Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Brownstone (Baustoff)

2015-07-15T14:51:22Z

Psoreilly: /* External links */ removed non relevant link

[[Image:HarlemBrownstones.JPG|thumb|260px|Five-story brownstones in [[Harlem]], just south of 125th Street, 2004]]

'''Brownstone''' is a brown [[Triassic]]-[[Jurassic]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Muessig|first1=Karl W.|title=Unearthing New Jersey|journal=New Jersey Geological Survey Newsletter|date=2007|volume=3|issue=1|page=1|url=http://pdcbank.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/enviroed/newsletter/v3n1.pdf|accessdate=12 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Garrison|first1=Ervan G.|last2=Herz|first2=Norman|title=Geological methods for archaeology|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780198025115|page=205|url=https://books.google.com.co/books?id=YSPkmV_mRvkC&pg=PA205|accessdate=12 December 2014}}</ref> [[sandstone]] which was once a popular [[building material]]. The term is also used in the [[United States]] to refer to a [[townhouse]] clad in this material.

==Types==
[[Image:BarbourCountyCourthouse.jpg|thumb|260px|right|The [[Barbour County Courthouse]] (1903-05) in [[Philippi, West Virginia]], is faced entirely in [[Hummelstown brownstone]]]]

===Apostle Island brownstone===
In the 19th century, [[Basswood Island]], [[Wisconsin]], was the site of a quarry run by the Bass Island Brownstone Company which operated from 1868 into the 1890s. The brownstone from this and other Apostle Islands quarries was in great demand, and brownstone from Basswood Island was used in the construction of the first [[Milwaukee County Courthouse]] in the 1860s.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/apis/quarries.htm NPS.gov: Stone Quarries of the Apostle Islands]</ref>

===Hummelstown brownstone===
[[Hummelstown brownstone]] is extremely popular along the East Coast of the [[United States of America]], with numerous government buildings from [[West Virginia]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[New York]], [[Maryland]], and [[Delaware]] being faced entirely with the stone. The stone comes from the Hummelstown Quarry in [[Hummelstown, Pennsylvania]], a small town outside of [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]]. The Hummelstown Quarry is the largest provider of brownstone on the east coast. Typically the stone was transported out of Hummelstown through the Brownstone and Middletown Railroad or taken by truck up to the [[Erie Canal]].{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

===Portland brownstone===
[[Portland Brownstone Quarries|Portland brownstone]] is also very popular. The stone from quarries located in [[Portland, Connecticut]], and other nearby localities was used in a number of landmark buildings in [[Chicago]]; [[Boston]]; [[New York City]]; [[Philadelphia]]; [[New Haven, Connecticut]]; and [[Hartford, Connecticut]].

===New Jersey brownstone===
[[File:Old Queens Rutgers.jpg|thumb|right|260px|At Rutgers University, Old Queen's, built 1809–1823, was constructed from ashlar brownstone quarried in the hills near New Brunswick, New Jersey.]]
Quarries from the [[Passaic Formation]] in northern [[New Jersey]] once supplied most of the brownstone used in New York City and in New Jersey itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.nj.us/dep/seeds/staterock.htm |title=NJDEP-SEEDS-State Rock |publisher=State.nj.us |date=2007-09-06 |accessdate=2012-05-04}}</ref>

===South Wales brownstone===
Devonian aged [[sandstone]]s commonly used in South Wales, United Kingdom

==Use in urban private residences==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2011}}
[[File:Bedstuybrownstone1.jpg|thumb|260px|Painted brownstone rowhouses in [[Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn]], [[New York]]]]
There are many brownstones throughout numerous New York City neighborhoods, especially in the Brooklyn neighborhoods of [[Park Slope]], [[Clinton Hill, Brooklyn|Clinton Hill]], [[Fort Greene]], [[Cobble Hill, Brooklyn|Cobble Hill]], [[Prospect Heights, Brooklyn|Prospect Heights]], [[Brooklyn Heights]], [[Bedford Stuyvesant]], [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]] and [[Bay Ridge, Brooklyn|Bay Ridge]]. The Manhattan neighborhood of the [[Upper West Side]], too, retains many brownstones. New York City brownstones usually cost several million dollars to purchase.{{cn|date=May 2015}}

The [[Rittenhouse Square]] and [[Fairmount, Philadelphia]] neighborhoods of [[Philadelphia]] also include examples of brownstone architecture. Many of these homes have been converted into apartment buildings.

[[Back Bay, Boston]] is known for its Victorian brownstone homes — considered some of the best-preserved examples of 19th-century urban design in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jolly|first1=Joanna|title=How Boston is rethinking its relationship with the sea|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29761274|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=BBC Magazine|date=27 October 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Boston Back Bay brownstones.jpg|thumb|260px|Brownstones in the Back Bay neighborhood of Boston as seen from the Prudential Skywalk Observatory.]]

Although some brownstones exist in [[Chicago]], a similar residential form known as "greystones" are by far more prevalent. A [[Greystone (architecture)|greystone]] is a type of residential structure that utilizes [[Indiana limestone]] for its facade, regardless of its overall architectural style. As in Brooklyn, there exists a "Greystone Belt" in Chicago, with large numbers of such structures located in the south and northwest quadrants of the city. It is estimated that around 30,000 of Chicago's greystones built between 1890 and 1930 are still standing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhschicago.org/site/3C/category/what_is_greystone/ |title=What is a Greystone? | Neighborhood Housing Services of Chicago |publisher=Nhschicago.org |date= |accessdate=2013-02-16}}</ref>

==Use in colonial country homes==
[[File:Colonial Pennsylvania Brownstone.jpg|thumb|260px|Quaker Mill House in Pennsylvania]]
Brownstone, also known as [[freestone (masonry)|freestone]] due to its durability and advantages as a building material, was used by early [[Quakers]] in [[Pennsylvania]] to construct stone mills and mill houses. In central Pennsylvania, some 1700s-era structures survive, including one still used as a residence, known as the Quaker Mill House.

==See also==
*[[Besancon, France]], noted for building facades made of stone from [[Forest of Chailluz|Chailluz Quarry]]
*[[Dimension stone]]
*[[Greystone (architecture)|Greystone]]
*[[Hummelstown Brownstone Company]]
*[[Railroad apartment]]
*[[Sandstone]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*Website devoted to the {{Wayback |date=20060813181044 |url=http://www.nps.gov/apis/quarries.htm |title=Apostle Island brownstone quarries }} in Wisconsin.
*Website devoted to the [http://www.brownstone.us Weser brownstone quarries] from Germany being imported into the US.
* "[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/01/nyregion/01brownstone.htm After Fight, a Brooklyn Brownstone's Costly Rescue]," ''[[The New York Times]]'' (March 31, 2010)
*Website devoted to the colonial-era [http://quakermillhouse.wordpress.com Quaker Mill House] in Pennsylvania

[[Category:Back Bay, Boston]]
[[Category:19th century]]
[[Category:Sandstone]]
[[Category:House styles]]
[[Category:Culture of New York City]]
[[Category:Building stone]]

Brownstone (Baustoff)

2015-07-15T14:49:42Z

Psoreilly: /* External links */ removed dead link

[[Image:HarlemBrownstones.JPG|thumb|260px|Five-story brownstones in [[Harlem]], just south of 125th Street, 2004]]

'''Brownstone''' is a brown [[Triassic]]-[[Jurassic]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Muessig|first1=Karl W.|title=Unearthing New Jersey|journal=New Jersey Geological Survey Newsletter|date=2007|volume=3|issue=1|page=1|url=http://pdcbank.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/enviroed/newsletter/v3n1.pdf|accessdate=12 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Garrison|first1=Ervan G.|last2=Herz|first2=Norman|title=Geological methods for archaeology|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780198025115|page=205|url=https://books.google.com.co/books?id=YSPkmV_mRvkC&pg=PA205|accessdate=12 December 2014}}</ref> [[sandstone]] which was once a popular [[building material]]. The term is also used in the [[United States]] to refer to a [[townhouse]] clad in this material.

==Types==
[[Image:BarbourCountyCourthouse.jpg|thumb|260px|right|The [[Barbour County Courthouse]] (1903-05) in [[Philippi, West Virginia]], is faced entirely in [[Hummelstown brownstone]]]]

===Apostle Island brownstone===
In the 19th century, [[Basswood Island]], [[Wisconsin]], was the site of a quarry run by the Bass Island Brownstone Company which operated from 1868 into the 1890s. The brownstone from this and other Apostle Islands quarries was in great demand, and brownstone from Basswood Island was used in the construction of the first [[Milwaukee County Courthouse]] in the 1860s.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/apis/quarries.htm NPS.gov: Stone Quarries of the Apostle Islands]</ref>

===Hummelstown brownstone===
[[Hummelstown brownstone]] is extremely popular along the East Coast of the [[United States of America]], with numerous government buildings from [[West Virginia]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[New York]], [[Maryland]], and [[Delaware]] being faced entirely with the stone. The stone comes from the Hummelstown Quarry in [[Hummelstown, Pennsylvania]], a small town outside of [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]]. The Hummelstown Quarry is the largest provider of brownstone on the east coast. Typically the stone was transported out of Hummelstown through the Brownstone and Middletown Railroad or taken by truck up to the [[Erie Canal]].{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

===Portland brownstone===
[[Portland Brownstone Quarries|Portland brownstone]] is also very popular. The stone from quarries located in [[Portland, Connecticut]], and other nearby localities was used in a number of landmark buildings in [[Chicago]]; [[Boston]]; [[New York City]]; [[Philadelphia]]; [[New Haven, Connecticut]]; and [[Hartford, Connecticut]].

===New Jersey brownstone===
[[File:Old Queens Rutgers.jpg|thumb|right|260px|At Rutgers University, Old Queen's, built 1809–1823, was constructed from ashlar brownstone quarried in the hills near New Brunswick, New Jersey.]]
Quarries from the [[Passaic Formation]] in northern [[New Jersey]] once supplied most of the brownstone used in New York City and in New Jersey itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.nj.us/dep/seeds/staterock.htm |title=NJDEP-SEEDS-State Rock |publisher=State.nj.us |date=2007-09-06 |accessdate=2012-05-04}}</ref>

===South Wales brownstone===
Devonian aged [[sandstone]]s commonly used in South Wales, United Kingdom

==Use in urban private residences==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2011}}
[[File:Bedstuybrownstone1.jpg|thumb|260px|Painted brownstone rowhouses in [[Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn]], [[New York]]]]
There are many brownstones throughout numerous New York City neighborhoods, especially in the Brooklyn neighborhoods of [[Park Slope]], [[Clinton Hill, Brooklyn|Clinton Hill]], [[Fort Greene]], [[Cobble Hill, Brooklyn|Cobble Hill]], [[Prospect Heights, Brooklyn|Prospect Heights]], [[Brooklyn Heights]], [[Bedford Stuyvesant]], [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]] and [[Bay Ridge, Brooklyn|Bay Ridge]]. The Manhattan neighborhood of the [[Upper West Side]], too, retains many brownstones. New York City brownstones usually cost several million dollars to purchase.{{cn|date=May 2015}}

The [[Rittenhouse Square]] and [[Fairmount, Philadelphia]] neighborhoods of [[Philadelphia]] also include examples of brownstone architecture. Many of these homes have been converted into apartment buildings.

[[Back Bay, Boston]] is known for its Victorian brownstone homes — considered some of the best-preserved examples of 19th-century urban design in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jolly|first1=Joanna|title=How Boston is rethinking its relationship with the sea|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29761274|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=BBC Magazine|date=27 October 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Boston Back Bay brownstones.jpg|thumb|260px|Brownstones in the Back Bay neighborhood of Boston as seen from the Prudential Skywalk Observatory.]]

Although some brownstones exist in [[Chicago]], a similar residential form known as "greystones" are by far more prevalent. A [[Greystone (architecture)|greystone]] is a type of residential structure that utilizes [[Indiana limestone]] for its facade, regardless of its overall architectural style. As in Brooklyn, there exists a "Greystone Belt" in Chicago, with large numbers of such structures located in the south and northwest quadrants of the city. It is estimated that around 30,000 of Chicago's greystones built between 1890 and 1930 are still standing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhschicago.org/site/3C/category/what_is_greystone/ |title=What is a Greystone? | Neighborhood Housing Services of Chicago |publisher=Nhschicago.org |date= |accessdate=2013-02-16}}</ref>

==Use in colonial country homes==
[[File:Colonial Pennsylvania Brownstone.jpg|thumb|260px|Quaker Mill House in Pennsylvania]]
Brownstone, also known as [[freestone (masonry)|freestone]] due to its durability and advantages as a building material, was used by early [[Quakers]] in [[Pennsylvania]] to construct stone mills and mill houses. In central Pennsylvania, some 1700s-era structures survive, including one still used as a residence, known as the Quaker Mill House.

==See also==
*[[Besancon, France]], noted for building facades made of stone from [[Forest of Chailluz|Chailluz Quarry]]
*[[Dimension stone]]
*[[Greystone (architecture)|Greystone]]
*[[Hummelstown Brownstone Company]]
*[[Railroad apartment]]
*[[Sandstone]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*Website devoted to the {{Wayback |date=20060813181044 |url=http://www.nps.gov/apis/quarries.htm |title=Apostle Island brownstone quarries }} in Wisconsin.
*Website devoted to the [http://www.brownstone.us Weser brownstone quarries] from Germany being imported into the US.
*Link to [http://www.brownstone-ec.com.sg The Brownstone EC] Canberra
* "[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/01/nyregion/01brownstone.htm After Fight, a Brooklyn Brownstone's Costly Rescue]," ''[[The New York Times]]'' (March 31, 2010)
*Website devoted to the colonial-era [http://quakermillhouse.wordpress.com Quaker Mill House] in Pennsylvania

[[Category:Back Bay, Boston]]
[[Category:19th century]]
[[Category:Sandstone]]
[[Category:House styles]]
[[Category:Culture of New York City]]
[[Category:Building stone]]