di]] (金日磾) was with the [[Xiongnu]] people during the [[Han Dynasty]] and received the surname Jīn(金) from [[Han Wu Di]]. His father, Xiutu (休屠) was a [[general]]-feudal lord during the [[Xiongnu]] Dynasty. [[Jin Xuan]] (金旋) and [[Jin Yi (Han dynasty)|Jin Yi]] (金禕) were some of his descendants.
* [[Qiang people]] use the surnames Jīn (金), [[Chang (surname)|Chang]] (羌), [[Gong]] (功), and [[Ju (disambiguation)|Ju]]-[[Goo (disambiguation)|Goo]] (俱).
* Some of [[Qian Liu]]'s (錢鏐) descendents received the surname Jīn(金).{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}
* Jin was among the surnames granted to the [[Kaifeng Jews]] by an unnamed [[Song Dynasty]] emperor.
* During the [[Yuan Dynasty]], Chinese [[Liu]] (劉) clan received the surname Jīn (金), Jīn Fu Xiang (金覆祥).
* [[Mongols|Mongolian]] [[Ye (surname)|Ye]] (也) clan got surname Jīn (金) at [[Ming Dynasty]]
* [[Taiwanese aborigines]] received surname Jīn (金), [[Zhang (surname)|Zhang]], amongst others, during the [[Qing Dynasty]].
* [[Aisin Gioro]] clan got the surname Jīn (金), as "Aisin" means "gold" in [[Manchu language]], following the fall of the Qing Dynasty.
* Jin uses the same character as the [[Kim (Korean name)|Korean surname, "Kim"]]. Kim is Korea's most common surname and is also widely found amongst the [[ethnic Koreans in China]].{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

===Notables with the surname 金===
* [[Jin Midi]] (金日磾)
* [[Jin Shengtan]] (金聖嘆) (born Jin Renrui 金人瑞)
* [[Jin Yuelin]] (金岳霖)
* [[Jin Di]] (金迪)
* [[Jin Jing]] (金晶)
* [[Jin Fengling]] (金鳳玲)
* [[Jin Jingdao]] (金敬道)
* [[Jin Liqun]] (金立群)
* [[Aloysius Jin Luxian|Jin Luxian]] (金鲁贤) bishop of Shanghai
* [[Jin Xing]] (金星)
* [[Jin Li]] (金力)
* [[Jin Renqing]] (金人慶)
* [[Jin Yubo]] (金煜博)
* [[Jin Zhiyang]] (金志扬)
* [[Elaine Jin]] (金燕玲)
* [[Ha Jin]] (born Jin Xuefei 金雪飛)

===Variants===
*[[Jin (disambiguation)|Gyim]], Kim in [[Middle Chinese]]
*Gam, [[Kam]] in [[Cantonese]]
*[[Jin (disambiguation)|Jin]], [[Chin]] in [[Beijing dialect]]
*[[Kim (surname)|Kim]], [[Ghim]], [[Cam]] in [[Vietnam]], [[Cambodia]]
*Gim, [[Kim (surname)|Kim]] in Korea

==靳 (Jìn)==
According to legend, Jìn ({{linktext|靳}}) family name originated from [[Zhu Rong]]. It was later a clan in the [[Chu (state)]]. Originally the name was Jian-Jin (篯), but was later changed to [[Jian]]-[[Qian (surname)|Qian]] (錢) and Jìn (靳).

===Notables with the surname 靳===
* [[Yue-Sai Kan]] (靳羽西)

==晋/晉 (Jìn)==
Jìn ({{linktext|晋}} family name originate from Táng Shū Yú (唐叔虞) the brother of [[King Wu of Zhou]], he founded the [[Jin (Chinese state)|state of Jin]] and his later descendants used the surname Jìn (晋).

===Notables with the surname 晋 ===
* [[Jin Xiaomei]] (晋小梅)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{surname|Jin}}

[[Category:Chinese-language surnames]]

Katherine Ryan

2014-01-03T22:03:38Z

Qwerty Binary: Split.

{{Infobox comedian 
| name = Katherine Ryan
| image = Katherine Ryan, Scoundrels, 2012.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1983|6|30}}
| birth_place = [[Sarnia]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| medium =
| nationality = [[Canada|Canadian]]
| active =
| genre =
| subject =
| influences =
| influenced =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| notable_work =
| signature =
| website = {{URL|http://www.katherineryan.co.uk}}
| footnotes =
| module =
}}
'''Katherine Ryan''' (born 30 June 1983) is a Canadian [[comedian]], [[writer]] and [[actress]], based in the United Kingdom. She has appeared on British [[panel show]]s ''[[Mock the Week]]'', ''[[Never Mind the Buzzcocks]]'', ''[[8 out of 10 Cats]]'', ''[[Sweat the Small Stuff]]'', ''[[QI]]'', ''[[Have I Got News For You]]'' and ''[[Fake Reaction]]''. She won the Nivea [[Funny Women]] Award, a [[stand-up comedy]] competition in the UK, and was runner-up in the Amused Moose Laugh-Off competition in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/comedy-review-katherine-ryan-1-1503455 |title=Comedy review: Katherine Ryan - News |publisher=Scotsman.com |date=2011-03-02 |accessdate=2012-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/bristol/hi/things_to_do/newsid_8660000/8660264.stm |title=BBC - Funny Women Awards head to Bath for talent show heat |publisher=BBC News |date=2010-05-04 |accessdate=2012-12-04}}</ref> As an actress she has appeared in the [[Channel 4]] sitcom ''[[Campus (TV series)|Campus]]'',<ref>{{cite web|first=Louisa |last=Mellor |url=http://www.denofgeek.com/tv/10360/campus-episode-2-review-the-culling-fields |title=Campus episode 2 review: The Culling Fields |publisher=Den of Geek |date=2011-04-12 |accessdate=2012-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2011/06/29/13552/channel_4_goes_off_campus |title=Channel 4 goes off Campus : News 2011 |publisher=''Chortle'' |date=2011-06-29 |accessdate=2012-12-10}}</ref> [[BBC Two]] sitcom ''[[Episodes (TV series)|Episodes]]''<ref name="thenews">{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/lifestyle/the-guide/arts-and-comedy/slipping-makes-her-smile-1-4744494 |title=Slipping makes her smile - Arts and Comedy |work=[[The News (Portsmouth)|The News]] |date=2013-02-01 |accessdate=2013-02-01}}</ref> and ''Don't Sit In The Front Row'' with [[Jack Dee]].<ref name="thenews"/>

==Early life and education==
Ryan studied [[city planning]] at university.<ref name="manchestereveningnews1">{{cite web|author=Denise Evans |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/comedy-gigs/comic-katherine-ryan-tom-play-1302262 |title=Comic Katherine Ryan tom play The Lowry after appearances on Mock The Week and Never mind The Buzzcocks |publisher=Manchester Evening News |date=2013-02-08 |accessdate=2013-12-02}}</ref> After graduating, she worked at [[Hooters]], working her way up to corporate trainer, travelling Canada to train other waitresses.<ref name="manchestereveningnews1"/>

==Career==
===Comic career===
On 23 February 2013, she appeared as a celebrity contestant on [[BBC One]]'s ''[[Let's Dance for Comic Relief]]'' as [[Nicki Minaj]] dancing to "[[Starships (song)|Starships]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unrealitytv.co.uk/lets-dance-for-comic-relief/lets-dance-for-comic-relief-2013-katherine-ryan-goes-all-nicki-minaj-with-starships-video/ |title=Let’s Dance For Comic Relief 2013: Katherine Ryan steals the show with Nicki Minaj’s ‘Starships’(VIDEO) |publisher=www.unrealitytv.co.uk |date=2013-02-23 |accessdate=2013-02-23}}</ref> Ryan reached the final, and finished in fourth place.

Ryan was featured on the [[Whitney Cummings]] [[Just for Laughs]] 2013 Gala that was taped before a live audience on 28 July 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Duguay |first=Denise |url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/entertainment/festival-central/Just+Laughs+closes+with/8719156/story.html |title=Just for Laughs closes with ... sex |work=[[Montreal Gazette]] |date=2013-07-29 |accessdate=2013-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hahaha.com/en/show/whitney-cummings-gala |title=Whitney Cummings Gala Press Release |publisher=Hahaha.com |date= |accessdate=2013-08-02}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ryan's ancestors came from [[Cork, Ireland]].<ref>Was It Something I Said? (Series 1, Episode 4)</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.katherineryan.co.uk}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Ryan, Katherine
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Canadian comedian
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1983-06-30
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Sarnia]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ryan, Katherine}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian women comedians]]
[[Category:Comedians from Ontario]]
[[Category:People from Sarnia]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Irish descent]]

Therapeutic Goods Administration

2013-12-03T10:29:48Z

Qwerty Binary: References.

{{Unreferenced|date=February 2010}}
The '''Therapeutic Goods Administration''' ('''TGA''') is the [[regulatory body]] for therapeutic goods (including medicines, medical devices, gene technology, and blood products) in [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/about/|title=About the TGA|publisher=Department of Health Therapeutic Goods Administration}}</ref> It is a Division of the Australian [[Department of Health and Ageing (Australia)|Department of Health and Ageing]] established under the ''Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 (Cth)''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/industry/legislation-about.htm#.Up2yD6r8nFA|title=About the Australina therapeutic goods legislation|publisher=Department of Health Therapeutic Goods Administration}}</ref><ref>[http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Series/C2004A03952 ''Therapeutic Goods Act 1999'' (Cth)]</ref> The TGA is responsible for conducting assessment and monitoring activities to ensure that therapeutic goods available in Australia are of an acceptable standard and that access to therapeutic advances is in a timely manner.

== TGA Expert Advisory Committees ==
The TGA is supported in its work by a number of external expert advisory committees, including:
* [[Australian Drug Evaluation Committee]] (ADEC) - for prescription medicines
* [[Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee]] (ADRAC)
* [[Medicines Evaluation Committee]] (MEC) - for over-the-counter medicines
* [[Complementary Medicines Evaluation Committee]] (CMEC) - for complementary medicines
* [[Therapeutic Devices Evaluation Committee]] (TDEC) - for medical devices
* [[National Drugs and Poisons Scheduling Committee]] (NDPSC)
* [[Therapeutic Goods Committee]] (TGC)

==Trans-Tasman harmonisation==
The governments of Australia and [[New Zealand]] were working towards establishing a [[Trans-Tasman]] joint agency for the regulation of drugs and therapeutic goods to replace the TGA and New Zealand's [[Medsafe]]. However, on 16 July 2007, the New Zealand State Services Minister Annette King announced that "The Government is not proceeding at this stage with legislation that would have enabled the establishment of a joint agency with Australia to regulate therapeutic products". She further advised that "The [New Zealand] Government does not have the numbers in Parliament to put in place a sensible, acceptable compromise that would satisfy all parties at this time. The Australian Government has been informed of the situation and agrees that suspending negotiations on the joint authority is a sensible course of action". Further details are available at the [[Australia New Zealand Therapeutic Products Authority]] (ANZTPA) website.

== See also ==
* [[Australian Competition and Consumer Commission]]
* [[Australia New Zealand Therapeutic Products Authority]]
* [[International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use]] (ICH)
* [[List of Australian Commonwealth Government entities]]
* [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.tga.gov.au TGA website]
* [http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2013C00132 Therapeutic Goods Act 1989]
*[http://theectdsummit.com/summit/?p=196 New AU eCTD Guidance]
*[http://theectdsummit.com/summit/?p=205 Australia Re-Releases M1 Guidance for CTD]

[[Category:Commonwealth Government agencies of Australia]]
[[Category:Medical and health organisations based in Australia]]
[[Category:National agencies for drug regulation]]
[[Category:Regulation of medical devices]]

Therapeutic Goods Administration

2013-12-03T10:28:46Z

Qwerty Binary: References.

{{Unreferenced|date=February 2010}}
The '''Therapeutic Goods Administration''' ('''TGA''') is the [[regulatory body]] for therapeutic goods (including medicines, medical devices, gene technology, and blood products) in [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/about/|title=About the TGA|publisher=Department of Health Therapeutic Goods Administration}}</ref> It is a Division of the Australian [[Department of Health and Ageing (Australia)|Department of Health and Ageing]] established under the ''Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 (Cth)''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/industry/legislation-about.htm#.Up2yD6r8nFA|title=About the Australina therapeutic goods legislation|publisher=Department of Health Therapeutic Goods Administration}}</ref><ref>[http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Series/C2004A03952 ''Therapeutic Goods Act 1999'' (Cth)]</ref> The TGA is responsible for conducting assessment and monitoring activities to ensure that therapeutic goods available in Australia are of an acceptable standard and that access to therapeutic advances is in a timely manner.

== TGA Expert Advisory Committees ==
The TGA is supported in its work by a number of external expert advisory committees, including:
* [[Australian Drug Evaluation Committee]] (ADEC) - for prescription medicines
* [[Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee]] (ADRAC)
* [[Medicines Evaluation Committee]] (MEC) - for over-the-counter medicines
* [[Complementary Medicines Evaluation Committee]] (CMEC) - for complementary medicines
* [[Therapeutic Devices Evaluation Committee]] (TDEC) - for medical devices
* [[National Drugs and Poisons Scheduling Committee]] (NDPSC)
* [[Therapeutic Goods Committee]] (TGC)

==Trans-Tasman harmonisation==
The governments of Australia and [[New Zealand]] were working towards establishing a [[Trans-Tasman]] joint agency for the regulation of drugs and therapeutic goods to replace the TGA and New Zealand's [[Medsafe]]. However, on 16 July 2007, the New Zealand State Services Minister Annette King announced that "The Government is not proceeding at this stage with legislation that would have enabled the establishment of a joint agency with Australia to regulate therapeutic products". She further advised that "The [New Zealand] Government does not have the numbers in Parliament to put in place a sensible, acceptable compromise that would satisfy all parties at this time. The Australian Government has been informed of the situation and agrees that suspending negotiations on the joint authority is a sensible course of action". Further details are available at the [[Australia New Zealand Therapeutic Products Authority]] (ANZTPA) website.

== See also ==
* [[Australian Competition and Consumer Commission]]
* [[Australia New Zealand Therapeutic Products Authority]]
* [[International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use]] (ICH)
* [[List of Australian Commonwealth Government entities]]
* [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons]]

==External links==
*[http://www.tga.gov.au TGA website]
* [http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2013C00132 Therapeutic Goods Act 1989]
*[http://theectdsummit.com/summit/?p=196 New AU eCTD Guidance]
*[http://theectdsummit.com/summit/?p=205 Australia Re-Releases M1 Guidance for CTD]

[[Category:Commonwealth Government agencies of Australia]]
[[Category:Medical and health organisations based in Australia]]
[[Category:National agencies for drug regulation]]
[[Category:Regulation of medical devices]]

Bibingka

2013-09-01T20:47:02Z

Qwerty Binary: Cat.

{{About|the Philippine rice cake|the Indian pudding|Bebinca}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Bibingka
| image = [[File:Large bibinka.jpg|200px]]
| caption = A large ''bibingka'' topped with grated coconut
| alternate_name =
| country = [[Philippines]]
| region =
| creator =
| course = [[Dessert]], [[breakfast]]
| served = Hot or warm
| main_ingredient = [[Rice flour]], [[water]] or [[coconut milk]]
| variations = ''Bibingka Galapong'', ''Bibingkang Malagkit'', Cassava ''Bibingka'', ''Bibingkang Mandaue''
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''''Bibingka''''' is a type of [[rice cake]] from the [[Philippines]] traditionally eaten during [[Christmas]] season.

==Origins==

Despite the similarity of names, the Philippine ''bibingka'' is not the same as the [[Goa]]n dessert called ''bebinca'' or ''bibik''. The Goan ''bebinca'' is a type of layered pudding and made with regular flour.

According to the anthropologist E. Arsenio Manuel, ''bibingka'', like ''biko'' (another Philippine dessert made from glutinous rice), originated from the [[China|Chinese]]. The name comes from the [[Hokkien]] root word "''bi''" (米, 'uncooked grain').<ref name="b2">{{cite web |url= http://www.spot.ph/print_article.php?id=45938&post_name=|title= Sweet and Sticky Pinoy Treats: Our Top 10 Kakanin|author= |date= 22 June 2010|work= |publisher= http://www.spot.ph|accessdate=January 6, 2011}}</ref>

==Preparation==

''Bibingka'' is made with rice flour and [[coconut milk]] or water. Other ingredients can vary greatly, but the most common secondary ingredients are eggs and milk. The traditional preparation is very time-consuming. A specially made [[terra cotta]] container is lined with a single large section of a banana leaf. It is placed over preheated coals and the rice flour and water mixture is poured into it, taking care not to spill it into the container itself. Another piece of banana leaf is added to the top and covered with more preheated coals.
[[Image:Bebinca.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Commercial ''bibingka'' in banana leaf liner showing the distinctive notched edges]]
[[File:Bibingkang galapong.jpg|250px|right|thumb|''Bibingka Galapong'' cooked with slices of salted egg with toppings of grated coconut and [[kesong puti]].]]

The end result is a soft and spongy large flat cake that is slightly charred on both surfaces and infused with the unique aroma of toasted banana leaves. Toppings are then added, usually consisting of butter/margarine, sugar, cheese, or grated coconut. Other more uncommon toppings include ''[[pinipig]]'' (pounded immature rice grains), pineapple, and salted duck eggs.<ref name="b3">{{cite web |url= http://blog.junbelen.com/2010/12/20/feeling-sentimental-and-how-to-make-bibingka-christmas-rice-cakes/| title= Feeling Sentimental and How to Make Bibingka (Christmas Rice Cakes)|author= Jun Belen |date=20 December 2010|work= |publisher= http://blog.junbelen.com/|accessdate=January 6, 2011}}</ref> A mixture of two or more of these toppings on a single ''bibingka'' are also common. ''Bibingka'' with sumptuous amounts of toppings (and ingredients) are sometimes called ''Bibingka Especial''.

More modern methods involve ''bibingka'' being baked in an actual oven inside a ''[[cauldron|caldero]]'' or ordinary cake pans. The result lacks the distinctive smoky smell of charcoal but is otherwise the same, especially if banana leaves are also used to line it. Mass-produced ''bibingka'' in Philippine bakeries are also made using characteristic tin molds that give them a crenelated shape similar to large ''[[puto]]'' or ''puto mamon'' (cupcakes).

''Bibingka'' is best served hot. Large ''bibingka'' can be sliced (or torn) into several wedges and can serve 4 to 6 people.

==Taste and texture==

''Bibingka'' has a soft spongy texture similar to ''puto'', another [[Philippine cuisine|Philippine]] rice cake. It is eaten hot or warm and is slightly sweet with a taste very similar to rice pudding. The top and bottom surfaces (including the traditional banana leaf lining) are also usually charred, adding to the flavor.

==Variations==

Most varieties of ''bibingka'' differ only from the type of toppings they use. ''Bibingka'' is also used as a general term for desserts cooked in the same manner (especially those containing rice). It originally referred primarily to ''bibingka galapong'', the most common type of ''bibingka''. ''Bibingka'' cooked with regular flour instead of rice flour is also simply called ''bibingka''. ''Bibingka'' can also be made with uncommon ingredients, including chocolate.

The common types of ''bibingka'' are listed below:

* '''''Bibingka Galapong''''' is the traditional form of ''bibingka'' made from rice flour.<ref name="b1">{{cite web |url= http://www.marketmanila.com/archives/bibingkang-galapong-and-bibingkang-malagkit-%E2%80%93-triumph-disaster |title= Bibingkang Galapong and Bibingkang Malagkit – Triumph & Disaster |author= |date= 25 August 2006|work= |publisher= http://www.marketmanila.com|accessdate=January 6, 2011}}</ref> It was originally made simply with rice flour and water.

* '''''Bibingkang Malagkit''''' is made from [[glutinous rice]] flour.<ref name="b1" /> It is moist and is usually served sliced into square blocks.

* '''Cassava ''Bibingka''''' is made from [[cassava]] flour. This type of ''bibingka'' resembles pudding the most.

* '''''Bibingkang Mandaue''''' (Mandaue-style ''Bibingka'') are ''bibingka'' from [[Mandaue|Mandaue City]], Philippines. It is traditionally made with ''[[Palm wine|tubâ]]'' (an alcoholic beverage made from [[Arecaceae|Palm]] sap) which gives it a slightly acidic aftertaste. Nowadays, the ''tubâ'' component is often substituted with [[yeast]].<ref name="b4">{{cite web |url= http://www.marketmanila.com/archives/bibingkang-mandaue |title= Bibingkang Mandaue |author= |date= 17 October 2006|work= |publisher= http://www.marketmanila.com|accessdate=January 6, 2011}}</ref>

==''Bibingka'' in Filipino culture==

''Bibingka'' is a traditional [[Philippine cuisine|Philippine]] Christmas food. It is usually eaten along with ''[[Puto#Variations of puto|puto bumbong]]'' right after the ''[[Simbang Gabi]]'' ('Midnight mass', the Filipino version of ''[[Misa de Gallo]]'').<ref name="b3">{{cite web |url= http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/lifestyle/12/24/10/filipinos-go-ham-bibingka-christmas/| title= Filipinos go for ham, bibingka for Christmas|author= Alvin Elchico, Gracie Rutao and JV Dizon|date=2010-12-24|work= |publisher= http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/|accessdate=January 6, 2011}}</ref> They are sold outside of churches during Christmas season.

As of October 9, 2007, the town of [[Dingras]], [[Ilocos Norte]] in the [[Philippines]] is expecting a [[Guinness World Records]] certification after baking a kilometer-long cassava ''bibingka'' made from 1,000 kilos of [[cassava]] and eaten by 1,000 residents.<ref>[http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=95108 Abs-Cbn Interactive, Ilocos Norte town makes 'longest bibingka']</ref>

Also, in the municipality of [[Baliuag]] in [[Bulacan]] Bibingka is served alongside with [[Salabat]] (Ginger Tea) and the stores selling then serves them for free.

==Gallery==
<center>
<gallery widths=175>
File:Bibingka, Manila - 7th day- Trip to Tagaytay.jpg|''Bibingka'' from [[Tagaytay]]
File:Philippine Dessert Bibingka.jpg|''Bibingkang Malagkit'' made from glutinous rice flour.
File:Philippine Dessert Bibingka Galapong.jpg|''Bibingka Galapong'' with salted duck eggs.
File:Bibingka, Philippines.jpg|''Bibingka Galapong'' with slightly charred banana leaf liners.
File:Bibingkajf.JPG|Special ''bibingka'' (Baliuag, Bulacan)
</gallery>
</center>

==See also==
{{Portal|Food}}
{{Div col|2}}
* [[Puto]]
* [[Kalamay]]
* [[Suman (food)|Suman]]
* [[Espasol]]
* [[Sapin-sapin]]
* [[Kakanin]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rice dishes}}
{{Filipino food}}
[[Category:Christmas food]]
[[Category:Philippine rice dishes]]

R v Dudley and Stephens

2013-08-17T11:08:03Z

Qwerty Binary: /* Cultural impact */ Italics.

{{Infobox court case
| name = R v Dudley and Stephens
| court = [[High Court of Justice#Queen's Bench Division|High Court of Justice (Queen's Bench Division)]]
| image = Mignonette.jpg
| caption = Sketch of the ''Mignonette'' by Tom Dudley
| date_filed =
| date decided = 1884
| full name = Her Majesty The Queen v. Tom Dudley and Edwin Stephens
| citations = (1884) 14 QBD 273 DC
| judges = [[John Coleridge, 1st Baron Coleridge|The Lord Coleridge]], [[Lord Chief Justice]] 
[[William Robert Grove|Mr Justice Grove]] 
Mr Justice Denman 
[[Charles Edward Pollock|Baron Pollock]] 
[[John Walter Huddleston|Baron Huddleston]]
| prior actions =
| subsequent actions = none
| opinions = Lord Coleridge
| transcripts =
}}
'''''R v Dudley and Stephens''''' (1884) 14 QBD 273 DC is a leading [[England and Wales|English]] [[criminal law|criminal]] case which established a [[precedent]], throughout the [[common law]] world, that [[necessity]] is not a defence to a charge of [[murder]]. It concerned survival [[cannibalism]] following a [[shipwreck]] and its purported justification on the basis of a [[Custom of the Sea]].<ref>Walker, Andrew: ''Is Eating People Wrong?: Great Legal Cases and How they Shaped the World''. Cambridge University Press, New York, 2011 ISBN 978-1-107-00037-7 pg. 22</ref> It marked the culmination of a long history of attempts by the law, in the face of [[public opinion]] sympathetic to [[castaway]]s, to outlaw the custom and it became something of a ''[[cause célèbre]]'' in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] [[United Kingdom|Britain]].

==Facts==
The English [[yacht]] ''Mignonette'' was a 19.43 [[tonnage|net tonnage]], {{convert|52|ft|m}} cruiser built in 1867.<ref name="Simpson 1984 p.18">{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|p=18}}.</ref> In 1883, she was purchased as a leisure vessel by Australian lawyer [[John Henry Want]].<ref name="Simpson 1984 p.18"/> The yacht could only reasonably be transported to Australia by sailing her there but she was a small vessel and the prospect of a 15,000-mile (24,000-km) voyage hampered Want's initial attempts to find a suitable crew. She finally set sail for [[Sydney]] from [[Southampton]] on 19 May 1884 with a crew of four: Tom Dudley, the captain; Edwin Stephens; Edmund Brooks; and [[Richard Parker (shipwrecked)|Richard Parker]], the cabin boy. Parker was 17 years old and an inexperienced seaman.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=37–40}}.</ref>

On 5 July, the yacht was running before a [[gale]], around {{convert|1600|mi|km}} northwest of the [[Cape of Good Hope]]. Though the weather was by no means extreme and the vessel was not in any difficulties, Dudley gave the order to [[Heaving to|heave to]] so that the crew could enjoy a good night's sleep. As the manoeuvre was completed, and Parker was sent below to prepare tea, a wave struck the yacht and washed away the lee [[Glossary of nautical terms#B|bulwark]]. Dudley instantly realised that the yacht was doomed and ordered the single {{convert|13|ft|m|0|adj=on}} [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|lifeboat]] to be lowered. The lifeboat was of flimsy construction, with boards only {{convert|0.25|in|mm|0}} thick and was holed in the haste to get it away. ''Mignonette'' sank within five minutes of being struck and the crew abandoned ship for the lifeboat, managing only to salvage vital navigational instruments along with two tins of [[turnips]] and no fresh water.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=46–49}}.</ref> There have been various theories about the [[naval architecture|structural]] inadequacies of the yacht that led to such a catastrophic failure in routine weather.<ref name="S1">{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=50–53}}.</ref>

Dudley managed to improvise a [[sea anchor]] to keep the lifeboat headed into the waves and maintain her stability. Over the first night, the crew had to fight off a shark with their oars. They were around {{convert|700|mi|km}} from the nearest land, being either [[St. Helena]] or [[Tristan de Cunha]].<ref name="S1"/> Dudley kept the first tin of turnips until 7 July when its five pieces were shared among the men to last two days. On or around 9 July, Brooks spotted a turtle which Stephens dragged on board. The crew were resolutely avoiding [[Seawater#Human consumption|drinking seawater]] as it was then universally held to be fatal and, though they devoured the turtle, they forewent drinking its blood when it became contaminated with seawater. The turtle yielded about three pounds (1.4 kg) of meat each, though the crew ate even the bones, and, along with the second tin of turnips lasted until 15 or 17 July. The crew consistently failed to catch any rainwater and by 13 July, with no other source of fluid, they began to [[Urophagia|drink their own urine]]. It was probably on 20 July that Parker became ill through drinking seawater. Stephens was also unwell, possibly having experimented with seawater.<ref name="Simpson 1984 pp57-60">{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=57–60}}.</ref>
[[File:Mignonette lifeboat.jpg|right|thumb|290 px|Photograph of the lifeboat exhibited at Falmouth in 1884]]
[[Sortition|Drawing lots]] in order to choose a sacrificial victim who would die to feed the others was possibly first discussed on 16 or 17 July, and debate seems to have intensified on 21 July but without resolution. On 23 or 24 July, with Parker probably in a coma, Dudley told the others that it was better that one of them die so that the others survive and that they should draw lots. Brooks refused. That night, Dudley again raised the matter with Stephens pointing out that Parker was probably dying and that he and Stephens had wives and families. They agreed to leave the matter until the morning. The following day, with no prospect of rescue in sight, Dudley and Stephens silently signalled to each other that Parker would be killed. Killing Parker before his natural death would better preserve his blood to drink. Brooks, who had not been party to the earlier discussion, claimed to have signalled neither assent nor protest. Dudley always insisted that Brooks had assented. Dudley said a prayer and, with Stephens standing by to hold the youth's legs if he struggled, pushed his [[penknife]] into Parker's [[jugular vein]], killing him.<ref name="Simpson 1984 pp57-60"/>

[[File:RichardParkerTombstone.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Richard Parker's tombstone]]

In some of the varying and confused later accounts of the killing, Parker murmured, "What me?" as he was slain.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|p=67}}.</ref> The three fed on Parker's body, with Dudley and Brooks consuming the most and Stephens very little. The crew even finally managed to catch some rainwater. Dudley later described the scene, "I can assure you I shall never forget the sight of my two unfortunate companions over that ghastly meal we all was like mad wolfs who should get the most and for men fathers of children to commit such a deed we could not have our right reason."<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|p=68}}.</ref> The crew sighted a sail on 29 July.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|p=69}}.</ref>

==Rescue and arraignment==
Dudley, Stephens and Brooks were picked up by the [[Germany|German]] sailing [[barque]] ''Montezuma'' which returned the men to [[Falmouth, Cornwall]] on Saturday 6 September ''en route'' to its destination in [[Hamburg]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=69–70}}.</ref> On arrival in Falmouth, the survivors attended the customs house and Dudley and Stephens entered statutory statements under the Merchant Shipping Acts, required in the event of a shipping loss. All three were candid, Dudley and Stephens believing themselves to be protected by a [[Custom of the Sea]]. Customs officer and Sergeant of the Harbour Police James Laverty was in the vicinity of the depositions and later questioned Dudley about the means by which he had killed Parker, taking custody of the knife and promising to return it. The depositions were [[telegraph]]ed to the [[Board of Trade]] and to the Registrar General of shipping in [[Bassinghall Street]] in London. While the survivors were making arrangements to rejoin their families, Bassinghall Street advised that the men should be detained in Falmouth. The Board of Trade gave conflicting advice to take no action but informed the [[Home Office]]. The Home Office was closed for the weekend. Meanwhile, Laverty was seeking [[arrest warrant|warrant]]s for the men's arrest for murder on the high seas, warrants he obtained later that day from mayor of Falmouth, Henry Liddicoat.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=3–11}}.</ref>

The three men were held in the borough police station until they could appear before the [[magistrate]]s on the morning of Monday, 8 September. Dudley appears to have been confident that the magistrates would dismiss the charges and Liddicoat visited the men to apologise for their inconvenience, but all magistrates had recently been instructed to seek advice of the [[Treasury Solicitor]] in all murder cases and the clerk probably prompted Laverty to ask for a [[Detention of suspects|remand in custody]] and [[adjournment]] while advice was sought. Local [[solicitor]] Harry Tilly appeared for the men and requested [[bail]] but after the magistrates, including Liddicoat, had consulted, they were returned to the police cells until 11 September.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=73–76}}.</ref>

The [[civil service]] had now returned from the weekend break and by Wednesday the file was passed to [[Home Secretary]] Sir [[William Vernon Harcourt (politician)|William Harcourt]]. That day Harcourt consulted with [[Attorney General for England and Wales|Attorney General]] Sir [[Henry James, 1st Baron James of Hereford|Henry James]] and [[Solicitor General for England and Wales|Solicitor General]] Sir [[Farrer Herschell, 1st Baron Herschell|Farrer Herschell]]. Harcourt took the decision to prosecute, the lost opportunity to clarify the law through James Archer (see [[#James Archer|below]]) no doubt alive in his mind.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|p=77}}.</ref>

By the time of their appearance in front of the magistrates on 11 September, public opinion in Falmouth had swung firmly behind the defendants, especially after Parker's brother Daniel, also a seaman, appeared in court and shook hands with the three. The case was again adjourned until 18 September, though this time Tilly succeeded in obtaining bail, the Home Office having hinted to the court that this would be appropriate.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=78–80}}.</ref> The three men returned to their homes while the case began to appear across the British and worldwide press. It soon became clear that public opinion was with the three survivors.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=81–83}}.</ref> Harcourt was revolted by the public's sentiment and intent on a conviction.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|p=89}}.</ref>

[[William Otto Adolph Julius Danckwerts]], a barrister of only six years' [[call to the bar|call]] but with considerable experience in wreck inquiries, was briefed for the prosecution but soon realised that public sentiment and the lack of [[evidence (law)|evidence]] posed formidable difficulties. The only witnesses were the three defendants themselves and their [[right to silence]] would impede any formal proceedings. Further a [[confession (law)|confession]] was only admissible against the person making it, not his co-defendants, and the contents of the depositions was probably inadequate to convict. When the case was heard by the magistrates on 18 September, Danckwerts told the court that he intended to offer no evidence against Brooks and requested that he be discharged so that he could be called as a [[witness]] for the prosecution. There is no evidence that Brooks had been canvassed about this and the magistrates agreed. Danckwerts opened the prosecution case and called as witnesses those who had heard the survivors' stories and Brooks. The magistrates committed Dudley and Stephens for [[trial (law)|trial]] at the winter Cornwall and [[Devon]] [[assizes]] in [[Exeter]], but extended their bail.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=89–92}}.</ref>

==Legal background and theory==
The [[morality]], [[ethics]], and [[law|legality]] of the taking of another's life to increase one's own chances of survival have been discussed in [[thought experiment]]s from the [[Plank of Carneades]] to [[The Case of the Speluncean Explorers]], but there have been few legal cases where the question has been tested.

===Saint Christopher case===
In the early 17th century, seven Englishmen embarked on an overnight voyage from [[Saint Kitts and Nevis|Saint Christopher]], but were blown out to sea and lost for 17 days. During this time, starving, they cast lots to see who would sacrifice their own life for the others. The lot fell to the man who had suggested the scheme and he consented to his subsequent killing. His body sustained the rest until they made their way to [[Saint Martin]]. They were returned to Saint Christopher where they were put on trial for [[homicide]]. The judge [[pardon]]ed them, their crime being "washed away" by "inevitable necessity". Though this case was cited in defence of Dudley and Stephens, it was reported only anecdotally some years later in a medical work and not in the [[law report]]s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=122–123}}.</ref>

===''U.S. v. Holmes''===
In 1841, the U.S. ship ''[[William Brown (ship)|William Brown]]'' sank after hitting an [[iceberg]]. Crewmen, including Alexander William Holmes, believed that their overloaded lifeboat was in danger of itself sinking and put 14 or 16 passengers overboard to their inevitable deaths in the frigid water. On his return to [[Philadelphia]], Holmes was arrested and charged with [[murder]]. The [[grand jury]] rejected the [[indictment]] and substituted [[manslaughter]].<ref>''[[United States v. Holmes]]'' (1842) 1 Wallace Junior 1, 26 Fed. Cas. 360</ref> The judge in the [[United States Circuit Court]] for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania instructed the jury that necessity might be a complete defence but that "before the protection of the law of necessity can be invoked, a case of necessity must exist, the slayer must be faultless, he must owe no duty to the victim." The jury convicted Holmes and the principle of necessity was not tested by any higher court. He was sentenced to six months in jail and a $20 fine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://law.jrank.org/pages/2482/Alexander-Holmes-Trial-1842.html |title=Alexander Holmes Trial: 1842 - Holmes Tried For Manslaughter |publisher=Law Library - American Law and Legal Information |accessdate=March 8, 2009}}</ref> This case was also cited in defence of Dudley and Stephens.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=162–175}}.</ref>

===James Archer===
[[File:The Euxine.jpg|left|thumb|The ''Euxine'']]
On 9 August 1874, the collier ''Euxine'' was lost and its second mate James Archer took charge of one of the lifeboats with seven other survivors. Archer and four survivors were picked up on 31 August and Archer was candid that he and August Muller had killed and butchered Francis Shufus, selected by drawing lots. They were ultimately landed at [[Batavia Road]] where the acting British [[consul]], William J. Fraser took their surprisingly honest [[Deposition (law)|deposition]]s. The men were then shipped to [[Singapore]] along with Fraser's depositions and put into the hands of shipping master Henry Ellis, a character fictionalised in [[Joseph Conrad]]'s novella ''[[The Shadow Line]]''. Ellis consulted [[Attorney General for Singapore]] [[Thomas Braddell]] but then wrote to the [[Board of Trade]] in London that no further action was necessary and the men were free to find another ship to serve. Singapore Governor Sir [[Andrew Clarke (administrator)|Andrew Clarke]] had ordered the men arrested and when he informed the [[Colonial Office]], they insisted that he hold a judicial enquiry. Prosecution was started in Singapore but ultimately dropped after extended procedural wrangles as to whether Singapore or England was the most appropriate jurisdiction.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=176–194}}.</ref>

===Law Commission===
The [[Law Commission|Criminal Law Commissioners]], who were attempting to define an [[English Criminal Code]], considered the matter several times:<ref name="S235">{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|p=235}}.</ref>
*1839, Fourth report, Digest of Law (Art.39) included necessity as a defence to [[homicide]];
*1843, Seventh report (Art.29) also included the defence;
*1846, Second report favoured leaving questions of necessity to the [[royal prerogative]] of [[clemency]] (Art.19);
*1878/ 1879, declined to codify the defence as it was "better to leave such questions to be dealt with when, if ever, they arise in practice by applying the principles of law to the circumstance of the particular case."<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|p=201}}.</ref>

In 1874, [[James Fitzjames Stephen]] introduced a Homicide Law Amendment [[Bill (proposed law)|Bill]] that included a defence of necessity but it was lost and Stephen himself had changed his mind by 1884.<ref name="S235"/>

==Trial==
The trial of Dudley and Stephens opened in Exeter on 3 November before [[Baron Huddleston]]. Arthur Charles [[Queen's Counsel|QC]] led for the prosecution and Arthur J. H. Collins QC for the defence, paid for out of a defence fund that had been established by public subscription. Huddleston was well aware of the passion of the local jury and probably aware of the case of the ''Euxine'' and the failed prosecution of James Archer, and was determined that the case not collapse and that the issue of necessity be settled. Sir [[William Robert Grove]] had initially been listed to take the [[assizes]] that session and there has been speculation that Huddleston was substituted to ensure a "safe pair of hands". Huddleston had a reputation as a judge able to direct a jury.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=195–198}}</ref>

The jury was [[jury (England and Wales)#Empanelling and challenging jurors|empanelled]] and sworn, being composed of almost the same jurors as had sat with Huddleston the previous day in a murder case that had resulted in the [[death penalty]]. Dudley and Stephens pleaded not guilty. Charles opened for the prosecution, outlining the legal arguments and dismissing the defence of necessity. He also dismissed the [[insanity defence]]; it was clear from the depositions and Dudley's prayer that they were aware of the quality of their actions. Charles did not suppress the dreadful conditions on the boat and suggested an ultimate appeal to clemency.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=205–206}}.</ref>

A discussion now took place between Huddleston and Collins which showed that Huddleston had made up his mind on the law and was not interested in hearing any submissions from the defence. In fact, Huddleston had already planned how he would ensure a guilty verdict and settle the law on necessity once and for all. He would invite, in robust terms, the jury to return a [[special verdict]], stating only the facts of the case as they found them but giving no opinion on guilt or otherwise. It would then be for the judge to decide whether the facts found amounted to guilt. Though special verdicts had once been common, none had been returned since 1785 and the jury in any case retained the right to return a general verdict.

Huddleston was further determined that the legal question would be settled by a bench of several judges in order to lend it authority. Hence, he planned to adjourn the trial after the special verdict and reconvene with fellow judges to pronounce guilt. Collins would have his opportunity to argue the law in front of the expanded bench.<ref name="Simpson 1984 pp206-210">{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=206–210}}.</ref>

The prosecution produced the various accounts and depositions written by the defendants and the evidence that the ''Mignonette'' was registered in Britain, necessary to establish the court's [[jurisdiction]] under s.267 of the [[Merchant Shipping Act 1854]]. Charles then called evidence from the various people who had spoken to the defendants on their arrival in Falmouth before calling Brooks. Brooks provided a compelling account of Dudley and Stephens' actions and his own non-involvement. In [[cross-examination]], Collins did not challenge his account, but made him confirm the appalling conditions on the boat, Brooks' own cannibalism, their inevitable death without recourse to Parker's body and the belief that Parker would have died first.<ref name="Simpson 1984 pp206-210"/>

Though Collins addressed the jury on necessity in his closing speech, Huddleston presented them with a stark alternative: accept his direction to find the men guilty of murder or return a special verdict. Without waiting for the jury's decision, Huddleston produced a special verdict that he had written the night before and invited the jury to indicate their assent to each paragraph as he read it out. Silence was sufficient. Though the jury finally tried to add some facts to the verdict, Huddleston insisted, perhaps not entirely truthfully, that their observations were already incorporated. The final words of the verdict were, "But whether upon the whole matter, the prisoners were and are guilty of murder the jury are ignorant and refer to the Court." Huddleston then renewed the defendants' bail and adjourned the assizes to his rooms in the [[Royal Courts of Justice]] in London for 25 November.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=212–217}}.</ref>

==Huddleston's blunders==
[[File:SirJohnWalterHuddleston.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Baron Huddleston]]
At some point after the trial, but before the special verdict was copied for the London review, Huddleston realised that he had made a potentially fatal error. In his original draft, he had described the ''Mignonette'' as an "English Merchant vessel" but had altered this to read "yacht". Further, he had described the lifeboat as "an open boat" and not asserted its provenance on the ''Mignonette''. He now realised that he had omitted the critical finding necessary to give the court jurisdiction over Dudley and Stephens. Huddleston's solution was simply to alter his record of the verdict.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|p=218}}.</ref>

On 25 November, the Cornwall and Devon winter [[Assizes (England and Wales)|assizes]] reconvened at No. 2 Court, the Royal Courts of Justice in London. Attorney-General Sir Henry James appeared for the prosecution and immediately pointed out a problem. The [[Divisional Court]] of the [[Queen's Bench]] had an established authority to decide a matter of law with a panel of judges after referral from an inferior court. [[Statute]] only permitted this following a conviction and there had been no conviction in Exeter. James suggested that an alternative was to hear the case as the Cornwall and Devon assizes, albeit at an unusual venue, but to add further judges to the bench as all [[High Court of England and Wales|High Court]] judges had authority to hear assize cases. Huddleston expressed his scepticism that judges could be added to a trial once it had begun. Moreover, he had been looking for affirmation from a superior court. By this time Collins had become suspicious of Huddleston's tampering with the record of the trial and requested the [[shorthand]] notes of the hearing. With the proceedings now a shambles, the case was listed for 4 December and the defendants, though on what authority is unclear, were ordered to attend in London.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=218–221}}.</ref>

At a further hearing on 2 December, James withdrew his suggestion of an augmented assize court and gave the opinion that the court should sit as the Queen's Bench Divisional Court; this should only have allowed two or three judges, not the five who eventually sat. Collins seems not to have taken the opportunity to challenge the jurisdiction or constitution of the court, possibly because of some agreement with the prosecution and promise of clemency.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=221–223}}.</ref>

==Judgement==
[[File:johncoleridge.jpg|right|thumb|Lord Coleridge]]
The Queen's Bench Division sat on 4 December under [[Lord Chief Justice]] [[John Duke Coleridge, 1st Baron Coleridge|Lord Coleridge]]. James appeared for the prosecution, leading Charles and Danckwerts. At the beginning of the hearing, the report of the Exeter trial was read out, at some length, in its entirety. This allowed Collins to submit that the special verdict had been altered. As much was ultimately admitted and it was eventually agreed that it was best that the special verdict be restored to the version agreed by the jury. Collins' attempt to challenge the jurisdiction of the court was rejected by the judges. Collins then submitted that the court was not competent to return a verdict as the Exeter jury had not given a conditional verdict asserting that the jury would find in accordance with the judge's ruling. Though this troubled the judges, especially Grove, the point was eventually dismissed as one of form only.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=225–228}}.</ref>

James submitted that there was no common law authority to support the proposition that necessity was a defence to murder. The Saint Christopher case was rejected as a precedent because it had not been formally recorded in the law reports. Before Collins started his submissions, Lord Coleridge instructed him to confine his remarks to murder, thereby dismissing the plausible alternative that necessity was a [[partial defence]] leading to a conviction for manslaughter by analogy with the partial defence of [[Provocation (legal)|provocation]]. Collins responded by citing ''[[William Brown (ship)|United States v. Holmes]]'' (1842) and discussing the various theoretical and ethical arguments in favour of the necessity defence. At the conclusion of Collins' submissions, the judges withdrew. They returned after a few moments and Lord Coleridge declared, "We are all of the opinion that the conviction should be affirmed but we will put our reasons in writing and give them on Saturday next." After some technical legal discussion, Lord Coleridge committed Dudley and Stephens to [[Holloway Prison]], then a men's institution, until Tuesday, 9 December, when the court would deliver its reasons and its [[sentence (law)|sentence]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=229–237}}.</ref>

The panel of judges found that there was no common law defence of necessity to a charge of murder, either on the basis of legal precedent or the basis of ethics and morality.<ref name="report">''R v. Dudley and Stephens'' [1884] 14 QBD 273 DC.</ref>

{{quotation | To preserve one's life is generally speaking a duty, but it may be the plainest and the highest duty to sacrifice it. [[War]] is full of instances in which it is a man's duty not to live, but to die. The duty, in case of shipwreck, of a captain to his crew, of the crew to the passengers, of soldiers to women and children, as in the noble case of the ''[[HMS Birkenhead (1845)|Birkenhead]]''; these duties impose on men the moral necessity, not of the preservation, but of the sacrifice of their lives for others, from which in no country, least of all, it is to be hoped, in England, will men ever shrink, as indeed, they have not shrunk.<ref name="report"/> }}

{{quotation | It would be a very easy and cheap display of commonplace learning to quote from [[Classics|Greek and Latin authors]], from [[Horace]], from [[Juvenal]], from [[Cicero]], from [[Euripides]], passage after passage, in which the duty of dying for others has been laid down in glowing and emphatic language as resulting from the principles of heathen ethics; it is enough in a [[Christianity|Christian]] country to remind ourselves of the Great Example <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Jesus Christ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> whom we profess to follow.<ref name="report"/> }}

Further, the judges questioned who was qualified to make the decision of who should live and who die were the principle to be allowed. They further observed that such a principle might be the "legal cloak for unbridled passion and atrocious crime". They were sensible of the men's awful predicament.<ref name="report"/>

{{quotation | It must not be supposed that in refusing to admit temptation to be an excuse for crime it is forgotten how terrible the temptation was; how awful the suffering; how hard in such trials to keep the judgment straight and the conduct pure. We are often compelled to set up standards we cannot reach ourselves, and to lay down rules which we could not ourselves satisfy. But a man has no right to declare temptation to be an excuse, though he might himself have yielded to it, nor allow compassion for the criminal to change or weaken in any manner the legal definition of the crime.<ref name="report"/> }}

Dudley and Stephens were sentenced to the statutory death penalty with a recommendation for mercy.<ref name="report"/>

==Aftermath==
[[File:Sir William Harcourt.jpg|thumb|100 px|left|Sir William Harcourt]]
Collins still had the option of moving a [[writ of error]] to raise the very arguable issues of jurisdiction and constitution of the court but he knew that the verdict in such an important case had been pre-decided and Dudley and Stephens still anticipated an immediate release. By 11 December, there was still no announcement and it seemed that, their having been convicted, public opinion was moving against the men. Any exercise of the royal prerogative of mercy would be exercised by [[Queen Victoria]] on the advice of the Home Secretary.

Though Harcourt was personally in favour of abolition of the death penalty, he was conscientious in his official duties. He took the judgment of the court seriously, that the men were guilty of murder, and feared that commuting the sentence to anything other than [[life imprisonment]] would mock the law. Attorney-General Sir Henry James felt that a life sentence would not resist the attack of public opinion. He noted that the court had withheld a finding of manslaughter from the jury but that had it been available that would have been the jury's verdict and "no judge would have inflicted more than three months' [[imprisonment]]". Solicitor-General Sir Farrer Herschell concurred. On 12 December, Harcourt decided on six months' imprisonment. Dudley and Stephens were advised the next day but were somewhat disappointed at so long in custody. Dudley never accepted the justice of his conviction.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=239–247}}.</ref>

==Cultural impact==
The case is familiar among lawyers in the common law jurisdictions—that is, England and many, though not all, former British territories—and is universally studied by law students in such jurisdictions. Simpson observed that, though many murderers have become household names in Britain, the case is surprisingly unfamiliar to the public at large.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|p=306}}.</ref>

It became better known in 1974 when [[Arthur Koestler]] ran a competition in ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', in which readers were invited to send in the most striking coincidence they knew of. The winning entry pointed out that in [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s novel ''[[The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket]]'', published in 1838, decades before the ''Mignonette'' sank, four men are cast adrift on their capsized ship and draw lots to decide which of them should be sacrificed as food for the other three. The loser was the sailor who had proposed the idea: the character's name was [[Richard Parker (shipwrecked)|Richard Parker]].

[[Richard Parker (shipwrecked)|Richard Parker]] is the name of several people in real life and fiction who became shipwrecked, with some of them subsequently being cannibalised by their fellow seamen. Writer [[Yann Martel]] in his 2001 novel ''[[Life of Pi]]'' picked up on these occurrences, surmising "So many Richard Parkers had to mean something", and included a shipwrecked Bengal tiger called "Richard Parker" in the book.

The case was also the basis for an infamous [[Monty Python]] [[Sketch comedy|sketch]], titled "[[Lifeboat sketch|Lifeboat (Cannibalism)/Still no Sign of Land]]".<ref>http://orangecow.org/pythonet/sketches/lifeboat.htm Lifeboat (Cannibalism) script</ref> In that sketch, five sailors are on a [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|lifeboat]] after a [[shipwreck]], and [[survival cannibalism|the only way they can survive is through cannibalism]]. Once they decide whom to eat—and which body parts—a waitress is called over to take their orders, complete with vegetables. In ''[[Monty Python's Flying Circus]]'', this is followed by the controversial "[[Undertakers sketch]]", which also features [[cannibalism]].

In 2004, the [[Avett Brothers]] named their album ''[[Mignonette (album)|Mignonette]]'' after the ship on which the incident occurred.

[[The Case of the Speluncean Explorers]] is a famous hypothetical case created in 1949 by legal theorist [[Lon L. Fuller]] to illustrate divergent theories of law and morality in the context of facts heavily based around those in Dudley and Stephens.

==See also==
*[[Necessity in English law]]
*[[Necessity in Canadian law]]
*[[Cospatrick (ship)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=20em}}

==References==
*{{citation |last=Clarke |first=R. F. |title='The Mignonette' case as a question of moral theology |journal=[[The Month]] |volume=53 |year=1885 |pages=17 }}
*{{citation |title=The Custom of the Sea: The Story that Changed British Law |last=Hanson |first=Neil |year=1999 |publisher=Doubleday |isbn=0-385-60083-6 }}
*{{citation |last=Mallin |first=M. G. |title=In warm blood: Some historical and procedural aspects of ''Regina v. Dudley and Stephens'' |journal=University of Chicago Law Review |volume=34 |year=1967 |pages=387–407 |doi=10.2307/1598938 |issue=2 |publisher=The University of Chicago Law Review |jstor=1598938 }}
*{{citation |title=Cannibalism and the Common Law: The Story of the Tragic Last Voyage of the Mignonette and the Strange Legal Proceedings to Which It Gave Rise |last=Simpson |first=A. W. B. |publisher=University of Chicago Press | location=Chicago | year=1984 | isbn=978-0-226-75942-5 }}
*{{citation |last=Williams |first=G. |title=A commentary on ''R v. Dudley and Stephens'' | journal=Cambrian Law Review | volume=8 | year=1977 | pages=94 }}

==External links==
*[http://www.justis.com/titles/iclr_bqb14040.html Full text of judgment]

{{coord|27|10|S|9|50|W|display=title|type:event|name=Mignonette}}

[[Category:1884 in case law]]
[[Category:1884 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1884]]
[[Category:Incidents of cannibalism]]
[[Category:English criminal case law]]
[[Category:High Court of Justice cases]]
[[Category:Shipwreck survivors]]

University of Oxford

2013-08-12T14:15:21Z

Qwerty Binary: /* Andere */ Rm Emma Watson. Nicht Alumna.

{{Infobox Hochschule
| Name = University of Oxford
| Logo = Uni oxford logo,.svg
| Logogrösse = 200px
| Motto = ''Dominus Illuminatio Mea'' dt. ''Der Herr ist mein Licht'' (Psalm 27, 1)
| Gründungsdatum = Unbekannt, Aufzeichnungen besagen, dass bereits 1097 unterrichtet wurde
| Trägerschaft = staatlich
| Ort = [[Oxford]], [[Vereinigtes Königreich]]
| Leitung = [[Chris Patten]], Andrew D. Hamilton (Vizekanzler)
| Leitungstitel = Kanzler
| Studentenzahl = 20.014 (7.580 [[Postgraduierter|Postgraduierte]]) ''(Stand 1. Dezember 2007)''<ref>[http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2007-8/supps/3_4851.pdf Oxford University Gazette Supplement 2008] (PDF; 183 kB)</ref>
| Mitarbeiterzahl =
| davon Professoren =
| Jahresetat =
| Website = [http://www.ox.ac.uk/ www.ox.ac.uk]
}}

Die '''University of Oxford''' in [[Oxford]] ([[England]]) ist eine der ältesten und renommiertesten Universitäten der Welt.

Zusammen mit der [[University of Cambridge]] führt sie regelmäßig die [[Vereinigtes Königreich|britischen]] Unirankings an und belegte 2012 im ''The Times Good University Guide''<ref>[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/gug/ Good University Guide] (englisch) – Portalseite bei ''[[Times Online]]''</ref> den ersten Platz in Großbritannien, während sie in den drei wichtigsten anderen nationalen Rankings ([[The Independent]], [[The Guardian]], [[The Sunday Times (Vereinigtes Königreich)|The Sunday Times]])<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/universityguide</ref><ref>http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings</ref><ref>http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/gug/</ref> hinter Cambridge bzw. der [[London School of Economics and Political Science|London School of Economics]] auf Platz zwei oder drei landete<ref>http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings</ref>. Gemeinsam mit den Universitäten Cambridge, Imperial College London, LSE und UCL bildet die University of Oxford die sogenannte Super-Elite-Gruppe der G-5-Universitäten in England<ref>http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=186508&sectioncode=26</ref>. Auch international zählt Oxford mit Platz 6 im [[The Times Higher Education Supplement|THES]] – QS World University Ranking<ref>[http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/hybrid.asp?typeCode=431&pubCode=1&navcode=148 The top 200 World Universities] (englisch) – bei ''[[Times Higher Education]]''</ref> zu den führenden akademischen Institutionen.

Sie existiert nachweislich seit dem 12. Jahrhundert und unterteilt sich in 38 Colleges und sechs Permanent Private Halls.<ref>[http://www.ox.ac.uk/colleges/colleges_and_halls_az/ Colleges and Halls A-Z] (englisch) – Liste bei der ''Universität von Oxford'', vom 14. April 2009</ref> Sie ist Mitglied der britischen ''[[Russell-Gruppe]]'' forschender Universitäten und neben den Universitäten [[University of Bristol|Bristol]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] und [[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh]] eine der vier britischen Universitäten der [[Coimbra-Gruppe]], einem Netzwerk führender europäischer Universitäten.

== Geschichte ==

[[Datei:Pembroke_Chapel_Quad.JPG|miniatur|[[Pembroke College (Oxford)|Pembroke College]] der Universität Oxford, Fassade aus dem charakteristischen [[Bath Stone]]]]
[[Datei:Keble_College_Chapel_-_Oct_2006.jpg|miniatur|Keble College]]

Mit der im 13. Jahrhundert entstandenen Universität von Oxford (englisch: „University of Oxford“; [[Latein|lat.]]: ''Universitas Oxoniensis'') besitzt [[Oxford]] nicht nur die älteste [[Britische Universitäten|britische Universität]], sondern auch die drittälteste Universität ganz [[Europa]]s.

Hervorgegangen ist die Universität aus den bereits im 12. Jahrhundert nachgewiesenen Klosterschulen. Der älteste Nachweis wird mit 1096 datiert. Die Universität wuchs schnell, nachdem [[Heinrich II. (England)|König Heinrich II.]] 1167 den Engländern verboten hatte, die [[Sorbonne|Universität von Paris]] zu besuchen. Die erste Charta der ''Universitas Oxoniensis'' stammt aus dem Jahr 1214. Mit den Universitäten von [[Universität von Paris|Paris]] und [[Universität Bologna|Bologna]] gehört Oxford damit zum Gründungstrio der europäischen Universitäten.<ref>Sager, 2008:49</ref>

Nach einer gewaltsamen Auseinandersetzung zwischen Angehörigen der Universität und den Bewohnern Oxfords im Jahre 1209 flohen zahlreiche Studenten und Professoren in die nord-östlich gelegene Stadt Cambridge. Dieser Zwischenfall führte zur Gründung der [[Universität Cambridge]]. 1214 kam die Universität aber wieder zurück nach Oxford. Der Universitätsstatus wurde 1571 im ''Act for the Incorporation of Both Universities'' formell bestätigt.

Seit der Entstehung der Universität Cambridge prägen diese beiden Universitäten, zusammenfassend auch ''[[Oxbridge]]'' genannt, das geistige Leben [[Vereinigtes Königreich|Großbritanniens]]. Die Rivalität zwischen ihnen lässt sich wohl am besten an dem berühmten [[Boat Race]] erkennen, einem auf der [[Themse]] seit 1829 jährlich ausgetragenen [[Regatta#Rudern|Achterrennen]] der beiden Universitätsmannschaften.

Seit 2006 gehört die Universität Oxford dem [[Hochschulverbund]] [[International Alliance of Research Universities]] an.

=== Frauen und Oxford ===

Bis 1878 war es Frauen verboten, an den Colleges von Oxford zu studieren. 1878 wurde das erste reine Frauencollege gegründet, [[Lady Margaret Hall]], gefolgt von [[Somerville College]] 1879, zehn Jahre nachdem in Cambridge erste Colleges für Damen gegründet wurden. Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts folgten [[St Hugh's College|St.Hugh's]], [[St Anne's College|St.Anne's]] und [[St Hilda's College|St.Hilda's]]. 1908 wurden Frauen zur Oxford Union Society zugelassen. Erst 1920 durften Frauen auch dieselben akademischen Grade wie ihre männlichen Kommilitonen erwerben. Erste Präsidentin der Oxford Union wurde 1977 [[Benazir Bhutto]], Studentin in [[Lady Margaret Hall]]. [[Brasenose College|Brasenose]], [[Hertford College|Hertford]], [[Jesus College (Oxford)|Jesus]], [[St.Catherine's College|St.Catherine's]] und [[Wadham College]] waren die ersten Männer-Colleges die auch Frauen zuließen. Als letztes College allein für Frauen akzeptiert St.Hilda's seit 2008 nun auch männliche Bewerber.<ref>Sager, 2008: 24-6</ref>

Der Anteil der Studentinnen in Oxford beträgt heute 40 %. Der Frauenanteil unter den Professoren beträgt 19 %.<ref>Sager, 2008: 24-6</ref>

Mehrere Colleges wurden von Frauen begründet oder mitgestaltet, so [[Balliol College]] und [[Wadham College]].<ref>Sager, 2008: 24-6</ref>

== Zulassung ==

Zugelassen wurden Studenten in Oxford, im Gegensatz zu den kontinentalen Universitäten, von Anfang an von den individuellen Colleges, nicht von der Universität selbst. Nach diesem speziellen System bewerben sich daher Studenten direkt bei den Colleges. Erst vor wenigen Jahren änderte sich dieses für die ''postgraduates'', die nun von den ''departments'' zugelassen werden. Die Universität selbst hat nur administrative Aufgaben.

== Die Colleges und Private Halls ==

[[Datei:Trinity_college_-_oxford.jpg|miniatur|Trinity College]]
[[Datei:Oxford_Brasenose_College.jpg|miniatur|Brasenose College]]
[[Datei:Worc_College.jpg|miniatur|Worcester College]]
[[Datei:Balliol College from Broad Street looking west.jpg|miniatur|Balliol College]]
[[Datei:MagdalenCollegeOxford20040613 CopyrightKaihsuTai.jpg|miniatur|Magdalen College]]
Die Universität ist in ''Colleges'' und ''Permanent Private Halls'' unterteilt. Die Colleges üben wichtige Funktionen aus, so wie Tutoring der Studenten vor dem Bachelor-Abschluss oder stellen auch Unterkunft zur Verfügung.

Die Universität hat 38 Colleges und 6 Private Halls. Nachstehende Liste führt sie (mit Gründungsjahr) auf:
:{| class="prettytable sortable"
|- align="center" style="background-color:#efefef;"
! Wappen || College || Gründung
|-
|<center>[[Datei:University College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[University College (Oxford)|University College]] || align="center" | 1249
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Balliol College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Balliol College]] || align="center" | 1263
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Merton College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Merton College]] || align="center" | 1264
|-
|<center>[[Datei:St-Edmund-Hall College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[St Edmund Hall]] || align="center" | 1278 (ca.)
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Exeter College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Exeter College]] || align="center" | 1314
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Oriel College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Oriel College]] || align="center" | 1326
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Queens College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[The Queen's College]] || align="center" | 1341
|-
|<center>[[Datei:New College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[New College (Oxford)|New College]] || align="center" | 1379
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Lincoln College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Lincoln College (Oxford)|Lincoln College]] || align="center" | 1427
|-
|<center>[[Datei:All-Souls College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[All Souls College]] || align="center" | 1438
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Magdalen College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Magdalen College]] || align="center" | 1458
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Brasenose College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Brasenose College]] || align="center" | 1509
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Corpus-Christi College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Corpus Christi College (Oxford)|Corpus Christi College]] || align="center" | 1517
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Christ_Church_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Christ Church (Oxford)|Christ Church]] || align="center" | 1546
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Trinity College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Trinity College (Oxford)|Trinity College]] || align="center" | 1554
|-
|<center>[[Datei:St-John's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[St John’s College (Oxford)|St John’s College]] || align="center" | 1555
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Jesus College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Jesus College (Oxford)|Jesus College]] || align="center" | 1571
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Wadham College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Wadham College]] || align="center" | 1610
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Pembroke College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Pembroke College (Oxford)|Pembroke College]] || align="center" | 1624
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Worcester College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Worcester College]] || align="center" | 1714
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Hertford College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Hertford College]] || align="center" | 1740
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Keble College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Keble College]] || align="center" | 1870
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Lady-Margaret-Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Lady Margaret Hall]] || align="center" | 1878
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Somerville College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Somerville College]] || align="center" | 1879
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Mansfield College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Mansfield College]] || align="center" | 1886
|-
|<center>[[Datei:St-Hughs College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[St Hugh's College]] || align="center" | 1886
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Harris-Manchester College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Harris Manchester College]] || align="center" | 1889
|-
|<center>[[Datei:St-Hilda's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[St Hilda's College]] || align="center" | 1893
|-
|<center>[[Datei:St-Antony's_College_Oxford_Coat_Of_Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[St Antony's College]] || align="center" | 1950
|-
|<center>[[Datei:St-Anne's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[St Anne's College]] || align="center" | 1953
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Nuffield College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Nuffield College]] || align="center" | 1958
|-
|<center>[[Datei:St-Peters College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[St Peter's College (Oxford)|St Peter's College]] || align="center" | 1961
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Linacre College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Linacre College]] || align="center" | 1962
|-
|<center>[[Datei:St-Catherines College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[St Catherine’s College (Oxford)|St Catherine's College]] || align="center" | 1963
|-
|<center>[[Datei:St-Cross College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[St Cross College]] || align="center" | 1965
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Wolfson College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Wolfson College (Oxford)|Wolfson College]] || align="center" | 1966
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Kellogg College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Kellogg College]] || align="center" | 1990
|-
|<center>[[Datei:Green-Templeton College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|30px]]</center>
| [[Green Templeton College]] || align="center" | 2008<ref>[http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/po/news/2006-07/jul/03.shtml Merger to create new Oxford graduate college] (englisch) – Artikel bei der ''Universität von Oxford'', vom 3. Juli 2007</ref>
|}

Die '''Permanent Private Halls''' sind:
* Blackfriars (1221)
* Campion Hall (1896)
* Regent's Park College (1810 in London gegründet, 1927 nach Oxford umgezogen)
* St Benet's Hall (1897)
* St Stephen's House (1876)
* Wycliffe Hall (1877)

== Bibliotheken ==

Der ''Oxford University Library Service'' (OULS) besteht aus mehr als 30 [[Bibliothek]]en. Die älteste und bekannteste ist die ''[[Bodleian Library]]'', die vor mehr als 400 Jahren als erste [[öffentliche Bibliothek]] Englands gegründet wurde. Sie enthält über 11 Millionen Bücher und ist nach der Londoner [[British Library]] die zweitgrößte Bibliothek Großbritanniens. Die Bodleian Library (intern „the Bod“ genannt) geht auf das Jahr 1602 zurück und ist eine der ältesten Bibliotheken des Landes.

== Bekannte Oxforder ==

Die Universität hat eine stattliche Anzahl von Berühmtheiten hervorgebracht. Insgesamt haben sechs [[König]]e, fünf Staatspräsidenten und [[Premierminister|Premiers]], 46 [[Nobelpreis]]träger und 25 Britische Premierminister an der Universität studiert. Außerdem kann die Universität sechs [[Heiliger|Heilige]] (drei werden nur von der Katholischen, nicht aber von der Anglikanischen Kirche anerkannt), 86 [[Erzbischof|Erzbischöfe]] und 18 [[Kardinal|Kardinäle]] unter ihren Absolventen aufweisen.

=== Schriftsteller & Dichter ===

[[Oscar Wilde]], [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], [[T. S. Eliot]], [[Robert Graves]], [[Aldous Huxley]], [[Hilaire Belloc]], [[John Galsworthy]], [[Kingsley Amis]], [[Martin Amis]], [[Zlata Filipović]], [[Harper Lee]], [[Seamus Heaney]], [[Joseph Heller]], [[John Donne]], [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]], [[C. S. Lewis]], [[Evelyn Waugh]], [[John Betjeman]], [[W. H. Auden]], [[Algernon Swinburne]], [[Graham Greene]], [[Christopher Hitchens]], [[George Gordon Byron|Lord Byron]], [[Salman Rushdie]], [[Philip Pullman]], [[Dorothy L. Sayers]], [[Lewis Carroll]]

=== Naturwissenschaftler ===

[[Stephen Hawking]], [[Richard Dawkins]], [[Tim Berners-Lee]].

=== Philosophen ===

[[Wilhelm von Ockham|William von Ockham]], [[Adam Smith]], [[John Locke]], [[John Langshaw Austin|John L. Austin]], [[Richard Robinson (Philosoph)|Richard Robinson]], [[Richard Mervyn Hare]], [[John Searle]], [[Gilbert Ryle]], [[Alfred Jules Ayer|Alfred Ayer]]

=== Theologen ===

[[John Wyclif]], [[Edmund Campion]], [[Cuthbert Mayne]], [[Jean de Menasce]], [[Hieronymus von Prag]], [[John Wesley (Prediger)|John Wesley]], [[John Henry Newman]], [[John Thiessen]]

=== Historiker ===

[[Arnold Toynbee]], [[Edward Gibbon]]

=== Politiker ===

[[Aung San Suu Kyi]], [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], [[Benazir Bhutto]], [[Bilawal Zardari Bhutto]], [[Herbert Henry Asquith]], [[William Ewart Gladstone]], [[Thomas Morus|Thomas More]], [[Tony Blair]], [[Bill Clinton]], [[Richard von Weizsäcker]], [[Abdullah II. bin al-Hussein|König Abdullah von Jordanien]], [[Clement Attlee]], [[Margaret Thatcher]], [[William Penn]], [[Álvaro Uribe Vélez]], [[David Cameron]], [[James Purnell]], [[Norbert Lammert]], König [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]], [[Viktor Orbán]]

=== Andere ===
* [[Kate Beckinsale]] – britische Schauspielerin
* [[T. E. Lawrence|Thomas Edward Lawrence]] – Entdecker, Schriftsteller
* [[Rupert Murdoch]] – Unternehmer
* [[Walter Raleigh]] – Entdecker
* [[Christopher Wren]] – Architekt
* [[Rowan Atkinson]] – britischer Komiker ''(Mr. Bean)''
* [[Hans Bernd von Haeften]], [[Adam von Trott zu Solz]] – Deutsche Widerstandskämpfer im Dritten Reich
* Sir Peter Torry, ehemaliger britischer Botschafter in Berlin
* [[Mirza Nasir Ahmad]] – Der 3. Khalif der Ahmadiyya
* [[Rosamund Pike]] – Schauspielerin
* [[Konstantinos A. Doxiadis]] (1913–1975), Architekt. Bekannt als Städteplaner der pakistanischen Hauptstadt [[Islamabad]] und der Stadt [[Rawalpindi]].
* [[Peter Ramsbotham, 3. Viscount Soulbury]], britischer Botschafter
* [[Hugh Dancy]] – britischer Filmschauspieler und Fotomodell
* [[Howard Marks]] – ehemaliger Drogendealer, heute Autor, Cannabisaktivist, Erzähler

== Sonstiges ==

* Oxfords Schutzpatronin ist die heilige [[Frideswida]].
* Die Fußballmannschaft von Oxford stand drei mal im Finale des [[FA-Cup]]. 1874 gelang als einziger „echter“ Universitätsmannschaft mit einem 2:0 gegen die Royal Engineers der Pokalsieg in diesem prestigeträchtigen Wettbewerb.
* Die Universität von Oxford wird als „Hogwarts“ für die Harry-Potter-Reihe genutzt, allerdings meist für den inneren Teil von „Hogwarts“, da sich das fiktive Schloss aus vielen Schlössern in ganz Großbritannien zusammensetzt. Hauptbestandteil ist dennoch die Universität von Oxford.
* 2005 fand die [[Gedächtnisweltmeisterschaft]] in der Universität von Oxford statt.
* Das ehemalige Eishockeyteam der University of Oxford gewann 4-mal den [[Spengler Cup]] in der Schweiz.

== Siehe auch ==

* [[Oxford University Press]]

== Literatur ==

* {{Literatur|Autor=[[Peter Sager (Journalist)|Peter Sager]]|Titel=Oxford und Cambridge|TitelErg=Eine Kulturgeschichte|Verlag=Schöffling|Ort=Frankfurt am Main|Jahr=2004|ISBN=978-3895616716}}
* {{Literatur|Autor=Peter Sager|Titel=Oxford|TitelErg=Eine Kulturgeschichte|Verlag=[[Insel Verlag|Insel]]|Ort=Frankfurt am Main|Jahr=2008|ISBN=978-3458350347|Kommentar=Insel-Taschenbuch 3334}}
* {{Literatur|Autor=Fabian Pregel|Titel=Oxford|Verlag=Goldfinch|Jahr=2007|ISBN=978-3940258045|Ort=Hamburg}}
* {{Literatur|Autor=Carl von Siemens|Titel=Kleine Herren. Ein Deutscher in Oxford|Verlag=Scherz|Jahr=2010|ISBN=978-3-502-15159-3|Ort=Frankfurt am Main}}
* [http://archive.org/search.php?query=publisher%3A%22London%2C+F.+E.+Robinson%22 F. E. Robinson's 'College Histories Series'] Im Internet Archive
* Hastings Rashdall and Robert Sangster Rait: [http://archive.org/stream/newcollege00rashrich#page/n9/mode/2up ''New college'']. Publisher F. E. Robinson & Co., London 1901
* [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63862 ''THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD''] in: H. E. Salter and Mary D. Lobel (editors): A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 3: The University of Oxford (1954), pp. 1-38.
* [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63863 ''CHANCELLORS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD''] in: H. E. Salter and Mary D. Lobel (editors): A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 3: The University of Oxford (1954) pp. 38-39.

== Weblinks ==

{{Commonscat|University of Oxford|Universität Oxford}}
* [http://www.ox.ac.uk/ University of Oxford] – Offizielle Webseite (englisch)

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{NaviBlock
|Navigationsleiste Universitäten im Vereinigten Königreich
|Navigationsleiste League of European Research Universities}}

[[Kategorie:Universität Oxford| ]]
[[Kategorie:Universität in England|Oxford]]
[[Kategorie:Coimbra-Gruppe|Oxford]]
[[Kategorie:1167]]

{{Link GA|en}}

Gelobtes Land (2011)

2013-07-28T08:54:39Z

Qwerty Binary: Link.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2012}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox television
|show_name = The Promise
|image = [[File:The Promise (2011) DVD cover.jpg|200px]]
|caption = Serial DVD cover
|genre = [[Drama]] [[Period drama]]
|writer = [[Peter Kosminsky]]
|director = [[Peter Kosminsky]]
|starring = [[Claire Foy]] [[Christian Cooke]] [[Itay Tiran]] Katharina Schüttler [[Haaz Sleiman]]
|composer = [[Debbie Wiseman]]
|country = United Kingdom
|language = English
|num_episodes = 4
|executive_producer = [[David Aukin]]
|producer = Hal Vogel
|cinematography = David Higgs
|editor = David Blackmore
|camera =
|runtime = 81, 87, 83 and 105 minutes
|channel = [[Channel 4]]
|picture_format = [[HDTV]] [[1080i]]
|audio_format = [[Stereophonic sound|Stereo]]
|first_aired = 6 February 2011
|last_aired = 27 February 2011
|website = http://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-promise
}}
'''''The Promise''''' is a British television serial in four episodes written and directed by [[Peter Kosminsky]], with music by [[Debbie Wiseman]]. It tells the story of a young woman who goes to present-day [[Israel]]/[[Palestine]] determined to find out about her soldier grandfather's involvement in the final years of [[Mandate Palestine|Palestine]] under the British [[British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|mandate]]. It premiered on [[Channel 4]] on 6 February 2011.

==Cast==
* [[Claire Foy]] as Erin Matthews
* [[Christian Cooke]] as Sergeant Leonard Matthews
* [[Itay Tiran]] as Paul Meyer
* Katharina Schüttler as Clara Rosenbaum
* [[Yvonne Catterfeld]] as Ziphora
* [[Haaz Sleiman]] as Omar Habash
* [[Ali Suliman]] as Abu-Hassan Mohammed
* [[Perdita Weeks]] as Eliza Meyer
* [[Ben Miles]] as Max Meyer
* Smadar Wolfman as Leah Meyer
* [[Holly Aird]] as Chris Matthews
* [[Hiam Abbass]] as Old Jawda
* Lukas Gregorowicz as Captain Richard Rowntree
* Luke Allen-Gale as Corporal Jackie Clough
* [[Iain McKee]] as Sergeant Hugh Robbins
* Paul Anderson as Sergeant Frank Nash
* Max Deacon as Private Alec Hyman
* [[Pip Torrens]] as Major John Arbuthnot

==Subjects depicted in the serial==
* British liberation of [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]]
* [[King David Hotel bombing]]
* [[Ein Hawd]] and [[Ein Hod]] villages
* [[The Sergeants affair]] – the kidnapping and murder of two British soldiers in Palestine
* [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict in Hebron]]
* [[Deir Yassin massacre]]
* [[Battle of Haifa (1948)]]
* [[1948 Palestinian exodus]]
* [[Gaza–Israel conflict]]
* [[House demolition in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]

{{clear}}

== Plot ==
<div style="width:80%" class="NavFrame collapsed">
<div class="NavHead" style="background:#ccf; text-align:left; font-size:small;"> </div>
<div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;">

=== Part 1 ===

Erin Matthews is an eighteen-year-old British teenager about to start her [[gap year]]. She is unwillingly taken to see her grandfather Len, now in his eighties, who is in hospital having been paralysed by a major stroke. Erin hardly knows him; but reluctantly helping her mother to clear out his flat, she finds a diary describing her grandfather's time as a Sergeant in the [[6th Airborne Division (United Kingdom)|6th Airborne Division]] in [[British Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate Palestine]] after the Second World War. Her mother wants her to bin it; but Erin surreptitiously keeps it, and decides to take up her best friend Eliza on her offer to spend some time in Israel, while Eliza, who has UK/Israeli [[dual citizenship]], undergoes [[basic training]] for her compulsory Israeli [[conscription|military service]]. As they fly out Erin starts to read the diary, and becomes fascinated: the diary opens with Len describing "the worst day of his life so far" – the horrors he is finding on liberating [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp|Bergen-Belsen]] [[concentration camp]]. From now on the series intercuts between the two stories as they develop, hers in 2005 and his in the 1940s.

From Germany, Len's unit is sent to [[Stella Maris Monastery|Stella Maris]] base near [[Haifa]], to be part of the [[British Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate]] forces there to act as the "meat in the sandwich", keeping the peace between the Arabs and the Jews. The first job for Len's platoon is to round up a group of desperate European Jewish refugees coming ashore from a ship. The refugees are taken to a detention centre, where the forced showers and captivity behind wire fences are all too reminiscent of what Len has just seen in Germany. Returning to the beach he finds a straggler. Sympathetic, he is about to send her on her way when they are spotted by a passing patrol. Back at base Len is reprimanded, his commander emphasising the danger of Arab insurrection if entry is not controlled. Nevertheless, Len considers that "If I'd been through what these people went through, I'd want a homeland too," and that what he had asked to do that day "weren't right". At the City Hospitality Club in Haifa, Len's corporal Jackie Clough introduces him to two Jewish girls: Ziphora and Clara. Clara explains that the club's purpose is to generate goodwill for the Jews; she herself is paid by the city to be there. Meanwhile Len has conducted a search of the [[kibbutz]] at [[Kiryat Haim|Qiryat Haiyim]] with his men, but found nothing—not a surprise, he is told, as the entire secretariat at Stella Maris is Jewish and "leaks like a sieve". Clara invites him back to tea, where her father tries to get him to talk about Stella Maris. Len's superior Rowntree encourages Len to make contact with the Jewish underground, suggesting a crowd at a rally would be a safer place than Clara's flat. However, when Len is approached, his contact is shot dead by a bullet from the British forces policing the rally: Len has been set up. Out on armoured patrol a chamberpot is emptied over the soldiers; then at the base several of Len's men are shot, some of them in the back while they are hosing down the vehicles, in a raid by Jewish militants. Len goes to see Clara, whose father apologises for what has happened to Len's men, but tells Len that after what has happened he is no longer welcome there. Clara however follows Len down the stairs and embraces him.

Meanwhile, intercut with this, in 2005 Erin is experiencing life with Eliza's extremely well-to-do family; who have flown her and Eliza in by business class, drive Mercedes cars, and live in luxurious [[Caesarea]] in a beach-front villa with swimming pool. Eliza takes Erin shopping and clubbing in [[Tel Aviv]], although this is cut short when Erin's [[epilepsy]] is triggered by the flashing lights in the club; Israeli clubbers are depicted as thinking she has passed out drunk and callously laughing at her plight. Erin also meets Eliza's brother Paul, described by Eliza as "crazy", who has come out of the army transformed into a radical Leftist. Paul and Eliza's father is a former general who criticised the occupation and is now a leading liberal. He and Paul however angrily clash over politics at the dinner table. According to Paul, his father's liberalism and protests merely mislead people into thinking Israel is a normal country like their own; when the truth is that it is a "military dictatorship", dominated by the military, and led by a series of former military leaders. Erin asks Paul to take her to see the grave of one of Len's comrades, who in the diary has just been killed in the raid on the base. At the [[Ramleh Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery|CWGC cemetery]] she is stopped in her tracks to find the graves of two more names she knows from the diary: Sergeants Robbins and Nash—in the diary as far as she has read, they are still alive. Rather than take her straight back to Caesarea, Paul takes her through a checkpoint into the Occupied Territories. In [[Nablus]] Erin finds him addressing a meeting of [[Combatants for Peace]] together with Omar, a former member of the [[al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades]]. According to Paul, "Once you've met your former enemy ... you can never take up that weapon again." At the end of the meeting, the two shake hands; and Paul drives Omar back towards his home, on the Israeli side of the line. They are initially waved through at the checkpoint, but when Omar goes back to remonstrate with the IDF border guards about a couple being split up, he is detained. Paul is dismissive of the checkpoints as just a way to make Palestinian life difficult, and points to a stretch of the [[Israeli West Bank barrier|separation barrier]] where there is an Palestinian village on each side of the wall. "That one is outside the checkpoint; that one is inside the checkpoint. Which one does the terrorist come from?" They go to a café; but when Paul goes back for his wallet, the café is blown apart by a [[suicide bomb]].

=== Part 2 ===

Len disciplines some soldiers who are abusing his company's [[char-wallah]]. At the club, Jackie teases him that Clara is after a "ring and a passport". But Len has a meeting at Army HQ later, so Clara asks him to take her home. There is no-one in, so she takes him to bed, asking him to stay a little longer. The meeting, at the [[King David Hotel]] in Jerusalem, is a briefing on "Operation Bulldog", the upcoming [[cordon and search]] of the entire city of Tel Aviv.<ref>"Operation Bulldog" as depicted in the series is a composite of two real-life operations: [[Operation Agatha]], a number of targeted actions undertaken just before the King David bombing; and Operation Shark, the cordoning-and-search of Tel Aviv undertaken immediately after the bombing.</ref> But as the meeting gets underway, there is an explosion and disturbance outside. Some civilians in a neighbouring room are out on the balcony, and Len goes through to encourage them to move away from the window; but then there is a second, much bigger explosion, and when Len regains consciousness, he is in the midst of devastation. The briefing room no longer exists: looking down, he sees that an entire wing of the building has been destroyed.

In 2005 rescue teams arrive to help the wounded from the café explosion. At the hospital Erin walks through room after room of casualties before she finds Paul, just as Paul's father arrives. He is alive, but his leg, arm and eye are bandaged.

Len digs a woman out of the rubble of the King David Hotel, but she is dead. That night, arriving at the club still covered in masonry dust, Len rounds on Clara for having known in advance and tried to protect him; but Clara protests she was only trying to show him that she loved him. At the base, the char-wallah alerts Len that Alec Hyman, one of his men who is Jewish, is being given a "regimental bath" in retribution—he is being viciously scrubbed until he has to be hospitalised. Len breaks it up, and later thanks the char-wallah, learning his name: Mohammed. Operation Bulldog gets underway. After a firefight, Len's platoon storm a house where an injured one of the King David bombers had been hidden. He has however been moved: despite every precaution, the operation has been leaked. The owners protest that they had been forced to harbour the [[Irgun]] members at gunpoint; but they are nevertheless taken away, and the British blow up their house. [[Mesheq Yagur]] kibbutz is searched ruthlessly, apparently to no avail, until Len discovers a ventilation pipe hidden in the middle of a children's merry-go-round. Hidden beneath the floor of a nearby schoolroom is a trapdoor, which leads to an underground chamber and a substantial arms cache.<ref>[[Mesheq Yagur]] was in fact searched as part of Operation Agatha, immediately before the King David bombing. A number of arms caches were discovered, several similar but none identical to what is shown in the series.</ref> Returning to base, the soldiers are serenaded by a group of schoolchildren, handing out bunches of flowers. Rowntree explains that they are [[anemone]]s, or ''kalaniot'' in Hebrew: "red for the paratrooper's beret; black for his heart". Wishing to be shot of them, Len hands the bunch to Mohammed; only to be told he has now put Mohammed under an obligation, and Mohammed will be duty-bound to offer him dinner. The dinner is a copious and convivial affair, involving Mohammed and much of his extended family. Finally they celebrate with a group photograph with Len outside Mohammed's house.

Paul's mother complains that the suicide bombers at the café were "animals". Paul replies that then she should tell Erin about some of the animals who blew up the King David Hotel, or one particular "animal" at least — his mother's father, who had been one of the group responsible; and dismisses both situations as "pathetic": "people blowing up buildings because they can't make their point any other way".

Erin has been on the point of going home; but she turns ahead to read the last page of Len's diary; and finds with it, in an envelope, a key. Len writes that he is facing prison, and has let down everyone who ever trusted him. He would like at least to return the key to Mohammed, but is not sure he could face him, after what he has done. Haunted by this, and the fact that she knows her grandfather has since been unhappy all his life, Erin decides to stay and try to find out more. Looking up Omar's telephone number in Paul's phone, she gets Omar to take her to Ein Hawd, which was the location of Mohammed's house in the diary. But she finds that that village is now [[Ein Hod]], and no longer Palestinian, but now a Jewish artistic centre. The Palestinians "all left in 1948" and are most likely now "in some camp in Jordan, probably", a woman at the information centre tells her. But some, interned in 1948 in the Galilee, had eventually returned and founded a new [[Ein Hawd]], in what had previously been the orchards of their fields high up above the old village. An old man agrees to let them drive him through what was once his village, and eventually from the photograph they identify what had been Mohammed's house. Returning to the new Ein Hawd, he thanks Erin: it had been good to go, even though it was painful. He is able to give Omar an address in Hebron, though when Erin intensely asks Omar whether he would take her, he replies that Paul might be the better guide: it was where Paul was in the army for three years.

Erin and Eliza go to see Eliza's grandfather. He is unapologetic, and downright: his father, mother, sister and brother had all died in the camps. Had Eliza ever told Erin that? No, "because the people of his generation had been determined that the Jewish people would never again capitulate in the face of genocide." They had been determined to carve out a land which could be safe for ever. The British stood in their way, so they "wiped them out. It was as simple as that."

Len and Jackie and another soldier are driving through town off-duty in a Jeep when a car stops a suspiciously long time in front of them. Len reaches for his revolver, but two men with handguns appear and shoot all three soldiers, the last one at point-blank range through the head. As Len and Jackie struggle for life, bystanders in cafés continue to stir their coffees, utterly unmoved.<ref>According to Kosminsky, the sequence at the end of episode 2 was inspired by a December 1947 of an incident when three soldiers were shot.[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/8303231/Peter-Kosminsky-on-The-Promise-his-drama-about-Palestine.html]</ref>

=== Part 3 ===

While in hospital Len shows some compassion to Avram Klein, a Jewish militant who has been shot in the jaw having shot three British policemen,<ref>Klein is based in part on [[Dov Gruner]] [http://www.thejc.com/arts/arts-interviews/44621/interview-peter-kosminsky]. Gruner was executed on charges of "firing on policemen, and setting explosive charges with the intent of killing personnel on His Majesty's service". He had not himself actually shot anybody, although others who died at about the same time had. Gruner was hanged three months before the events of the Sergeants Affair; for this purpose in the character of Avram Klein the series has composited Gruner with the perpetrators of the [[Acre Prison Break]].</ref> even after a violent attempt to free Klein fails. Recovered, Rowntree asks Len to persuade Klein to [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|appeal to the Privy Council]], otherwise he will be executed in two weeks. Len finds Klein in a darkened windowless solitary confinement cell in Acre. But Klein is uninterested: "Every movement needs its martyrs".

Meanwhile Len has started giving Mohammed's son Hassan extra maths help; and Clara is getting hostile glances from people who think she is fraternising with the enemy.

Erin is dropped by taxi at [[Abu Dis]], where Omar lives adjacent to the separation wall. He is playing cards on the roof, and non-plussed when Erin says he had agreed to give her a driving lesson. He also puts Erin right when she asks why he doesn't follow the [[call to prayer]] – why should he, he is a [[Palestinian Christian]]. In the car Erin admits that she is forbidden to drive because of her epilepsy. Omar drives her back to Caesarea, where against his better judgement Erin tempts him into the house, and then the pool. They are starting to kiss when Eliza's parents appear, having returned home early. Eliza's father is formally polite; his wife looks daggers. A strained dinner follows, not helped when Erin cheerily announces that Omar had been with the al-Aqsa martyrs. Erin texts for Eliza to rescue her, but her friend is also uncomprehending; and Paul also, though warm to Omar, seems not entirely happy. Eliza's parents start to have a serious talk with Erin; but she is taken by an epileptic fit, and collapses. When she has recovered, Paul comes in to see her; again she senses that he is upset with her, but he denies it.

Arriving at Clara's flat, Len is perturbed to find the door ajar, and the place turned over and apparently deserted. Clara is at the bathtub. Much of her hair has been torn out, and she has been thickly daubed all over with heavy oil and feathers. Len comforts her and stays with her; but later, there is an appointment that he has to keep. When he will not be drawn as to what it is, Clara can't believe that "even after all this he still does not trust her". Len relents and tells her everything: where he is going, when he has to be there, even the name of the spy that he and Robbins and Nash are going to meet, until eventually she shushes him and begs him for no more. Len leaves for his meeting; but they have been betrayed. At the meeting they are ambushed; their Jewish informant is led away; and Len and the two [[Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)|Intelligence Corps]] sergeants are abducted. A British Army major apologises to Len that it has been a ruse, to try to determine whether Robbins is a spy. But Len is unconvinced, and he is dragged off to join the others, held in a small vertical hole under a heavy trapdoor, with just enough room for themselves and an oxygen cylinder. Days pass, and Len is again dragged up to see the "major", who tells Len he was indeed a wartime officer, in the Palestine [[Jewish Brigade]], and had then [[Tilhas Tizig Gesheften|spirited Jews out of the camps onto boats]] "right under the noses of our British officers". He wants Len to join him, but Len is not interested: "Tell Clara the answer's no". More days pass, and Len is dragged out again. Unhooded, and out in the open, he expects to be shot; but when he opens his eyes, he is alone. He brings Rowntree back to the factory where he was held; but Robbins and Nash are gone. Word comes that something has been found two miles away. It is Robbins and Nash, dead, hanging hooded from trees.<ref>The conditions of the imprisonment of Robbins and Nash, and the display and booby-trapping of their bodies, closely correspond to the fate of Sergeant Clifford Martin and Sergeant Mervyn Paice in what became known as [[The Sergeants Affair]] (although the actual communiqué attempted to claim that the killings were not a reprisal for the British hangings that day). The dates of death on the gravestones in Episode 1 are those of the real sergeants.</ref> A communiqué hung around Robbins' neck says he has been found guilty of murder, and executed in reprisal for the "illegal killing" of Avram Klein. Sappers with metal detectors have declared the ground around the trees clear; but when a member of the [[Palestine Police]] starts to cut the body down, there is an explosion and the body is blown apart. Len returns to Clara's flat in a fury, but she has gone. "Why am I still alive?" rages Len; but Clara's father can give him no answer – "She has much more extreme views than me... I'm terribly sorry". Len confesses all to Rowntree; then, talking to Jackie Clough, he suffers an epileptic fit. Robbins and Nash are buried with military honours.

Erin is moved to read Len's description of the fit. Hearing Paul playing the piano, she goes through and shows him a press cutting from the diary, about Robbins and Nash. Initially guarded to see her, he remembers it: it was what broke the British will to fight. Erin also tells him about Len's fit: Len doesn't seem to know what it is. She wishes she could just tell him. Paul takes her by the hand and kisses her. Momentarily she is thrown off balance; then they kiss again, and she embraces him. Waking up the next morning in Paul's bed, it takes her a moment to take stock; then she gets up, leaving Paul to sleep on. From a bus on the way to [[Hebron]] she rings Omar—maybe he could meet her there? Hebron is noisy and crowded. At a military checkpoint a liberal Israeli guide is explaining to a group that part of the city has been closed off as a 'sterile zone'; he is being barracked by an orthodox [[Israeli settlement|settler]] with a megaphone. Erin slips past the group and into the zone. She falls in with a group of Palestinian schoolgirls being walked from their school. The girls are verbally abused crossing a playground, then stoned by some young Jewish boys as they go down some steps, while some IDF soldiers ineffectually wander around.<ref>According to Kosminsky, the sequence of the girls being stoned was a "direct reconstruction" from documentary video footage (e.g. perhaps this video [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T6zjnsaKXHg&feature=related]). Channel 4's lawyers demanded such evidence at script stage before they would allow the scene. ([http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/console/b00y66d7/Front_Row_Peter_Kosminskys_The_Promise_James_Camerons_Sanctum Kosminsky interview] for ''[[Front Row (radio)|Front Row]]'', [[BBC Radio 4]], 4 February 2011; at 10:40)</ref> Erin improvises a bandage for a cut on one of the girls' heads, thanking the [[The Duke of Edinburgh's Award|Duke of Edinburgh]]. The group are able to point her to a house that matches her address, but the girls can go no further: "Yehud". At the doorway she is met by a Jewish orthodox woman, who after a quick discussion with her daughter lets Erin in. Inside she is led past a maze of rooms with young women holding toddlers and a room where a few men are [[Davening#Methodology and terminology|praying]] to a room where more of the orthodox men are eating. Erin starts to explain her quest, and one of the men is responding to her courteously and apparently with interest, when two IDF soldiers arrive and lead her away, brought by the daughter. Behind her the man furiously rebukes the woman, presumably his wife. Outside, she is bundled into an IDF military vehicle: "You can't be here". Erin fumbles out a text with her phone, while she is driven away.

=== Part 4 ===

Taken from a cell at the local IDF base, Erin is about to be questioned when Paul appears. This was where he was stationed for three years; he trained many of the men. Over a beer on the roof, he tells her the army are there to protect the settlers, not to keep the peace; they can treat the Palestinians as badly as they like. "Everyone's mind gets fucked up here." Erin wakes in the night and is almost shot by a sniper bullet. Paul has his ex-comrades throw him a gun, and blazes away into the night with the rest of them—despite what he had said in Nablus. "It's called loyalty, Erin," he tells her. Asking questions house to house the next morning, they find a woman who is the grand-daughter of Mohammed's cousin. Settlers now drop down broken glass onto her yard from what had been her grandfather's house, though he had once protected 400 Jews from a massacre. The orthodox woman from the previous day turns up and starts to taunt her.<ref>Compare [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUXSFsJV084&feature=related this video] / [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ai48BUnGfAo&feature=related wider context] of similar taunting, from Israeli human rights organisation [[B'Tselem]]</ref> Erin goes to intervene, but Paul leads her away—it will just make things worse once they have gone. On the road back north, Erin gets Paul to tell her where Mohammed's family have now gone: [[Gaza]], and she is not to even think of going there, it is a warzone.

Back in 1947, a joyful crowd are celebrating the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|U.N. partition resolution]] which will create a Jewish state. Searching for the source of the [[Kol Tsion HaLokhemet|Kol Zion]] underground broadcasts, Len's men raid some flats nearby. Jackie's gun accidentally misfires. The top flat appears empty, but some hidden steps lead up to the roof. Len stumbles, but Jackie catches one of the operators. It is Ziphora, his girlfriend. Jackie lets her go. Back on the ground, Len angrily beats him: how much had he told her? "Whatever she wanted to know... same reason you told Clara about Robbins and Nash." Visiting Mohammed, Len advises him to move somewhere safer: the British will not protect him. But to Mohammed it is his home; he will not be scared into leaving.

Erin feels out of place at a party of Eliza's friends. On a laptop, she watches a news report of another suicide bombing. She clashes with Paul, who does not understand why this is all so important to her.

Len is driving Mohammed's son Hassan back from a maths exam. He turns off down a track to investigate a column of smoke. It is the village of [[Deir Yassin]]. Jewish fighters are going from house to house, throwing in grenades and then shooting any occupants with automatic weapons. The casualties are women and children. Men are being forced into the village square in threes and fours and shot. One of the fighters is Clara. She asks him to join her: they could be together; not everything was a lie. And what does he have to go back to? But Len turns and leaves. He confronts Rowntree, but Rowntree will not send help—he is under a direct order: "No British lives are to be put at risk to protect the Arabs."

Erin goes to see Omar; but he too refuses to help. She shows him the key. "You don't know what this is, do you?", he responds; and carefully unwraps for her another key, the key to his uncle's house in Jaffa, which had been his uncle's most precious possession.<ref>cf [[Robert Fisk]], [http://www.archipelago.org/vol6-3/fisk.htm The Keys of Palestine], from ''Pity the Nation: the Abduction of Lebanon'' (1st ed, 1990; chapter based on articles published in ''The Times'', December 1980)</ref> He will do it. Erin embraces him, and next she is being made love to—by Len. She wakes with a start, next to Omar in a minibus taxi of people.

Len's platoon are manning a position in Haifa, overlooked by armed Jewish irregulars. An order comes for them to pull back, but that will leave the Souk an open target for the Jewish mortars. Len goes back to the base to find Rowntree, but it is a chaos of people carrying files and papers to burn. Outside the roads are clogged with a mass of Arab refugees moving on foot. Mohammed protests that the Arab armies will protect them; but Len tells him that if they come at all they will be too late: the Jews will be there by nightfall, they must go now. The family pack into Len's jeep to get to the docks, where the Navy is taking people across to Acre. But there can be no place for Hassan's dog. Mohammed puts it to Len that his bullet will be kinder than Mohammed's knife, so Len takes the dog away from the Jeep, and shoots it. Mohammed locks up the house, commanding Hassan to keep the key safe "because one day we will return"; but at the docks Hassan goes missing in the chaotic crowd. Len says he will go back and find Hassan, and persuades Mohammed to get his wife and daughter to safety; Mohammed makes Len promise he will not leave without him. Len returns to his men and fills a bag with grenades and ammunition, ordering Alec (now a lance-corporal) over Alec's protests to get the men safely to the docks.

Erin and Omar are led through a tunnel into Gaza. A taxi takes them to a house with a banner with a woman's picture hanging outside, where there is a gathering of Palestinians. It belongs to a cousin of Mohammed's family; the gathering is the funeral for his daughter, who had been the suicide bomber of the previous night. Disgusted, Erin takes herself off to sit by herself on the roof, overlooked by a military watch-tower. A young girl pulls her in, miming that it is not safe. In her room, full of things which are almost all pink, the girl gets Erin to brush her hair, then beads and braids Erin's: it was what she used to do for her sister. That night there is shooting; Erin comforts the girl, Samira, as the house comes under automatic gunfire. Later, she is woken by arguing from downstairs. The son, who is with Hamas, is brandishing a gun and telling Omar, a Fatah member, to go. But as Omar explains this to Erin the house is raided by Israeli soldiers. Omar and the son run off, while Erin and the family are confined in a bedroom. An IDF officer takes Erin's name and address, while in the background the son is marched away. In the morning, the IDF are turning over the house. Eliza appears, summoned to deal with Erin as a favour to her father. She is furious with Erin, but softens a little over a cigarette with her friend.

Len finds Hassan, gun in hand with a small armed group of Arabs, under fire from a sniper. Len takes charge and leads them to outflank the sniper, only to find when they corner him that it is Jackie. He leads the group under fire through the gardens and backstreets, shooting another sniper with Jackie's rifle, until they can see the sea. Len will stay and fight, if Hassan will go to the docks. But as Hassan sets out to cross a last piece of open ground, he is caught by a bullet. Coughing up blood, he dies telling Len to give the key back to his father: "promise me", leaving Len distraught. Back at the docks, he tries to find Mohammed; but at the quayside, his search still unfinished, he is caught by two military police tipped off by Alec to make sure he gets home, and arrested.

IDF soldiers come and take Samira. Eliza explains they want her for a [[human shield]] when they go to occupy the brother's house. As Samira becomes frantic, Erin offers that they take her too: Samira will be calmer. They walk to the house, passing a group of soldiers with explosives who are going in the other direction. There they are confined in the room of a bedridden old woman, who tells Erin she learnt her English from the British. She gets Erin to bring an album containing a photograph of herself with her family and one of those British. It is the photograph of Len with Mohammed and his family outside the house—this is Mohammed's daughter Jawda. She has fond memories of Len, but her father was angry with him for many years. "The sergeant promised he would bring him to us safely. But her never did." Erin produces the key. Jawda seems unimpressed, but as soldiers come in she clutches it in her hand. The IDF are laying explosives in the house. Erin finds a toolbox, and chains herself and Samira to a pillar.<ref>The chain incident was based on the experience of an [[International Solidarity Movement|ISM]] activist [http://www.jnews.org.uk/commentary/the-promise-interview-with-peter-kosminsky]</ref> The IDF commander calmly tells Eliza to get a cutter. Erin tries to talk her out of it, but Eliza tells her quietly "I've got no choice". Outside, Erin finds Jawda being loaded into an ambulance, as first one and then the second house are blown up. A bulldozer moves in to clear the rubble. In the debris Erin retrieves some trinkets and a necklace and the photograph album; then, as the bulldozer bears down on her, she stands resolute, her gaze steady.<ref>cf [[Rachel Corrie]]</ref> But the bulldozer stops, and in the ambulance she is able to hand Jawda the photograph album. However, an IDF soldier forcibly takes the box with the necklace: it must be searched. Erin starts to remonstrate, but she is seized by another fit, and passes out. Briefly Eliza, still her friend, swims into vision; then Erin is back in Caesarea, gathering her things. Taking her leave of Eliza's tight-lipped parents, Erin thanks them: she "learned a lot". Paul is warmer, hoping she may be back — there's a "lot to be done".

As she flies out, Erin returns to the last page of Len's diary. He is leaving Palestine on a Navy ship, locked in a cell. The Jews have their "precious state", he writes, but it has been born "in violence and cruelty to its neighbours. I'm not sure how it can hope to thrive." For himself, he wishes one day he could get the key back to Mohammed, though he's not sure he could face him.

At the airport, Erin surprises and overwhelms her mother with the intensity of her embrace. In the hospital, she holds her grandfather's hand, and tells him she has given Jawda the key—she hopes that is all right. A single tear runs down his face, and her own eyes also fill with tears.
</div></div>

== Production ==

=== Research ===
The seed of the idea for ''The Promise'' came about in the wake of the 1999 drama ''[[Warriors (TV series)|Warriors]]'', Kosminsky's sympathetic portrayal of British troops trying to carry through a [[peacekeeping]] mission in central [[Bosnia]] in [[Bosnian War|1992–93]], their hands tied by an impossible mandate. A former soldier wrote to the programme's executive producer [[Jane Tranter]] at the BBC,<ref>DVD Commentary (Peter Kosminsky and Hal Vogel), at 20:10</ref> complimenting her on the drama, before adding "You should do a film about the British soldiers who were in Palestine. No one remembers us."<ref name="Observer" />

Tranter passed the letter to Kosminsky, who initially put it to one side. However, after completing ''[[The Project (2002 television programme)|The Project]]'' in 2002, Kosminsky presented the subject to the BBC as a possible theme for a future drama, and the BBC agreed to support research on it. The BBC's Sarah Barton, subsequently assisted by Sarah MacFarlane, began making contacts through regimental groups and the Palestine Veterans Association; then by telephone interviews and finally face-to-face, also attending the veterans' annual reunion at [[Eden Camp Museum|Eden Camp]] and slowly gaining their collective confidence; ultimately conducting detailed interviews with 82 veterans,<ref name="telerama" /> some of them in their eighties, many of them speaking about things they had never felt able to tell even their wives and families.<ref name="rts">Production Focus: ''The Promise'', [[Royal Television Society]] event, 16 March 2011</ref> Many of the interviews were spread over several days, and some ran to hundreds of pages. At the same time, the oral accounts were compared with archive material from books and records of the [[Red Cross]], the [[National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] and the [[Imperial War Museum]], including the full run of weekly military intelligence situation digests. As the research continued, Kosminsky was particularly struck by the [[House demolition in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict|house demolitions]] carried out by the British, and began to wonder what other parallels that might exist with the present; so towards the end of this phase the research team also made contact with newly emerging groups of critical IDF veterans, [[Breaking the Silence (non-governmental organization)|Breaking the Silence]] and [[Combatants for Peace]]. According to Kosminsky, it took him 11 months simply to read all the research, including transcripts, archives, diaries, military reports and over 40 books that the researchers had prepared for him, while thinking how to distill it into a workable dramatic form.<ref name="rts" /><ref name="jnews">Miri Weingarten, [http://www.jnews.org.uk/commentary/the-promise-interview-with-peter-kosminsky The Promise: Interview with Peter Kosminsky], JNews, 24 March 2011</ref>

=== Characters and construction ===
Rather than aiming to present the totality of events in 1946–48, Kosminsky says that his overriding aim for the drama was to present the experience of the 100,000 British soldiers who served in Palestine in the period,<ref name="rts" /><ref name="jnews" /> "to remind us all of what happened".<ref name="ep1 chat">[http://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-promise/articles/peter-kosminsky-episode-1-qa Peter Kosminsky: Episode 1 Q&A], Channel 4 website, 6 February 2011</ref> After the exit from Palestine nobody had wanted to remember.<ref name="telerama">Sophie Bourdais, [http://television.telerama.fr/television/peter-kosminsky-la-grande-bretagne-a-une-responsabilite-dans-l-actuel-conflit-palestinien,66843.php Peter Kosminsky: "Britain has a responsibility in the current Palestinian conflict"] {{fr-icon}}, ''[[Télérama]]'', 22 March 2011</ref><ref name="LHumanité" /> The veterans had been "shunned"; they had "returned home to find the nation that wanted nothing to do with them", with no memorial, and been denied even "the right to march to the [[The Cenotaph, Whitehall|Cenotaph]] in formation".<ref name="PK_Telegraph" /> At the same time most of them had found it incredibly hard to talk about their experiences.<ref name="telerama" /> "I was determined that their story be told."<ref name="LeMonde">Macha Séry, Israel-Palestine: to the origins of the conflict {{fr-icon}}, TéléVisions supplement pp.6–7, ''[[Le Monde]]'', 20–21 March 2011. ([http://www.europe-israel.org/2011/03/pouquoi-manifester-lundi-21-mars-devant-canal-plus-linterview-du-realisateur-de-la-serie-antisemite-le-demontre/ text])</ref> This was always his aim for the drama, to "honour the original letter sent to the BBC", so this was always going to be the path of Len's journey.<ref name="rts" /> Overwhelmingly, the veterans told a similar story: they had started out "incredibly pro-Jewish";<ref name="Observer" /> but, almost to a man, they had shifted their allegiance and by the end of their stay "were feeling a great deal of sympathy for the Arabs".<ref name="ep4 chat" /> "A big change came in the final months, as they saw what would happen to the Palestinians, and realised both sides were to be abandoned to a war."<ref name="rts" /> "It was always going to be necessary for us to faithfully reflect this in our drama,"<ref name="ep4 chat" /> "I either had to reflect it or abandon the project."<ref>Marcus Dysch, [http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/47277/peter-kosminsky-says-he-kept-promise Peter Kosminsky says he kept Promise], ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'', 31 March 2011</ref> The series was led by what had come out of the interviews, what the soldiers had said and felt, and what they had actually experienced,<ref>Camilla Campbell (C4 head of drama), [http://www.bod.org.uk/content/PromiseResponseCC.pdf The Promise: Response to the Board of Deputies], dated 18 March 2011</ref> rather than things such as British higher policy calculations, or the activities of the Haganah, with which the rank-and-file veterans had had little contact.<ref name="jnews" /> Of all the subsequent reactions to the series, according to Kosminsky what had meant the most to him was a letter from a veteran, now 85 years old: "You did what you said you would. Thank you so much."<ref name="rts" />

The character of Erin was influenced by his two teenage daughters, one of whom has epilepsy. Kosminsky felt the trait wasn't often shown on screen unless it was a major plot point, so he liked the idea of showing "an eighteen-year-old girl who is trying to live a normal life, despite the fact she occasionally had epileptic fits; and how other people cope with that as well".<ref>DVD Commentary, at 18:10</ref> For personal reasons, Kosminsky had long wanted to explore the idea of a young person gradually coming to appreciate "the young man inside the shell of an older, sick man",<ref name="ep4 chat" /><ref name="jc">[http://www.thejc.com/arts/arts-interviews/44621/interview-peter-kosminsky Interview: Peter Kosminsky], ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'', 3 February 2011</ref> to the extent that he sees the drama as an unconventional love story,<ref>[http://www.canalplus.fr/c-series/pid3740-c-le-serment.html?vid=435791 Peter Kosminsky video interview], Canal+ website, at 00:30</ref> capped when Paul tells Erin that the young Len of the diary no longer exists. Erin's passionate response, "He does to me, he does to me!" was for Kosminsky perhaps the most important line in the whole film.<ref name="rts" /><ref name="ep4 chat" /> The casual relationship Erin has with Eliza, "the way they talk, the way they react, their limited attention span" was very much drawn from his experience of his daughters and their friends;<ref>DVD Commentary, at 53:55</ref> and he felt that the combination of naivety and flinty assertiveness were not atypical of an "eighteen-year-old kid from London", particularly given an emotionally rather unsympathetic upbringing.<ref name="ep4 chat" /> Dramatically, it was also important to make the character contrast with the "endlessly heroic and gentlemanly"<ref name="ep4 chat" /> Len. So it was intentional that initially she should be harder to like (though perhaps not the reaction from Twitter that she was ''impossible'' to like).<ref name="rts" /> However, he hoped that the audience would be won over as they came to better know the character, and that initially undercutting her in this way and having the audience make this journey would make more powerful what he saw as her bravery and single-mindedness in the later episodes.<ref name="ep4 chat" />

Erin's emotional journey intentionally parallels the 1940s arc, because at the heart of it is her increasing engagement with Len.<ref name="rts" /> "She becomes obsessed with him... she feels what he's feeling... so, by the time we get to Gaza, she patterns herself on what she thinks he would have done."<ref name="rts" /> Through the modern story, Kosminsky says that he wants to show how the past can have consequences for the present, and that having left "chaos, political confusion, bloodshed and war", Britain has a responsibility for what happens today. "It is our problem, at least in part, and we should take some responsibility for it".<ref name=telerama /><ref name="PK_Guardian">Peter Kosminsky, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/28/the-promise-peter-kosminsky-middle-east A film-maker's eye on the Middle East], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 28 January 2011</ref> Coupled with this he writes that what has struck him most is a question: "How did we get from there to here?" In 1945 the Jewish plight had the sympathy of most of the world, but "just 60 years later, Israel is isolated, loathed and feared in equal measure by its neighbours, finding little sympathy outside America for its uncompromising view of how to defend its borders and secure its future. How did Israel squander the compassion of the world within a lifetime?" This is what ''The Promise'' sets out to explore.<ref name="PK_Guardian" /> But he is not offering any easy answers: rather he seeks to make more understandable and human the complexity of the situation. "It does not help anyone by claiming that good and justice are on one side only. If it were that simple, we would have already found a solution. There are rights and truths on each side, that compete with each other. You can not have everything on one side or the other, everything is meshed together"<ref name=telerama /> ... "There are no good guys and bad guys in this sad situation and we have tried very hard to show pluses and minuses on both sides."<ref name="ep4 chat" /> "I would be very sad if someone were to consider the series as partisan."<ref name="LHumanité">Marianne Behar, [http://www.humanite.fr/22_03_2011-rencontre-avec-peter-kosminsky-r%C3%A9alisateur-du-serment-468186 Interview with Peter Kosminsky, director of the Promise] {{fr-icon}}, [[L'Humanité]], 22 March 2011</ref> But rather than present an impossible perfect balance, what he hoped to create in the drama was more a kind of unstable equilibrium, so that audiences would find their sympathies shifting, repeatedly, from one side to the other.<ref name=telerama />

=== Pre-production, further research, and finance ===
As of 2006 the project had the working title ''Palestine'' and was slated to be made for the BBC through [[Carnival Films]],<ref>Ben Dowell, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2006/jan/12/television.bbc Kosminsky to film Palestinian drama], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 12 January 2006</ref> best known as makers of the ''[[Agatha Christie's Poirot|Poirot]]'' series for ITV. However, Kosminsky had grown increasingly estranged from the BBC, later saying that film-makers no longer saw "that flash of mischief" when pitching ideas.<ref>Rachel Cooke, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/2011/jan/23/peter-kosminsky-palestine-mandate-drama Britain's humiliation in Palestine], ''[[The Observer]]'', 23 January 2011 ''Also:'' Ian Burrell, [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/peter-kosminsky-making-mischief-its-an-essential-part-of-the-job-847669.html Peter Kosminsky: Making mischief? It's an essential part of the job], ''[[The Independent]]'', 16 June 2008 Robin Parker, [http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/multi-platform/news/kosminsky-where-is-the-bbcs-mischief/2007071.article Kosminsky: Where is the BBC's mischief?], ''[[Broadcast magazine|Broadcast]]'', 12 March 2009</ref> "I don't think we can say the BBC bottled it... [However] it seems to have lost its nerve for making challenging drama... drama that gets it into political and legal hot water."<ref>Stuart McGurk, [http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/entertainment/articles/2011-02/18/gq-tv-the-promise-channel-4-peter-kosminsky Whipping up a desert storm], ''[[GQ Magazine]]'', February 2011</ref> The BBC agreed to sell its interest and let the project go into [[Turnaround (filmmaking)|turnaround]] — for a generously low rate according to Kosminsky<ref name="rts" /> — and in 2007 Kosminsky entered into an exclusive deal with [[Daybreak Pictures]],<ref>Leigh Holmwood, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2007/nov/01/television1 Kosminsky signs with indie Daybreak], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 1 November 2007</ref> run by Channel 4's former head of film [[David Aukin]], with whom he had previously made ''[[The Government Inspector (television drama)|The Government Inspector]]'' (2005) and ''[[Britz (TV serial)|Britz]]'' (2007).

At this stage the project existed as a detailed [[Film treatment|treatment]] which ran to 180 pages, with many scenes described in considerable detail. Several researchers continued to conduct interviews, looking for telling details to further enrich particular aspects of the story. Kosminsky also flew to Israel with David Aukin, where they were able to visit the real-life places that would be featured in the story, including the normally closed-off [[Deir Yassin]], accompanied each day by a different modern Israeli historian specialising in the period, organised by their Israeli pre-production partners, an Israeli documentary film company. [[Benny Morris]] let Kosminsky read a pre-publication [[Galley proof|proof copy]] of his book ''1948''; and from a recent PhD student of Motti Golani at [[Haifa University]] Kosminsky heard about the city hospitality clubs, still sixty years on a stigmatised subject, which shaped the background for Clara in the story.<ref name="rts" /><ref>DVD commentary, at 32:40</ref> Scripts followed quickly, and by mid-2008 Channel 4 publicly announced its backing for the project.<ref>Matthew Hemley, [http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/newsstory.php/21378/channel-4-drama-to-be-mortons-directorial Channel 4 drama to be Morton’s directorial debut], ''[[The Stage]]'', 25 July 2008</ref>

Daybreak had initially costed the drama at £8 million, which with some trimming of a few scenes they had been able to pare back to £7 million. Channel 4 committed £4 million to the budget, roughly in line with the channel's hourly rate for prestige drama. Other sources of funding were more difficult. In France, a deal giving [[Canal +]] first-run subscription broadcast rights, with [[free-to-air]] rights on [[ARTE]] a year later, was negotiated by Daybreak's long-standing existing production contact Georges Campana, bringing in a further £1 million. [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]] (a frequent co-producer with ARTE) secured Australian rights, and some top-up funding was obtained from the E.U. media fund. However [[Film finance#Pre-sales|pre-sale]] negotiations for America and Germany, while cordial, proved slow, and finally ran into the sand. Eventually, having put back filming from an original autumn 2009 intended start, and with everything else in place and ready to go, Kosminsky went back to Channel 4 and laid it on the line – without another £1 million the series simply wasn't going to happen. Exceptionally, Channel 4 gave the extra funding the green light, and filming finally started in Israel in early 2010 under the revised title ''Homeland'', beginning with the period scenes set at Stella Maris.<ref name="rts" /> Channel 4 presented its support as part of a £20 million investment in drama, also including ''[[This is England '86]]'' and ''[[Any Human Heart (TV series)|Any Human Heart]]'', made possible by cancellation of the £50 million per series it was previously spending on ''[[Big Brother (UK)|Big Brother]]''.<ref>Leigh Holmwood, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/aug/26/shane-meadows-channel-4 Channel 4's extra £20m for drama to fund Shane Meadows' TV debut], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 26 August 2009</ref>

=== Filming ===
The serial was filmed entirely in Israel, with a predominantly Israeli crew and through Israeli production company Lama Films; something very unusual for a UK television drama production. According to Kosminsky the team also looked at Morocco, Cyprus, Southern Spain and Tunisia, and could have recreated the 1940s sequences there; but nowhere else would have replicated the "buildings, range of cultures or topography" of modern-day Israel.<ref name="broadcast">Peter Kosminsky and Hal Vogel, [http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/technology/on-location/the-promise-channel-4/5023207.article Behind the Scenes: The Promise], ''[[Broadcast (magazine)|Broadcast]]'', 3 February 2011</ref> The early scene of the flat in Leeds was created in an Israeli studio.<ref name="dvd">DVD commentary, at 04:10</ref> Everything else was shot on location in and around [[Jerusalem]], [[Haifa]], [[Tel Aviv]], [[Jaffa]], [[Caesarea]], [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], [[Givat Brenner]], [[Ein Hod]], [[Peqi'in]], [[Ramla]] and [[Beit Gemal]]<ref name="credits">Series on-screen credits</ref> in a 68-day schedule involving 180 different locations.<ref name="broadcast" /> [[Ben Gurion Airport]] stood in for Heathrow,<ref>DVD featurette: Behind the Scenes – Filming in Israel for 2005, at 00:20</ref> and the bombed rubble of the [[King David Hotel]] was filmed against a [[Chroma key|blue screen]] in a car park in [[Petach Tikva]].<ref name="PK_Telegraph">[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/8303231/Peter-Kosminsky-on-The-Promise-his-drama-about-Palestine.html Peter Kosminsky on The Promise, his drama about Palestine], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 4 February 2011</ref> Part of the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]] in Jerusalem stood in for [[Nablus]] in the West Bank,<ref>DVD commentary, at 1:06:15</ref> the Hebron-set scenes were filmed in Acre,<ref name="Observer">Rachel Cooke, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/2011/jan/23/peter-kosminsky-palestine-mandate-drama Peter Kosminsky: Britain's humiliation in Palestine], ''[[The Observer]]'', 23 January 2011</ref> while Gaza was represented by [[Jisr al-Zarqa]], "reputed to be the poorest town in Israel" according to Kosminsky.<ref name="ep4 chat">[http://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-promise/articles/peter-kosminsky-episode-4-qa Peter Kosminsky: Episode 4 Q&A], Channel 4 website, 27 February 2011</ref> The paratroopers' base at [[Stella Maris Monastery|Stella Maris]] had been a challenge to find, but eventually the monastery at [[Beit Gemal]] was used and proved very accommodating.<ref>DVD commentary, at 41:00</ref> Period military vehicles were also a challenge to source without shipping them in at prohibitive expense; the tracked armoured vehicle used in the series was an amalgam of parts from five different vehicles found in a junkyard, cobbled together into one that worked.<ref>DVD commentary, at 36:00</ref>

Filming used conventional [[Super 16mm#Super 16mm|Super 16mm]] film, which was then processed and edited in England. The cinematographer, David Higgs, had been keen to try the new [[Red One]] high resolution digital camera. However, the team were concerned by potentially limited [[contrast ratio]] using digital – a serious consideration in the strong Mediterranean light; and that its potential bulkiness might inhibit Kosminsky's trademark extensive use of [[Hand-held camera|hand-held]] camera to follow the action. It was also felt that relying on comparatively simple well-known technology would be a good idea when operating so far from home.<ref>DVD commentary, at 55:00</ref> Ironically, however, the reliance on film led to a number of scenes having to be re-mounted after film [[fogging (photography)|fogging]] went undetected for a whole week when it was impossible to get [[Dailies|daily film rushes]] back to London because of the [[Air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption|air travel disruption]] caused by the eruption of the [[Eyjafjallajökull]] volcano in Iceland.<ref>DVD commentary, at 1:04:40</ref> Extensive use was also made of [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] and digital [[post-production]], which was by no means limited to the café explosion, the destruction at the King David Hotel, and the refugee ship of would-be immigrants.<ref>The Blu-ray release includes a 5-minute featurette presented by Paddy Eason of digital effects house [[Nvizible]]</ref> A particular challenge was how to realise the events at Bergen-Belsen. The film-makers considered and rejected a number of options, including live-action and CGI, before reluctantly deciding to fall back on archive black-and-white library footage provided by the [[Imperial War Museum]] in London, only to come to the view that the resulting sequence had more artistic and moral power than anything they might ever have been able to create in its stead.<ref>DVD commentary, at 14:40.</ref>

== Reception ==

=== United Kingdom ===
Overnight ratings for ''The Promise'' were 1.8 million for the first episode, followed by 1.2 million, 1.3 million, and 1.2 million viewers for the three remaining episodes.<ref>TV ratings roundups: [http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a302409/channel-4-makes-the-promise-with-17m.html 6 February 2010], [http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a303636/bbcs-bafta-coverage-dazzles-53m.html 14 February 2010], [http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a304943/south-riding-rides-in-with-66m.html 20 February 2010], [http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/s112/got-to-dance/news/a306571/over-1m-watch-got-to-dance-finale.html 27 February 2010], ''[[Digital Spy]]''</ref> Consolidated ratings, which include time-shifted and online viewing, generally added approximately 0.5 million to these overnight figures.

The first episode was reviewed widely and generally received a very positive initial notice,<ref name="ep 1 reviews">
[[Tom Sutcliffe (broadcaster)|Tom Sutcliffe]], [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/the-weekends-tv-the-promise-sun-channel-4brfaulks-on-fiction-sat-bbc2-2206220.html The Weekend's TV], ''[[The Independent]]'', 7 February 2011 
[[John Crace (writer)|John Crace]], [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/2011/feb/07/the-promise-tv-review TV review], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 7 February 2011. "It's that rarest of TV beasts: a show that doesn't patronise its audience, (mostly) steers clear of cliches and trusts the characters to tell the story in their own time." 
Andrew Billen, [http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/arts/tv-radio/article2900057.ece Weekend TV: The Promise], ''[[The Times]]'', 7 February 2011. "formidable". (paywalled). 
James Walton, [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/bbc/8304323/The-Promise-C4-You-Dont-Know-Jack-Sky-Atlantic-review.html Review], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 7 February 2011. "will richly deserve any gongs that come its way". 
[[Matt Baylis]], "Burning Bush of Genius", ''[[Daily Express]]'', 7 February 2011, Page 39; also [http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/comment/critics/7-feb-11/5023350.article quoted] by ''[[Broadcast (magazine)|Broadcast]]'', 7 February 2011. "This four-parter is a little burning bush of genius in the desert of well-intentioned TV dramas." 
[[Caitlin Moran]], [http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/arts/tv-radio/article2907046.ece TV column], ''[[The Times]]'', 12 February 2010. "almost certainly the best drama of the year". (paywalled). 
[[James Delingpole]], [http://www.spectator.co.uk/arts-and-culture/featured/6684893/grandfathers-footsteps-.thtml Grandfather's footsteps], ''[[The Spectator]]'', 12 February 2011 
[[Hugh Montogomery]], [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/the-promise-channel-4-sundaybrmad-dogs-sky-1-thursday-2213036.html The Promise], ''[[Independent on Sunday]]'', 13 February 2011. "[In the 1940s sequences,] Kosminsky balanced the demands of big-picture history and intimate human drama with a quite remarkable assurance. Contrastingly, the modern-day storyline was hobbled by an inertia that seemed at odds with its tumultuous subject matter."</ref>
although [[Andrew Anthony]] in ''[[The Observer]]''<ref>[[Andrew Anthony]], [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/2011/feb/13/promise-kosminsky-mad-dogs-review Rewind TV: The Promise], ''[[The Observer]]'', 13 February 2011. Anthony felt it considerably better than Kosminsky's previous dramas and that it "seldom relaxed its grip..a serious, powerful and nuanced drama" but said: "At first there was a stockpile of emotional capital awarded to the Jewish side of the equation, with horrifying footage from Nazi concentration camps setting up the audience's sympathy for the existence of Israel. But a closer look revealed that the scales had been subtly loaded... the problem with the difference in treatment of the two sides is not, as some may claim, that it favours the Arab cause but that it does a disservice to Arabs themselves. We glimpse the psychological complexities of the English observers and their Jewish Israeli hosts, but the Palestinian Arabs are largely ciphers on whom western guilt can be readily projected. They remain, in other words, what critics of orientalism like to call "other". We're not privy to the doubts and conflicts of their beliefs, and consequently as characters they're not quite as worthy of our belief."</ref> was more critical and [[A.A. Gill]], writing in the ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', was unimpressed.<ref>
[[A.A. Gill]], [http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/culture/film_and_tv/tv/article539574.ece It’s not believable – and that’s a huge barrier], ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', 13 February 2011. "predictably scant and underwritten"; "performances... occasionally rose to be adequate"; "faint and shrill". (paywalled).</ref>
The ''[[Daily Express]]'' called it "...a little burning bush of genius in the desert of well-intentioned TV dramas...", ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' said the programme would richly deserve any [[BAFTA | Baftas]] that came its way, and [[Caitlin Moran]] in ''[[The Times]]'' called it "almost certainly the best drama of the year".<ref name="ep 1 reviews" /> By the second episode [[Andrew Billen]], writing in ''The Times'', was concerned that both Len and Erin were meeting from the Arabs a "little too much kindness for the comfort of all of us hoping that Kosminsky will parcel out recriminations in exactly equal proportions"; but nonetheless applauded the "immersive and emotional" quality of the series.<ref>Andrew Billen, [http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/arts/tv-radio/article2911156.ece Weekend TV], ''[[The Times]]'', 14 February 2011. (paywalled).</ref>

The serial as a whole was praised by [[Christina Patterson]] in ''[[The Independent]]'' who said it was "...beautifully shot and extremely well written. It is also extremely balanced...";<ref>
Christina Patterson, [http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/christina-patterson/christina-patterson-israel-needs-its-friends-more-than-ever-2222647.html Israel needs its friends more than ever], ''[[The Independent]]'', 23 February 2011. "It's finely crafted, beautifully shot and extremely well written. It's also extremely balanced."</ref>
and [[Rachel Cooke]] in the ''[[New Statesman]]''<ref>
Rachel Cooke, [http://www.newstatesman.com/television/2011/02/israel-promise-eliza-palestine The Promise], ''[[New Statesman]]'', 17 February 2011. "Ambitious, well-written, superbly acted and expertly made, it is also provocative and challenging".</ref>
and ''[[The Observer]]'', where she said it was "...the best thing you are likely to see on TV this year, if not this decade." <ref name="Observer"/>
There was also praise from [[Stephen F. Kelly|Stephen Kelly]] in ''[[Tribune (magazine)|Tribune]]'',<ref>
Stephen Kelly, [http://www.tribunemagazine.co.uk/2011/02/11102/ Compelling drama is outside comfort zone], ''[[Tribune (magazine)|Tribune]]'', 25 February 2011. "as good as anything currently showing on British television... beautifully filmed and superbly acted... a multi-layered drama that is both thought-provoking and compelling".</ref>
[[Harriet Sherwood]] and [[Ian Black (journalist)|Ian Black]], Jerusalem correspondent and Middle East editor of ''[[The Guardian]]'' respectively,<ref>
Harriet Sherwood, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/view-from-jerusalem-with-harriet-sherwood/2011/feb/07/israel-palestinian-territories The Promise: powerful TV drama at its best], ''[[The Guardian]]'' website, 7 February 2011. "Vivid, harrowing and utterly compelling... This is a magnificent and powerful piece of drama, television at its best. Watch it if you can; I can't recommend it enough." 
Ian Black, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2011/feb/14/the-promise-peter-kosminsky?INTCMP=SRCH The Promise delivers but still divides], ''[[The Guardian]]'' website, 14 February 2011. "It's a real achievement that this four-parter is so well-grounded in the history of the world's most intractable conflict."</ref>
and [[David Chater]], previewing the serial for ''The Times'', who called it courageous and applauded its lack of didacticism.<ref>
David Chater, [http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/arts/tv-radio/article2895702.ece The Promise: sure to cause controversy], ''[[The Times]]'', 5 February 2011. "an ambitious drama on a subject of paramount importance... immensely watchable"</ref>

London free newspaper ''[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]'' felt that the third episode dragged, having warmly received the first two parts; but then praised the series as a whole.<ref>
[[Rachel Tarley]], [http://www.metro.co.uk/tv/reviews/854795-the-promise-was-the-thinking-person-s-take-on-the-middle-east The Promise was the thinking person's take on the Middle East], ''[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]'', 6 February 2011. "a carefully and beautifully executed film... an incredibly accomplished drama" 
Rachel Tarley, [http://www.metro.co.uk/tv/reviews/855418-the-promise-is-not-without-its-flaws-but-was-powerful-once-again The Promise is not without its flaws but was powerful once again], ''[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]'', 13 February 2011. "Despite these character flaws, this drama is a careful and thorough examination of a patch of British history many viewers will have known very little about". 
Rachel Tarley, [http://www.metro.co.uk/tv/reviews/856099-the-promise-is-not-being-fulfilled The Promise is not being fulfilled], ''[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]'', 21 February 2011. "The excellent pace and tension that this drama boasted in the first few episodes has given way to a lethargic script and almost sloppy plots." 
Keith Watson, [http://www.metro.co.uk/tv/reviews/856607-the-promise-an-epic-journey-that-delivered-an-uplifting-message The Promise: An epic journey that delivered an uplifting message], ''[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]'', 25 February 2011. "if you stuck to your guns, this intelligent and emotional exploration of the Arab-Israeli conflict in Palestine, a landmine that could blow up at any moment, richly repaid that commitment."</ref>
Previewing the final episode, ''The Times'' said it was "ambitious" and "packs a considerable punch";<ref>
[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/arts/tv-radio/article2923507.ece Sunday’s TV: The Promise], ''[[The Times]]'', 27 February 2011. "It is refreshing to see an ambitious drama tackling a subject of such importance." (paywalled).</ref>
''[[Time Out (company)|Time Out]]'' chose the programme as its pick of the day, and gave it a four-star recommendation, calling it "brave filmmaking and a brave, entirely successful commission".<ref>Phil Harrison, Pick of the day: The Promise, ''[[Time Out (company)|Time Out]]'' (London), 24 February – 2 March 2011, page 127. "... a genuine attempt to demystify, understand and humanise this apparently intractable conflict. Brave filmmaking and a brave, entirely successful commission too."</ref>
Andrew Anthony in ''[[The Observer]]'' acknowledged some flaws, but found it still "an exceptional drama".<ref>Andrew Anthony, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/2011/mar/06/jamie-oliver-attenborough-andrew-anthony-review Rewind TV], ''[[The Observer]]'', 6 March 2011. "The story was stretched still further by strained geographical leaps from Jerusalem to Haifa to Hebron and Gaza, whose only rationale appeared to be to maximise the depiction of Israeli wrongdoing....Nor was it feasible that, having been shot and then held captive in a hole in the ground for weeks, that Erin's grandfather, Sergeant Matthews would still be almost single-handedly carrying out the British army's duties in Palestine. Any more than it was likely that he and a young Arab boy would have walked around the unfolding massacre at Deir Yassin, where 107 Arabs were slaughtered by the Irgun on the eve of Israel's creation, like a pair of sightseers visiting Pompeii. But for all these faults, and the lopsided storytelling, this was still an exceptional drama."</ref>

A press attaché at the Israeli embassy in London, however, condemned the drama to ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'' as the worst example of anti-Israel propaganda he had ever seen on television, saying it "created a new category of hostility towards Israel".<ref>[[Marcus Dysch]], [http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/45709/the-promise-has-anti-israel-premise The Promise has an 'anti-Israel premise'], ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'', 24 February 2011</ref> The [[Zionist Federation]] and the [[Board of Deputies of British Jews]] both also lodged letters of complaint.<ref>Marcus Dysch, [http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/46069/experts-the-promise-deliberately-demonises-israel Experts: The Promise deliberately demonises Israel], ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'', 3 March 2011 
[http://www.bod.org.uk/live/content.php?Item_ID=68 'The Promise' - Letter to Channel 4], [[Board of Deputies of British Jews]], 3 March 2011 
[http://zionistfederation.blogspot.com/2011/03/zf-response-to-promise.html ZF response to The Promise], [[Zionist Federation]], 4 March 2011 [[David Abraham (executive)|David Abraham]]; Camilla Campbell, [http://www.bod.org.uk/live/content.php?Item_ID=79 Channel 4 response to the Board of Deputies], dated 17 & 18 March; made available 1 April 2011 
Marcus Dysch, [http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/47607/promise-critics-stop-moaning-you-have-friday-night-dinner Promise critics: Stop moaning, you have Friday Night Dinner], ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'', 7 April 2011 
[[Balihar Khalsa]], [http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/regulation/complaints-log/c4-bosses-defend-kosminsky-drama/5026009.article C4 bosses defend Kosminsky drama], ''[[Broadcast magazine|Broadcast]]'', 8 April 2011 
[[Robyn Rosen]], [http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/48120/broadcast-regulator-rejects-every-complaint-promise Broadcast regulator rejects every complaint on Promise], ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'', 21 April 2011</ref>
''The Jewish Chronicle'' itself took the view that rather than "attempt to tell both sides of what is a complex and contentious story", the series had turned out to be "a depressing study in how to select historical facts to convey a politically loaded message".<ref>Simon Round, [http://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/analysis/46070/fatah-could-have-written-the-promise Fatah could have written The Promise], ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'', 3 March 2011. "[[Fatah]] could have written The Promise"; that the ignorant "would infer from [it] that Israelis are impossibly wealthy (portrayed as living in large houses with swimming pools)... Israeli soldiers in the Territories are universally unfeeling and brutal"; only Jews throw stones; pre-state Jewish militias are characterised as "cynical, manipulative and murderous, while the Arabs of the time are portrayed as defenceless and fearful"; in the Mandate period, only Jewish atrocities are depicted "in graphic detail", while contemporary Arab actions and atrocities are largely omitted, the threatened pan-Arab invasion being "dismissed as almost an irrelevance". The Deputy Editor, [[Jenni Frazer]], criticised it in her blog published by the paper, for, inter alia, "the suggestion that all Israeli Jews live in palatial surroundings with swimming pools and four-star views, the generally hateful depiction of anyone on the Israeli or Jewish side compared with the near-angelic rendering of anyone on the Arab or Palestinian side".http://www.thejc.com/blogs/jenni-frazer/under-duvet</ref> Writing in ''The Independent'', novelist [[Howard Jacobson]] said that in ''The Promise'' "Just about every Palestinian was sympathetic to look at, just about every Jew was not. While most Palestinians might fairly be depicted as living in poor circumstances, most Israeli Jews might not be fairly depicted as living in great wealth... Though I, too, have found Palestinians to be people of immense charm, I could only laugh in derision at ''The Promise'' every time another shot of soft-eyed Palestinians followed another shot of hard-faced Jews."<ref>[[Howard Jacobson]], [http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/howard-jacobson/howard-jacobson-ludicrous-brainwashed-prejudice-2273774.html Ludicrous, brainwashed prejudice], ''[[The Independent]]'', 23 April 2011</ref> In an interview with Jacobson during Jewish Book Week 2011, [[Jonathan Freedland]], having seen the first episode of ''The Promise'', said Kosminsky used [[antisemitism|antisemitic]] tropes, misrepresenting Israel and Zionism as being a consequence of the Holocaust, whose imagery he had abused.<ref>Howard Jacobson and Jonathan Freedland, [http://www.jewishbookweek.com/2011/last-words.php Last Words: Howard Jacobson in conversation with Jonathan Freedland], ''Jewish Book Week'', 6 March 2011</ref> Historian, Professor [[David Cesarani]], accused Kosminsky of "deceit...massive historical distortion": omitting the [[Balfour Declaration of 1917|Balfour Declaration]]'s promise of a Jewish national home; downplaying selfish British geo-strategy; and exculpating the British, "chief architects of the Palestine tragedy...making responsible...only the Jews"; turning a tricorn conflict of British, Arabs and Jews "into a one-sided rant."<ref>[[David Cesarani]], [http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/mar/04/the-promise-peter-kosminsky The Promise: an exercise in British self-exculpation], ''[[The Guardian]]'' [[Comment is Free]] website, 4 March 2011</ref> On the other hand, [[Liel Leibovitz]], writing for American online Jewish magazine ''[[Tablet Magazine|Tablet]]'', took the view that, "contrary to these howls of discontent, the show is a rare and riveting example of telling Israel’s story on screen with accuracy, sensitivity, and courage".<ref>Liel Leibovitz, [http://www.tabletmag.com/news-and-politics/61672/war-and-remembrance/ War and Remembrance], ''[[Tablet Magazine]]'', 16 March 2011 "The show’s writer and director, Peter Kosminsky, walks this tightrope of evenhandedness remarkably well... To Kosminsky’s credit, nothing and no one in the series is simple, and even the most zealous characters are allowed moments of humanity, a few good arguments in support of their cause, and a few moments of grace."</ref>

The broadcasting regulator [[Ofcom]] received 44 complaints about the series, but Ofcom concluded in a 10-page report that the series did not breach its code of conduct.<ref name="ofcom response">[http://www.ofcom.org.uk/files/2012/01/1-196379662.pdf Ofcom adjudication], [[Ofcom]], April 2011 (made accessible January 2012)</ref> Viewers complained that the drama, about British Mandate Palestine and its legacy, was antisemitic, used upsetting footage of concentration camps, incited racial hatred, was biased against Israel and presented historical inaccuracies. But, Ofcom said: "Just because some individual Jewish and Israeli characters were portrayed in a negative light does not mean the programme was, or was intended to be, antisemitic... Just as there were Jewish/Israeli characters that could be seen in a negative light, so there were British and Palestinian characters that could also be seen in a negative light."<ref name="ofcom response" /><ref>Robyn Rosen, [http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/48120/broadcast-regulator-rejects-every-complaint-promise "Broadcast regulator rejects every complaint on Promise"], ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'', 21 April 2011</ref> Delivering his first keynote speech to the [[Royal Television Society]] in London on 23 May 2011, [[David Abraham (executive)|David Abraham]], the Chief Executive of Channel 4, said: "At a time when other broadcasters are perhaps more conservative, it's more important than ever for Channel 4 to challenge the status quo, stimulate debate, take risks and be brave... I can think of no better example of how we continue to do that than in Peter Kosminsky's recent examination of the Israel/Palestine question in The Promise."<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/may/24/david-abraham-rts-speech-full?INTCMP=SRCH David Abraham's Royal Television Society speech: full text], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 24 May 2011</ref>

''The Promise'' was nominated for both the [[British Academy Television Awards 2011]] and the [[Royal Television Society]] Programme Awards 2011 in the category of best drama serial,<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/apr/26/bafta-tv-awards-2011-nominations Bafta TV awards 2011: nominations in full], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 26 April 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.rts.org.uk/rts-announces-shortlist-programme-awards-2011 RTS announces shortlist for the Programme Awards 2011], [[Royal Television Society]], 28 February 2012</ref> but was beaten by two other productions broadcast on Channel 4, the TV adaptation of [[William Boyd (writer)|William Boyd]]'s ''[[Any Human Heart]]'' and the drama serial ''[[Top Boy]]'' respectively.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13192683 Bafta TV awards 2011: the winners], [[BBC News]], 22 May 2011</ref><ref>John Plunkett, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2012/mar/21/rts-awards-channel-4?intcmp=239 RTS programme awards: 'extraordinary' night for Channel 4], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 21 March 2012</ref> Interviewed in ''The Jewish Chronicle'', ''Any Human Heart's'' director, [[Michael Samuels (director)|Michael Samuels]], said about ''The Promise'', "I respect it for having a point of view. You have to have that, otherwise you are not writing".<ref>[http://www.thejc.com/arts/arts-features/49488/the-director-who-beat-the-promise-a-bafta The director who beat The Promise to a Bafta], Ann Joseph,''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'', 26 May 2011</ref>

''The Promise'' also received a nomination, at the [[Banff World Television Festival]], for Best Mini-Series of 2010/2011.<ref>[http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118035607?refcatid=19 Rockies miniseries noms gather titles from across the globe], ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', 18 April 2011 [http://www.banffmediafestival.com/fiction-rockie-nominees.php The Fiction Rockies 2011], [[Banff World Media Festival]]. Accessed 27 May 2011</ref> On 10 May 2011, at the [[One World Media]] Awards in London, ''The Promise'' won Best Drama of 2010/11.<ref>[http://oneworldmedia.org.uk/awards/winners Winners 2011], [[One World Media]]. Accessed 27 May 2011. "The jury acknowledges the laudable ambition of taking on this complex, ever-evolving and much debated subject and the difficulty of exploring it in a way which is immediate, undogmatic and surprising, and which explores a multi-generational story through compelling characters. It also bridges two periods in a way which smartly sheds new light on both."</ref>

=== France ===
The subscription channel [[Canal+]] aired the drama under the title ''The Promise: Le Serment'' over four weeks starting on 21 March 2011, in a prime-time Monday evening slot that it tends to use for more serious or historical drama series. ''[[Libération]]'' called it "admirable", praising the "excellent director" for telling a "tragedy in two voices", while "pointing the finger at neither one side nor the other".<ref>
Isabel Hanne, [http://www.ecrans.fr/Israel-journal-a-deux-voix-pour,12287.html Double-voiced diary of a ''Promise'' kept] {{fr-icon}}, ''[[Libération]]'', 21 March 2011. "Admirable"... "the art of ''The Promise'' is in its ambiguity, its double-valuedness, its lack of Manicheanism"... "The excellent director... points a finger neither at one camp nor the other, but tells a story of two paths, a tragedy in two voices"</ref> ''[[Les Echos (France)|Les Echos]]'' called it "exceptional, stunningly intelligent" and said the considered dialogue and tense, serious acting fully measured up to the ambition of the film.<ref>
Thierry Gandillot, [http://www.lesechos.fr/journal20110321/lec1_entracte/0201234133423--the-promise-tient-ses-promesses.htm ''The Promise'' keeps its promises] {{fr-icon}}, ''[[Les Echos (France)|Les Echos]]'', 21 March 2011. "Exceptional, stunningly intelligent"... the serious acting and considered dialogue "measure up to the ambition of this film, which does not bring unanimity but makes a proof of sincerity."</ref>
TV magazine ''[[Télérama]]'' called it "remarkable", confronting its subject "head on".<ref>
Sophie Bourdais, [http://television.telerama.fr/television/d-une-occupation-l-autre,66654.php From one occupation to another] {{fr-icon}}, ''[[Télérama]]'', 22 March 2011. "Confronts the subject head-on, a remarkable mini-series in four episodes"... "unless you are already bristling with certainty, you come out of ''The Promise'' with far more questions than answers".</ref>
''[[Le Figaro]]'' said it was "magnificently filmed and masterfully acted... perfectly balanced... great television", and gave it a maximum rating of four stars out of four.<ref>
Muriel Frat, Sense and Sensibility in Palestine {{fr-icon}}, ''[[Le Figaro]]'', 21 March 2011; p. 50 "magnificently filmed and masterfully acted... treatment of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is perfectly balanced, by no means the least quality in this novel-like fiction. Great television." (Rating: four stars out of four – excellent).</ref>
The ''[[Nouvel Obs]]'' and ''[[Le Journal du Dimanche]]'' both identified the series as reflecting the viewpoint of the "British pro-Palestinian left", but the latter praised it as "nevertheless a historical fiction useful for understanding an intractable conflict",<ref>
Éric Mandel, [http://www.lejdd.fr/Medias/Television/Actualite/The-Promise-sur-Canal-286003/?from=cover To the roots of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict] {{fr-icon}}, ''[[Le Journal du Dimanche]]'', 19 March 2011. Mandel describes Kosminsky's body of work as combining "epic spirit with historical and journalistic rigour to deal with the conflicts of our time". On this series, he writes: "Historians will point out some simplifications... Others may complain of political bias towards the view of the English pro-Palestinian left. Nevertheless Kominsky [sic] delivers a historical fiction useful for understanding an intractable conflict".</ref> while the former commended its "epic spirit, rare on television".<ref>
Cécile Deffontaines, [http://teleobs.nouvelobs.com/tv_programs/2011/3/21/chaine/canal/20/50/the-promise-le-serment The Promise : le serment] {{fr-icon}}, ''[[Le Nouvel Observateur]]''. "The point of view is that of someone from the British pro-Palestinian left, and should be seen as such", but it looks beautiful [''est une très belle fresque''], and "has an epic spirit rare on television".</ref> ''[[Le Monde]]'' gave the series an enthusiastic preview in its TéléVisions supplement along with a lengthy interview with the director.<ref name="LeMonde" /> ''[[Le Point]]'' predicted Kosminsky would receive a "shower of awards...[a]nd also gibes".<ref>
Emmanuel Berretta, [http://www.lepoint.fr/chroniqueurs-du-point/emmanuel-berretta/canal-israel-la-saga-douloureuse-17-03-2011-1308038_52.php Canal+: Israel, the painful saga] {{fr-icon}}, ''[[Le Point]]'', 17 March 2011. "Kosminsky is adamant that he is refusing to judge the situation, but what he shows of the blood-soaked birth of Israel and the treatment of the Palestinians today is, for Israel, overwhelming. One is left by ''The Promise'' profoundly affected by the journey, the ambiguities of the characters, often torn between two loyalties. A shower of awards is to be expected for Kosminsky. And also gibes."</ref> However, ''[[La Croix]]'''s reviewer was more hostile, considering that although there was "no doubt that the film ought to be seen", it "cannot be mistaken for a history lesson but a great partisan fiction", marred by bias and an "embarrassing" representation of Jews.<ref>
Laurent Larcher, [http://www.la-croix.com/-Le-Serment--une-oeuvre-ambigue/article/2458916/5548 Le serment: an ambiguous work] {{fr-icon}}, ''[[La Croix]]'', 18 March 2011</ref>
''[[L'Express (France)|L'Express]]'' considered it beautiful but too long.<ref>
Sandra Benedetti, [http://www.lexpress.fr/culture/tele/the-promise-sur-canal-ce-lundi_973658.html?xtor=EPR-618 ''The Promise''] {{fr-icon}}, ''[[L'Express (France)|L'Express]]'', 21 March 2011</ref>

A letter of protest to the channel was written by the President of the Representative Council of French Jewish Institutions ([[Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France|CRIF]]), arguing that "the viewer sees the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, however complex, only as a consequence of violence and cruelty of the Jews, who are represented as so extreme that if any empathy towards them is excluded." CRIF did not ask for the broadcast to be pulled, but rather to be balanced with a programme taking a different position, and for the fictional nature of the series to be made clear.<ref>[http://www.crif.org/?page=articles_display/detail&aid=24143&returnto=accueil/main&artyd=2 CRIF denounces an anti-Israeli production broadcast by Canal+] {{fr-icon}}, [[Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France]], 21 March 2011</ref> The ''[[Jewish Chronicle]]'' (''JC'') reported that CRIF president [[Richard Prasquier]] had met the president of Canal+, Bertrand Meheut. Prasquier reportedly told him that such a series "could only fan the flames of antisemitic violence" and Meheut reportedly promised that viewers would be provided with balanced information about the issue; The ''JC'' reported that Canal+ had agreed to broadcast a caption reading "The Promise is fiction" before each episode.<ref>Michel Zlotowski, "[http://www.thejc.com/news/world-news/47278/police-called-paris-the-promise-riot Police called to Paris The Promise riot]", ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'', 31 March 2011 Kosminsky [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3ABobfrombrockley&action=historysubmit&diff=428038346&oldid=427766071 has questioned] certain details of the ''JC'' report, including the implication that any special disclaimer was broadcast. CRIF, [http://www.crif.org/?page=articles_display/detail&aid=24219&artyd=2 Meeting with the president of Canal Plus] {{fr-icon}}, 28 March 2011</ref> The Confederation of French Jews and Friends of Israel (CJFAI) issued a call (publicised by CRIF) for a demonstration against the programme, which it described as "a vitriolic saga of murderous disinformation".<ref>"saga au vitriol pour une désinformation assassine!": [http://www.crif.org/index.php?page=articles_display/detail&aid=24114&artyd=1 Shocked and Outraged! Europe-Israel and CJFAI call to demonstrate on 21 March at Canal Plus] {{fr-icon}}, CRIF, 18 March 2011</ref> The demonstration in front of the Canal+ offices on the night of the first showing was reported to have attracted a few hundred people, with CRIF represented by its vice-president.<ref>[http://www.la-croix.com/afp.static/pages/110321184840.p0izz1ze.htm ''The Promise'' series: demonstration outside the headquarters of Canal+] {{fr-icon}}, [[Agence France-Presse]] via ''[[La Croix]]'', 21 March 2011 [http://www.europe-israel.org/2011/03/videos-manifestation-devant-canal-les-divers-discours/ Videos: Demonstration in front of Canal+, the various speeches] {{fr-icon}}, Europe-Israel website, 24 March 2011 [http://www.lepost.fr/article/2011/03/22/2442466_des-organisations-juives-demandent-la-deprogrammation-d-une-serie-de-canal.html Jewish organisations call for the withdrawal of ''The Promise'', a Canal+ series] {{fr-icon}}, ''[[:fr:Le Post|Le Post]]'', 22 March 2011, reporting "a few hundred" (''quelques centaines'') people attending Michel Zlotowski, "[http://www.thejc.com/news/world-news/47278/police-called-paris-the-promise-riot Police called to Paris The Promise riot]", ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'', 31 March 2011, reporting 500 people attending CRIF and ''Le Post'' reported the following speakers, representing a number of major Jewish communal organisations in France: Richard Abitbol, president of the Confederation of Jewish Friends of Israel and France; parliamentarian [[Claude Goasguen]], president of the France-Israel friendship group of the [[National Assembly of France]], who described the series as "a shameful caricature" (''une série caricaturale, honteuse''); [[Joel Mergui]], president of the [[Central Consistory]]; [[Sammy Ghozlan]], president of the Bureau National de Vigilance Contre l'Antisémitsme (BNVCA); [[Claude Barouch]], president of Union des patrons et des professionnels juifs de France (UPJF); and Gil Taieb, vice president of the Fonds social juif unifié</ref> The Israeli embassy in Paris made no comment.<ref>[http://www.lepost.fr/article/2011/03/22/2442466_des-organisations-juives-demandent-la-deprogrammation-d-une-serie-de-canal.html Jewish organisations call for the withdrawal of ''The Promise'', a Canal+ series] {{fr-icon}}, ''[[Le Post]]'', 22 March 2011</ref>

[[Arte]] has announced it will show the series over two Friday evenings, on 20 and 27 April 2012.

===Australia===
The serial was shown by Australian broadcaster [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]] in a Sunday evening slot from 27 November to 18 December 2011. Critical reaction was positive, with ''[[The Australian]]'' selecting part one as its pick of the week, calling the character development and performances "compelling", and saying that the series "offers insight into the history of one of the world's most conflicted places",<ref>Iain Cuthbertson, [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/arts/the-best-weekend-viewing/story-fn9d34el-1226204531295 The best weekend viewing], ''[[The Australian]]'', 26 November 2011</ref> while press agency [[Australian Associated Press|AAP]] wrote that "Foy shines amid a powerful storyline", wising up to "a few harsh truths".<ref>[http://au.news.yahoo.com/queensland/a/-/latest/12057276/tv-highlights-for-sun-november-27/ TV Highlights for Sun 27 November], [[Australian Associated Press]], 26 November 2011</ref> The ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' and other [[Fairfax Media|Fairfax group]] newspapers trailed the serial as "ambitious... both bracingly original and wonderfully gripping", offering a "profound veracity".<ref>Sacha Molitorisz, [http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/the-promise-sunday-november-27-20111118-1nmyz.html The Promise, Sunday, 27 November], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 27 November 2011. Also carried by ''[[The Age]]'' [http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/the-promise-sunday-november-27-20111118-1nmyz.html]. Cf also: Louise Schwartzkoff, [http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/the-promise-sunday-december-4-20111130-1o6qm.html The Promise, Sunday, 4 December], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 2 December 2011. "As you would expect of a drama that explores the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, ''The Promise'' is relentless and full of examples of odious human behaviour. Nevertheless, it is gripping and never underestimates the complexity of its subject. Parallel narratives often result in uneven storytelling but in this case Erin's experiences and her grandfather's are equally compelling."</ref> The SMH's Doug Anderson subsequently called the serial "the best drama series on television at present... This is powerful stuff, distilling enormous difficulties to a deeply personal level",<ref>Doug Anderson, ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 9 December 2011. Quoted (and critiqued) in blog. [http://middleeastrealitycheck.blogspot.com/2011/12/doug-andersons-eureka-moment.html].</ref> and the newspaper selected the series for its review of the best and worst television of the year, writing that it was "gripping... it dazzled via a raw and complex portrait of conflict in the Middle East... Kosminsky's storytelling was mesmerising."<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/the-couch-potato-awards-20111219-1p19i.html The Couch Potato Awards], ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 19 December 2011.</ref>

A number of organizations, including the [[AIJAC|Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council]] and the [[Friends of Israel Western Australia]], urged viewers to complain about the series, reiterating negative comments that had been made about the serial in the UK.<ref>Tzvi Fleischer, [http://www.aijac.org.au/news/article/the-promise "The Promise"], [[AIJAC|Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council]], November 2011 Steve Lieblich, [http://foiwa.org.au/node/444 SBS is screening a fictional anti-Israel drama called "The Promise"], Friends of Israel Western Australia, December 2012 [http://middleeastrealitycheck.blogspot.com/2011/11/looks-promising.html Mandate drama isn't very promising], ''[[Australian Jewish News]]'', 25 November 2011. Quoted in blog [http://middleeastrealitycheck.blogspot.com/2011/11/looks-promising.html].</ref> There was also a concerted campaign by Palestinian solidarity groups to drum up support for the series. The editor of the Australians for Palestine website wrote, “Although people had written to SBS commending it for showing “The Promise”, Mr Ebeid [the Managing Director of SBS] received only one supportive letter addressed to him personally from Anisa Hamood in Adelaide. Many more are needed in defence of the series for the hearing.”<ref>http://workersbushtelegraph.com.au/2012/01/04/the-promise/</ref> One senator, [[Glenn Sterle]] of Western Australia, also joined criticism about the series, calling it "derogatory" and "anti-Semitic".<ref>[http://www.jewishnews.net.au/senator-slams-the-promise/23994 Senator slams ''The Promise''], ''[[Australian Jewish News]]'', 19 December 2011. [http://www.foiwa.org.au/sites/default/files/pdf/02122011%20SBS%20Ombudsman%20-%20Depictions%20of%20the%20Jewish%20People%20in%20the%20program%20The%20Promise.pdf Glenn Sterle letter of complaint], via Friends of Israel Western Australia</ref> In January 2012 the most senior body of Jewry in Australia, the [[Executive Council of Australian Jewry]] (ECAJ) filed its own 31-page complaint with the SBS television network,<ref name="ECAJ 120105">[http://www.ecaj.org.au/news_files/120105_the_promise.pdf Complaint to the SBS Ombudsman], [[Executive Council of Australian Jewry]], 5 January 2012</ref> claiming that the series "unrelentingly portrays the entire Jewish presence throughout the country, including modern-day Israel, as an act of usurpation by Jews who, without exception, are aliens, predators and thieves and who enforce their usurpation by brutal, racist policies akin to those inflicted by the Nazis upon the Jewish people", and compared the series to the infamous Nazi film ''[[Jud Süß (1940 film)|Jud Süss]]''.<ref name="ECAJ 120105" /> The ECAJ rejected in its complaint the relevance or validity of the British Ofcom inquiry. The ECAJ also called for a halt to sales of the DVD of the series while the complaint is investigated.<ref>[http://www.jwire.com.au/news/the-promise-the-ecaj-voices-concern-about-dvd-launch The Promise – the ECAJ voices concern about DVD launch], [[Jwire]], 16 January 2012</ref> The ECAJ position was given considerable coverage in the ''[[Australian Jewish News]]'' which headlined the complaint as "TV series ''The Promise'' akin to Nazi propaganda".<ref>[http://www.jewishnews.net.au/tv-series-the-promise-akin-to-nazi-propaganda/24212 TV series ''The Promise'' akin to Nazi propaganda], ''[[Australian Jewish News]]'', 13 January 2012</ref> In contrast, Australians for Palestine has been strongly supportive of the series.<ref name="AfP">[http://www.australiansforpalestine.net/57154 AFP letter in support of ''The Promise''], [[Australians for Palestine]], 14 December 2012</ref> On 17 January the language of the ECAJ complaint reached the front page of ''[[The Age]]'' and the ''Sydney Morning Herald''.<ref name="Age120111">[http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/jewish-outcry-on-sbs-series-20120116-1q3a8.html Jewish outcry on SBS series], ''[[The Age]]'', 17 January 2012. Earlier version [http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/sbs-fields-complaints-over-series-set-in-israel-20120116-1q37z.html SBS fields complaints over series set in Israel]. ''SMH'' [http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/sbs-fields-complaints-over-series-set-in-israel-20120116-1q37z.html].</ref>

Another opinion expressed by the [[Australian Jewish Democratic Society]] stated "We agree with the Executive Council of Australian Jewry (ECAJ) that the Jewish characters portrayed are generally unsympathetic in comparison with the Arab characters. But we fundamentally disagree that this bias amounts to anti-Semitism... in our view ''The Promise'' is a worthwhile contribution to the debates about the intractable conflict".<ref>[http://ajds.org.au/node/454 Letters in the Melbourne Age concerning the attack on "The Promise" and the SBS network], [[Australian Jewish Democratic Society]] website, 18 January 2012</ref> Other debate over the series has been carried out, for example, on the online site associated with Australian Broadcasting Corporation's debate programme, ''[[The Drum (TV program)|The Drum]]''.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/unleashed/3778466.html The Promise: controversy rages, understanding lost], ABC Unleashed, [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]], 17 January 2012</ref> The Australian Jewish Democratic Society also made available the full text of the OfCom decision as a contribution to open public debate. Prior to this release only parts had been available in the ECAJ submission or in the media <ref>[http://ajds.org.au/node/457 What the ECAJ tried to outsmart: the ruling from the UK complaints authority about "The Promise"], [[Australian Jewish Democratic Society]] website, 18 January 2012</ref> because Ofcom had not published it.

The SBS Complaints Committee met on 17 January, and took the view that there were no grounds to find the programme had breached SBS's code. In particular, it found "that the characterisations in ''The Promise'' did not cross the threshold into racism, and in particular that it did not promote, endorse, or reinforce inaccurate, demeaning or discriminatory stereotypes". Complainants were advised that they could take their concerns to the [[Australian Communications and Media Authority]] for external review.<ref name="SBS response">[http://galusaustralis.com/2012/01/5566/sbs-ombudsman-response-to-complaints-about-the-promise/ SBS Ombudsman Response to Complaints about The Promise], via ''[[Galus Australis]]'', 23 January 2012 [http://www.jwire.com.au/news/sbs-rules-that-the-promise-does-not-vilify-jews-or-israelis/22328 SBS rules that "The Promise" does not vilify Jews or Israelis], [[JWire]], 1 February 2012</ref> In response to the SBS decision, the ECAJ said that it stood by its position, but would not be appealing SBS's conclusion.<ref>[http://www.ecaj.org.au/news_files/120201_the_promise3.pdf Media release: ‘The Promise’ is racist: ECAJ stands firm, rejects SBS response to complaints], [[Executive Council of Australian Jewry]], 1 February 2012 [http://www.jwire.com.au/news/sbs-rules-that-the-promise-does-not-vilify-jews-or-israelis/22328 SBS rules that "The Promise" does not vilify Jews or Israelis], [[JWire]], 1 February 2012 [http://www.jewishnews.net.au/sbs-rejects-the-promise-complaint/24595 SBS rejects "The Promise" complaint], ''[[Australian Jewish News]]'', 2 February 2012</ref>

A further complaint was sent to SBS on 1 February 2012 by Stepan Kerkyasharian, Chairperson of the New South Wales government's [http://www.crc.nsw.gov.au/home Community Relations Commission], branding ''The Promise'' as "the portrayal of an entire nation in a negative light", noting "concern that the series negatively portrays the WHOLE of the Jewish People. Such a portrayal cannot be justified in ANY context. There is a distinct separation between condemning an action by a government on the one hand and condemning the whole of the people of a nation collectively, through stereotyping, on the other hand." Kerkyasharian urged SBS "to re-consider the representations from the Jewish Community with due regard to the potential destructive consequences of racial stereotyping".<ref>[http://www.ecaj.org.au/news_files/120201_the_promise4.pdf Letter concerning ''The Promise''], New South Wales Community Relations Commission, 1 February 2012. via [[Executive Council of Australian Jewry|ECAJ]] website [http://www.jwire.com.au/news/community-relations-commission-challenges-the-promise/22375 Community Relations Commission Challenges "The Promise"], [[JWire]], 3 February 2012</ref> In contrast, [[Hal Wootten]], Emeritus Professor of Law at the [[University of New South Wales]] and former president of the [[Indigenous Law Centre]] there, considered the ECAJ's position to be misguided: "There is a striking irony in a Jewish organisation’s striving to show that every Jewish character is a demon and every Arab character a saint. One by one, the ECAJ’s submission proceeds to do a hatchet job on every Jewish character of any importance, rejecting the humanity with which Kosminsky endows each of them, and substituting an anti-Semitic stereotype of its own manufacture... The ECAJ reaches the opposite conclusion only by itself imputing unfavourable attributes to the Jewish characters, judging them by harsh and unrealistic standards, interpreting their conduct in the worst possible way, and making quite absurd comparisons."<ref>Hal Wootten, [http://inside.org.au/much-too-promised-land/ Much too promised land], ''Inside Story'', [[Swinburne University of Technology]], 13 February 2012</ref>

Responding to Professor Wootten, the ECAJ’s Executive Director, Peter Wertheim, stated "Professor Wootten denies that ''The Promise'' makes and invites judgements, but this contention is belied by the strident comments made by other defenders of the series in posted comments on the SBS and other websites, and is as low on the scale of credibility as the stream of non-sequiturs that have been put forward in its defence, including posts asserting that ''The Promise'' could not possibly be antisemitic because Kosminsky is Jewish, or because it was filmed in Israel and included Jewish actors, or because it was nominated for a BAFTA award." <ref>Peter Wertheim, [http://inside.org.au/much-too-promised-land/#comment-287126 Racism Woven into Shifting Sympathies], comment at ''Inside Story'', Swinburne University of Technology, 15 March 2012, with link to detailed response at http://www.ecaj.org.au/news_files/120312_wootten.pdf</ref>

On 14 February 2012, the Managing Director of SBS, [[Michael Ebeid]], appeared before an [[Estimates]] Committee of the Australian Senate and was closely questioned about the relevant commercial arrangements and decision-making processes leading to the screening of the series by SBS.<ref name="Senate Estimates">[http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;db=COMMITTEES;id=committees%2Festimate%2F40e11b0a-2fbd-48e2-a290-a121fd0386bd%2F0010;query=Id%3A%22committees%2Festimate%2F40e11b0a-2fbd-48e2-a290-a121fd0386bd%2F0000%22 Transcript], Environment and Communications Legislation Committee, [[Australian Senate]], 14 February 2012</ref> Ebeid accepted that overall the series conveyed a negative view of Israel and said he would not claim that the drama tried to be balanced; but, he said, he did not think that drama is meant to be balanced; and he rejected claims of negative stereotyping.<ref name="Senate Estimates" /> It had not been his decision to buy the series, but asked whether with hindsight he would have made the same decision, he answered that he probably would, yes.<ref name="Senate Estimates" /> Following the hearing, committee members Senator [[Scott Ryan (Australian politician)|Scott Ryan]] and Senator [[Helen Kroger]], both of Victoria, both issued press releases sharply critical of the series, and of SBS's decision to run it.<ref>[[Scott Ryan (Australian politician)|Scott Ryan]], [http://scottryan.com.au/media/senators-question-sbs-programming Senators question SBS Programming], Press release, 14 February 2012 [[Helen Kroger]], [http://www.icjs-online.org/index.php?article=3583 SBS knew the promise was offensive to the Jewish community], Press release, 14 February 2012</ref> Senator Kroger stated that "SBS appears to have put a business decision ahead of independent assessments which determined that it was offensive to the Jewish community." Kroger's comments were taken up by ''[[The Australian]]'' newspaper,<ref>Christian Kerr, [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/media/sbs-knew-israel-drama-would-offend-jews-lib-senators-insist/story-e6frg996-1226272150984 SBS knew Israel drama would offend Jews, Lib senators insist], ''[[The Australian]]'', 16 February 2012; [http://www.australiansforpalestine.net/58664 Copy] via [[Australians for Palestine]]</ref> along with an op-ed written by two members of the [[Australia/Israel and Jewish Affairs Council]],<ref>Jamie Hyams and Tzvi Fletcher, [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/opinion/angelic-arabs-and-murderous-jews-add-up-to-televisual-propaganda/story-e6frgd0x-1226272133311 Angelic Arabs and murderous Jews add up to televisual propaganda], ''[[The Australian]]'', 16 February 2012; [http://www.aijac.org.au/news/article/angelic-arabs-and-murderous-jews-add-up-to-telev Copy] via [[AIJAC]]</ref> and she expanded further on her views in an online piece for News Ltd website ''[[The Punch (Australia)|The Punch]]''.<ref>Senator [[Helen Kroger]], [http://www.thepunch.com.au/articles/sbs-shouldnt-be-allowed-to-re-write-history/ SBS shouldn’t be allowed to re-write history], ''[[The Punch (Australia)|The Punch]]'', 17 February 2012</ref> Senator Ryan rejected Mr Ebeid’s claim that because ''The Promise'' was fiction, it was subject to different considerations. "Some of the biggest slanders in history have been works of fiction," Senator Ryan said. "Depictions in the series include Jewish children stoning Arab children, blood-thirsty soldiers, conniving double-agents and members of an extremely wealthy, cosmopolitan family. Like it or not, these three depictions are antisemitic stereotypes that are at the same time old, but also reappearing today." On the other hand, the committee's chairman, Senator [[Doug Cameron (politician)|Doug Cameron]] of New South Wales, said he had "enjoyed" the programme, and quipped in closing the session that he hoped the night had helped ''The Promise'''s DVD sales.<ref name="Senate Estimates" />

===Other countries===
As of January 2012 the serial has also been sold to [[Sveriges Television|SVT Sweden]], [[YLE|YLE Finland]], [[DR (broadcaster)|DR Denmark]], [[RÚV|RUV Iceland]], [[Radiotelevizija Slovenija|RTV Slovenia]], [[Globosat|Globosat Brazil]], and [[TVOntario|TVO Canada]].<ref name="SBS response" />
DR Denmark broadcast the series in an early evening slot on the [[DR2]] channel over the Easter weekend 2012, under the translated title ''Løftet som bandt'' ("The Promise that bound").<ref>DR2 Denmark schedule: Part 1, [http://tvtid-dyn.tv2.dk/program/index.php/id-49178070.html Thursday 5 April, 5pm]; part 2, [http://tvtid-dyn.tv2.dk/program/index.php/id-49218769.html Saturday 7 April, 5pm]; part 3, [http://tvtid.tv2.dk/program/index.php/id-49244595.html Sunday 8 April, 4:40pm]; part 4, [http://tvtid-dyn.tv2.dk/program/index.php/id-49276507.html Monday 9 April, 5pm] {{da icon}}</ref>
In Germany it was shown on [[ARTE]] Channel on 20 April (Part 1 and 2) an 27 April (Part 3 and 4).
In Sweden it will be shown on channel [[SVT1]] on Wednesday nights at 10pm from 2 May.<ref>SVT1 Sweden schedule: Part 1, [http://svt.se/beta-tabla/2012-05-02 Wednesday 2 May, 10pm]; part 2, [http://svt.se/beta-tabla/2012-05-09 Wednesday 9 May, 10pm] {{sv icon}}</ref>
In Canada, TV Ontario had scheduled the programme for Sunday evenings, from 15 April to 6 May; but the channel has since decided to present a geology series with [[Iain Stewart (geologist)|Iain Stewart]] in this slot, with ''The Promise'' held over to a later date.<ref>[http://support.tvo.org/site/MessageViewer?em_id=2607.0&dlv_id=6581 TVO scheduling change]; [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/canpalnet_news/message/36930 TVO response to a query about the scheduling change], 4 April 2012</ref>

The series was screened in April 2012 by the [[Tel Aviv Cinematheque]] and the [[Jerusalem Cinematheque]] in Israel, and in May 2012 by the [[Haifa Cinematheque]], with five showings in the month for each episode in Tel Aviv, two in Jerusalem, and one in Haifa. In Tel Aviv the first screening of Part One was on 9 April, culminating with a final screening of all four parts on 26 April.<ref>[http://www.cinema.co.il/movies/movie.asp?movieId=7893 THE PROMISE Part 1], [[Tel Aviv Cinematheque]], schedule for 9 April 2012. {{he icon}}</ref> In Jerusalem the series was scheduled with the four parts shown over two days, on 14/15 and 29/30 April.<ref>[http://www.jer-cin.org.il/website/modules/films/Film.aspx?fid=3382 The Promise], [[Jerusalem Cinematheque]] schedule. Accessed 2012-04-12. [http://www.scribd.com/doc/87179783/Jerusalem-Cinematheque-April-2012-Full-Program Copy of full schedule] also at Scribd.</ref> In Haifa the episodes were screened on successive Thursdays, from 10 May to 21 May.<ref>[http://www.haifacity.com/eng/events/35143/May-2012-Program/Haifa/ May 2012 Program], [[Haifa Cinematheque]] via www.haifacity.com</ref>

In the United States a screening of the series was presented at the [[Jewish Community Center]] in Manhattan, New York in November and December 2011, with the first part shown as part of the "Other Israel" film festival, and the remainder of the series shown in weekly episodes over the following three weeks.<ref>Nora Lee Mandel, [http://film-forward.com/foreign/the-other-israel-festival-2011 The Other Israel Festival 2011], Film Forward, 21 November 2011 Carly Silver, [http://www.newvoices.org/arts_and_culture?id=0197 Moving pictures of the 'Other Israel'], ''[[New Voices]]'', 21 November 2011 Marissa Gaines, [http://www.thelmagazine.com/TheMeasure/archives/2011/11/15/the-promise-at-the-other-israel-film-fest-asks-how-did-we-get-here ''The Promise'', at the Other Israel Film Fest, Asks: How Did We Get Here?], ''[[L Magazine]]'', 15 November 2011 Chisda Magid, [http://www.tikkun.org/tikkundaily/2011/11/21/%E2%80%9Cthe-promise%E2%80%9D-considering-israel-and-its-myth-of-origins/ ''The Promise'': Considering Israel and Its Myth of Origins], ''[[Tikkun (magazine)|Tikkun]]'' Daily, 21 November 2011</ref>

In May 2012 it was announced that the series would be a featured offering on the internet television service [[Hulu]] from 11 August, and it is currently available on demand from Hulu.<ref>Kristin Brzoznowski, [http://www.worldscreen.com/articles/display/2012-5-21-hulu eOne's The Yard & Mentorn's The Promise Land on Hulu Slate], TV USA.ws, worldscreen.com</ref>

==See also==
* [[British-Zionist conflict]]
* [[6th Airborne Division in Palestine]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1692202|The Promise}}
* [http://www.channel4.com/programmes/the-promise Official website]
* [http://www.canalplus.fr/c-series/pid3740-c-le-serment.html Canal+ website] {{fr-icon}}, including some video-interviews in English
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l4UtQ6OabfU#t=565s ''The Fabulous Picture Show – The Promise''] – Q & A with film's director hosted by Amanda Palmer on Al Jazeera English (video, 15:19 min (9:25–25:06)). [http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/fps/2011/05/201151110370531323.html Al Jazeera article accompanying video.]
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/28/the-promise-peter-kosminsky-middle-east A film-maker's eye on the Middle East]. Article by [[Peter Kosminsky]], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 28 January 2011
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/2011/jan/23/peter-kosminsky-palestine-mandate-drama Peter Kosminsky: Britain's humiliation in Palestine]. Feature in ''The Observer'', 23 January 2011
* [http://www.paradata.org.uk/events/palestine Palestine], ParaData website, Trustees of the [[Airborne Forces Museum]], Duxford. Documents from the 6th Airborne Division's real-life stationing in Palestine.
* Yoav Etiel, [http://www.magazin.org.il/inner.asp?page=23&article=1660 Jisr al-Zarqa on the way to Hollywood] {{he icon}}, ''Magazin'' no.209, 30 April 2010. Article on ''The Promise'' and ''[[A Bottle in the Gaza Sea]]'' both filming in Jisr al-Zarqa for Gaza. Behind the scenes photos: [http://www.magazin.org.il/inner.asp?page=23&article=1661 page 1], [http://www.magazin.org.il/inner.asp?page=23&article=1662 page 2], [http://www.magazin.org.il/inner.asp?page=23&article=1663 page 3]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Promise, The}}
[[Category:Films directed by Peter Kosminsky]]
[[Category:2010s British television series]]
[[Category:British drama television series]]
[[Category:Channel 4 television programmes]]
[[Category:Drama television series about the Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
[[Category:Period television series]]

Órla Fallon

2013-07-06T16:32:12Z

Qwerty Binary: Clean up.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Órla Fallon
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|8|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Knockananna]], [[County Wicklow]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| instrument = [[Singing|Vocals]], [[harp]]
| genre = [[Celtic music|Celtic]], [[Adult contemporary music|adult contemporary]], [[New Age music|New Age]]
| occupation = [[Singer]], [[harp]]ist
| years_active =
| label = [[Liffey Records|Liffey]] [[Manhattan Records|Manhattan]]
| associated_acts = [[Celtic Woman]] [[Anúna]]
| website = [http://www.orlafallon.com/ OrlaFallon.com]
}}
'''Órlagh Fallon''' (born 24 August 1974), professionally known as '''Órla Fallon''', is an Irish soloist, songwriter and former member of the group [[Celtic Woman]] and the chamber choir [[Anúna]].<ref name="anuna-past">{{cite web |url=http://www.anuna.ie/PastSingers.html |title=Past Members of Anúna 1997 to 2009 |work=Anuna.ie |year=2009 |accessdate=28 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="celticwoman-past">{{cite web |url=http://www.herald.ie/entertainment/around-town/orla-takes-brave-decision--to-leave-her-comfort-zone-and-quit-celtic-woman-2085669.html |title=Orla takes brave decision to leave her comfort zone |work=herald.ie |date=March 2010 |accessdate=27 March 2010}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Fallon was born in [[Knockananna]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. She plays the harp and sings traditional Irish music, most often in the Irish language. Fallon studied at [[Mater Dei Institute of Education]], in Dublin. She has performed for the [[Pope]], the [[President of Ireland]] and at [[Carnegie Hall]].

==Career==
===Early career===
Her debut album, ''The Water is Wide'', was released in Europe in 2000 and in North America in 2006. In 2005, she was featured on [[The Duggans]] album ''[[Rubicon (The Duggans album)|Rubicon]]'' along with peers [[Moya Brennan]] and other members of [[Clannad (musical group)|Clannad]].

===Celtic Woman===
In 2004, Fallon sent a demo offer to composer [[David Downes (Irish composer)|David Downes]], who was then working on the concept of [[Celtic Woman]]. Due to her unique vocal abilities, Downes contacted Fallon and asked if she would like to be a part of Celtic Woman, then only envisaged to be a one-night show. Fallon agreed, and became one of the founding members of the group.

Fallon was featured in the self titled debut album ''[[Celtic Woman (album)|Celtic Woman]]'', ''[[Celtic Woman: A Christmas Celebration]]'' and ''[[Celtic Woman: A New Journey]]'', as well as in the tie-in PBS television specials and DVDs filmed in 2004, 2007, and 2006 respectively. She also toured with the group in 2005 on the inaugural North American Tour, the 2006-07 ''A New Journey'' tour, and again in 2007-08 on the second ''A New Journey'' tour.

In 2009, Fallon announced that she would be leaving Celtic Woman to have a full break and spend time with her family, and was replaced as a member of Celtic Woman by actress and vocalist [[Alex Sharpe]].

===Post-Celtic Woman===
In 2009, Fallon appeared as a guest vocalist on [[Jim Brickman]]'s "It's a Beautiful World" tour and PBS special, and released her second album ''Distant Shore'' in September of that year. This was followed in March 2010 with her third album ''[[Music of Ireland: Welcome Home]]''. In December 2010, Fallon released a PBS ''Celtic Christmas'' special and tie-in CD, titled ''[[Órla Fallon's Celtic Christmas]]'', the first time any former Celtic Woman member had starred in their own PBS special. This was the second Christmas album she recorded, the first being ''[[Winter, Fire & Snow: A Celtic Christmas Collection]]'' in September 2010.

In March 2011, Fallon released another album, ''[[Órla Fallon: My Land]]'', which tied in with another PBS special.<ref name="beautifulworld2009">{{cite web |url=http://www.jimbrickman.com/Multimedia/BeautifulWorld/tabid/149/Default.aspx |title=Jim's Musical Guests - Beautiful World Tour 2009 |work=jimbrickman.com |year=2009}}</ref><ref name="RTEinterview">{{cite web |url=http://www.rte.ie/radio1/todaywithpatkenny/2010-03-10.html |title=Today with Pat Kenny |work=rte.ie/radio1/todaywithpatkenny/ |details=Links to audio clips found on Fallon's official website |date= 10 March 2010}}</ref> Another solo album, ''[[Lullaby Time]]'', was released in 2012.

She is currently a lead singer of the band [[Tin Cup Gypsy]]. She married her husband John and together they have a son Freddie.

== Discography ==
*''[[Órla Fallon: The Water is Wide]]'' (2000 EURO) (2006 U.S.)
*''[[Celtic Woman (album)|Celtic Woman]]'' (March 2005)
*''[[The Duggans: Rubicon (album)]]'' (2005)
*''[[Celtic Woman: A Christmas Celebration]]'' (October 2006)
*''[[Celtic Woman: A New Journey]]'' (January 2007)
*''[[Celtic Woman: The Greatest Journey]]'' (October 2008)
*''[[Jim Brickman's "It's a Beautiful World"]]'' (2009)
*''[[Órla Fallon: Distant Shore]]'' (September 2009)
*''[[Music of Ireland: Welcome Home]]'' (March 2010)
*''[[Winter, Fire & Snow: A Celtic Christmas Collection]]'' (September 2010)
*''[[Órla Fallon's Celtic Christmas]]'' (November 2010)
*''Órla Fallon: My Land'' (March 2011)
*''Lullaby Time'' (2012)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.orlafallon.com/ OrlaFallon.com] - Official website
* [http://www.celticwoman.com/trellis/Orla Profile at CelticWoman.com]
* {{MySpace-music|orlafallonofficial|Órla Fallon}}
* {{IMDb name|id=2068205}}
; Multimedia
:* [http://www.wrti.org/programming/schedule/crossover/archives/060318_194.mp3 ''Crossover''] - Jill Pasternak interview (18 March 2006)

{{Celtic Woman}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Fallon, Órla
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Irish singer and songwriter
| DATE OF BIRTH = 24 August 1974
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Knockananna]], [[County Wicklow]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fallon, Orla}}
[[Category:Celtic Woman members]]
[[Category:Irish female singers]]
[[Category:Irish harpists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Opera crossover singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from County Wicklow]]
[[Category:Alumni of Mater Dei Institute of Education]]
[[Category:1974 births]]

Robin Millhouse

2013-06-30T13:07:04Z

Qwerty Binary: Clean up.

'''Robin Rhodes Millhouse''' QC (born 9 December 1929) has been, at various times, the [[South Australia]]n [[Attorney general|Attorney-General]], the first [[Australian Democrats]] parliamentarian, and the [[Chief Justice]] of both [[Kiribati]] and [[Nauru]].<ref name=hotibosa>{{cite book|title=History of the Independent Bar of South Australia|author=John Emerson|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=G2PXRJQ_5SwC|page=134|date=2006|publisher=University of Adelaide Barr Smith Press|place=Adelaide|isbn=0-86396-835-X|accessdate=30 Jan 2010}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Millhouse was born in [[Adelaide]], to father Vivian Rhodes Millhouse, and mother Grace Lilly Ayliffe. Millhouse gained an LLB from the [[University of Adelaide]] in 1951.

==Career==
After working as a [[barrister]], Millhouse entered the [[South Australian Legislative Assembly]] on 7 May 1955 as the [[Liberal and Country League]] (LCL) member for [[Electoral district of Mitcham (South Australia)|Mitcham]], a safe LCL seat in southeastern Adelaide.<ref name=hotibosa/> Millhouse rapidly gained a reputation as both the intellectual driving force behind the LCL and an outspoken spokesperson for the urban middle class faction of the LCL, a group under-represented within the party hierarchy.

Millhouse ran for the LCL leadership pre-selection following leader [[Thomas Playford IV|Sir Thomas Playford's]] retirement, but lost to [[Steele Hall]], another member of the LCL's progressive faction. Instead, following the LCL's return to power in the 1968 election, Millhouse was given the portfolios of Attorney-General,<ref name=hotibosa/> [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] Affairs, Social Welfare, and Labour and Industry. In these roles, Millhouse gained a reputation as a crusader for progressive social change as he sought to position South Australia as a national leader on social issues.

In the wake of the LCL's 1970 election loss, Millhouse was elected Deputy Leader of the Opposition on 2 June but resigned from the party on 18 March 1973 to form the [[Liberal Movement (Australia)|Liberal Movement]] following growing dissatisfaction at the continuing conservatism of the LCL.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=114|title=The 1970s|work=SA Memory:Past, Present for the Future|date=16 May 2007|accessdate=30 Jan 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> While a number of other senior LCL members, including former premier Steele Hall, also joined the Liberal Movement, all except Millhouse eventually returned to the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]]. Millhouse chose instead to form a new political party, named the [[New LM]],<ref name=hotibosa/> before merging that with the [[Australia Party]], the [[Centre-Line Party]] and other like minded groups to form the [[Australian Democrats]] and, as a sitting member, became the first Australian Democrats Member of Parliament.<ref name=hotibosa/> As a Democrat, he continued to campaign for progressive social issues, including the introduction of a bill to legalise [[prostitution]] in South Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm/error_msg/search/dTrans-Australian+Railway/site/www.catalog.slsa.sa.gov.au/page.cfm?u=669#e1464|title=Sex Industry Page 4|date=10 May 2007|accessdate=30 Jan 2010}}</ref>

===Taking silk===
After having been made a [[Queen's Counsel]] in 1979,<ref name=hotibosa/> Millhouse resigned from parliament on 7 July 1982, sparking a [[Mitcham state by-election, 1982|Mitcham by-election]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Political Chronicle—Australia and Papua New Guinea: July-December 1982|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119538965/abstract|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8497.1983.tb00304.x|accessdate=30 January 2010}}</ref> upon accepting a position as a [[South Australian Supreme Court]] justice. He served on the Supreme Court until his enforced retirement in December 1999.<ref name=hotibosa/>

At his Retirement Sitting, he announced his appointment as Chief Justice of the High Court of [[Kiribati]], <ref name=hotibosa/> a position he held until Jan 2011. He was Chief Justice of [[Nauru]] from early 2006 <ref name=hotibosa/> to late 2010.

==Personal life==
He married Ann (deceased 1992) in 1957 and has three daughters and two sons.<ref name=hotibosa/>

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|au-sa}}
{{succession box | title=Member for [[Electoral district of Mitcham (South Australia)|Mitcham]] | before=[[Henry Dunks]] | after=[[Heather Southcott]] | years=1955–1982}}
{{s-end}}

==References==
<references/>

{{Authority control|VIAF=92308940}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Millhouse, Robin
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Australian judge and politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = 9 December 1929
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Millhouse, Robin}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:Australian Democrats politicians]]
[[Category:Australian judges on the courts of Kiribati]]
[[Category:Australian judges on the courts of Nauru]]
[[Category:Australian Queen's Counsel]]
[[Category:Chief Justices of Nauru]]
[[Category:Judges of the Supreme Court of South Australia]]
[[Category:Liberal and Country League politicians]]
[[Category:Liberal Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Adelaide Law School alumni]]

Robin Millhouse

2013-06-30T12:57:16Z

Qwerty Binary: Cat.

'''Robin Rhodes Millhouse''' QC (born 9 December 1929) has been, at various times, the [[South Australia]]n [[Attorney general|Attorney-General]], the first [[Australian Democrats]] parliamentarian, and the [[Chief Justice]] of both [[Kiribati]] and [[Nauru]].<ref name=hotibosa>{{cite book|title=History of the Independent Bar of South Australia|author=John Emerson|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=G2PXRJQ_5SwC|page=134|date=2006|publisher=University of Adelaide Barr Smith Press|place=Adelaide|isbn=0-86396-835-X|accessdate=30 Jan 2010}}</ref>

Millhouse was born in [[Adelaide]], to father Vivian Rhodes Millhouse, and mother Grace Lilly Ayliffe. Millhouse gained an LLB from the [[University of Adelaide]] in 1951 and after working as a [[barrister]], entered the [[South Australian Legislative Assembly]] on 7 May 1955 as the [[Liberal and Country League]] (LCL) member for [[Electoral district of Mitcham (South Australia)|Mitcham]], a safe LCL seat in southeastern Adelaide.<ref name=hotibosa/> Millhouse rapidly gained a reputation as both the intellectual driving force behind the LCL and an outspoken spokesperson for the urban middle class faction of the LCL, a group under-represented within the party hierarchy.

Millhouse ran for the LCL leadership pre-selection following leader [[Thomas Playford IV|Sir Thomas Playford's]] retirement, but lost to [[Steele Hall]], another member of the LCL's progressive faction. Instead, following the LCL's return to power in the 1968 election, Millhouse was given the portfolios of Attorney-General,<ref name=hotibosa/> [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] Affairs, Social Welfare, and Labour and Industry. In these roles, Millhouse gained a reputation as a crusader for progressive social change as he sought to position South Australia as a national leader on social issues.

In the wake of the LCL's 1970 election loss, Millhouse was elected Deputy Leader of the Opposition on 2 June but resigned from the party on 18 March 1973 to form the [[Liberal Movement (Australia)|Liberal Movement]] following growing dissatisfaction at the continuing conservatism of the LCL.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=114|title=The 1970s|work=SA Memory:Past, Present for the Future|date=16 May 2007|accessdate=30 Jan 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> While a number of other senior LCL members, including former premier Steele Hall, also joined the Liberal Movement, all except Millhouse eventually returned to the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]]. Millhouse chose instead to form a new political party, named the [[New LM]],<ref name=hotibosa/> before merging that with the [[Australia Party]], the [[Centre-Line Party]] and other like minded groups to form the [[Australian Democrats]] and, as a sitting member, became the first Australian Democrats Member of Parliament.<ref name=hotibosa/> As a Democrat, he continued to campaign for progressive social issues, including the introduction of a bill to legalise [[prostitution]] in South Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm/error_msg/search/dTrans-Australian+Railway/site/www.catalog.slsa.sa.gov.au/page.cfm?u=669#e1464|title=Sex Industry Page 4|date=10 May 2007|accessdate=30 Jan 2010}}</ref>

After having been made a [[Queen's Counsel]] in 1979,<ref name=hotibosa/> Millhouse resigned from parliament on 7 July 1982, sparking a [[Mitcham state by-election, 1982|Mitcham by-election]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Political Chronicle—Australia and Papua New Guinea: July-December 1982|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119538965/abstract|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8497.1983.tb00304.x|accessdate=30 January 2010}}</ref> upon accepting a position as a [[South Australian Supreme Court]] justice. He served on the Supreme Court until his enforced retirement in December 1999.<ref name=hotibosa/> At his Retirement Sitting he announced his appointment as Chief Justice of the High Court of [[Kiribati]], <ref name=hotibosa/> a position he held until Jan 2011. He was Chief Justice of [[Nauru]] from early 2006 <ref name=hotibosa/> to late 2010.

He married Ann (deceased 1992) in 1957 and has three daughters and two sons.<ref name=hotibosa/>

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|au-sa}}
{{succession box | title=Member for [[Electoral district of Mitcham (South Australia)|Mitcham]] | before=[[Henry Dunks]] | after=[[Heather Southcott]] | years=1955–1982}}
{{s-end}}

==References==
<references/>

{{Authority control|VIAF=92308940}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Millhouse, Robin
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Australian judge and politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = 9 December 1929
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Millhouse, Robin}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:Australian Democrats politicians]]
[[Category:Australian judges on the courts of Kiribati]]
[[Category:Australian judges on the courts of Nauru]]
[[Category:Australian Queen's Counsel]]
[[Category:Chief Justices of Nauru]]
[[Category:Judges of the Supreme Court of South Australia]]
[[Category:Liberal and Country League politicians]]
[[Category:Liberal Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Adelaide Law School alumni]]

Randa Abdel-Fattah

2013-06-29T17:15:06Z

Qwerty Binary: Clean up.

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Randa Abdel-Fattah
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|6|6}}
| birth_place = [[Sydney, Australia]]
| occupation = [[Writer]], [[Lawyer]]
| nationality = [[Australian]]
| ethnicity = [[Palestinian Arabs|Palestinian]], [[Egyptians|Egyptian]]
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Melbourne University]]
| period =
| genre = [[Fiction]], [[School story]]
| subject = [[Islam]], [[Muslims]]
| movement =
| notableworks = [[Does My Head Look Big in This?]]
| spouse =
| partner =
| children = 2
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Kathleen Mitchell Award]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = http://www.randaabdelfattah.com
| portaldisp =
}}
'''Randa Abdel-Fattah''' (born 6 June 1979)<ref>Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2009.</ref> is a Muslim writer of [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] and [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] parentage. Randa was born in [[Australia]] and her debut novel, ''[[Does My Head Look Big in This?]]'', was published in 2005.

==Early life and education==
Abdel-Fattah was born in [[Sydney, Australia]] on 6 June 1979 as a Muslim of [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] and [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] heritage. She grew up in [[Melbourne]] and attended a [[Catholic]] primary school and [[Islamic]] secondary college, obtaining an [[International Baccalaureate]]. She wrote her first "novel", based on [[Roald Dahl]]'s ''[[Matilda (novel)|Matilda]]'', when she was in sixth grade. As a teenager, she wrote short stories and produced the first draft of ''Does My Head Look Big in This?'' at about the age of 16.

Abdel-Fattah studied a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Law at the [[University of Melbourne]]. During this time, she was the Media Liaison Officer at the Islamic Council of Victoria, a role that afforded her the opportunity to write for newspapers and engage with media institutions about their representation of Muslims and Islam. Abdel-Fattah was a passionate human rights advocate and stood in the 1998 federal election{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} as a member of the [[Unity Party (Australia)|Unity Party]] (slogan: ''Say No to [[Pauline Hanson]]''). She has also been deeply interested in inter-faith dialogue and has been a member of various inter-faith networks. Abdel-Fattah has also volunteered time with numerous human rights and migrant resource organisations, including: the Australian Arabic council, the Victorian Migrant Resource Centre, the Islamic Women’s Welfare Council, the Palestine Human Rights Campaign, and the Asylum Seeker Resource Centre.

==Career==
Abdel-Fattah is frequently sought for comment by the media on issues pertaining to Palestine, Islam or Australian Muslims. On television, she has appeared on: ''[[Insight (Australian TV program)|Insight]]'' ([[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]]), ''[[First Tuesday Book Club]]'' ([[ABC Australia|ABC]]), ''[[Q&A (Australian talk show)|Q & A]]'' (ABC), ''[[Sunrise (TV program)|Sunrise]]'' ([[Seven Network]]) and ''[[9am (TV show)|9am]]'' ([[Network Ten]]). She is a regular guest at schools around Australia addressing students about her books and the social justice issues they raise. She has been a guest at [[book festival]]s in Sweden ([[Gothenburg]] 2007; [[Lund]]'s ''LitteraLund'' 2008) and Malaysia ([[Kuala Lumpur]] 2008). She has also toured in [[Brunei]] and the [[UK]].

==Personal life==
Abdel-Fattah resides in [[Sydney, Australia|Sydney]] with her husband and two children.

==Bibliography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Novels
|-
! Year Published !! Title !! About
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Does My Head Look Big in This?]]'' || 16 year old (Australian Palestinian-Muslim) Amal decides to wear a [[hijab]] as a full-timer, meaning that she would have to wear it in front of males who weren't immediate family. Can Amal cope with this big change in her life?
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Ten Things I Hate About Me]]'' || Teenager (Lebanese-Muslim) Jamilah Towfeek balances two lives. At home she is Muslim Jamilah - At school she is Aussie-blonde Jamie with blue eyes (contacts). Jamie's school formal is coming up and her Muslim band is performing at the formal. The only way she'll be allowed to attend is by revealing her true identity. But who is she ... Jamie or Jamilah?
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Where the Streets Had a Name|Where The Streets Had A Name]]'' || 13 year old Hayaat believes that a handful soil from her grandmother's ancestral home in Jerusalem will save her beloved Sitti Zeynab's life. The only problem is the impenetrable wall that divides the West Bank, as well as the checkpoints, the curfews, the permit system, and Hayaat's best friend Samy, who always manages to attract trouble.
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Noah's Law]]'' || 16 year old Noah is a trouble maker. He becomes involved in a case where a woman has been killed. Right and wrong, and crime and punishment are soon entangled as Noah realises that things are seldom what they seem.
|-
| 2011 || ''[[The Friendship Matchmaker]]'' || Lara Zany spends all of her time helping other children at her school make and keep friends and is writing a manual all about it. When she has to find a best friend for the most ‘difficult’ client ever, she comes to see the true value and importance of friendship
|-
|2012 || ''[[The Friendship Matchmaker Goes Undercover]] ||''
|-
|2013 (TBP, July)|| ''[[No Sex in the City]]''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.randaabdelfattah.com/index.asp Official Website]
* {{twitter|RandaAFAuthor}}
* [http://www.insideadog.com.au/residence/interviews/randa_abdel-fattah.html Interview on Insideadog]
* [http://www.literaryawards.com.au/mitchell.html Kathleen Mitchell Award]

{{Authority control|VIAF=90783621}}


{{Persondata
|NAME=Abdel-Fattah, Randa
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Contemporary [[Australia]]n writer of novels for young adults
|DATE OF BIRTH=1979-06-06
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Australia]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdel-Fattah, Randa}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Australian lawyers]]
[[Category:Australian children's writers]]
[[Category:Australian women writers]]
[[Category:Australian people of Arab descent]]
[[Category:Australian people of Egyptian descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Muslim writers]]
[[Category:Australian people of Palestinian descent]]
[[Category:Australian Muslims]]
[[Category:Palestinian children's writers]]
[[Category:Melbourne Law School alumni]]

Randa Abdel-Fattah

2013-06-29T17:13:19Z

Qwerty Binary: /* External links */ Clean up.

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Randa Abdel-Fattah
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|6|6}}
| birth_place = [[Sydney, Australia]]
| occupation = [[Writer]], [[Lawyer]]
| nationality = [[Australian]]
| ethnicity = [[Palestinian Arabs|Palestinian]], [[Egyptians|Egyptian]]
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Melbourne University]]
| period =
| genre = [[Fiction]], [[School story]]
| subject = [[Islam]], [[Muslims]]
| movement =
| notableworks = [[Does My Head Look Big in This?]]
| spouse =
| partner =
| children = 2
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Kathleen Mitchell Award]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = http://www.randaabdelfattah.com
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Randa Abdel-Fattah''' (born 6 June 1979)<ref>Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2009.</ref> is a Muslim writer of [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] and [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] parentage. Randa was born in [[Australia]] and her debut novel, ''[[Does My Head Look Big in This?]]'', was published in 2005.

==Early life and education==
Abdel-Fattah was born in [[Sydney, Australia]] on 6 June 1979 as a Muslim of [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] and [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] heritage. She grew up in [[Melbourne]] and attended a [[Catholic]] primary school and [[Islamic]] secondary college, obtaining an [[International Baccalaureate]]. She wrote her first "novel", based on [[Roald Dahl]]'s ''[[Matilda (novel)|Matilda]]'', when she was in sixth grade. As a teenager, she wrote short stories and produced the first draft of ''Does My Head Look Big in This?'' at about the age of 16.

==University and political activism==
Abdel-Fattah studied Arts and Law at [[Melbourne University]], during which time she was the Media Liaison Officer at the Islamic Council of Victoria, a role that afforded her the opportunity to write for newspapers and engage with media institutions about their representation of Muslims and Islam. During university and her role at the ICV, she was a passionate human rights advocate and stood in the 1998 federal election{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} as a member of the [[Unity Party (Australia)|Unity Party]] (slogan: ''Say No to [[Pauline Hanson]]''). She has also been deeply interested in inter-faith dialogue and has been a member of various inter-faith networks. Abdel-Fattah has also volunteered time with numerous human rights and migrant resource organisations, including: the Australian Arabic council, the Victorian Migrant Resource Centre, the Islamic Women’s Welfare Council, the Palestine Human Rights Campaign, and the Asylum Seeker Resource Centre.

==Media and writing-related appearances==
Abdel-Fattah is frequently sought for comment by the media on issues pertaining to Palestine, Islam or Australian Muslims. On television, she has appeared on: ''[[Insight (Australian TV program)|Insight]]'' ([[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]]), ''[[First Tuesday Book Club]]'' ([[ABC Australia|ABC]]), ''[[Q&A (Australian talk show)|Q & A]]'' (ABC), ''[[Sunrise (TV program)|Sunrise]]'' ([[Seven Network]]) and ''[[9am (TV show)|9am]]'' ([[Network Ten]]). She is a regular guest at schools around Australia addressing students about her books and the social justice issues they raise. She has been a guest at [[book festival]]s in Sweden ([[Gothenburg]] 2007; [[Lund]]'s ''LitteraLund'' 2008) and Malaysia ([[Kuala Lumpur]] 2008). She has also toured in [[Brunei]] and the [[UK]].

==Personal life==
Abdel-Fattah resides in [[Sydney, Australia|Sydney]] with her husband and two children.

==Bibliography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Novels
|-
! Year Published !! Title !! About
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Does My Head Look Big in This?]]'' || 16 year old (Australian Palestinian-Muslim) Amal decides to wear a [[hijab]] as a full-timer, meaning that she would have to wear it in front of males who weren't immediate family. Can Amal cope with this big change in her life?
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Ten Things I Hate About Me]]'' || Teenager (Lebanese-Muslim) Jamilah Towfeek balances two lives. At home she is Muslim Jamilah - At school she is Aussie-blonde Jamie with blue eyes (contacts). Jamie's school formal is coming up and her Muslim band is performing at the formal. The only way she'll be allowed to attend is by revealing her true identity. But who is she ... Jamie or Jamilah?
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Where the Streets Had a Name|Where The Streets Had A Name]]'' || 13 year old Hayaat believes that a handful soil from her grandmother's ancestral home in Jerusalem will save her beloved Sitti Zeynab's life. The only problem is the impenetrable wall that divides the West Bank, as well as the checkpoints, the curfews, the permit system, and Hayaat's best friend Samy, who always manages to attract trouble.
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Noah's Law]]'' || 16 year old Noah is a trouble maker. He becomes involved in a case where a woman has been killed. Right and wrong, and crime and punishment are soon entangled as Noah realises that things are seldom what they seem.
|-
| 2011 || ''[[The Friendship Matchmaker]]'' || Lara Zany spends all of her time helping other children at her school make and keep friends and is writing a manual all about it. When she has to find a best friend for the most ‘difficult’ client ever, she comes to see the true value and importance of friendship
|-
|2012 || ''[[The Friendship Matchmaker Goes Undercover]] ||''
|-
|2013 (TBP, July)|| ''[[No Sex in the City]]''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.randaabdelfattah.com/index.asp Official Website]
* {{twitter|RandaAFAuthor}}
* [http://www.insideadog.com.au/residence/interviews/randa_abdel-fattah.html Interview on Insideadog]
* [http://www.literaryawards.com.au/mitchell.html Kathleen Mitchell Award]

{{Authority control|VIAF=90783621}}


{{Persondata
|NAME=Abdel-Fattah, Randa
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Contemporary [[Australia]]n writer of novels for young adults
|DATE OF BIRTH=1979-06-06
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Australia]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdel-Fattah, Randa}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Australian lawyers]]
[[Category:Australian children's writers]]
[[Category:Australian women writers]]
[[Category:Australian people of Arab descent]]
[[Category:Australian people of Egyptian descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Muslim writers]]
[[Category:Australian people of Palestinian descent]]
[[Category:Australian Muslims]]
[[Category:Palestinian children's writers]]
[[Category:Melbourne Law School alumni]]

Lux Aeterna (Mansell)

2013-06-22T19:19:22Z

Qwerty Binary: Rm space.

{{Song infobox
| Name = Lux Aeterna
| Cover =
| Artist = [[Kronos Quartet]]
| Album = [[Requiem for a Dream (soundtrack)|Requiem for a Dream]]
| track_no = 32
| Length = 3:54
| Key_Signature = G minor
| Composer = [[Clint Mansell]]
| prev_no = 31
| prev = "Meltdown"
| next_no = 33
| next = "Coney Island Low"
}}
{{listen
|filename=Clint Mansell Lux Aeterna.ogg
|title=Clint Mansell - "Lux Aeterna"
|description=listen to a clip from the soundtrack of "Requiem for a Dream".
}}
{{About|the leitmotif of [[Requiem for a Dream]]|other musical compositions called Lux Aeterna|Lux Aeterna (disambiguation){{!}}Lux Aeterna}}
"'''Lux Aeterna'''" ({{IPA-la|lʊks ɛtɛrna|pron}}; [[Latin language|Latin]] for "eternal light") is a composition by [[Clint Mansell]], the [[leitmotif]] of a movie from 2000, ''[[Requiem for a Dream]]'', and the penultimate piece in the [[Requiem for a Dream (soundtrack)|''Requiem for a Dream'' score]]. The popularity of this piece led to its use in [[popular culture]] outside the film, most notably in [[Trailer (film)|film]] and [[Teaser trailer|teaser]] trailers, such as ''[[Sunshine (2007 film)|Sunshine]]'', and multiple remixes and remakes by other producers.

A version of the track was [[orchestration|re-orchestrated]] with a [[choir]] and full [[orchestra]] for ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'' trailer<ref>Ebert, Roger. [http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20021117/ANSWERMAN/211170301 "The Movie Answer Man"] November 17, 2002. (accessed March 24, 2007)</ref> and was renamed "[[Requiem for a Tower]]". It was arranged by Simone Benyacar, Daniel Nielsen, and [[Veigar Margeirsson]]. Although never intended for release, after considerable demand by fans this piece was made available as part of the ''Requiem for a Tower'' album release from Corner Stone Cues.<ref name=album> {{cite web
| last = Jonathan
| first = Jarry
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Corner Stone Cues Presents: "Requiem for a Tower"
| work =
| publisher = [[SoundtrackNet]]
| date = 2006-11-08
| url = http://www.soundtrack.net/albums/database/?id=4249
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2009-06-18}}</ref> The ''Requiem for a Tower'' version served as the theme for [[Sky Sports]]' [[Gillette Soccer Saturday]] during 2008 and 2009.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lux Aeterna (Requiem for a Dream)}}
[[Category:Songs from films]]
[[Category:2000 songs]]

Korma (Gericht)

2013-06-22T11:16:26Z

Qwerty Binary: /* External links */ Cat.

{{distinguish|Karma}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Korma
| image = [[File:Navratan Korma.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Korma
| alternate_name =
| country = [[India]], [[Pakistan]]
| creator =
| type = [[Curry]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Yogurt]], [[cream]], [[coconut milk]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Korma''', '''kormaa''', '''qorma''', '''khorma''', or '''kurma''' is a dish originating in [[South Asia]] or Central Asia<ref name=times2773345>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/anjum_anand/article2773345.ece Amjum Anand (2007), ''My Chicken Korma'' (Times Online)]</ref> which can be made with [[yogurt]], cream, nut and seed pastes or [[coconut milk]]. It is a type of [[curry]].

==History==
The word korma ({{lang-fa|قورمه}} azid) derives from the Turkish verb for roasting/grilling of azid (kavurma). Korma (azid) has its roots in the [[Mughlai cuisine]]<ref name=times2773345/> of modern-day [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. It is a characteristic [[India]]n dish which can be traced back to the 16th century and to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] incursions into present-day Northern India, Pakistan and [[Bangladesh]]. Classically, a korma is defined as a dish where meat or vegetables are [[braising|braised]] with water, stock, and yogurt or creamy azid (the name is in fact derived from the [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] words for "braise").<ref name=singhp24>Singh, D. ''Indian Cookery'', Penguin, 1970, pp.24-25</ref> The technique covers many different styles of korma (azid).

The flavour of a korma is based on a mixture of spices, including ground [[coriander]] and [[cumin]], combined with yogurt kept below [[curdle|curdling]] temperature and incorporated slowly and carefully with the meat juices. Traditionally, this would have been carried out in a pot set over a very low fire, with [[charcoal]] on the lid to provide all-round heat. A korma can be mildly spiced or fiery and may use [[lamb and mutton|lamb]], [[chicken]], [[beef]] or game; some kormas combine meat and vegetables such as [[spinach]] and [[turnip]]. {{cn-span|text=The [[dopiaza]], featuring a large quantity of [[onion]]s, is a form of korma, as is the [[Kashmir]]i dish [[rogan josh]] or ''rogan gosht''.|date=December 2011}}{{dubious|date=December 2011}} The term ''Shahi'' ({{lang-en|Royal}}), used for some kormas indicates its status as a prestige dish, rather than an everyday meal, and its association with the court.

==Variations==
===Korma in the United Kingdom==
In the United Kingdom, a korma usually refers not to a particular cooking technique but to a curry with a thick, cream-based sauce or gravy. The korma in UK [[curry house]]s is invariably mildly spicy and may often feature nuts, usually [[almond]]s or [[cashew]]s, and [[coconut]].

===Navratan korma===
Navratan korma is a vegetarian korma made with vegetables and either [[paneer]] (an [[India|Indian]] cheese) or nuts - or sometimes both.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vdMNBxOsvrUC&pg=PR20&dq=navratan+korma#v=onepage&q=navratan%20korma&f=false |title=Encyclopaedia of tourism resources ... - Google Books |publisher=books.google.co.uk |accessdate=2010-06-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianfood.about.com/od/vegetarianrecipes/r/navratankorma.htm |title=Navratan Korma - Nine-gem Curry |publisher=about.com |accessdate=2010-06-18 }}</ref> "Navratan" means nine gems, and it is common for the recipe to include nine different vegetables.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PpHxAMX7m60C&pg=PA13&dq=navratan+korma#v=onepage&q=navratan%20korma&f=false |title=Dishes & Desserts - Google Books |publisher=books.google.co.uk |accessdate=2010-06-18 }}</ref>

==Preparation==
[[File:Chicken White Qorma (Korma).JPG|thumb|A chicken korma dish of Pakistan]]
The korma style is similar to all other [[braising]] techniques in that the meat or vegetable is first cooked briskly or seared using a high heat and then subjected to long, slow cooking using moist heat and a minimum of added liquid. The pot may be sealed with dough during the last stages of cooking.

Chicken or other poultry requires fairly thorough coating with the spice mixture, or [[marinating]], and heating evenly in cooking oil or [[ghee]] at a high enough temperature to cook through, followed by a cooling period after which yogurt and/or cream may be added. However, lamb requires a very brief initial searing to brown the surface of each piece, followed by a braising at a continuous low temperature. This prevents the lamb from toughening, a particular problem if a large amount is to be cooked; temperature heterogeneity is difficult if the mixture is left to stand. This low cooking temperature is usually quite difficult to achieve, but if done correctly results in a memorable dish.

The korma can make use of a technique called [[chaunk|bagar]]: later in the cooking, additional spices are mixed with heated ghee and then combined with the sauce formed by the braising; the pan is then covered and shaken to release steam and mix the contents.<ref name=singhp26>Singh, p.26</ref>

There is a wide variation between individual korma and other "curry" recipes. Chilli and ginger are often used, but the precise method of preparation results in widely different flavours. [[Cinnamomum tamala|Bay leaves]] or dried [[coconut]] may be added, the latter being a predominantly [[South Indian]] flavouring.

A korma ''pilau'' ([[pilaf]]) is a rice and meat dish made with braised meat.<ref name=singh154>Singh, p.154</ref>

==See also==
*[[Curry house]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|korma}}

{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Pakistani dishes}}

[[Category:Bengali curry]]
[[Category:Bulgarian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian curry]]
[[Category:Mughlai cuisine]]
[[Category:Muhajir cuisine]]
[[Category:Pakistani curry]]
[[Category:Pakistani meat dishes]]
[[Category:Turkish cuisine]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradeshi cuisine]]

Korma (Gericht)

2013-06-22T11:13:48Z

Qwerty Binary: Clean up.

{{distinguish|Karma}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Korma
| image = [[File:Navratan Korma.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Korma
| alternate_name =
| country = [[India]], [[Pakistan]]
| creator =
| type = [[Curry]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Yogurt]], [[cream]], [[coconut milk]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Korma''', '''kormaa''', '''qorma''', '''khorma''', or '''kurma''' is a dish originating in [[South Asia]] or Central Asia<ref name=times2773345>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/anjum_anand/article2773345.ece Amjum Anand (2007), ''My Chicken Korma'' (Times Online)]</ref> which can be made with [[yogurt]], cream, nut and seed pastes or [[coconut milk]]. It is a type of [[curry]].

==History==
The word korma ({{lang-fa|قورمه}} azid) derives from the Turkish verb for roasting/grilling of azid (kavurma). Korma (azid) has its roots in the [[Mughlai cuisine]]<ref name=times2773345/> of modern-day [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. It is a characteristic [[India]]n dish which can be traced back to the 16th century and to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] incursions into present-day Northern India, Pakistan and [[Bangladesh]]. Classically, a korma is defined as a dish where meat or vegetables are [[braising|braised]] with water, stock, and yogurt or creamy azid (the name is in fact derived from the [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] words for "braise").<ref name=singhp24>Singh, D. ''Indian Cookery'', Penguin, 1970, pp.24-25</ref> The technique covers many different styles of korma (azid).

The flavour of a korma is based on a mixture of spices, including ground [[coriander]] and [[cumin]], combined with yogurt kept below [[curdle|curdling]] temperature and incorporated slowly and carefully with the meat juices. Traditionally, this would have been carried out in a pot set over a very low fire, with [[charcoal]] on the lid to provide all-round heat. A korma can be mildly spiced or fiery and may use [[lamb and mutton|lamb]], [[chicken]], [[beef]] or game; some kormas combine meat and vegetables such as [[spinach]] and [[turnip]]. {{cn-span|text=The [[dopiaza]], featuring a large quantity of [[onion]]s, is a form of korma, as is the [[Kashmir]]i dish [[rogan josh]] or ''rogan gosht''.|date=December 2011}}{{dubious|date=December 2011}} The term ''Shahi'' ({{lang-en|Royal}}), used for some kormas indicates its status as a prestige dish, rather than an everyday meal, and its association with the court.

==Variations==
===Korma in the United Kingdom==
In the United Kingdom, a korma usually refers not to a particular cooking technique but to a curry with a thick, cream-based sauce or gravy. The korma in UK [[curry house]]s is invariably mildly spicy and may often feature nuts, usually [[almond]]s or [[cashew]]s, and [[coconut]].

===Navratan korma===
Navratan korma is a vegetarian korma made with vegetables and either [[paneer]] (an [[India|Indian]] cheese) or nuts - or sometimes both.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vdMNBxOsvrUC&pg=PR20&dq=navratan+korma#v=onepage&q=navratan%20korma&f=false |title=Encyclopaedia of tourism resources ... - Google Books |publisher=books.google.co.uk |accessdate=2010-06-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianfood.about.com/od/vegetarianrecipes/r/navratankorma.htm |title=Navratan Korma - Nine-gem Curry |publisher=about.com |accessdate=2010-06-18 }}</ref> "Navratan" means nine gems, and it is common for the recipe to include nine different vegetables.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PpHxAMX7m60C&pg=PA13&dq=navratan+korma#v=onepage&q=navratan%20korma&f=false |title=Dishes & Desserts - Google Books |publisher=books.google.co.uk |accessdate=2010-06-18 }}</ref>

==Preparation==
[[File:Chicken White Qorma (Korma).JPG|thumb|A chicken korma dish of Pakistan]]
The korma style is similar to all other [[braising]] techniques in that the meat or vegetable is first cooked briskly or seared using a high heat and then subjected to long, slow cooking using moist heat and a minimum of added liquid. The pot may be sealed with dough during the last stages of cooking.

Chicken or other poultry requires fairly thorough coating with the spice mixture, or [[marinating]], and heating evenly in cooking oil or [[ghee]] at a high enough temperature to cook through, followed by a cooling period after which yogurt and/or cream may be added. However, lamb requires a very brief initial searing to brown the surface of each piece, followed by a braising at a continuous low temperature. This prevents the lamb from toughening, a particular problem if a large amount is to be cooked; temperature heterogeneity is difficult if the mixture is left to stand. This low cooking temperature is usually quite difficult to achieve, but if done correctly results in a memorable dish.

The korma can make use of a technique called [[chaunk|bagar]]: later in the cooking, additional spices are mixed with heated ghee and then combined with the sauce formed by the braising; the pan is then covered and shaken to release steam and mix the contents.<ref name=singhp26>Singh, p.26</ref>

There is a wide variation between individual korma and other "curry" recipes. Chilli and ginger are often used, but the precise method of preparation results in widely different flavours. [[Cinnamomum tamala|Bay leaves]] or dried [[coconut]] may be added, the latter being a predominantly [[South Indian]] flavouring.

A korma ''pilau'' ([[pilaf]]) is a rice and meat dish made with braised meat.<ref name=singh154>Singh, p.154</ref>

==See also==
*[[Curry house]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|korma}}

{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Pakistani dishes}}

[[Category:Bengali curry]]
[[Category:Bulgarian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian curry]]
[[Category:Mughlai cuisine]]
[[Category:Muhajir cuisine]]
[[Category:Pakistani curry]]
[[Category:Pakistani meat dishes]]
[[Category:South Asian curry]]
[[Category:Turkish cuisine]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradeshi cuisine]]

Korma (Gericht)

2013-06-22T11:09:44Z

Qwerty Binary: /* External links */ Cat.

{{distinguish|Karma}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Korma
| image = [[File:Navratan Korma.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Korma
| alternate_name =
| country = [[India]], [[Pakistan]]
| creator =
| type = [[Curry]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Yogurt]], [[cream]], [[coconut milk]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Korma''', '''kormaa''', '''qorma''', '''khorma''', or '''kurma''' is a dish originating in [[South Asia]] or Central Asia<ref name=times2773345>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/anjum_anand/article2773345.ece Amjum Anand (2007), ''My Chicken Korma'' (Times Online)]</ref> which can be made with [[yogurt]], cream, nut and seed pastes or [[coconut milk]]. It is a type of [[curry]].

==History==
The word korma ({{lang-fa|قورمه}} azid) derives from the Turkish verb for roasting/grilling of azid (kavurma). Korma (azid) has its roots in the [[Mughlai cuisine]]<ref name=times2773345/> of modern-day [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. It is a characteristic [[India]]n dish which can be traced back to the 16th century and to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] incursions into present-day Northern India, Pakistan and [[Bangladesh]]. Classically, a korma is defined as a dish where meat or vegetables are [[braising|braised]] with water, stock, and yogurt or creamy azid (the name is in fact derived from the [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] words for "braise").<ref name=singhp24>Singh, D. ''Indian Cookery'', Penguin, 1970, pp.24-25</ref> The technique covers many different styles of korma (azid).

The flavour of a korma is based on a mixture of spices, including ground [[coriander]] and [[cumin]], combined with yogurt kept below [[curdle|curdling]] temperature and incorporated slowly and carefully with the meat juices. Traditionally, this would have been carried out in a pot set over a very low fire, with [[charcoal]] on the lid to provide all-round heat. A korma can be mildly spiced or fiery and may use [[lamb and mutton|lamb]], [[chicken]], [[beef]] or game; some kormas combine meat and vegetables such as [[spinach]] and [[turnip]]. {{cn-span|text=The [[dopiaza]], featuring a large quantity of [[onion]]s, is a form of korma, as is the [[Kashmir]]i dish [[rogan josh]] or ''rogan gosht''.|date=December 2011}}{{dubious|date=December 2011}} The term ''Shahi'' ({{lang-en|Royal}}), used for some kormas indicates its status as a prestige dish, rather than an everyday meal, and its association with the court.

==Korma in the United Kingdom==
In the United Kingdom, a korma usually refers not to a particular cooking technique but to a curry with a thick, cream-based sauce or gravy. The korma in UK [[curry house]]s is invariably mildly spicy and may often feature nuts, usually [[almond]]s or [[cashew]]s, and [[coconut]].

==Navratan korma==
Navratan korma is a vegetarian korma made with vegetables and either [[paneer]] (an [[India|Indian]] cheese) or nuts - or sometimes both.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vdMNBxOsvrUC&pg=PR20&dq=navratan+korma#v=onepage&q=navratan%20korma&f=false |title=Encyclopaedia of tourism resources ... - Google Books |publisher=books.google.co.uk |accessdate=2010-06-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianfood.about.com/od/vegetarianrecipes/r/navratankorma.htm |title=Navratan Korma - Nine-gem Curry |publisher=about.com |accessdate=2010-06-18 }}</ref> "Navratan" means nine gems, and it is common for the recipe to include nine different vegetables.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PpHxAMX7m60C&pg=PA13&dq=navratan+korma#v=onepage&q=navratan%20korma&f=false |title=Dishes & Desserts - Google Books |publisher=books.google.co.uk |accessdate=2010-06-18 }}</ref>

==Cooking technique==
[[File:Chicken White Qorma (Korma).JPG|thumb|A chicken korma dish of Pakistan]]
The korma style is similar to all other [[braising]] techniques in that the meat or vegetable is first cooked briskly or seared using a high heat and then subjected to long, slow cooking using moist heat and a minimum of added liquid. The pot may be sealed with dough during the last stages of cooking.

Chicken or other poultry requires fairly thorough coating with the spice mixture, or [[marinating]], and heating evenly in cooking oil or [[ghee]] at a high enough temperature to cook through, followed by a cooling period after which yogurt and/or cream may be added. However, lamb requires a very brief initial searing to brown the surface of each piece, followed by a braising at a continuous low temperature. This prevents the lamb from toughening, a particular problem if a large amount is to be cooked; temperature heterogeneity is difficult if the mixture is left to stand. This low cooking temperature is usually quite difficult to achieve, but if done correctly results in a memorable dish.

The korma can make use of a technique called [[chaunk|bagar]]: later in the cooking, additional spices are mixed with heated ghee and then combined with the sauce formed by the braising; the pan is then covered and shaken to release steam and mix the contents.<ref name=singhp26>Singh, p.26</ref>

There is a wide variation between individual korma and other "curry" recipes. Chilli and ginger are often used, but the precise method of preparation results in widely different flavours. [[Cinnamomum tamala|Bay leaves]] or dried [[coconut]] may be added, the latter being a predominantly [[South Indian]] flavouring.

A korma ''pilau'' ([[pilaf]]) is a rice and meat dish made with braised meat.<ref name=singh154>Singh, p.154</ref>

==See also==
*[[Curry house]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|korma}}

{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Pakistani dishes}}

[[Category:Bengali curry]]
[[Category:Bulgarian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian curry]]
[[Category:Mughlai cuisine]]
[[Category:Muhajir cuisine]]
[[Category:Pakistani curry]]
[[Category:Pakistani meat dishes]]
[[Category:South Asian curry]]
[[Category:Turkish cuisine]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradeshi cuisine]]

Korma (Gericht)

2013-06-22T11:02:19Z

Qwerty Binary: Cat.

{{distinguish|Karma}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Korma
| image = [[File:Navratan Korma.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Korma
| alternate_name =
| country = [[India]], [[Pakistan]]
| creator =
| type = [[Curry]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Yogurt]], [[cream]], [[coconut milk]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Korma''', '''kormaa''', '''qorma''', '''khorma''', or '''kurma''' is a dish originating in [[South Asia]] or Central Asia<ref name=times2773345>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/anjum_anand/article2773345.ece Amjum Anand (2007), ''My Chicken Korma'' (Times Online)]</ref> which can be made with [[yogurt]], cream, nut and seed pastes or [[coconut milk]]. It is a type of [[curry]].

==History==
The word korma ({{lang-fa|قورمه}} azid) derives from the Turkish verb for roasting/grilling of azid (kavurma). Korma (azid) has its roots in the [[Mughlai cuisine]]<ref name=times2773345/> of modern-day [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. It is a characteristic [[India]]n dish which can be traced back to the 16th century and to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] incursions into present-day Northern India, Pakistan and [[Bangladesh]]. Classically, a korma is defined as a dish where meat or vegetables are [[braising|braised]] with water, stock, and yogurt or creamy azid (the name is in fact derived from the [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] words for "braise").<ref name=singhp24>Singh, D. ''Indian Cookery'', Penguin, 1970, pp.24-25</ref> The technique covers many different styles of korma (azid).

The flavour of a korma is based on a mixture of spices, including ground [[coriander]] and [[cumin]], combined with yogurt kept below [[curdle|curdling]] temperature and incorporated slowly and carefully with the meat juices. Traditionally, this would have been carried out in a pot set over a very low fire, with [[charcoal]] on the lid to provide all-round heat. A korma can be mildly spiced or fiery and may use [[lamb and mutton|lamb]], [[chicken]], [[beef]] or game; some kormas combine meat and vegetables such as [[spinach]] and [[turnip]]. {{cn-span|text=The [[dopiaza]], featuring a large quantity of [[onion]]s, is a form of korma, as is the [[Kashmir]]i dish [[rogan josh]] or ''rogan gosht''.|date=December 2011}}{{dubious|date=December 2011}} The term ''Shahi'' ({{lang-en|Royal}}), used for some kormas indicates its status as a prestige dish, rather than an everyday meal, and its association with the court.

==Korma in the United Kingdom==
In the United Kingdom, a korma usually refers not to a particular cooking technique but to a curry with a thick, cream-based sauce or gravy. The korma in UK [[curry house]]s is invariably mildly spicy and may often feature nuts, usually [[almond]]s or [[cashew]]s, and [[coconut]].

==Navratan korma==
Navratan korma is a vegetarian korma made with vegetables and either [[paneer]] (an [[India|Indian]] cheese) or nuts - or sometimes both.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vdMNBxOsvrUC&pg=PR20&dq=navratan+korma#v=onepage&q=navratan%20korma&f=false |title=Encyclopaedia of tourism resources ... - Google Books |publisher=books.google.co.uk |accessdate=2010-06-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianfood.about.com/od/vegetarianrecipes/r/navratankorma.htm |title=Navratan Korma - Nine-gem Curry |publisher=about.com |accessdate=2010-06-18 }}</ref> "Navratan" means nine gems, and it is common for the recipe to include nine different vegetables.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PpHxAMX7m60C&pg=PA13&dq=navratan+korma#v=onepage&q=navratan%20korma&f=false |title=Dishes & Desserts - Google Books |publisher=books.google.co.uk |accessdate=2010-06-18 }}</ref>

==Cooking technique==
[[File:Chicken White Qorma (Korma).JPG|thumb|A chicken korma dish of Pakistan]]
The korma style is similar to all other [[braising]] techniques in that the meat or vegetable is first cooked briskly or seared using a high heat and then subjected to long, slow cooking using moist heat and a minimum of added liquid. The pot may be sealed with dough during the last stages of cooking.

Chicken or other poultry requires fairly thorough coating with the spice mixture, or [[marinating]], and heating evenly in cooking oil or [[ghee]] at a high enough temperature to cook through, followed by a cooling period after which yogurt and/or cream may be added. However, lamb requires a very brief initial searing to brown the surface of each piece, followed by a braising at a continuous low temperature. This prevents the lamb from toughening, a particular problem if a large amount is to be cooked; temperature heterogeneity is difficult if the mixture is left to stand. This low cooking temperature is usually quite difficult to achieve, but if done correctly results in a memorable dish.

The korma can make use of a technique called [[chaunk|bagar]]: later in the cooking, additional spices are mixed with heated ghee and then combined with the sauce formed by the braising; the pan is then covered and shaken to release steam and mix the contents.<ref name=singhp26>Singh, p.26</ref>

There is a wide variation between individual korma and other "curry" recipes. Chilli and ginger are often used, but the precise method of preparation results in widely different flavours. [[Cinnamomum tamala|Bay leaves]] or dried [[coconut]] may be added, the latter being a predominantly [[South Indian]] flavouring.

A korma ''pilau'' ([[pilaf]]) is a rice and meat dish made with braised meat.<ref name=singh154>Singh, p.154</ref>

==See also==
*[[Curry house]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|korma}}

{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Pakistani dishes}}

[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Bulgarian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian curry]]
[[Category:Mughlai cuisine]]
[[Category:Muhajir cuisine]]
[[Category:Pakistani curry]]
[[Category:Pakistani meat dishes]]
[[Category:South Asian curry]]
[[Category:Turkish cuisine]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradeshi cuisine]]

Rogan Josh

2013-06-22T11:00:51Z

Qwerty Binary: Cat.

{{about|the dish|the racehorse|Rogan Josh (horse)|the comic book|Rogan Gosh (comics)}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Rogan josh
| image = [[File:Rogan josh02.jpg|250px]]
| caption =
| alternate_name =
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Kashmir]]
| creator =
| course =
| type = [[Curry]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Lamb and mutton|Lamb]], Kashmiri mirch, [[Alkanna tinctoria|alkanet]] root
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
{{Tone|date=April 2011}}
'''Rogan josh''' (or '''roghan josh''') is an [[spice|aromatic]] [[lamb and mutton|lamb]] dish of [[Persian people|Persian]] origin, which is one of the signature recipes of [[Kashmiri cuisine]]. ''Rogan'' (روغن) means "[[oil]]" in [[Persian language|Persian]], while ''josh'' (جوش) means "heat, hot, boiling, or passionate". Rogan josh thus means cooked in oil at intense heat. Another interpretation of the name rogan josh is derived from the word ''rogan'' meaning "red color" (the same [[Indo-European]] root that is the source of the French "rouge" and the Spanish "rojo") and ''josh'' meaning passion or heat.

Rogan josh was brought to Kashmir<ref>Collingham, Lizzie. ''Curry: A Tale of Cooks & Conquerors.'' Oxford University Press, 2007.</ref> by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s, whose cuisine was in turn influenced by [[Persian cuisine]]. The unrelenting summer heat of the Indian plains took the Mughals frequently to [[Kashmir]], which has a cooler climate because of its altitude.

==Ingredients and cultural influence==
[[File:Rogan Josh.JPG|thumb|Rogan josh in the [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistani style]]]]
Rogan josh (or roghan josh) is a staple of [[Kashmiri cuisine]]: originally it was brought to Kashmir by the Mughals. It is one of the main dishes of the Kashmiri multi-course meal (the "[[Wazwan]]"). It consists of braised boneless lamb chunks cooked with a gravy based on browned onions or shallots, yoghurt, garlic, ginger and aromatic spices (cloves, bay leaves, cardamom, cinnamon). Its characteristic brilliant red color traditionally comes from liberal amounts of dried Kashmiri chiles that have been de-seeded to reduce their heat: these chillies (whose flavor approximates that of [[paprika]]) are considerably milder than the typical dried cayenne chiles of Indian cuisine. The recipe's spiciness is one of fragrance rather than heat, and the traditional dish is mild enough to be appreciated by Western palates that may not have been conditioned to tolerate the heat of chillies. In addition, dried flowers or root of [[Alkanna tinctoria]] are used in some variants of the recipe to impart a crimson color. Saffron is also part of some traditional recipes.

While the traditional preparation uses whole dried chillies that are de-seeded, soaked in water, and ground to a paste, non-traditional short cuts use either Kashmiri chili powder (available in Indian stores) or a mixture of paprika (predominantly) and cayenne pepper, adjusted to taste. (Madhur Jaffrey's recipe<ref>Madhur Jaffrey's Rogan Josh recipe. http://www.recipesource.com/ethnic/asia/indian/03/rec0324.html</ref> calls for a 4:1 ratio of paprika to cayenne).

A modified version of the dish is yogurt based but referred to by a slightly different name "Hindi Rogan Josh".

There has been commercial modification worldwide; in particular, a tomato-based lamb dish that imitates rogan josh while reducing cooking time and imparting a reddish color to the dish. Tomato, however, adds a flavor profile that, while fully acceptable, is distinct from that of the traditional dish.

==See also==
* {{portal-inline|Food}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Dishes}}

[[Category:Indian curry]]
[[Category:Indian meat dishes]]
[[Category:Kashmiri cuisine]]
[[Category:Lamb dishes]]

Korma (Gericht)

2013-06-22T10:20:42Z

Qwerty Binary: Cat.

{{distinguish|Karma}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Korma
| image = [[File:Navratan Korma.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Korma
| alternate_name =
| country = [[India]], [[Pakistan]]
| creator =
| type = [[Curry]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Yogurt]], [[cream]], [[coconut milk]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Korma''', '''kormaa''', '''qorma''', '''khorma''', or '''kurma''' is a dish originating in [[South Asia]] or Central Asia<ref name=times2773345>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/anjum_anand/article2773345.ece Amjum Anand (2007), ''My Chicken Korma'' (Times Online)]</ref> which can be made with [[yogurt]], cream, nut and seed pastes or [[coconut milk]]. It is a type of [[curry]].

==History==
The word korma ({{lang-fa|قورمه}} azid) derives from the Turkish verb for roasting/grilling of azid (kavurma). Korma (azid) has its roots in the [[Mughlai cuisine]]<ref name=times2773345/> of modern-day [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. It is a characteristic [[India]]n dish which can be traced back to the 16th century and to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] incursions into present-day Northern India, Pakistan and [[Bangladesh]]. Classically, a korma is defined as a dish where meat or vegetables are [[braising|braised]] with water, stock, and yogurt or creamy azid (the name is in fact derived from the [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] words for "braise").<ref name=singhp24>Singh, D. ''Indian Cookery'', Penguin, 1970, pp.24-25</ref> The technique covers many different styles of korma (azid).

The flavour of a korma is based on a mixture of spices, including ground [[coriander]] and [[cumin]], combined with yogurt kept below [[curdle|curdling]] temperature and incorporated slowly and carefully with the meat juices. Traditionally, this would have been carried out in a pot set over a very low fire, with [[charcoal]] on the lid to provide all-round heat. A korma can be mildly spiced or fiery and may use [[lamb and mutton|lamb]], [[chicken]], [[beef]] or game; some kormas combine meat and vegetables such as [[spinach]] and [[turnip]]. {{cn-span|text=The [[dopiaza]], featuring a large quantity of [[onion]]s, is a form of korma, as is the [[Kashmir]]i dish [[rogan josh]] or ''rogan gosht''.|date=December 2011}}{{dubious|date=December 2011}} The term ''Shahi'' ({{lang-en|Royal}}), used for some kormas indicates its status as a prestige dish, rather than an everyday meal, and its association with the court.

==Korma in the United Kingdom==
In the United Kingdom, a korma usually refers not to a particular cooking technique but to a curry with a thick, cream-based sauce or gravy. The korma in UK [[curry house]]s is invariably mildly spicy and may often feature nuts, usually [[almond]]s or [[cashew]]s, and [[coconut]].

==Navratan korma==
Navratan korma is a vegetarian korma made with vegetables and either [[paneer]] (an [[India|Indian]] cheese) or nuts - or sometimes both.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vdMNBxOsvrUC&pg=PR20&dq=navratan+korma#v=onepage&q=navratan%20korma&f=false |title=Encyclopaedia of tourism resources ... - Google Books |publisher=books.google.co.uk |accessdate=2010-06-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianfood.about.com/od/vegetarianrecipes/r/navratankorma.htm |title=Navratan Korma - Nine-gem Curry |publisher=about.com |accessdate=2010-06-18 }}</ref> "Navratan" means nine gems, and it is common for the recipe to include nine different vegetables.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PpHxAMX7m60C&pg=PA13&dq=navratan+korma#v=onepage&q=navratan%20korma&f=false |title=Dishes & Desserts - Google Books |publisher=books.google.co.uk |accessdate=2010-06-18 }}</ref>

==Cooking technique==
[[File:Chicken White Qorma (Korma).JPG|thumb|A chicken korma dish of Pakistan]]
The korma style is similar to all other [[braising]] techniques in that the meat or vegetable is first cooked briskly or seared using a high heat and then subjected to long, slow cooking using moist heat and a minimum of added liquid. The pot may be sealed with dough during the last stages of cooking.

Chicken or other poultry requires fairly thorough coating with the spice mixture, or [[marinating]], and heating evenly in cooking oil or [[ghee]] at a high enough temperature to cook through, followed by a cooling period after which yogurt and/or cream may be added. However, lamb requires a very brief initial searing to brown the surface of each piece, followed by a braising at a continuous low temperature. This prevents the lamb from toughening, a particular problem if a large amount is to be cooked; temperature heterogeneity is difficult if the mixture is left to stand. This low cooking temperature is usually quite difficult to achieve, but if done correctly results in a memorable dish.

The korma can make use of a technique called [[chaunk|bagar]]: later in the cooking, additional spices are mixed with heated ghee and then combined with the sauce formed by the braising; the pan is then covered and shaken to release steam and mix the contents.<ref name=singhp26>Singh, p.26</ref>

There is a wide variation between individual korma and other "curry" recipes. Chilli and ginger are often used, but the precise method of preparation results in widely different flavours. [[Cinnamomum tamala|Bay leaves]] or dried [[coconut]] may be added, the latter being a predominantly [[South Indian]] flavouring.

A korma ''pilau'' ([[pilaf]]) is a rice and meat dish made with braised meat.<ref name=singh154>Singh, p.154</ref>

==See also==
*[[curry house]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|korma}}

{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Pakistani dishes}}

[[Category:Pakistani cuisine]]
[[Category:Mughlai cuisine]]
[[Category:Muhajir cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Turkish cuisine]]
[[Category:Bulgarian cuisine]]
[[Category:South Asian curry]]
[[Category:Pakistani meat dishes]]

Rogan Josh

2013-06-22T10:00:12Z

Qwerty Binary: Cat.

{{about|the dish|the racehorse|Rogan Josh (horse)|the comic book|Rogan Gosh (comics)}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Rogan Josh
| image = [[File:Rogan josh02.jpg|250px]]
| caption =
| alternate_name =
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Kashmir]]
| creator =
| course =
| type = [[Curry]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Lamb and mutton|Lamb]], Kashmiri mirch, [[Alkanna tinctoria|alkanet]] root
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
{{Tone|date=April 2011}}
'''Rogan josh''' (or '''roghan josh''') is an [[spice|aromatic]] [[lamb and mutton|lamb]] dish of [[Persian people|Persian]] origin, which is one of the signature recipes of [[Kashmiri cuisine]]. ''Rogan'' (روغن) means "[[oil]]" in [[Persian language|Persian]], while ''josh'' (جوش) means "heat, hot, boiling, or passionate". Rogan josh thus means cooked in oil at intense heat. Another interpretation of the name rogan josh is derived from the word ''rogan'' meaning "red color" (the same [[Indo-European]] root that is the source of the French "rouge" and the Spanish "rojo") and ''josh'' meaning passion or heat.

Rogan josh was brought to Kashmir<ref>Collingham, Lizzie. ''Curry: A Tale of Cooks & Conquerors.'' Oxford University Press, 2007.</ref> by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s, whose cuisine was in turn influenced by [[Persian cuisine]]. The unrelenting summer heat of the Indian plains took the Mughals frequently to [[Kashmir]], which has a cooler climate because of its altitude.

==Ingredients and cultural influence==
[[File:Rogan Josh.JPG|thumb|Rogan josh in the [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistani style]]]]
Rogan josh (or roghan josh) is a staple of [[Kashmiri cuisine]]: originally it was brought to Kashmir by the Mughals. It is one of the main dishes of the Kashmiri multi-course meal (the "[[Wazwan]]"). It consists of braised boneless lamb chunks cooked with a gravy based on browned onions or shallots, yoghurt, garlic, ginger and aromatic spices (cloves, bay leaves, cardamom, cinnamon). Its characteristic brilliant red color traditionally comes from liberal amounts of dried Kashmiri chiles that have been de-seeded to reduce their heat: these chillies (whose flavor approximates that of [[paprika]]) are considerably milder than the typical dried cayenne chiles of Indian cuisine. The recipe's spiciness is one of fragrance rather than heat, and the traditional dish is mild enough to be appreciated by Western palates that may not have been conditioned to tolerate the heat of chillies. In addition, dried flowers or root of [[Alkanna tinctoria]] are used in some variants of the recipe to impart a crimson color. Saffron is also part of some traditional recipes.

While the traditional preparation uses whole dried chillies that are de-seeded, soaked in water, and ground to a paste, non-traditional short cuts use either Kashmiri chili powder (available in Indian stores) or a mixture of paprika (predominantly) and cayenne pepper, adjusted to taste. (Madhur Jaffrey's recipe<ref>Madhur Jaffrey's Rogan Josh recipe. http://www.recipesource.com/ethnic/asia/indian/03/rec0324.html</ref> calls for a 4:1 ratio of paprika to cayenne).

A modified version of the dish is yogurt based but referred to by a slightly different name "Hindi Rogan Josh".

There has been commercial modification worldwide; in particular, a tomato-based lamb dish that imitates rogan josh while reducing cooking time and imparting a reddish color to the dish. Tomato, however, adds a flavor profile that, while fully acceptable, is distinct from that of the traditional dish.

==See also==
* {{portal-inline|Food}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Dishes}}

[[Category:Indian meat dishes]]
[[Category:Kashmiri cuisine]]
[[Category:South Asian curry]]
[[Category:Lamb dishes]]

Brandrodung in Südostasien

2013-06-21T06:56:19Z

Qwerty Binary: Ref.

{{quotebox|'''"They only have to be sparked by cigarette butts and they (peatlands) will go up in flames"|Achmad Taufik, South Sumatra Forestry Office'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/08/15/slash-and-burn-practices-lead-forest-fires-s-sumatra.html|title=Slash-and-burn practices lead to forest fires in S. Sumatra|first=Ansyor|last=Idrus|work=The Jakarta Post|date=15 August 2012}}</ref>}}
'''Southeast Asian haze''' is huge perennial air quality and health problem stemming from [[slash and burn]] techniques coupled with expansion of palm oil estates at the expense of new and old growth forest, driven by desires for hard currency, employment, and large profits; largely controlled by multinational corporations. The largest of these are [[Wilmar]] and [[Cargill]].

The problem flares up every dry season, in varying degrees, and affects Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, southern Thailand, and Indonesia. Rice paddy burning is also a common practice throughout Southeast Asia, resulting in poor air quality at a local level.

==Haze by year==
It generally refers to [[haze]] occurring in Southeast Asia; see [[Smog#Southeast Asia]]. In specific intense cases, it may refer to:
*[[1997 Southeast Asian haze]]
*[[1997 Indonesian forest fires]]
*[[2005 Malaysian haze]]
*[[2006 Southeast Asian haze]]
*[[2009 Southeast Asian haze]]
*[[2013 Southeast Asian haze]]

==See also==
*[[ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Asia Pollution}}

[[Category:Air pollution by region]]

Brandrodung in Südostasien

2013-06-21T06:40:24Z

Qwerty Binary: Clean up.

{{quotebox|'''"They only have to be sparked by cigarette butts and they (peatlands) will go up in flames"|Achmad Taufik, South Sumatra Forestry Office'''<ref>http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/08/15/slash-and-burn-practices-lead-forest-fires-s-sumatra.html</ref>}}
'''Southeast Asian haze''' is huge perennial air quality and health problem stemming from [[slash and burn]] techniques coupled with expansion of palm oil estates at the expense of new and old growth forest, driven by desires for hard currency, employment, and large profits; largely controlled by multinational corporations. The largest of these are [[Wilmar]] and [[Cargill]].

The problem flares up every dry season, in varying degrees, and affects Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, southern Thailand, and Indonesia. Rice paddy burning is also a common practice throughout Southeast Asia, resulting in poor air quality at a local level.

==Haze by year==
It generally refers to [[haze]] occurring in Southeast Asia; see [[Smog#Southeast Asia]]. In specific intense cases, it may refer to:
*[[1997 Southeast Asian haze]]
*[[1997 Indonesian forest fires]]
*[[2005 Malaysian haze]]
*[[2006 Southeast Asian haze]]
*[[2009 Southeast Asian haze]]
*[[2013 Southeast Asian haze]]

==See also==
*[[ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Asia Pollution}}

[[Category:Air pollution by region]]

Ariel Fernandez

2012-07-31T21:57:44Z

Qwerty Binary: Clean up.

{{Infobox scientist
|name = Ariel Fernandez
| image = Fernandez copy2.tif
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
|residence =
|citizenship = Argentina, USA
|nationality =
|ethnicity =
|field = [[Biophysics]] [[Molecular targeted therapy]]
|work_institutions = [[Rice University]], [[University of Chicago]], [[Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry]]
|alma_mater = [[Yale University]]
|doctoral_advisor = [[Oktay Sinanoglu]]
|awards = [[Camille and Henry Dreyfus Distinguished New Faculty]], [[Camille and Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar]], [[Humboldt Awardee]], [[Guggenheim Fellow]], [[Feinberg Fellow]], [[State of Buenos Aires Medal]], [[Eli Lilly Awardee]], [[Honorary Member of Collegium Basilea (Switzerland)]], [[Principal Investigator, National Institutes of Health (R01 grant GM072614)]]
|doctoral_students = [[Gustavo Appignanesi]], [[Xi Zhang (physicist)|Xi Zhang]], [[Jianping Chen]]
|known_for = [[dehydron]] theory, [[center manifold theory]] for [[nonequilibrium thermodynamics]]

}}
'''Ariel Fernandez''' is an [[Argentina|Argentinian]]–[[United States|American]] physical chemist who held the Karl F. Hasselmann Professorship of Bioengineering at [[Rice University]] until 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cs.uchicago.edu/people/ariel/ |title=Ariel Fernandez |publisher=[[Rice University]] |accessdate=22 October 2010 }}</ref> He was born in [[Bahía Blanca]], [[Argentina]]. In his native Argentina, Ariel Fernandez has been appointed [http://www.iam.conicet.gov.ar/cms/?q=es/node/185 Principal Investigator at I. A. M. (Instituto Argentino de Matematica)] in Buenos Aires. Formally trained as a mathematician, he earned a Ph. D. in chemical physics from [[Yale University]] in 1984 and pursued his research endeavors in [[Goettingen]] under the tutelage of Nobel laureate [[Manfred Eigen]]. His widely acclaimed research spans various areas of [[algebra]] (representation theory), [[physical chemistry]], [[molecular biophysics]], [[dehydron]] physics and more recently, [[molecular evolution]] and [[drug discovery]]. In the latter field, he pioneered the so-called "wrapping technology" and outlined this therapeutic paradigm in his book ''Transformative Concepts for Drug Design: Target Wrapping''.<ref>Fernandez, Ariel. ''Transformative Concepts for Drug Design: Target Wrapping''. (ISBN 978-3642117916), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010.</ref> Target wrapping introduces a new binding mode and a selectivity filter to broaden the universe of molecular prototypes while tightening the drug-discovery funnel by generating compounds capable of withstanding long-term attrition.

==Career==
Ariel Fernandez's wrapping technology enables selectivity control in molecular targeted therapy and hinges on a pivotal concept: the [[dehydron]]. A dehydron is a structural singularity in a [[protein]] target, consisting of an intramolecular [[hydrogen bond]] incompletely shielded from [[water|water attack]], thereby endowed with a propensity to promote its own [[dehydration]]. The dehydron pattern of a target protein is not conserved across other proteins with common ancestry, hence this pattern constitutes a selectivity filter for drug design. Thus, Ariel Fernandez pioneered the exploitation of evolutionary insights to enhance the safety and efficacy of molecular targeted therapy.

Ariel Fernandez also serves as expert consultant in pharmaceutical patent litigation.

'''News on Nature paper by Ariel Fernandez and Michael Lynch:''' [http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110518/full/news.2011.294.html "The Achilles' Heel of Biological Complexity"]

'''Ariel Fernandez lecture at the Distinguished Scientific Leader Series, Georgia Institute of Technology:''' [http://smartech.gatech.edu/jspui/bitstream/1853/36240/2/fernandez_streaming.html "Evolutionary Insights into the control of drug specificity"]

'''Informal essay by Ariel Fernandez (UK Institute of Physics):''' [http://iopscience.iop.org/1751-8121/labtalk-article/46468?labTalkTab= "Biology avoids phase separations"]

'''Ariel Fernandez in the popular press (Al-Jazeera)''' [http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/10/2011104115723738874.html "Human evolution: No easy fix"]

==Selected publications==
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Fernandez%20Ariel Recent publications listed in the NIH/National Library of Medicine (PubMed)]
*[http://www.scirus.com/srsapp/search?q=%22Ariel+Fernandez%22&t=phrase&dt=fta&dt=bok&dt=rev&fdt=1980&tdt=2012&drill=yes&sort=0&p=0 Recent Physics/Chemistry publications listed in SCIRUS (science information resource)]
*[http://prl.aps.org/pdf/PRL/v108/i18/e188102 "Epistructural tension promotes protein associations", Physical Review Letters 108, 188102 (2012)]
*[http://physics.aps.org/articles/v5/51 Physics Focus]
*[http://cen.acs.org/articles/90/i20/Protein-Binding-Hot-Spots.html Chemical & Engineering News]
*"Almost-Split Sequences and Morita-Duality," Bulletin des Sciences Mathematiques. 2e series 110, 425 (1986)
*"Glassy Kinetic Barriers Between Conformational Substates in RNA Folding", PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 64, 2328 (1990)
*"Random Energy Model for the Kinetics of RNA Folding", PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 65, 2259 (1990)
*"Variational Approach to Relaxation in Complex Free Energy Landscapes: The Polymer Folding Problem", PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 78, 2668 (1997)
*Ariel Fernandez, Andres Colubri and R. Stephen Berry: "Topology to Geometry in protein folding: beta-lactoglobulin", PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, USA 97, 14062-14066 (2000)
*Ariel Fernández and Harold A. Scheraga: “Insufficiently dehydrated hydrogen bonds as determinants for protein interactions”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 100, 113-118 (2003)
*Ariel Fernández and Ridgway Scott: “Adherence of packing defects in soluble proteins”, Physical Review Letters 91, 018102 (2003)
*Ariel Fernández, Jozsef Kardos, Ridgway Scott, Yuji Goto and R. Stephen Berry: “Structural defects and the diagnosis of amyloidogenic propensity”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 100, 6446-6451 (2003)
*Ariel Fernández: "Keeping Dry and Crossing Membranes". Nature Biotechnology 22, 1081-1084 (2004)
*Ariel Fernández and R. Stephen Berry: “Molecular dimension explored in evolution to promote proteomic complexity”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 101, 13460-13465 (2004)
*Ariel Fernández and Jianping Chen: “Human capacitance to dosage imbalance: Coping with inefficient selection”. Genome Research 19, 2185-2192 (2009)
*Ariel Fernández and Michael Lynch: “Nonadaptive Origins of Interactome Complexity”. Nature 474, 502-505 (2011)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://people.cs.uchicago.edu/~arifer/ Ariel Fernandez website]
* [http://www.iam.conicet.gov.ar/cms/?q=es/node/185/ Ariel Fernandez Mathematics Research at IAM (Buenos Aires, Argentina)]
* [http://afinnovation.com/ Ariel Fernandez Innovation Consultancy]
* [http://www.cs.uchicago.edu/people/ariel/ Ariel Fernandez (Chicago Home Page)]
* [http://www.drugs.com/clinical_trials/study-re-engineered-gleevec-reduces-heart-risks-2882.html/ Fernandez' redesign of Gleevec to reduce cardiotoxicity (I)]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071203190607.htm?ref=Klasistanbul.Com/ Fernandez' redesign of Gleevec to reduce cardiotoxicity (II)]
* [http://www.portal4ebooks.com/ebook/Ariel-Fernandez/EN/Transformative-Concepts-for-Drug-Design-Target-Wrapping-Target-Wrapping/37030 / Fernandez' Book on Drug Design]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Fernandez, Ariel
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = April 8, 1957
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandez, Ariel}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Argentine biophysicists]]
[[Category:Argentine chemists]]
[[Category:Argentine educators]]
[[Category:Argentine emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Argentine mathematicians]]
[[Category:Argentine scientists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bahía Blanca]]
[[Category:Physical chemists]]
[[Category:Rice University faculty]]
[[Category:Theoretical chemists]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]

[[es:Ariel Fernández]]

Charles Tanford

2012-07-31T21:47:19Z

Qwerty Binary: Clean up. Cat.

'''Charles Tanford''' (December 29, 1921 to October 1, 2009) was an author and one of the preeminent protein chemists of his generation. He died in [[York, England]] on October 1, 2009.<ref name = "dukeToday2009">
{{Cite news | title = James B. Duke Professor Charles Tanford Dies
| newspaper = Duke Today | location = Durham, North Carolina
| pages = | publisher = Duke University | date =
| url = http://www.dukenews.duke.edu/2009/10/tanford.html
| accessdate = 2009-10-25}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Charles Tanford was born in [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]], Germany in 1921 to Majer and Charlotte Tannenbaum. His parents, who were Jewish, fled to England in 1929 anticipating the coming rule of the [[Nazi Party]], and changed their name to Tanford.

At the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, Tanford was sent to New York to live with relatives. Despite Tanford's attempts to persuade them to leave, many of his relatives stayed behind in Germany and subsequently perished in [[the Holocaust]].

While in the United States, Tanford earned a B.A. in chemistry from [[New York University]] in 1943 and worked on the [[Manhattan Project]] in [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory|Oak Ridge]].

In 1947, having completed a thesis on how gases burn, Tanford earned a Ph.D. in Chemistry from [[Princeton University]].

==Career==
After graduating from Princeton, Tanford spent two years at [[Harvard University]] in the laboratory of [[Edwin Cohn|E. J. Cohn]] and [[John Edsall]], where he changed his research focus to protein and protein chemistry. Thereafter, he was hired as an assistant professor by the [[University of Iowa]], where, in 1954, he was then promoted to associate professor and, again, in 1959, to full professor.

In 1960, Tanford joined the faculty at [[Duke University]] as a professor of physical biochemistry, beginning an association with the institution and teaching for almost 30 years. Ten years later, in 1970, he was named James B. Duke Professor of Biochemistry. He moved to the Department of Physiology in 1980, where his research efforts were concentrated on the movement of [[ion]]s across [[cell membrane]]s together with his collaborators Dr. E. A. Johnson and Dr. J. A. Reynolds.

Tanford retired in 1988, and was a James B. Duke [[Professor Emeritus]] of Cell Biology at Duke University until his death in 2009.

==Honors==
Charles had a long and successful academic career. His scientific research focused on the physical chemistry of protein molecules and he is widely known for his two ground-breaking textbooks, ''The Physical Chemistry of Macromolecules'' (1961), which dealt with water-soluble macromolecules, and ''The Hydrophobic Effect'' (1973), which covered proteins in all their various guises including those within cell membranes. In recognition of his scientific contributions, he was elected to the [[National Academy of Sciences]] and the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].

During his career, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship, an Alexander von Humboldt award, the Merck Award for Molecular Biology, and the distinguished Eastman Professorship at Oxford.

Tanford is credited with the "Tanford-Pease theory of burning velocity". It has been said that he coined the term "hydrophobic effect" but in all his publications he acknowledged the original contributions of G.S. Hartley to this concept and the later efforts of Walter Kauzmann who popularized the idea among biological scientists. In a modesty typical of him, Tanford gave great credit to the "[[Standing on the shoulders of giants|giants upon whose shoulders he stood]]".

Tanford was awarded a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] in 1956.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Fellows whose last names begin with T
| publisher = John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
| url = http://www.gf.org/tfellow.html
| accessdate = 2008-03-31 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080314122449/http://www.gf.org/tfellow.html  |archivedate = 2008-03-14}}</ref>
In 1972 he became a member of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] (Biophysics and computational biology).<ref>
{{cite web | title = National Academy of Sciences:
| url = http://www.nasonline.org/site/Dir?sid=1011&view=basic&pg=srch
| accessdate = 2008-04-02}} Directory search</ref>
In 1984 he received an ''Alexander von Humboldt award'' which he used during a sabbatical in Heidelberg, Germany.

==Personal life==
While at Harvard, he married Lucia L. Brown. They had three children, Vicki, Alex and Sarah. Charles was divorced in 1968, and soon thereafter began a professional and personal relationship with Dr. Jacqueline A. Reynolds, a fellow biochemist, that would last until his death.

He and Reynolds retired in 1988 and moved to [[Easingwold]], England, a remote Georgian market town in [[North Yorkshire]]. Here, he began a second career writing about the history of science primarily for lay readers. He published Ben Franklin Stilled the Waves: An Informal History of Pouring Oil on Water with Reflections on the Ups and Downs of Scientific Life in General. He and Dr. Reynolds published two books 'A Travel Guide to the Scientific Sites of the British Isles: A Guide to the People, Places and Landmarks' and 'The Scientific Traveler: a Guide to the People, Places and Institutions of Europe,' which was a natural product of their extensive travels; and 'Nature's Robots: A History of Proteins.' They were also frequent contributors to the British scientific magazine [[Nature (journal)|Nature]].

Throughout his life, Charles loved conversation, walking, wine, good food, travel, cricket, hiking, Switzerland, France, classical music, murder mysteries and birds.<ref name = "kresge2008">{{cite journal
| last = Kresge | first = Nicole
| coauthors = Nicole Kresge, Robert D. Simoni, and Robert L. Hill
| title = Amino Acid Solubility and Hydrophobic Interactions in Proteins: the Work of Charles Tanford
| journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 283 | issue = 4 | pages = e3–e4
| date = January 25, 2008
| url = http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/283/4/e3
| accessdate = 2008-02-19
}}</ref><ref name="tanford2003">{{cite book | last = Tanford | first = Charles
| editors = G Semenza, R Jaenicke, E C Slater, A J Turner
| title = COMPREHENSIVE BIOCHEMISTRY. VOLUME 42. A HISTORY OF BIOCHEMISTRY. Selected Topics in the History of Biochemistry. Personal Recollections. VII
| publisher = [[Elsevier]] | year = 2003 | location = [[Amsterdam]] | pages = 1–52
| url = http://books.google.com/?id=QDjy6Ij3FJcC&printsec=frontcover
| isbn = 0-444-50924-0}}Chapter 1: "Fifty Years In the World of Proteins"</ref>

==Partial bibliography==
*{{cite book
| last = Tanford
| first = Charles
| title = Physical Chemistry of Macromolecules
| publisher = [[John Wiley & Sons]]
| year = 1961
| location = [[New York City|New York]], NY
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}

*{{cite book
| last = Tanford
| first = Charles
| title = The Hydrophobic Effect: Formation of Micelles and Biological Membranes
| publisher = John Wiley & Sons Inc.
| year = 1973
| location = New York, NY
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 978-0-471-84460-0}}

*{{cite book
| last = Tanford | first = Charles
| title = Ben Franklin Stilled the Waves: An Informal History of Pouring Oil on Water with Reflections on the Ups and Downs of Scientific Life in General
| publisher = [[Duke University Press]] | year = 1989 | location = [[Durham, North Carolina]]
| pages =
| url = http://books.google.com/?id=ll9DkC4ZZBkC
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-8223-0876-2}}

*{{cite book
| last = Tanford
| first = Charles
|coauthors = Jacqueline Reynolds
| title = The Scientific Traveler: A Guide to the People, Places, and Institutions of Europe
| publisher = John Wiley & Sons
| year = 1992
| location = New York, NY
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn =978-0-471-55566-7 }}

*{{cite book
| last = Tanford
| first = Charles
| coauthors = Jacqueline Reynolds
| title = Nature's robots: A History of Proteins
| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
| year = 2003
| location = [[Oxford]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-19-850466-7
}}

*{{cite book
| last = Tanford
| first = Charles
| title =Ben Franklin stilled the waves: An informal history of pouring oil on water with reflections on the ups and downs of scientific life in general.

| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
| year = 2004
| location = [[Oxford]]
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| isbn =0-19-280494-4 }}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Tanford, Charles
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1921
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 2009
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanford, Charles}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:American biophysicists]]
[[Category:American people German descent]]
[[Category:American people of German-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Duke University faculty]]
[[Category:German biophysicists]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]
[[Category:Harvard University faculty]]
[[Category:Jewish American scientists]]
[[Category:Manhattan Project people]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Halle, Saxony-Anhalt]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Iowa faculty]]

John Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Preston Candover

2012-07-28T13:24:44Z

Qwerty Binary: /* Early and private life */ Clean up.

{{Infobox person
|honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] 
|name = The Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover
|honorific-suffix = [[Order of the Garter|KG]]
|image = Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover.jpg
|image_size = 200px
|caption = Lord Sainsbury in the robes of a Knight of the Garter
|birth_name = John Davan Sainsbury
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1927|11|02|df=y}}
|known_for = businessman, politician and [[peerage|peer]]
|alma_mater = [[Worcester College, Oxford]]
|networth = £1.3 billion <ref name="richlist2008">{{cite web|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/specials/rich_list/article3797174.ece|title=Lord Sainsbury and family|date=2008-04-27|work=Sunday Times Rich List 2008|publisher=[[The Sunday Times]]|accessdate=2009-04-20}}</ref>
|title =
|term =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]
|opponents =
|boards =
|children =
|parents = [[Alan Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury|Alan Sainsbury]]
|relations = [[Robert Sainsbury]] (uncle)
}}
'''John Davan Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Preston Candover''', [[Order of the Garter|KG]] (born 2 November 1927) is the [[President]] of [[Sainsbury's]], a [[United Kingdom|British]] businessman, and a politician. He sits in the [[House of Lords]] as a member of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].

==Early and private life==
He is the son of [[Alan Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury]], and the nephew of [[Robert Sainsbury|Sir Robert Sainsbury]]. His younger brothers are [[Simon Sainsbury|Simon]] and [[Tim Sainsbury|Timothy]], former Conservative Minister of Trade; [[David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville|David Sainsbury]], former Labour Minister for Science, is a cousin. His great-grandparents, [[John James Sainsbury]] and [[Mary Ann Staples]], established a grocer's at 173 [[Drury Lane]] in 1869 which became the British [[supermarket]] chain [[Sainsbury's]]. He is sometimes referred to as "Mr JD" Sainsbury (which is what he was known as when working for [[Sainsbury's]]).

Lord Sainsbury attended [[Worcester College, Oxford|Worcester College]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], reading History.

He is married to the former ballerina [[Anya Linden]]. They have three children: Sarah Butler-Sloss (1964-), John Julian (1966-) and Mark (1969-).

When he bought his 18th-century mansion at [[Preston Candover]] in [[Hampshire]], from the previous owner [[Peter Cadbury]], he replanted trees that Peter Cadbury had cut down in order to make the house look bigger.

He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in 1980 for services to the food retailing industry, and was made a [[life peer]] in 1989 with the title '''Baron Sainsbury of Preston Candover''', of [[Preston Candover]] in the County of [[Hampshire]]. He became a [[Knight of the Garter]] in 1992.

==Business career==
Lord Sainsbury joined Sainsbury's in 1950 (the year the first self-service store opened in [[Croydon]]), working in the grocery department. The next year he became in charge of buying biscuits. He later became in charge of many other aspects of the business, including bacon buying in 1956. He became a director of the Company, then known as J. Sainsbury Ltd., in 1958, becoming Deputy Chairman in 1967 following his father [[Alan Sainsbury]]'s retirement.

Lord Sainsbury took over from his uncle [[Sir Robert Sainsbury]] as chairman and chief executive in 1969. At the time, although Sainsbury's had always been the largest UK grocery retailer by market share since 1922, [[Tesco]]'s profits were double those of Sainsbury's, and [[Marks & Spencer]]'s were nine times those of Sainsbury's.

He led the company on to the [[London Stock Exchange]] on 12 July 1973, which was at the time the largest floatation ever. Dubbed "The sale of the century" by the press, his family at the time retained control with an 85% stake. Whilst his cousin, [[David Sainsbury]], inherited his father [[Robert Sainsbury]]'s entire 18% shareholding, Lord Sainsbury had to split his father [[Alan Sainsbury]]'s 18% stake with his younger brothers [[Simon Sainsbury|The Hon. Simon Sainsbury]] and [[Tim Sainsbury|The Rt Hon. Sir Timothy Sainsbury]], and so they held 6% each. It is believed that [[Robert Sainsbury]] gave [[David Sainsbury]] his entire shareholding (rather than split it between David and his three daughters) so that David would have more votes at the table, considering JD had a forceful, autocratic style of leadership, whereas David was always more cautious (and always seemed less interested in the family business than JD (David having only joined Sainsbury's personnel department as he did not get the grades to become a scientist)).

During his 23 years as Chairman, Sainsbury's replaced all its 82 counter service stores with modern supermarkets, and the number of UK grocery stores increased from 244 stores (including 162 self-service shops) to 313 supermarkets, whilst the average size of new supermarkets increased from {{convert|8120|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} to {{convert|34980|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}. The range of products increased from 4,000 (including 1,500 own brand products) to 16,000 (including 8,000 own brand products). He was said to personally taste own brand products himself to make sure he was satisfied with its quality control, and personally approved every own brand product packaging design himself before the official launch of each new own brand product. He was said to turn up unannounced at stores either by helicopter or [[Bentley]] to patrol the aisles and shouted loudly if something was not right.

He led Sainsbury's into the USA through the purchase of [[Shaw's]], a USA supermarket chain, and started both the [[Homebase]] and [[Savacentre]] ventures. Shaw's and Homebase have since been sold, whilst Savacentre has been re-branded under the core Sainsbury's brand.

Between 1973 and 1992, the company's market capitalisation increased from £117m to £8.115bn due to an increase in the share price from 9p to 464p (on 15 May 1992). Between 1969 and 1992 sales increased from £166m to £9.202bn and profit before tax increased from £4.3m to £628m. The Company also boasted the highest sales per square foot in the food retailing industry and the market share of the UK supermarket business increased from 2.5% to 10.4%. Sainsbury's also overtook both Tesco and Marks & Spencer (the latter shortly before his retirement on his 65th birthday on 2 November 1992) to become the UK's largest and most successful supermarket chain. [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,1001526,00.html] Following his retirement, his cousin and Labour supporter [[David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville|David Sainsbury]] (now Lord Sainsbury of Turville) became Chairman. Tesco overtook Sainsbury's to become the UK's largest supermarket chain in 1995, and David Sainsbury stepped down as Chairman in 1998 to pursue his long held ambition to have a career in politics.

Although Lord Sainsbury has retired, he is Life President of the retailer and continues to take an active interest in the business; these days he tours stores with present chief executive [[Justin King (businessman)|Justin King]], as well as being the family member always attending J Sainsbury plc Annual General Meetings.

He is also the family member with a large shareholding that is most reluctant to sell down his stake. During the sell down of the family stake between 2005-2008 from 35% to 15%, it was Lord Sainsbury who was the last major family shareholder to reduce his stake, in his case from 4% to 3.89%, the 0.11% sold having belonged to a non-beneficial trust held by him.

J Sainsbury plc was informed on 5 December 2006 by Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover, that he no longer holds a reportable interest in the Company following the transfer of shares within his family. As a result, his 3.89% shareholding in Sainsbury's is no longer reportable.

During the takeover bids for Sainsbury's during 2007, Lord Sainsbury used [[N M Rothschild & Sons]] as his financial advisor and was said to be the major family shareholder most resistant to selling his stake. Indeed, during the private equity takeover bid during the first half of 2007, he was said to be refusing to sell his stake of just under 3% at any price.

As of August 2009, Lord Sainsbury continues to control just under 3% of the company, and benefits from 1.6% of the equity included in the above. Although David Sainsbury controls the largest family shareholding of 5.85%, and Lord Sainsbury controls just under 3%, the beneficial holding of David Sainsbury is only 0.57%, compared with 1.6% for JD Sainsbury. The [[Sainsbury family]] as a whole control approximately 15% of Sainsbury's. In the [[Sunday Times Rich List 2008]] his family fortune was estimated at £1.3 billion.

==Charitable works==
In 1985 he and his two brothers provided funds to construct a new wing of the [[National Gallery, London]] at a cost of around £50 million, which opened in 1991 as the Sainsbury Wing.

With his wife, he also runs the Linbury Trust, which offers grants to various projects in the fields of the Arts, Education, Environment & Heritage, Medical, Social Welfare and Developing Countries. One of the most notable projects funded by the Linbury Trust was the 1990s redevelopment of the world renowned [[Royal Opera House]] in London. The Linbury Studio Theatre in the building is named in recognition of the substantial contribution made by the trust.

Most notably contributing a considerable amount towards the redevelopment of the [[Royal Opera House]]. The Linbury Studio Theatre is named in recognition of the major contribution to the redevelopment of the Royal Opera House. In 1987, Lady Sainsbury founded the Linbury Biennial Prize for Stage Design, which identifies and encourages talented newcomers to the field of theatre design; the Prize continues to be funded solely by the Linbury Trust.

In 1993, he joined with [[Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild|Lord Rothschild]] to set up the Butrint Foundation to record and conserve the archaeological site of [[Butrint]] in [[Albania]].

In September 2010 he donated £25m to the [[British Museum]], which the BBC reported as the biggest gift to the arts in two decades.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://www.museumindocklands.org.uk/English/Collections/CollectionsOnline/SainsburyArchive/Themes/People/Sainsburys/Fourthgeneration.htm John Davan Sainsbury biography on The Sainsbury Archive website]
*[http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/files/reports/ar1992.pdf Sainsbury's Annual Report 1992]

==External links==
*[http://www.john-sainsbury.com/ John Davan Sainsbury on John-Sainsbury.com] Retrieved 21 March 2010

{{Members of the Order of the Garter}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Sainsbury Of Preston Candover, John Sainsbury, Baron
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 2 November 1927
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sainsbury Of Preston Candover, John Sainsbury, Baron}}
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:People educated at Stowe School]]
[[Category:English businesspeople in retailing]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) life peers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sainsbury family]]

John Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Preston Candover

2012-07-28T13:22:16Z

Qwerty Binary: Direct link.

{{Infobox person
|honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] 
|name = The Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover
|honorific-suffix = [[Order of the Garter|KG]]
|image = Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover.jpg
|image_size = 200px
|caption = Lord Sainsbury in the robes of a Knight of the Garter
|birth_name = John Davan Sainsbury
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1927|11|02|df=y}}
|known_for = businessman, politician and [[peerage|peer]]
|alma_mater = [[Worcester College, Oxford]]
|networth = £1.3 billion <ref name="richlist2008">{{cite web|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/specials/rich_list/article3797174.ece|title=Lord Sainsbury and family|date=2008-04-27|work=Sunday Times Rich List 2008|publisher=[[The Sunday Times]]|accessdate=2009-04-20}}</ref>
|title =
|term =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]
|opponents =
|boards =
|children =
|parents = [[Alan Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury|Alan Sainsbury]]
|relations = [[Robert Sainsbury]] (uncle)
}}
'''John Davan Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Preston Candover''', [[Order of the Garter|KG]] (born 2 November 1927) is the [[President]] of [[Sainsbury's]], a [[United Kingdom|British]] businessman, and a politician. He sits in the [[House of Lords]] as a member of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].

==Early and private life==
He is the son of [[Alan Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury]], and the nephew of [[Robert Sainsbury|Sir Robert Sainsbury]]. His younger brothers are [[Simon Sainsbury|Simon]] and [[Tim Sainsbury|Timothy]], former Conservative Minister of Trade; [[David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville|David Sainsbury]], former Labour Minister for Science, is a cousin. His great-grandparents, [[John James Sainsbury]] and [[Mary Ann Staples]], established a grocer's at 173 [[Drury Lane]] in 1869 which became the British [[supermarket]] chain [[Sainsbury's]]. He is sometimes referred to as "Mr JD" Sainsbury (which is what he was known as when working for [[Sainsbury's]]).

Lord Sainsbury attended [[Worcester College, Oxford|Worcester College]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], reading History.

He is married to the former ballerina [[Anya Linden]]. They have three children: Sarah Butler-Sloss (1964-), John Julian (1966-) and Mark (1969-).

When he bought his 18th-century mansion at [[Preston Candover]] in [[Hampshire]], from the previous owner [[Peter Cadbury]] - he replanted trees that [[Peter Cadbury]] had cut down to make the house look bigger.

He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in 1980 for services to the food retailing industry, and was made a [[life peer]] in 1989 with the title '''Baron Sainsbury of Preston Candover''', of [[Preston Candover]] in the County of [[Hampshire]]. He became a [[Knight of the Garter]] in 1992.

==Business career==
Lord Sainsbury joined Sainsbury's in 1950 (the year the first self-service store opened in [[Croydon]]), working in the grocery department. The next year he became in charge of buying biscuits. He later became in charge of many other aspects of the business, including bacon buying in 1956. He became a director of the Company, then known as J. Sainsbury Ltd., in 1958, becoming Deputy Chairman in 1967 following his father [[Alan Sainsbury]]'s retirement.

Lord Sainsbury took over from his uncle [[Sir Robert Sainsbury]] as chairman and chief executive in 1969. At the time, although Sainsbury's had always been the largest UK grocery retailer by market share since 1922, [[Tesco]]'s profits were double those of Sainsbury's, and [[Marks & Spencer]]'s were nine times those of Sainsbury's.

He led the company on to the [[London Stock Exchange]] on 12 July 1973, which was at the time the largest floatation ever. Dubbed "The sale of the century" by the press, his family at the time retained control with an 85% stake. Whilst his cousin, [[David Sainsbury]], inherited his father [[Robert Sainsbury]]'s entire 18% shareholding, Lord Sainsbury had to split his father [[Alan Sainsbury]]'s 18% stake with his younger brothers [[Simon Sainsbury|The Hon. Simon Sainsbury]] and [[Tim Sainsbury|The Rt Hon. Sir Timothy Sainsbury]], and so they held 6% each. It is believed that [[Robert Sainsbury]] gave [[David Sainsbury]] his entire shareholding (rather than split it between David and his three daughters) so that David would have more votes at the table, considering JD had a forceful, autocratic style of leadership, whereas David was always more cautious (and always seemed less interested in the family business than JD (David having only joined Sainsbury's personnel department as he did not get the grades to become a scientist)).

During his 23 years as Chairman, Sainsbury's replaced all its 82 counter service stores with modern supermarkets, and the number of UK grocery stores increased from 244 stores (including 162 self-service shops) to 313 supermarkets, whilst the average size of new supermarkets increased from {{convert|8120|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} to {{convert|34980|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}. The range of products increased from 4,000 (including 1,500 own brand products) to 16,000 (including 8,000 own brand products). He was said to personally taste own brand products himself to make sure he was satisfied with its quality control, and personally approved every own brand product packaging design himself before the official launch of each new own brand product. He was said to turn up unannounced at stores either by helicopter or [[Bentley]] to patrol the aisles and shouted loudly if something was not right.

He led Sainsbury's into the USA through the purchase of [[Shaw's]], a USA supermarket chain, and started both the [[Homebase]] and [[Savacentre]] ventures. Shaw's and Homebase have since been sold, whilst Savacentre has been re-branded under the core Sainsbury's brand.

Between 1973 and 1992, the company's market capitalisation increased from £117m to £8.115bn due to an increase in the share price from 9p to 464p (on 15 May 1992). Between 1969 and 1992 sales increased from £166m to £9.202bn and profit before tax increased from £4.3m to £628m. The Company also boasted the highest sales per square foot in the food retailing industry and the market share of the UK supermarket business increased from 2.5% to 10.4%. Sainsbury's also overtook both Tesco and Marks & Spencer (the latter shortly before his retirement on his 65th birthday on 2 November 1992) to become the UK's largest and most successful supermarket chain. [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,1001526,00.html] Following his retirement, his cousin and Labour supporter [[David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville|David Sainsbury]] (now Lord Sainsbury of Turville) became Chairman. Tesco overtook Sainsbury's to become the UK's largest supermarket chain in 1995, and David Sainsbury stepped down as Chairman in 1998 to pursue his long held ambition to have a career in politics.

Although Lord Sainsbury has retired, he is Life President of the retailer and continues to take an active interest in the business; these days he tours stores with present chief executive [[Justin King (businessman)|Justin King]], as well as being the family member always attending J Sainsbury plc Annual General Meetings.

He is also the family member with a large shareholding that is most reluctant to sell down his stake. During the sell down of the family stake between 2005-2008 from 35% to 15%, it was Lord Sainsbury who was the last major family shareholder to reduce his stake, in his case from 4% to 3.89%, the 0.11% sold having belonged to a non-beneficial trust held by him.

J Sainsbury plc was informed on 5 December 2006 by Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover, that he no longer holds a reportable interest in the Company following the transfer of shares within his family. As a result, his 3.89% shareholding in Sainsbury's is no longer reportable.

During the takeover bids for Sainsbury's during 2007, Lord Sainsbury used [[N M Rothschild & Sons]] as his financial advisor and was said to be the major family shareholder most resistant to selling his stake. Indeed, during the private equity takeover bid during the first half of 2007, he was said to be refusing to sell his stake of just under 3% at any price.

As of August 2009, Lord Sainsbury continues to control just under 3% of the company, and benefits from 1.6% of the equity included in the above. Although David Sainsbury controls the largest family shareholding of 5.85%, and Lord Sainsbury controls just under 3%, the beneficial holding of David Sainsbury is only 0.57%, compared with 1.6% for JD Sainsbury. The [[Sainsbury family]] as a whole control approximately 15% of Sainsbury's. In the [[Sunday Times Rich List 2008]] his family fortune was estimated at £1.3 billion.

==Charitable works==
In 1985 he and his two brothers provided funds to construct a new wing of the [[National Gallery, London]] at a cost of around £50 million, which opened in 1991 as the Sainsbury Wing.

With his wife, he also runs the Linbury Trust, which offers grants to various projects in the fields of the Arts, Education, Environment & Heritage, Medical, Social Welfare and Developing Countries. One of the most notable projects funded by the Linbury Trust was the 1990s redevelopment of the world renowned [[Royal Opera House]] in London. The Linbury Studio Theatre in the building is named in recognition of the substantial contribution made by the trust.

Most notably contributing a considerable amount towards the redevelopment of the [[Royal Opera House]]. The Linbury Studio Theatre is named in recognition of the major contribution to the redevelopment of the Royal Opera House. In 1987, Lady Sainsbury founded the Linbury Biennial Prize for Stage Design, which identifies and encourages talented newcomers to the field of theatre design; the Prize continues to be funded solely by the Linbury Trust.

In 1993, he joined with [[Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild|Lord Rothschild]] to set up the Butrint Foundation to record and conserve the archaeological site of [[Butrint]] in [[Albania]].

In September 2010 he donated £25m to the [[British Museum]], which the BBC reported as the biggest gift to the arts in two decades.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://www.museumindocklands.org.uk/English/Collections/CollectionsOnline/SainsburyArchive/Themes/People/Sainsburys/Fourthgeneration.htm John Davan Sainsbury biography on The Sainsbury Archive website]
*[http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/files/reports/ar1992.pdf Sainsbury's Annual Report 1992]

==External links==
*[http://www.john-sainsbury.com/ John Davan Sainsbury on John-Sainsbury.com] Retrieved 21 March 2010

{{Members of the Order of the Garter}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Sainsbury Of Preston Candover, John Sainsbury, Baron
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 2 November 1927
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sainsbury Of Preston Candover, John Sainsbury, Baron}}
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:People educated at Stowe School]]
[[Category:English businesspeople in retailing]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) life peers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sainsbury family]]

Suits (Fernsehserie)

2012-07-22T13:23:56Z

Qwerty Binary: /* Overview */ Direct link.

{{Infobox television
| show_name = Suits
| image = [[File:Suits intertitle.png|250px]]
| caption =
| show_name_2 =
| genre = [[Legal drama]]
| format =
| creator = [[Aaron Korsh]]
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = [[Gabriel Macht]] [[Patrick J. Adams]] [[Rick Hoffman]] [[Meghan Markle]] [[Sarah Rafferty]] [[Gina Torres]]
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = “Greenback Boogie” by [[Ima Robot]]
| endtheme =
| composer = [[Christopher Tyng]]
| country = United States
| language = [[English language|English]]
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 17
| list_episodes = List of Suits episodes
| executive_producer = [[Doug Liman]] [[David Bartis]]
| producer = Gene Klein
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 42 minutes
| company = [[Universal Media Studios|Universal Cable Productions]] Hypnotic Films & Television
| distributor =
| channel = [[USA Network]]
| picture_format =
| audio_format =
| first_run =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2011|6|23}}<ref name=SuitsSeriesPremiere/>
| last_aired = present
| followed_by =
| related =
| website =
| website_title =
| production_website =
}}

'''''Suits''''' is a [[USA Network]] television drama series starring [[Gabriel Macht]] and [[Patrick J. Adams]]. The 12-episode first season debuted on June 23, 2011, with a 90-minute premiere.<ref name=SuitsSeriesPremiere>{{cite web|title=Exclusive: More USA Summer Premieres: "Burn Notice," "Suits" on Thursday, June 23; "Royal Pains," "Necessary Roughness" on Wednesday, June 29|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2011/04/08/exclusive-more-usa-summer-premieres-burn-notice-suits-on-thursday-june-23-royal-pains-necessary-roughness-on-wednesday-june-29-379314/9215/|work=The Futon Critic|accessdate=April 8, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118030519?refcatid=4027|title=USA expands slate with two new series|date=January 19, 2011|last=Levine|first=Stuart|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5vwKkuPHG|archivedate=January 23, 2011|accessdate=February 12, 2011}}</ref> It was renewed for a second season of 16 episodes on August 11, 2011, premiering on June 14, 2012.<ref name=Renewed>{{cite web|last=Charles|first=Chandel|title=Suits Season Finale Review: You Can't Go Back|url=http://www.tvfanatic.com/2011/09/suits-review-dog-fight/|work=TV Fanatic|publisher= Mediavine Inc.|date=August 11, 2011|accessdate=September 9, 2011}}</ref><ref>https://twitter.com/#!/Suits_USA/status/183310543535345664</ref><ref>http://www.usanetwork.com/series/suits/</ref>

== Overview ==
Mike Ross ([[Patrick J. Adams]]) is a brilliant college dropout. Mike's childhood dream of becoming an attorney was derailed after he was caught selling a math exam to the Dean's daughter. Naturally intelligent and with an [[eidetic memory]], Mike makes a living taking tests for other people, particularly [[LSATs]].

Harvey Specter ([[Gabriel Macht]]) is one of [[New York City| New York City's]] top attorneys who has recently been promoted to senior partner at his firm, and is forced by company policy to hire an associate. After an accidental interview with Mike, Harvey is impressed by the younger man's quick wits, his encyclopedic knowledge of the law, and his genuine desire to be an attorney, and hires him. Due to the fact that Mike lacks a law degree, and because the firm exclusively hires [[Harvard University|Harvard]] [[alumni]], they both pretend that Mike is a Harvard graduate.

At the firm, Mike is continuously hounded by junior partner Louis Litt ([[Rick Hoffman]]), Harvey's jealous rival. Mike is eventually befriended by Rachel Zane ([[Meghan Markle]]), a [[paralegal]], whose [[test anxiety]] has prevented her from attending law school, and the two soon develop a mutual attraction. Mike and Harvey often come into conflict over Mike's naiveté and ethical scruples and Harvey's hard charging and seemingly uncaring demeanor. Even so, the two make a strong partnership, helping each other overcome his weaknesses.

== Cast ==
{{main|List of Suits characters}}
=== Main cast ===
* [[Gabriel Macht]] as Harvey Specter: New York's best closer, a senior [[partner]] at Pearson Hardman,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tvfanatic.com/2011/06/tv-on-my-terms-usa-networks-perfectly-tailored-suits/|title=TV On My Terms: USA Network's Perfectly Tailored Suits|date=July 9, 2011|work=Jeffrey Kirkpatrick|accessdate=November 18, 2011}}</ref> and former [[District attorney|assistant district attorney]] (ADA) in the [[New York County District Attorney]]'s Office.
* [[Patrick J. Adams]] as Mike Ross: an attorney who never attended college or law school, but his [[eidetic memory]] allows him to consume and regurgitate legal knowledge better than attorneys who have studied law. He uses this skill to convince Harvey to hire him as his [[associate attorney]] over other candidates who are [[Harvard Law]] graduates. Mike relies on his wits and quick thinking as well his gift to navigate Pearson Hardman's law office.
* [[Rick Hoffman]] as Louis Litt: a junior partner at Pearson Hardman who oversees the associate attorneys.
* [[Meghan Markle]] as Rachel Zane: a paralegal who befriends Mike, and aspires to be an attorney, but suffers from [[test anxiety]].
* [[Sarah Rafferty]] as Donna Paulsen: Harvey's assistant and close confidant, who has worked with him since his years as an ADA.
* [[Gina Torres]] as Jessica Pearson: Harvey's boss, co-founder and managing partner of Pearson Hardman.

=== Recurring cast ===
* [[Tom Lipinski]] as Trevor Evans: Mike's ex-drug-dealing, former best friend.
* [[Vanessa Ray]] as Jenny Griffith: Trevor's ex-girlfriend, Mike's confidant and later girlfriend, now Mike's ex-girlfriend.
* [[Rebecca Schull]] as Edith Ross: Mike's grandmother, who raised him after his parents died.
* [[Ben Hollingsworth (actor)|Ben Hollingsworth]] as Kyle Durant: one of Louis's protégés who is frequently pitted against Mike.
* [[Max Topplin]] as Harold Jakowski: one of Mike's associate friends.
* [[Eric Close]] as Travis Tanner: a lawyer with a grudge against Harvey Specter
* [[David Costabile]] as Daniel Hardman: co-founder of Pearson Hardman, attorney and former managing partner before Jessica and Harvey blackmailed him into leaving.

== Episodes ==
{{main|List of Suits episodes}}

{| style="text-align:center;" class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Season
! rowspan="2"|Episodes
! rowspan="2"|Timeslot ([[Eastern Time Zone|EST]])
! colspan="3"|Original airing
! rowspan="2"|Viewers (in millions)
|-
! Season premiere
! Season finale
! Season
|-
! '''[[Suits (season 1)|1]]'''
| [[List of Suits episodes#Season 1: 2011|12]]
| rowspan="2"|Thursday 10:00 pm
| {{Start date|2011|6|23}}
| {{End date|2011|9|8}}
| [[2011 in American television|2011]]
! style="text-align:center" | 6.31<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/12/12/usa-dominates-landscape-with-unprecedented-six-straight-years-as-1/113512/|title=*Updated* USA Dominates Landscape with Unprecedented Six Straight Years as #1|date=December 12, 2011|accessdate=January 6, 2012|first=Robert|last=Seidman|publisher=TV by the Numbers}}</ref>
|-
! '''[[Suits (season 2)|2]]'''
| [[List of Suits episodes#Season 2: 2012|16]]
| {{Start date|2012|6|14}}
| TBA
| [[2012 in American television|2012]]
! style="text-align:center" | TBA
|}

== Development and production ==
''Suits'' first appeared on USA network's development slate under the title ''A Legal Mind'' in April 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2010/04/05/usa-network-announces-slate-of-character-driven-projects-for-2010-2011-35192/20100405usa01/|title=USA Network Announces Slate of "Character" Driven Projects for 2010-2011|date=April 5, 2010|work=The Futon Critic|accessdate=February 12, 2011}}</ref> In May, the network placed a cast-contingent pilot order from a [[television pilot|pilot]] script written by [[Aaron Korsh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2010/05/17/development-update-monday-may-17-35749/8687/|title=Development Update: Monday, May 17|date=May 17, 2010|work=The Futon Critic|accessdate=February 12, 2011}}</ref> Patrick J. Adams was cast in the lead role of Mike Ross in July 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2010/07/patrick-j-adams-to-star-in-a-legal-mind-mark-pellegrino-joins-being-human/|title=Patrick J. Adams To Star In 'A Legal Mind'; Mark Pellegrino Joins 'Being Human'|date=July 7, 2010|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|work=Deadline.com|accessdate=February 12, 2011}}</ref> In late July, Gabriel Macht joined the cast as Harvey Specter, the attorney who hires Mike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2010/07/26/legal-mind-gabriel-macht/|title=Exclusive: USA 'Legal' drama recruits 'Spirit' star Gabriel Macht|date=July 26, 2010|last=Ausiello|first=Michael|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|accessdate=February 12, 2011}}</ref> Rick Hoffman came on board in mid-August to portray Harvey's competition at the law firm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2010/08/castings-roundup-eric-winter-joins-cbs-the-mentalist-duo-cast-in-pilots/|title=CASTINGS ROUNDUP: Eric Winter Joins CBS' 'The Mentalist', Duo Cast In Pilots|date=August 10, 2010|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|work=Deadline.com|accessdate=February 12, 2011}}</ref> Meghan Markle and Gina Torres completed the main cast in late August.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/meghan-markle-books-lead-role-27013|title=Meghan Markle books lead role on 'Legal Mind'|date=August 24, 2010|last=Hibberd|first=James|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|accessdate=February 20, 2011}}</ref> Torres was cast as Jessica Pearson, the managing partner at the firm, and Markle portrays Rachel Zane, a paralegal who has an encyclopedic knowledge of the law. The pilot was filmed in [[New York City]] in fall 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.backstage.com/bso/production-listings/new-york-production-listings-1004116511.story|title=New York Production Listings|date=September 23, 2010|last=Wood|first=Mark Dundas|work=[[Back Stage]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|accessdate=February 23, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.backstage.com/bso/production-listings/new-york-production-listings-1004127824.story|title=New York Production Listings|date=November 17, 2010|last=Wood|first=Mark Dundas|work=Back Stage|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=February 23, 2011}}</ref>

The network gave a [[Green-light]] to the series with a 12-episode order on January 19, 2011. The series began filming in [[Toronto]], Ontario on April 25, 2011, and completed August 12, 2011.<ref name="pickup">{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/01/19/usa-orders-two-new-series-a-legal-mind-necessary-roughness/79439|title=USA Orders Two New Series: 'A Legal Mind,' & 'Necessary Roughness'|date=January 19, 2011|last=Gorman|first=Bill|work=TV by the Numbers|accessdate=January 23, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.toronto.ca/tfto/pdf/currentlist.pdf|title=List of productions currently filming in Toronto |date=August 2, 2011|work= City of Toronto|accessdate=August 3, 2011}}</ref>

== Reception ==

''Suits'' received a score of 60 out of 100 on [[Metacritic]], indicating mixed or average reviews.<ref>{{cite web |title=Suits: Season 1 |url=http://www.metacritic.com/tv/suits/season-1 |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=8 July 2011}}</ref> [[Ginia Bellafante]], a critic for the ''[[The New York Times]]'', gave the pilot a positive review: "A new legal series beginning on Thursday on USA, erupts from a Mount Vesuvius of absurdities, and yet like so much else in the USA stable, it comes in relatively good faith—not merely with a snappy sense of its own fun, but also with a chipper belief in the viability of renewal."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bellafante |first=Ginia |title=Nothing but Blue Skies for a Fake Harvard Law Grad |url=http://tv.nytimes.com/2011/06/23/arts/television/suits-on-usa-review.html |date=June 22, 2011 |accessdate=July 15, 2011 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In a review in the ''[[The Miami Herald]]'', Glenn Garvin referred to the show as "cuttingly funny".<ref>{{cite news |last=Garvin |first=Glenn |title=With all these new lawyer shows, TV has gone to the dogs |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/06/23/2279053/with-all-these-new-lawyer-shows.html |accessdate=16 July 2011 |newspaper=[[The Miami Herald]]}}</ref> [[BuddyTV]] described ''Suits'' as "an excellent summer show and—more than that—a truly high-quality piece of television."<ref>{{cite web |last=Brown |first=Laurel |title='Suits' Review: Unexpected Summer Excellence |url=http://www.buddytv.com/articles/suits/suits-review-unexpected-summer-40654.aspx |publisher=[[BuddyTV]] |accessdate=19 July 2011}}</ref> and ranked it #2 on its list of 2011's best new TV shows.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buddytv.com/slideshows/game-of-thrones/the-11-best-new-tv-shows-of-2011-84679.aspx|title=The 11 Best New TV Shows of 2011 |publisher=[[BuddyTV]] |accessdate=January 14, 2012}}</ref>

In August 2011, the series was renewed for a second season.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brown |first=Laurel |title='Suits' Gets a Season 2 Renewal on USA |url=http://www.buddytv.com/articles/suits/suits-gets-a-season-2-renewal-41390.aspx |publisher=[[BuddyTV]] |date=11 August 2011}}</ref>

On December 14, 2011, Patrick J. Adams was nominated in the Actor in a Drama Series category at the 18th Screen Actor Guild Awards. <ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/14/sag-awards-2012-screen-ac_n_1148073.html</ref>

==Soundtrack==
"Greenback Boogie" by [[Ima Robot]] is the theme song of the show. It was released as a single on September 18, 2010, and is included on the band's third album, ''[[Another Man's Treasure]]''.

Season 2 Episode 5's closing scenes used the song "That Home" by Cinematic Orchestra.

==International distribution==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country
! Channel
! Premiere date
|-
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[USA]]
| [[USA Network]]
| June 23, 2011
|-
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]]
| [[Seven Network]]
| 15 August 2011
|-
| {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canada]]
| [[Bravo!]]
| 3 October 2011
|-
|{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]]
| [[Channel One (Russia)|Channel One]] [Первый канал]
| 26 September 2011
|-
|{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]]
| TV Séries
| October 2011
|-
|{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Slovenia]]
| [[POP TV]]
| 6 February 2012
|-
|{{flagicon|Trinidad & Tobago}} [[Trinidad]]
| USA
| August 2011
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
| [[Dave (TV Channel)|Dave]]
| 17 January 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.c21media.net/news/detail.asp?area=1&article=62046 |title=UKTV feels Grimm |publisher=C21media.net |date=2011-08-04 |accessdate=2011-08-04}}</ref>
|-
| [[Asia]]
| [[Diva Universal (Asia)]]
| 26 March 2012 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.divauniversal.asia/schedule/year/2012/month/03/day/26 |title=Schedule | Diva Universal}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Philippines]]
| [[JackTV]]
| 26 February 2012 <ref>{{cite web |title=Legal drama Suits will air on Jack TV starting this Sunday|url=http://www.pep.ph/guide/guide/9874/%20Legal-drama-%20Suits-%20will-air-on-Jack-TV-starting-this-Sunday|accessdate=May 4, 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]]
| [[13th Street Universal]]
| February 2012
|-
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]]
| [[Mediaset Premium]]
| 10 March 2012
|-
|{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]]
| [[Sveriges Television]]
| 17 March 2012
|-
|{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Poland]]
| [[Canal+ Poland]]
| 23 February 2012
|-
|{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]]
| [[TV 2 (Norway)]]
| 17 May 2012
|-
|{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Iceland]]
| [[Stöð 2]]
| 11 June 2012
|-
|{{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Cyprus]]
| [[Universal Channel (Greece)|Universal Channel]]
| 25 June 2012
|-
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]
| Space
| 4 July 2012
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.usanetwork.com/series/suits/ }}
* {{IMDb title|1632701|Suits}}
* {{Tv.com|79071|Suits}}

{{USANetwork Shows|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:2010s American television series]]
[[Category:2011 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:American drama television series]]
[[Category:American legal television series]]
[[Category:English-language television series]]
[[Category:Legal television series]]
[[Category:Television series by NBC Universal Television]]
[[Category:USA Network shows]]

[[cs:Suits (seriál, 2011)]]
[[es:Suits (serie de televisión)]]
[[fr:Suits (série télévisée)]]
[[ko:슈츠]]
[[it:Suits]]
[[pt:Suits]]
[[ru:Форс-мажоры]]
[[sv:Suits]]
[[tr:Suits]]
[[zh:Suits]]

Yomi

2012-06-19T18:46:56Z

Qwerty Binary: /* Christian uses */ Space.

{{about|the location in Japanese mythology}}
{{refimprove|date = November 2011}}

[[Image:Yomotsu Hirasaka.JPG|250px|right|thumb|Yomotsu Hirasaka in [[Higashiizumo]], [[Shimane Prefecture]]]]

{{Nihongo|'''Yomi''' or '''Yomi-no-kuni'''|黄泉 or 黄泉の国}} is the [[Japanese language|Japanese]] word for the land of the dead (World of Darkness).<ref>''Basic Terms of Shinto'', Kokugakuin University, Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Tokyo 1985</ref> According to [[Shinto]] mythology as related in [[Kojiki]], this is where the dead go to dwell and apparently rot indefinitely. Once one has eaten at the hearth of Yomi it is impossible to return to the land of the living. Yomi is comparable to [[Hades]] or [[hell]] and is most commonly known for [[Izanami]]'s retreat to that place after her death. [[Izanagi]] followed her there and upon his return he washed himself, creating [[Amaterasu]], [[Susanoo]], and [[Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto]] in the process (See [[Japanese mythology]]).

This realm of the dead seems to have geographical continuity with this world and certainly cannot be thought of as a paradise to which one would aspire, nor can it appropriately be described as a hell in which one suffers retribution for past deeds; rather, all deceased carry on a gloomy and shadowy existence in perpetuity regardless of their behavior in life. Many scholars believe that the image of Yomi was derived from ancient Japanese tombs in which corpses were left for some time to decompose.

The [[kanji]] that are sometimes used to transcribe ''Yomi'' actually refer to the mythological Chinese realm of the dead called [[Diyu|Huángquán]] (黄泉 or "Yellow Springs"), which appears in Chinese texts as early as the eighth century BCE. This dark and vaguely-defined realm was believed to be located beneath the earth, but it was not until the [[Han Dynasty]] that the Chinese had a clearly articulated conception of an underworld below in contrast with a heavenly realm above. With regard to [[Japanese mythology]], Yomi is generally taken by commentators to lie beneath the earth and is part of a triad of locations discussed in [[Kojiki]]: {{Nihongo|''Takamahara''|高天原|alternatively transliterated [[Takama-ga-hara]]|lit., "high heavenly plain", located in the sky}}, {{Nihongo|''[[Ashihara-no-Nakatsukuni]]''|葦原の中つ国|lit. "central land of reed plains", located on earth}}, and {{Nihongo|''Yomo-tsu-kuni''|黄泉国}} or {{Nihongo|''Yomi-no-Kuni''|黄泉の国| lit. "Land of Yomi"|located underground}}. Yomi has also often been associated with the mythological realm of {{Nihongo|''Ne-no-Kuni''|根の国|lit. "Root Land / Land of Origin"}}, also known as {{Nihongo|''Ne-no-Katasukuni''|根の堅洲国|lit. "firm/hard-packed shoal land of origin"}}; perhaps the latter was meant to be underwater?

Yomi is ruled over by [[Izanami]] no Mikoto, the Grand Deity of Yomi (''Yomotsu-Ōkami'' 黄泉大神). According to [[Kojiki]], the entrance to Yomi lies in [[Izumo province]] and was sealed off by [[Izanagi]] upon his flight from Yomi, at which time he permanently blocked the entrance by placing a massive boulder (''Chibiki-no-Iwa'' 千引の岩) at the base of the slope that leads to Yomi (''Yomotsu Hirasaka'' 黄泉平坂 or 黄泉比良坂). Upon his return to Ashihara-no-Nakatsukuni, [[Izanagi]] noted that Yomi is a "polluted land" (''kegareki kuni''). This opinion reflects the traditional [[Shinto]] association between death and pollution. Later Susanoo takes this position over.

==Christian uses==

Some Japanese Christian texts use 黄泉 to refer to what is called [[Hell]] in the English versions. {{citation needed|date=November 2011}}

For example [http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8D%E3%81%AE%E9%BB%99%E7%A4%BA%E9%8C%B2(%E5%8F%A3%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%B3)#6:8 Revelation 6:8],

そこで見ていると、見よ、青白い馬が出てきた。そして、それに乗っている者の名は「死」と言い、それに'''黄泉'''が従っていた

[[s:Bible (King James)/Revelation#Chapter 6|in English:]] ''And I looked, and behold a pale horse: and his name that sat on him was Death, and Hell followed with him.''

:See also [[Harrowing of Hell]]

==References==
* Ono, Sokyo, ''Shinto: The Kami Way'', Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo 1992, ISBN 4-8053-0189-9
{{Reflist}}

{{jmyth navbox long}}
{{hell}}

[[Category:Afterlife places]]
[[Category:Japanese mythology]]

[[ar:يومي]]
[[es:Yomi]]
[[fa:یومی]]
[[fr:Yomi]]
[[ko:요미]]
[[ja:黄泉]]
[[no:Yomi]]
[[pl:Żółte Źródła]]
[[pt:Yomi]]
[[ru:Ёми]]
[[simple:Yomi]]
[[sv:Gula källorna]]
[[zh:黃泉]]

Schlomo Benizri

2012-05-03T16:25:32Z

Qwerty Binary: /* Views */ Arguably these are controversies, not plainly views.

{{Infobox member of the Knesset
| image=
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|2|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Haifa]], [[Israel]]
| Year of Aliyah =
| death_date =
| Knesset(s) = [[Israeli legislative election, 1992|13]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1996|14]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1999|15]], [[Israeli legislative election, 2003|16]], [[Israeli legislative election, 2006|17]]
| Party = [[Shas]]
| Former parties =
| Gov't roles = [[Health Minister of Israel|Minister of Health]] [[Welfare and Social Services Minister of Israel|Minister of Labor & Social Welfare]]
}}

'''Shlomo Benizri''' ({{lang-he|שלמה בניזרי}}, born 7 February 1961) is an [[Israel]]i politician and member of the [[Shas]] party. He represented Shas in the Knesset between 1992 and 2008, serving as Deputy Health Minister, [[Health Minister of Israel|Minister of Health]], and [[Welfare and Social Services Minister of Israel|Labor and Social Welfare Minister]] during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Convicted for accepting bribes, breach of trust, conspiring to commit a crime and obstruction of justice, he is currently serving a 4-year prison sentence.<ref name="Haaretz1111613"/>

==Biography==
Born in [[Haifa]], Benizri attended the Nesher Comprehensive High School, before being [[Semicha|ordained]] as a rabbi at the ”Or Hachaim” Talmudic College in [[Jerusalem]]. He later was head of a Talmudic college and worked as a lecturer on Judaism.

He was first elected to the Knesset in [[Israeli legislative election, 1992|1992]] on Shas' list, and served as the party's parliamentary group chairman during his first term. He was re-elected in [[Israeli legislative election, 1996|1996]], and was appointed Deputy [[Health Minister of Israel|Minister of Health]] in [[Binyamin Netanyahu]]'s government. He was re-elected again in [[Israeli legislative election, 1999|1999]] after being placed fifth on the Shas list,<ref>[http://info.jpost.com/1999/Supplements/Elections99/politicalblocs/partylists.shtml Parties and Lists] ''The Jerusalem Post''</ref> and was appointed Minister of Health in [[Ehud Barak]]'s government, serving in the cabinet until Shas left the government on 11 July 2000.

He returned to the cabinet after [[Ariel Sharon]] formed a new government in 2001 as Labor and Social Welfare Minister, serving until the [[Israeli legislative election, 2003|2003 elections]] (aside from a period of two weeks in May–June 2002 when Shas withdrew from the coalition).

For the [[Israeli legislative election, 2003|2003 elections]] Benizri was placed second on the Shas list,<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Historic%20Events/Candidates%20for%20the%2016th%20Knesset Candidates for the 16th Knesset] Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs</ref> and was re-elected. For the [[Israeli legislative election, 2006|2006 elections]] he was dropped to sixth place.<ref>[http://www.knesset.gov.il/elections17/eng/list/list_eng.asp?id=50 List of Candidates: Shas] Knesset website</ref>

Although he retained his seat, on 29 March 2006, the day following the elections, he was charged by the State Prosecutor's Office with accepting bribes and breaching the public trust. The decision to indict Benizri after the elections had already taken place was a conscious decision on the part of the Israeli [[attorney general]] [[Menachem Mazuz]]. On 1 April 2008, Benizri was convicted of accepting bribes, breach of faith, obstructing justice, and conspiracy to commit a crime for accepting favors worth millions of shekels from his friend, [[general contractor|contractor]] Moshe Sela, in exchange for inside information regarding foreign workers scheduled to arrive in Israel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1245184914505&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|title=Benizri jail term increased to 4 years term|author= Izenberg, Dan | date=2008-06-24|accessdate=2008-06-24|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]}}</ref> On 27 April 2008, a district court sentenced him to 18 months in jail and decided that his actions amount to moral turpitude.<ref name="sentence">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3536430,00.html|title=Court sentences Shas MK Benizri to 18-month term|author=Zino, Aviram|date=2008-04-28|accessdate=2008-04-28|work=[[Ynetnews]]}}</ref><ref name="sentence-heb">{{Cite news|work=[[Ynet]]|date=2008-04-08|accessdate=2008-04-08|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3536597,00.html|title=Benizri Will Go to Prison, Without "He is Innocent" Song|author=Sela, Neta}} {{he icon}}</ref> He resigned from the Knesset the same day and was replaced by [[Mazor Bahaina]]. Both Benizri and the state appealed the decision. On 24 June 2009, the [[Supreme Court of Israel|Supreme Court]] upheld the decision and prolonged Benizri's jail time to 4 years.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3736114,00.html| title= Benizri's punishment extended: Will serve 4 years in prison| work=Ynetnews| date=2009-06-24 | language= Hebrew| accessdate=2012-01-12 }}</ref> Shas MK [[Nissim Ze'ev]] declared after the sentencing: “He is a victim of the system that allows his fate to be decided by elitist judges, who care about his sector and his race and not the good deeds he performs. I have no doubt that an American jury would have treated him better. That's why we need a jury of our peers”.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1245184921969&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull| title = Shas backs Benizri, Kadima distances itself from Hirchson |author = Hoffman, Gil and Stoil, Rebecca Anna |date =2009-06-25 | work=The Jerusalem Post| accessdate=2012-01-12 }}</ref> And Benizri's brother, Rabbi David Benizri claimed that “a conspiracy of top-ranking homosexuals was behind the Supreme Court's decision to aggravate the sentence”.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3736322,00.html | title = Benizri's brother: Gay elite behind harsh sentence |author =Edelson, Daniel |date =2009-06-24| work=YNetnews| accessdate=2012-01-12 }}</ref> Benizri began serving his sentence on September 1, 2009 in the religious division of [[Maasiyahu Prison|Maasiyahu prison]] in [[Ramle]].<ref name="Haaretz1111613"> {{cite web| url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1111613.html| date=2009-09-01| title=Rivlin on Hirchson, Benizri: This is a sad day for the Knesset| author=Ettinger, Yair, Lis, Jonathan and Azoulay, Yuval | work=Haaretz| accessdate=2012-01-12 }}</ref>

==Controversies==
In 1998, Benizri called for [[Dana International]] to be disqualified from the [[Eurovision Song Contest]], which she went on to win. He stated, "The Eurovision Song Contest interests me about as much as the weather in Antarctica, but as a son of the Jewish people it [Dana International's transsexuality] offends me."<ref name="dana">{{cite web|url = http://www.jewcy.com/post/what_eurovision_teaches_us_about_israel|title =What Eurovision Teaches Us About Israel |author = Shinefield, Mordechai |date =2008-06-10| work=Jewcy.com | accessdate=2012-01-12 }}</ref>

In 2001 he was accused of [[racism]] after he said "I just don't understand why a restaurant needs a slant-eye to serve me my meal."<ref>{{cite news|last=Derfner|first=Larry|title=They serve, suffer and still root for us|date=2002-07-11|work=The Jerusalem Post|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20030426020943/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/A/JPArticle/Full&cid=1025787760816|accessdate=2012-01-13}}</ref>

In 2004, during [[The Passion of the Christ]] controversy when several Shas members wanted to have the film banned in Israel for [[Anti-Semitism]], Benizri disagreed and said that "the Jews did kill Jesus", reportedly elaborating that Jesus was put to death according to Sanhedrin tradition: "They [the Jews] took him [Jesus] up to a high roof, and threw him crashing to the ground. Afterwards they hung his body on wooden beams in the shape of a ‘T’, but not as the Christian legends say that he was crucified. That's nonsense." Benizri also claims that Jesus' death was an internal Jewish affair. "What is there to deny? We're talking about a yeshiva student who left Judaism, and the Sanhedrin put him to death."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.israelinsider.com/Articles/AntiSemi/3360.htm |work=[[israelinsider]] | title=Anti-Semitism: One Shas MK says ban "Passion", another says "Jews did kill Jesus"|accessdate=2008-06-30|date=2004-02-26|author=Shuman, Ellis }}</ref>

In 2008, Benizri blamed several earthquakes in the region on Israel's tolerance of homosexuality.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7255657.stm| title= Israeli MP blames quakes on gays| date= 2008-02-20 | work= BBC News| accessdate=2012-01-12 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Israeli public officials convicted of crimes]]

==External links==
*{{MKlink|id=25}}

{{Israeli Health Ministers}}
{{Israeli Welfare and Social Services Ministers}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Benizri, Shlomo
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =7 February 1961
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Haifa]], [[Israel]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Benizri, Shlomo}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:People from Haifa]]
[[Category:Israeli educators]]
[[Category:Members of the Knesset]]
[[Category:Israeli criminals]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sephardic Haredi rabbis in Israel]]
[[Category:Shas politicians]]
[[Category:People convicted of bribery]]
[[Category:Israeli government officials convicted of crimes]]

[[cs:Šlomo Benizri]]
[[he:שלמה בניזרי]]
[[pl:Shlomo Benizri]]
[[fi:Shlomo Benizri]]

Mary MacLane

2012-04-27T10:52:06Z

Qwerty Binary: Clean up.

[[Image:MaryMacLane1911.jpg|thumb|Mary MacLane, 1911]]

'''Mary MacLane''' (May 1, 1881 — August 1929) was a controversial [[Canada|Canadian]]-born [[United States|American]] writer whose frank memoirs helped usher in the [[Confessional poetry|confessional style of autobiographical writing]].<ref>''The Chicagoan,'' obituary editorial, August 1929. Quoted in ''Tender Darkness'', Introduction.</ref> MacLane was known as the "'''Wild Woman of Butte'''".<ref name="Watson">Watson, Julia Dr. (2002). "Introduction", ''The Story of Mary MacLane''. ISBN 1-931832-19-6.</ref>

MacLane was a very popular author for her time,<ref>''New York Times'' obituary article, 9 August 1929</ref> scandalizing the populace with her shocking bestselling first memoir and to a lesser extent her two following books. She was considered wild and uncontrolled, a reputation she nurtured, and was openly [[bisexuality|bisexual]] as well as a vocal [[feminism|feminist]]. In her writings, she compared herself to another frank young memoirist, [[Marie Bashkirtseff]], who died a few years after MacLane was born,<ref name="Mary MacLane 1911">Story of Mary MacLane (1902 and 1911), first entry.</ref> and [[H. L. Mencken]] called her, "the Butte Bashkirtseff."<ref name="Watson"/>

== Early life and popularity ==
MacLane was born in [[Winnipeg, Manitoba]], [[Canada]] in 1881,<ref name="Mary MacLane 1911"/> but her family moved to the Red River area of Minnesota, settling in [[Fergus Falls]], which her father helped develop. After his death in 1889, her mother remarried a family friend and lawyer, H. Gysbert Klenze. Soon after the family moved to [[Montana]], first settling in [[Great Falls, Montana|Great Falls]] and finally in [[Butte, Montana|Butte]], where Klenze drained the family funds pursuing mining and other ventures. MacLane spent the remainder of her life in the [[United States]]. She began writing for her school paper in 1898.<ref>''Tender Darkness'', bibliography</ref> From the beginning, her writing was characterized by a direct, fiery and highly [[individualist]]ic style. She was, however, also strongly influenced by such American regional realists as [[John Townsend Trowbridge]] (with whom she exchanged a few letters), [[Maria Louise Pool]], and [[Hamlin Garland]].

At the age of 19 in 1902, MacLane published her first book, ''The Story of Mary MacLane''. It sold 100,000 copies in the first month <ref>''Tender Darkness'', introduction</ref> and was popular among young girls, but was pilloried by [[Conservatism|conservative]] critics and readers, and lightly ridiculed by [[H. L. Mencken]]. She had always chafed, or felt, "''anxiety'' of place,"<ref name="Watson"/> at living in Butte, which was a mining town far from the centers of culture, and used the money from her first book's sales to travel to Chicago, then Massachusetts. She lived in [[Rockland, Massachusetts]] from 1903–1908, then in [[Greenwich Village]] from 1908–1909, where she continued writing and, by her own account, living a [[decadent]] and [[Bohemian]] existence.<ref>Unpublished personal letters in the collection of the ''Tender Darkness'' publisher are to be published in forthcoming anthology.</ref> She was close friends with feminist writer [[Inez Haynes Irwin]], who is mentioned in MacLane's private correspondence and appears in some of MacLane's 1910 writing in a Butte newspaper.

Some critics have suggested that even by today's standards, MacLane's writing is raw, honest, unflinching, self-aware, sensual and extreme. She wrote openly about [[egotism|egoism]] and her own self-love, about sexual attraction and [[lesbian|love for other women]], and even about her desire to [[marry]] the [[Devil]].

In 1917, she wrote and starred in an autobiographical [[silent film]] titled ''Men Who Have Made Love to Me'', which is now believed to be lost.

Among the numerous authors who referenced, parodied or answered MacLane was [[Gertrude Sanborn]], who published an optimistic riposte to MacLane's 1917 memoir ''[[I, Mary MacLane]]'' under the title ''I, Citizen of Eternity'' (1920).

==Death==
MacLane died in [[Chicago]] in early August 1929, aged 48. She was soon forgotten and her prose remained out of print until late 1993, when ''The Story of Mary MacLane'' and some of her newspaper feature work was republished in an [[anthology]] titled ''Tender Darkness''.

== ''Human Days: A Mary MacLane Reader'' ==

In January 2011, the publisher of ''Tender Darkness'' (1993) announced forthcoming publication of an integrated complete-works anthology and biographical study of MacLane. The first volume, ''Human Days: A Mary MacLane Reader'' (with Foreword by [[Bojana Novakovic]]), is scheduled for publication in late 2011. The second volume, ''A Quite Unusual Intensity of Life: A Mary MacLane Companion,'' also issued under the Petrarca Press logo, is to be published in late 2012. The two volumes are to total 1200+ pages.

In 2011 [[Bojana Novakovic]] wrote and performed "The Story of Mary MacLane By Herself" in Melbourne. In 2012 the production was staged in Sydney. It was well received by critics and audiences.

== Bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* ''The Story of Mary MacLane'' (1902)
* ''My Friend, Annabel Lee'' (1903)
* ''I, Mary MacLane: A Diary of Human Days'' (1917)
* ''Tender Darkness'' (reprint anthology) (1993)
* ''The Story of Mary MacLane and Other Writings'' (reprint anthology) (1999)
* ''Human Days: A Mary MacLane Anthology'' (Foreword by Bojana Novakovic) (late 2011)
* ''A Quite Unusual Intensity of Life: A Mary MacLane Companion'' (forthcoming, late 2012)

=== Selected articles ===
* Consider Thy Youth and Therein (1899)
* Mary MacLane at Newport (1902)
* Mary MacLane on Wall Street (1902)
* Mary MacLane in Little Old New York (1902)
* On Marriage (1902)
* Mary MacLane Soliloquizes on Scarlet Fever (1910)
* Mary MacLane Meets the Vampire on the Isle of Treacherous Delights (1910)
* Mary MacLane Wants a Vote - For the Other Woman (1910)
* Woman and the Cigarette (1911)
* Mary MacLane Says - (1911)
* Mary MacLane on Marriage (1917)

=== Screenplays and Filmography ===
* ''Men Who Have Made Love to Me'' (1917)

==Further reading==
*Leslie A. Wheeler, "Montana's Shocking 'Lit'ry Lady'", ''Montana The Magazine of Western History'', 27 (Summer 1977), 20-33.
*Carolyn J. Mattern, "Mary MacLane: A Feminist Opinion", ''Montana The Magazine of Western History'', 27 (Autumn 1977), 54-63.
*Barbara Miller, "'Hot as Live Embers--Cold as Hail': The Restless Soul of Butte's Mary MacLane", ''Montana Magazine'', September 1982, 50-53.
*[[Virginia R. Terris]], "Mary MacLane--Realist", ''The Speculator'', Summer 1985, 42-49.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.marymaclane.com/ "Mary MacLane's Story to be Told At Last"] - 2011 press release for forthcoming multi-volume set
* [http://www.marymaclane.com/elisabeth/tenderintro.html Introduction to ''Tender Darkness: A Mary MacLane Anthology''] - by Elisabeth Pruitt
* [http://www.marymaclane.com/mary marymaclane.com] - Website maintained by the publisher of ''Tender Darkness'', Michael Brown
* [http://www.laweekly.com/ink/98/25/wls-mithers.php Hot Love, Sexual radicals bookend the century] - by Carol Lynn Mithers

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Maclane, Mary
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = May 1, 1881
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1929
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maclane, Mary}}
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1929 deaths]]
[[Category:American writers]]
[[Category:Bisexual writers]]
[[Category:American people of Canadian descent]]
[[Category:Feminist writers]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from Canada]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from the United States]]
[[Category:People from Butte, Montana]]
[[Category:People from Chicago, Illinois]]
[[Category:People from Winnipeg]]
[[Category:Canadian women writers]]

[[sh:Mary MacLane]]

Waffenknecht

2012-03-23T04:44:25Z

Qwerty Binary: /* In England */ Comma.

{{about|the medieval term for a soldier|the Masters of the Universe character|Man-At-Arms}}
[[File:Battle of Montiel.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Men-at-arms in battle, 15th century illustration.]]
'''Man-at-arms''' (also called '''armsman''' or '''coistrel''') was a term used from the High Medieval to Renaissance periods to describe a [[soldier]], almost always a professional warrior in the sense of being well-trained in the use of arms, who served as a fully armoured heavy cavalryman.<ref>The [[Old French]]: ''gen d'armes'', plural ''gens d'armes'' or [[Gendarme (historical)|gendarmerie]] as a collective noun, was the direct equivalent of the English 'man-at-arms'.</ref> It could refer to [[knight]]s or [[nobleman|noblemen]], and to members of their retinues or to mercenaries in companies under captains. Such men could serve for pay or through a feudal obligation. The terms [[Knight|''knight'']] and ''man-at-arms'' are often used interchangeably, but while all knights certainly were men-at-arms, not all men-at-arms were knights.

==In England==
[[File:Kurfurst Otto Heinrich, Pfalzgraf bei Rhein by Wendelin Boeheim.jpg|thumb|left|Armour of an Early 16th century man-at-arms.]]
In the [[Early Medieval]] period, any well-equipped horseman could be described as a "knight", or ''miles'' in Latin.<ref>Church and Harvey, p. 51.</ref> In the course of the 12th century knighthood became a social rank with a distinction being made between ''milites gregarii'' (non-noble cavalrymen) and ''milites nobiles'' (true knights).<ref>Church and Harvey, pp. 48-49.</ref> As a fully armoured cavalryman could be of a lesser social status than a knight, an alternative term describing this type of soldier came into use which was "man-at-arms." The term man-at-arms thus primarily denoted a military function, rather than a social rank. The military function that a man-at-arms performed was serving as a fully armoured heavy cavalryman; though he could, and in English armies often did, also fight on foot. The man-at-arms could be a wealthy mercenary of any social origins, but more often had some level of social rank based on income, usually from land. A [[Serjeant-at-Arms|serjeant-at-arms]], an [[esquire]] (a man wealthy enough to be a knight but who was not because he did not want the costs and responsibilities of that rank), a knight bachelor, a knight banneret and all grades of nobility usually served as men-at-arms when called to war. Throughout the Medieval period and into the Tudor Age the armour of the man-at-arms became progressively more effective and expensive; indeed, Edward I decreed that all his men-at-arms should be mounted on ''equus coopertus'', that is armoured, or barded, horses.<ref>Church and Harvey, p. 39.</ref> The greater the number well-equipped men a nobleman or knight had in his retinue, the better his social standing.

The social stratification of men who served as men-at-arms is illustrated by their rates of pay on campaign, in the mid 1340s a knight was paid 2 shillings a day, an ordinary man-at-arms was paid half this amount; for comparison a foot archer received 2 or 3 pence (12 pennies to the shilling). A man-at-arms was also recompensed differentially according to the quality of his principal war-horse, if the horse was to die or was killed in battle. An ordinary esquire might own a war-horse worth only 5 pounds whilst a great nobleman might own a horse worth up to 100 pounds.<ref>Curry, p. 24</ref>

Social status also affected the types of military service performed by men-at-arms. Garrison duty was considered unattractive and was often carried out by soldiers of lesser status. For example the English garrison in the Scottish town of Roxburgh in 1301 consisted of just three knights compared to twenty seven men-at-arms of lesser status.<ref>Simpkin, pp. 26-27</ref>

Although the social structure of the Anglo-[[Normans|Norman]] society of England was relatively rigid, one of the easiest ways for a man to improve his social rank was through military service; another method was through the church. In the Norman states, unlike in many other contemporary societies, the knighting of men of common birth who had demonstrated ability and courage on the field was possible. Although rare, some non-knightly men-at-arms did advance socially to the status of knights. The knighting of [[squire]]s and men-at-arms was sometimes done in an ignoble manner, simply to increase the number of knights within an army (such practice was common during the Hundred Year's War). In chivalric theory, any knight could bestow knighthood on another, however, in practice this was usually done by sovereigns and the higher nobility. It is recorded that the great mercenary captain Sir [[John Hawkwood]] knighted a number of his followers, as many as twenty on one occasion, though he could reasonably be expected to provide the income his created knights required to maintain their new status.<ref>Cooper, pp. 119-120.</ref>

The fully armoured man-at-arms was gradually replaced in the course of the 16th century by later cavalry types, the [[demi-lancer]] and the [[cuirassier]].

The last major battle in which English men-at-arms were prominent was fought against a Scottish army in 1547 at [[Battle of Pinkie Cleugh|Pinkie Cleugh]]. The outnumbered Scots cavalry were easily driven off by the English horse (the Scots cavalry having lost heavily in an engagement the day before), the Scots then made a sudden advance with their massed pikemen. To slow their onset and give time for the English infantry to receive them the English heavy horse (men-at-arms and demi-lancers) were thrown against the pikes. The English cavalry crashed into the pikemen with great elan but sustained considerable losses. However, they halted the Scots attack, buying time for the English infantry and artillery to deploy effectively; the battle resulted in a heavy defeat for the Scots.<ref>Gravett, pp. 46-47.</ref>

==In France==
[[Image:Gendarmes.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Fully armoured [[Gendarme (historical)|gendarmes]] from the [[Italian Wars]] (mid 16th century).]]
{{main|Gendarme (historical)}}
In some countries, such as France, the men-at-arms (''gens d'armes'') became a [[paramilitary]] with police duties.

There, a military corps having such duties was first created in 1337 and was placed under the orders of the [[Constable of France]] (''connétable''), and therefore named ''connétablie''. In 1626 after the abolition of the title of connétable, it was put under the command of the ''Maréchal of France'', and renamed ''Maréchaussée''. Its main mission was protecting the roads from [[highwayman|highwaymen]].

The ''gens d'armes'' were originally heavy cavalry in the king's household, the equivalent of the "[[Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms]]". In 1720 the ''maréchaussée'' was subordinated to the [[gendarmerie]]; after the [[French Revolution]] the ''maréchaussée'' was abolished and the gendarmerie took over its duties in 1791.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Church, S. and Harvey, R. (Eds.) (1994) ''Medieval knighthood V: papers from the sixth Strawberry Hill Conference 1994.'' Boydell Press, Woodbidge.
*Cooper, S. (2008) ''Sir John Hawkwood.'' Pen & Sword Books, Barnsley.
*Curry, A. (Ed.) (1994) ''Arms, armies and fortifications in the Hundred Years War.'' Boydell & Brewer, Woodbidge.
*Gravett, C. (2006) ''Tudor Knight.'' Osprey, Oxford.
*Simpkin, D, (2008) ''The English aristocracy at war: from the Welsh wars of Edward I to the Battle of Bannockburn.'' Boydell Press, Woodbidge.

[[Category:Cavalry]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the Hundred Years' War]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the Early Modern era]]
[[Category:Combat occupations]]
[[Category:16th and 17th century warrior types]]

[[fr:Homme d'armes]]

Manifest von 1890

2011-12-19T07:12:50Z

Qwerty Binary: Correction.

{{LDSpolygamy}}
{{See also|Latter Day Saint polygamy in the late 19th century}}
The '''"1890 Manifesto"''', sometimes simply called '''"The Manifesto"''', is a statement which officially disavowed the continuing practice of [[plural marriage]] in [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church). Issued by [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)|church president]] [[Wilford Woodruff]] in September 1890, the Manifesto was a response to mounting anti-polygamy pressure from the [[United States Congress]], which by 1890 had disincorporated the church, [[escheat]]ed its assets to the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]], and imprisoned many prominent polygamist Mormons.

The Manifesto was a dramatic turning point in the [[history of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|history of the LDS Church]]. It officially prohibited church members from entering into any marriage prohibited by the law of the land, and made it possible for [[Utah]] to become a [[U.S. state]]. Nevertheless, even after the Manifesto the church quietly continued to perform a small number of plural marriages in the [[United States]], [[Mexico]], and [[Canada]], thus necessitating a [[Second Manifesto]] during [[Reed Smoot hearings|U.S. congressional hearings]] in 1904. Though neither Manifesto dissolved existing plural marriages, plural marriage in the LDS Church gradually died by attrition during the early 1900s.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} The Manifesto was canonized in the LDS Church [[Standard Works]] as '''Official Declaration—1''' and is considered by mainstream [[Mormonism|Mormons]] to have been prompted by divine revelation, which is disputed by [[Mormon fundamentalism|Mormon fundamentalists]].

==Background==
The Manifesto was issued in response to the anti-polygamy policies of the [[federal government of the United States]], and most especially the [[Edmunds–Tucker Act]] of 1887. This law disincorporated the LDS Church and authorized the federal government to seize all of the church’s assets. The [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] upheld the provisions of the Edmunds–Tucker Act in ''[[Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States]]''.<ref>{{ussc|136|1|1890}}.</ref>

In April 1889, Woodruff, then president of the church, began privately refusing the permission that was required to contract new plural marriages.<ref>[[Richard S. Van Wagoner]] (1989, 2d ed.). ''Mormon Polygamy: A History'' (Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books) p. 135.</ref> In October 1889, Woodruff publicly admitted that he was no longer approving new polygamous marriages, and in answer to a reporter's question of what the LDS Church's attitude was toward the law against polygamy, Woodruff stated, "we mean to obey it. We have no thought of evading it or ignoring it."<ref>''Salt Lake Herald'', 1889-10-27, quoted in [[Richard S. Van Wagoner]] (1989, 2d ed.). ''Mormon Polygamy: A History'' (Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books) p. 136.</ref> Because it had been Mormon practice for over 25 years to either evade or ignore anti-polygamy laws, Woodruff's statement was a signal that a change in church policy was developing.<ref>Stephen Eliot Smith, "The 'Mormon Question' Revisited: Anti-polygamy Laws and the Free Exercise Clause" (2005) (LL.M. thesis, Harvard Law School) pp. 62–63.</ref>

In February 1890, the Supreme Court had already ruled in ''[[Davis v. Beason]]''<ref>{{ussc|133|333|1890}}.</ref> that a law in [[Idaho Territory]] which disenfranchised individuals who practised or believed in plural marriage was constitutional.<ref>Stephen Eliot Smith, "The 'Mormon Question' Revisited: Anti-polygamy Laws and the Free Exercise Clause" (2005) (LL.M. thesis, Harvard Law School) pp. 63–64.</ref> That decision left the Mormons no further legal recourse to their current marriage practices and made it unlikely that without change [[Utah Territory]] would be granted statehood.

Woodruff later said that on the night of September 23, 1890, he received a [[revelation]] from [[Jesus Christ]] that the church should cease the practice of plural marriage.<ref name = wwremarks>Remarks of Wilford Woodruff at Cache [[Stake (Latter Day Saints)|Stake]] Conference, [[Logan, Utah]], 1891-11-01; reported at Wilford Woodruff, "Remarks", ''Deseret Weekly'' (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1891-11-14; excerpts reprinted in LDS Church, [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/od/1# "Official Declaration—1"], ''[[Doctrine and Covenants]]''.</ref> The following morning, he reported this to some of the [[General authority|general authorities]] and placed the hand-written draft on a table. [[George Reynolds (Mormon)|George Reynolds]] would later recount that he, [[Charles W. Penrose]], and [[John R. Winder]] modified Woodruff's draft into the current language accepted by the general authorities and presented to the church as a whole.<ref>Proceedings Before the Committee On Privileges and Elections of the United States Senate in the Matter of The Protests Against the Right of Hon. Reed Smoot, a Senator From the State of Utah, To Hold His Seat. Volume II, pp. 52-53</ref> Woodruff announced the Manifesto on September 25 by publishing it in the church-owned ''[[Deseret News|Deseret Weekly]]'' in [[Salt Lake City]].<ref>Wilford Woodruff, "Official Declaration", ''Deseret Weekly'' (Salt Lake City) '''41''':476 (1890-09-25).</ref> On October 6, 1890, during the 60th Semiannual [[General conference (Latter Day Saints)|General Conference]] of the church, the Manifesto was formally [[Common consent|accepted]] by the church membership.

When Utah applied for statehood again, it was granted on January 4, 1896. One of the conditions for granting Utah and other western territories statehood was that a ban on polygamy be written into the state constitution.

==The Manifesto==
The Manifesto, issued by Wilford Woodruff, states:

<blockquote>
:"To Whom It May Concern:

:"Press dispatches having been sent for political purposes, from Salt Lake City, which have been widely published, to the effect that the Utah Commission, in their recent report to the Secretary of the Interior, allege that plural marriages have been contracted in Utah since last June or during the past year, also that in public discourses the leaders of the Church have taught, encouraged and urged the continuance of the practice of polygamy—

:"I, therefore, as President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, do hereby, in the most solemn manner, declare that these charges are false. We are not teaching polygamy or plural marriage, nor permitting other number of plural marriages have during that period been solemnized in our Temples or in any other place in the Territory.

:"One case has been reported, in which the parties allege that the marriage was performed in the [[Endowment House]], in Salt Lake City, in the Spring of 1889, but I have not been able to learn who performed the ceremony; whatever was done in this matter was without my knowledge. In consequence of this alleged occurrence the Endowment House was, by my instructions, taken down without delay.

:"Inasmuch as laws have been enacted by Congress forbidding plural marriages, which laws have been pronounced constitutional by the court of last resort, I heareby declare my intention to submit to those laws, to use my influence with the members of the Church over which I preside to have them do likewise.

:"There is nothing in my teachings to the Church or in those of my associates, during the time specified, which can be reasonably construed to inculcate or encourage polygamy; and when any Elder of the Church has used language which appeared to convey such teaching, he has been promptly reproved. And I now publicly declare that my advice to the Latter-day Saints is to refrain from contracting any marriage forbidden by the law of the land.

::"WILFORD WOODRUFF [signed]
::"President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints."<ref name=LDSOD1>LDS Church, {{lds|Official Declaration —|od|1}}, ''[[Doctrine and Covenants]]''.</ref>
</blockquote>

==Formal acceptance by the LDS Church==
"President Lorenzo Snow offered the following:

:"'I move that, recognizing Wilford Woodruff as the President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and the only man on the earth at the present time who holds the keys of the sealing ordinances, we consider him fully authorized by virtue of his position to issue the Manifesto which has been read in our hearing, and which is dated September 1890, and that as a Church in General Conference assembled, we accept his declaration concerning plural marriages as authoritative and binding.'

"The vote to sustain the foregoing motion was unanimous.

"Salt Lake City, Utah, October 6, 1890."<ref name=LDSOD1/>

==New plural marriages vs. existing plural marriages==
The Manifesto was the end of official church authorization for the creation of new plural marriages that violated local laws. It had no effect on the status of already existing plural marriages, and plural marriages continued to be performed in locations where it was believed to be legal. As Woodruff explained at the general conference where the Manifesto was accepted by the church, "[t]his Manifesto only refers to future marriages, and does not affect past conditions. I did not, I could not, and would not promise that you would desert your wives and children. This you cannot do in honor."<ref>Diary entry of [[Marriner W. Merrill]], 1890-10-06 (LDS Church archives), cited in B. Carmon Hardy (1992). ''Solemn Covenant: The Mormon Polygamous Passage'' (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) p. 141.</ref> Despite Woodruff's explanation, some church leaders and members who were polygamous did begin to live with only one wife.<ref>[[Lorenzo Snow]], who would succeed Woodruff as president of the church, was one such leader.</ref> However, the majority of Mormon polygamists continued to cohabit with their plural wives in violation of the [[Edmunds–Tucker Act]].<ref>Kenneth L. Cannon II, "Beyond the Manifesto: Polygamous Cohabitation among LDS General Authorities after 1890", ''Utah Historical Quarterly'' '''46''':24 (1978).</ref>

==Aftermath and post-Manifesto plural marriage==
Within six years of the announcement of the Manifesto, [[Utah]] had become a [[U.S. state|state]] and federal prosecution of Mormon polygamists subsided. However, Congress still refused to seat representatives-elect who were polygamists, including [[B. H. Roberts]].<ref>Kathleen Flake (2003). ''The Politics of American Religious Identity: The Seating of Senator Reed Smoot, Mormon Apostle'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0-8078-5501-4).</ref>

[[D. Michael Quinn]] and other Mormon historians have documented that some church [[Apostle (Latter Day Saints)|apostles]] covertly sanctioned plural marriages after the Manifesto. This practice was especially prevalent in [[Mexico]] and [[Canada]] because of an erroneous belief that such marriages were legal in those jurisdictions.<ref>Numerous marriages also were performed in international waters on the high seas.</ref> However, a significant minority were performed in Utah and other western American states and territories. The estimates of the number of post-Manifesto plural marriages performed range from scores to thousands, with the actual figure probably close to 250.<ref>B. Carmon Hardy (1992). ''Solemn Covenant: The Mormon Polygamous Passage'' (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) pp. 167–335 and appendix II.</ref> Today, the LDS Church officially acknowledges that although the Manifesto "officially ceased" the practice of plural marriage in the church, "the ending of the practice after the Manifesto was ... gradual."<ref>LDS Church, [http://lds.org/study/topics/polygamy-plural-marriage?lang=eng Gospel Topics: Polygamy (Plural Marriage)] (accessed 2011-05-27).</ref>

Rumors of post-Manifesto marriages surfaced and began to be examined by Congress in the [[Reed Smoot hearings]]. In response, church president [[Joseph F. Smith]] issued a "[[Second Manifesto]]" in 1904 which reaffirmed the church's opposition to the creation of new plural marriages and threatened excommunication for Latter-day Saints who continued to enter into or solemnize new plural marriages. [[Apostle (Latter Day Saints)|Apostles]] [[John Whittaker Taylor|John W. Taylor]] and [[Matthias F. Cowley]] both resigned from the [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)|Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] due to disagreement with the church’s position on plural marriage.<ref>Victor W. Jorgensen and B. Carmon Hardy, "The Taylor-Cowley Affair and the Watershed of Mormon History", ''Utah Historical Quarterly'' '''48''':4 (1980).</ref> Plural marriage in violation of local law continues to be grounds for [[Disciplinary council|excommunication]] from the LDS Church.<ref>LDS Church (2010). ''[[Handbook (LDS Church)|Handbook 1: Stake Presidents and Bishops]]''. (Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church) p. 57.</ref>

The gradual cessation of plural marriage within LDS Church gave rise to the [[Mormon fundamentalism|Mormon fundamentalist]] movement.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}

==Evolution of Latter-day Saint views on the Manifesto==
The Manifesto has been canonized by the LDS Church, and its text appears in the [[Doctrine and Covenants]], one of the church's books of [[Standard Works|scripture]]. However, when the Manifesto was issued, it was not apparent that Woodruff or the other leaders of the LDS Church viewed it as the result of a divine revelation.<ref>B. Carmon Hardy (1992). ''Solemn Covenant: The Mormon Polygamous Passage'' (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) pp. 146–152.</ref> Approximately one year after he declared the Manifesto, Woodruff began to claim that he had received instructions from Jesus Christ that formed the basis of what he wrote in the text of the Manifesto.<ref name =wwremarks/> These instructions were reportedly accompanied by a [[Vision (religion)|vision]] of what would occur if the Manifesto were not issued.<ref name = wwremarks/>

Following Woodruff's death in 1898, other church leaders began to teach that the Manifesto was the result of a [[revelation]] of God.<ref>See, e.g., Discourse delivered by [[Lorenzo Snow]] at [[St. George, Utah]] on 1899-05-03, published as Lorenzo Snow, [http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=/MStar&CISOPTR=36519&filename=36520.pdf "Discourse"], ''[[Millennial Star]]'', vol. 61, no. 34 pp. 529–533 at p. 532 (1899-08-24), reprinted in Lorenzo Snow (1998, Clyde J. Williams ed.). ''The Teachings of Lorenzo Snow: Fifth President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints'' (Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft) pp. 192–193.</ref> Since that time, church leaders have consistently taught that the Manifesto was inspired of God.<ref>[[John A. Widtsoe]] (1943). ''Evidences and Reconciliations: Aids to Faith in a Modern Day (Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft) p. 89.</ref><ref>[[Joseph Fielding Smith]] (1922) (24th ed., 1971). ''Essentials in Church History: A History of the Church from the Birth of Joseph Smith to the Present Time'' (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book) pp. 493–494.</ref><ref>[[Spencer W. Kimball]] (1998, [[Edward L. Kimball]] ed.). ''The Teachings of Spencer W. Kimball: Twelfth President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints'' (Salt Lake City, Utah: [[Bookcraft]]) pp. 447–448.</ref> In 1908, the Manifesto was printed in the LDS Church's Doctrine and Covenants for the first time, and it has been included in every edition since. A non-Mormon observer of the church has stated that "[t]here is no question that, from a doctrinal standpoint, President Woodruff's Manifesto now has comparable status with [Joseph Smith's] revelations in the Doctrine and Covenants".<ref>Jan Shipps (1985). ''Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition'' (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) p. 114.</ref> The Manifesto is currently published as "Official Declaration—1" in the Doctrine and Covenants.

==See also==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* [[1831 polygamy revelation]]
* [[1843 polygamy revelation]]
* [[Group marriage]]
* [[Joseph Smith, Jr. and polygamy]]
* [[List of Latter Day Saint practitioners of plural marriage]]
* [[Polyandry]]
* [[Criticism of the Latter Day Saint movement]]
{{col-2}}
* [[Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act]] (1862)
* [[Poland Act]] (1874)
* ''[[Reynolds v. United States]]'' (1879)
* [[Edmunds Act]] (1882)
* [[History of civil marriage in the U.S.]]
* [[Endowment House]]
* [[George Reynolds (Mormon)|George Reynolds]]
{{col-end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*[[D. Michael Quinn|Quinn, D. Michael]] (1997). ''[http://www.signaturebooks.com/excerpts/hier1.htm The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power]''. Salt Lake City: [[Signature Books]]. ISBN 1-56085-060-4
* B. Carmon Hardy ''[http://www.press.uillinois.edu/pre95/0-252-01833-8.html Solemn Covenant: The Mormon Polygamous Passage]''; [[University of Illinois Press]]; ISBN 0-252-01833-8; (hardcover)

==External links==
*[http://scriptures.lds.org/en/od/1 Official Declaration—1]: Full text of the Manifesto and other background statements from LDS Church Doctrine and Covenants
*[http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/daily/history/plural_marriage/manifesto_eom.htm The Manifesto of 1890] — article from the ''[[Encyclopedia of Mormonism]]''
*[http://www.ldshistory.net/pc/postman.htm Plural Marriages After The 1890 Manifesto] — essay by Quinn

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manifesto}}
[[Category:1890 in the United States]]
[[Category:1890 works]]
[[Category:History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
[[Category:Mormonism and polygamy]]
[[Category:Doctrine and Covenants]]
[[Category:Mormon fundamentalism]]
[[Category:Works originally published in the Deseret News]]
[[Category:1890 in religion]]

[[pt:Manifesto mórmon de 1890]]

Late Corp. of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States

2011-12-19T07:12:32Z

Qwerty Binary: Direct link.

{{italic title}}
{{Infobox SCOTUS case
|Litigants=The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States
|ArgueDateA=January 16
|ArgueDateB=18
|ArgueYear=1889
|DecideDate=May 19
|DecideYear=1890
|FullName=The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints et al. v. United States; Romney et al. v. United States
|Citation=10 S. Ct. 792; 34 L. Ed. 478; 1890 U.S. LEXIS 2199
|USVol=136
|USPage=1
|Prior=[[Edmunds-Tucker Act]] provisions authorizing disincorporation of LDS Church upheld in ''U.S. v. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints''. 5 Utah 361, 15 P. 473 (Utah.Terr. 1887). Appeal from the Supreme Court of the Utah Territory
|Holding=Congress has supreme authority over territories, including power to dissolve the LDS Church's corporation and seize its property. Under [[parens patriae]] principals, congress may redirect assets to charitable purposes within Utah Territory. Property was properly not transferred to church members because they were using it to further outlawed polygamy.
|SCOTUS=1890-1891
|Majority=Bradley
|JoinMajority=Harlan, Gray, Blatchford, Brewer
|Dissent=Fuller
|JoinDissent=Lamar, Field
|LawsApplied=[[Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment|U.S. Const. amend. I]]; [[Edmunds-Tucker Act]]
}}
'''''The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States''''', {{ussc|136|1|1890}} was a [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] case that upheld the [[Edmunds–Tucker Act]] on May 19, 1890. Among other things, the act disincorporated [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church).

[[Melville Fuller|Chief Justice Fuller]]'s dissent asserted that though Congress has the power to criminalize [[polygamy]], "it is not authorized under the cover of that power to seize and confiscate the property of persons, individuals, or corporations, without office found, because they may have been guilty of criminal practices."<ref>{{ussc|136|67|1890}}</ref>

The ruling in ''Late Corporation'' would have directed federal [[escheat]] of substantially all the property of the legally disincorporated LDS Church, which was estimated at $3 million. Following the decision, the [[United States Attorney|U.S. Attorney]] for [[Utah Territory]] reported seizing only $381,812 in assets.<ref>Paul G. Kauper & Stephen C. Ellis, "Religious Corporations and the Law," 71 Mich. L. Rev. (1972-1973), 1499, 1517. This figure includes seized stock and cash in bank accounts as well as $10,000 "credits due on sheep."</ref> [[Real property]], including [[Temple (LDS Church)|LDS temples]], was never seized although the ruling authorized it. Within five months, the LDS Church officially discontinued the practice of plural marriage with the [[1890 Manifesto]]. On October 25, 1893, a congressional resolution authorized the release of assets seized from the LDS Church because, "said church has discontinued the practice of polygamy and no longer encourages or gives countenance to any manner of practices in violation of law, or contrary to good morals or public policy."<ref>Jt. Res 11., 53d Cong., 1st Sess., 28 Stat. 980</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
*[[Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act]] (1862)
*[[Poland Act]] (1874)
*''[[Reynolds v. United States]]'' (1879)
*[[Edmunds Act]] (1882)
*[[Edmunds-Tucker Act]] (1887)
*[[1890 Manifesto]]
*[[Smoot Hearings]] (1903–1907)
*[[Second Manifesto]] (1904)
*[[History of civil marriage in the U.S.]]
*[[List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 136]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{wikisource}}
{{reflist}}
* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=136&invol=1 U.S. Supreme Court Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. United States, 136 U.S. 1 (1890)].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Late Corporation Of The Church Of Jesus Christ Of Latter-Day Saints V. United States}}
[[Category:1890 in United States case law]]
[[Category:History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
[[Category:Utah Territory]]
[[Category:Law related to Mormonism]]
[[Category:Mormonism and polygamy]]
[[Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the United States]]
[[Category:United States First Amendment case law]]
[[Category:United States Supreme Court cases]]
[[Category:1890 in religion]]

Manifest von 1890

2011-12-19T07:12:06Z

Qwerty Binary: /* Background */ Clean up.

{{LDSpolygamy}}
{{See also|Latter Day Saint polygamy in the late 19th century}}
The '''"1890 Manifesto"''', sometimes simply called '''"The Manifesto"''', is a statement which officially disavowed the continuing practice of [[plural marriage]] in [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church). Issued by [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)|church president]] [[Wilford Woodruff]] in September 1890, the Manifesto was a response to mounting anti-polygamy pressure from the [[United States Congress]], which by 1890 had disincorporated the church, [[escheat]]ed its assets to the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]], and imprisoned many prominent polygamist Mormons.

The Manifesto was a dramatic turning point in the [[history of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|history of the LDS Church]]. It officially prohibited church members from entering into any marriage prohibited by the law of the land, and made it possible for [[Utah]] to become a [[U.S. state]]. Nevertheless, even after the Manifesto the church quietly continued to perform a small number of plural marriages in the [[United States]], [[Mexico]], and [[Canada]], thus necessitating a [[Second Manifesto]] during [[Reed Smoot hearings|U.S. congressional hearings]] in 1904. Though neither Manifesto dissolved existing plural marriages, plural marriage in the LDS Church gradually died by attrition during the early 1900s.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} The Manifesto was canonized in the LDS Church [[Standard Works]] as '''Official Declaration—1''' and is considered by mainstream [[Mormonism|Mormons]] to have been prompted by divine revelation, which is disputed by [[Mormon fundamentalism|Mormon fundamentalists]].

==Background==
The Manifesto was issued in response to the anti-polygamy policies of the [[federal government of the United States]], and most especially the [[Edmunds–Tucker Act]] of 1887. This law disincorporated the LDS Church and authorized the federal government to seize all of the church’s assets. The [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] upheld the provisions of the Edmunds–Tucker Act in ''[[Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States]]''.<ref>{{ussc|136|1|1890}}.</ref>

In April 1889, Woodruff, then president of the church, began privately refusing the permission that was required to contract new plural marriages.<ref>[[Richard S. Van Wagoner]] (1989, 2d ed.). ''Mormon Polygamy: A History'' (Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books) p. 135.</ref> In October 1889, Woodruff publicly admitted that he was no longer approving new polygamous marriages, and in answer to a reporter's question of what the LDS Church's attitude was toward the law against polygamy, Woodruff stated, "we mean to obey it. We have no thought of evading it or ignoring it."<ref>''Salt Lake Herald'', 1889-10-27, quoted in [[Richard S. Van Wagoner]] (1989, 2d ed.). ''Mormon Polygamy: A History'' (Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books) p. 136.</ref> Because it had been Mormon practice for over 25 years to either evade or ignore anti-polygamy laws, Woodruff's statement was a signal that a change in church policy was developing.<ref>Stephen Eliot Smith, "The 'Mormon Question' Revisited: Anti-polygamy Laws and the Free Exercise Clause" (2005) (LL.M. thesis, Harvard Law School) pp. 62–63.</ref>

In February 1890, the Supreme Court had already ruled in ''[[Davis v. Beason]]''<ref>{{ussc|133|333|1890}}.</ref> that a law in [[Idaho Territory]] which disenfranchised individuals who practiced or believed in plural marriage was constitutional.<ref>Stephen Eliot Smith, "The 'Mormon Question' Revisited: Anti-polygamy Laws and the Free Exercise Clause" (2005) (LL.M. thesis, Harvard Law School) pp. 63–64.</ref> That decision left the Mormons no further legal recourse to their current marriage practices and made it unlikely that without change [[Utah Territory]] would be granted statehood.

Woodruff later said that on the night of September 23, 1890, he received a [[revelation]] from [[Jesus Christ]] that the church should cease the practice of plural marriage.<ref name = wwremarks>Remarks of Wilford Woodruff at Cache [[Stake (Latter Day Saints)|Stake]] Conference, [[Logan, Utah]], 1891-11-01; reported at Wilford Woodruff, "Remarks", ''Deseret Weekly'' (Salt Lake City, Utah) 1891-11-14; excerpts reprinted in LDS Church, [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/od/1# "Official Declaration—1"], ''[[Doctrine and Covenants]]''.</ref> The following morning, he reported this to some of the [[General authority|general authorities]] and placed the hand-written draft on a table. [[George Reynolds (Mormon)|George Reynolds]] would later recount that he, [[Charles W. Penrose]], and [[John R. Winder]] modified Woodruff's draft into the current language accepted by the general authorities and presented to the church as a whole.<ref>Proceedings Before the Committee On Privileges and Elections of the United States Senate in the Matter of The Protests Against the Right of Hon. Reed Smoot, a Senator From the State of Utah, To Hold His Seat. Volume II, pp. 52-53</ref> Woodruff announced the Manifesto on September 25 by publishing it in the church-owned ''[[Deseret News|Deseret Weekly]]'' in [[Salt Lake City]].<ref>Wilford Woodruff, "Official Declaration", ''Deseret Weekly'' (Salt Lake City) '''41''':476 (1890-09-25).</ref> On October 6, 1890, during the 60th Semiannual [[General conference (Latter Day Saints)|General Conference]] of the church, the Manifesto was formally [[Common consent|accepted]] by the church membership.

When Utah applied for statehood again, it was granted on January 4, 1896. One of the conditions for granting Utah and other western territories statehood was that a ban on polygamy be written into the state constitution.

==The Manifesto==
The Manifesto, issued by Wilford Woodruff, states:

<blockquote>
:"To Whom It May Concern:

:"Press dispatches having been sent for political purposes, from Salt Lake City, which have been widely published, to the effect that the Utah Commission, in their recent report to the Secretary of the Interior, allege that plural marriages have been contracted in Utah since last June or during the past year, also that in public discourses the leaders of the Church have taught, encouraged and urged the continuance of the practice of polygamy—

:"I, therefore, as President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, do hereby, in the most solemn manner, declare that these charges are false. We are not teaching polygamy or plural marriage, nor permitting other number of plural marriages have during that period been solemnized in our Temples or in any other place in the Territory.

:"One case has been reported, in which the parties allege that the marriage was performed in the [[Endowment House]], in Salt Lake City, in the Spring of 1889, but I have not been able to learn who performed the ceremony; whatever was done in this matter was without my knowledge. In consequence of this alleged occurrence the Endowment House was, by my instructions, taken down without delay.

:"Inasmuch as laws have been enacted by Congress forbidding plural marriages, which laws have been pronounced constitutional by the court of last resort, I heareby declare my intention to submit to those laws, to use my influence with the members of the Church over which I preside to have them do likewise.

:"There is nothing in my teachings to the Church or in those of my associates, during the time specified, which can be reasonably construed to inculcate or encourage polygamy; and when any Elder of the Church has used language which appeared to convey such teaching, he has been promptly reproved. And I now publicly declare that my advice to the Latter-day Saints is to refrain from contracting any marriage forbidden by the law of the land.

::"WILFORD WOODRUFF [signed]
::"President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints."<ref name=LDSOD1>LDS Church, {{lds|Official Declaration —|od|1}}, ''[[Doctrine and Covenants]]''.</ref>
</blockquote>

==Formal acceptance by the LDS Church==
"President Lorenzo Snow offered the following:

:"'I move that, recognizing Wilford Woodruff as the President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and the only man on the earth at the present time who holds the keys of the sealing ordinances, we consider him fully authorized by virtue of his position to issue the Manifesto which has been read in our hearing, and which is dated September 1890, and that as a Church in General Conference assembled, we accept his declaration concerning plural marriages as authoritative and binding.'

"The vote to sustain the foregoing motion was unanimous.

"Salt Lake City, Utah, October 6, 1890."<ref name=LDSOD1/>

==New plural marriages vs. existing plural marriages==
The Manifesto was the end of official church authorization for the creation of new plural marriages that violated local laws. It had no effect on the status of already existing plural marriages, and plural marriages continued to be performed in locations where it was believed to be legal. As Woodruff explained at the general conference where the Manifesto was accepted by the church, "[t]his Manifesto only refers to future marriages, and does not affect past conditions. I did not, I could not, and would not promise that you would desert your wives and children. This you cannot do in honor."<ref>Diary entry of [[Marriner W. Merrill]], 1890-10-06 (LDS Church archives), cited in B. Carmon Hardy (1992). ''Solemn Covenant: The Mormon Polygamous Passage'' (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) p. 141.</ref> Despite Woodruff's explanation, some church leaders and members who were polygamous did begin to live with only one wife.<ref>[[Lorenzo Snow]], who would succeed Woodruff as president of the church, was one such leader.</ref> However, the majority of Mormon polygamists continued to cohabit with their plural wives in violation of the [[Edmunds–Tucker Act]].<ref>Kenneth L. Cannon II, "Beyond the Manifesto: Polygamous Cohabitation among LDS General Authorities after 1890", ''Utah Historical Quarterly'' '''46''':24 (1978).</ref>

==Aftermath and post-Manifesto plural marriage==
Within six years of the announcement of the Manifesto, [[Utah]] had become a [[U.S. state|state]] and federal prosecution of Mormon polygamists subsided. However, Congress still refused to seat representatives-elect who were polygamists, including [[B. H. Roberts]].<ref>Kathleen Flake (2003). ''The Politics of American Religious Identity: The Seating of Senator Reed Smoot, Mormon Apostle'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0-8078-5501-4).</ref>

[[D. Michael Quinn]] and other Mormon historians have documented that some church [[Apostle (Latter Day Saints)|apostles]] covertly sanctioned plural marriages after the Manifesto. This practice was especially prevalent in [[Mexico]] and [[Canada]] because of an erroneous belief that such marriages were legal in those jurisdictions.<ref>Numerous marriages also were performed in international waters on the high seas.</ref> However, a significant minority were performed in Utah and other western American states and territories. The estimates of the number of post-Manifesto plural marriages performed range from scores to thousands, with the actual figure probably close to 250.<ref>B. Carmon Hardy (1992). ''Solemn Covenant: The Mormon Polygamous Passage'' (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) pp. 167–335 and appendix II.</ref> Today, the LDS Church officially acknowledges that although the Manifesto "officially ceased" the practice of plural marriage in the church, "the ending of the practice after the Manifesto was ... gradual."<ref>LDS Church, [http://lds.org/study/topics/polygamy-plural-marriage?lang=eng Gospel Topics: Polygamy (Plural Marriage)] (accessed 2011-05-27).</ref>

Rumors of post-Manifesto marriages surfaced and began to be examined by Congress in the [[Reed Smoot hearings]]. In response, church president [[Joseph F. Smith]] issued a "[[Second Manifesto]]" in 1904 which reaffirmed the church's opposition to the creation of new plural marriages and threatened excommunication for Latter-day Saints who continued to enter into or solemnize new plural marriages. [[Apostle (Latter Day Saints)|Apostles]] [[John Whittaker Taylor|John W. Taylor]] and [[Matthias F. Cowley]] both resigned from the [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)|Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] due to disagreement with the church’s position on plural marriage.<ref>Victor W. Jorgensen and B. Carmon Hardy, "The Taylor-Cowley Affair and the Watershed of Mormon History", ''Utah Historical Quarterly'' '''48''':4 (1980).</ref> Plural marriage in violation of local law continues to be grounds for [[Disciplinary council|excommunication]] from the LDS Church.<ref>LDS Church (2010). ''[[Handbook (LDS Church)|Handbook 1: Stake Presidents and Bishops]]''. (Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church) p. 57.</ref>

The gradual cessation of plural marriage within LDS Church gave rise to the [[Mormon fundamentalism|Mormon fundamentalist]] movement.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}

==Evolution of Latter-day Saint views on the Manifesto==
The Manifesto has been canonized by the LDS Church, and its text appears in the [[Doctrine and Covenants]], one of the church's books of [[Standard Works|scripture]]. However, when the Manifesto was issued, it was not apparent that Woodruff or the other leaders of the LDS Church viewed it as the result of a divine revelation.<ref>B. Carmon Hardy (1992). ''Solemn Covenant: The Mormon Polygamous Passage'' (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) pp. 146–152.</ref> Approximately one year after he declared the Manifesto, Woodruff began to claim that he had received instructions from Jesus Christ that formed the basis of what he wrote in the text of the Manifesto.<ref name =wwremarks/> These instructions were reportedly accompanied by a [[Vision (religion)|vision]] of what would occur if the Manifesto were not issued.<ref name = wwremarks/>

Following Woodruff's death in 1898, other church leaders began to teach that the Manifesto was the result of a [[revelation]] of God.<ref>See, e.g., Discourse delivered by [[Lorenzo Snow]] at [[St. George, Utah]] on 1899-05-03, published as Lorenzo Snow, [http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=/MStar&CISOPTR=36519&filename=36520.pdf "Discourse"], ''[[Millennial Star]]'', vol. 61, no. 34 pp. 529–533 at p. 532 (1899-08-24), reprinted in Lorenzo Snow (1998, Clyde J. Williams ed.). ''The Teachings of Lorenzo Snow: Fifth President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints'' (Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft) pp. 192–193.</ref> Since that time, church leaders have consistently taught that the Manifesto was inspired of God.<ref>[[John A. Widtsoe]] (1943). ''Evidences and Reconciliations: Aids to Faith in a Modern Day (Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft) p. 89.</ref><ref>[[Joseph Fielding Smith]] (1922) (24th ed., 1971). ''Essentials in Church History: A History of the Church from the Birth of Joseph Smith to the Present Time'' (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book) pp. 493–494.</ref><ref>[[Spencer W. Kimball]] (1998, [[Edward L. Kimball]] ed.). ''The Teachings of Spencer W. Kimball: Twelfth President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints'' (Salt Lake City, Utah: [[Bookcraft]]) pp. 447–448.</ref> In 1908, the Manifesto was printed in the LDS Church's Doctrine and Covenants for the first time, and it has been included in every edition since. A non-Mormon observer of the church has stated that "[t]here is no question that, from a doctrinal standpoint, President Woodruff's Manifesto now has comparable status with [Joseph Smith's] revelations in the Doctrine and Covenants".<ref>Jan Shipps (1985). ''Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition'' (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) p. 114.</ref> The Manifesto is currently published as "Official Declaration—1" in the Doctrine and Covenants.

==See also==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* [[1831 polygamy revelation]]
* [[1843 polygamy revelation]]
* [[Group marriage]]
* [[Joseph Smith, Jr. and polygamy]]
* [[List of Latter Day Saint practitioners of plural marriage]]
* [[Polyandry]]
* [[Criticism of the Latter Day Saint movement]]
{{col-2}}
* [[Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act]] (1862)
* [[Poland Act]] (1874)
* ''[[Reynolds v. United States]]'' (1879)
* [[Edmunds Act]] (1882)
* [[History of civil marriage in the U.S.]]
* [[Endowment House]]
* [[George Reynolds (Mormon)|George Reynolds]]
{{col-end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*[[D. Michael Quinn|Quinn, D. Michael]] (1997). ''[http://www.signaturebooks.com/excerpts/hier1.htm The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power]''. Salt Lake City: [[Signature Books]]. ISBN 1-56085-060-4
* B. Carmon Hardy ''[http://www.press.uillinois.edu/pre95/0-252-01833-8.html Solemn Covenant: The Mormon Polygamous Passage]''; [[University of Illinois Press]]; ISBN 0-252-01833-8; (hardcover)

==External links==
*[http://scriptures.lds.org/en/od/1 Official Declaration—1]: Full text of the Manifesto and other background statements from LDS Church Doctrine and Covenants
*[http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/daily/history/plural_marriage/manifesto_eom.htm The Manifesto of 1890] — article from the ''[[Encyclopedia of Mormonism]]''
*[http://www.ldshistory.net/pc/postman.htm Plural Marriages After The 1890 Manifesto] — essay by Quinn

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manifesto}}
[[Category:1890 in the United States]]
[[Category:1890 works]]
[[Category:History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
[[Category:Mormonism and polygamy]]
[[Category:Doctrine and Covenants]]
[[Category:Mormon fundamentalism]]
[[Category:Works originally published in the Deseret News]]
[[Category:1890 in religion]]

[[pt:Manifesto mórmon de 1890]]

Joel McKinnon Miller

2011-12-15T21:43:44Z

Qwerty Binary: /* Life and career */ Link.

{{Infobox person
|name=Joel McKinnon Miller
|image=
|caption=
|birth_date=
|birth_place=[[Minnesota]]
}}
'''Joel McKinnon Miller,''' or sometimes credited as '''Joel McKinnon''', is an [[U.S.|American]] [[film]] and [[television]] [[actor]] who has been living in [[Los Angeles]] since 1991. His most significant [[role (performing arts)|role]] is that of Don Embry on [[HBO]]'s drama series ''[[Big Love]]''.

==Life and career==
Miller is one of the most easily recognizable character actors in Hollywood due to his trademark [[flattop]] haircut. The actor has said that he got it while working on a movie about Vietnam, and has worn it ever since.

Prior to ''Big Love'' his main role on television was as Lyle Nubbin in three episodes of ''[[Las Vegas (TV series)|Las Vegas]]''. Since 1991 he has also appeared in episodes of several American television series, including ''[[Cold Case (TV series)|Cold Case]]'', ''[[Murphy Brown]]'', ''[[The Commish]]'', ''[[Curb Your Enthusiasm]]'', ''[[Pacific Blue (TV series)|Pacific Blue]]'', ''[[Dharma & Greg]]'', ''[[The X Files]]'', ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'', ''[[Malcolm in the Middle]]'', ''[[Roswell (TV series)|Roswell]]'', ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]'', ''[[Deadwood (TV series)|Deadwood]]'', ''[[Six Feet Under (TV series)|Six Feet Under]]'', ''[[Desperate Housewives]]'', ''[[Boston Legal]]'', ''[[The Closer]]'', and ''[[Everybody Loves Raymond]]'' (in which he portrayed George, the custodian, in the episode ''[[List of Everybody Loves Raymond episodes#Season 9: 2004–2005|The Faux Pas]]'').<ref>http://www.tv.com/joel-mckinnon/person/350141/appearances.html</ref>

His biggest role in a movie is in the 2003 award winning [[television movie]] ''[[Secret Santa]]''. He also played supporting characters in ''[[The Truman Show]]'', ''[[Galaxy Quest]]'', ''[[Rush Hour 2]]'' and ''[[Men in Black II]]'', and supplied the voice of Bromley in the [[animated feature]] ''[[The Swan Princess]]''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|571930|Joel McKinnon Miller}}
* [http://www.tv.com/joel-mckinnon/person/350141/appearances.html Joel McKinnon (Miller) as noted at TV.com]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Mackinnon Miller, Joel
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American actor
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Minnesota]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mackinnon Miller, Joel}}
[[Category:Actors from Minnesota]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{US-screen-actor-stub}}

[[fi:Joel McKinnon Miller]]

Charles Rahi Chun

2009-04-28T06:49:44Z

Qwerty Binary: Italics.

{{infobox actor
|image=replace this image male.svg
|occupation=[[Television actor]]
}}
'''Charles S. Chun''' is an [[United States|American]] actor who has appeared in [[television]] shows such as ''[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]'', ''[[Everybody Loves Raymond]]'' and ''[[Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide]]''.

He has also appeared in [[motion picture]]s such as ''[[Beverly Hills Cop III]]'', ''[[Dumb & Dumber]]'', ''[[Double Tap]]'' and ''[[My Favorite Martian]]''. In 1996, he guest starred in the popular ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' episode "[[Trials and Tribble-ations]]", in which he played a [[Starfleet]] engineer serving aboard the original [[USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)|USS ''Enterprise'']] from ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]''.

He appeared in a single episode of ''[[The O.C]]'', as the man who evicts [[Julie Cooper]] from [[Caleb Nichol]]'s home, and he also appeared as a doctor in an episode of ''[[Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction]]''.

==External links==
*{{imdb name|id=0161130|name=Charles Chun}}
*{{tvtome person|id=3097|name=Charles Chun}}
{{memoryalpha}}

{{lifetime|MISSING|LIVING|Chun, Charles}}
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:Connecticut College alumni]]

{{US-tv-actor-stub}}

[[sv:Charles Chun]]

Government Center (Boston)

2008-12-12T14:42:10Z

Qwerty Binary: /* References to in popular culture */ Clean up.

[[Image:Government Center Boston vista.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Government Center circa 2000]]'''Government Center''' is a city square and plaza in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], bounded by Cambridge, Court, Congress, and Sudbury Streets. The anchoring square, '''Scollay Square''', is at the triple intersection of Court, Cambridge, and Tremont Streets. It is the location of [[Boston City Hall]], two Suffolk County courthouses, two state office buildings, and two federal office buildings, a major [[MBTA]] [[rapid transit|subway]] interchange station, and a large open plaza used for large outdoor urban events, including free concerts in the summer and a large [[Santa Claus|Santa]]'s Workshop display in the winter.

==History==
===Development and commerce===
Scollay Square was named for [[William Scollay]], a prominent local developer and [[militia]] officer who bought a landmark four-story merchant building at the intersection in 1795. Locals began to refer to the intersection as Scollay's Square, and in 1838 the city officially memorialized the intersection as Scollay Square.

Early on, the area was a busy center of commerce, including the city's first [[daguerrotype|daguerreotypist]] (photographer), [[Josiah Johnson Hawes]] (1808–1901), and Dr. [[William Thomas Green Morton]], the first [[dentist]] to use [[diethyl ether|ether]] as an [[anaesthetic]].

Local cultural landmarks took form, attracting visits from such intellectual contemporaries as [[Charles Dickens]].

===The Old Howard===
{{main|Old Howard Theatre}}
[[Image:Scollay1880s.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Scollay Square in the 1880s]]
Among the most famous (and infamous) of Scollay Square landmarks was the [[Old Howard Theatre]], a grand theater which began life as the headquarters of a [[Millerites|Millerite]] [[Adventist]] Christian sect which believed the world would end in October 1844. After the [[Great Disappointment|world failed to end]] on schedule, the building was sold in 1844 and reopened as a [[vaudeville]] and [[Shakespeare]]an venue. Later, in the 1900s and 1910s, it would showcase the popular [[minstrel show]]s.

By around the 1940s the Scollay Square area began to lose its vibrant commercial activity, and the Howard gradually changed its image and began to cater to sailors on leave and college students by including [[burlesque]] shows, as did other nearby venues such as the [[Casino Theater]] and [[Crawford House]]. "Always Something Doing" became the Old Howard's advertising slogan. The venue also showcased [[boxing]] matches with such old-time greats as local [[Rocky Marciano]] and [[John L. Sullivan]], and continued to feature [[slapstick]] vaudeville acts, from likes of [[The Marx Brothers]] and [[Abbott and Costello]].

But it was the success and prominence of the burlesque shows that brought the Old Howard down. In 1953, [[vice squad]] agents sneaked a [[16mm film|home movie camera]] into the Old Howard, and caught [[Mary Goodneighbor]] on film doing her [[striptease]] for the audience. The film led to the closure of the theater, and it remained closed until it caught fire mysteriously in 1961.

The square was also the home of [[Austin and Stone's Dime Museum]].

===Abolitionism===
[[Image:Boston Police Strike.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Militia tries to maintain order in Scollay Square during the 1919 [[Boston Police Strike]].]]
Scollay Square was also a flashpoint for the early [[abolitionism|abolition]] movement. Author [[William Lloyd Garrison]] was twice attacked by an [[angry mob]] for printing his anti-[[slavery]] newspaper ''[[The Liberator]]'', which began publication in 1831. [[Sarah Parker Remond]]'s first act of [[civil disobedience]] occurred in 1853 at the [[Old Howard]] when she was refused the seat she had purchased but was instead seated in the [[Racial segregation|'black' section]]. Many of the buildings in the area in and around Scollay Square had hidden spaces where escaped slaves were hidden, as part of the [[Underground Railroad]].

===Destruction and Redevelopment===
As early as the 1950s, city officials had been mulling plans to completely tear down and redevelop the Scollay Square area, in order to remove lower-income residents and troubled businesses from the aging and seedy district. Attempts to reopen the sullied Old Howard by its old performers had been one of the last efforts against redevelopment; but with the theater gutted by fire, a city wrecking ball began the project of demolishing over 1000 buildings in the area; 20,000 residents were displaced.

With $40 million in federal funds, the city built an entirely new development on top of old Scollay Square, renaming the area Government Center, and peppering it with city, state, and federal government buildings.

===Major buildings===
====Boston City Hall====
[[Image:Bostoncityhall.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Boston City Hall]]
The centerpiece of the main plaza is the uniquely imposing and [[Brutalist architecture|brutalist]] [[Boston City Hall]]. While considered by many an architectural masterpiece, it is not popular among locals. The mayor has proposed moving City Hall to a new building (most recently in July 2008) elsewhere in the city and selling off the land.

The plaza is not a well-loved space. As Bill Wasik wrote in 2006, "It is as if the space were calibrated to render futile any gathering, large or small, attempted anywhere on its arid expanse. All the nearby buildings seem to be facing away, making the plaza's eleven acres of concrete and brick feel like the world's largest back alley. … [It is] so devoid of benches, greenery, and other signposts of human hospitality that even on the loveliest fall weekend, when the [[Boston Common (park)|Common]] and Esplanade and other public spaces teem with Bostonians at leisure, the plaza stands utterly empty save for the occasional skateboarder…" (Wasik 2006, 61)

====Government Service Center====
Another very large Brutalist building at Government Center, less prominently located and thus less well known than City Hall, is the [[Government Service Center (Boston)|Government Service Center]], designed by architect [[Paul Rudolph]]. The building is unfinished as the tall central tower in the original plan was never built. The adjacent space was filled with the [[Edward W. Brooke]] [[Courthouse]] in the mid-1990s. Located on the last parcel to be developed of the Government Center urban renewal plan, it's an irregularly shaped, sloping lot that had been used for surface parking.

===References to in popular culture===
*In the [[Kingston Trio]] song "[[M.T.A.]]" (written by Jacqueline Steiner and Bess Hawes), Charlie's wife goes down to the Scollay Square station every day, at a quarter past two, to hand her stranded husband a sandwich through the open window. The same scene is repeated with different characters in scenery set about 40 years later in the [[Dropkick Murphys]] song "Skinhead on the MBTA".

*The 1976 debut album of seminal proto-punk band [[The Modern Lovers]] includes a song called "Government Center". In it, singer [[Jonathan Richman]] humorously croons about his intent to "Rock non-stop tonight at the Government Center" in order to "Make the secretaries feel better / As they put the stamps on the letters."

*[[Long Island]] rock band [[Brand New]], on their debut album ''[[Your Favorite Weapon]]'', included a song called "Logan to Government Center".

==Geography and transportation==
[[Image:Govt-ctr-headhouse.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Government Center T-stop]]
Government Center is located between the [[North End, Boston|North End]] and [[Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts|Beacon Hill]] neighborhoods.

It is directly across Congress Street from historic [[Faneuil Hall]] and popular [[Quincy Market]] and very near the [[Old State House (Boston)|Old State House]]. It is two blocks away from [[Interstate 93]] (the '[[Big Dig (Boston, Massachusetts)|Big Dig]]') which runs through the historic bloodline of the city.

There has been a [[MBTA|subway]] station here since the first subway in America was built in Boston in 1897. Initially named Scollay Square Station, it was made famous in 1959 when [[The Kingston Trio]] performed a cover of a 1948 Boston [[protest song]], originally known as "[[M.T.A.|Charlie On the MTA]]" but became a national hit as "M.T.A.," about a man who is trapped to ride on the subway forever due to [[exit fare]]s, an unpopular fare-collection method that survived until 2007 on some [[MBTA]] extensions.

Today the station, with its brick [[ziggurat]]-shaped entrance is known as [[Government Center (MBTA station)|Government Center Station]] and is the interchange for the [[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue]] and [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green]] Lines.

Many major city streets either surround or lead to the plaza, including [[Tremont Street|Tremont]], Congress, Cambridge, [[Beacon Street|Beacon]], State, Washington, and Devonshire Streets. Hints of another street, Cornhill Street, still exist along one edge of City Hall Plaza -- one of the few remaining old buildings (Sears Crescent) facing the square follows the original curve of the street, and one Cornhill Street address is still in use by a veteran's shelter.

Nearby skyscrapers include:
* [[One Beacon Street]]
* [[One Boston Place]]
* [[One Devonshire Place]]
* [[28 State Street]]
* [[60 State Street]]
* The [[Saltonstall Building]]

{{Boston neighborhoods}}

==References==

*[http://www.bambinomusical.com/Scollay/History.html A Brief History of Scollay Square], also info on The [[Old Howard]] and on a book about Scollay Square, ''Always Something Doing'' on the same site
*[http://www.gvsu.edu/english/cummings/sixnon.html "i: six nonlectures" by e.e. cummings], footnote
*[http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/newscontent.php3?artid=6790 Sophie and the Suburbs, Jewish Week, Sept. 27 2002]
*[http://www.mit.edu:8001/people/jdreed/t/charlie.html ''Charlie on the MTA'' History and Lyrics page]
*(http://www.tsomides.com/news/downloads/EditorCityHallPlaza2.pdf)

[[Category:Neighborhoods in Boston, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Underground Railroad locations]]

Brandon Flowers

2008-11-25T11:54:33Z

Qwerty Binary: Clean up.

{{BLPsources|date=February 2008}}
{{otheruses4|the musician|the football player|Brandon Flowers (American football)}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| Name = Brandon Flowers
| Img = Brandon-Flowers-The-Killers.jpg
| Img_size =
| Landscape =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Brandon Richard Flowers
| Born = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1981|6|21}}
| Origin = [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], U.S.
| Real Home = [[Manchester, England]], U.K.
| Instrument = [[lead vocals|Vocals]], [[keyboards]]/[[piano]], [[bass guitar]], [[guitar]]
| Genre = [[Post-punk revival]], [[alternative rock]], [[Indie rock]]
| Occupation = [[Musician]], songwriter
| Years_active = 2001–present
| Associated_acts = [[The Killers (band)|The Killers]]
| URL =
| Notable_instruments = [[Clavia Nord Lead 2]] [[microKORG]] [[Korg Ms2000B]] [[Alesis Ion]]
}}
'''Brandon Richard Flowers''' (born June 21, 1981) is the American [[vocalist]], [[keyboardist]], [[lyricist]] and occasional [[bassist]] of the [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]]-based [[Rock music|rock]] band [[The Killers (band)|The Killers]].

==Biography==
===Early life===
Flowers, the youngest of six children, was born on June 21, 1981 in [[Henderson, Nevada]] (outside [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]]) to parents of partial Belgian, Scottish and [[Lithuania]]n ancestry.<ref name=Interview> Interview [http://community.livejournal.com/_killmenow_/71160.html Interview] reprinted at [[Live Journal]] fan website.</ref> He has one older brother and four older sisters. Flowers's family lived in Henderson until he was eight and then moved to Payson, Utah for a year and then to [[Nephi, Utah]].<ref name="Spin">[http://www.spin.com/features/magazine/2004/11/lady_killer_interview_killers_brandon_flowers/ "SPIN.com: The Lady Killer: An Interview with the Killers' Brandon Flowers"]. [http://www.spin.com/ Spin.com]. Published November 2004. Accessed March 3, 2008.</ref> Brandon lived in Nephi until his junior year in high school, when he moved back to Las Vegas. His mother was a [[homemaker]] and his father worked for a [[grocery store]].<ref name="Spin"/> His parents raised Brandon and the rest of the family as active members of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] and Flowers remains a devout member of the faith.<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="Spin"/> He has since attributed his [[fashion sense]] to his doting sisters.<ref name=Genre>Timmermans, Arjan (2005). [http://www.genremagazine.com/2005/6-1/magazine/content/str8dude.cfm "Arranging Flowers"]. ''Genre Magazine''.</ref>

The person most responsible for Flowers's musical development is his brother Shane, 12 years his senior, who showed him [[The Smiths|Smiths]] videos and [[U2]]'s ''[[Rattle and Hum]]'' movie.<ref name="Spin"/> His older brother also introduced him to [[the Cars]], [[the Beatles]], [[Morrissey]], and [[the Cure]].<ref name="Spin"/> Musically, Flowers identifies as an [[Anglophile]] and also as a fan of the bands [[New Order]], [[the Smiths]], and [[Pet Shop Boys]]. He credits the latter's song "[[Being Boring]]", especially the [[lyrics]] "I never dreamt that I would get to be/The creature that I always meant to be", as a major life influence.<ref name="Observer">[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/magazine/story/0,,1877578,00.html Craig McLean talks to the Killers' singer Brandon Flowers]. ''[[The Guardian]]''.</ref> He has stated that "It was really weird because other kids were buying Tool and Nirvana and I was buying the Cars and the Psychedelic Furs. I was pretty alienated as a kid."<ref name="Spin"/>

===Career===
Flowers, after dropping out of [[college]], was a [[bellhop]] for a while at the [[Gold Coast Hotel and Casino]] in Las Vegas. <ref>http://thekillersfansite.com/oaktarticle.html</ref> In 2001, he was abandoned by the first band that he was in, a [[synth pop]] band known as [[Blush Response#The Blush Response|The Blush Response]], after he declined to move with the rest of them to [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]].{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Shortly thereafter, Flowers attended an [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] concert, and realizing that he wanted to make the transition from a keyboard band to a true rock band, began searching for a guitarist.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} He responded to an ad that [[Dave Keuning]] had placed in the paper that listed, among other bands, [[The Cure]] and Oasis as influences. Keuning later stated that his first impression of Flowers was "I thought he had weird shoes... He had the same shoes Oasis had - Clarks!".<ref name="Observer"/> After several short-lived [[bassist]]s and [[drummers]], Flowers and Keuning were joined by bassist [[Mark Stoermer]] and drummer [[Ronnie Vannucci]] and they became the Killers in August 2002.<ref name="Observer"/> Vannucci later said that, even with songs like "little dwarf versions of what we have now, Brandon wasn't afraid to just get up there and just do it. You need that when you're trying to get something off the ground. As far as the drive goes, Brandon was never half-assed."<ref name="Observer"/>

According to the ''Las Vegas Review-Journal'', his parents have always supported his decision to become a rock singer, and were often the only people in the audience at The Killers' first performances in the band's early days.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Although primarily a vocalist and keyboardist, Flowers plays bass guitar live in concerts for the song "[[For Reasons Unknown]]".

===Personal life===
On August 2, 2005, Flowers married his girlfriend, Tana Munblowsky, in a private ceremony in [[Hawaii]], after dating for approximately 4 years. Brandon met Tana at a vintage clothing store in Vegas where the band first picked outfits for their looks. He claims that she was wearing a pink trench coat. They welcomed their first boy, Ammon Richard Flowers, on July 14, 2007.

Flowers is a practicing [[Christian]].<ref name="Observer"/><ref name="Spin"/> He has described his personal faith as a "very important" part of his life. He has joked that "I don't think the make-up would go down so well at church." [http://www.arjanwrites.com/arjanwrites/2005/06/interview_with_.html "Interview with Brandon Flowers"] ''ArjanWrites.com'' (accessed April 12, 2006)
He is also a golf fanatic and his cousin, [[Craig Barlow]], is a professional golfer.

[[Image:Brandon wiki.jpg|thumb|Flowers playing the piano in [[T in the Park]] 2007.]]

==Awards==
Flowers won [[NME Awards|NME magazine awards]] in 2005 for "Best Dressed" and "Sexiest Man."
He also won the award for "Most Stylish Man" at the 2008 [[GQ]]awards. In the 2008 awards the Killers won "best band in America" and "best track in America."<ref name=sexy>(2005). [http://www.nme.com/awards/news/19257 "Shockwave NME Awards - The Winners] ''NME.com'' (accessed April 12, 2006)</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquotepar|Brandon Flowers}}
{{commonscat|Brandon Flowers}}
*[http://www.thekillersmusic.com/ The Killers official site], from [[Island Records]]
*[http://www.thekillers.co.uk/ The Killers official site (U.K.)], from the Vertigo label
*[http://www.spin.com/features/magazine/2005/11/051118_flowers/ "The Music That Changed My Life: Brandon Flowers"], Interview by Kyle Anderson, from ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' magazine''
*[http://nn.byu.edu/story.cfm/57889 "Former BYU's student's brother is lead singer of the Killers"], interview by Erin Pierce and Dan Monson about Flowers visiting his brother at college, from ''[[The Daily Universe]]''
*[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/magazine/story/0,,1877578,00.html Songs of Praise], Craig McLean talks to the Killers' singer about resisting temptation, from ''[[The Observer]]''
*[http://www.killershotel.com] Indie Rock Fans Website]
*[http://www.clashmusic.com/feature/the-archives-the-killers]Early 2004 Audio Interview with Brandon Flowers]

{{The Killers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flowers, Brandon}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:American keyboardists]]
[[Category:American Latter Day Saints]]
[[Category:American male singers]]
[[Category:American rock musicians]]
[[Category:Scottish-Americans]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lithuanian-Americans]]
[[Category:Nevada musicians]]
[[Category:People from Las Vegas, Nevada]]
[[Category:The Killers members]]

[[ca:Brandon Flowers]]
[[cs:Brandon Flowers]]
[[da:Brandon Flowers]]
[[es:Brandon Flowers]]
[[fr:Brandon Flowers]]
[[it:Brandon Richard Flowers (cantante)]]
[[lt:Brandon Flowers]]
[[nah:Brandon Flowers]]
[[nl:Brandon Flowers]]
[[no:Brandon Flowers]]
[[pl:Brandon Flowers]]
[[pt:Brandon Flowers]]
[[fi:Brandon Flowers]]
[[sv:Brandon Flowers]]
[[zh:布蘭登·夫洛爾]]

Jacoby Shaddix

2008-11-16T14:48:27Z

Qwerty Binary: Clean up.

{{Cleanup|date=September 2008}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|img = http://home.comcast.net/~georgeshannon/BJ%20and%20Papa%20Roach.jpg ||Img_capt =
|Img_size =
|Background = solo_singer
|Birth_name = Jacoby Dakota Shaddix
|Alias = '''Jacoby Shaddix''' Coby Dick Dakota Gold Jonny Vodka John Doe Mr. Dick.
|Born = {{birth date and age|1976|7|28}}
|Origin = [[Vacaville, California|Vacaville]], [[California]], [[United States|U.S.]]
|Instrument = [[Vocals]]
|Genre = [[Alternative rock]], [[Alternative metal]], [[Post-hardcore]], [[Hard rock]], [[Nu metal]], [[Rapcore]]
|
|Years_active = 1993 - Present
|Label = Geffen Records
|Equipment = shore beta a7
shore sm57
radio shack megaphone
|Associated_acts = [[Papa Roach]] [[Fight the Sky]]
|URL =
|Current_members = Jacoby Shaddix [[Jerry Horton]] [[Tobin Esperance]] [[Tony Palermo]]
|Past_members = [[Dave Buckner]]
}}

'''Jacoby Dakota Shaddix''' (born [[July 28]], [[1976]], in [[Vacaville, California|Vacaville]], [[California]]) is the lead singer of the [[alternative rock]] band [[Papa Roach]].

==Biography==
===Early life===
Jacoby Shaddix went to Vacaville High School in [[Vacaville, California]].

==Personal life==
He also goes by the [[pseudonym]]s '''Coby Dick''' (used on the ''[[Infest (album)|Infest]]'' album) and '''Jonny Vodka''' but he only used Coby Dick until 2001. He also calls himself '''Dakota Gold'''. Jacoby is also working on a side project in the [[post-hardcore]] band, [[Fight the Sky]], where he originally used the name '''John Doe'''. He is also working as the host for [[MTV]]'s ''[[Scarred]]''.

Shaddix has admittedly taken part in [[self-injury|self-mutilation]], which is completely unrelated to the incident in [[Las Vegas metropolitan area|Las Vegas]] hospital where he had to have 11 staples put into his head (from which the song "Scars" originates.<ref name=mtv>Montgomery, James & D'Angelo, Joe. [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1492204/20041012/story.jhtml "Papa Roach Ready To Take Their Rock Anthems On The Road"] MTV.com (October 12, 2004).</ref> It is believed he adopted the name 'Dick' due to a teenage incident where he carved the word into his buttock. He has also struggled with alcohol addiction during his career,<ref name=telegram>McLennan, Scott. [http://www.telegram.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061105/COLUMN14/611050418/1110 "Living a rock 'n' roll fantasy"] Telegram.com (November 5, 2006).</ref> But now he
is, according to himself, clean and sober.{{POV-statement|date=September 2008}} He also has a wife, Kelly Shaddix and two sons.{{Fact|date=September 2008}}

Shaddix has many tattoos; one of which, reads "Here Lies Jacoby Dakota Shaddix" and, at the bottom of the scroll, "Born With Nothing, Die With Everything". Another one at the top of his chest that says BORN TO ROCK." His neck bears the [[Chinese character]] for "love", which he explained in an edition of ''[[MTV Cribs]]'' that featured his home. He also has tattoos on both of his hands. His right hand says "love", and his left hand says "hate". He and his wife also have matching star tattoos on their right ears.

Shaddix has hosted the MTV show ''[[Scarred]]'' since its first episode.

==Sources==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Papa Roach}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shaddix, Jacoby}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American rock guitarists]]
[[Category:American songwriters]]
[[Category:California musicians]]

[[da:Jacoby Dakota Shaddix]]
[[es:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[fr:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[it:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[hu:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[no:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[pl:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[pt:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[ru:Джекоби Шэддикс]]
[[fi:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[sv:Jacoby Shaddix]]

Jacoby Shaddix

2008-11-16T14:43:58Z

Qwerty Binary: Reverted to revision 251512519 by LuckyPineapple; RvV.. (TW)

{{Cleanup|date=September 2008}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|img = http://home.comcast.net/~georgeshannon/BJ%20and%20Papa%20Roach.jpg ||Img_capt =
|Img_size =
|Background = solo_singer
|Birth_name = Jacoby Dakota Shaddix
|Alias = '''Jacoby Shaddix''' Coby Dick Dakota Gold Jonny Vodka John Doe Mr. Dick.
|Born = {{birth date and age|1976|7|28}}
|Origin = [[Vacaville, California|Vacaville]], [[California]], [[United States|U.S.]]
|Instrument = [[Vocals]]
|Genre = [[Alternative rock]], [[Alternative metal]], [[Post-hardcore]], [[Hard rock]], [[Nu metal]], [[Rapcore]]
|
|Years_active = 1993 - Present
|Label = Geffen Records
|Equipment = shore beta a7
shore sm57
radio shack megaphone
|Associated_acts = [[Papa Roach]] [[Fight the Sky]]
|URL =
|Current_members = Jacoby Shaddix [[Jerry Horton]] [[Tobin Esperance]] [[Tony Palermo]]
|Past_members = [[Dave Buckner]]
}}

'''Jacoby Dakota Shaddix''' (born [[July 28]], [[1976]], in [[Vacaville, California|Vacaville]], [[California]]) is the lead singer of the [[alternative rock]] band [[Papa Roach]]. He also goes by the [[pseudonym]]s '''Coby Dick''' (used on the ''[[Infest (album)|Infest]]'' album) and '''Jonny Vodka''' but he only used Coby Dick until 2001. He also calls himself '''Dakota Gold'''. Jacoby is also working on a side project in the [[post-hardcore]] band, [[Fight the Sky]], where he originally used the name '''John Doe'''. He is also working as the host for [[MTV]]'s ''[[Scarred]]''.

Jacoby Shaddix went to Vacaville High School in [[Vacaville, California]].
==Personal life==

Shaddix has admittedly taken part in [[self-injury|self-mutilation]], which is completely unrelated to the incident in [[Las Vegas metropolitan area|Las Vegas]] hospital where he had to have 11 staples put into his head (from which the song "Scars" originates.<ref name=mtv>Montgomery, James & D'Angelo, Joe. [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1492204/20041012/story.jhtml "Papa Roach Ready To Take Their Rock Anthems On The Road"] MTV.com (October 12, 2004).</ref> It is believed he adopted the name 'Dick' due to a teenage incident where he carved the word into his buttock. He has also struggled with alcohol addiction during his career,<ref name=telegram>McLennan, Scott. [http://www.telegram.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061105/COLUMN14/611050418/1110 "Living a rock 'n' roll fantasy"] Telegram.com (November 5, 2006).</ref> but now he
is, according to himself, clean and sober.{{POV-statement|date=September 2008}} He also has a wife, Kelly Shaddix and two sons.{{Fact|date=September 2008}}

Shaddix has many tattoos; one of which, reads "Here Lies Jacoby Dakota Shaddix" and, at the bottom of the scroll, "Born With Nothing, Die With Everything". Another one at the top of his chest that says BORN TO ROCK." His neck bears the [[Chinese character]] for "love", which he explained in an edition of ''[[MTV Cribs]]'' that featured his home. He also has tattoos on both of his hands. His right hand says "love", and his left hand says "hate". He and his wife also have matching star tattoos on their right ears.

On The MTV show [[Scarred]], he has been successfully hosting since the first episode.

==Sources==
<references/>
{{Papa Roach}}

[[da:Jacoby Dakota Shaddix]]
[[es:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[fr:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[it:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[hu:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[no:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[pl:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[pt:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[ru:Джекоби Шэддикс]]
[[fi:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[sv:Jacoby Shaddix]]

Crossbencher

2008-11-04T08:03:39Z

Qwerty Binary: Fix links.

In certain [[legislature|legislative assemblies]], especially those which are based on the [[Westminster system]], a '''crossbencher''' is a member of the assembly who is a member of neither the [[Executive (government)|governing parties]] nor the [[Opposition (parliamentary)|official Opposition]].

==In the UK's House of Lords==
A '''crossbencher''' is a member of the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[House of Lords]] who is not aligned to any particular [[political party|party]]. These include the [[Law Lords]] and former [[Speaker of the British House of Commons|Speakers]] of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]], such as [[Betty Boothroyd|Lady Boothroyd]] and the late [[Bernard Weatherill|Lord Weatherill]], who by convention are not aligned with any party. They are termed crossbenchers because they sit on neither the government benches nor the opposition benches but on benches that are perpendicular to the other sets and face the [[throne]].

They do not take a collective position on issues, although they do elect from among themselves a Convenor for administrative purposes. As of 2008, the Convenor is [[Frances D'Souza, Baroness D'Souza|Baroness D'Souza]]. The Convenor keeps them up-to-date with the business of the House. Although the [[Lords Spiritual]] (archbishops and some bishops of the [[Church of England]]) also have no party affiliation, they do not sit on the crossbenches (their seats are located on the government side of the Lords Chamber). Also the Lords Spiritual seats in the house are the only ones to have arm rests on them, this is to signify the Lords Spiritual special position.

The crossbenchers are often viewed as bringing specialist knowledge to the House, since they have usually been created peers for reasons other than party or political affiliation. 164 are [[Life Peers]] and 32 are hereditary peers.

From the 24th April 2007 the crossbenchers are 204 strong in the House of Lords - taking their numbers greater than the Conservatives for the first time, but fewer than the Labour party, which has 211 members (as of April 2007).

==In other assemblies==
Crossbenchers can play a particularly important role in assemblies where there is a small number of major parties (say, [[two-party system|two]] or three), but none of the major parties hold enough seats to command a [[majority (politics)|majority]] in their own right.

Often (but not always), the largest single party in the [[responsible house]] will be given the opportunity to govern, with the second-largest becoming the [[official Opposition]]. Smaller parties, as well as [[independent member]]s, then have two choices. They can support a major party in its attempt to govern, perhaps by entering into a formal [[coalition]] or a slightly weaker agreement to guarantee [[confidence and supply]]; usually, they are then considered to be part of the government. Alternatively, they can remain outside the government; because they are not the official Opposition (even if they happen to be opposed to most Government policies), they are said to sit on the cross-benches.

Crossbenchers typically support or oppose Government legislation on a case-by-case basis. A [[minority government]] may be obliged to negotiate with crossbenchers to pass its legislation, and the crossbenchers are then said to hold the [[balance of power]].

A refusal of a crossbencher to enter into a coalition or other arrangement with the government does not necessarily mean that the crossbencher will align with the opposition. The government's policy objectives may be nearer in practice to what that particular crossbencher wants. The general characteristic of crossbenchers is that they can act independently of other groups in the legislature.

==References==
*The Times, Monday April 16 2007 ''Days of Conservative domination in the Lords comes to an end''.

==External links==
*[http://www.crossbenchpeers.org.uk Crossbench Peers - Official Site]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/82022.stm BBC Politics - Crossbench Peers]

[[Category:House of Lords]]

[[he:קרוס בנצ'רס]]

Song 2

2008-10-25T13:55:35Z

Qwerty Binary: /* Cultural References */ Decap.

{{Refimprove|date=March 2008}}{{Infobox Single
| Name = Song 2
| Cover = Blur_song_2_CD1.jpg
| Artist = [[Blur (band)|Blur]]
| from Album = [[Blur (album)|Blur]]
| Released = [[7 April]], [[1997]]
| Format = [[7" single|7" vinyl]], [[CD single|CD]]
| Recorded = [[1997]]
| Genre = [[Alternative rock]]
| Length = 2:02
| Label = [[Food Records|Food]] [[Virgin Records|Virgin Records America]]
| Writer =
| Producer = [[Stephen Street]]
| Chart position = *<nowiki>#2</nowiki> ([[UK Top 40|UK]])
*<nowiki>#6</nowiki> [[Modern Rock Tracks|US Modern Rock Tracks]]
| Last single = "[[Beetlebum]]" (1997)
| This single = "Song 2" (1997)
| Next single = "[[On Your Own (Blur song)|On Your Own]]" (1997)
}}
"'''Song 2'''" is a song by [[Blur (band)|Blur]], and the second single released from their fifth album ''[[Blur (album)|Blur]]'' in April 1997. The track, known for its overdriven chorus, is among the most well-known songs the band has recorded, particularly in the United States, where it remains their biggest hit to date. It is also known as the "'''woohoo song'''".

==Information==
[[Damon Albarn]] stated at the song's debut live performance at the [[Royal Dublin Society|RDS]] in [[Dublin]] in [[June 1996]] that "This one's called 'Song 2', 'cos we haven't got a name for it yet". The working title ended up sticking. It was said that the song was about [[Pavement]]'s [[Bob Nastanovich]], known for his colourful and energetic stage presence. Coincidences surrounding the number two eventually became associated with the song: it was the second track on the album, was the second single from the album to be released, and reached #2 in the [[UK singles chart]], is exactly two minutes and two seconds long, and is also the second track on their compilation ''[[Blur: The Best of]]''. It also placed #2 on [[Triple J]]'s [[Hottest 100]] for 1997 in Australia.

==Reception==
In the UK, "Song 2" built upon the success of Blur's prior #1 single "[[Beetlebum]]", reaching, fittingly enough, #2 in the charts. It was also the band's biggest hit in the USA, reaching #6 on [[Billboard]]'s [[Modern Rock Tracks]]. Though it is decidedly atypical of Blur's trademark style, in [[United States|America]] it is the song most closely associated with the band.

The song became quite popular upon its release in 1997 on college and [[modern rock]] radio stations in the USA. Due to its catchy chorus, mainly the word "Woohoo", it has been licensed worldwide on numerous occasions. Its first and most notable appearance came as the title music for the hit video game [[FIFA '98: Road To World Cup|FIFA '98]]. It has been used in numerous advertisements, including commercials for the [[Pentium II]], the Nissan Sentra, television spots for the film ''[[Starship Troopers (film)|Starship Troopers]]'', and is often heard in [[football (soccer)]], [[ice hockey]], and [[baseball]] stadiums when goals or runs are scored. For one season, the [[Philadelphia Flyers]] of the [[National Hockey League]] played this song every time they scored a goal in a home game. The [[Carolina League]]'s [[Wilmington Blue Rocks]] play the song each time a run is scored while one of their mascots, Mr. Celery, dances on the field.<ref>[http://www.bluerocks.com/mascots.php]Wilmington Blue Rocks</ref> It is also played by the [[National Football League|National Football League's]] [[New England Patriots]] whenever a field goal is scored during home games at [[Gillette Stadium]]. The song also gained recognition in Canada, as the theme for the [[Labatt Brewing Company]]. Famously, the American military requested to use the track at the launch of a new stealth bomber <ref>[http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9905/msg00287.html] - Strange News From Another Star </ref>, but the band refused to allow this, as Albarn is an anti-war campaigner. <ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/antiwar/story/0,,1188725,00.html Britpop rebel with a cause says no new nukes] - The Guardian</ref> <ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/103389.htm Massive Effort!] - nme.com</ref>
The song also features in the Episode "Stanley's Cup" (Season 10, Episode 14) of the cartoon [[South Park]]. The song is also played right outside [[Ripley's Moving Theater]] in [[Gatlinburg]],[[Tenessee]].the video is featured in the [[2007]] [[karaoke]] game,''[[Singstar Rocks]]''.

==Music video==
The [[music video]] for this song was directed by [[Sophie Muller]], and it features the band playing in a small, secluded room with loud speakers behind them. During the choruses a strong wind seems to blow in the room. This video bears striking resemblances to Blur's video for [[Popscene]].

==Cover versions==
The song has been covered by a number of artists, including:
*During live performances by American bands [[Weezer]], [[Wallflowers]] and [[Plain White T's]].
*[[Plain White T's]] recorded a version which is on the [[Fearless Records]] compilation [[Punk Goes 90s]].
*Neo-Nazi band Kremator does a cover called Song 88.
*[[AFI (band)|AFI]] covered the song as the traditional first song of MTV's 2007 New Years special.
*[[My Chemical Romance]] for [[Radio 1's Live Lounge]], and again for the 'NME Awards 2008 Compilation'.
*British rapper [[Plan B (rapper)|Plan B]] covers the song during his live performance, adding in his own rapping verse before the first proper verse of the song.
*French bands [[Dionysos]] and [[Louise Attaque]] covered the song during Taratata (TV). You can also find a concert performance on their live DVD's: ''Y'a-t-il quelqu'un ici'' from Louise Attaque and ''Monsters in Live'' from Dionysos
*[[Brock Landers]] sampled the songs with his dance songs S.M.D.U.
*The German Punk Band [[Die Toten Hosen]] played this song on their 2005 concert "Heimspiel" in Düsseldorf.
*By [[David Desrosiers]], [[Matt Brann]] and Craig Wood In An [[Avril Lavigne]]'s Show.
*By [[Earl Okin]] on his 2002 CD [[Sex Symbol & Musical Genius]]
*[[EVL]] frequently cover this song live

==Cultural references==
Song 2 has been featured in various media outlets across the globe, including: a [[1998]] [[Toyota Corolla]] advertisement in [[Australia]]; the [[1999]] Scottish Indie film "Fast Food;" [[FIFA 98]] the video game; a [[2001]] [[BMW]] short film "Star" featuring [[Madonna]] & [[Clive Owen]]; the [[Torchwood]] episode [[Kiss Kiss Bang Bang (Torchwood)|"Kiss Kiss Bang Bang"]]; and the [[South Park]] episode [[Stanley's Cup]].

==Track listing==

*'''7"'''
#"Song 2"
#"Get Out of Cities"

*'''CD1'''
#"Song 2"
#"Get Out of Cities"
#"Polished Stone"

*'''CD2'''
#"Song 2"
#"Bustin' + Dronin'"
#"Country Sad Ballad Man" (live acoustic)

*'''International CD'''
#"Song 2"
#"Get Out of Cities"
#"Polished Stone"
#"Bustin' + Dronin'"

*'''Japan Tour CD'''
#"Song 2"
#"Get Out of Cities"
#"Polished Stone"
#"Bustin' + Dronin'"
#"[[Beetlebum]]" (Mario Caldato Jr. mix)
#"[[Beetlebum]]" (instrumental)
#"Country Sad Ballad Man" (live acoustic)
#"On Your Own" (live acoustic)

==Production Credits==
*"Song 2" and "Beetlebum" '''produced by Stephen Street'''
*"Polished Stone" and "Bustin' + Dronin'" '''produced by Blur'''
*"Get Out of Cities" '''produced by Stephen Street, additional production by Blur and Jason Cox'''

==Chart positions==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Chart
!Position
|-
|rowspan=5|1997
|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|US [[Modern Rock Tracks]]
|align="center"|6
|-
|US [[Mainstream Rock Tracks]]
|align="center"|25
|-
|US [[Hot 100 Airplay]]
|align="center"|55
|-
|[[Sweden]]
|align="center"|28
|}

==References==
<references />

{{Blur}}

[[Category:Blur songs]]
[[Category:1997 singles]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Sophie Muller]]

[[es:Song 2]]
[[fr:Song 2]]
[[pl:Song 2]]
[[tr:Song 2]]

Liste ungewöhnlicher Todesfälle

2008-10-23T05:09:30Z

Qwerty Binary: /* See also */ Rm nonexistent link.

{{Dynamic list}}
This article provides a '''list of unusual deaths''' – unique or extremely rare circumstances – recorded throughout history. The list also includes less rare, but still unusual, deaths of prominent people.

==Antiquity==
''Note: Many of these stories are likely to be [[apocryphal]] (uncertain authenticity)''

* 458 BC: '''[[Aeschylus]]''',a Greek playwright, was killed when an eagle dropped a live tortoise on him, mistaking his bald head for a stone. The tortoise survived.<ref>Sommerstein, Alan H. (1996), Aeschylean Tragedy, Bari . p.33</ref>
* 430 BC: '''[[Empedocles]]''', Pre-Socratic philosopher, secretly jumped into an active volcano ([[Mt. Etna]]). According to [[Diogenes Laërtius]], this was to convince the people of his time that he had been taken up by the Gods on [[Olympus]].
* 272 BC: '''[[Pyrrhus of Epirus]]''', the famous conquerer and source of the term ''[[pyrrhic victory]]'', according to [[Plutarch]] died while fighting an urban battle in [[Argos]] on the back of an elephant when an old woman threw a roof tile at him, stunning him and allowing an Argive soldier to kill him. <ref>{{Citation
| author = Thornton, W.
| year = 1968
| title = Allusions in Ulysses
| publisher = University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill
| isbn = 0807840890
| oclc = 185879476 27859245
| page = 29
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Dof6ABIIfwkC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=Pyrrhus+roof+tile+-wikipedia&source=web&ots=nlAqM0fuOt&sig=zjHi41MkALpzdW39BnC361yVLO4&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result
}}</ref>
* 270 BC: '''[[Philitas of Cos]]''', Greek intellectual, is said by [[Athenaeus of Naucratis]] to have studied false arguments and erroneous word-usage so intensely that he wasted away and starved to death.<ref>[[Athenaeus of Naucratis|Athenaeus]], ''[[Deipnosophistae]]'', [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Literature/Literature-idx?type=turn&entity=Literature.AthV2.p0115 9.401e].</ref> [[Alan Cameron (classical scholar)|Alan Cameron]] speculates that Philitas died from a [[wasting disease]] which his contemporaries joked was caused by his pedantry.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= The Classical Quarterly |volume=41 |issue=2 |year=1991 |pages=534–8 |author=Alan Cameron |title= How thin was Philitas?}}</ref>
*207 BC: '''[[Chrysippus]]''', a Greek [[Stoicism|stoic philosopher]], is believed to have [[Fatal hilarity|died of laughter]] after watching his drunk donkey attempt to eat [[fig]]s.<ref>Donaldson, John William and Müller, Karl Otfried. ''A History of the Literature of Ancient Greece''. London: John W. Parker and Son, 1858, p. 27.</ref>
*162 BC: '''[[Eleazar Maccabeus]]''' was crushed to death at the [[Battle of Beth-zechariah]] by a [[War elephant]] that he believed to be carrying [[Seleucid]] King [[Antiochus V]]; charging in to battle, Eleazar rushed underneath the elephant, thrust a spear into its belly, whereupon it fell dead on top of him<ref>Scullard, H.H ''The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World'' Thames and Hudson. 1974 pg 186</ref>
*53 BC: '''[[Marcus Licinius Crassus]]''' was executed by having [[molten]] [[gold]] poured down his throat, following his defeat at [[Battle of Carrhae|Carrhae]] at the hands of the [[Parthians]] under [[Spahbod]] [[Surena]]. Some accounts claim that his head was then cut off and used as a stage prop in a play performed for the Parthian king [[Orodes II]].<ref>[http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/people/a/crassus_3.htm Marcus Licinius Crassus]</ref>
*4 BC: '''[[Herod the Great]]''' suffered from fever, intense rashes, colon pains, [[foot drop]], inflammation of the abdomen, a putrefaction of his genitals that produced worms, convulsions, and difficulty breathing before he finally gave up.<ref>Flavius Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, Book 17, Chapter 6</ref> Similar symptoms-- abdominal pains and worms-- accompanied the death of his grandson [[Herod Agrippa]] in 44 AD, after he had imprisoned [[St Peter]]. At various times, each of these deaths has been considered divine retribution.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}
*64 - 67: '''[[St Peter]]''' was executed by the Romans. According to legend, he asked not to be [[crucifixion|crucified]] in the normal way, but was instead executed on an [[Cross of St. Peter|inverted cross]]. He said he was not worthy to be crucified in the same way as was [[Jesus]].
*c. 98: '''[[Saint Antipas]]''', Bishop of Pergamum, was roasted to death in a [[brazen bull]] during the persecutions of Emperor [[Domitian]]. [[Saint Eustace]], as well as his wife and children supposedly suffered a similar fate under [[Hadrian]]. The creator of the brazen bull, Perillos of Athens, was according to legend the first victim of the brazen bull when he presented his invention to [[Phalaris]], Tyrant of [[Agrigentum]].<ref>[http://home.iprimus.com.au/xenos/antipas.html Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia, WA]</ref>
*260: '''[[Roman Empire|Roman]]''' emperor [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]], after being defeated in battle and captured by the [[Sassanid dynasty|Persians]], was used as a footstool by the King [[Shapur I of Persia|Shapur I]]. After a long period of punishment and humiliation, he offered Shapur a huge ransom for his release. In reply, Shapur had the emperor skinned alive and his skin stuffed with straw or dung and preserved as a trophy. Only after the Sassanid dynasty's defeat in their last war with Rome three and a half centuries later was his skin given a cremation and burial.<ref>[[Lactantius]], ''De Mortibus Persecutorum'', v; Wickert, L., "Licinius (Egnatius) 84" in ''[[Pauly-Wissowa|Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopädie]]'' 13.1 (1926), 488-495; Parker, H., ''A History of the Roman World A.D. 138 to 337'' (London, 1958), 170. From [http://www.roman-emperors.org/gallval.htm].</ref> (A recent report from Iran mentions the restoration of a bridge supposed to have been built by Valerian and his soldiers for Shapur in return for their freedom).<ref>[http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=1171&sectionid=351020107 "Iran to restore ancient bridge built by captive Roman emperor"] ''Press TV'', 02 Mar 2007</ref>
*336: '''[[Arius]]''', a Unitarian Christian priest who precipitated the Council of Nicea, [[Flatulence|passed wind]] and evacuated his internal organs. <ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/arius Arius: Biography and Much More from Answers.com]</ref>
*415: '''[[Hypatia of Alexandria]]''', Greek mathematician and philosopher, was murdered by a mob by having her skin ripped off with sharp sea-shells and what remained of her burned. (Various types of shells have been named: clams, oysters, abalones. Other sources claim tiles or pottery-shards were used.)<ref>[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hypatia.html Hypatia biography]</ref>

==Middle Ages==
*1063: '''[[Béla I of Hungary]]''' died when his throne's canopy collapsed.
*1135: '''[[Henry I of England]]''' is said to have died after gorging on [[lampreys]], his favourite food.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/southerncounties/content/articles/2007/09/18/inside_out_lamprey_feature.shtml "The pre-historic visitors"], ''BBC'', 18 September 2007</ref>
*1258: '''[[Al-Musta'sim]]''' was killed during the Mongol invasion of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. [[Hulagu Khan]], not wanting to spill royal blood, had the Caliph wrapped in a rug and trampled to death by horses.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/magazine/print?query=lamented&id=84&minGrade=&maxGrade= "The Mamluks"], Jame Waterson, ''History Today'', March, 2006</ref>
*1277: '''[[Pope John XXI]]''' was killed in the collapse of his scientific [[laboratory]].<ref>[[Joseph Epiphane Darras]] and White, Charles Ignatius. ''A General History of the Catholic Church: From the Life of the Christian Era to the Twentieth Century'', pp. 406-7. New York: P. J. Kennedy, 1898.</ref>
*1308: '''[[Duns Scotus|John Duns Scotus]]''', [[Franciscan|O.F.M.]] according to an old tradition was [[Premature burial|buried alive]] following his lapse into a coma.
*1322: '''[[Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford]]''' was fatally speared through the [[anus]] by a pikeman hiding under the bridge during the Battle of [[Boroughbridge]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Mortimer|first=Ian|authorlink=|coauthors=|title=The Greatest Traitor|year=2006|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|location=Unknown|id=}} p. 124</ref>
*1327: '''[[Edward II of England]]''', after being deposed and imprisoned by his [[Queen consort]] [[Isabella of France|Isabella]] and her lover [[Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March|Roger Mortimer]], was rumored to have been murdered by having a red-hot iron inserted into his anus.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A History of Great Britain: 3000BC-AD1603|year=2000 |publisher=BBC Worldwide |location= London|id= }} p.220</ref>
*1410: '''[[Martin I of Aragon]]''' died from a lethal combination of [[indigestion]] and [[fatal hilarity|uncontrollable laughing]].<ref>[http://www.cc.jyu.fi/mirator/pdf/Morris.pdf "Patronage and Piety - Montserrat and the Royal House of Medeival Catalonia-Aragon"], Paul N. Morris, ''Mirator Lokakuu'', October, 2000</ref>
*1478: '''[[George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence|George Plantagenet]]''', [[Duke of Clarence]] reportedly was executed by drowning in a barrel of [[Malvasia|Malmsey wine]]<ref>Thompson, C. J. S. ''Mysteries of History with Accounts of Some Remarkable Characters and Charlatans'', pp. 31 ''ff.'' Kila, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2004.</ref> at his own request.

==Renaissance==
*1514: '''[[György Dózsa]]''', [[székely]] man-at-arms and peasants' revolt leader in Hungary was condemned to sit on a red-hot iron throne with a red-hot iron crown on his head and a red-hot sceptre in his hand (mocking at his ambition to be king), by Hungarian oppressors in Transsylvania. While Dózsa was still alive, he was set upon and his partially roasted body was eaten by six of his fellow rebels, who had been starved for a week beforehand.<ref>http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gyorgy_Dozsa György Dózsa, Encylopedia Brittanica, 1911</ref>
*1556: '''[[Humayun]]''', a [[Mughal emperor]], was descending from the roof of his library after observing Venus, when he heard the ''mu'azaan'', or call to prayer. Humayun's practice was to bow his knee when he heard the ''azaan'', and when he did his foot caught the folds of his garment, causing him to fall down several flights. He died 3 days later of the injuries at the age of 47.<ref>[http://www.archive.org/details/historyofhumayun00gulbrich Gulbadan Begum, ''The History of Humayun (Humayun-nama)'']. Trans. & ed. Annette Beveridge, Royal Asiatic Soc. (London) 1902 (ISBN 81-215-1006-6)] Internet Archive. page 55.</ref>
*1559: '''[[Henry II of France|King Henry II]]''' of France was killed during a [[jousting]] match, when his helmet's soft golden grille gave way to a broken lancetip which pierced his eye and entered his brain.<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Henry_II_Of_France Classic Encyclopedia Web, Based on 1911 Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica]</ref>
*1599: '''[[Nanda Bayin]]''', a [[Bamar|Burman]] king, reportedly "[[fatal hilarity|laughed to death]] when informed, by a visiting Italian merchant, that Venice was a free state without a king."<ref name="Miscellany">{{cite book
|title=Schott's Original Miscellany
|author=Schott, Ben
|location=London | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing
|year=2003
|id=ISBN 0-7475-6320-9
}}</ref>
*1601: '''[[Tycho Brahe]]''', according to legend, died of complications resulting from a strained bladder at a banquet. It would have been extremely bad etiquette to leave the table before the meal was finished, so he stayed until he became fatally ill. This version of events has since been brought into question as other causes of death (murder by [[Johannes Kepler]], [[suicide]], and lead poisoning among others) have come to the fore.<ref>[http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Brahe.html Brahe, Tycho (1546-1601) - from Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography]</ref>
*1660: '''[[Thomas Urquhart]]''', [[scottish people|Scottish]] aristocrat, [[polymath]] and first translator of [[François Rabelais|Rabelais]] into English, is said to have died laughing upon hearing that [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] had taken the throne.<ref>{{cite book | title = Rabelais in English Literature | last = Brown | first = Huntington | isbn = 0-714-620-513 | publisher = Routledge | pages = p. 126 | year = 1968}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = The History of Scotish Poetry | publisher = Edmonston & Douglas | year = 1861 | pages = p. 539}}</ref>
*1671: '''[[François Vatel]]''', chef to [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], committed suicide because his seafood order was late and he couldn't stand the shame of a postponed meal. His body was discovered by an aide, sent to tell him of the arrival of the fish. The authenticity of this story is questionable.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/va/Vatel-Fr.html Bartelby], but it states the authenticity is doubtful.</ref>
*1673: '''[[Moliere#Death|Molière]]''', the French actor and playwright, died after being seized by a violent coughing fit, whilst playing the title role in his play [[Le Malade imaginaire]] (The Hypochondriac or The Imaginary Invalid).<ref>[http://litmed.med.nyu.edu/Annotation?action=view&annid=1420 "Moliere,: The Imaginary Invalid"], ''NYU Literature, Arts, and Medicine Database'', 23 October 2003</ref>
*1687: '''[[Jean-Baptiste Lully]]''', [[composer]], died of a [[gangrene|gangrenous]] [[abscess]] after piercing his foot with a staff while he was vigorously conducting a ''[[Te Deum]]'', as it was customary at that time to conduct by banging a staff on the floor. The performance was to celebrate the king's recovery from an illness.<ref>[http://www.vanderbilt.edu/htdocs/Blair/Courses/MUSL243/lullbio.htm Biography of Jean-Baptiste Lully], ''Vanderbilt University''</ref>

==Age of Reason==
*1751: '''[[Julien Offray de La Mettrie]]''', the author of ''L'Homme machine'', a major materialist and sensualist philosopher died of overeating at a feast given in his honor. His philosophical adversaries suggested that by doing so, he had contradicted his theoretical doctrine with the effect of his practical actions.<ref>[http://www.bookrags.com/biography/julien-offray-de-la-mettrie/ Julien Offray de La Mettrie Biography] ''Encyclopedia of World Biography''</ref>
*1753: Professor '''[[Georg Wilhelm Richmann]]''', of [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]], was struck and killed by a globe of [[ball lightning]].<ref>[http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-59/iss-1/p42.html Benjamin Franklin and Lightning Rods] ''Physics Today'', January 2006</ref>
*1771: '''[[Adolf Frederick of Sweden|Adolf Frederick]]''', king of [[Sweden]], died of digestion problems on 12 February 1771 after having consumed a meal consisting of [[lobster]], [[caviar]], [[sauerkraut]], smoked [[herring]] and [[Champagne (wine)|champagne]], which was topped off with 14 servings of his favorite [[dessert]]: [[semla]] served in a bowl of hot [[milk]].<ref>[http://www.thelocal.se/6470/20070220/ The lowdown on Sweden's best buns] ''The Local'', February 2007</ref> He is thus remembered by Swedish schoolchildren as "the king who ate himself to death."<ref>[http://www.messengernews.net/page/content.detail/id/503630.html?nav=5007 Semlor are Swedish treat for Lent] Sandy Mickelson, ''The Messenger'', 27 February 2008</ref>
*1794: '''[[John Kendrick (American sea captain)|John Kendrick]]''', an American sea captain and explorer, was killed in the [[Hawaii|Hawaiian Islands]] when a British ship mistakenly used a loaded cannon to fire a salute to Kendrick's vessel.<ref>[http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=1983] "John Kendrick," ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online''</ref>

==Modern Age==
===19th century===
*1830: '''[[William Huskisson]]''', statesman and financier, was crushed to death by the world's first mechanically powered passenger train ([[Stephenson's Rocket]]), at its public opening.<ref>[http://www.lmu.livjm.ac.uk/lhol/content.aspx?itemid=329 "Huskisson, William"], ''International Centre for Digital Content'', 17 January 2003</ref>
*1834: '''[[David Douglas (botanist)|David Douglas]]''', [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[botanist]], fell into a pit trap accompanied by a bull. He was gored and possibly crushed.<ref>[http://www.life.umd.edu/emeritus/reveal/PBIO/LnC/douglas.html University of Maryland]: The source is uncertain if the bull fell in before or after him.</ref>
*1862: '''[[Jim Creighton]]''', baseball player, died when he swung a bat too hard and ruptured his bladder.
*1865: '''[[Lord Francis Douglas]]''' died after falling 4000 feet, having completed the first summit of the [[Matterhorn]].<ref>[http://www.powell-pressburger.org/Reviews/38_Challenge/Challenge01.html The Matterhorn]</ref>
*1868: '''[[Matthew Vassar]]''', brewer and founder of [[Vassar College]], died in mid-speech while delivering his [[Farewell speech|farewell address]] to the College [[Trustee|Board of Trustees]].<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B0CE5DA1230EE34BC4C51DFB0668383679FDE "VASSAR COLLEGE.; Sudden Death of Matthew Vassar, Founder of the Institution, While Reading the Annual Address."], ''The New York Times'', 24 June 1868</ref>
*1897: '''[[Salomon August Andrée]], [[Knut Fraenkel]]''' and '''[[Nils Strindberg]]''' died in October 1897 at Kvitöya (White Island) (located to the northeast of [[Svalbard]]) where they had arrived after a failed attempt to reach the North Pole in a balloon. Their deaths might have been due to exhaustion but also could have been due to eating insufficiently cooked polar bear meat causing [[trichinosis]], or carbon monoxide poisoning from the miniature kerosene stove when snow made it difficult to air out the fumes.<ref>[http://www.aviation-history.com/airmen/andree.htm "Solomon August Andree - Sweden"], ''True Magazine through Aviation-History.com'', August, 1962</ref>
*1899: '''[[Félix Faure]]''', French president, died of a stroke while in his office. It is popularly believed that he was "in the arms of his mistress" at the time, though this may have been a misunderstanding whether of words used when the maid that found him dead had yelled in French that either his ''conciousness'' or ''companion'' had just left him.<ref>[http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/fr_thirp.html#ffa France: Third Republic (1870-1940) - Presidential standards]</ref>

===20th century===
*1911: '''[[Jack Daniel]]''', founder of the [[Jack Daniel's|Tennessee whiskey distillery]], died of [[blood poisoning]] six years after receiving a toe injury when he kicked his safe in anger at being unable to remember its combination.<ref>Haig, Matt. ''Brand Royalty: how the world's top 100 brands thrive and survive'', p. 197. London: Kogan Page, 2004.</ref>
*1912: '''[[Franz Reichelt]]''', tailor, fell to his death off the first deck of the Eiffel Tower while testing his invention, the coat [[parachute]]. It was his first ever attempt with the parachute and he had told the authorities in advance he would test it first with a dummy.<ref>[http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=321 Damn Interesting » The Intrepid, Ill-Fated Parachutist]</ref>
*1916: '''[[Grigori Rasputin]]''', Russian [[mystic]], was reportedly poisoned while dining with a political enemy, shot in the head, shot three more times, bludgeoned, and then thrown into a frozen river. When his body washed ashore, an autopsy showed the cause of death to be [[hypothermia]]. However, there is now some doubt about the credibility of this account.<ref>[http://history1900s.about.com/od/famouscrimesscandals/a/rasputin.htm Murder of Rasputin]</ref>
*1918: '''[[Gustav Kobbé]]''', writer and musicologist, was killed when the sailboat he was on was struck by a landing seaplane off Long Island, N.Y.<ref name="Obit">[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B02E0D8143EE433A2575BC2A9619C946996D6CF "Hydroplane Kills Kobbe in his Boat; Naval Pilot Unaware He Had Struck Art Critic's Craft."] ''[[New York Times]]''. 28 July 1918. p. 1. Accessed 30 January 2008.</ref>
*1920: '''[[Ray Chapman]]''', baseball player, was killed when he was hit in the head by a pitch.<ref> Baseball: An Illustrated History. Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, 1994. </ref>
*1923: '''[[Martha Mansfield]]''', an American film actress, died after sustaining severe burns on the set of the film ''The Warrens of Virginia'' after a smoker's match, tossed by a cast member, ignited her Civil War costume of hoopskirts and ruffles.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0543806/bio Martha Mansfield (I) - Biography]</ref>
*1923: '''[[George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon]]''' became the first to die from the alleged [[Curse of the Pharaohs|King Tut's Curse]] after a mosquito bite on his face became seriously infected.<ref>[http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/carnarvon.htm The Life of Lord Carnarvon]</ref>
*1925: '''[[Zishe Breitbart|Zishe (Siegmund) Breitbart]]''', a circus strongman and Jewish folklore hero, died as a result of a demonstration in which he drove a spike through five one-inch thick oak boards using only his bare hands. He accidentally pierced his knee. The spike was rusted and caused an infection which led to fatal blood poisoning. He was the subject of the [[Werner Herzog]] film, ''[[Invincible (2001 film)|Invincible]]''.<ref>[http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/Competition/Breitbart/breitbart-index.htm Siegmund Breitbart]</ref>
*1927: '''[[J.G. Parry-Thomas]]''', a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] racing driver, was decapitated by his car's drive chain which, under stress, snapped and whipped into the cockpit. He was attempting to break his own [[land speed record]] which he had set the previous year. Despite being killed in the attempt, he succeeded in setting a new record of 171 mph.<ref>Reynolds, Barbara. ''Dorothy L. Sayers: her life and soul'', p. 162. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.</ref>
*1927: '''[[Isadora Duncan]]''', [[dancer]], died of accidental [[strangulation]] and [[cervical fracture|broken neck]] when one of the long [[scarf|scarves]] she was known for caught on the wheel of a [[automobile|car]] in which she was a passenger.<ref>[http://www.newsroom.ucla.edu/page.asp?RelNum=6970 UCLA newsroom]</ref>
*1928: '''[[Alexander Bogdanov]]''', a Russian physician, died following one of his experiments, in which the blood of a student suffering from [[malaria]] and [[tuberculosis]], L. I. Koldomasov, was given to him in a transfusion.<ref>Bogdanov, Alexander (tr. & ed. Douglas W. Huestis). ''The Struggle for Viability: Collectivism Through Blood Exchange'', p. 7. Tinicum, PA: Xlibris Corporation, 2002.</ref>
*1932: '''[[Eben Byers]]''' died of [[radiation poisoning]] after having consumed large quantities of a popular patent medicine containing [[radium]].<ref>[http://www.clpgh.org/exhibit/neighborhoods/northside/nor_n106.html]</ref>
*1933: '''[[Michael Malloy]]''', a homeless man, was murdered by gassing after surviving multiple poisonings, intentional exposure and being struck by a car. Malloy was murdered by five men in a plot to collect on [[life insurance]] policies they had purchased.<ref>{{cite book |last=Read |first=Simon |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Bizarre Killing of Michael Malloy |year=2005 |publisher=Penguin Book Group |location= |id= }}</ref>
*1935: Baseball player '''[[Len Koenecke]]''' was bludgeoned to death with a fire extinguisher by the crew of an aircraft he had chartered, after provoking a fight with the pilot while the plane was in the air.<ref>[http://www.thedeadballera.com/Obits/Koenecke.Len.Obit.html TheDeadballEra.com :: LEN KOENECKE'S OBIT]</ref>
*1939: Finnish actress '''[http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkka_Sari Sirkka Sari]''' died when she fell down a chimney. She was at a cast party celebrating the completion of a movie, her third and last. She mistook a chimney for a balcony and fell into a heating boiler, dying instantly.<ref>http://koti.mbnet.fi/basil/nest/allmovies.txt</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OsU_7bTkpNw YouTube - Sirkka Sarin kuolema]</ref>
*1941: '''[[Sherwood Anderson]]''', writer, swallowed a [[toothpick]] at a party and then died of [[peritonitis]].<ref>[http://athena.english.vt.edu/~appalach/writersA/anderson.html Virginia Tech article]</ref>
*1943: Critic '''[[Alexander Woollcott]]''' suffered a fatal heart attack during an on-air discussion about [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A662230 BBC]</ref>
*1944: Inventor and chemist '''[[Thomas Midgley, Jr.]]''' accidentally strangled himself with the cord of a [[pulley]]-operated mechanical bed of his own design.<ref>[[Bill Bryson|Bryson, Bill]]. ''[[A Short History of Nearly Everything]]''. (2003) Broadway Books, USA. ISBN 0-385-66004-9</ref>
*1945: Scientist '''[[Harry K. Daghlian, Jr.]]''' accidentally dropped a brick of [[tungsten carbide]] onto a sphere of [[plutonium]] while working on the [[Manhattan Project]]. This caused the plutonium to come to criticality; Daghlian died of radiation poisoning, becoming the first person to die in a [[criticality accident]].<ref>[http://www.mphpa.org/classic/FH/LA/Harry_Daghlian.htm Harry K. Daghlian - 1 of 1]</ref>
*1946: '''[[Louis Slotin]]''', chemist and physicist, died of radiation poisoning after being exposed to lethal amounts of ionizing radiation. He died in a very similar way as [[Harry K. Daghlian, Jr.]], from dropping a block of material on the same sphere of plutonium by accident. The sphere of plutonium was nicknamed the [[Demon core]]<ref>http://hhs55.com/slotin.html</ref>
*1947: '''The [[Collyer brothers]]''', extreme cases of [[compulsive hoarding|compulsive hoarders]], were found dead in their home in New York. The younger brother, Langley, died by falling victim to a booby trap he had set up, causing a mountain of objects, books, and newspapers to fall on him crushing him to death. His blind brother, Homer, who had depended on Langley for care, died of starvation some days later. Their bodies were recovered after massive efforts in removing many tons of debris from their home.<ref>[http://www.trivia-library.com/c/biography-of-hermits-of-harlem-homer-and-langley-collyer.htm Biography of Hermits of Harlem Homer and Langley Collyer - Trivia-Library.com]</ref>
*1955: '''[[Margo Jones]]''', theater director, was killed by exposure to [[carbon tetrachloride]] fumes from her newly cleaned carpet.<ref>[http://www.margojones.org/aboutMargo/timeline.lasso Sweet Tornado: Margo Jones and the American Theater]</ref>
*1956: '''[[Nina Hamnett]]''', artist, died from complications after falling out her apartment window and being impaled on the fence forty feet below.<ref>[http://dl.lib.brown.edu:8081/exist/mjp/plookup.xq?id=HamnettNina Hamnett, Nina (1890-1956)]</ref>
*1958: '''[[Gareth Jones (actor)|Gareth Jones]]''', actor, collapsed and died while in make-up between scenes of a [[live television]] play, ''Underground'', at the studios of [[Associated British Corporation]] in [[Manchester]]. Director [[Ted Kotcheff]] continued the play to its conclusion, improvising around Jones's absence.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0428099/bio Gareth Jones (VI) - Biography]</ref>
*1959: In the '''[[Dyatlov Pass incident]]''', Nine ski hikers in the [[Ural Mountains]] abandoned their camp in the middle of the night in apparent terror, some clad only in their underwear despite sub-zero weather. Six of the hikers died of hypothermia and three by unexplained fatal injuries. Though the corpses showed no signs of struggle, one victim had a fatal skull fracture, two had major chest fractures (comparable in force to a car accident), and one was missing her tongue. The victims' clothing also contained high levels of radiation. Soviet investigators determined only that "a compelling unknown force" had caused the deaths, barring entry to the area for years thereafter.<ref name="osadchuk">{{cite news
| url = http://www.sptimes.ru/story/25093
| title = Mysterious Deaths of 9 Skiers Still Unresolved
| author = Svetlana Osadchuk
| publisher = [[St. Petersburg Times (Russia)|St. Petersburg Times]]
| accessdate = 2008-02-28
| date = [[February 19]], [[2008]]
}}</ref>
*1960: In the '''[[Nedelin disaster]]''', over 100 Soviet [[rocket|missile]] technicians and officials died when a switch was turned on unintentionally igniting the rocket, including [[Red Army]] Marshal Nedelin who was seated in a deck chair just 40 meters away overseeing launch preparations. The events were filmed by automatic cameras.<ref>[http://www.russianspaceweb.com/r16_disaster.html Nedelin disaster]</ref>
*1961: '''[[Valentin Bondarenko]]''', a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[cosmonaut]] trainee, died from shock after suffering [[third-degree burn]]s over much of his body due to a [[flash fire]] in the pure [[oxygen]] environment of a training simulator. This incident was not revealed outside of the Soviet Union until the 1980s.<ref>Oberg, James, ''Uncovering Soviet Disasters'', [http://www.jamesoberg.com/usd10.html Chapter 10: Dead Cosmonauts], pp 156-176, Random house, New York, 1988, retrieved 8 January 2008</ref>
*1963: '''[[Thích Quảng Đức]]''', a Vietnamese Buddhist monk, sat down in the middle of a busy intersection in [[Saigon]], covered himself in gasoline, and lit himself on fire, burning himself to death. Đức was protesting President [[Ngo Dinh Diem|Ngô Đình Diệm's]] administration for oppressing the [[Buddhist]] religion.<ref>[http://everything2.com/title/Thich%2520Quang%2520Duc Thich Quang Duc@Everything2.com]</ref>
*1966: '''Worth Bingham''', heir to the Louisville [[Bingham]] publishing family, died when the [[surfboard]] lying atop the back of his convertible hit a parked car, swung around, and broke his neck.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/04/business/media/04bingham.html?pagewanted=2&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/M/McFadden,%20Robert%20D.%20Jr.
|title=Barry Bingham Jr., Louisville Publisher, Is Dead at 72
|author=
|publisher=The New York Times
|date=4 April 2006
}}</ref>
*1967: '''[[Gus Grissom]]''', '''[[Edward Higgins White|Ed White]]''', and '''[[Roger B. Chaffee]]''', NASA astronauts, died when a [[flash fire]] began in their pure [[oxygen]] environment during a training exercise inside the unlaunched [[Apollo 1]] spacecraft. The door to the capsule could not be opened during the fire because of its particular design. <ref>[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/grissom-vi.html Astronaut Bio: Virgil I. Grissom]</ref>
*1967: '''[[Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov|Vladimir Komarov]]''' became the first person to die during a space mission after the parachute of [[Soyuz 1|his capsule]] failed to deploy following re-entry.<ref>[http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/04/dayintech_0424 24 April 1967: Last Day in the Life of Cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov]</ref>
*1970: '''[[Yukio Mishima]]''', award-winning Japanese [[playwright]] and [[novelist]], committed [[seppuku]] after failing to inspire a [[coup d'état]] at the headquarters of the [[Japanese Self-Defence Forces]] in [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Ross
| first = Christopher
| title = Mishima's Sword: In Search of a Samurai Legend
| publisher = Harper Perennial
| year=2006
| location = London
| pages = 234-238
}}</ref>
*1971: '''[[Jerome Irving Rodale]]''', an American pioneer of [[organic farming]], died of a heart attack while being interviewed on ''[[The Dick Cavett Show]]''. According to [[urban legend]], when he appeared to fall asleep, Cavett quipped "Are we boring you, Mr. Rodale?"<ref>http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/onstage.htm</ref>. Cavett says this is incorrect; the initial response was fellow guest [[Pete Hamill]] saying in a low voice to Cavett, "This looks bad."<ref>http://donkeyod.wordpress.com/2007/05/04/when-that-guy-died-on-my-show/ Reprint of NYT article by Cavett</ref> The show was never broadcast.
*1972: '''[[Leslie Harvey]]''', guitarist of [[Stone the Crows]], was electrocuted on stage by a live microphone.<ref>[http://elvispelvis.com/electrocuted.htm Electrocuted Page in Fuller Up, Dead Musician Directory]</ref>
*1973: '''[[Bruce Lee]]''', a martial arts actor, is thought to have died by a severe allergic reaction to [[Equagesic]]. His brain had swollen about 13%. His autopsy was written as "death by misadventure."<ref>{{cite book
| last = Thomas
| first = Bruce
| title = Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit : a Biography
| publisher = Frog LTD.
| year=1994
| location = Berkeley, California
| pages = 209
}}</ref>
*1974: '''[[Christine Chubbuck]]''', an American television [[news reporter]], committed suicide during a live broadcast on 15 July. At 9:38 AM, 8 minutes into her talk show, on WXLT-TV in [[Sarasota]], [[Florida]], she drew out a revolver and shot herself in the head.<ref name="dietz">Dietz, Jon. "On-Air Shot Kills TV Personality", ''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'', 16 July 1974.</ref>
*1975: Physicist and businessman '''[[Kip Siegel]]''' died of a stroke while testifying before a US Congressional subcommittee.<ref>[http://www.eecs.umich.edu/RADLAB/html/LABHISTORY.html Lab History]</ref>
*1975: '''[[Bandō Mitsugorō VIII]]''', a [[Japanese people|Japanese]] kabuki actor, died of severe poisoning when he ate four [[fugu]] livers (also known as [[pufferfish]]). The liver is considered one of the most poisonous parts of the fish, but Mitsugorō claimed to be immune to the poison. The fugu chef felt he could not refuse Mitsugorō and lost his license as a result.<ref>[http://kabuki21.com/mitsugoro8.php Bandô Mitsugorô Viii]</ref>
*1976: '''[[Keith Relf]]''', former singer for British [[rhythm and blues]] band [[The Yardbirds]], died while practicing his electric guitar. He was electrocuted because the guitar was not properly grounded.<ref>[http://www.elvispelvis.com/electrocuted.htm Electrocuted Page in Fuller Up, Dead Musician Directory]</ref>
*1977: '''[[Tom Pryce]]''' ([[Formula One]] driver) and '''[[Jansen Van Vuuren]]''' (a track marshal) both died at the [[1977 South African Grand Prix]] after Van Vuuren ran across the track beyond a blind brow to attend to another car which had caught fire and was struck by Pryce's car at approximately 170mph. Pryce was struck in the face by the marshal's [[fire extinguisher]] and was killed instantly.<ref name="Tom Pryce death">{{cite book |last=Tremayne |first= David|authorlink=David Tremayne |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=The Lost Generation |origdate= |origyear= 2006 |origmonth=August|url= |format= |accessdate=2007-01-05 |accessyear= |accessmonth= |edition= |date= |year= |month= |publisher= Haynes Publishing|location= |isbn=1-84425-205-1 |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages= |chapter=Chapter 19 - A Moment Of Desperate Sadness|chapterurl= |quote=}}</ref>
*1978: '''[[Georgi Markov]]''', a [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] dissident, was assassinated in [[London]] with a specially [[Bulgarian umbrella|modified umbrella]] that fired a metal pellet with a small cavity full of [[ricin]] into his calf.
*1978: '''[[Janet Parker]]''', a British medical photographer, died of [[smallpox]] in 1978, ten months after the disease was eradicated in the wild, when a researcher at the laboratory Parker worked at accidentally released some virus into the air of the building. She is believed to be the last smallpox fatality in history.<ref>[http://www.qmul.ac.uk/news/newsrelease.php?news_id=18 Twenty five years on: Smallpox revisted Queen Mary, University of London]</ref>
*1978: '''[[Claude François]]''', a French pop singer, was electrocuted when he tried to change a light bulb while standing in his bathtub which was full of water at the time.<ref>[http://www.rfimusique.com/siteEn/biographie/biographie_6147.asp RFI Musique - - Biography - Claude FRANÇOIS]</ref>
*1978: '''[[Kurt Gödel]]''', the Austrian/American mathematician, died of starvation when his wife was hospitalized. Goedel suffered from extreme paranoia and refused to eat food prepared by anyone else. He was 65 pounds when he died. His death certificate reported that he died of "malnutrition and inanition caused by personality disturbance" in Princeton Hospital on 14 January 1978.<ref>Toates, Frederick; Olga Coschug Toates (2002). Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Practical Tried-and-Tested Strategies to Overcome OCD. Class Publishing, 221. ISBN 978-1859590690. </ref>
*1979: '''[[Robert Williams (robot fatality)|Robert Williams]]''', a worker at a Ford Motor Co. plant, was the first known man to be killed by a robot.<ref name=rlid>Robot firm liable in death, Tim Kiska, ''The Oregonian'', 11 August 1983. See [http://fusionanomaly.net/threelawsofrobotics.html], ROBOT FIRM LIABLE IN DEATH.</ref>
*1981: '''[[Carl McCunn]]''' paid a bush pilot to drop him at a remote lake near the Coleen River in [[Alaska]] in March 1981 to photograph wildlife, but did not arrange for the pilot to pick him up again in August. Rather than starve, McCunn shot himself in the head. His body was found in February 1982.<ref>http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res= 9B0DEED61638F93AA25751C1A964948260&sec=health&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink</ref>
*1981: '''[[Boris Sagal]]''', a film director, died while shooting the TV miniseries ''[[World War III (TV miniseries)|World War III]]'' when he walked into the tail rotor blade of a helicopter and was decapitated. <ref>[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40911FE3E5C0C778EDDAC0894D9484D81 BORIS SAGAL, 58, MOVIE DIRECTOR, DIES AFTER A HELICOPTER ACCIDENT - Free Preview - The New York Times]</ref>
*1981: Jeff Dailey, a 19-year-old gamer, became the first known person to die while playing [[video game]]s. After achieving a score of 16,660 in the [[arcade game]] [[Berzerk]], he succumbed to a massive heart attack. A year later, an 18-year-old gamer died after achieving high scores in the same game.<ref>[http://www.arcade-history.com/index.php?page=detail&id=236 berzerk, video game at arcade-history]</ref>
*1981: '''[[Kenji Urada]]''' - Was killed by a malfunctioning robot he was working on at a [[Mitsubishi]] plant in Japan. The robots arm pushed him into a grinding machine, killing him.<ref name=a>[http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7001829 Trust me, I'm a robot], ''The Economist'', [[June 8]], [[2006]]; accessed online 6-III-2007.</ref>
*1982: '''[[Vic Morrow]]''', actor, was [[decapitation|decapitated]] by a [[helicopter]] blade during filming of ''[[Twilight Zone: The Movie]]''. Two child actors, Myca Dinh Le (who was decapitated) and Renee Shin-Yi Chen (who was crushed), also died.<ref>[http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/not_guilty/twilight_zone/1.html The Twilight Zone Tragedy - Crime Library on truTV.com]</ref>
*1982: '''[[Vladimir Smirnov (fencer)|Vladimir Smirnov]]''', an [[1980 Summer Olympics|Olympic champion]] [[Fencing (sport)|fencer]], died of [[brain damage]] nine days after his opponent's [[Foil (sword)|foil]] snapped during a match, penetrated his mask, pierced his eyeball and entered his brain.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,925598,00.html TIME]</ref>
*1983: '''Four divers and a tender''' were killed on the [[Byford Dolphin]] semi-submersible, when a decompression chamber [[Explosive decompression|explosively decompressed]] from 9 [[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]] to 1 atm in a fraction of a second. The diver nearest the chamber opening literally exploded just before his remains were ejected through a 24in (60cm) opening. The other divers' remains showed signs of boiled blood, unusually strong [[rigor mortis]], large amounts of gas in the blood vessels, and scattered hemorrhages in the soft tissues.<ref>Giertsen, J.C. et al., "An Explosive Decompression Accident", The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 9(2):91-101, 1988.</ref>
*1983: '''[[Sergei Chalibashvili]]''', a professional [[Diving|diver]], died after a diving accident during the [[1983 Summer Universiade]] in [[Edmonton, Alberta]], Canada. When he attempted a three-and-a-half reverse [[somersault]] in the tuck position, he smashed his head on the board and was knocked unconscious. He died after being in a [[coma]] for a week.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954031,00.html?promoid=googlep TIME]</ref>
*1983: Author '''[[Tennessee Williams]]''' died when he choked on an eyedrop bottle cap in his room at the Hotel Elysee in New York. He would routinely place the cap in his mouth, lean back, and place his eyedrops in each eye. Williams' lack of gag response may have been due to the effects of drugs and alcohol abuse.<ref>[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB35B891D6D7E0F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM Search Results]</ref>
*1984: '''[[Jon-Erik Hexum]]''', an American television actor, died after he shot himself in the head with a prop gun during a break in filming. Hexum apparently did not realize that blanks use paper or plastic wadding to seal gun powder into the shell, and that this wadding is propelled out of the barrel of the gun with enough force to cause severe injury or death if the weapon is fired at point-blank range.
*1986: '''[[Jane Dornacker]]''', died while on the air giving a traffic report when the helicopter that she was riding in stalled and crashed into the [[Hudson River]]. This was the second helicopter crash she had been in that year.
*1987: '''[[Budd Dwyer]]''', a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[politician]], committed [[suicide]] during a televised [[press conference]] in [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]]. Facing a potential 55-year jail sentence for alleged involvement in a [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]], Dwyer shot himself in the mouth with a [[revolver]].
*1992: '''[[Christopher McCandless]]''' died of [[starvation]] near [[Denali National Park]] after a few months trying to live off the land in the Alaskan wilderness. His life and death were researched by Jon Krakauer, who then wrote the novel [[Into the Wild]] which was later turned into a [[Into the Wild (film)|movie]].
*1993: '''[[Brandon Lee]]''', son of Bruce Lee, was shot and killed by [[Michael Massee]] using a prop [[.44 Magnum]] gun while filming the movie ''[[The Crow (film)|The Crow]]''. A cartridge with only a primer and a bullet was fired in the pistol prior to the scene Brandon was in; this caused a [[squib load]], in which the primer provided enough force to push the bullet out of the cartridge and into the barrel of the revolver, where it became stuck. The malfunction went unnoticed by the crew, and the same gun was used again later to shoot the death scene, having been re-loaded with blanks. However, the squib load was still lodged in the barrel, and was propelled by the blank cartridge's explosion out of the barrel and into Lee's body. It was not instantly recognized by the crew or other actors; they believed he was still acting.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/movies/actors/brandonlee.asp snopes.com: Brandon Lee's Death in 'The Crow']</ref>
*1993: '''[[Garry Hoy]]''', a Toronto lawyer, fell to his death after he threw himself through the glass wall on the 24th floor of the [[Toronto-Dominion Centre]] in order to prove the glass was "unbreakable."<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/window.asp Snopes.com article]</ref>
*1993: '''Michael A. Shingledecker Jr.''' was killed almost instantly when he and a friend were struck by a pickup truck while lying flat on the yellow dividing line of a two-lane highway in [[Polk, Pennsylvania]]. They were copying a daredevil stunt from the movie ''[[The Program]]''. Marco Birkhimer died of a similar accident while performing the same stunt in Route 206 of [[Bordentown, New Jersey]]. <ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CEED7123AF93AA25753C1A965958260&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink Not Like the Movie: A Dare Leads to Death - New York Times]</ref>
*1994: '''[[Gloria Ramirez]]''' was admitted to [[Riverside, California|Riverside]] General Hospital for complications of advanced cervical cancer. Before she died, her body mysteriously emitted toxic fumes that made several emergency room workers very ill. She has been dubbed as the "toxic lady" by the media. <ref>[http://discovermagazine.com/1995/apr/analysisofatoxic493 Analysis of a Toxic Death | Cancer | DISCOVER Magazine]</ref>
*1996: '''[[Sharon Lopatka]]''', an Internet entrepreneur from [[Maryland]], allegedly solicited a man via the Internet to torture and kill her for the purpose of sexual gratification. Her killer, Robert Fredrick Glass, was convicted of voluntary manslaughter for the homicide.
*1998: '''[[Tom and Eileen Lonergan]]''' were stranded while [[scuba diving]] with a group of divers off Australia's [[Great Barrier Reef]]. The group's boat accidentally abandoned them due to an incorrect head count taken by the dive boat crew. Their bodies were never recovered. The incident inspired the film ''[[Open Water (film)|Open Water]]'' and an episode of ''[[20/20]]''.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/08/04/1091557908320.html "A mystery resurfaces"], ''The Age'', 7 August 2004</ref>
*1998: '''Daniel V. Jones''' committed suicide on a freeway carpool lane near [[Los Angeles, California]] by shooting himself through the chin with a shotgun, which was accidentally televised by journalists monitoring the incident on helicopters. Jones, a former hotel maintenance worker, had killed himself partly due to his frustration over treatment by his [[HMO]].<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0D7103EF931A35756C0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all "After a Suicide, Questions on Lurid TV News"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 2 May, 1998</ref>
*1998: '''Every player on the visiting soccer team''' at a game in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] was struck by a fork bolt of [[lightning]], killing them all instantly, presumably because of the metal studs in their shoes.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/203137.stm BBC News | Africa | Lightning kills football team]</ref>
*1999: '''[[Owen Hart]]''', a professional wrestler for [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]], died during a pay-per-view event when performing a stunt. It was planned to have Owen come down from the rafters of the [[Kemper Arena]] on a safety harness tied to a rope to make his ring entrance. The safety latch was released and Owen dropped 78 feet, bouncing chest-first off the top rope resulting in a severed [[aorta]], which caused his lungs to fill with blood.<ref>[http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9542223 Owen Hart Biography - Biography.com]</ref>
*2000: '''[[Jonathan Burton]]''' stormed the cockpit door of a Southwest Airlines flight from Las Vegas to Salt Lake City. The 19-year-old was subdued by eight other passengers with such force that he died of [[asphyxiation]].<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE2DE1F3BF930A1575AC0A9669C8B63 Janofsky, Michael. "Neighbors' Gentler View Of Man Killed on Plane," ''The New York Times'', 23 September 2000.]</ref>

===21st century===
*2001: '''Bernd-Jürgen Brandes''' from Germany was stabbed repeatedly and then partly eaten by [[Armin Meiwes]] (who was later called the Cannibal of Rothenburg). Brandes had answered an internet advertisement by Meiwes looking for someone for this purpose. Brandes explicitly stated in his will that he wished to be killed and eaten.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4752797.stm "German cannibal guilty of murder"], ''BBC News'', 9 May 2006</ref>
*2002: '''[[Brittanie Cecil]]''', an American 13-year-old hockey fan, died two days after being struck in the head by a [[hockey puck]] at a game between the [[Columbus Blue Jackets]] and the [[Calgary Flames]] at [[Nationwide Arena]]. <ref>[http://espn.go.com/nhl/news/2002/0319/1354060.html "Girl dies after getting hit by puck at NHL game"], ''ESPN.com'', 20 May 2002</ref>
*2003: '''Doug McKay''' was killed at the [[Island County, Washington|Island county]] [[county fair|fair]] [[amusement park]] when his arm was caught as he sprayed lubricant on a Super Loop 2 circular [[roller coaster]]. The ride was in operation at the time and he was pulled 40 feet in the air before falling and landing on a fence.<ref>[http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20030816&slug=webride16 Carnival worker dies in Island County ride accident], The Seattle Times, August 16, 2003.</ref>
*2003: '''[[Brian Douglas Wells]]''', a [[pizza delivery]] man in [[Erie, Pennsylvania]], was killed by a [[Time bomb (explosive)|time bomb]] which was fastened around his neck. He was apprehended by the [[police]] after robbing a [[bank]], and claimed he had been forced to do it by three people who had put the bomb around his neck and would kill him if he refused. The bomb later exploded, killing him. In 2007, police alleged Wells was involved in the robbery plot along with two other conspirators.<ref>{{cite news| last=Nephin| first=Dan| title=Indictment: Bomb Victim in on Bank Plot| publisher=Associated Press| date=[[2007-07-12]]| url=http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2007Jul12/0,4670,BankRobberyExplosion,00.html| accessdate=2008-07-21}}</ref>
*2003: '''[[Brandon Vedas]]''' died of a [[drug overdose]] while engaged in an [[Internet chat]], as shown on his [[webcam]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/2724819.stm "Net grief for online 'suicide'"] ''BBC News'', 4 February 2003.</ref>
*2003: '''[[Timothy Treadwell]]''', an American [[environmentalist]] who had lived in the wilderness among bears for thirteen summers in a remote region in [[Alaska]], along with his girlfriend Amie Huguenard, were killed and partially consumed by a bear. An audio recording was captured on a video camera (the lens-cap was in place during the incident), but the tape has never been released to the public. [[Werner Herzog]]'s [[documentary film]], ''[[Grizzly Man]]'', discusses Treadwell and his death.<ref>Medred, Craig.''[http://www.adn.com/front/story/4110831p-4127072c.html Wildlife author killed, eaten by bears he loved]''. ''[[Anchorage Daily News]]''. 8 October 2003. Retrieved 4 September 2006.</ref>
*2005: '''[[Kenneth Pinyan]]''' ('Mr. Hands') of [[Gig Harbor]], [[Washington]] died of acute [[peritonitis]] after submitting to anal intercourse with a [[stallion]]. Pinyan had had sex with a horse before. Pinyan delayed his visit to the hospital for several hours out of reluctance to admit what happened. The case led to the criminalization of [[zoophilia|bestiality]] in [[Washington]].<ref>[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002569751_horsesex19m.html The Seattle Times: Local News: Trespassing charged in horse-sex case]</ref> His story was recounted in the 2007 documentary film ''[[Zoo (film)|Zoo]]''.
*2005: '''[[Lee Seung Seop]]''', a 28-year-old South Korean, collapsed of fatigue and died after playing [[StarCraft]] for almost 50 consecutive hours in an Internet cafe.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-1729573,00.html "Korean drops dead after 50-hour gaming marathon"], ''Times Online'', 10 August 2005</ref>
*2006: '''[[Steve Irwin]]''', a television personality and naturalist known as [[The Crocodile Hunter]], died when his heart was impaled by a [[short-tail stingray]] barb while filming a documentary entitled "Ocean's Deadliest" in [[Queensland]]'s [[Great Barrier Reef]]. <ref>http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20355064-30417,00.html</ref>
*2006: '''[[Alexander Litvinenko]]''', a former officer of the [[Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation|Russian State security service]], and later a Russian [[dissident]] and [[writer]], suddenly fell ill and was hospitalized. He died three weeks later, becoming the first known victim of lethal [[Polonium|polonium-210]]-induced [[radiation poisoning|acute radiation syndrome]].
*2007: '''[[Water intoxication#Notable cases|Jennifer Strange]]''', a 28-year-old woman from [[Sacramento]], died of [[water intoxication]] while trying to win a [[Wii]] console in a [[KDND]] 107.9 "The End" radio station's "Hold Your Wee for a Wii" contest, which involved drinking large quantities of water without urinating.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/california/la-me-water14jan14,1,1368543.story?coll=la-headlines-pe-california "Woman dies after being in water-drinking contest"], ''The Los Angeles Times'', 14 January 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.knbc.com/news/10761800/detail.html "Woman's Death After Water-Drinking Contest Investigated"] ''KNBC.com'', 16 January 2007</ref>
*2007: '''[[Kevin Whitrick]]''', a 42-year-old man committed [[suicide]] by hanging himself live on a webcam during an internet chat session.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/article1560877.ece |title=Get on with it, said net audience as man hanged himself on webcam |accessdate=2007-05-27 |last=Bale |first=Joanna |date=2007-03-24 |work=Times Online |publisher=Times Newspapers Ltd }}</ref>
*2007: '''[[Surinder Singh Bajwa]]''', the Deputy Mayor of Delhi, India, was kicked by a [[Rhesus Macaque]] monkey at his home and fell from a first floor balcony, suffering serious head injuries. He later died from his injuries.<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Bajwa-succumbs-to-injuries/230828/ Bajwa succumbs to injuries]</ref>
*2008: '''[[Abigail Taylor]]''', 6, died nine months after her organs were partially sucked out while sitting on a swimming pool drain. She had several organs replaced in surgery but died later due to the incident. <ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-03-21-3982361687_x.htm Girl, 6, Dies From Swimming Pool Injury] ''USA Today'', 21 March 2008</ref>
*2008: '''Gerald Mellin''', a U.K. businessman, committed [[suicide]] by tying one end of a rope around his neck and the other to a tree. He then hopped into his [[Aston Martin DB7]] and drove down a main road in Swansea until the rope decapitated him. He supposedly did this as an act of revenge against his ex-wife for leaving him.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1042676/Businessman-uses-Aston-Martin-decapitate-horrific-suicide-revenge-ex-wife.html Businessman uses Aston Martin to decapitate himself]''Mail Online'', 8 August 2008</ref>

==See also==
* [[Fatal hilarity]]
* [[Toilet-related injury]]
* [[List of inventors killed by their own inventions]]
* [[Darwin Awards]]
* [[Multiple gunshot suicide]]
* [[List of people who died onstage]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unusual}}
[[Category:Lists of people by cause of death]]
[[Category:Death-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of things considered unusual]]

[[es:Anexo:Fallecimientos extraños]]
[[fr:Liste de morts insolites]]
[[nl:Lijst van personen die op ongebruikelijke manier zijn overleden]]

What I’ve Done

2008-09-06T18:40:39Z

Qwerty Binary: Clean up.

{{Infobox Single
| Name = What I've Done
| Cover = WhatI'veDoneCover.jpg
| Artist = [[Linkin Park]]
| from Album = [[Minutes to Midnight (album)|Minutes to Midnight]] & [[Transformers: The Album]]
| Released = ''Digital'' {{flagicon|USA}} [[April 2]], [[2007]] {{flagicon|UK}} {{flagicon|Australia}} [[April 3]], [[2007]] ''CD Single'' {{flagicon|USA}} [[April 30]], [[2007]] {{flagicon|Australia}} [[May 5]], [[2007]] {{flagicon|UK}} [[May 7]] [[2007]]
| Format = [[CD single]]
| Recorded = [[Los Angeles, California]]
| Genre = [[Alternative metal]]
| Length = 3:25 (album version) 3:28 (iTunes version) 3:29 (radio edit)
| Label = [[Warner Bros. Records]]
| Writer = [[Linkin Park]]
| Producer = [[Rick Rubin]], Mike Shinoda
| Certification = Platinium ([[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]])
| Reviews = [[Rolling Stone]] {{rating-5|2}}
| Last single = "[[Dirt off Your Shoulder/Lying from You]]" (2005/2006)
| This single = "'''What I've Done'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Bleed It Out]]" (2007)
}}
"'''What I've Done'''" is the lead single from [[Linkin Park]]'s third album ''[[Minutes to Midnight (album)|Minutes to Midnight]]'', and is the band's highest debut on the US Hot 100. It had its first radio play on [[April 1]], [[2007]], and was digitally released on [[April 2]], [[2007]]. The [[CD Single]] was released on [[April 30]] [[2007]]. It was also featured in the movie ''[[Transformers (film)|Transformers]]''. The song has been confirmed as a playable track on [[Guitar Hero World Tour]].

"What I've Done" boasts the band's highest place worldwide, with a top 5 peak.

==Song information==
[[Chester Bennington]] described the track in a [[March 2007]] interview with [[MTV]]:
{{Cquote|Joe [Hahn] came up to Mike and me and asked us to take the whole idea of ''Minutes to Midnight'' and apply that to how the band has changed. So, in a way, it's us saying goodbye to how we used to be...The lyrics in the first verse are 'In this farewell, there's no blood, there's no alibi,' and right away, you'll notice that the band sounds different: The drums are much more raw, the guitars are more raw and the vocals aren't tripled. It's just us out there ... and that's how [[Rick Rubin]] wanted it.<ref name="mtv">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1553982/20070306/linkin_park.jhtml|title=Linkin Park Finish Apocalyptic Album, Revive Projekt Revolution Tour|publisher=MTV|date=2007-03-06}}</ref>}}

The single and video appeared in the [[iTunes Store]] shortly after midnight EST on April 2, 2007.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/iTunes "What I've Done" on iTunes]</ref> It became available the day after on iTunes in the UK and Australia. On April 2nd, the song was featured streaming on the front page of their official website, with the video being added to the site shortly thereafter.

The song starts out with a [[piano]] [[riff]] reminiscent of the [[Halloween (franchise)|''Halloween'']] theme, before going into a raw guitar sound. During live events, [[Mike Shinoda]] plays the piano intro and the guitar after that. This song differs from most of Linkin Park's previously released songs (except "[[Breaking the Habit]]") in that it features almost no lead vocals from vocalist [[Mike Shinoda]], save for a brief "na na na" refrain at the end and contributing harmonies throughout. "What I've Done" was the last song written for ''[[Minutes to Midnight (album)|Minutes to Midnight]]''.<ref>[http://lptimes.com/news2007/april/news04042007.html LP Times] reports on "What I've Done".</ref> The song also has a downbeat exactly once every second, consistent throughout its entirety.

===Remixes===
A remix is available on the "[[Bleed It Out]]" single and on the Tour Edition of ''Minutes to Midnight'' entitled ''What I've Done (Distorted Remix)'' which was remixed by [[Mike Shinoda]], one of the vocalists in the band.

==Track listings==
'''CD 1'''
{{Tracklist
| all_writing = Linkin Park
| title1 = What I've Done
| note1 = Radio Edit
| length1= 3:29
| title2 = [[Faint]]
| note2 = Live in Japan
| length2 = 2:45
}}

'''CD 2 (Maxi / AU Single)'''
{{Tracklist
| title1 = What I've Done
| length1 = 3:28
| title2 = Faint
| note2 = Live in Japan
| length2 = 2:46
| title3 = [[From the Inside]]
| note3 = Live in Japan
| length3 = 3:31
}}

'''DVD Version'''
{{Tracklist
| title1 = What I've Done
| note1 = Video
| length1 = 3:29
| title2 = Faint
| note2 = Live in Japan; Video
| length2 = 2:45
}}

'''7" Picture disk format'''
{{Tracklist
| title1 = What I've Done
| note1 = Radio Edit
| length1 = 3:29
| title2 = Faint
| note2 = Live in Japan
| length2 = 2:45
}}
All of the live tracks on this CD (and vinyl) were recorded at the Chiba Marine stadium in Tokyo, Japan on August 13, 2006 at the Summer Sonic Festival.

==Music video==
[[Image:What Ive Done - Linkin Park.ogg|noicon|thumb|300px|"What I've Done" music video ([http://www.jeroenwijering.com/embed/mediaplayer.swf?file=http://download.wbr.com/bandbuilder/lp/mtm/WhatIveDone_v400h.flv Watch Full Video])]]
The music video for "What I've Done" explores the many ironies of humanity and its ill effects on the earth and the environment. It juxtaposes various pieces of footage: a large, well-fed man eating fast food, a woman measuring her waist and a man who is so malnourished that his ribcage is visible through his skin; African Americans being hosed down and the [[Ku Klux Klan]]; nuclear explosions, the [[September 11, 2001|World Trade Center towers collapsing]], children waving American flags, a Middle Eastern child holding an [[AK-47]], clips of oil tankers torn in half and birds covered in an oil slick. The band's [[Disc Jockey | turntablist]] [[Joe Hahn]] directed the video for the single, which was shot in the California desert.<ref name="billboard">{{cite web|url=http://billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003554313|title=Clock Strikes 'Midnight' For New Linkin Park Album|publisher=Billboard|date=2007-03-06}}</ref> The video premiered on [[April 2]], [[2007]] on [[MTV]] and [[Fuse TV|Fuse]]. It premiered on MTV-Asia, MTV-Germany, TMF Netherlands and Canada's [[MuchMusic]] on [[April 3]], 2007.

It features footage of the band performing in the desert, interspersed with stock footage reflecting on a variety of social and environmental issues including [[pollution]], [[global warming]], [[racism]], [[Nazism]], the [[Ku Klux Klan]], [[abortion]], [[homosexuality]], [[starvation]], [[terrorism]], [[warfare]], [[deforestation]], [[poverty]], [[drug addiction]], [[obesity]], [[destruction]], rising [[gasoline]] prices and crimes committed by humanity. The video also features short views of important historical figures, such as [[Mother Teresa]], [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[Robert Kennedy]], [[Fidel Castro]], [[Saddam Hussein]], [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Benito Mussolini]], [[Mao Zedong]], and [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Some cut scenes like the traffic scene and the [[napalm]] exploding were also featured on the [[Rise Against]] music video for [[Ready To Fall]].

The video clip was featured and won on MTV's ''Battle of the Videos'' against videos by [[Evanescence]] ("[[Sweet Sacrifice]]") and [[Lil' Mama]] ("[[Lip Gloss (song)|Lip Gloss]]").<ref>[http://www.mtvbattleofthevideos.com/2007/04/16/finally-a-winner/#comments "What I've Done"] wins MTV Battle Of the Videos.</ref> The video also marks the first appearance of a Linkin Park video in the #1 spot on MTV's [[Total Request Live|TRL]], hitting #1 six times so far. The video is among the all-time top 50 most viewed on YouTube (Currently 34th) with over 35 million views. AOL currently has a live performance of "What I've Done" on their website.<ref>[http://www.aolmusicnewsblog.com/2007/04/16/linkin-park-sessions-tease/"What I've Done"] live on AOL.</ref>

[[Image:LPDrums.jpg|right|thumb|500px|The two different faces of the [[drum set]] used in the music video. The picture on the right is from the beginning of the video (with incorrect logo).]]
When the band's [[logo]] is shown for the first time in the video (on the front of Rob's [[bass drum]]), it features a complete circle with the stylized letters "LP" within it. However, every time the logo is shown after this, the circle is not complete, being "separated" by two blank spaces above the "L" and below the "P". This is explained in "Making of What I've Done", where the band shows the original drums that were wrongly made, and that they had to use black tape to make the breaks in the circle.

So far, this is the only video in which Joe Hahn's face is not focused at although some parts shown his hands on the turntables.

===Alternate music video===
A second video, made exclusively for Australia, features a completely different scenario from the first; instead of clips of human sin, the video tells the story of a woman working at a government-run pharmaceutical company learning of a plan to develop a deadly new virus for "social control", and - with the help of several people dressed in black hooded sweatshirts with Linkin Park's logo on them - smuggles out several blood samples of a human test subject of the virus to expose the conspiracy. The video can be seen on YouTube and Linkin Park's Australian website.<ref>[http://minutestomidnight.com.au/ Linkin Park]</ref> 

===Notable clips from the video===



The following is a non-exhaustive list of historical and/or [[stock footage]] in the music video:
{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}
*A [[scorpion]]
*[[Clockwork]]
*A [[Bald Eagle]]
*[[Desertification]]
*The [[Iraq War]]
*The [[Gulf War]]
*A 1960s civil rights demonstration in [[Birmingham, Alabama]]
*Government-controlled societies ([[Fascism|Fascist]]-[[Nazism|Nazi]]-[[Militarism|Militarist]])
*The [[Vietnam War]]
*[[Global Warming]]
*[[Urbanization]]
*[[Pollution]]
*[[Poaching]] ([[Ivory]])
*[[Deforestation]]
*a [[Polar Bear]]
*Citizens of the world's [[least developed countries]]
*[[Obesity]]
*An [[anorexia nervosa|anorexic]] woman
*[[Starvation]]
*[[Effects of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans]]
*[[Stonehenge]]
*[[Hagia Sophia]]
{{col-break}}
*[[Great Pyramid of Giza]]
*[[Parthenon]]
*[[Vitruvian Man]]
*[[Mother Teresa]]
*[[Robert F. Kennedy]]
*[[Mahatma Gandhi]]
*[[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]
*[[Mao Zedong]]
*[[Abraham Lincoln|Abraham]] [[Lincoln Memorial]]
*[[Fidel Castro]]
*[[Ku Klux Klan]]
*[[Adolf Hitler]]
*[[Saddam Hussein]]
*[[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11 terror attacks]]
*Cellular [[meiosis]]
*[[Reproduction]]
*[[Birth]]
*[[Genetic engineering]]
*[[Drug abuse]]
*a [[Penguin]]
*[[Oil spill]]s
*The [[Trinity Test]] [[nuclear explosion|mushroom cloud]] and other [[Nuclear testing|Atomic weapons testing]]
*Ethnically diverse children with American Flags ([[Brad Delson]])
{{col-break}}
*[[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[child]] (holding an [[AK-47]])
*[[Auschwitz concentration camp]]

*[[Joseph Stalin]]
*[[Nationalism]] (particularly [[Americanism]])
*[[Acropolis of Athens]]
*[[Sultan Ahmed Mosque]]
*[[Robert Mugabe]]
*[[Benito Mussolini]]
*[[Martin Luther King Jr.]]
*[[Oklahoma City Bombing]]
*Supporting rights for homosexuals
{{col-end}}

==Chart performance==
The song made big debuts on the US charts during the chart week of [[April 21]], [[2007]]. The song debuted in the top 10 of the US Hot 100, at #7. It is by far the band's highest debut to date on the chart (this title was previously held by "[[Somewhere I Belong]]" which opened at #47), earning "Hot Shot" debut of the week, and subsequently becoming the second highest position for a Linkin Park single to date on the Hot 100. At the time of its debut it was only the eleventh song since [[2000]] to debut at #7 or higher on the Hot 100, and only the third song to do so by an artist not from ''[[American Idol]]''.<ref>[http://billboard.com/bbcom/chart_beat/bonus.jsp http://billboard.com/bbcom/chart_beat/bonus.jsp] ''Billboard.com'' Retrieved on 05-27-07 </ref> The song was partly fueled by digital sales, debuting at #4 on the digital chart.

In addition the song became only the third song ever to open at #1 on the Modern Rock chart, also becoming the band's seventh number one on the chart. It held the #1 spot on Modern Rock Tracks for 15 consecutive weeks, at the time tying it with "[[Sex and Candy]]" as the second longest running #1 in that charts history (it is now tied as the third longest running). It was the most successful song on the Modern Rock Tracks chart of 2007 until [[Foo Fighters]] released "[[The Pretender (song)|The Pretender]]". The song also reached #1 on the Mainstream Rock chart, where it stayed for more than a month. In the iTunes music store, the song had reached number two. It was kept out of the top spot by "[[Give It To Me]]" by [[Timbaland]]. The music video is the first to reach the number 1 spot on TRL for Linkin Park video history. It has also become a moderate hit on the [[Adult Top 40]], and [[Pop 100 Airplay]] charts, so far peaking at number 22 and 24 respectively on those charts.

In the rest of the world, the song has been their most successful overall, reaching the top ten in over twenty countries including [[Canada]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], and [[New Zealand]] to name a few. In the [[U.K.]] the song hit #6 once the physical format was released, making it Linkin Park's highest-charting UK single. The song was highly successful in [[China]] as well, where it became their first number one there. It is their best charting single on the United World Chart, where it peaked at #4. Statistically speaking, this is Linkin Park's biggest song to date.

{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2007)
!align="left"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|[[Austria]]n Singles Chart<ref name=acharts>[http://acharts.us/song/12478 "Linkin Park - What I've Done global chart positions and trajectories"]. aCharts.us. Retrieved [[June 30]] [[2007]].</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australia Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|13
|-
|align="left"|''Billboard'' [[Hot 100]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|7
|-
|align="left"|''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|''Billboard'' [[Hot Digital Songs]]
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|''Billboard'' [[Modern Rock Tracks]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|''Billboard'' [[Mainstream Rock Tracks]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Dutch Top 40]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|26
|-
|align="left"|[[Mega Single Top 100|Dutch Top 100 Singles]]
|align="center"|9
|-
|align="left"|[[France|French]] Download Chart
|align="center"|20
|-
|align="left"|[[Germany|German]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|[[Germany|German Download Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|15
|-
|align="left"|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|9
|-
|align="left"|[[Norway|Norwegian Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|12
|-
|align="left"|[[Sweden|Swedish Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|[[Switzerland|Switzerland Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|[[U.K. Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|6
|-
|}

==In popular culture==
"What I've Done" is featured during the film ''[[Transformers (film)|Transformers]]'', playing on [[Bumblebee (Transformers)|Bumblebee]]'s radio as [[Witwicky family#Sam (Samuel James Witwicky)|Sam Witwicky]] is dropping [[Witwicky family#Mikaela Banes|Mikaela Banes]] off at home, as well as leading in to the end credits, and included on the [[Transformers - The Album|official soundtrack]] and used heavily in the film's ad campaign. [[Megan Fox]] revealed that when the band first heard about the movie, they asked to be on the soundtrack.<ref name="Shia LaBeouf & Megan Fox Interview">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MyRPHXvPAQ|title=Megan Fox Interview}}</ref>

During [[Fox NFL Sunday]] "What I've Done" was one of theme songs for the show.

"What I've Done" has been confirmed as a playable song in the upcoming 2008 music/rhythm video game [[Guitar Hero World Tour]], for the [[Xbox 360]], [[PlayStation 3]], [[PlayStation 2]], and [[Wii]] gaming systems.

During the [[2008 Olympics]], the song was distinctly heard in the background during a replay in the [[swimming]] event.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==


* [http://linkinpark.com/lyrics/Albums/minutes_to_midnight-9#6 ''What I've Done'' official lyrics]
* [http://www.linkinpark.com Linkin Park's official site]
{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Survivalism (song)|Survivalism]]" by [[Nine Inch Nails]]
| title = [[Modern Rock Tracks|''Billboard'' Modern Rock Tracks]] [[List of number-one modern rock hits (United States)|number-one single]]
| years = [[April 15]], [[2007]] – [[July 28]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Icky Thump (song)|Icky Thump]]" by [[The White Stripes]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Breath (song)|Breath]]" by [[Breaking Benjamin]]
| title = [[Mainstream Rock Tracks|''Billboard'' Mainstream Rock Tracks]] [[List of number-one mainstream rock hits (United States)|number-one single]]
| years = [[May 12]], [[2007]] – [[June 30]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[I Don't Wanna Stop]]" by [[Ozzy Osbourne]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{Linkin Park}}

[[Category:2007 singles]]
[[Category:Linkin Park songs]]
[[Category:Billboard Modern Rock Tracks number-one singles]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Lithuania]]
[[Category:Transformers music]]

[[ca:What I've Done]]
[[da:What I've Done]]
[[es:What I've Done]]
[[fr:What I've Done]]
[[id:What I've Done]]
[[it:What I've Done]]
[[nl:What I've Done]]
[[no:What I've Done]]
[[uz:What I've Done]]
[[pl:What I've Done]]
[[pt:What I've Done]]
[[ru:What I've Done]]
[[fi:What I've Done]]
[[sv:What I've Done]]

Bachelor of Laws im angelsächsischen Rechtskreis

2008-08-30T16:29:17Z

Qwerty Binary: /* Eligibility to Practice Law in the U.S. with Foreign Credentials */ Clean up.

{{redirect|LLB|the drink|Lemon, Lime & Bitters}}
{{redirect|LLB|the youth sports organization|Little League Baseball}}

{{Refimprove|date=September 2007}}

The '''Bachelor of Laws''' (abbreviated '''LL.B.''', '''LLB''' or rarely '''Ll.B.''') is an undergraduate, or bachelor, degree in law offered in most [[common law]] countries as the primary law degree and which originated in England.<ref>John H. Langbein, “Scholarly and Professional Objectives in Legal Education: American Trends and English Comparisons,” Pressing Problems in the Law, Volume 2: What are Law Schools For?, Oxford University Press, 1996.</ref> It was established as a liberal arts degree,<ref>Reed, A. (1921). ‘’Training for the Public Profession of the Law, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, Bulletin 15.’’ Boston: Merrymount Press.</ref> which requires that the student undertake a certain amount of study of the classics, but has developed into a more specialized professional degree in recent years.<ref>John H. Langbein, “Scholarly and Professional Objectives in Legal Education: American Trends and English Comparisons,” Pressing Problems in the Law, Volume 2: What are Law Schools For?, Oxford University Press, 1996.</ref> Nonetheless, the goals of most LL.B. programs are to provide a scholarly education, and therefore jurisdictions which offer the LL.B. require additional education or training before a graduate is authorized to practice law.<ref>The U.K. (Boora, K.S. (2006). [http://www.malet.com/MSG%202008/Pathways%20to%20the%20Legal%20Profession%20in%20England.htm Admission Rules to Practice Law in the U.K.] The Malet Street Gazette. Accessed June 15, 2008.) and Hong Kong (Hong Kong Bar Association. [http://www.hkba.org/admission-pupillage/general/index.html General Admission]. Accessed June 1, 2008.)
require that a student complete professional coursework that can last a year, in addition to an apprenticeship of a year, while Australia requires either coursework or an apprenticeship and Canada only require an apprenticeship (Wikipedia. [[Admission to the bar]]. Accessed June 15, 2008.)</ref> In Australia and Canada it is sometimes referred to as a post-graduate degree because in those countries a previous college degree is sometimes required for admission. The "LL." of the abbreviation for the degree is from the genitive plural ''legum'' (of ''lex, legis f.'', law), thus "LL.B." stands for ''Legum Baccalaureus'' in [[Latin language|Latin]]. In the [[United States]] it was sometimes erroneously called "Bachelor of Legal Letters" to account for the double "L" (and therefore sometimes abbreviated as "L.L.B.").

The United States is the only [[common law]] country that does not offer the LL.B., at all. Since the late-nineteenth century universities the United States awarded the professional doctorate [[J.D.]],<ref>Association of American Universities Data Exchange. [http://www.pb.uillinois.edu/aaude/documents/graded_glossary.doc Glossary of Terms for Graduate Education]. Accessed May 26, 2008; National Science Foundation (2006). “[http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf06312/nsf06312.pdf Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients],” ‘’InfoBrief, Science Resource Statistics’’ NSF 06-312, 2006, p. 7. (under "Data notes" mentions that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); San Diego County Bar Association (1969). [http://www.sdcba.org/ethics/ethicsopinion69-5.html ‘’Ethics Opinion 1969-5’’]. Accessed May 26, 2008. (under “other references” discusses differences between academic and professional doctorate, and statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); University of Utah (2006). [http://www.gradschool.utah.edu/catalog/degree.php University of Utah – The Graduate School – Graduate Handbook]. Accessed May 28, 2008. (the J.D. degree is listed under doctorate degrees); German Federal Ministry of Education. [http://www.blk-bonn.de/papers/hochschulsystem_usa.pdf ‘’U.S. Higher Education / Evaluation of the Almanac Chronicle of Higher Education’’]. Accessed May 26, 2008. (report by the German Federal Ministry of Education analysing the Chronicle of Higher Education from the U.S. and stating that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); Encyclopedia Britannica. (2002). ‘’Encyclopedia Britannica’’, 3:962:1a. (the J.D. is listed among other doctorate degrees).</ref> which became the required degree for the practice of law in the U.S. in the 1970s.<ref>Schoenfeld, Marcus, "J.D. or LL.B as the Basic Law Degree," Cleveland-Marshall Law Review, Vol. 4, 1963, pp. 573-579, quoted in Joanna Lombard, [http://www.arc.miami.edu/people/LLB%20to%20JD%20for%20school%20website.pdf LL.B. to J.D. and the Professional Degree in Architecture]{{Dead link|date=August 2008}}, Proceedings of the 85th ACSA Annual Meeting, Architecture: Material and Imagined and Technology Conference, 1997. pp. 585-591.</ref> Many law schools in Canada and Australia are in the process of implementing [[J.D.]] degrees, although they differ from that in the U.S. (see the [[Juris_Doctor#Modern_Variants|J.D.]] article for more information).

Historically, in Canada, Bachelor of Laws was the name of the first degree in common law, but is also the name of the [[Bachelor of Civil Law|first degree in Quebec civil law]] awarded by a number of Quebec universities. All Canadian common-law LL.B. programs are [[second entry degree|second-entry professional degrees]], meaning that the majority of those admitted to an LL.B. programme are already holders of one or more degrees, or, at a minimum, have completed two years of study in a first-entry, undergraduate degree in another discipline.

Bachelor of Laws is also the name of the first degree in [[Scots law]] and [[South African law]] (both being [[pluralistic legal system]]s that are based partly on common law and partly on civil law) awarded by a number of universities in [[Scotland]] and [[South Africa]], respectively.

==Structure of LL.B. programmes==
Historically, law students studied both [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] and [[common law]]. Today, this is much less common. However, a few institutions, such as [[Cardiff University]]'s Department of Canon (Ecclesiastical) Law and [[McGill University]]'s and the [[University of Ottawa]]'s combined programme, continue to offer alternatives to the common law.

===Common law countries generally===
In most common law countries (with the exception of Canada, the U.S.), the Bachelor of Laws programme is generally entered directly after completion of secondary school, but some universities in Britain also offer the programme as an accelerated (shorter duration), second-entry programme for the LL.B. following completion of a previous undergraduate degree. {{Fact|date=April 2008}}

===Australia===
The programme of study for the common law LLB can be either a graduate-entry degree programme requiring a previous bachelors degree or can be undertaken directly after high-school either by itself (the duration of which is usually 4 years) or with another degree (ie. BComm/LLB or BSc/LLB), the duration of which can vary between 4-7 years depending on the specific combination.

===Canada===
Canada has a dual system of laws. In the province of Quebec, a system of civil law is used. At the federal level, as well as in every province or territory except Quebec, a system of common law is used. Because of this, there are two Canadian law degrees generally in use.

The programme of study for the common law LL.B. is graduate-entry degree programme. While the degree awarded is at the first-degree level and admission may be granted to applicants with two or three years of undergraduate studies towards a degree, in practice the programme generally requires completion of a previous undergraduate degree before registration in that programme. In fact, almost all admitted law students hold at least a bachelor level degree, and a significant number hold a graduate level degree as well.

The common law programme is three years in length. Upon graduation, one holds a Bachelor of Laws degree, but cannot yet practice law. In order to practice law, the graduate must obtain a license from the Law Society of the province where he/she wishes to practice law, which also requires a traineeship. (See '''Becoming a Lawyer''' below.) Those law graduates wishing to become law professors instead of lawyers often obtain a more advanced academic degree, such as the [[Master of Laws]] (LL.M.) or the [[Doctor of Laws#Canada]] (LL.D, S.J.D or D.C.L).

The civil law programme in Canada is three years in length. The programme of study for the [[Bachelor of Civil Law|first degree in Quebec civil law]] (called LL.B., B.C.L. or LL.L.) is a first-entry degree programme. Like other first-entry university programmes in Quebec it requires a [[CEGEP]] diploma for entry.

Law schools that offer civil law B.C.L. or LL.L. degrees include McGill University and the University of Ottawa.

Because of Canada's dual system of laws, some law schools offer joint or dual degrees of common law and civil law. McGill University and the University of Ottawa are two law schools which offer such degrees.

The law degree offered by McGill University is a mandatory joint common law LL.B. / Quebec civil law B.C.L. degree. The programme is four years in length. Admission to that programme is a first-entry programme in the case of Quebec students (as the CEGEP diploma is required) while it is a second-entry programme in the case of students from other provinces (since two years of university studies is required - effectively one extra year of studies more than for a CEGEP diploma). The University of Ottawa offers a civil law degree (LL.L.) on its own.

A number of Canadian law schools offer students the opportunity to earn, besides their three-year first degrees in common law, programmes in common law for holders of baccalaureate degrees in Quebec civil law enabling those individuals to earn the LL.B. in common law in two or three semesters, depending on the offering university's program. Similarly, the [[University of Ottawa]] offers, besides its three year LL.L. program in Quebec civil law, a one year LL.L. program in Quebec civil law for holders of an LL.B. or J.D. degree in common law from a Canadian law school.

Additionally, some Canadian universities with ''common law'' law schools have an arrangement with a Canadian university with a ''Quebec civil law law school'' enabling students to obtain the home school's law degree in three years and the exchange school's law degree in the fourth year.

===India===

'' Main article [[Legal_education#India|Legal Education in India]]''

''See also: [[Autonomous law schools in India]], [[Common Law Admission Test]]''

In [[India]], [[legal education]] has been traditionally offered as a three years graduate degree conferring the title of title of LL.B. (Bachelor of Laws) or B.L. (Bachelor of Law). However the legal education system was revised by the [[Bar Council of India]], the governing body of [[Legal_education#India|legal education in India]] in [[1984]]. Pursuant thereto, various [[Autonomous law schools in India|autonomous law schools]] were established which administer five years undergraduate degree programme and confer an integrated honours degree, such as "B.A.,LL.B. (Honours)", "B.B.A, LL.B. (Honours)", "B.Sc., LL.B. (Honours)", etc.

Both the types of degrees (i.e. three years and five years integrated honours) are recognized and are also qualifying degrees for practice of legal profession in India. A holder of either type of degree may approach a Bar Council of any [[States of India]] and get upon compliance with the necessary standards, be enrolled on the rolls of the said Bar Council. The process of enrollment confers a license to the holder to practice before any court in India and give legal advice. The entire procedure of enrollment and post-enrollment professional conduct is regulated and supervised by the Bar Council of India.

===Bangladesh===
Like other Common Law countries, Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree is a condition precedent to practice as an Advocate in the Courts of Law of Bangladesh. Both LL.B. and LL.B. (Hons.) degrees are offered in different Public and Private Universities. Only four Public Universities offer LL.B. (Hons.) degree. These Universities are-the University of Dhaka, the University of Rajshahi, the University of Chittagong, the Islamic University of Kustia. All these Universities also offer one year LL.M. course. Private Universities like Green University of Bangladesh, Eastern University, South East University, University of Asia Pacific, Stamford University, Northan University, World University of Bangladesh also offer LL.B. (Hons.) degree. Besides, the National University of Bangladesh also offers two years LL.B. degree to the graduates of subjects other than Law through some Law Colleges.

==Becoming a lawyer==
''See also: [[Legal education]] and [[Legal education in the United Kingdom]]''

Upon completion of the LL.B. degree (or its equivalent), graduates are generally qualified to apply for membership of the [[bar (law)|bar]] or [[law society]]. The membership eligibility bestowed may be subject to completion of professional exams. A student may have to gain a further qualification at postgraduate level, for example a traineeship and the [[Legal Practice Course]] or [[Bar Vocational Course]] in England and Wales or the [[Postgraduate Certificate in Laws]] in [[Hong Kong]].

In [[Australia]], LL.B. graduates are required to undertake a one year articled clerkship or the Legal Practice Course (Commonly Practical Legal Training or PLT) before applying for registration as a [[solicitor]]. Depending on the State to which a practitioner is admitted membership of the Bar is either restricted to Barristers, or open to both Solicitors and Barristers in the states where both roles are fused. In the states that maintain membership of the bar as a separate entity, entry is attained through the successful completion of an exam and a nine-month period of tutelage (the reading period) under a senior Barrister.

In [[Canada]], the lawyer licensing process usually requires the law graduate to 1.) take further classroom law courses, taught by the law society itself, and pass a set of written examinations, commonly referred to as '''bar exams''', related to the taken courses and 2.) complete articled clerkship commonly known as '''articling'''. Although the vast majority of law graduates fulfill the articled clerkship requirement by articling (i.e. working and learning) in a law firm, a government's legal department, a corporation's (in house) legal department, a community legal clinic or some other type of non-profit organization involved in legal work, a small minority of law graduates (with exceptional academic records) satisfy the articled clerkship requirement by undergoing what is commonly called '''clerkship''' with a specific courthouse and under the supervision of a judge instead of working in a more "lawyer-type environment" under the supervision of a lawyer called a '''"principal"'''. In either articling or clerkship, there is the expectation that the law graduate will work in a variety of legal fields and be exposed to the harsh realities of legal practice that are absent from law school's academic atmosphere.

In the province of [[Ontario]], for example, the licensing process for the [[Law Society of Upper Canada]] (Ontario's governing law society) consists of three mandatory components: The Skills and Professional Responsibility Program with assignments and assessments, Licensing Examinations (a Barrister Licensing Examination and a Solicitor Licensing Examination), and a 10-month Articling term.[http://mrc.lsuc.on.ca/jsp/licensingprocess/index.jsp]

At the conclusion of the licensing process, the law graduate is "called to the bar" whereby he/she signs his/her name in the [[rolls of solicitors]] and swears lawyer-related oaths in a formal ceremony where he/she must appear in a complete barrister's gown and bow before judges of the local superior court and benchers of the licensing law society. After the call ceremony, he/she can designate him/herself as a "solicitor and barrister", and can practice law in the province in which he/she is licensed. In the Province of [[British Columbia]], licensed lawyers are automatically permitted to practice the powers of a [[Notary Public]]. In Ontario and other provinces, a licensed lawyer requires further licensing from another authority, such as the provincial attorney general, before he/she can work in a Notary Public capacity.

Although not required by the licensing process, many 1st and 2nd year law students work in law firms during the summer off-school season to earn extra money and to guarantee themselves an articling position (with the same law firms) upon their graduation from law school, because there is always fierce competition for articling positions, especially for those in large law firms offering attractive remuneration and prestige, and a law graduate cannot become a licensed lawyer in Canada if he/she has not gone through articled clerkship.

==Alternative titles and formats==

===Irish B.C.L.===

Three of the four universities under the [[National University of Ireland]] ([[NUI]]) umbrella, award the degree of [[Bachelor of Civil Law]] (B.C.L.). These are [[UCC]], [[UCD]] and [[NUIG]].
Five (three in the republic) Irish universities ([[Trinity College Dublin]]; [[NUIG]]; [[The Queen's University of Belfast]]; the [[University of Limerick]], and the [[University of Ulster]]), one English university ([[Nottingham Trent University]]) and one Welsh university ([[University of Wales]]) award the LL.B. in Ireland as a basic professional degree in law (the latter two are run via local private colleges).
[[NUIG]] therefore, awards both. It should be noted, though, that Ireland is a [[common law]] jurisdiction (in fact there are two common law jurisdictions on the island) and the expression "civil law" is used to differentiate common law from [[ecclesiastical law]] in the republic.
In the past [[NUI]] B.C.L. graduates who went to work in Britain sometimes didn't disabuse people of the casual notion that it was a post-graduate degree, similar to the more famous [[Oxford]] B.C.L.

===Zimbabwe B.L. and LL.B.===
At the [[University of Zimbabwe]], the first degree in common law is the Bachelor of Law (B.L.) which is equivalent to the LL.B. in other common law jurisdictions. It is followed by a one year programme at the university (analogous to post-LL.B. vocational programmes in other common law jurisdictions) at the end of which a second degree, the Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.), is awarded. [http://www.uz.ac.zw/law/history.htm]

===The LL.B. in Pakistan===

In Pakistan, a person going for an LL.B. degree should have a bachelor's degree. Most law students choose to obtain a two year bachelor degree before enrolling for an LL.B. degree in a law college. The LL.B. itself is a three year programme. In Punjab, a five year joint B.A./LL.B. degree is being offered by law colleges.

After obtaining an LL.B. degree, a person wishing to practise has to intimate the concerned Bar Council that he is undergoing a six month training period under the supervision of a High Court lawyer with ten year standing. After he completes the pupillage, he will be asked to take a written test and undergo a viva-voce exam.

===Variations on the LL.B.===
Some universities in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[New Zealand]] offer variations of this degree, such as the LL.B. (Europe), which generally take four years to complete and include a wider range of topics as well as some degree of specialisation.

Various universities in the United Kingdom and Australia will allow a degree that combines study with a non-law discipline. For example, some universities in the United Kingdom offer a combined study of law and history leading to a B.A. degree that is accepted by the Law Society and Inns of Court as equivalent to an LL.B.

The University of London External Programme in Laws (LL.B.) has been awarding its law degree via [[distance learning]] since 1858. The LL.B. awarded by the University of London External Programme is of the same standard and quality irrespective of the mode or manner of learning.

At various universities in the UK such as [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] the principal law degree is a [[B.A.]], in either Jurisprudence or Law respectively; the B.C.L. and LL.B. are second-entry postgraduate degrees. The [[University of Cambridge]] has recently replaced their LL.B. degree with an [[LL.M.]]

==Eligibility to practice law in the U.S. with foreign credentials==
For the most part, foreign law graduates seeking admission to the bar in the United States will find their LL.B. law degree does not of itself fulfill the core admission requirements of most states, thereby not allowing them to take the bar exam.

The major exception to this is [[New York]], where those foreign graduates who have fulfilled the educational requirements to practice law in another common law country through study at an approved educational institution, similar in both duration and content to the equivalent teaching at an approved U.S. law school, are permitted to sit the bar.<ref>http://www.nybarexam.org/foreign.htm</ref> Additionally, both New York and [[Massachusetts]] permit Canadian LL.B. holders to take the bar. The requirements of each of the states vary, and in some states sufficient years of practice in one's home country may allow for those otherwise excluded to sit for the bar. Interested applicants should check the requirements of each state bar association carefully as requirements vary markedly.

==Situation within the European Union==
[[European Union law]] permits [[European Union]] citizens with LL.B. degrees from [[Ireland]] or the UK, who practise law in one of these countries for three or more years, to practise also in every other member state. The actual procedure to receive the respective national [[licence]] is regulated by the member state and therefore differs from country to country, but every EU member has to apply the relevant EU Directives to its own national law.

Recently many universities in [[Germany]] have introduced LL.B. degrees as part of the [[Bologna process]].The LL.B. is a three or four year full-time study law degree. Some students pursue the LL.M. after pursuing the LL.B. The LL.B. in Germany covers all classes which are also required for the First State Exam and requires some additional courses as well as an original Bachelor thesis. A credit point system is used for the LL.B. degree. In order to obtain the LL.B. students have to pass different sorts of exams, write an LL.B. thesis and collect more academic credits than needed for the First State Exam. The LL.B. degrees satisfies the educational requirements to sit for the German State Exam (German Bar Exam) and the practice of law. The LL.B. is a cornerstone to the future of law practice in Germany.

In Malta, the Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree, offered by the [[University of Malta]], is an undergraduate degree that of itself is not sufficient for admission into any of the legal professions.

==Alternative to a law degree in England/Alternative degree route in Scotland==

There are also conversion courses available for non-law graduates, available as an alternative to the full-length LL.B. degree course. One such example of a conversion course in England and Wales is the GDL (Graduate Diploma in Law), which takes one year to complete.

In the UK, as well as in other Common Law jurisdictions, the main approach to this, is the so-called [[Graduate Entry]] (undergraduate) LL.B. degree, where graduates from another discipline can complete the LL.B. in two years, although this may occasionally require taking qualifying law courses within the first degree to meet professional requirements in full. Therefore it is not entirely correct to regard it as an 'accelerated' degree.

This 'double degree' system was, at one time, an alternative route to the former B.L. degree (now obsolete) but students were required to have independent means to complete the second degree. The current Scots LL.B. degree, a direct-entry undergraduate degree, meets all professional requirements when coupled with the Diploma in Legal Practice. The Diploma was introduced circa 1980; prior to this, all professional exams were taken within the degree itself (or as part of an earlier non-law degree), limiting the scope for academic study.

Therefore the pursuit of the double degree nowadays, for school-leavers at least, is mainly to indicate that one (or, more precisely, one's parents) can afford to do so - in other words, a marker of affluence. The first non-law degree will almost invariably be an arts degree although science or other degrees are not unknown. Rarely, the double degree principle is found in reverse; just as an arts or science degree can provide exemption from the full academic (not professional) requirements of a subsequent law degree, similarly a law degree can provide exemption from the full academic requirements of a subsequent arts or science degree {{Fact|date=October 2007}}. In this case, it is more likely that the second degree will be taken as a self-funding mature student, possibly on a part-time basis.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Legal education]]
* [[List of law schools]]
* [[Admission to the bar in the United States|Admission to the bar - U.S.]]
* [[Admission to the bar|Admission to the bar - (non-U.S.)]]
* Admission to the Bar - US/Canada/UK [http://www.malet.com/]
* [[Call to the bar]] - other common law jurisdictions
* [[Master of Laws]]
*[[Autonomous Law Schools in India|Specialized Law Universities in India]]

{{Academic degrees}}

[[Category:Bachelor's degrees|Laws, Bachelor of]]
[[Category:Law degrees]]

[[de:Bachelor of Laws]]
[[fr:Bachelor of Laws]]
[[lt:Teisės bakalauras]]
[[nl:Bachelor of Laws]]

Mann gegen Mann (Lied)

2008-08-30T13:24:58Z

Qwerty Binary: Clean up.

{{Infobox Single |
Name = Mann gegen Mann |
Cover = Mgm.jpg |
Artist = [[Rammstein]] |
from Album = [[Rosenrot]] |
Released = [[March 3]], [[2006]] |
Format = [[Compact disc|CD]] |
Recorded = [[Teldex Studio]], [[Berlin]], [[2005]] |
Genre = [[Industrial metal|Tanz-Metall]] |
Length = 3:51 |
Label = [[Motor Music Records|Motor]] (Part of [[Universal Music Group|UMG]]) |
Producer = [[Jacob Hellner]] and [[Rammstein]] |
Chart position = <nowiki></nowiki>
* #20 ([[Germany]])
* #32 ([[Modern Rock Tracks chart|US Modern Rock]])
* #59 ([[UK Singles Chart]])|
Reviews = <nowiki></nowiki> |
Last single = "[[Rosenrot (single)|Rosenrot]]" ([[2005]]) |
This single = "Mann gegen Mann" ([[2006]])|
Next single = ''N/A'' |
}}
"'''Mann gegen Mann'''" ([[German language|German]] for "''Man against man''") is the third & final single from the [[Rammstein]] album, ''[[Rosenrot]]''. The song is about [[homosexuality]].<ref>[http://herzeleid.com/en/faq/band#faq5 Rammstein Frequently Asked Questions: Band | Herzeleid.com | The number one source for Rammstein]</ref> The band members noted the ease with which gay people meet each other whereas heterosexual couples have to go through all the usual [[dating]] rituals. The song is critical of societies' closed minded attitudes towards homosexuality and contains many metaphors about homosexuality.

[[Till Lindemann|Till]] repeatedly screams "Schwulah",<ref>[http://herzeleid.com/en/lyrics/rosenrot/mann_gegen_mann Rammstein Lyrics and Translations: Rosenrot | Herzeleid.com | The number one source for Rammstein]</ref> a "stylised" version of "[[wiktionary:schwul|Schwuler]]", "[[gay]]" in [[German language|German]], in the background. It can also be interpreted as the synonym "faggot".

==Music video==
The video premiered on February 2, 2006 on MTV Germany and was directed by [[Jonas Åkerlund]]. In it, the entire band aside from Till plays totally naked except for their boots with only their instruments to cover them up. As Till only has a microphone, he wore a "latex diaper" (according to guitarist Paul H. Landers in an interview) as well as a long, black wig, stockings and high heels. The video alternates between shots of the band playing and a teeming mass of naked men, covered in what appears to be [[oil]] and writhing all over one another.

Towards the end, Till becomes more manic and a forked tongue flicks from his mouth. The band is carried over the naked men and Till has turned into the demon, that can be seen on the cover, singing melodiously along with the guitar. The hands and the arms of naked men reach up towards him; the music picks up pace and the naked men begin to push each other around and everything begins to degenerate into chaos. Till then starts to rip his hair out as the song ends.

==Track listings==
# "Mann gegen Mann" (3:51)
# "Mann gegen Mann" (Popular Music Mix by [[Vince Clarke]]) (4:06)
# "Mann gegen Mann" (Musensohn Remix by [[Sven Helbig]]) (3:12)
# "Ich will" (Live video at [[Festival de Nimes]]) (4:02)

===Track listing (2 Track CD)===
# "Mann gegen Mann" (3:52)
# "Rosenrot" (The Tweaker Remix by [[Chris Vrenna]]) (4:34)

===Track listing (12" Vinyl)===
# "Mann gegen Mann" (3.52)
# "Rosenrot (3AM At Cosey Remix by [[Jagz Kooner]]) (4:50)

===Track listing (2 Track Promo CD)===
Apparently, there is a promotional CD single, with a black cover and no picture, featuring the unreleased Alec Empire remix that was mentioned to exist some months before the official release of the single

# "Mann gegen Mann" (3:51)
# "Mann gegen Mann" (Remix by Alec Empire) (3:56)

== Chart positions ==
*[[Germany]]: #20
*[[UK Singles Chart|UK]]: #59

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://herzeleid.com/en/lyrics/rosenrot/mann_gegen_mann"Mann gegen Mann" Lyrics]
*[http://www.websboulevard.com/ Web's Boulevard - Rammstein and pop culture] (Brazil)

{{Rammstein}}

[[Category:Rammstein songs]]
[[Category:2005 songs]]
[[Category:2006 singles]]

[[cs:Mann gegen Mann]]
[[es:Mann gegen Mann]]
[[fr:Mann gegen Mann]]
[[it:Mann gegen Mann]]
[[pl:Mann gegen Mann]]
[[pt:Mann gegen Mann]]
[[ru:Mann gegen Mann (сингл)]]
[[fi:Mann gegen Mann]]

Da Ya Think I’m Sexy?

2008-02-19T12:46:09Z

Qwerty Binary: /* References in other media */ Quotation marks/italics.

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?
| Cover = Da ya think im sexy single cover.jpg
| Artist = [[Rod Stewart]]
| from Album = [[Blondes Have More Fun]]
| Released = 1979
| Format = Vinyl
| Recorded = 1978
| Genre = [[Rock music|Rock]] [[Pop (music)|Pop]] [[Disco]]
| Length = 6:12
| Label =
| Writer = [[Rod Stewart]] / [[Carmine Appice]]
| Producer =
| Reviews =
| Last single =
| This single =
| Next single =
{{Extra album cover
| Upper caption = 7" Single
| Type =
| Cover = Da ya think im sexy 7 single.jpg
| Lower caption =
}}
{{Extra album cover
| Upper caption = 12" Single
| Type =
| Cover = Da ya think im sexy 12 single.jpg
| Lower caption = Cover art for Da Ya Think Im Sexy.
}}
}}
{{Infobox Single
| Name = Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?
| Cover = N-trance_feat_rod_stewart-da_ya_think_im_sexy_s_1.jpg
| Artist = [[N-Trance]] ft. [[Rod Stewart]]
| from Album = [[Best of N-Trance]]
| Released = 1997
| Format = Vinyl
| Recorded = 1978/1997
| Genre = [[Techno music|Techno]] [[House (music)|House]]
| Length = 4:15
| Label =
| Writer = [[Rod Stewart]] / [[Carmine Appice]] / [[N-Trance]]
| Producer =
| Reviews =
| Last single =
| This single =
| Next single =
}}

"'''Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?'''" is a [[1978]] hit song for [[Rod Stewart]]. It was written by Stewart and [[Carmine Appice]], and produced by [[Tom Dowd]].

"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" spent four weeks at the top of the [[Billboard Hot 100]], starting [[February 10]], [[Hot 100 No. 1 Hits of 1979 (USA)|1979]]. It had also topped the charts in the [[UK]] a few months earlier in December, but he did not have the Christmas number-one single.

The song was criticized by many in the rock press as a betrayal of Stewart's blues-oriented rock-and-roll roots due to its [[disco]]-like arrangement, but Stewart and others were quick to point out that other widely respected artists, such as [[Paul McCartney]] and [[The Rolling Stones]], had also released disco-flavoured songs.

In 2004 [[Rolling Stone]] ranked the song #301 on their list of [[The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time]].

==Plagiarism lawsuit==
A [[plagiarism]] lawsuit by Brazilian musician [[Jorge Ben Jor]] confirmed that the song had been derived from his composition "Taj Mahal". Stewart agreed to donate all his royalties from the song to [[United Nations Children's Fund]].[http://www.musicweb-international.com/encyclopaedia/a/A97.HTM] Stewart performed the song at the [[Music for UNICEF Concert]] at the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in [[1979]].

==Cover versions==
*The song was later recorded by [[Millie Jackson]] for her one of her 1982 releases titled, "[[Live and Uncensored]]." The song was [[remix]]ed by techno/house group [[N-Trance]] in [[1997]] and featured in the movie ''[[A Night at the Roxbury]]'' the following year. The track was covered by the [[Revolting Cocks]] on their 1993 album ''Linger Fickin' Good''. [[FHM|Girls of FHM]] made a cover in [[2004]], making number ten in the [[UK singles chart]]. [[Miio]] included the song on their [[2003]] album.

*[[Paris Hilton]] recorded the song for her 2006 debut album ''[[Paris (album)|Paris]]''. It is the final track on the album.

*The Indian singers [[Pentti Oskari Kankaan]] and [[Seinahullua Veljesta]] covered the song as a single in 2004, obviously translated to an Indian language<ref>[http://www.sideload.com/cb/track/?id=378649 Download] the song at Sideload.com</ref>

*In 1998, hip-hop group, [[The Lox]] sampled the song for their first single, "If You Think I'm Jiggy?" The song reached #30 on The [[Billboard Hot 100]].

*British artist [[Tina Barrett]] recorded a cover of this song. A reformed [[Vanilla Fudge]] featuring [[Carmine Appice]] covered the song too in [[2004]].

*[[Those Darn Accordions]] covered the song on the 1996 album ''No Strings Attached'', with vocals by [[tattoo]]ed octogenarian accordionist Clyde Forsman.

*The [[Revolting Cocks]] cover the song, substituting some raunchier lyrics, on their 1993 album "[[Linger Ficken Good]]... and other barnyard oddities."

*[[Gene Summers]] & Crossfire covered "Sexy" on a [[Single (music)|single]] in [[1979]] on LeCam Records. It was [[re-issue]]d, that same year as [[Gene Summers]] & Dea on Country [[Disco]] Records.

*Korean singer [[K (singer)|K]] covered the song for his Japanese single ''[[Brand New Map]]''.

==References in other media==
*[[Radio Active]]'s ''Salute to New York'' programme included the song "Da Ya Think I'm Sexist?" by 'Rod McStewart', in which a [[promiscuous]] rock star shows his double standards.

*Chicago disk jockey [[Steve Dahl]] parodied the song as "[[Do You Think I'm Disco?]]" in which a superficial disco fan repents and gets into rock 'n roll.

*Comedians [[Bob and Ray]] memorably preformed the song on a 1979 ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' special.

*In [[The Simpsons]] episode "[[I Love Lisa]]", Flanders sings a clean version of "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" {{quote|If you think I'm cuddly 
And you want my company 
Come on, wifey, let me know}}

*The song was also covered (Live only) by [[United States|American]] [[Rock music|Rock]] Band [[Hoobastank]]

*In the 1993 film ''[[So I Married an Axe Murderer]]'', Mike Myers in his dual role as father and son Stewart and Charlie McKenzie, does a comedic scene, where Stewart performs the song with a bagpiper in his thick [[Scottish English|Scottish]] accent at Charlie's wedding reception while Charlie looks on. Also in the same film, Rod Stewart is featured in Stewart's "Scottish Hall of Fame" along with [[Alexander Graham Bell]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Le Freak]]" by [[Chic (band)|Chic]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (United States)|number one single]] (Rod Stewart version)
| years = [[February 10]] [[1979]]
| after = "[[I Will Survive]]" by [[Gloria Gaynor]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Rat Trap]]" by [[Boomtown Rats]]
| title = [[List of number-one singles (UK)|UK number one single]]
| years = [[December 2]] [[1978]]
| after = "[[Mary's Boy Child]]/[[Oh My Lord]]" by [[Boney M]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Keep on Dancin']]" / "[[Do It at the Disco]]" / "[[Let's Lovedance Tonight]]" by [[Gary's Gang]]
| title = [[Hot Dance Club Play|''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play]] [[List of number-one dance hits (United States)|number-one single]]
| years = [[February 24]], [[1979]] - [[March 10]], [[1979]]
| after = "[[I Got My Mind Made Up (You Can Get It Girl)]]" by [[Instant Funk]]
}}
{{end box}}

[[Category:1978 songs]]
[[Category:1979 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one singles]]
[[Category:Rod Stewart songs]]
[[Category:Hoobastank songs]]

[[fr:Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?]]
[[it:Do Ya Think I'm Sexy?]]
[[es:Do Ya Think I'm Sexy?]]

Da Ya Think I’m Sexy?

2008-02-19T12:45:13Z

Qwerty Binary: Rm non-notable trivia. No ref whatsoever; cannot be found.

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?
| Cover = Da ya think im sexy single cover.jpg
| Artist = [[Rod Stewart]]
| from Album = [[Blondes Have More Fun]]
| Released = 1979
| Format = Vinyl
| Recorded = 1978
| Genre = [[Rock music|Rock]] [[Pop (music)|Pop]] [[Disco]]
| Length = 6:12
| Label =
| Writer = [[Rod Stewart]] / [[Carmine Appice]]
| Producer =
| Reviews =
| Last single =
| This single =
| Next single =
{{Extra album cover
| Upper caption = 7" Single
| Type =
| Cover = Da ya think im sexy 7 single.jpg
| Lower caption =
}}
{{Extra album cover
| Upper caption = 12" Single
| Type =
| Cover = Da ya think im sexy 12 single.jpg
| Lower caption = Cover art for Da Ya Think Im Sexy.
}}
}}
{{Infobox Single
| Name = Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?
| Cover = N-trance_feat_rod_stewart-da_ya_think_im_sexy_s_1.jpg
| Artist = [[N-Trance]] ft. [[Rod Stewart]]
| from Album = [[Best of N-Trance]]
| Released = 1997
| Format = Vinyl
| Recorded = 1978/1997
| Genre = [[Techno music|Techno]] [[House (music)|House]]
| Length = 4:15
| Label =
| Writer = [[Rod Stewart]] / [[Carmine Appice]] / [[N-Trance]]
| Producer =
| Reviews =
| Last single =
| This single =
| Next single =
}}

"'''Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?'''" is a [[1978]] hit song for [[Rod Stewart]]. It was written by Stewart and [[Carmine Appice]], and produced by [[Tom Dowd]].

"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" spent four weeks at the top of the [[Billboard Hot 100]], starting [[February 10]], [[Hot 100 No. 1 Hits of 1979 (USA)|1979]]. It had also topped the charts in the [[UK]] a few months earlier in December, but he did not have the Christmas number-one single.

The song was criticized by many in the rock press as a betrayal of Stewart's blues-oriented rock-and-roll roots due to its [[disco]]-like arrangement, but Stewart and others were quick to point out that other widely respected artists, such as [[Paul McCartney]] and [[The Rolling Stones]], had also released disco-flavoured songs.

In 2004 [[Rolling Stone]] ranked the song #301 on their list of [[The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time]].

==Plagiarism lawsuit==
A [[plagiarism]] lawsuit by Brazilian musician [[Jorge Ben Jor]] confirmed that the song had been derived from his composition "Taj Mahal". Stewart agreed to donate all his royalties from the song to [[United Nations Children's Fund]].[http://www.musicweb-international.com/encyclopaedia/a/A97.HTM] Stewart performed the song at the [[Music for UNICEF Concert]] at the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in [[1979]].

==Cover versions==
*The song was later recorded by [[Millie Jackson]] for her one of her 1982 releases titled, "[[Live and Uncensored]]." The song was [[remix]]ed by techno/house group [[N-Trance]] in [[1997]] and featured in the movie ''[[A Night at the Roxbury]]'' the following year. The track was covered by the [[Revolting Cocks]] on their 1993 album ''Linger Fickin' Good''. [[FHM|Girls of FHM]] made a cover in [[2004]], making number ten in the [[UK singles chart]]. [[Miio]] included the song on their [[2003]] album.

*[[Paris Hilton]] recorded the song for her 2006 debut album ''[[Paris (album)|Paris]]''. It is the final track on the album.

*The Indian singers [[Pentti Oskari Kankaan]] and [[Seinahullua Veljesta]] covered the song as a single in 2004, obviously translated to an Indian language<ref>[http://www.sideload.com/cb/track/?id=378649 Download] the song at Sideload.com</ref>

*In 1998, hip-hop group, [[The Lox]] sampled the song for their first single, "If You Think I'm Jiggy?" The song reached #30 on The [[Billboard Hot 100]].

*British artist [[Tina Barrett]] recorded a cover of this song. A reformed [[Vanilla Fudge]] featuring [[Carmine Appice]] covered the song too in [[2004]].

*[[Those Darn Accordions]] covered the song on the 1996 album ''No Strings Attached'', with vocals by [[tattoo]]ed octogenarian accordionist Clyde Forsman.

*The [[Revolting Cocks]] cover the song, substituting some raunchier lyrics, on their 1993 album "[[Linger Ficken Good]]... and other barnyard oddities."

*[[Gene Summers]] & Crossfire covered "Sexy" on a [[Single (music)|single]] in [[1979]] on LeCam Records. It was [[re-issue]]d, that same year as [[Gene Summers]] & Dea on Country [[Disco]] Records.

*Korean singer [[K (singer)|K]] covered the song for his Japanese single ''[[Brand New Map]]''.

==References in other media==
*[[Radio Active]]'s 'Salute to New York' programme included the song ''Da Ya Think I'm Sexist?'' by 'Rod McStewart', in which a [[promiscuous]] rock star shows his double standards.

*Chicago disk jockey [[Steve Dahl]] parodied the song as "[[Do You Think I'm Disco?]]" in which a superficial disco fan repents and gets into rock 'n roll.

*Comedians [[Bob and Ray]] memorably preformed the song on a 1979 ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' special.

*In [[The Simpsons]] episode "[[I Love Lisa]]", Flanders sings a clean version of "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" {{quote|If you think I'm cuddly 
And you want my company 
Come on, wifey, let me know}}

*The song was also covered (Live only) by [[United States|American]] [[Rock music|Rock]] Band [[Hoobastank]]

*In the 1993 film ''[[So I Married an Axe Murderer]]'', Mike Myers in his dual role as father and son Stewart and Charlie McKenzie, does a comedic scene, where Stewart performs the song with a bagpiper in his thick [[Scottish English|Scottish]] accent at Charlie's wedding reception while Charlie looks on. Also in the same film, Rod Stewart is featured in Stewart's "Scottish Hall of Fame" along with [[Alexander Graham Bell]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Le Freak]]" by [[Chic (band)|Chic]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100]] [[List of number-one hits (United States)|number one single]] (Rod Stewart version)
| years = [[February 10]] [[1979]]
| after = "[[I Will Survive]]" by [[Gloria Gaynor]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Rat Trap]]" by [[Boomtown Rats]]
| title = [[List of number-one singles (UK)|UK number one single]]
| years = [[December 2]] [[1978]]
| after = "[[Mary's Boy Child]]/[[Oh My Lord]]" by [[Boney M]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Keep on Dancin']]" / "[[Do It at the Disco]]" / "[[Let's Lovedance Tonight]]" by [[Gary's Gang]]
| title = [[Hot Dance Club Play|''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play]] [[List of number-one dance hits (United States)|number-one single]]
| years = [[February 24]], [[1979]] - [[March 10]], [[1979]]
| after = "[[I Got My Mind Made Up (You Can Get It Girl)]]" by [[Instant Funk]]
}}
{{end box}}

[[Category:1978 songs]]
[[Category:1979 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one singles]]
[[Category:Rod Stewart songs]]
[[Category:Hoobastank songs]]

[[fr:Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?]]
[[it:Do Ya Think I'm Sexy?]]
[[es:Do Ya Think I'm Sexy?]]

Jacoby Shaddix

2008-02-14T14:06:57Z

Qwerty Binary: Undid revision 191396179 by Seraphim Whipp (talk) Revert revert vandalism, as in revert Seraphim's accidental(?) revert.

{{Infobox musical artist
|Name = Jacoby Shaddix
|Img =
|Img_capt =
|Img_size =
|Background = solo_singer
|Birth_name = Jacoby Dakota Shaddix
|Alias = '''Jacoby Shaddix''' Coby Dick Dakota Gold Jonny Vodka John Doe Mr. Dick.
|Born = {{birth date and age|1976|7|28}}
|Origin = [[Mariposa, California|Mariposa]], [[California]], [[United States|U.S.]]
|Instrument = [[Vocals]]
|Genre = [[Post-Hardcore]] [[Hard Rock]] [[Talk:Papa Roach#Genre Controversy|Unresolved subgenres]]
|Occupation = [[Songwriter]] [[Singer]]
|Years_active = 1993 - Present
|Label = Geffen Records
|Associated_acts = [[Papa Roach]] [[Fight the Sky]]
|URL =
|Current_members = Jacoby Shaddix [[Jerry Horton]] [[Tobin Esperance]] [[Dave Buckner]]
|Past_members =
}}

'''Jacoby Dakota Shaddix''' (born [[July 28]], [[1976]], in [[Mariposa, California|Mariposa]], [[California]]) is the lead singer of the [[hard rock]] band [[Papa Roach]]. He also goes by the [[pseudonym]]s '''Coby Dick''' (used on the ''[[Infest (album)|Infest]]'' album) and '''Jonny Vodka''' but he only used Coby Dick until 2001. He also calls himself '''Dakota Gold'''. Jacoby is also working on a side project in the [[post-hardcore]] band, [[Fight the Sky]], where he originally used the name '''John Doe'''. He is also working as the host for [[MTV]]'s ''[[Scarred]]''.

Jacoby Shaddix went to Vacaville High School in [[Vacaville, California]].

==Personal life==
Shaddix has two sons, Makaile Cielo Shaddix (born [[March 24]], [[2002]]) and Jagger Shaddix (born [[September 13]], [[2004]]).

Shaddix has admittedly taken part in [[self-injury|self-mutilation]], which once led him to a [[Las Vegas metropolitan area|Las Vegas]] hospital where he had to have 11 staples put in his head.<ref name=mtv>Montgomery, James & D'Angelo, Joe. [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1492204/20041012/story.jhtml "Papa Roach Ready To Take Their Rock Anthems On The Road"] MTV.com (October 12, 2004).</ref> He has also struggled with drug addiction during his career.<ref name=telegram>McLennan, Scott. [http://www.telegram.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061105/COLUMN14/611050418/1110 "Living a rock 'n' roll fantasy"] Telegram.com (November 5, 2006).</ref>

Shaddix has many tattoos; one of which, reads "Here Lies Jacoby Dakota Shaddix" and, at the bottom of the scroll, "Born With Nothing, Die With Everything." His neck bares the [[Chinese character]] for "love", which he explained in an edition of ''[[MTV Cribs]]'' that featured his home. He also has tattoos on both of his hands. His right hand says "love", and his left hand says "hate". Shaddix has been known to closely follow various fashion [[Fads and trends|trends]] of a given period (i.e. [[Ray-Ban Aviator|Aviator sunglasses]] and black [[nail polish]] in 2002, a [[scarf]] and [[Jack Daniel's]] T-shirt in [[2005]]).

==Guest appearances==
* 2003 – "Anxiety" – [[Black Eyed Peas]] album, ''[[Elephunk]]''
* 2003 – "Conquer The World" – [[Die Trying (band)|Die Trying]] album, ''[[Die Trying (album)|Die Trying]]''
* 2003 – "Oxygen's Gone" – The video of ''Die Trying's'' sencillo
* 2003 – "Come Apart" – Reach 454 album, ''Reach 454''
* 2003 – "Don't Look Back" – [[Biker Boyz]] [[Soundtrack]] (feat. [[N.E.R.D.]])
* 2005 – "Forever In Our Hearts" – ''[[Tsunami|Tsunami Relief]]'' single
* 2006 – "America" – [[X-Clan]] album, ''[[Return From Mecca]]''
* 2006 – "Phoenix and the Fall" – [[Fight of Your Life]]- Próximo álbum
* 2007 – "Forgot How To Love" – ''[[Mams Taylor]]'' - Próximo álbum

Jacoby Shaddix is married to Kelly Shaddix

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Papa Roach}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shaddix, Jacoby}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American rock singers]]
[[Category:American male singers]]
[[Category:American television personalities]]
[[Category:People from Solano County, California]]
[[Category:California musicians]]

[[da:Jacoby Dakota Shaddix]]
[[es:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[fr:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[it:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[no:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[pl:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[pt:Jacoby Shaddix]]
[[ru:Джекоби Шэддикс]]
[[fi:Jacoby Shaddix]]