Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Misan Harriman

2021-11-11T18:50:05Z

Proscribe: minor c/e, refs added

{{Short description|British photographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Misan Harriman 
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1977}}
| birth_place = [[Calabar]], [[Cross River State]], Nigeria
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = British, Nigerian
| other_names =
| occupation = Photographer, entrepreneur, Chair of [[Southbank Centre]]
| years_active = 2017–present
| known_for = Photography
| notable_works =
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''Misan Harriman''' (born 1977) is a Nigerian-born British photographer, entrepreneur and social activist. As well as being one of the most widely-shared photographers of the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement, Harriman is the first black man to shoot a cover of [[British Vogue|British ''Vogue'']] in the magazine's 104-year history. In July 2021 Harriman commenced his appointment as Chair of the [[Southbank Centre]], London.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/may/20/black-lives-matter-photographer-misan-harriman-becomes-southbank-centre-chair|title=Black Lives Matter photographer becomes Southbank Centre chair|first=Mark|last=Brown|newspaper=The Guardian|date=20 May 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Harriman was born in [[Calabar]], Nigeria, in 1977.<ref>Fleming, Amy (27 January 2021). [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/jan/27/tom-cruise-fist-bumps-a-rising-star-misan-harrimans-best-photograph-oscar-nominated Tom Cruise fist-bumps a rising star: Misan Harriman's best photograph]. ''[[The Guardian]]''.</ref><ref name=MEAWW>Nath, Sayantani (14 February 2021). [https://meaww.com/misan-harriman-photographer-meghan-markle-prince-harry-second-baby-black-lives-matter Who is Misan Harriman? Meet Prince Harry and Meghan Markle's photographer pal who took their pregnancy pic on iPad]. ''MEAWW''.</ref> He is the son of Chief Hope Harriman (a businessman and politician from [[Warri]] in Nigeria's [[Delta State]]).<ref>Amaize, Emma (8 November 2012). [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/hope-harriman-dies-at-79/ "Hope Harriman dies at 79"]. ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]'' (Nigeria).</ref> He attended [[Stubbington House School]] and [[Bradfield College]] in England. After school, Harriman worked in [[recruitment]] in the [[City of London]].<ref name="Standard13Aug">Butter, Susannah (13 August 2020). [https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/living/misan-harriman-is-spreading-his-optimistic-outlook-around-the-world-one-picture-at-a-time-a4524166.html "Misan Harriman: 'I find myself standing in a moment of history'"]. ''[[The Evening Standard]]''.</ref>

==Photographic career==
Harriman was interested in photography from an early age, this including giving a presentation at school on [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s use of light in ''[[Barry Lyndon]]'' (1975) aged nine. In 2016 Harriman set up an Internet media agency, What We Seee. He began photographing in 2017 and is self-taught.<ref name="BJPJune20">Warner, Marigold (23 June 2020). [https://www.bjp-online.com/2020/06/misan-harriman-black-lives-matter-london/ "Misan Harriman on photographing London's BLM protests"]. ''[[The British Journal of Photography]]''.</ref><ref name="VogueAug20">Peters, Ellie (3 August 2020). [https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/misan-harriman-vogue-cover "Meet Misan Harriman, The BLM Protest Photographer Who Captured Vogue's September Cover"]. [[British Vogue|British ''Vogue'']].</ref>

Harriman's photographic career has included photographing a diverse list of celebrities, including [[Meghan Markle]], [[Rihanna]], [[Stormzy]],<ref name="BJPJune20" /> [[Olivia Colman]], [[Princess Beatrice]], [[Cate Blanchett]], [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]], and [[Tom Cruise]],<ref name=MEAWW /> as well as documenting the [[Extinction Rebellion]], [[climate strike]] and anti-Trump protests in 2019.<ref name="BJPJune20" /> In the spring of 2020, Harriman took a series of pictures of people living through the [[COVID-19 lockdown]] in his home town of [[Woking]] in a project called ''Lost in Isolation''.<ref>Stanciu, Elena. [https://www.petrieinventory.com/lost-in-isolation-found-in-solitude "Lost in Isolation - Found in Solitude: A Photo Series by Misan Harriman"]. PetrieInventory.com</ref><ref>(28 May 2020). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-london-52820978/the-photographer-bringing-his-community-together "The photographer bringing his community together"]. [[BBC News Online]]</ref> His pictures of the [[Black Lives Matter]] protests taken in the summer of 2020 appeared on the [[BBC]] and in ''Vogue'' magazine and ''[[The Guardian]]'', and in July were shown on the [[Piccadilly Circus#Illuminated signs|Piccadilly Lights]] at Piccadilly Circus in Central London.<ref>(7 July 2020). [https://oceanoutdoor.com/ocean-news/news/piccadilly-lights-encourages-empathy-in-the-fight-to-end-systemic-racism/ "Piccadilly Lights encourages empathy in the fight to end systemic racism"], ''Ocean News''.</ref> Harriman's triple gatefold cover for the September issue of ''Vogue''—traditionally the most important issue of the year<ref>(4 August 2020). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-53648032 "Edward Enninful: Focusing Vogue on activism a 'no-brainer'"]. [[BBC News]].</ref><ref>Sandhu, Serena (4 August 2020). [https://inews.co.uk/opinion/columnists/vogues-september-issue-with-marcus-rashford-and-adwoa-aboah-inspired-a-hope-ive-never-felt-before-as-a-reader-of-12-years-570917 "Vogue's September issue with Marcus Rashford and Adwoa Aboah inspired a hope I've never felt before as a reader of 12 years"]. [[I newspaper|The ''i'' Newspaper]].</ref><ref>Cambell, Niamh (3 August 2018). [https://evoke.ie/2018/08/03/style/fashion-fix/september-issue-of-vogue-big-deal "Why the September issue of Vogue is always a big deal in the fashion world"]. ''Evoke'' magazine.</ref><ref>Alexander, Ella (1 August 2016). [https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/why-the-september-issue-is-important-in-fashion "Why is the September issue so important to fashion?"]. [[Glamour (magazine)|''Glamour'' Magazine]].</ref>—included portraits of [[Adwoa Aboah]], [[Marcus Rashford]] and 18 other activists associated with the Black Lives Matter movement from around the globe.<ref name="VogueAug20" /> He was assisted by two photographers, Cornelius Walker and Ron Timehin.<ref name="Standard13Aug" /><ref>Warner, Marigold (4 August 2020). [https://www.bjp-online.com/2020/08/misan-harriman-british-vogue/ “A symphony of activism”: Misan Harriman on his historic Vogue cover]. [[British Journal of Photography]].</ref> In early 2021 Harriman remotely took the photograph used to announce the pregnancy of [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex]].<ref>Kelly, Guy (15 February 2021). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/02/15/misan-harriman-confidante-remotely-photographed-sussexes-baby/ Who is Misan Harriman, the confidante who ‘remotely’ photographed the Sussexes’ baby announcement?]. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.</ref>

In July 2021, Harriman took up the appointment of chair of trustees of the [[Southbank Centre]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bynder.southbankcentre.co.uk/m/199aa064af4c9d47/original/Press_Release_Southbank_Centre_announces_new_Chair_200521.pdf|title=Press Release: Misan Harriman appointed Chair of Southbank Centre|publisher=Southbank Centre|date=20 May 2021|access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/entertainment/2021/05/21/misan-harriman-appointed-chair-of-southbank-centre/|title=Misan Harriman appointed Chair of Southbank Centre|work=[[The Voice (British newspaper)|The Voice]]|first= Joel|last=Campbell|date=21 May 2021|access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Harriman is married and has two children.<ref name="Standard13Aug" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|www.misanharriman.com}}
*[https://www.whatweseee.com What We Seee]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harriman, Misan}}
[[Category:English people of Nigerian descent]]
[[Category:People educated at Bradfield College]]
[[Category:Fashion photographers]]
[[Category:British portrait photographers]]
[[Category:Nigerian photographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People educated at Stubbington House School]]
[[Category:People from Woking]]
[[Category:People from Calabar]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

Misan Harriman

2021-02-17T13:09:15Z

Proscribe: minor c/e

{{Short description|British photographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Misan Harriman 
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1977}}
| birth_place = [[Calabar]], [[Cross River State]], Nigeria
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = British, Nigerian
| other_names =
| occupation = Photographer, entrepreneur
| years_active = 2017–present
| known_for = Photography
| notable_works =
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''Misan Harriman''' (born 1977) is a Nigerian-born British photographer, entrepreneur and social activist. As well as being one of the most widely-shared photographers of the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement, Harriman is the first black man to shoot a cover of [[British Vogue|British ''Vogue'']] in the magazine's 104-year history.

==Early life==
Harriman was born in [[Calabar]], Nigeria, in 1977.<ref>Fleming, Amy (27 January 2021). [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/jan/27/tom-cruise-fist-bumps-a-rising-star-misan-harrimans-best-photograph-oscar-nominated Tom Cruise fist-bumps a rising star: Misan Harriman's best photograph]. ''[[The Guardian]]''.</ref><ref>Nath, Sayantani (14 February 2021). [https://meaww.com/misan-harriman-photographer-meghan-markle-prince-harry-second-baby-black-lives-matter Who is Misan Harriman? Meet Prince Harry and Meghan Markle's photographer pal who took their pregnancy pic on iPad]. ''MEAWW''.</ref> He is the son of Chief Hope Harriman (a businessman and politician from [[Warri]] in Nigeria's [[Delta State]]).<ref>Amaize, Emma (8 November 2012). [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/hope-harriman-dies-at-79/ "Hope Harriman dies at 79"]. ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]''</ref> He attended [[Stubbington House School]] and [[Bradfield College]] in England. After school Harriman worked in [[recruitment]] in the [[City of London]].<ref name="Standard13Aug">Butter, Susannah (13 August 2020). [https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/living/misan-harriman-is-spreading-his-optimistic-outlook-around-the-world-one-picture-at-a-time-a4524166.html "Misan Harriman: 'I find myself standing in a moment of history'"]. ''[[The Evening Standard]]''.</ref>

==Photographic career==
Harriman was interested in photography from an early age, this including giving a presentation at school on [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s use of light in ''[[Barry Lyndon]]'' (1975) aged nine. In 2016 Harriman set up an Internet media agency, What We Seee. He began photographing in 2017 and is self-taught.<ref name="BJPJune20">Warner, Marigold (23 June 2020). [https://www.bjp-online.com/2020/06/misan-harriman-black-lives-matter-london/ "Misan Harriman on photographing London's BLM protests"]. ''[[The British Journal of Photography]]''.</ref><ref name="VogueAug20">Peters, Ellie (3 August 2020). [https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/misan-harriman-vogue-cover "Meet Misan Harriman, The BLM Protest Photographer Who Captured Vogue's September Cover"]. [[British Vogue|British ''Vogue'']].</ref>

Harriman's photographic career has included photographing a diverse list of celebrities, including [[Meghan Markle]], [[Rihanna]], [[Stormzy]],<ref name="BJPJune20" /> [[Olivia Colman]], [[Princess Beatrice]], [[Cate Blanchett]], [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]], and [[Tom Cruise]],{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} as well as documenting the [[Extinction Rebellion]], [[climate strike]] and anti-Trump protests in 2019.<ref name="BJPJune20" /> In the spring of 2020 he took a series of pictures of people living through the [[Coronavirus lockdown]] in his home town of [[Woking]] in a project called ''Lost in Isolation''.<ref>Stanciu, Elena. [https://www.petrieinventory.com/lost-in-isolation-found-in-solitude "Lost in Isolation - Found in Solitude: A Photo Series by Misan Harriman"]. PetrieInventory.com</ref><ref>(28 May 2020). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-london-52820978/the-photographer-bringing-his-community-together "The photographer bringing his community together"]. [[BBC News Online]]</ref> His pictures of the [[Black Lives Matter]] protests taken in the summer of 2020 appeared on the BBC and in ''Vogue'' and ''The Guardian'', and in July were shown on the [[Piccadilly Circus#Illuminated signs|Piccadilly Lights]] at Piccadilly Circus in Central London.<ref>(7 July 2020). [https://oceanoutdoor.com/ocean-news/news/piccadilly-lights-encourages-empathy-in-the-fight-to-end-systemic-racism/ "Piccadilly Lights encourages empathy in the fight to end systemic racism"], ''Ocean News''.</ref> Harriman's triple gatefold cover for the September issue of ''Vogue''—traditionally the most important issue of the year<ref>(4 August 2020). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-53648032 "Edward Enninful: Focusing Vogue on activism a 'no-brainer'"]. [[BBC News]].</ref><ref>Sandhu, Serena (4 August 2020). [https://inews.co.uk/opinion/columnists/vogues-september-issue-with-marcus-rashford-and-adwoa-aboah-inspired-a-hope-ive-never-felt-before-as-a-reader-of-12-years-570917 "Vogue's September issue with Marcus Rashford and Adwoa Aboah inspired a hope I've never felt before as a reader of 12 years"]. [[I newspaper|The ''i'' Newspaper]].</ref><ref>Cambell, Niamh (3 August 2018). [https://evoke.ie/2018/08/03/style/fashion-fix/september-issue-of-vogue-big-deal "Why the September issue of Vogue is always a big deal in the fashion world"]. ''Evoke'' magazine.</ref><ref>Alexander, Ella (1 August 2016). [https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/why-the-september-issue-is-important-in-fashion "Why is the September issue so important to fashion?"]. [[Glamour (magazine)|''Glamour'' Magazine]].</ref>—included portraits of [[Adwoa Aboah]], [[Marcus Rashford]] and 18 other activists associated with the Black Lives Matter movement from around the globe.<ref name="VogueAug20" /> He was assisted by two photographers, Cornelius Walker and Ron Timehin.<ref name="Standard13Aug" /><ref>Warner, Marigold (4 August 2020). [https://www.bjp-online.com/2020/08/misan-harriman-british-vogue/ “A symphony of activism”: Misan Harriman on his historic Vogue cover]. [[British Journal of Photography]].</ref> In early 2021 Harriman remotely took the photograph used to announce the pregnancy of [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex]].<ref>Kelly, Guy (15 February, 2021). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/02/15/misan-harriman-confidante-remotely-photographed-sussexes-baby/ Who is Misan Harriman, the confidante who ‘remotely’ photographed the Sussexes’ baby announcement?]. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.</ref>

==Personal life==
Harriman is married and has two children.<ref name="Standard13Aug" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|www.misanharriman.com}}
*[https://www.whatweseee.com What We Seee]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harriman, Misan}}
[[Category:English people of Nigerian descent]]
[[Category:People educated at Bradfield College]]
[[Category:Fashion photographers]]
[[Category:British portrait photographers]]
[[Category:Nigerian photographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People educated at Stubbington House School]]
[[Category:People from Woking]]
[[Category:People from Calabar]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Gerald Creasy

2020-07-06T11:07:10Z

Proscribe: dates + ref added

'''Sir Gerald Hallen Creasy''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|GCMG|OBE}} (1 November 1897 – 9 June 1983)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Creasy-213|title=Gerald Hallen Creasy (1897 – 1983)|publisher=WikiTree}}</ref> was a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[British Empire|colonial administrator]]. He has served as [[Governor]] of the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] and [[Malta]]. The "Christiansborg cross-roads shooting incident" that led to the [[1948 Accra Riots]] occurred while he was Governor in Gold Coast.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200602280295.html | title=Ghana: 58 Years After the February 28th 1948 Crossroads Incident | publisher=AllAfrica | accessdate=5 October 2014 | author=Opoku-Agyemang, Lovelace}}</ref>

==Gold Coast==
Creasy was appointed governor on 12 January 1948. He succeeded [[Alan Burns (governor)|Sir Alan Burns]].<ref name=rulers>{{cite web |url=http://www.rulers.org/rulg1.html#ghana |title=Rulers-Ghana |accessdate=2011-07-29 |publisher=B. Schemmel}}</ref> He is however most remembered in Ghana for the "Christiansborg cross-roads shooting incident" on 28 February 1948, about six weeks into his job. 63 unarmed former [[World War II]] veterans were killed that day while demonstrating about end of service benefits.<ref name=statesman>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/editorial_detail.php?newsid=159&section=0 |title=Ghana is 50, UGCC is 60, too |accessdate=2011-07-29 |date=26 March 2007 |work=News:Editorials |publisher=The Statesman}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guyanaundersiege.com/Leaders/Nkrumah2.htm |title=KWAME NKRUMAH: THE FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE |accessdate=2011-07-29 |publisher=GuyanaUnderSiege.com}}</ref> The protests had followed the Association of West African Merchants (AWAM) boycotts in [[Accra]].<ref name=dedey>{{cite web |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/artikel.php?ID=120440 |title=The "Big Six", Myth or Reality? |accessdate=2011-07-29 |author=Kosi Dedey |date=8 March 2007 |work=Feature article |publisher=Ghana Home Page}}</ref> This played into the hands of the local political leadership, the [[United Gold Coast Convention]] (UGCC).

Led by [[the Big Six (Ghana)|the Big Six]], they sent a cable on the same day to the Secretary of State in London.<ref name=statesman/>
<blockquote>"...unless Colonial Government is changed and a new Government of the people and their Chiefs installed at the centre immediately, the conduct of masses now completely out of control with strikes threatened in Police quarters, and rank and file Police indifferent to orders of Officers, will continue and result in worse violent and irresponsible acts by uncontrolled people.</blockquote>

They also blamed "Crazy Creasy" for all the unrests.<ref name=allan>{{cite web |url=http://www.info-ghana.com/history.htm |title=Ghana before Independence |accessdate=2011-07-29 |author=Allan D. Ohene |date=March 2002 |work=Ghana General Info-History |publisher=Lion's Den Ltd}}</ref> The Riots Act was read the next day, 1 March 1948 and the Big Six were arrested and detained. The Watson commission of enquiry chaired by Mr. Aiken Watson, was set up to look into the riots.<ref name=dedey/> He was replaced in an acting capacity by [[Robert Scott (Mauritius)|Sir Robert Scott]] as governor of the Gold Coast on 15 February 1949.<ref name=rulers/>

==Malta==
Creasy succeeded [[Francis Douglas, 1st Baron Douglas of Barloch|Sir Francis Campbell Ross Douglas]] as Governor of Malta on 16 September 1949. He was succeeded by Sir [[Robert Laycock]] on 3 August 1954.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rulers.org/rulm1.html#malta |title=Rulers-Malta |accessdate=2011-07-29 |publisher=B. Schemmel}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[The Big Six (Ghana)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=30606 Creasy in Malta]
* [http://ghana-net.com/Memorial_of_Sergeant_Adjetey_Corporal_Attipoeand_Private_Odartey_Lamptey_in_La_Accra_Osu_Ghana.aspx Memorial of Adjetey, Attipoe and Lamptey]

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Alan Burns (governor)|Sir Alan Cuthbert Maxwell Burns]]}}
{{s-title|title=[[List of Governors of the Gold Coast|Governor of the Gold Coast]] |years=1948–1949}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Robert Scott (Mauritius)|Sir Robert Scott]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Francis Douglas, 1st Baron Douglas of Barloch|Sir Francis Campbell Ross Douglas]]}}
{{s-title|title=[[List of Governors of Malta|Governor of Malta]] |years=1949–1954}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Robert Laycock|Sir Robert Edward Laycock]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Governors of Malta}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Creasy, George Hallen}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Governors and Governors-General of Malta]]
[[Category:Colonial Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Politics of Ghana]]

{{UK-gov-bio-stub}}

Helen Cammock

2019-11-20T11:37:37Z

Proscribe: added link, award to infobox, refs

{{Infobox artist
| name = Helen Cammock
| birth_date = 1970
| birth_place = [[England]]
| nationality = [[British people|British]]
| field = [[Film]], [[Image]], [[Photography]], [[Writing]], [[Poetry]], [[Spoken Word]], [[Song]], [[Performance]], [[Printmaking]] and [[Installation art|Installation]]
| training = [[Royal College of Arts]] (MA, 2011), [[University of Brighton]] (BA Hons, 2008)
| awards = [[Max Mara Art Prize for Women]], 2018
}}

'''Helen Cammock''' (born 1970) is a British artist. She was shortlisted for the 2019 [[Turner Prize]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/may/01/turner-prize-2019-thrilling-shortlist-offers-sci-fi-sculpture-and-gunshot-soundscapes|title=Turner prize 2019: thrilling shortlist offers sci-fi sculpture and gunshot sonics|last=Searle|first=Adrian|date=2019-05-01|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-05-21|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> She works in a variety of media including moving image, photography, poetry, spoken word, song, printmaking and installation.

==Life and work==
Born in 1970 in England, Helen Cammock studied Photography at the [[Royal College of Arts]] and the [[University of Brighton]].<ref>[https://www.brighton.ac.uk/about-us/news-and-events/news/2019/05-03-brighton-graduate-nominated-for-40000-turner-prize.aspx "Brighton graduate nominated for £40,000 Turner Prize"], University of Brighton, 3 May 2019.</ref>

==Exhibitions==
* 2019 - ''Che si può fare'' [https://www.whitechapelgallery.org/exhibitions/helen-cammock/ Whitechapel Gallery, London]
* 2019 - ''The Long Note'' [https://visualartists.ie/events/the-long-note-helen-cammock-at-irish-museum-of-modern-art-dublin/ Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin, Ireland]
* 2018 - ''The Long Note'' [https://www.derryvoid.com/exhibitions/helen-cammock.php Void, Derry, Northern Ireland]
* 2017 - ''Shouting in Whispers'' [https://cubittartists.org.uk/2017/09/20/helen-cammock-shouting-in-whispers/ Cubitt Gallery, London]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Islington |first1=Cubitt Gallery Cubitt Gallery is part of an artist-led organisation based in |last2=Bursary |first2=London We promote innovative curatorial practice with an 18-month |last3=Careers |first3=Supporting Curators at the Beginning of Their |title=Helen Cammock: exhibition, interview and performance |url=https://cubittartists.org.uk/2017/09/20/helen-cammock-shouting-in-whispers/ |website=Cubitt Artists |date=20 September 2017}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 2018 – [[Max Mara Art Prize for Women]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Helen Cammock wins the Max Mara Art Prize for Women in collaboration with Whitechapel Gallery |url=https://www.whitechapelgallery.org/about/press/mmap-helencammock/ |website=Whitechapel Gallery |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of English women artists]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.helencammock.co.uk/}}
* Fite-Wassilak, Chris (17 April 2018), [https://frieze.com/article/new-voice-helen-cammock-wins-2018-max-mara-prize-women "A New Voice: Helen Cammock Wins the 2018 Max Mara Prize for Women@], ''[[Frieze (magazine)|Frieze]]''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cammock, Helen}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English contemporary artists]]

Lesley Nneka Arimah

2019-09-20T17:05:16Z

Proscribe: tweaks to refs, external link

{{Infobox writer
| name = Lesley Nneka Arimah
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| birth_place = London, England
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}}

'''Lesley Nneka Arimah''' is a Nigerian writer, and winner of the 2015 [[Commonwealth Short Story Prize]] for Africa,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/jonathan-tel-wins-2015-short-story-prize|title=Jonathan Tel wins 2015 Short Story Prize|last=|first=|date=|website=The Commonwealth|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|date= September 9, 2015|access-date=August 4, 2019}}</ref> the 2017 [[O. Henry Prize]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.randomhouse.com/anchor/ohenry/spotlight/nneka.html|title=The O. Henry Prize Author Spotlight|last=|first=|date=|website=Random House|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 4, 2019}}</ref> the 2017 [[Kirkus Prize]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/press-center/press/announces-2017-prize-winners/|title=2017 Kirkus Prize Winners Announced|last=Williams|first=Suzanne|date=November 2, 2017|website=Kirkus Reviews|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 4, 2019}}</ref> and the 2019 [[Caine Prize for African Writing]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://caineprize.com/press-releases/2019winner|title=Lesley Nneka Arimah wins 2019 Caine Prize for African Writing|last=Killin|first=James|date=July 8, 2019|website=Caine Prize|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 4, 2019}}</ref> She has been described as "a skillful storyteller who can render entire relationships with just a few lines of dialogue"<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.startribune.com/review-what-it-means-when-a-man-falls-from-the-sky-by-lesley-nneka-arimah/417709403/|title=REVIEW: 'What it Means When a Man Falls From the Sky,' by Lesley Nneka Arimah|first=Jackie |last=Thomas Kennedy|work=StarTribune|date=2017-04-01|access-date=2017-12-16}}</ref> and "a new voice with certain staying power."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/lesley-nneka-arimah/what-it-means-when-a-man-falls-from-the-sky/|title=WHAT IT MEANS WHEN A MAN FALLS FROM THE SKY by Lesley Nneka Arimah |work= Kirkus Reviews|date= 2017-01-23|language=en-us}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Arimah was born in London in 1983. She grew up in both Nigeria and the U.K., and moved to the U.S. in her early teens. She is currently at work on a novel. In 2015, her story "Light" won the 2015 [[Commonwealth Short Story Prize]] for Africa. In 2016, 2017, and 2019, she was shortlisted for the [[Caine Prize]]. She won the 2019 edition with her story "Skinned".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/art/nigerian-writer-lesley-nneka-arimah-wins-2019-caine-prize/|title=Nigerian writer Lesley Nneka Arimah wins 2019 Caine Prize|author=Editor|date= July 9, 2019|website=The Guardian|location= Nigeria|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-07-09}}</ref>

Her work has appeared ''[[The New Yorker]],'' ''[[Granta]],'' ''[[Harper's Magazine|Harper's]]'', ''Per Contra'', and other publications.<ref name=Caine>{{Cite news|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2017/07/caineprize2017-interview-lesley-nneka-arimah-africa-dialogue/|title=#CainePrize2017 {{!}} On Motherhood, Class and Fabulist Fiction {{!}} Interview with Lesley Nneka Arimah|first=Gaamangwe Joy |last=Mogami|date=2017-07-03|work=Brittle Paper|access-date=2017-12-16|language=en-US}}</ref>

In September 2017, she was named as one of the fiction writers honored by the [[National Book Foundation]], called "Five Under 35"<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.startribune.com/twin-cities-writer-lesley-nneka-arimah-named-one-of-national-book-foundation-s-five-under-35/447660253/|title=Minnesota writer named one of National Book Foundation's 'Five Under 35'|first=Laurie |last=Hertzel |work=StarTribune|date= 2017-09-25|access-date=2017-12-16}}</ref>

== Debut book ==
In April 2017, her debut collection of short stories was published by [[Riverhead Books]] and [[Tinder Press]] (UK). It is titled ''What It Means When a Man Falls from the Sky''.<ref name=Caine /> It was republished in Nigeria, by [[Farafina Books]], in November 2017. It won the [[Kirkus Prize]] for Fiction,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2017/11/03/minnesota-author-lesley-nneka-arimah-wins-kirkus-prize-for-fiction|title=Minnesota author Lesley Nneka Arimah wins Kirkus Prize for Fiction|last=Staff|first=MPR News|access-date=2018-06-15}}</ref> the [[Minnesota Book Awards|Minnesota Book Award]] for Fiction<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.startribune.com/previous-winners-get-more-prizes-at-the-minnesota-book-awards-gala/480463721/|title=Novelist Lesley Nneka Arimah, poet Bao Phi, cartoonist Steve Sack win Minnesota Book Awards|first=Laurie| last=Hertzel |work=Star Tribune|date=April 23, 2018|access-date=2018-06-15}}</ref> and the [https://www.nypl.org/press/press-release/june-8-2018/lesley-nneka-arimah-wins-nypls-young-lions-fiction-award-what-it New York Public Library's Young Lions Fiction Award]. In January 2018, it was shortlisted for the [[9mobile Prize for Literature]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/art/two-nigerians-south-african-vie-for-9mobile-prize-for-literature-2018/|title=Two Nigerians, South African vie for 9mobile prize for literature 2018|work=The Guardian|author=Editor|location=Nigeria|date= 2018-02-11|access-date=2018-02-13|language=en-US}}</ref>

The book centres "on female protagonists exposed to a cruel world that pushes them to take certain steps to fit in, or make them realize, they just might not fit in,"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/literallywhatshot-12-awesome-stories-beautifully-crafted-narratives-get-lesley-arimahs-means-man-falls-sky/|title=#LiterallyWhatsHot: 12 Awesome Stories with Beautifully Crafted Narratives is What You Get in Lesley Arimah's 'What It Means when a Man Falls from the Sky' |website=BellaNaija|author=OkadaBooks|language=en-US|date=December 14, 2017|access-date=2017-12-16}}</ref> offering "a humanizing portrait of both the Nigerian citizen and first generation young female immigrant", showcasing "their flaws, their desires, their victories, and their attempts at carving out a place in a country whose customs and values diverge from that of their heritage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://therumpus.net/2017/03/lesley-nneka-arimahs-characters-muscle-their-way-through-girlhood/|title=Lesley Nneka Arimah’s Characters Muscle Their Way through Girlhood|first= Liz|last=Von Klemperer |date=2017-03-27|work=The Rumpus.net|access-date=2017-12-16|language=en-US}}</ref>

The collection "explores women’s dispossession from many angles, including the fraught relationships between mothers and daughters and the complicated dynamics of female friendship."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/sep/02/what-it-means-when-man-fallsfrom-the-sky-lesley-nneka-arimah-review|title=What It Means When a Man Falls from the Sky by Lesley Nneka Arimah review – short stories|last=Orr|first=K. J.|date=2017-09-02|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-12-16|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Her writing, ''[[The Atlantic]]'' says, "conveys respect for the people who claw their way through relentlessly difficult lives."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/04/the-powerful-pessimism-of-what-it-means-when-a-man-falls-from-the-sky/522687/|title=The Powerful Pessimism of 'What It Means When a Man Falls From the Sky'|last=Weiss-Meyer|first=Amy|work=The Atlantic|date=April 11, 2017|access-date=2017-12-16|language=en-US}}</ref> [[NPR]] calls it "It's a truly wonderful debut by a young author who seems certain to have a very bright literary future ahead of her."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/04/05/521959681/what-it-means-when-a-man-falls-from-the-sky-is-defiantly-electrically-original|title='What It Means When A Man Falls From The Sky' Is Defiantly, Electrically Original|work=NPR.org|first=Michael|last=Schaub|date=April 5, 2017|access-date=2017-12-16|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She currently lives in [[Minnesota]], United States.

== Bibliography ==
* ''What It Means When A Man Falls From The Sky'', New York: Riverhead, 2017. {{ISBN|9780735211025}}, {{OCLC|998228832}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* Chukwuebuka Ibeh, [https://brittlepaper.com/2019/09/the-brittle-paper-interview-with-the-caine-prize-2019-winner-lesley-nneka-arimah/ "The Brittle Paper Interview with the Caine Prize 2019 Winner: Lesley Nneka Arimah"], ''[[Brittle Paper]]'', September 20, 2019.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arimah, Lesley Nneka}}
[[Category:Nigerian women writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Igbo women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Nigerian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century women writers]]
[[Category:1983 births]]

Elizabeth Alexander

2019-03-18T20:41:30Z

Proscribe: minor c/e, tweaks to refs, w/links added

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Elizabeth Alexander
| image = Elizabeth Alexander 6738.JPG
| caption = Alexander in 2015
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|05|30}}
| birth_place = [[Harlem]], [[New York City]], United States
| alma_mater = [[Boston University]], [[Yale University]], [[University of Pennsylvania]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Poet]], [[essayist]], [[playwright]]
| movement =
| genre =
| notableworks=
}}
'''Elizabeth Alexander''' (born May 30, 1962)<ref name=ps>{{cite web|title=Elizabeth Alexander |url=http://php.scripts.psu.edu/dept/arc//index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=78 |work=The Africana Research Center |publisher=PennState College of the Liberal Arts |accessdate=January 15, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730102253/http://php.scripts.psu.edu/dept/arc/ |archivedate=July 30, 2010 |df= }}</ref> is an [[Americans|American]] [[poet]], [[essay]]ist, [[playwright]], and the president of the [[Andrew W. Mellon Foundation]] since 2018. Previously she was a professor for 15 years at [[Yale University]], where she taught poetry and chaired the African American Studies department. She then joined the faculty of [[Columbia University]] in 2016, as the Wun Tsun Tam Mellon Professor in the Humanities in the Department of English and Comparative Literature.<ref name="On Being with Krista Tippett">{{cite web|url= http://www.onbeing.org/program/elizabeth-alexander-words-that-shimmer/transcript/7776| title= Elizabeth Alexander - Words That Shimmer | website = On Being with Krista Tippett| accessdate= September 3, 2015}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2015/09/18/elizabeth-alexander-poet-and-professor-to-depart-for-columbia/|title=Elizabeth Alexander, poet and professor, to depart for Columbia|last=Milstein|first=Larry and Emma Platoff|date=September 18, 2015|newspaper=[[Yale Daily News]]|access-date=February 9, 2017|work=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.yale.edu/2018/02/07/elizabeth-alexander-84-named-president-mellon-foundation |title=Elizabeth Alexander ’84 named president of Mellon Foundation |date=February 7, 2018 |work=Yale University News |access-date=March 2, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Alexander was born in Harlem, [[New York City]], and grew up in [[Washington, D.C.]] She is the daughter of former [[United States Secretary of the Army]] and [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] Chairman [[Clifford Alexander, Jr.]]<ref name=ny>{{cite news |author=Katharine Q. Seelye |title=Poet Chosen for Inauguration Is Aiming for a Work That Transcends the Moment |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/21/us/politics/21poet.html?partner=permalink&exprod=permalink |publisher=''The New York Times'' |date=December 21, 2008 |accessdate=January 15, 2009 }}</ref> and [[Adele Logan Alexander]], a professor of African-American women's history at [[George Washington University]] and writer.<ref name= "Biography Today">{{cite book |last=|first=|title=Biography Today|year=2010|pages=9–10|publisher=Omnigraphics|location=[[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] |isbn=978-0-7808-1051-8}}</ref> Her brother [[Mark C. Alexander]] was a senior adviser to the [[Barack Obama]] [[Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008|presidential campaign]] and a member of the president-elect's transition team.<ref name=ny/>
After she was born, the family moved to [[Washington, D.C.]] She was just a toddler when her parents brought her in August 1963 to the [[March on Washington]] site of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s famous "[[I Have A Dream]]" speech. Alexander recalled that "Politics was in the drinking water at my house". She also took ballet as a child.<ref name="Biography Today, pp.10" />

She was educated at [[Sidwell Friends School]], and graduated in 1980. From there she went to [[Yale University]] and graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1984. She studied poetry at [[Boston University]] under [[Derek Walcott]] and got her Master's in 1987. Her mother said to her, "That poet you love, Derek Walcott, is teaching at Boston University. Why don't you apply?" Alexander originally entered studying fiction writing, but Walcott looked at her diary and saw the poetry potential. Alexander said, "He gave me a huge gift. He took a cluster of words and he lineated it. And I saw it."<ref name="Biography Today, pp.10">"Biography Today", p. 10.</ref>

In 1992, she received her PhD in English from the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. While she was finishing her degree, she taught at nearby [[Haverford College]] from 1990 to 1991. At this time, she would publish her first work, ''The Venus Hottentot''. The title comes from [[Saartjie Baartman|Sarah Baartman]], a 19th-century South African woman of the [[Khoikhoi]] ethnic group.<ref>"Biography Today", pp. 10–11.</ref><ref name=yal/> Alexander is an alumna of the [[Ragdale|Ragdale Foundation]].

==After college==
While a graduate student, she was a reporter for the ''[[Washington Post]]'' from 1984 to 1985.<ref name=ps/> She soon realized that "it wasn't the life I wanted."<ref name="Biography Today, pp.10"/> She began teaching at [[University of Chicago]] in 1991 as an assistant professor of English. Here she would first meet future president [[Barack Obama]], who was a senior lecturer at the school's law school from 1992 until his election to the [[U.S. Senate]] in 2004. While in Chicago in 1992, she won a creative writing fellowship from the [[National Endowment for the Arts]].<ref>"Biography Today", p. 11.</ref>

In 1996, she published a volume of poetry, ''Body of Life'', and a verse play, ''Diva Studies'', which was staged at [[Yale University]]. She also became a founding faculty member of the ''Cave Canem'' workshop which helps develop African-American poets. In 1997, she received the [[University of Chicago]]'s Quantrell Award for excellence in undergraduate teaching. Later in that year, she moved to [[Massachusetts]] to teach at [[Smith College]]. She became the [[Grace Conkling|Grace Hazard Conkling]] poet-in-residence and the first director of the college's Poetry Center.<ref name="Biography Today, pp.12">"Biography Today", p. 12.</ref>

In 2000, she returned to [[Yale University]], where she would teach African American studies and English. She also released her third poetry collection, ''Antebellum Dream Book''.<ref name="Biography Today, pp.12"/>

In 2005, she was selected in the first class of Alphonse [[Fletcher Foundation]] fellows and in 2007–08, she was an academic fellow at the [[Radcliffe College|Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study]] at [[Harvard]].<ref name=harv>{{cite news|author=Corydon Ireland |title=Radcliffe Fellow, poet Elizabeth Alexander reads |url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2008/05.08/15-alexander.html |publisher=Harvard University Gazette Online |date=May 8, 2008 |accessdate=January 15, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511185512/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2008/05.08/15-alexander.html |archivedate=May 11, 2008 }}</ref>

In 2007, Alexander became the first recipient of the [[Jackson Poetry Prize]], an annual prize awarded by [[Poets & Writers]] that "honors an American poet of exceptional talent who deserves wider recognition."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pw.org/about-us/jackson_poetry_prize|title=Jackson Poetry Prize|date=12 February 2008|website=Poets & Writers|accessdate= December 10, 2018}}</ref>

Since 2008, Alexander has chaired the African American Studies department at Yale University. She currently teaches [[English language]]/[[English literature|literature]], African-American literature and [[gender studies]] at Yale.

In 2015, Alexander was elected a Chancellor of the [[Academy of American Poets]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/elizabeth-alexander|title=Elizabeth Alexander - Poet - Academy of American Poets|first=Elizabeth|last=Alexander|date= May 9, 2000|website=Elizabeth Alexander|accessdate= December 10, 2018}}</ref>

In 2016, she became the Wun Tsun Tam Mellon Professor in the Humanities at [[Columbia University]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.columbia.edu/announcements/elizabeth-alexander-joins-faculty|title=Renowned Poet and Scholar Elizabeth Alexander Joins Faculty {{!}} Department of English and Comparative Literature|website=english.columbia.edu|language=en|access-date=February 9, 2017}}</ref>

She was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by Yale University in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yale.edu/2018/05/20/yale-awards-honorary-degrees-10-individuals-their-achievements|title=Yale awards honorary degrees to 10 individuals for their achievements|date= May 20, 2018|website=YaleNews|accessdate= December 10, 2018}}</ref>

==Works==
Alexander's poems, short stories and critical writings have been widely published in such journals and periodicals such as: ''[[The Paris Review]],'' ''[[American Poetry Review]],'' ''[[The Kenyon Review]],'' ''[[The Village Voice]],'' ''The Women's Review of Books,'' and ''[[The Washington Post]].'' Her play ''Diva Studies'', which was performed at the [[Yale School of Drama]], garnered her a [[National Endowment for the Arts]] creative writing fellowship as well as an [[Illinois Arts Council]] award.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elizabeth Alexander: Biography and CV |url=http://www.elizabethalexander.net/biography.html |accessdate=January 15, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204012032/http://elizabethalexander.net/biography.html |archivedate=February 4, 2009 |df= }}</ref>

Her 2005 volume of poetry ''American Sublime'' was one of three finalists for the [[Pulitzer Prize]] of that year.<ref name=gn>{{cite news |author=Jay Parini |title=Why Obama chose Elizabeth Alexander for his inauguration |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/dec/18/obama-inauguration-alexander-poetry |publisher=''The Guardian'' |date=December 18, 2008 |accessdate=January 15, 2009 | location=London}}</ref> Alexander is also a scholar of [[African-American literature]] and [[African-American culture|culture]] and recently published a collection of essays entitled ''The Black Interior.''<ref name=yal>{{cite news |title=Yale Professor Elizabeth Alexander Named Inaugural Poet |url=http://opa.yale.edu/news/article.aspx?id=6298 |work=Yale Bulletin |publisher=Yale University |date=December 19, 2008 |accessdate=January 15, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709075255/http://opa.yale.edu/news/article.aspx?id=6298 |archivedate=July 9, 2010 |df= }}</ref>

Alexander received the [[Anisfield-Wolf Book Award]] Lifetime Achievement Award in Poetry in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anisfield-wolf.org/books/lifetime-elizabeth-alexander/|title=Lifetime - Elizabeth Alexander|website=Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards|accessdate= December 10, 2018}}</ref>

===2009 U.S. presidential inauguration===
On January 20, 2009, at the [[First inauguration of Barack Obama|presidential inauguration of Barack Obama]], Alexander recited her poem "[[Praise Song for the Day]]", which she had composed for the occasion.<ref name=ny/><ref name=yal/> She became only the fourth poet to read at an American presidential inauguration, after [[Robert Frost]] in 1961, [[Maya Angelou]] in 1993 and [[Miller Williams]] in 1997.<ref name=wp>{{cite news |author=Michael E. Ruane |title=Selection Provides Civil Rights Symmetry |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/17/AR2008121702027.html?wpisrc=newsletter&wpisrc=newsletter&wpisrc=newsletter |publisher=''[[The Washington Post]]'' |date=December 17, 2008 |accessdate=January 15, 2009 }}</ref>

The announcement of her selection was favorably received by her fellow poets [[Maya Angelou]], [[Rita Dove]],<ref name=wp/> [[Paul Muldoon]],<ref name=ny/> and [[Jay Parini]], who extolled her as "smart, deeply educated in the traditions of poetry, true to her roots, responsive to black culture."<ref name=gn/> The [[Poetry Foundation]] also hailed the choice: "Her selection affirms poetry's central place in the soul of our country."<ref name=wp/>

Though the selection of the widely unknown poet, who was a personal friend of Obama, was lauded, the actual poem and delivery were met with a poor reception.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/columnists/chi-schmich-bd-25-jan25,0,5305166.column | work=Chicago Tribune | title=Big stage amplifies poet's critics | first=Mary | last=Schmich | date=2009-01-25}}</ref> ''The Chicago Tribune'', the ''Los Angeles Times'' Book editor, and most critics found that "her poem was too much like prose," and that "her delivery [was] insufficiently dramatic." The ''Minneapolis Star-Tribune'' found the poem "dull, 'bureaucratic' and found it proved that "the poet's place is not on the platform but in the crowd, that she should speak not for the people but to them."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.startribune.com/politics/37883244.html?page=2&c=y|title=''Star Tribune''.|publisher=|accessdate= December 10, 2018}}</ref>

Alexander wrote of her experience of reading at the inauguration in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' in January 2017. Alexander brought her father, who had attended the 1963 [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]], to sit next to her at the inauguration. At the rehearsal for the inauguration, Alexander read [[Gwendolyn Brooks]]'s poem "kitchenette building".<ref name=NewYorkerJan17>{{cite news|url=http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/a-poets-tale-from-obamas-first-inaugural|title=A Poet's Tale from Obama's first inaugural|date= January 17, 2017|work=[[The New Yorker]]|accessdate= January 18, 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
According to research done by [[Henry Louis Gates|Henry Louis Gates, Jr.]], of Harvard University, in 2010 for the [[PBS]] series ''[[Faces of America]]'', it was revealed that according to DNA analysis, Alexander is a lineal cousin of another of the guests on the show, [[Stephen Colbert]]. Her paternal grandfather came to the United States in 1918 from [[Kingston, Jamaica]]. On the maternal side, her roots can be traced back 37 generations through notable ancestors, including her 23rd great-grandmother Joan, Princess of England, 24th great-grandparents [[King John I of England]] and Clemence, Mistress of the King, and 37th great-grandfather [[Charlemagne]], first emperor of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].<ref name=faces>{{cite episode|title =4|episodelink = |series = Faces of America|serieslink = Faces of America (PBS series)|network = [[PBS]]|airdate = March 3, 2010|season = 1|number = 4}}</ref>

Alexander was married to Ficre Ghebreyesus until his death in April 2012. She lives with their two sons in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Elizabeth Alexander|url=http://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/elizabeth-alexander|work=Academy of American Poets|accessdate= June 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{Expand list|date=January 2018}}

===Poetry===
;Collections
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authormask= |title=The Venus Hottentot |location= |publisher=[[Graywolf Press]] |year=1990}}
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authormask=1 |title=Body of Life |location=Chicago |publisher=Tia Chucha Press |year=1997}}
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authormask=1 |title=Antebellum dream book |location= |publisher=Graywolf Press |year=2001}}
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authormask=1 |title=American Sublime |location= |publisher=Graywolf Press |year=2005}}
*{{cite book |editor=Alexander, Elizabeth |editormask=1 |title=The Essential Gwendolyn Brooks |location= |publisher=[[Library of America]] |year=2005}}
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authormask=1 |title=American Blue: Selected Poems |location= |publisher=[[Bloodaxe Books]] |year=2006}}
*{{cite book |author1=Alexander, Elizabeth |author2=Nelson, Marilyn |authormask1=1 |title=Miss Crandall's School for Young Ladies and Little Misses of Color: Poems |location=Honesdale, Pa. |publisher=Wordsong |year=2007}}
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authormask=1 |title=Praise Song for the Day |location= |publisher=Graywolf Press |year=2009}}
;List of poems
{|class='wikitable sortable' width='90%'
|-
!width=25%|Title
!|Year
!|First published
!|Reprinted/collected
|-
|Early cinema
|
|
|
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |title=Antebellum dream book |location= |publisher=Graywolf Press |year=2001}}
*{{cite web |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |title=Early cinema |work= |publisher=Poetry Foundation |date= |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/53004/early-cinema |format= |doi= |}}
|-
|}

===Essays and introductions===
*{{cite book |author=Dixon, Melvin |authormask= |others=Introduction by Elizabeth Alexander |title=Love's Instruments |location=Chicago |publisher=Tia Chuca Press |year=1995}}
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authormask= |title=The Black Interior |location= |publisher=Graywolf Press |year=2004}}
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authormask=1 |title=Power and Possibility: Essays, Reviews, and Interviews |location=Ann Arbor |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2007 |series=Poets on Poetry}}

===Memoirs===
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authormask= |title=The Light of the World: A Memoir |location=New York |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |year=2015}}
*{{cite journal |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authormask=1 |date=February 9, 2015 |title=Lottery tickets: mourning a husband |department=Personal History |journal=[[The New Yorker]] |volume=90 |issue=47 |pages= |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/02/09/ |accessdate=August 26, 2015}}

===Critical studies and reviews of Alexander's work===
*{{cite journal |author=Anon. |authormask= |date=April 11, 2015 |title=How to remember |department=Books and Arts |journal=[[The Economist]] |volume=415 |issue=8933 |pages=75–76 |url= |accessdate=}} Review of ''The Light of the World''.
*{{cite news|last=Gollin |first=Andrea |title=Review: Elizabeth Alexander’s 'The Light of the World' |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/books/article20017440.html |accessdate= May 3, 2015 |work=Miami Herald |date=May 1, 2015 |quote=In art, in poetry and in her community of friends and family, Alexander finds divinity. The memoir itself is, of course, art. Its eloquent, grief-struck gratitude draws the reader in, and we celebrate and mourn alongside Alexander.}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{external media
|video1= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7eH7U3vCLQ "Praise Song for the Day"], 2009 Presidential Inauguration, Elizabeth Alexander
|video2= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iMxviaKYPQ Keynote Address-Prof. Elizabeth Alexander], ''IRAAS 20th Anniversary'', November 1, 2013
|video3= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=crCNRYvLad0 Keynote- Elizabeth Alexander], ''Towards an Intellectual History of Black Women Conference'', April 29, 2011
}}
*[http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=84 Poems by Elizabeth Alexander and biography at PoetryFoundation.org]
*[http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/245 Elizabeth Alexander: Profile and Poems at Poets.org]
*[http://elizabethalexander.net/home.html Official site of Elizabeth Alexander]
*[http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/970529/qalexander.shtml Quantrell Award: Elizabeth Alexander]
*[http://www.newsreel.org/guides/furious/alexande.htm California Newsreel: Elizabeth Alexander]
*[http://www.poets.org/viewevent.php/prmEventID/4327 Elizabeth Alexander's profile]
*[http://southernspaces.org/2009/natasha-trethewey-interviews-elizabeth-alexander "Natasha Trethewey Interviews Elizabeth Alexander"], ''Southern Spaces'', December 10, 2009.
*{{cite web|url=http://english.yale.edu/faculty-staff/elizabeth-alexander |title=Elizabeth Alexander |publisher=Yale University |accessdate=July 6, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706143044/http://english.yale.edu/faculty-staff/elizabeth-alexander |archivedate=July 6, 2014 }}

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:African-American academics]]
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[[Category:African-American women writers]]
[[Category:African-American poets]]
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[[Category:African-American educators]]

Caryl Phillips

2019-02-04T11:50:42Z

Proscribe: w/link added

{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}}
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| birth_place = St. Kitts
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| occupation = Novelist, playwright, essayist
| language =
| nationality = [[Kittitian and Nevisian British|Kittitian-British]]
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| notableworks = ''[[The Final Passage]]'' (1985), ''[[Crossing the River]]'' (1993), ''[[Dancing in the Dark (novel)|Dancing in the Dark]]'' (2005)
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| awards = [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] (2003, 2006); [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] (1994)
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'''Caryl Phillips''' (born 13 March 1958) is a [[Kittitian and Nevisian British|Kittitian-British]] novelist, playwright and essayist. Best known for his novels (for which he has won multiple awards), Phillips is often described as a [[Paul Gilroy#The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness|Black Atlantic]] writer, since much of his fictional output is defined by its interest in, and searching exploration of, the experiences of peoples of the [[African diaspora]] in England, the [[Caribbean]] and the United States.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Low|1998}}{{sfn|Bewes|2006}} As well as writing, Phillips has worked as an academic at numerous institutions including [[Amherst College]], [[Barnard College]], and [[Yale University]], where he has held the position of Professor of English since 2005.{{sfn|Methi|2009}}{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010}}

==Life==

Caryl Phillips was born in [[Saint Kitts|St. Kitts]] to Malcolm and Lillian Phillips on 13 March 1958.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Phillips|2009}} When he was four months old, his family moved to England and settled in [[Leeds]], Yorkshire.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Metcalfe|2010}} In 1976, Phillips won a place at [[Queen's College, Oxford|Queen's College, Oxford University]], where he read English, graduating in 1979.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|British Council}} While at Oxford, he directed numerous plays and spent his summers working as a stagehand at the [[Edinburgh Festival]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}} On graduating, he moved to Edinburgh, where he lived for a year, on the [[Unemployment benefits|dole]], while writing his first play, ''Strange Fruit'' (1980), which was taken up and produced by the [[Crucible Theatre]] in [[Sheffield]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Phillips|2010}}{{sfn|Bell|1991|pages=585–586}} Phillips subsequently moved to London, where he wrote two more plays – ''Where There is Darkness'' (1982) and ''Shelter'' (1983) – that were staged at the [[Lyric Hammersmith]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}

At the age of 22, he visited St. Kitts for the first time since his family had left the island in 1958.{{sfn|Eckstein|2001}} The journey provided the inspiration for his first novel, ''[[The Final Passage]]'', which was published five years later.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Swift|1992}} After publishing his second book, ''A State of Independence'' (1986), Phillips went on a one-month journey around Europe, which resulted in his 1987 collection of essays ''The European Tribe''.{{sfn|Bell|1991|pages=558–559}} During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Phillips divided his time between England and St. Kitts while working on his novels ''Higher Ground'' (1989) and ''Cambridge'' (1991).{{sfn|Phillips|1995|page=156}}

In 1990, Phillips took up a Visiting Writer post at [[Amherst College]] in [[Amherst, Massachusetts]]. He remained at Amherst College for a further eight years, becoming the youngest English tenured Professor in the US when he was promoted to that position in 1995.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}} During this time, he wrote what is perhaps his most well-known novel, ''Crossing the River'' (1993), which won the [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] and the [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]], and was shortlisted for the [[Booker Prize]].{{sfn|Booker Prize Foundation}} After taking up the position at Amherst, Phillips found himself doing "a sort of triangular thing" for a number of years, residing between England, St Kitts, and the U.S.{{sfn|Phillips|1995}}

Finding this way of living both "incredibly exhausting" and "prohibitively expensive", Phillips ultimately decided to give up his residence in St. Kitts, though he says that he still makes regular visits to the island.{{sfn|Phillips|1995}} In 1998, he joined [[Barnard College]], [[Columbia University]], as the Henry R. Luce Professor of Migration and Social Order.{{sfn|British Council}} In 2005 he moved to [[Yale University]], where he currently works as Professor of English.{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010}} He was made an elected fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]] in 2000, and an elected fellow of the [[Royal Society of Arts]] in 2011.{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010b}}

== Works and critical reception ==
Phillips has tackled themes on the African [[slave trade]] from many angles, and his writing is concerned with issues of "origins, belongings and exclusion", as noted by a reviewer of his 2015 novel ''The Lost Child''.<ref>[[Gerard Woodward|Woodward, Gerard]], [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-lost-child-by-caryl-phillips-book-review-wuthering-heights-relived-in-postwar-britain-10135393.html "The Lost Child by Caryl Phillips, book review: Wuthering Heights relived in post-war Britain"], ''The Independent'', 26 March 2015.</ref> Phillips's work has been recognised by numerous awards, including the [[Martin Luther King Memorial Prize]], a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]], the 1993 [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] for ''[[Crossing the River]]'' and the 2004 [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] Best Book award for ''[[A Distant Shore (novel)|A Distant Shore]]''.

Phillips received the [[PEN/Beyond Margins Award]] for ''Dancing in the Dark'' in 2006.

==Bibliography==

===Novels===
*''[[The Final Passage]]'' (Faber and Faber, 1985, {{ISBN|978-0571134373}}; Picador, 1995, paperback {{ISBN|978-0571134373}})
*''[[A State of Independence]]'' (Faber and Faber, 1986, {{ISBN|978-0571139101}}; paperback {{ISBN|978-0571196791}})
*''[[Higher Ground (novel)|Higher Ground: A Novel in Three Parts]]'' (Viking, 1989, {{ISBN|978-0670826209}})
*''[[Cambridge (novel)|Cambridge]]'' (Bloomsbury, 1991; Vintage, 2008, ppaperback {{ISBN|978-0099520566}})
*''[[Crossing the River]]'' (Bloomsbury, 1993, {{ISBN|978-0747514978}})
*''[[The Nature of Blood]]'' (1997; Vintage, 2008, paperback {{ISBN|978-0099520573}})
*''[[A Distant Shore (novel)|A Distant Shore]]'' (Secker, 2003, hardback {{ISBN|978-0436205644}}; Vintage, 2004, paperback {{ISBN|978-0099428886}})
*''[[Dancing in the Dark (novel)|Dancing in the Dark]]'' (Secker, 2005, {{ISBN|978-0436205835}})
*''[[In the Falling Snow]]'' (Harvill Secker, 2009, hardback {{ISBN|978-1846553066}}; Vintage, 2010, paperback {{ISBN|978-0099539742}})
*''The Lost Child'' (Oneworld Publications, 2015, {{ISBN|978-1780746999}} hardback, 978-1780747989 paperback)
*''A View of the Empire at Sunset: A Novel'' (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, May 22, 2018, hardback, {{ISBN|978-0374283612}})

===Historical fiction===
*''[[Foreigners (Caryl Phillips book)|Foreigners: Three English Lives]]'' (Harvill Secker, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0436205972}})

===Essay collections===
*''[[The European Tribe]]'' (Faber and Faber, 1987)
*''[[The Atlantic Sound]]'' (Faber and Faber, 2000, {{ISBN|978-0571196203}})
*''[[A New World Order]]: Selected Essays'' (Martin Secker & Warburg, 2001, {{ISBN|978-0436205606}})
*''[[Colour Me English]]'' (Harvill Secker, 2011, paperback {{ISBN|978-1846553059}})

===As editor===
* ''Extravagant Strangers: A Literature of Belonging'' (Faber and Faber, 1997, {{ISBN|978-0571190867}})

===Plays===
* ''The Shelter'' (Amber Lane Press, 1984, {{ ISBN|978-0906399491}})
* ''Playing Away'' (Faber and Faber, 1987, {{ISBN|978-0571145836}})
*''[[Ned Chaillet#A Kind of Home – James Baldwin in Paris|A Kind of Home – James Baldwin in Paris]]'' ([[BBC Radio 4]], 9 January 2004)<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2003/11_november/27/radio4_quarter1_drama.pdf "A Kind of Home: James Baldwin in Paris"], ''Friday play'', BBC Radio 4.</ref>
*''[[Ned Chaillet#Hotel Cristobel|Hotel Cristobel]]'' ([[BBC Radio 3]], 13 March 2005)<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/dramaon3/pip/fzqtj "Hotel Cristobel"], ''Drama on 3'', BBC Radio 3.</ref>
*''[[Ned Chaillet#A Long Way from Home|A Long Way from Home]]'' (BBC Radio 3, 30 March 2008)<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b009md7p "A Long Way from Home"], ''Drama on 3, BBC Radio 3.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/dramaon3/pip/r574n "A Long Way from Home, by Caryl Phillips"], ''Drama on 3'', BBC .</ref>

== Awards ==
* 2011 Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Arts]]
* 2006 [[Commonwealth Writers Prize]], ''A Distant Shore''
* 2004 [[Commonwealth Writers Prize]], ''Crossing the River''
* 2000 Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]]
* 1994 [[Lannan Literary Award]]
* 1994 [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]], ''Crossing the River''
* 1993 [[Guggenheim Fellowship]]
* 1987 [[Martin Luther King Memorial Prize]], ''The European Tribe''
* 2012 [[Best of the James Tait Black]], shortlist, ''Crossing the River''<ref name=leadbetter>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/book-prize-names-six-of-the-best-in-search-for-winner.19197747 |title=Book prize names six of the best in search for winner |work=Herald Scotland |first=Russell |last=Leadbetter |date=21 October 2012 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=bbcnews2012>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-20020630 |title=Authors in running for 'best of best' James Tait Black award |work=BBC News |author= |date=21 October 2012 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref>

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===

*{{cite journal|last=Bell|first=C. Rosalind|title=Worlds Within: An Interview with Caryl Phillips|journal=Callaloo|date=Summer 1991|volume=14|issue=3|pages=578–606|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/2931461}}
*{{cite journal|last=Bewes|first=Timothy|title=Shame, Ventriloquy and the Problem of Cliche in Caryl Phillips|journal=Cultural Critique|date=Spring 2006|volume=63|pages=33–60|ref=harv|doi=10.1353/cul.2006.0014}}
*{{cite web|last=Booker Prize Foundation|title=Caryl Phillips|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/people/caryl-phillips|publisher=Booker Prize Foundation|accessdate=13 June 2012|ref=harv|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027193951/http://themanbookerprize.com/people/caryl-phillips|archivedate=27 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}
*{{cite web|last=British Council|title=Caryl Phillips|url=http://literature.britishcouncil.org/caryl-phillips|publisher=British Council|accessdate=12 June 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Eckstein |first=Lars |title=The Insistence of Voices: An Interview with Caryl Phillips |url=http://ariel.synergiesprairies.ca/ariel/index.php/ariel/article/view/3555/3496 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130115161349/http://ariel.synergiesprairies.ca/ariel/index.php/ariel/article/view/3555/3496 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-01-15 |journal=Ariel |date=April 2001 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=33–43 |ref=harv }}
*{{cite news|last=Jaggi|first=Maya|authorlink=Maya Jaggi|title=Caryl Phillips: The Guardian Profile|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/nov/03/fiction.artsandhumanities|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 November 2001|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Low|first=Gail|title='A Chorus of Common Memory': Slavery and Redemption in Caryl Phillips′ ''Cambridge'' and ''Crossing the River''|journal=Research in African Literatures|date=Winter 1998|volume=29|issue=1|pages=121–141|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|last=Metcalfe|first=Anna|title=Small Talk: Caryl Phillips|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/bcc17536-7a61-11df-9cd7-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1xdTTH6rU|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Financial Times|date=21 June 2010|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|first2=Jenny |last2=Sharpe|title=Of this Time, of that Place|journal=Transition|year=1995|volume=68|pages=154–161|ref={{harvid|Phillips|1995}}|doi=10.2307/2935298}}
*{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=I prefer not to raise my head above the parapet (an interview with Anita Methi)|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/caryl-phillips-i-prefer-not-to-raise-my-head-above-the-parapet-1688887.html|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Independent|date=22 May 2009|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Once upon a life|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/17/caryl-phillips-edinburgh-once-upon-a-life|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Observer (Observer Magazine)|date=17 October 2010|page=14|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Biography: Education and Teaching|year=2005–2010|url=http://www.carylphillips.com/education-teaching.html|work=Caryl Phillips: The Official Website|accessdate=10 September 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Biography:Awards|year=2005–2010b|url=http://www.carylphillips.com/awards.html|work=Caryl Phillips|accessdate=10 September 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Swift|first=Graham|authorlink=Graham Swift|title=Caryl Phillips (An Interview)|journal=BOMB|date=Winter 1992|volume=38|url=http://bombsite.com/issues/38/articles/1511|ref=harv}}

==Further reading==
* Charras, Françoise, "De-Centering the Center: George Lamming’s ''Natives of My Person'' (1972) and Caryl Phillips’s ''Cambridge'' (1991)", in Maria Diedrich, Carl Pedersen and Justine Tally (eds), ''Mapping African America: History, Narrative Form and the Production of Knowledge''. Hamburg: LIT, 1999, pp. 61–78.
* Joannou, Maroula. "'Go West, Old Woman': The Radical Re-Visioning of Slave History in Caryl Phillips’s ''Crossing the River''", in Brycchan Carey and Peter J. Kitson (eds), ''Slavery and the Cultures of Abolition: Essays Marking the Bicentennial of the British Abolition Act of 1807''. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2007.
* Ledent, Bénédicte. ''Caryl Phillips''. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002.
* [http://journal.afroeuropa.eu/index.php/afroeuropa/article/viewFile/57/71 Muñoz-Valdivieso, Sofia, "'Amazing Grace': The Ghosts of Newton, Equiano and Barber in Caryl Phillips's Fiction"]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Afroeuropa'' 2, 1 (2008).
* [[Evelyn O'Callaghan|O’Callaghan, Evelyn]]. "Historical Fiction and Fictional History: Caryl Phillips’s ''Cambridge''”, ''[[Journal of Commonwealth Literature]]'' 29.2 (1993): 34-47.

==External links==
*[http://www.carylphillips.com Caryl Phillips' official website]
*[http://www.L3.ulg.ac.be/phillips The Caryl Phillips Bibliography]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051030080323/http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth80 Caryl Phillips' Writers Page] at the British Council
*[http://english.yale.edu/faculty-staff/caryl-phillips Caryl Phillips at Yale University]
*[http://hdl.handle.net/10079/bibid/4549660 The Caryl Phillips Papers] at the [http://www.library.yale.edu/beinecke/ Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library], Yale University
*[https://www.npr.org/2015/03/21/394127475/lost-child-author-caryl-phillips-i-needed-to-know-where-i-came-from "'Lost Child' Author Caryl Phillips: 'I Needed To Know Where I Came From'"], NPR interview, 21 March 2015.

{{Commonwealth Writers' Prize - Best Book Winners}}

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Cyril Briggs

2018-08-24T19:08:50Z

Proscribe: punc, en-dashes, tweaks to refs

{{for|the English footballer|Cyril Briggs (footballer)}}
[[File:Briggs-Cyril.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Magazine publisher and political activist Cyril Briggs as a young man.]]
'''Cyril Valentine Briggs''' (May 28, 1888, [[Nevis]] – October 18, 1966, [[Los Angeles, California]]) was an [[West Indian Americans|African-Caribbean American]] writer and [[communism|communist]] political activist. Briggs is best remembered as founder and editor of ''The Crusader,'' a seminal New York magazine of the [[New Negro Movement]] of the 1920s, and as founder of the [[African Blood Brotherhood]], a small but historically important radical organization dedicated to advancing the cause of [[Pan-Africanism]].

==Biography==

===Early years===

Cyril Valentine Briggs was born on May 28, 1888, on the [[Caribbean]] island of [[Nevis]], part of the [[West Indies]]. His father, Louis E. Briggs, was a [[white people|white]] plantation overseer; his mother, Mary M. Huggins, was of African-Caribbean.<ref name=Makalani60>Minkah Makalani, ''For the Liberation of Black People Everywhere: The African Blood Brotherhood, Black Radicalism, and Pan-African Liberation in the New Negro Movement, 1917-1936.'' Urbana, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2004; p. 60.</ref> In accord with the racial caste system in colonial Nevis, the [[Multiracial|biracial]] Briggs was regarded as "[[coloured]]" despite his extremely light complexion.<ref name=Makalani60 /> While accorded the benefit of a quality colonial education, neither was he accepted as a potential member of the island's ruling elite due to his ethnically-mixed parentage.<ref name=Makalani60 />

As a youth Briggs worked as an assistant in the library of a local clergyman, where he was first exposed to political works critical of [[imperialism]].<ref name=Makalani61>Makalani, ''For the Liberation of Black People Everywhere,'' p. 61.</ref> He would later move to become a writer himself, taking jobs with the ''St. Kitts Daily Express'' and the ''St. Christopher Advertiser.''<ref name=Makalani61 /> Recognized for his promise as an aspiring writer, in his later teenaged years Briggs was awarded a scholarship to study journalism at the university level.<ref name=Makalani61 /> He ultimately turned down this opportunity, however, emigrating to the United States in July 1905 to join his mother, who had already emigrated there.<ref name=Makalani61 />

===Journalistic career===

Little is known about Briggs' first seven years in America, as he never wrote of the experience in his extremely short autobiographical notes housed in the [[Marcus Garvey]] Papers at [[University of California at Los Angeles|UCLA]]."<ref>Makalani, ''For the Liberation of Black People Everywhere,'' pp. 60, 107.</ref>

Briggs' first American writing job came in 1912 at the ''[[Amsterdam News]].''<ref name=BlackPast>[http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/briggs-cyril-1888-1966 "Briggs, Cyril (1888-1966)", BlackPast.org]</ref>

In 1917, shortly after [[Hubert Harrison]] founded the Liberty League and ''The Voice'', Briggs founded the [[African Blood Brotherhood]] (ABB), one of the seminal groups of African-American associations.<ref>[http://www.marxisthistory.org/subject/usa/eam/abb.html "African Blood Brotherhood, (1919-1925), Organizational History".]</ref> His goal was to stop lynching and [[racial discrimination]], and ensure voting and [[civil rights]] for African Americans in [[Southern United States|the South]]. He also called for black self-determination. The group initially opposed American involvement in the [[First World War]].

===African Blood Brotherhood founder===
{{Main|African Blood Brotherhood}}
In 1918, the ABB started a magazine called ''The Crusader'', which supported the [[Socialist Party of America]]'s platform and helped expose [[Lynching in the United States|lynchings]] in the South and discrimination in the North. Briggs hoped that President [[Woodrow Wilson]] would support voting rights for African Americans in the South after the service of veterans in the war. [[Boll weevil (politics)|Southern Democratic]] [[United States Congress|congressmen]] opposed any changes. Disillusioned by Socialist and progressive efforts, Briggs joined the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party of America]] in 1921,<ref name="BlackPast" /> his leadership of the ABB gained [[Marxism|Marxist]] influences. He called for control by African-American workers of the means of production which employed them, whether in industry or in agriculture.

Briggs became a leading exponent of racial separatism. Briggs saw American White-Black racism as a form of “hatred of the unlike” that draws “its virulence from the firm conviction in the white man’s mind of the inequality of races—the belief that there are superior and inferior races and that the former are marked with a white skin and the latter with dark skin and that only the former are capable and virtuous and therefore alone fit to vote, rule and inherit the earth.” Briggs reminded his readers that racial antipathy is a two-way street and that “the Negro dislikes the white man almost as much as the latter dislikes the Negro.”

Briggs proposed a "new solution" then emerging, in which the African American had come to the realization that “the salvation of his race and an honorable solution of the American Race Problem call for action and decision in preference to the twaddling, dreaming, and indecision of ‘leaders.’” Instead, “nothing more or less than independent, separate existence” was called for — "Government of the (Negro) people, for the (Negro) people and by the (Negro) people."

Briggs's Marxist views as applied to a separatist government caused a rift with [[Marcus Garvey]], the founder of the [[Universal Negro Improvement Association]] (UNIA). While opposed to Garvey's nationalist movement, the Marxists of the ABB did not view "[[Africa]] for the [[Africans]]" as an invitation to capitalist development. Briggs wrote, "Socialism and Communism [were] in practical application in Africa for centuries before they were even advanced as theories in the European world."<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/~lnp3/mydocs/organization/BarrySheppard1.htm Barry Sheppard's "The Sixties: a political memoir".]</ref>

Garvey believed that Briggs was trying to destroy the government and filed a series of lawsuits against him.

===Communist Party membership===

Briggs joined the [[Communist Party of America]] in 1921 as a result of direct solicitations to join the still underground movement made by [[Rose Pastor Stokes]] of the CPA and [[Robert Minor]] of the rival [[United Communist Party]].<ref name=ToDraper1>[http://www.marxisthistory.org/history/usa/groups/abb/1958/0317-briggs-todraper.pdf "Letter to Theodore Draper in New York from Cyril Briggs in Los Angeles, March 17, 1958."] Corvallis, OR: 1000 Flowers Publishing, 2007; p. 1.</ref> Briggs later recalled in a letter to historian [[Theodore Draper]] that his motivation for joining the Communist movement related to the domestic policy of [[Soviet Russia]] towards its national minority groups and to the fledgling Soviet state's explicitly anti-imperialist foreign policy.<ref name=ToDraper1 />

In his communication with Draper, Briggs was explicit that the establishment of the ABB both predated his personal association with the Communist movement as well as the influence of Soviet domestic and foreign policy:

<blockquote>
"You are quite correct in assuming that the Communist Party had no part in initiating the organization of the Brotherhood. Nor did the Brotherhood owe its inspiration to the Communist movement. It was certainly already in existence when I had my first contact with the Communists, through the visits of Rose [Stokes] and Bob [Minor] to my office at 2299 Seventh Avenue [New York City]. Nor did the Communists inspire the ABB program you have seen. 
"After I, Dick Moore, and some other members of the Supreme Council joined the CP, we sought to and succeeded in establishing a close relationship between the two organizations."<ref>Briggs to Draper, March 17, 1958, p. 3.</ref></blockquote>

Briggs would remain an active member of the [[Communist Party, USA]] (CPUSA) throughout the decade of the 1920s.<ref>Joel Seidman with Olive Golden and Yaffa Draznin (eds.), ''Communism in the United States — A Bibliography.'' Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1969; p. 66.</ref> In 1925 the African Blood Brotherhood was dissolved and replaced with a new organizational entity, the [[American Negro Labor Congress]].<ref name=VDB34>William L. Van Deburg (ed.), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=A7QUCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover Modern Black Nationalism: From Marcus Garvey to Louis Farrakhan].'' New York, NY: New York University Press, 1996; p. 34.</ref> Briggs was tapped as the new national secretary of the new Communist Party-sponsored organization.<ref name=VDB34 />

Briggs was named a member of the governing Central Committee of the Communist Party in 1929.<ref name=VDB34 /> He would remain an influential figure in the party's hierarchy until the advent of the moderate [[Popular Front]]. Briggs would ultimately be expelled from the CPUSA at the end of the 1930s, accused of maintaining a "Negro nationalist way of thinking" in defiance of the new integrationist party line.<ref name=VDB34 />

Briggs was allowed to rejoin the CPUSA in 1948, following the fall of party leader [[Earl Browder]].<ref name=VDB34 /> He would remain active in the organization for the rest of his life, participating in its west coast activities.<ref name=VDB34 />

===Death and legacy===

Briggs died on October 18, 1966, in Los Angeles, California.

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Works== 
* [http://www.marxisthistory.org/history/usa/groups/abb/1918/0900-briggs-amraceproblem.pdf "The American Race Problem,"] ''The Crusader'' [New York], vol. 1, no. 14 (September-December 1918).
* [https://archive.org/details/0600BriggsAfricanbloodbrotherhood "The African Blood Brotherhood,"] ''The Crusader,'' vol. 2, no. 10 (June 1920), pp. 7, 22.
* [http://www.marxisthistory.org/history/usa/groups/abb/1921/1001-briggs-negroconv.pdf "The Negro Convention,"] ''The Toiler'' [New York], vol. 4, whole no. 190 (October 1, 1921), pp. 13–14.
* "The Negro Question in the Southern Textile Strikes," ''The Communist,'' vol. 8, no. 6 (June 1929), pp. 324–328.
* "The Negro Press as a Class Weapon," ''The Communist,'' vol. 8, no. 8 (August 1929), pp. 453–460.
* "Our Negro Work," ''The Communist,'' vol. 8, no. 9 (September 1929), pp. 494–501.

==Further reading==

* Kathleen M. Ahern, "Drafting a Revolutionary Pushkin: Cyril Briggs and the Creation of a Black International Proletariat," ''South Atlantic Review,'' vol. 73, no. 2 (Spring 2008), pp. 113–129. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27784782 In JSTOR]
* Minkah Makalani, ''For the Liberation of Black People Everywhere: The African Blood Brotherhood, Black Radicalism, and Pan-African Liberation in the New Negro Movement, 1917–1936.'' Urbana, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2004. PhD dissertation.
* Louis J. Parascandola, [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0SAF/is_1_30/ai_n16069007 "Cyril Briggs and the African Blood Brotherhood: A Radical Counterpoint to Progressivism,"] ''Afro-Americans in New York Life and History,'' January 2006.
* Wilfred D. Samuels, ''Five Afro-Caribbean Voices in American Culture, 1917–1929: Hubert H. Harrison, Wilfred A. Domingo, Richard B. Moore, Cyril V. Briggs, and Claude McKay.'' University of Iowa, 1977. PhD dissertation.
* Mark Solomon, ''The Cry Was Unity: Communists and African Americans, 1917–1936.'' Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1998.
* Michelle Ann Stephens, "Black Empire:The Making of Black Transnationalism by West Indians in the United States, 1914–1962." New Haven, CT: Yale University, 1999. PhD dissertation.
* Theman Ray Taylor, ''Cyril Briggs and the African Blood Brotherhood: Another Radical View of Race and Class in the 1920s.'' Santa Barbara, CA: University of California at Santa Barbara, 1981. PhD dissertation.
* [[William L. Van Deburg]] (ed.), ''Modern Black Nationalism: From Marcus Garvey to Louis Farrakhan.'' New York, NY: New York University Press, 1996.

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Caryl Phillips

2018-07-29T09:54:24Z

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{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
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'''Caryl Phillips''' (born 13 March 1958) is a [[Kittitian and Nevisian British|Kittitian-British]] novelist, playwright and essayist. Best known for his novels (for which he has won multiple awards), Phillips is often described as a [[Paul Gilroy#The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness|Black Atlantic]] writer, since much of his fictional output is defined by its interest in, and searching exploration of, the experiences of peoples of the [[African diaspora]] in England, the [[Caribbean]] and the United States.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Low|1998}}{{sfn|Bewes|2006}} As well as writing, Phillips has worked as an academic at numerous institutions including [[Amherst College]], [[Barnard College]], and [[Yale University]], where he has held the position of Professor of English since 2005.{{sfn|Methi|2009}}{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010}}

==Life==

Caryl Phillips was born in [[Saint Kitts|St. Kitts]] to Malcolm and Lillian Phillips on 13 March 1958.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Phillips|2009}} When he was four months old, his family moved to England and settled in [[Leeds]], Yorkshire.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Metcalfe|2010}} In 1976, Phillips won a place at [[Queen's College, Oxford|Queen's College, Oxford University]], where he read English, graduating in 1979.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|British Council}} While at Oxford, he directed numerous plays and spent his summers working as a stagehand at the [[Edinburgh Festival]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}} On graduating, he moved to Edinburgh, where he lived for a year, on the [[Unemployment benefits|dole]], while writing his first play, ''Strange Fruit'' (1980), which was taken up and produced by the [[Crucible Theatre]] in [[Sheffield]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Phillips|2010}}{{sfn|Bell|1991|pages=585–586}} Phillips subsequently moved to London, where he wrote two more plays – ''Where There is Darkness'' (1982) and ''Shelter'' (1983) – that were staged at the [[Lyric Hammersmith]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}

At the age of 22, he visited St. Kitts for the first time since his family had left the island in 1958.{{sfn|Eckstein|2001}} The journey provided the inspiration for his first novel, ''The Final Passage'', which was published five years later.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Swift|1992}} After publishing his second book, ''A State of Independence'' (1986), Phillips went on a one-month journey around Europe, which resulted in his 1987 collection of essays ''The European Tribe''.{{sfn|Bell|1991|pages=558–559}} During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Phillips divided his time between England and St. Kitts while working on his novels ''Higher Ground'' (1989) and ''Cambridge'' (1991).{{sfn|Phillips|1995|page=156}}

In 1990, Phillips took up a Visiting Writer post at [[Amherst College]] in [[Amherst, Massachusetts]]. He remained at Amherst College for a further eight years, becoming the youngest English tenured Professor in the US when he was promoted to that position in 1995.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}} During this time, he wrote what is perhaps his most well-known novel, ''Crossing the River'' (1993), which won the [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] and the [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]], and was shortlisted for the [[Booker Prize]].{{sfn|Booker Prize Foundation}} After taking up the position at Amherst, Phillips found himself doing "a sort of triangular thing" for a number of years, residing between England, St Kitts, and the U.S.{{sfn|Phillips|1995}}

Finding this way of living both "incredibly exhausting" and "prohibitively expensive", Phillips ultimately decided to give up his residence in St. Kitts, though he says that he still makes regular visits to the island.{{sfn|Phillips|1995}} In 1998, he joined [[Barnard College]], [[Columbia University]], as the Henry R. Luce Professor of Migration and Social Order.{{sfn|British Council}} In 2005 he moved to [[Yale University]], where he currently works as Professor of English.{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010}} He was made an elected fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]] in 2000, and an elected fellow of the [[Royal Society of Arts]] in 2011.{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010b}}

== Works and critical reception ==
Phillips has tackled themes on the African [[slave trade]] from many angles, and his writing is concerned with issues of "origins, belongings and exclusion", as noted by a reviewer of his 2015 novel ''The Lost Child''.<ref>[[Gerard Woodward|Woodward, Gerard]], [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-lost-child-by-caryl-phillips-book-review-wuthering-heights-relived-in-postwar-britain-10135393.html "The Lost Child by Caryl Phillips, book review: Wuthering Heights relived in post-war Britain"], ''The Independent'', 26 March 2015.</ref> Phillips's work has been recognised by numerous awards, including the [[Martin Luther King Memorial Prize]], a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]], the 1993 [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] for ''[[Crossing the River]]'' and the 2004 [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] Best Book award for ''[[A Distant Shore (novel)|A Distant Shore]]''.

Phillips received the [[PEN/Beyond Margins Award]] for ''Dancing in the Dark'' in 2006.

==Bibliography==

===Novels===
*''[[The Final Passage]]'' (Faber and Faber, 1985, {{ISBN|978-0571134373}}; Picador, 1995, paperback {{ISBN|978-0571134373}})
*''[[A State of Independence]]'' (Faber and Faber, 1986, {{ISBN|978-0571139101}}; paperback {{ISBN|978-0571196791}})
*''[[Higher Ground (novel)|Higher Ground: A Novel in Three Parts]]'' (Viking, 1989, {{ISBN|978-0670826209}})
*''[[Cambridge (novel)|Cambridge]]'' (Bloomsbury, 1991; Vintage, 2008, ppaperback {{ISBN|978-0099520566}})
*''[[Crossing the River]]'' (Bloomsbury, 1993, {{ISBN|978-0747514978}})
*''[[The Nature of Blood]]'' (1997; Vintage, 2008, paperback {{ISBN|978-0099520573}})
*''[[A Distant Shore (novel)|A Distant Shore]]'' (Secker, 2003, hardback {{ISBN|978-0436205644}}; Vintage, 2004, paperback {{ISBN|978-0099428886}})
*''[[Dancing in the Dark (novel)|Dancing in the Dark]]'' (Secker, 2005, {{ISBN|978-0436205835}})
*''[[In the Falling Snow]]'' (Harvill Secker, 2009, hardback {{ISBN|978-1846553066}}; Vintage, 2010, paperback {{ISBN|978-0099539742}})
*''The Lost Child'' (Oneworld Publications, 2015, {{ISBN|978-1780746999}} hardback, 978-1780747989 paperback)
*''A View of the Empire at Sunset: A Novel'' (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, May 22, 2018, hardback, {{ISBN|978-0374283612}})

===Historical fiction===
*''[[Foreigners (Caryl Phillips book)|Foreigners: Three English Lives]]'' (Harvill Secker, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0436205972}})

===Essay collections===
*''[[The European Tribe]]'' (Faber and Faber, 1987)
*''[[The Atlantic Sound]]'' (Faber and Faber, 2000, {{ISBN|978-0571196203}})
*''[[A New World Order]]: Selected Essays'' (Martin Secker & Warburg, 2001, {{ISBN|978-0436205606}})
*''[[Colour Me English]]'' (Harvill Secker, 2011, paperback {{ISBN|978-1846553059}})

===As editor===
* ''Extravagant Strangers: A Literature of Belonging'' (Faber and Faber, 1997, {{ISBN|978-0571190867}})

===Plays===
* ''The Shelter'' (Amber Lane Press, 1984, {{ ISBN|978-0906399491}})
* ''Playing Away'' (Faber and Faber, 1987, {{ISBN|978-0571145836}})
*''[[Ned Chaillet#A Kind of Home – James Baldwin in Paris|A Kind of Home – James Baldwin in Paris]]'' ([[BBC Radio 4]], 9 January 2004)<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2003/11_november/27/radio4_quarter1_drama.pdf "A Kind of Home: James Baldwin in Paris"], ''Friday play'', BBC Radio 4.</ref>
*''[[Ned Chaillet#Hotel Cristobel|Hotel Cristobel]]'' ([[BBC Radio 3]], 13 March 2005)<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/dramaon3/pip/fzqtj "Hotel Cristobel"], ''Drama on 3'', BBC Radio 3.</ref>
*''[[Ned Chaillet#A Long Way from Home|A Long Way from Home]]'' (BBC Radio 3, 30 March 2008)<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b009md7p "A Long Way from Home"], ''Drama on 3, BBC Radio 3.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/dramaon3/pip/r574n "A Long Way from Home, by Caryl Phillips"], ''Drama on 3'', BBC .</ref>

== Awards ==
* 2011 Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Arts]]
* 2006 [[Commonwealth Writers Prize]], ''A Distant Shore''
* 2004 [[Commonwealth Writers Prize]], ''Crossing the River''
* 2000 Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]]
* 1994 [[Lannan Literary Award]]
* 1994 [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]], ''Crossing the River''
* 1993 [[Guggenheim Fellowship]]
* 1987 [[Martin Luther King Memorial Prize]], ''The European Tribe''
* 2012 [[Best of the James Tait Black]], shortlist, ''Crossing the River''<ref name=leadbetter>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/book-prize-names-six-of-the-best-in-search-for-winner.19197747 |title=Book prize names six of the best in search for winner |work=Herald Scotland |first=Russell |last=Leadbetter |date=21 October 2012 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=bbcnews2012>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-20020630 |title=Authors in running for 'best of best' James Tait Black award |work=BBC News |author= |date=21 October 2012 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref>

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===

*{{cite journal|last=Bell|first=C. Rosalind|title=Worlds Within: An Interview with Caryl Phillips|journal=Callaloo|date=Summer 1991|volume=14|issue=3|pages=578–606|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/2931461}}
*{{cite journal|last=Bewes|first=Timothy|title=Shame, Ventriloquy and the Problem of Cliche in Caryl Phillips|journal=Cultural Critique|date=Spring 2006|volume=63|pages=33–60|ref=harv|doi=10.1353/cul.2006.0014}}
*{{cite web|last=Booker Prize Foundation|title=Caryl Phillips|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/people/caryl-phillips|publisher=Booker Prize Foundation|accessdate=13 June 2012|ref=harv|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027193951/http://themanbookerprize.com/people/caryl-phillips|archivedate=27 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}
*{{cite web|last=British Council|title=Caryl Phillips|url=http://literature.britishcouncil.org/caryl-phillips|publisher=British Council|accessdate=12 June 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Eckstein |first=Lars |title=The Insistence of Voices: An Interview with Caryl Phillips |url=http://ariel.synergiesprairies.ca/ariel/index.php/ariel/article/view/3555/3496 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130115161349/http://ariel.synergiesprairies.ca/ariel/index.php/ariel/article/view/3555/3496 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-01-15 |journal=Ariel |date=April 2001 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=33–43 |ref=harv }}
*{{cite news|last=Jaggi|first=Maya|authorlink=Maya Jaggi|title=Caryl Phillips: The Guardian Profile|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/nov/03/fiction.artsandhumanities|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 November 2001|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Low|first=Gail|title='A Chorus of Common Memory': Slavery and Redemption in Caryl Phillips′ ''Cambridge'' and ''Crossing the River''|journal=Research in African Literatures|date=Winter 1998|volume=29|issue=1|pages=121–141|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|last=Metcalfe|first=Anna|title=Small Talk: Caryl Phillips|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/bcc17536-7a61-11df-9cd7-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1xdTTH6rU|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Financial Times|date=21 June 2010|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|first2=Jenny |last2=Sharpe|title=Of this Time, of that Place|journal=Transition|year=1995|volume=68|pages=154–161|ref={{harvid|Phillips|1995}}|doi=10.2307/2935298}}
*{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=I prefer not to raise my head above the parapet (an interview with Anita Methi)|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/caryl-phillips-i-prefer-not-to-raise-my-head-above-the-parapet-1688887.html|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Independent|date=22 May 2009|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Once upon a life|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/17/caryl-phillips-edinburgh-once-upon-a-life|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Observer (Observer Magazine)|date=17 October 2010|page=14|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Biography: Education and Teaching|year=2005–2010|url=http://www.carylphillips.com/education-teaching.html|work=Caryl Phillips: The Official Website|accessdate=10 September 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Biography:Awards|year=2005–2010b|url=http://www.carylphillips.com/awards.html|work=Caryl Phillips|accessdate=10 September 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Swift|first=Graham|authorlink=Graham Swift|title=Caryl Phillips (An Interview)|journal=BOMB|date=Winter 1992|volume=38|url=http://bombsite.com/issues/38/articles/1511|ref=harv}}

==Further reading==
* Charras, Françoise, "De-Centering the Center: George Lamming’s ''Natives of My Person'' (1972) and Caryl Phillips’s ''Cambridge'' (1991)", in Maria Diedrich, Carl Pedersen and Justine Tally (eds), ''Mapping African America: History, Narrative Form and the Production of Knowledge''. Hamburg: LIT, 1999, pp. 61–78.
* Joannou, Maroula. "'Go West, Old Woman': The Radical Re-Visioning of Slave History in Caryl Phillips’s ''Crossing the River''", in Brycchan Carey and Peter J. Kitson (eds), ''Slavery and the Cultures of Abolition: Essays Marking the Bicentennial of the British Abolition Act of 1807''. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2007.
* Ledent, Bénédicte. ''Caryl Phillips''. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002.
* [http://journal.afroeuropa.eu/index.php/afroeuropa/article/viewFile/57/71 Muñoz-Valdivieso, Sofia, "'Amazing Grace': The Ghosts of Newton, Equiano and Barber in Caryl Phillips's Fiction"]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Afroeuropa'' 2, 1 (2008).
* [[Evelyn O'Callaghan|O’Callaghan, Evelyn]]. "Historical Fiction and Fictional History: Caryl Phillips’s ''Cambridge''”, ''[[Journal of Commonwealth Literature]]'' 29.2 (1993): 34-47.

==External links==
*[http://www.carylphillips.com Caryl Phillips' official website]
*[http://www.L3.ulg.ac.be/phillips The Caryl Phillips Bibliography]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051030080323/http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth80 Caryl Phillips' Writers Page] at the British Council
*[http://english.yale.edu/faculty-staff/caryl-phillips Caryl Phillips at Yale University]
*[http://hdl.handle.net/10079/bibid/4549660 The Caryl Phillips Papers] at the [http://www.library.yale.edu/beinecke/ Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library], Yale University
*[https://www.npr.org/2015/03/21/394127475/lost-child-author-caryl-phillips-i-needed-to-know-where-i-came-from "'Lost Child' Author Caryl Phillips: 'I Needed To Know Where I Came From'"], NPR interview, 21 March 2015.

{{Commonwealth Writers' Prize - Best Book Winners}}

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J’ouvert

2018-05-09T21:14:19Z

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{{refimprove|date=September 2016}}
'''J'ouvert''' ({{IPA-fr|ʒuver}}), or '''Jour Ouvert''', is a large [[street party]] created in Trinidad held during [[Carnival]] though now celebrated throughout many [[Caribbean]] cultures, and subsequently in areas where Caribbean peoples have immigrated. ''J'Ouvert'' is likely a gallicization of ''jou ouvè'', the [[Antillean Creole|Antillean Creole French]] term meaning "dawn" or "daybreak". {{fact|date=April 2018}}

==History==
J'ouvert is celebrated in many countries throughout the Caribbean. J'ouvert is also celebrated in many places outside the Caribbean as part of Carnival celebrations throughout the year, with the biggest celebrations happening in places around the world with large Caribbean [[ex-pat]] communities.<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/bloodshed-nyc-promises-safer-jouvert-festival-41856773 "After Bloodshed, NYC Promises a Safer J'ouvert Festival"] ABC News</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-37024463 "In pictures: Fifty years of the Notting Hill Carnival"] BBC News</ref><ref>[[Caribana]] Wikipedia</ref>

Traditionally, the celebration involves [[Calypso music|calypso]]/[[Soca music|soca]] bands and their followers dancing through the streets. The [[festival]] starts well before dawn and peaks a few hours after sunrise.<ref>[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/up-close-at-trinidads-carnival-45542504/?no-ist "Up Close at Trinidad's Carnival"] Smithsonian.com</ref>

Carnival was introduced to Trinidad by French settlers in 1783, a time of [[slavery]].<ref>[http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Research/SubjectGuide/Carnival/tabid/105/Default.aspx "'Mama Dis is Mas': A Historical Overview of the Trinidad Carnival, 1783 – 1900"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215115554/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Research/SubjectGuide/Carnival/tabid/105/Default.aspx |date=15 December 2014 }} National Library and Information System Authority</ref> Banned from the [[masquerade balls]] of the French, the slaves would stage their own mini-carnivals in their backyards — using their own [[rituals]] and [[folklore]], but also imitating and sometimes mocking their masters’ behavior at the [[masquerade balls]].<ref>[http://www.allahwe.org/History.html "History of Carnival"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831061843/http://www.allahwe.org/History.html |date=2009-08-31 }} All Ah We</ref>

The origins of street parties associated with J'ouvert coincide with the [[abolitionism in the United Kingdom|emancipation]] from [[slavery]] in 1838. Emancipation provided Africans with the opportunity not only to participate in Carnival, but to embrace it as an expression of their newfound freedom. Some theorize that some J'ouvert traditions are carried forward in remembrance of civil disturbances in [[Port of Spain]], [[Trinidad]], when the people smeared themselves with oil or paint to avoid being recognized.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

The [[traditions]] of J'ouvert vary widely throughout the Caribbean. In [[Trinidad and Tobago]] and [[Grenada]], a part of the tradition involves smearing paint, mud or oil on the bodies of participants known as "[[Jab Jabs]]".<ref>[http://www.ncctt.org/new/index.php/carnival-history/trad-carnival-characters/312-traditional-mas-characters-jab-molassie.html "Traditional Mas Characters - Jab Molassie"], National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago</ref><ref>[http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Research/SubjectGuide/Carnival/tabid/105/Default.aspx?PageContentID=81 "Carnival - Traditional Carnival Characters"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215172237/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Research/SubjectGuide/Carnival/tabid/105/Default.aspx?PageContentID=81 |date=15 December 2014 }} National Library and Information System Authority (Trinidad & Tobago)</ref><ref>[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/up-close-at-trinidads-carnival-45542504/?no-ist "Up Close at Trinidad's Carnival"] Smithsonian.com</ref><ref>[http://groundationgrenada.com/2011/08/18/a-carnival-theme-rooted-in-our-traditions-by-dr-nicole-phillip/ "A Carnival Theme Rooted in our Traditions by Dr. Nicole Phillip"] GroundationGrenada.com</ref>

In other countries, J'ouvert is celebrated on the first day of August (Emanicipation Day), and yet for other West Indian countries J'ouvert is observed the night before the daytime "Pretty Mas" parade. Pretty Mas, a bright and festive version of the celebration, features colorful feathers and beaded costumes and is more popular and commercially publicized. J'ouvert values the transgressive dirt, while Pretty Mas celebrates the transcendent glitter.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jedsonline.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Sheriff-.pdf | title = J'ouvert Speaks to the Present. | last = Sheriff | first =Nai-Whedai | date = 2014 | publisher = World Dance Alliance |work= Journal of Emerging Dance Scholarship | access-date = 30 September 2016}}</ref> J'ouvert can further be contrasted with Pretty Mas such that J'ouvert is said to be for "the people" while Pretty Mas is intended for the establishment.

[[Barbados]] does not celebrate J'ouvert, but instead celebrates Foreday Morning, which is often likened to J'ouvert.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Donaldson|first1=Tara|title=How to Do Barbados Crop Over Like a Local|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tara-donaldson/how-to-do-barbados-crop-o_b_5663880.html|accessdate=7 September 2016|work=The Huffington Post|date=11 August 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Trinidad Carnival]]
*[[Caribbean Carnival]]
*[[List of festivals in North America]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.jouvert.com "Trinidad Carnival:The Greatest Show on Earth]
{{Carnival around the world}}

[[Category:Trinidad and Tobago culture]]
[[Category:Caribbean culture]]
[[Category:Carnivals]]
[[Category:Carnivals in the United States Virgin Islands]]
[[Category:Carnivals in Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Carnivals in Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:Carnivals in Anguilla]]
[[Category:Carnivals in Aruba]]
[[Category:Carnivals in Antigua and Barbuda]]
[[Category:Carnivals in Grenada]]
[[Category:Carnivals in the Bahamas]]
[[Category:Carnivals in Haiti]]
[[Category:Carnivals in Jamaica]]
[[Category:Carnivals in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
[[Category:Carnivals in Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
[[Category:Carnivals in Sint Maarten]]
[[Category:Carnivals in Dominica]]
[[Category:Carnivals in the British Virgin Islands]]

Dawda Jawara

2018-04-23T19:48:02Z

Proscribe: tweaks to refs

{{Infobox president
|honorific-prefix =
|name = Sir Dawda Jawara
|honorific-suffix = [[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]]
|image = Dawda Jawara (1979).jpg
|caption = Dawda Jawara (1979)
|order = [[List of heads of state of the Gambia|1st]]
|office = President of the Gambia
|term_start = 24 April 1970
|term_end = 22 July 1994
|vicepresident = [[Sheriff Mustapha Dibba]] [[Assan Musa Camara]] [[Alhajie Alieu Badara Njie]] [[Bakary Bunja Darbo]] [[Saihou Sabally]]
|predecessor = [[Elizabeth II]] as [[Queen of the Gambia]]
|successor = [[Yahya Jammeh]]
|office1 = Vice President of [[Senegambia]]
|term_start1 = 12 December 1981
|term_end1 = 30 September 1989
|president1 = [[Abdou Diouf]]
|office2 = [[Heads of State of the Gambia|Prime Minister of the Gambia]]
|monarch2 = [[Elizabeth II]]
|term_start2 = 12 June 1962
|term_end2 = 24 April 1970
|predecessor2 = [[Pierre Sarr N'Jie]]
|successor2 = ''Office abolished''
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1924|5|16|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Barajally]], [[MacCarthy Island Division]], [[British Gambia]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]{{Dubious |Christian or Muslim? |reason=Article states he converted to Christianity |date=June 2015}}
|spouse = [[Augusta Jawara]] (1955–1967)
|children = [[Bolumbo Jawara]] (1978)
|alma_mater = [[University of Glasgow]] [[University of Liverpool]]
|party = [[People's Progressive Party (Gambia)|People Progressive Party]] (PPP)
}}
'''Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara''', [[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]] (born 16 May 1924)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UiBWDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA145&dq=Dawda+Jawara+1924&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkmN-srZvUAhUHiiwKHaH-BlQQ6AEIKDAC#v=onepage&q=Dawda%20Jawara%201924&f=false Profile of Dawda Kairaba Jawara]</ref> is a Gambian politician who was a significant national leader of [[The Gambia]], serving as its [[Prime Minister of the Gambia|Prime Minister]] from 1962 to 1970, and then as its first [[President of the Gambia|President]] from 1970 to 1994.

Jawara was born in [[Barajally]], [[Central River Division|MacCarthy Island Division]], the son of Mamma Fatty and Almami Jawara. He was educated at the Methodist Boys' School in [[Banjul|Bathurst]] and then attended [[Achimota School|Achimota College]] in [[Ghana]]. He trained as a [[Veterinary surgery|veterinary surgeon]] at the [[University of Glasgow]]'s [[University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine|School of Veterinary Medicine]] and then completed his training at the [[University of Liverpool]]. He returned to The Gambia in 1953 and married [[Augusta Jawara|Augusta Mahoney]], beginning work as a veterinary officer. He decided to enter politics and became secretary of the new [[People's Progressive Party (Gambia)|People's Progressive Party]] (PPP) and was elected to the [[House of Representatives of the Gambia|House of Representatives]] in the [[Gambian legislative election, 1960|1960 election]]. He became the leader of the PPP and then the country's first [[Prime Minister of the Gambia|Prime Minister]] in 1962, only the second ever head of government following [[Pierre Sarr N'Jie]]'s term as Chief Minister.

Under Jawara, The Gambia gained independence from the [[United Kingdom]] in 1965. He remained as Prime Minister and [[Elizabeth II]] remained as head of state as [[Queen of the Gambia]]. In 1970, The Gambia became a republic, with no monarchy, and Jawara was elected as its first President. The greatest challenge to Jawara's power came in 1981 when an attempted coup d'etat took place and soldiers from neighbouring Senegal were forced to intervene, with 400 to 800 deaths reported by the end of the coup attempt. Following the coup attempt, Jawara and Senegalese President [[Abdou Diouf]] announced the creation of the [[Senegambia Confederation]], but it collapsed in 1989.

Jawara continued to rule until 1994 when a [[1994 Gambian coup d'état|coup d'etat]] led by [[Yahya Jammeh]] seized power. Following this, he went into exile, but returned in 2002, and now lives in retirement in The Gambia. At 93, he is currently the oldest living former Gambian president.

==Childhood and early education==

Dawda Jawara was born in 1924 to Almammi Jawara and Mamma Fatty in the village of [[Barajally|Barajally Tenda]] in the central region of The Gambia, approximately {{convert|150|mi|km|disp=flip}} from the capital, [[Banjul]] then called Bathurst. One of six sons, Dawda is the lastborn on his mother’s side and a younger brother to sister Na Ceesay and brothers Basaddi and Sheriffo Jawara.

Their father Almammi, who had several wives, was a well-to-do trader who commuted from Barajally Tenda to his trading post in Wally Kunda. Dawda from an early age attended the local Arabic schools to memorize the [[Quran]], a rite of passage for many Gambian children. There were no primary schools in Barajally Tenda: the nearest was in Georgetown, the provincial capital, but this boarding school was reserved for the sons of the chiefs.

Around 1933, young Jawara’s formal education was sponsored by a friend of his father, a trader named Ebrima Youma Jallow, whose trading post was across the street from Alammi’s in Wally-Kunda. Dawda was enrolled at Mohammedan primary school. After graduation from Mohammedan, Jawara won a scholarship to an all-boys High School, where he enjoyed all his classes, but showed the greatest aptitude in science and mathematics. Upon matriculation in 1945, he worked as a nurse until 1947 at the Victoria Hospital in Bathurst (now Banjul). The limited career and educational opportunities in colonial Gambia led to a year’s stint at [[Achimota College|Prince of Wales College and School]] in [[Achimota]], [[Accra]], in the then [[British Gold Coast|Gold Coast]], where he studied science. While at Prince of Wales College and School (popularly known as [[Achimota College]]), Jawara showed little interest in [[politics]] at a time when Ghana and many colonies in Africa were beginning to become restless for political independence or internal self-government. While he was happy to have met Ghana’s founding father, [[Kwame Nkrumah]], the impact did not prove significant at the time.<ref>Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara, written by Dawda Kairaba Jawara</ref>

After attending Achimota College, Jawara won a scholarship to Scotland’s [[Glasgow University]] to study veterinary medicine. At the time, colonial education was intended to train Africans for the most menial of clerical tasks in the civil service. And it was rare for Gambians to be awarded scholarships in the sciences. It was at Glasgow University in the late 1940s, that Jawara’s interest in politics began. In 1948 he joined the African Students Association and was later elected secretary-general and president, respectively. Also, while at Glasgow, Jawara honed his political interests and skills by joining the Student Labour Party Organization, Forward Group, and became active in labour politics of the time. Though never a "leftist", Jawara immersed himself in the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]’s socialist politics and ideology. At Glasgow Jawara met [[Cheddi Jagan]], who later became Premier of [[British Guiana]], now [[Guyana]]. Jawara classified this period in his life “as very interesting politically”.<ref name=autogenerated1>Saine, 2000</ref> It was a moment of rising Pan-Africanist fervour and personal growth politically. He completed his studies in 1953.

==Return to The Gambia==

When Jawara returned home in 1953 after completing his studies as a veterinary surgeon, he first served as a veterinary officer. In 1955 he married [[Augusta Jawara|Augusta Mahoney]], daughter of Sir John Mahoney, a prominent Aku in Bathurst. The Aku, a small and educated group, are descendants of freed slaves who settled in The Gambia after [[manumission]]. Despite their relatively small size, they came to dominate both the social, political and economic life of the colony. Many opponents{{who|date=April 2015}} claim that it was a pragmatic, albeit an unusual, fulfillment of Jawara’s wish to marry a well-to-do Anglican woman.

As a veterinary officer, Jawara travelled the length and breadth of The Gambia for months vaccinating cattle. In the process, he established valuable social contacts and relationships with the relatively well-to-do cattle owners in the protectorate. This group, with the district chiefs and village heads, in later years formed the bulk of his initial political support. As noted, British colonial policy at that time divided The Gambia into two sections; the colony and the protectorate. Adults in the colony area, which included Bathurst and the Kombo St. Mary sub-regions, were franchised, while their counterparts in the protectorate were not. Political activity and representation at the Legislative Council were limited to the colony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accessgambia.com/information/colonial-government.html|title=Information on Colonial-Government|accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref>

At the time of his return to The Gambia, politics in the colony were dominated by a group of urban elites from Bathurst and the Kombo St. Mary’s areas. At a meeting in 1959 at Basse, a major commercial town almost at the end of The Gambia River, the leadership of the People’s Progressive Society decided to change its name to challenge the urban-based parties and their leaders. Thus was born the Protectorate People’s Party.

The same year, a delegation headed by Sanjally Bojang (a well-off patron and founding member of the new party), Bokarr Fofanah and Madiba Janneh, arrived at Abuko to inform Jawara of his nomination as secretary of the party. Jawara resigned his position as chief veterinary officer in order to contest the 1960 election.<ref>Sir Dawada Kairaba Jawara by Dawada Kairaba Jawara. Published by Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara (December 31, 2009)</ref> The Protectorate People’s Party was renamed the [[People's Progressive Party (Gambia)|People’s Progressive Party]] (PPP) to make the party inclusive as opposed to the generally held perception of it being a Mandinka-based party. Over time, the PPP and Jawara would supersede the urban-based parties and their leaders. This change is what Arnold Hughes termed a "Green Revolution", a political process in which a rural elite emerges to challenge and defeat an urban-based political petty-bourgeoisie.<ref>The Oxford companion to politics of the world by Joël Krieger, Margaret E. Crahan. Published by Oxford University Press, 2001</ref>

Jawara’s ascendance to the leadership of the party was hardly contested. As one of the few university graduates from the protectorate, the only other possible candidate was Dr. Lamin Marena from Kudang.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

==Self-government in The Gambia==

[[File:Jawara - Ben-Gurion - Dayan 1962.jpg|thumb|PM Jawara with [[David Ben-Gurion]] and General [[Moshe Dayan]] during a visit to [[Israel]] in 1962.]]

In 1962, Jawara became [[Prime Minister]], which laid the foundation for PPP and Jawara domination of The Gambia’s political landscape. With Jawara’s rise to power after the 1962 elections, the colonial administration began a gradual withdrawal from The Gambia, and self-government was granted in 1963. Jawara was appointed Prime Minister in the same year, and independence came on February 18, 1965. This completed The Gambia’s peaceful transition from colonial rule.

With a small civil service, staffed mostly by the Aku and urban [[Wolof people|Wollof]]s, Jawara and the PPP sought to build a nation and develop an economy to sustain both farmers and urban dwellers. Many in the rural areas hoped that political independence would bring with it immediate improvement in their life circumstances. These high expectations, as in other newly independent ex-colonies, stemmed partly from the extravagant promises made by some political leaders. In time, however, a measure of disappointment set in as the people quickly discovered that their leaders could not deliver on all their promises.

During the self-government period of 1962-–65, promising overtures were made from Jawara to [[Senegal]]. In November 1962, Jawara asked the [[United Nations]] (UN) to appoint experts to assess the future of Senegal and The Gambia together, which [[U Thant]], the Secretary-General, agreed to. The British attitude was said to be one of "friendly encouragement".<ref>{{Cite news|url=|title=Gambia: A possible union between two new West African states|last=|first=|date=1 December 1962|work=The Sphere|access-date=|page=17}}</ref> In March 1964, following a visit from [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]], intentions to coordinate The Gambia's and Senegal's economic programmes were announced. Particular focus was to be placed on the field of agriculture.<ref>{{Cite news|url=|title=News Summary: Africa|last=|first=|date=21 March 1964|work=The Sphere|access-date=}}</ref>

==The 1981 attempted coup==

The greatest challenge to Dawda Jawara’s rule (other than the coup that ended his power in 1994) was an attempted coup in 1981, headed by a disgruntled ex-politician turned Marxist, [[Kukoi Samba Sanyang]]. The coup, which followed a weakening of the economy and allegations of corruption against leading politicians,<ref name="ucdp.uu.se">[[Uppsala Conflict Data Program]], [http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=60&regionSelect=2-Southern_Africa# Gambia]. In depth: Economic crisis and a leftist coup attempt in 1981. Retrieved 8 July 2013.</ref> occurred on July 29, 1981 and was carried out by the leftist [[National Revolutionary Council (Gambia)|National Revolutionary Council]], composed of Kukoi Samba Sanyang's Socialist and Revolutionary Labour Party (SRLP) and elements of the "Field Force" (a paramilitary force which constituted the bulk of the country's armed forces).<ref name="ucdp.uu.se"/>

President Jawara immediately requested military aid from [[Senegal]] which deployed 400 troops to Gambia on July 31, and by August 6 2,700 Senegalese troops had been deployed and they had defeated the coup leaders' forces.<ref name="ucdp.uu.se"/> Between 500 and 800 people were killed during the coup and the resulting violence.<ref name="ucdp.uu.se"/>

The attempted coup reflected the desire for change, at least on the part of some civilians and their allies in the Field Force. Despite Kukoi’s failure to assume power, the attempted coup revealed major weaknesses within the ruling PPP and society as a whole. The hegemony of the PPP, contraction of intra-party competition and growing social inequalities were factors that could not be discounted. Also crucial to the causes of the aborted coup was a deteriorating economy whose major victims were the urban youth in particular. In his 1981 New Year message, Jawara explained The Gambia’s economic problems thus: {{quote|We live in a world saddled with massive economic problems. The economic situation has generally been characterized by rampant inflation, periods of excessive monetary instability and credit squeeze...soaring oil prices and commodity speculation. These worldwide problems have imposed extreme limitations on the economies like the Gambia.<ref name="Sallah"/>}}

The most striking consequence of the aborted coup was the intervention of the Senegalese troops at the request of Jawara, as a result of the defence treaty signed between the two countries in 1965. At the time of the aborted coup, Jawara was attending the [[Wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer]] in London and flew immediately to [[Dakar]] to consult with [[President of Senegal|President]] [[Abdou Diouf]]. While Senegal's intervention was ostensibly to rescue President Jawara’s regime, it had the effect of undermining Gambian sovereignty, which was something that had been jealously guarded by Gambians and Jawara in particular. Yet it was relinquished expediently. The presence of Senegalese troops in Banjul was testimony to Jawara’s growing reliance on Senegal, which consequently was a source of much resentment.

==Senegambian Confederation==

Three weeks after the aborted coup and the successful restoration of Jawara by Senegalese troops, Presidents Diouf and Jawara, at a joint press conference, announced plans for the establishment of the [[Senegambian Confederation]]. In December 1981, five months after the foiled coup, the treaties of confederation were signed in Dakar.<ref>[http://www.gambia.dk/senegambia_confederation.html The Confederal Document of Senegambia]</ref> The speed with which the treaties were signed and the lack of input from the bulk of The Gambian population suggested to many{{Who|date=July 2013}} that the arrangement was an exercise in political expedience. President Jawara was under great pressure because of the repercussions of the aborted coup and the Senegalese government. Under the treaty with Senegal, Diouf served as president and Jawara as his vice president. A confederal parliament and cabinet were set up with several ministerial positions going to The Gambia. Additionally, a new Gambian army was created as part of a new confederate army.<ref>''Countries and Territories of the World'' Vol III</ref>

The creation of a new Gambian army was cause for concern for many observers.{{Who|date=July 2013}} Such an institution, it was felt, would by no means diminish the recurrence of the events of July 30, 1981, nor would it guarantee the regime’s stability. By agreeing to the creation of an army, Jawara had planted the very seeds of his eventual political demise. The army would in time become a serious contender for political office, different from political parties only in its control over the instruments of violence. Such an atmosphere, however, as the events of 1994 would show, was fertile ground for coups and counter coups.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} Perhaps more important, the creation of a new army diverted limited resources that could have otherwise been used to enhance the strong rural development programmes of the PPP government. The confederation collapsed in 1989.

Jawara did not resort to the authoritarian and often punitive backlash that follows coups in most of Africa. Instead, he made overtures of reconciliation, with judicious and speedy trial and subsequent release of over 800 detainees. Individuals who received death sentence convictions were committed to life in prison instead, and many prisoners were released for lack of sufficient evidence. More serious offenders were tried by an impartial panel of judges drawn from Anglophone [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawar|author= Dawda K Jawara}}</ref> International goodwill toward the regime was immediate and generous and before long, Jawara had begun a process of political and economic reconstruction of the country.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}

==Economic reform==

The Gambia was incorporated into the world economy as a supplier of agricultural exports (largely groundnuts) and tourism. Since independence, there has been little change in the structure of the economy, which remains very heavily dependent on groundnut production. Agriculture and tourism are the dominant sectors and also the main sources of foreign exchange, employment, and income for the country. Thanks to the growing economy, the government introduced in the 1970s the policy of 'Gambianisation', which led to an expansion of the state’s role in the economy. There was a 75 percent increase in total government employment over the period from 1975 to 1980.<ref>Ebrima G. Sankareh, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200608160905.html "Gambia: 'President Jammeh Oks Gambianization of Moroccans,' Says Foreign Ministry Official"], ''The Gambia Echo'', 16 August 2006, via AllAfrica.</ref>

In mid-1985, The Gambia under Jawara initiated the Economic Recovery Program (ERP), one of the most comprehensive economic adjustment programmes devised by any country in sub-Saharan Africa.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} With the aid of a team of economists from the [[Harvard Institute for International Development]] and the [[International Monetary Fund]], The Gambia greatly reformed the economic structure of the country. Under ERP, in 1985–86, the deficit was 72 million Dalasis, and it increased to 169 million Dalasis in 1990–91.<ref>Budget Speech, 15 June 1990.</ref> However, by mid-1986, just a year after the ERP was established, the revival of The Gambian economy had begun. The government reduced its budget deficit, increased its foreign exchange reserves, and eliminated its debt service arrears.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book |title=Economic Recovery in the Gambia: Insights for Adjustmet in Sub-Saharan Africa |editor1-first=Malcolm F. |editor1-last=McPherson |editor2-first=Steven C. |editor2-last=Radelet |publisher=Harvard Press |year=1995 |isbn=0674229754 }}</ref>

Under the ERP, economic opportunities became more abundant, and many private businessmen and public officials turned to illegal means to make profit. Corruption created a serious legitimacy crisis for the PPP. Several cases of corruption were revealed and these seriously indicted the PPP regime.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} The Gambia Commercial Development Bank collapsed, largely due to its failure to collect loans. The Asset Management and Recovery Corporation (AMRC) was set up under an [[Act of Parliament]] in 1992, but the PPP government was not willing to use its influence to assist AMRC in its recovery exercise. This was particularly embarrassing because the people and organisations with the highest loans were close to PPP. In an embezzlement scheme at The Gambia Cooperative Union (GCU), fraud was revealed in Customs,<ref name=autogenerated2 /> and through the process of privatisation, it was discovered that many dummy loans had been given to well-connected individuals at GCDB.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

A group of para-statal heads and big businessmen closely associated with the PPP (nicknamed the Banjul Mafia) were seen as the culprits responsible for corruption in the public sector.<ref name="Sallah">{{cite journal |title=Economics and Politics in the Gambia |first=Tijan M. |last=Sallah |authorlink=Tijan Sallah|journal=Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=28 |issue=4 |year=1990 |pages=621–648 |jstor=160924 |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00054768}}</ref> Driven to make profit, many elites did not refrain from manipulating state power to maintain a lifestyle of wealth and privilege. Corruption had become a serious problem in The Gambia, especially during the last two years of the PPP rule.

By 1992, The Gambia was one of the poorest countries in Africa and the world, with a 45-year life expectancy at birth, an infant mortality rate of 130 per 1000 live births, a child mortality rate of 292 per 1000, and an under-five mortality rate of 227 per 1000. At that time, 120 out of every 1000 live births died of malaria. The Gambia also had a 75 percent illiteracy rate, only 40 percent of the population had access to potable water supply, and over 75 percent of the population were living in absolute poverty.<ref>[http://resourcepage.gambia.dk/demogrph/ras_2.htm Demographic Profile of The Gambia – Population]</ref>

[[Structural adjustment]] programmes implemented in response to the economic crisis resulted in government fragmentation, privatisation, less patronage in co-opting various groups and growing corruption. The 30 years the PPP regime operated with diminished resources and therefore could no longer rule as it always had. The credibility of the competitive party system was severely challenged as Jawara’s PPP was unable to show that good economic management could lead to benefits for the majority of society.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}

==Regime survival==

With Jawara’s precarious hold on power at Gambian independence, his low [[caste]] status constituted a grave handicap and one which threatened to overshadow his strengths (most notably, a university education). The two pre-independence challenges to Jawara’s position demonstrated his vulnerability and illustrated the fact that he could not rely upon the undivided loyalty of the party’s founding members. At independence Jawara’s lieutenants regarded him as their representative, almost a nominal leader, and clearly intended him to promote their personal advancement.

Given these circumstances, Jawara’s task was to overcome his low caste status, assert his authority over the party and secure control over its political direction. In doing this, he did not use coercion. Politically inspired “disappearances” were never an element of PPP rule; neither opponents nor supporters suffered harassment or periods of detention on fabricated charges. That Jawara was able to eschew coercive techniques and still survive reflected an element of good fortune, and yet his skillful political leadership was also crucial. Within his own party Jawara was fortunate to be surrounded by individuals willing to refrain from violence to achieve their goals, and yet much of the credit for this restraint must go to Jawara—his skilful manipulation of patronage resources, cultivation of affective ties and shrewd balancing of factions within the PPP. Lacking the coercive option, and given that affective ties, which had to be earned, were a medium- to long-term resource, Jawara initially relied heavily on instrumental ties and distribution of patronage. His limited resource base posed an obvious, though not insurmountable, problem. Within the ruling group, ministerial positions—which provided a generous salary, perks and for some, access to illicit wealth—constituted the most sought after form of patronage and yet, before 1970, the number of ministerial posts did not exceed seven.<ref>{{cite journal |title=From Green Uprising to National Reconciliation: The people's Progressive Party in The Gambia 1959–1973 |first=Arnold |last=Hughes |journal=[[Canadian Journal of African Studies]] |year=1975 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=61–74 |doi=10.1080/00083968.1975.10803727 }}</ref> By 1992 the number remained a comparatively modest fourteen. Despite these limits, Jawara skillfully used all the various permutations of patronage distribution (appointment, promotion, termination, demotion and rehabilitation) to dramatise his power over subordinates’ political futures and entrench himself as leader.

After independence, in response to the pre-1965 challenges to his authority, Jawara moved to reduce the size, cohesion and authority of the founding members as a group. Many of the party’s earliest adherents (even those who showed no outward sign of disloyalty) lost ministerial posts during the early years of PPP rule. Jawara may not have used force, but neither was he hampered by sentiment; his pragmatism and willingness to demote, or even drop, former supporters in order to strengthen his personal political position was apparent. Jawara further strengthened his political position with the incorporation of new sources of support within the ruling group.

His enthusiasm for political accommodation stemmed from the closely related imperatives of weakening the influence of the PPP’s original members and avoiding political isolation. The original group resented the fact that newcomers had not participated in the early struggle for power and yet were now enjoying the fruits of their labour. The secondary factor of ethno-regional considerations compounded this resentment; those who were co-opted came from all ethnic groups in the former colony and protectorate.

Jawara’s popular support and cultivation of effective ties were crucial for easing the pressure on scarce patronage resources. Although the skilful distribution of patronage and associated tolerance of corruption (to be discussed later) played an important role in the PPP’s survival, Jawara did not rely on elite-level resource distribution as heavily as some of his counterparts.

==Corruption and political survival==

For many years observers viewed corruption in The Gambia as significantly less prevalent than in many other African states. In retrospect this view appears overstated, though it is true that corruption did not reach the heights seen elsewhere. Jawara himself refrained from excessive self-enrichment and many of his lieutenants followed suit. Conflicting survival imperatives—in particular, the need for foreign aid and popular support, both of which were unlikely to be forthcoming under a thoroughly corrupt regime, persuaded Jawara to set some limits on “allowable” corruption. The possibility of exposure in parliament or by the press provided a further constraint.

Nevertheless, events during the closing years of the [[People's Progressive Party (Gambia)|People's Progressive Party]] rule together with post-coup revelations and inquiries suggest that corruption was both a significant phenomenon and one which played an important role in the PPP’s survival. Jawara understood the political advantages of corruption. Fundamentally, corruption formed an important component of the patronage network, facilitating elite accumulation. It provided a means of creating and sustaining mutually beneficial and supportive relationships between PPP politicians (headed by Jawara), senior civil servants and Gambian businessmen.

Initially, then, corruption played a significant part in the survival of the PPP, uniting political, bureaucratic and business interests in a series of mutually beneficial and supportive relationships. In the longer term, however, it served to undermine the regime. Perhaps the first indication of this occurred in 1981 when, during the coup attempt of that year, Kukoi Samba Sanyang cited “corruption and the squandering of public funds” as a primary motive of intervention. No doubt there was a strong element of opportunism in Sanyang’s actions, yet the fact that he seized upon corruption as a suitable justification for his actions reflected increasing public awareness of the problem.

Just a month prior to the coup, Reverend Ian Roach had spoken out publicly against corruption, the local press reported numerous instances of low-level bureaucratic theft, and higher up, Jawara’s leniency towards the ministers and civil servants towards the end of the 1970s was widely resented. The increased public awareness of corruption weakened the PPP regime and furnished the 1994 conspirators with a suitable pretext for intervention. Since many soldiers reportedly regarded their unsatisfactory living conditions as a manifestation of corruption, it also gave them a motive. Jawara may have underestimated the real risk a new army would pose to himself and the country, and in fact, may have dragged his feet in dealing accordingly with corruption. To this accusation he responded:{{Quote|sign=|source=|I believe in the rule of law and democracy. We are a poor country where petty jealousies exist. One buys a car or builds a house, so he must be corrupt, and Jawara did not do anything. I am expected to serve as a judge and policeman at the same time. At the Cooperative Union it was agreed that a Presidential Commission be established to investigate alleged corruption. Action was taken, then the coup occurred. We must let the law take its course. We were serious to run a government according to the rule of law and for this we were highly rated and respected.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sir Dawada Kairaba Jawara|author= Dawada Kairaba Jawara|publisher= Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara|date=December 31, 2009}}</ref>}}

Many African leaders are aware of the positive relationship between popular support and elite acquiescence. However, resource shortages had more likely than not persuaded leaders to priorities in favour of elites. In The Gambia two additional factors persuaded Jawara to pursue a somewhat different route to political survival. On the one hand, the PPP needed to win successive multi-party elections. On the other, Jawara’s rejection of coercion as a survival technique meant that overt public challenges could not simply be suppressed; it was vital the latent threat posed by specific societal groups remain dormant. Fortunately, Jawara did have a great deal of public support.

==1994 coup==

{{main|1994 Gambian coup d'état}}

In December 1991, Jawara announced that he would not seek re-election [[Gambian general election, 1992|in 1992]]. After 30 years leading his country, he decided to retire. However, such panic greeted his announcement, that he consented to stand for re-election again. The question of his retirement continued to loom over The Gambia's political future, however, and dissent mounted. He was re-elected with 56% of the vote.<ref>Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p. 420 {{ISBN|0-19-829645-2}}</ref>

On 22 July 1994, a group of soldiers led by Lieutenant [[Yahya Jammeh]] stormed the capital. The coup was successful and Jawara was exiled until 2002. Compared with the previous attempt to overthrow Jawara, though, this coup was deemed "bloodless". Jawara escaped unharmed: he was taken to Senegal by an American warship that was in the area when the coup began. Jawara had hoped that his work would create an economically prosperous society based on his priorities: democracy, unity, and tolerance for personal differences. However the new self-appointed, five-man ruling council dissolved the constitution and established a nationwide curfew until democracy was reinstated.

He returned to The Gambia as an elder statesman, but cannot take part in politics for the rest of his life. He went to [[Nigeria]] in 2007 after being selected to head a West African team ([[ECOWAS]]) to assess Nigeria's preparedness for [[Nigerian general election, 2007|its April 2007 presidential election]]. He currently lives in the town of [[Fajara]].<ref>[http://www.statehouse.gm/jawara24june.html Office of The Gambian President: State House Online: Yahya A.J.J. Jammeh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221143325/http://www.statehouse.gm/jawara24june.html |date=21 February 2008 }}</ref> On 3 February 2017 Jawara was visited at his home by the newly elected President [[Adama Barrow]] and pledged to render support to [[Cabinet of the Gambia|Barrow's government]].<ref>[http://statehouse.gov.gm/news/sir-dawda-pledges-support-to-president-barrows-government/ Sir Dawda pledges support to President Barrow’s Government]</ref>

==Depiction on Gambian currency==

Sir Dawda's portrait is depicted on various banknotes & coins of The Gambia[[Gambian dalasi|n dalasi]] from 1971 to 1994.

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}
The Gambia Echo [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130070357/http://thegambiaecho.com/Homepage/tabid/36/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/1263/Default.aspx]
https://web.archive.org/web/20110711025433/http://freedomnewspaper.com/Homepage/tabid/36/mid/367/newsid367/5105/Gambia-Who-is-Kairaba-/Default.aspx

==External links==

{{Portal|The Gambia|Biography|Politics}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061212113732/http://www.gambianow.com/home/ More stories of ex-Gambian president's legacy]

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{{S-bef|before=[[Pierre Sarr N'Jie]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Heads of Government of The Gambia|Prime Minister of the Gambia]]|years=1962–1970}}
{{S-aft|after=none}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Elizabeth II]]|as=[[Queen of the Gambia]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Heads of Government of The Gambia|President of the Gambia]]|years=1970–1994}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Yahya Jammeh]]}}
{{S-dip}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Ibrahim Babangida]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Economic Community of West African States|Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States]]|years=1989–1990}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Blaise Compaoré]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Blaise Compaoré]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Economic Community of West African States|Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States]]|years=1991–1992}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Abdou Diouf]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{GambianPresidents}}

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the National Order of Mali]]
[[Category:Leaders ousted by a coup]]
[[Category:Alumni of Achimota School]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Gambia]]
[[Category:Government ministers of the Gambia]]
[[Category:People's Progressive Party (Gambia) politicians]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1981]]
[[Category:People from Central River Division]]
[[Category:Gambian veterinarians]]

Mary Charles George

2018-04-20T18:59:01Z

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{{Infobox person
| name = Mary Charles George
| image = Mary_Charles_George.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Mary Georgina McGregor Charles
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1913|05|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Phillips Village, [[Christ Church Nichola Town Parish]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2008|03|18|1913|05|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Molyneux, Saint Kitts|Molyneux]], Christ Church Nichola Town Parish, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| nationality = Kittitian
| spouse = Valdemar George (m. 1975)
| other_names = Mary Charles
| occupation = educator
| years_active = 1925–78
| known_for = first woman to run for public office in Saint Kitts and Nevis
| notable_works =
}}
'''Mary Charles George''' [[Order of the British Empire|O.B.E.]] (10 May 1913 — 18 March 2008) was a [[Kittitian]] educator. She taught school in St. Kitts for 43 years before moving to the [[Virgin Islands]], where she taught for another decade. She was the first woman in St. Kitts and Nevis to run for public office. For her contributions to education in the Caribbean, she was honoured with the [[Order of the British Empire]] from [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and granted a life membership in the [[Caribbean Union of Teachers]]. A hospital in [[Molyneux, Saint Kitts]], and the teaching excellence award of the St. Kitts Teachers’ Union are named in her honour.

==Biography==
Mary Georgina McGregor Charles was born on 10 May 1913 in Phillips Village, [[Christ Church Nichola Town Parish]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis|St. Kitts]], to Henry and Francis Charles. She attended Leach Infant School in Phillips Village and then the Estridge Government School. She passed her Seventh Standard Exam at the age of 12 and enrolled in the pupil-teacher program.{{sfn|Moravian Newsletter|2008|p=2}} This was a system used widely in the [[British West Indies|Anglo-Caribbean]] which allowed students, usually between the ages of 14 and 17, to further their education at reduced tuition by teaching younger students. At the end of an additional three-years study, and passing an examination, pupil-teachers qualified as uncertified teachers. If they contracted for another three-year pupil-teaching term and passed their examination, the teachers became fully qualified.{{sfn|Dunkley|2011|p=78}}

==Career==
After successfully passing three such examinations, Charles obtained, in 1932, a scholarship to enroll in the two-year course offered by [[Spring Gardens Teacher Training College]] in [[Antigua]]. Returning to St. Kitts in 1934, she was unable to secure a paid position and worked as an unpaid teacher at Estridge Government School until the following year. At that time, she was hired as an assistant teacher at St. Paul’s Government School. She taught at St. Paul’s until 1945, when she accepted a position as the head teacher in Palmetto Point at the Trinity Government School. After three years, she returned to Estridge Government School as head teacher. She lived in Molineux and rode her bicycle daily to the school, for which she received a transportation allowance. In 1956, she was transferred as head teacher to the Cayon Government School, where she taught for the next 12 years. During this time, she also served as a school inspector.{{sfn|Moravian Newsletter|2008|p=2}} The following year, Charles' sister, Isa Isaac, died leaving five children in need of care.<ref name="nephew story">{{cite web|title=Mary Charles|url=http://miyvue.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2250:mary-charles&catid=59:profiles&Itemid=66|accessdate=3 February 2016|publisher=MiyVue|date=16 May 2011|location=St. Kitts}}</ref> Charles took in the boys and raised them.<ref name="Eulogy">{{cite news|author=|title=Kittitian Icon Passes Mary Charles-George O.B.E Passes On|url=http://www.sknvibes.com/obituaries_new/Obituary_Info_main.cfm/975/1|accessdate=3 February 2016|publisher=''SKN Vibes''|date=March 2008|location=Basseterre, St. Kitts}}</ref> She returned to Molineux in 1968, and retired from government service two years later.{{sfn|Moravian Newsletter|2008|p=2}}

Charles served as a member of the Moravian Provincial Synod meeting, held in Antigua, as part of the St. Kitts delegation in 1969.{{sfn|Moravian Newsletter|2008|p=3}} and briefly taught at the George Moody Stuart Memorial School at the sugar factory, located in Golden Rock, [[Basseterre]].{{sfn|Moravian Newsletter|2008|p=2}} Then in 1971, as the first woman candidate in St. Kitts and Nevis, Charles ran for election on the ticket of the [[People’s Action Movement]].<ref name="West Indies News Network">{{cite news|last1=Frederick|first1=Toni|title=First Elected Female MP lauds Historic PAM Election|url=http://www.winnfm.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3854:first-elected-female-mp-lauds-historic-pam-election&catid=15,62&Itemid=105&device=iphone|accessdate=3 February 2016|publisher=''West Indies News Network''|date=16 April 2013|location=Basseterre, St. Kitts}}</ref> She didn't win and soon moved to the Virgin Islands. Charles taught in [[Tortola]], [[British Virgin Islands]], for 18 months{{sfn|Moravian Newsletter|2008|p=2}} and then moved to [[Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands]], where she continued to teach. In 1975,{{sfn|Moravian Newsletter|2008|p=3}} she married Valdemar Henrique George (1910–2000) and they made their home in [[Christiansted, U.S. Virgin Islands|Christiansted]].<ref name="husband's obit">{{cite news|author=|title=Valdemar Henrique George Dead At 90|url=http://stcroixsource.com/content/community/people/2000/09/07/valdemar-henrique-george-dead-90|accessdate=3 February 2016|publisher=''St. Croix Source''|date=7 September 2000|location=St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands}}</ref> George retired from teaching after 53 years in 1978<ref name="Eulogy" /> and the following year, she was made a life-time member of the Caribbean Union of Teachers. In recognition of her many years of service to education, George was honoured by [[Queen Elizabeth II]] with the [[Order of the British Empire]] in the New Year’s Honours for 1985.{{sfn|Moravian Newsletter|2008|p=3}} The following year, a hospital in Molyneux was completed which was named in her honour as the Mary Charles Hospital.<ref name="Hospital profile">{{cite web|title=Health and Welfare|url=http://countrystudies.us/caribbean-islands/104.htm|publisher=US Country Studies|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Hospital">{{cite news|author=|title=Mary Charles to Be Upgraded in Next Fiscal Year|url=http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/00/09/86/10/00111/07-18-2014.pdf|accessdate=3 February 2016|publisher=''The Labour Spokesman''|date=11 July 2014|location=Basseterre, St. Kitts|page=20}}</ref>

After her husband's death, George returned to St. Kitts.<ref name="husband's obit" /> She died on 18 March 2008 in [[Molyneux, Saint Kitts]].<ref name="Eulogy" /> Posthumously, the St. Kitts Teachers’ Union named an award, the "Mary Charles-George Award", in her honour to recognize teaching excellence.<ref name="award">{{cite news|last1=Ferlance|first1=Jenise|title=Two Newtown members awarded for community dedication|url=http://www.sknvibes.com/news/newsdetails.cfm/64073|accessdate=3 February 2016|publisher=''SKN Vibes''|date=2 October 2012|location=Basseterre, St. Kitts}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Dunkley|first=D. A.|title=Readings in Caribbean History and Culture: Breaking Ground|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1afekbKfREAC&pg=PA78|year=2011|publisher=Lexington Books|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0-7391-6847-9}}
*{{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Moravian Newsletter|2008}}|author=|title=Mary Georgina McGregor Charles-George|journal=The Information|date=April 2008|pages=2-3|url=http://moravians.net/joomla/information/archive2008/information_newsletter_april_2008.pdf|accessdate=3 February 2016|publisher=Moravian Provincial Headquarters|location=St. John's, Antigua}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:George, Mary Charles}}
[[Category:Articles created via the Article Wizard]]
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis educators]]
[[Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis people of African descent]]
[[Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis women in politics]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:People from Christ Church Nichola Town Parish]]

Lesley Nneka Arimah

2018-04-02T08:53:36Z

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Caribbean Voices

2018-03-11T01:24:42Z

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[[File:Pauline Enriques Sam Sevlon Caribbean Voices 1952.jpg|thumb|350x350px|[[Pauline Henriques]] and [[Samuel Selvon]] reading a story on Caribbean Voices, 1952.]]
{{italic title}}
'''''Caribbean Voices''''' was a radio programme broadcast by the [[BBC World Service]] from [[Bush House]] in [[London]], [[England]], between 1943 and 1958. It is considered "the programme in which West Indian literary talents first found their voice, in the early 1950s."<ref>Pamela Beshoff, [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-john-figueroa-1079752.html "Obituary: John Figueroa"], ''The Independent'', 11 March 1999.</ref> ''Caribbean Voices'' nurtured many writers who went on to wider acclaim, including [[Samuel Selvon]], [[Edward Kamau Brathwaite]], [[V. S. Naipaul]], [[Derek Walcott]], [[John Figueroa]], [[Andrew Salkey]], [[Michael Anthony (author)|Michael Anthony]], [[Edgar Mittelholzer]] and others.

==History==

''Caribbean Voices'' evolved out of the BBC’s first programme for Caribbean listeners, ''Calling the West Indies'', launched in 1939 to give West Indian soldiers in the British army an opportunity to connect with family at home during the [[Second World War]] by reading letters on air to family at home in the Caribbean.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2011/03/110330_legacy_about_us.shtml "About us"], BBC Caribbean, 31 March 2011 (archived page).</ref> [[Jamaica]]n writer and activist [[Una Marson]] was hired in 1941 to work on the original programme, and by the following year she had become the West Indies producer, turning the programme, renamed ''Caribbean Voices'', into a forum where Caribbean writing was broadcast.<ref>Montague Kobbe, [http://www.thedailyherald.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18991:una-marson&catid=24:weekender&Itemid=37 "Una Marson"], ''The Daily Herald'', 22 July 2011.</ref> When Marson returned to Jamaica in 1946, [[Henry Swanzy]] took over as producer, making an "indelible mark": "Under his editorship, ''Caribbean Voices'' took the form of a creative workshop around the craft of writing, in which writers were offered encouragement and informed criticism. He made it known that he wanted the programme to be filled with 'authenticity' and 'local colour,' reflecting the diversity of the region."<ref>Philip Nanton and [[Anne Walmsley]], [https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/mar/20/guardianobituaries "Henry Swanzy - Pioneering BBC producer whose literary programmes launched a generation of Caribbean writers"], Obituary in ''The Guardian'', 20 March 2004.</ref> Swanzy left in 1955, and on his departure ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]'' wrote: “West Indian writers freely acknowledge their debt to the BBC for its encouragement, financial and aesthetic. Without that encouragement the birth of a Caribbean literature would have been slower and even more painful than it has been”.<ref>[[Marina Salandy-Brown]], [http://www.newsday.co.tt/commentary/0,176428.html "Swanzy meets La Rose"], ''Trinidad and Tobago Newsday'', 18 April 2013.</ref>

During the life of the series, "some 400 stories and poems, along with plays and literary criticism, were broadcast", from some 372 contributors, of whom 71 were women.<ref>Philip Nanton, "Caribbean Voices", in [[David Dabydeen]], John Gilmore, Cecily Jones (eds), ''The Oxford Companion to Black British History'', Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 94-5.</ref>

==Legacy==
[[Kamau Brathwaite]] has described ''Caribbean Voices'' as "the single most important literary catalyst for Caribbean creative and critical writing in English".<ref>Edward Kamau Brathwaite, ''History of the Voice: The Development of Nation Language in Anglophone Caribbean Poetry'', London: [[New Beacon Books|New Beacon]], 1984, p. 87.</ref> A key figure in the BBC's Caribbean Service at the time was [[Andrew Salkey]] as presenter; his programmes "became a glittering showcase for a generation of writers, including [[Sam Selvon]] and [[George Lamming]], who had made London their second home. Established and aspiring authors were chivvied, cajoled, gently chastised, inspired and schooled to produce new work for radio on the ''Caribbean Voices'' programme over which Andrew Salkey often presided."<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-andrew-salkey-1619715.html Obituary of Andrew Salkey by Stuart Hall] in ''The Independent'', 16 May 1995.</ref> Other notable writers nurtured by the programme in the 1950s include [[V. S. Naipaul]], [[Derek Walcott]], [[John Figueroa]], [[Michael Anthony (author)|Michael Anthony]], [[Edgar Mittelholzer]], [[Gloria Escoffery]], [[Ian McDonald (Guyanese writer)|Ian McDonald]] and [[Shake Keane|E. M. "Shake" Keane]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2011/05/110505_specials_lead.shtml BBC Caribbean.com], Archive.</ref><ref>Colin Rickards, [http://www.stabroeknews.com/2010/features/11/15/remembering-edgar-mittelholzer-part-1/ "Remembering Edgar Mittelholzer: Part 1"], ''Stabroek News'', 15 November 2010.</ref><ref>Juanita Cox, [http://www.stabroeknews.com/2008/guyana-review/05/28/literature/ "Edgar Austin Mittelholzer: A Caribbean Voice"], ''Stabroek News'', 28 May 2008.</ref><ref name=Nanton>Philip Nanton, [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/40654114?uid=3739200&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21101953165923 "What Does Mr. Swanzy Want - Shaping or Reflecting? An assessment of Henry Swanzy's contribution to the development of Caribbean Literature"], ''Caribbean Quarterly'', Vol. 46, No. 1 (March 2000), pp. 61-72.</ref>

Two volumes of poetry broadcast on the programme were compiled and edited by John Figueroa:<ref name=Nanton /> ''Caribbean Voices'', vol. 1: ''Dreams and Visions'' (1966), and vol. 2, ''The Blue Horizons'' (1970).

In 2009, a two-part documentary radio series about ''Caribbean Voices'' was produced by [[Colin Grant (author)|Colin Grant]] on the BBC World Service.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/documentaries/2009/07/090721_caribbean_voices_1.shtml "Caribbean Voices"], BBC World Service, 21 July 2009 (archived page).</ref>

==Further reading==
* H. L. V. Swanzy, [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/40652453?uid=3738032&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21101930931523 "Caribbean Voices: Prolegomena to a West Indian Culture"], ''Caribbean Quarterly'', Vol. 1, No. 2 (July August September 1949), pp. 21–28.
* Philip Nanton, [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/40654114?uid=3739200&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21101953165923 "What Does Mr. Swanzy Want - Shaping or Reflecting? An assessment of Henry Swanzy's contribution to the development of Caribbean Literature"], ''Caribbean Quarterly'', Vol. 46, No. 1 (March 2000), pp. 61–72.
* Gail Low, [http://arts.brunel.ac.uk/gate/entertext/2_1_pdfs/low.pdf "Publishing Commonwealth: The Case of West Indian Writing, 1950-65"]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. EnterText 2.1.
* Glyne A. Griffith, [http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/small_axe/v005/5.2griffith.html "Deconstructing Nationalisms: Henry Swanzy, Caribbean Voices and the Development of West Indian Literature"], ''Small Axe'', Number 10 (Volume 5, Number 2), September 2001, pp. 1–20.
* Juanita Cox, [http://www.stabroeknews.com/2008/guyana-review/06/26/literature-2/ "Edgar Austin Mittelholzer: A Caribbean voice (Part 2)"], ''Stabroek News'', 26 June 2008.
* [[Alison Donnell|Donnell, Alison]] (2011), "Heard but not seen: women’s short stories and the BBC’s Caribbean Voices programme", in Evans, L., McWatt, M. and Smith, E. (eds), ''The Caribbean Short Story: Critical Perspectives''. Leeds, UK: [[Peepal Tree Press]], pp. 29–43.
* Letizia Gramaglia & Malachi McIntosh, "Censorship, Selvon and Caribbean Voices: 'Behind the Humming Bird' and the Caribbean Literary Field", ''[[Wasafiri]]'', Volume 28, Issue 2, 2013, Special Issue: ''Brighter Suns: Sixty Years of Literature from Trinidad'', pp. 48–54.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.open.ac.uk/socialsciences/diasporas/conference/pdf/calling_the_west_indies.pdf "Calling the West Indies: the BBC World Service and ''Caribbean Voices''"], by Darrell Newton, Ph.D.
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003nwck ''Caribbean Voices'' documentary, Part 1], BBC World Service, July 2009 (BBC iPlayer).
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003r67y ''Caribbean Voices'' documentary, Part 2], BBC World Service, July 2009 (BBC iPlayer).
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2011/03/110330_legacy_about_us.shtml BBC Caribbean.com] (archived page).
{{BBC World Service}}

[[Category:Caribbean-British culture]]
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Julia Stephen

2017-12-20T01:11:59Z

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{{Infobox Person
| name = Julia Stephen
| image = Julia Prinsep Stephen, née Jackson (1846–1895), Formerly Mrs Duckworth.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Julia Stephen by [[Jacques-Emile Blanche]]{{efn|Based on a photograph by Julia Margaret Cameron c. 1864–1867. Vanessa Bell also based her portrait ''The Red Dress'' on the same photograph<ref name=Milroy30/>}}
| birth_name = Julia Prinsep Jackson
| birth_date = February 7 1846
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]]
| death_date = {{death date and age |1895|05|05 |1846|02|07 }}
| death_place = 22 Hyde Park Gate, London
| death_cause = [[Heart failure]], secondary to [[Influenza]]
| resting_place = [[Highgate Cemetery]], London{{sfn|VW|2014}}
| residence = 22 [[Hyde Park Gate]], London
| other_names =
* Julia Duckworth
* Julia Duckworth Stephen
* Julia Prinsep Stephen
| known_for =
| education =
| relatives = [[Julia Margaret Cameron]] (aunt)
| spouse =
* Herbert Duckworth (1867–1870)
* [[Leslie Stephen]] (1878–1895)
| children = 7
{{collapsible list|
* [[George Herbert Duckworth|George]] (1868–1934)
* Stella (1869–1897)
* [[Gerald Duckworth|Gerald]] (1870–1937)
* [[Vanessa Bell|Vanessa]] (1879–1961)
* [[Thoby Stephen|Thoby]] (1880–1906)
* [[Virginia Woolf|Virginia]] (1882–1941)
* [[Adrian Stephen|Adrian]] (1883–1948)
}}
| website =
| footnotes =
| nationality =
}}
'''Julia Stephen''' (1846 – 1895) was a celebrated English beauty and [[philanthropist]] and a [[Pre-Raphaelite]] [[model (art)|model]]. She was the wife of the [[biographer]] [[Leslie Stephen]] and mother of [[Virginia Woolf]] and [[Vanessa Bell]], members of the [[Bloomsbury Group]].

Born in India, the family returned to England when Julia Stephen was two years old. She became the favourite model of her aunt, the celebrated photographer, [[Julia Margaret Cameron]], who took over 50 portraits of her. Through another maternal aunt, she became a frequent visitor at [[Little Holland House]], then home to an important literary and artistic circle, and came to the attention of a number of Pre-Raphaelite painters who portrayed her in their work. Married to Herbert Duckworth, a barrister in 1867, she was soon widowed with three children. She remarried in 1878, and she and Leslie Stephen had four children, living at 22 [[Hyde Park Gate]] in Kensington. Many of her seven children became notable. In addition to her family duties and modelling, she took up nursing, writing a short book of her experiences, ''Notes from Sick Rooms'' in 1883. She also wrote children's stories for her family, eventually published posthumously as ''Stories for Children''. The Stephens entertained many visitors at their London home and their summer residence at [[St. Ives, Cornwall]]. Her daughter, the writer, Virginia Woolf, provides a number of insights into their domestic life in both her autobiographical and fictional work. Julia Stephen died at her home following an episode of influenza in 1895, at the age of 49, when her youngest child was only 11.
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Life==

=== Family and early life ===
[[File:Little Holland House.jpg|thumb|[[Little Holland House]], demolished 1871]]
Julia Stephen was born in [[Calcutta]], India, in 1846 as Julia Prinsep Jackson, the third of three daughters of Maria (Mia) Pattle (1818–1892) and Dr John Jackson (1804–1887), Adeline Maria (1837-1881), Mary Louisa (1840-1916) and Julia.{{sfn|Smith|2011}} Maria Pattle was one of seven sisters, known for their beauty. Amongst these was her aunt and godmother, Julia Margaret Pattle ([[Julia Margaret Cameron]] 1815–1879), the [[photographer]] who took many photographs of her niece.{{sfn|Garnett|2004}}
{{ahnentafel top|width=100%|collapsed=no}}
{{ahnentafel-compact4
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|1=1. Julia Prinsep Jackson 1846–1895
|2=2. Dr John Jackson 1804–1887
|3=3. Maria Pattle 1818–1892
|4=4. George Jackson
|5=5. Mary Howard
|6=6. James Peter Pattle 1775-1845
|7=7. Adeline Maria de l'Etang 1793-1845
|8=8. William Jackson
|9=9. Susannah Dean
|10=10. William Howard
|11=11. Elizabeth Mitford
|12=12. Thomas Pattle
|13=13. Sarah Haselby
|14=14. Antoine Ambrose Pierre de l'Etang 1757-1840
|15=15. Therese Josephe Blin de Grincourt 1767-1866
}}
{{ahnentafel bottom}}

The Pattle sisters and their families provided important connections for Julia and her mother. These included Virginia Pattle (d. 1910), who married (1850) Lord Charles Eastnor, later the [[third Earl Somers]]. Their eldest daughter (Julia's cousin) was [[Lady Isabella Caroline Somers-Cocks]] (1851–1921), the temperance leader, while the younger, [[Adeline Marie Russell, Duchess of Bedford|Lady Adeline Marie]] (1852–1920) became the Duchess of Bedford. Julia and her mother were frequent guests at [[Eastnor Castle]], the home of Lord Charles and Lady Virginia. Yet another sister, Sarah Pattle (d. 1887), married [[Henry Thoby Prinsep]] and their home at [[Little Holland House]] was an important intellectual centre and influence on Julia, that she would later describe to her children as "[[Bohemianism|bohemian]]".{{sfn|Wilkes|2014}} One of their sons, another of Julia's many cousins, was the artist, [[Valentine Cameron Prinsep]].{{sfn|Garnett|2004}}

Julia and her mother returned to England in 1848, when Julia was two, Dr Jackson following later in 1855, the family living in [[Hendon]] at Brent Lodge, where Julia was home schooled. Julia's sisters, Mary and Adeline were married in 1856 and 1862, respectively,{{sfn|Smith|2011}} leaving Julia as her mother's companion and caretaker.{{sfn|Garnett|2004}} It was at Little Holland House that Julia came to the attention of [[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood|Pre-Raphaelite]] painters such as [[Edward Burne-Jones]] (1833–1898), [[George Frederic Watts]] (1817–1904) and [[William Holman Hunt]] (1827–1910), all of whom she [[modelled]] for (''see [[#Gallery1|Gallery I]]'') as well as [[Frederick Leighton]] (1830–1896). She was also introduced to writers such as [[William Thackeray]] (1828–1909) and [[George Meredith]] (1828–1909).<ref name=Kukil31a/><ref name=Kukil38g/> Julia was much admired, her mother observing that every man who met her in a railway carriage fell in love with her. In 1864, at the age of 18, she declined [[marriage proposals]] from both Hunt and the [[sculptor]], [[Thomas Woolner]], another Pre-Raphaelite.{{sfn|Garnett|2004}}

=== Marriage ===
==== (1) Herbert Duckworth 1867–1870 ====

On May 4 1867, at the age of 21, Julia married Herbert Duckworth (1833−1870), a [[barrister]] she had first met in 1862. The marriage was a happy one and the couple had three children;
* [[George Herbert Duckworth|George]] (1868–1934), a senior [[civil servant]]
* Stella b.1869
* [[Gerald Duckworth|Gerald]] (1870–1937), founder of Duckworth Publishing.

Gerald Duckworth was born six weeks after his father's premature death in September 1870, at the age of 37, from an undiagnosed [[abscess]]. Married for only thrtee years, Julia was devastated by her husband's death, lying on his grave. She described her life as a shipwreck, but kept herself going for the sake of her children. At the same time, her grief embued her with a sense of stoicism and awareness of suffering and she made a decision to reject religion.{{sfn|Garnett|2004}}

==== (2) Leslie Stephen 1878–1895 ====
[[File:Sir Leslie Stephen by George Frederic Watts 1878.jpeg|thumb|Leslie Stephen (1832–1904) in 1878, painted by [[George Frederic Watts|George Watts]] and presented to Julia Stephens as a wedding present]]
Julia had become aware of the [[biographer]], [[Leslie Stephen]] (1832–1904) through his writings on agnosticism,and through a mutual friend, [[Anne Thackeray]] (Anny, 1837–1919), the writer and daughter of [[William Makepeace Thackeray]]. Stephen had married Anne's younger sister Minny (Harriet Marian) Thackeray (1840–1875) in 1867, but she died in childbirth in 1875, leaving him with one [[handicapped]] daughter, Laura Makepeace Stephen (1870–1945). After Harriet's death, Stephen lived with Anny and he became closer to Julia, who helped them move to 11 [[Hyde Park Gate]] South in [[Kensington]] in 1876, next door to her at number 13.{{efn|A [[cul-de-sac]] running south from [[Kensington Road]], just west of the [[Royal Albert Hall]], and opposite [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]]}} This was a highly respectable part of London, and Leslie Stephen himself had been born at number 42.{{sfn|Wilson|1987}}{{sfn|Nadel|2016}} Anny Thackeray married on August 2 1877, but in the meantime Leslie Stephen and Julia Duckworth had developed a closer friendship, and he proposed to her. She declined, and they agreed to remain friends. However, she soon changed her mind, and on 26 March 1878, they were married and moved to 22 Hyde Park Gate, where she lived for the rest of her life, and the family till her husband's death in 1904.{{sfn|Bicknell|1996}} Meanwhile she continued her modeling career, Burne-Jones' ''Annunciation'' being completed in 1879, the year of her daughter, Vanessa's birth.{{sfn|Garnett|2004}}

In 1881 the Stephen's acquired Talland House, as a summer residence in [[St. Ives, Cornwall]]. In both London and Cornwall, Julia was perpetually entertaining, and was notorious for her manipulation of her guests' lives, constantly [[matchmaking]] in the belief everyone should be married, the domestic equivalence of her [[philanthropy]].{{sfn|Garnett|2004}}

Julia and Leslie Stephen had four children:
* [[Vanessa Bell|Vanessa]] (1879–1961), married [[Clive Bell]]
* [[Thoby Stephen|Thoby]] (1880–1906)
* [[Virginia Woolf|Virginia]] (1882–1941), married [[Leonard Woolf]]
* [[Adrian Stephen|Adrian]] (1883–1948), married [[Karin Costelloe]]

=== Relationships with family ===

Virginia Woolf invoked the image of her mother in a number of her autobiographical essays, including ''22 Hyde Park Gate'' (1921).{{sfn|Woolf|1976}}writings. She also alludes to her childhood in her fictional writing. In ''[[To The Lighthouse]]'' (1927) the artist, Lily Briscoe, attempts to paint Mrs Ramsay, a complex character based on Julia Stephen, and repeatedly comments on the fact that she was "astonishingly beautiful". Leslie Stephen writes about her in tones of reverence in his ''Mausoleum Book'',{{sfn|Stephen|1977}} written for the children after her death.{{efn|After Julia's death in 1895, Leslie Stephen compiled an [[epistolary novel|epistolary]] [[memoir]] and photograph album for the children. The memoir (''Mausoleum Book'') remained known only to the family till published in 1977.{{sfn|Stephen|1977}} The photograph album is available, in part, on line{{sfn|Kukil|2011}}}}{{sfn|Kukil|2011}} It is evident that she lived a lie devoted both to her family and to the needs of others. Woolf drew a sharp distinction between her mother's work and "the mischievous philanthropy which other women practise so complacently and often with such disastrous results". She describes her degree of sympathy, engagement, judgement and decisiveness, and her sense of of both irony and the absurd. She recalls trying to recapture "the clear round voice, or the sight of the beautiful figure, so upright and distinct, in its long shabby cloak, with the head held at a certain angle, so that the eye looked straight out at you".{{sfn|Woolf|1976}} Ultimately the demands on her selflessness became too much. She dealt with her husband's depressions and his need for attention, which created resentment in her children, boosted his self confidence, nursed her parents in their final illness, and had many commitments outside the home that would eventually wear her down. Woolf was ambivalent about this, yet eager to separate herself from this model of utter selflessness. She describes it as "boasting of her capacity to surround and protect, there was scarcely a shell of herself left for her to know herself by"{{sfn|Woolf|1976}} At the same time she admired the strengths of her mother's womanly ideals. Julia greatly admired her husband's intellect, and although she knew her own mind, thought little of her own. As Woolf observed "she never belittled her own works, thinking them, if properly discharged, of equal, though other, importance with her husband's". She believed with certainty in her role as the centre of her activities, and the person who held everything together.{{sfn|Garnett|2004}}

=== Death ===
[[File:The grave of Sir Leslie Stephen, Highgate Cemetery, London.JPG|thumb|Julia Stephen's Grave, [[Highgate Cemetery]]]]
On 5 May 1895, Julia died at her home, of [[heart failure]] brought on by [[influenza]] at the age of 49. She left her husband with four young children aged 11 to 15 (her children by her first marriage being adult by then). She was buried on 8 May at [[Highgate Cemetery]], where her husband and son Thoby were also later [[interred]]{{sfn|Gérin|1981|loc=p. 178}}{{sfn|Garnett|2004}} Her wealth at her death is listed as ₤5483 17s 1d.{{efn|Stephen Julia Prinsep of 22 Hyde-park-gate South Kensington Middlesex (wife of Leslie Stephen) died 5 May 1895 Probate London. 26 July to the said Leslie Stephen gentleman Effects ₤5483 17s 1d{{sfn|Archives|2017}}}}{{sfn|Archives|2017}}

== Work ==

=== Model ===
Julia Stephens is best known for being a model, not ony of Pre-Raphaelite painters, but also her photographer aunt, Julia Julia Margaret Cameron. Julia Stephen was Julia Margaret Cameron's favourite model (''see [[#Gallery2|Gallery II]]''). Cameron was fascinated to the degree of obsession by Julia, with over 50 portraits, more than any other subject. One of these she titled "My Favorite Picture of all my works". In this her eyes, are downcast and averted from the lens, a more sentimental effect than the dramatic frontal view of "My niece Julia full face" shown here. In this portrait, the subject appears to stare assertively at the photographer, as if saying: "I am, like you, my own woman."{{sfn|Thurman|2003}}

In addition to her tireless contributions to running the Stephen household, she worked to support friends and [[supplicants]]. She had a strong sense of [[social justice]], travelling around London by bus, nursing the sick in hospitals and [[workhouses]]. She would later write about her nursing experience in her ''Notes from Sick Rooms'' (1883).{{sfn|Woolf|2012}} This is a discussion of good nursing practices, demonstrating fine attention to detail. A notable passage is her description of the misery caused by crumbs in the bed. Her work was not only practical but she was also an advocate, for instance publishing a protest on behalf of [[inmate|inmates]] whose ration of beer had been removed by [[temperance movement|temperance]] campaigners (''[[Pall Mall Gazette]]'', 4 October 1879). She also wrote an impassioned defence of [[agnostic]] women in 1880, arguing against claims that agnosticism was incompatible with spirituality and philanthropy.{{sfn|Garnett|2004}}

==== Gallery ====
{{anchor|Gallery1}}{{Gallery |title=I. Julia Stephen in Art |width=160 | height=170 |align=center |footer=|File:Burne ,Princess Sabra Led to the Dragon.jpg |Burne-Jones: ''The Princess Sabra Led to the Dragon'', 1866 |File:Edward Burne-Jones The Annunciation.jpg|Burne-Jones: ''The Annunciation'', 1879}}
{{anchor|Gallery2}}{{Gallery |title=II. Julia Margaret Cameron's photographs of Julia Stephen |width=160 | height=170 |align=center |footer=| File:Cameron julia jackson.jpg|My niece Julia full face, April 1867{{sfn|Wilkes|2014}}|File:Julia my favourite.jpg|My Favorite Picture of all my works, my niece Julia (Jackson), 1867|File:Julia Duckworth in Garden, by Julia Margaret Cameron.jpg |Julia Duckworth in Garden, 1872 }}

=== Views ===

Julia had firm views on the role of women in society. She was not a feminist, and with [[Octavia Hill]] (1838–1912), a close friend, signed a petition against female suffrage in 1889. Rather, she believed that women had their own role and their own role models. She referred her daughters to [[Florence Nightingale]] (1820–1910), Octavia Hill and the novelist [[Mary Augusta Ward|Mrs Humfry Ward]] (1851–1920) as models.{{sfn|Garnett|2004}}

=== Publications ===

Julia Stephen's literary output consists of two works. One was a small volume, entitled ''Notes from Sick Rooms'', published by her husbands publisher, Smith, Elder in 1883, an account of her nursing experience. It was later published in conjunction with Virginia Woolf's ''[[On Being Ill]]'' (1926).{{sfn|Oram|2014}} The other is a collection of stories she told to her children, entitled ''Stories for Children''. Her stories tended to promote the value of family life and the importance of being kind to animals. Sometimes, such as in ''Cat's Meat'', they reflect the tensions in Julia's own life. She also wrote the biographical entry for Julia Margaret Cameron in the ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]'' of which her husband was the first editor (1885–1891).{{sfn|JPS|1886}}{{sfn|Garnett|2004}}

==== List of publications ====
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Stephen|first=Julia D.|authorlink=Julia Stephen|editor1-last=Steele|editor1-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Gillespie|editor2-first=Dianne F|title=Julia Duckworth Stephen: Stories for Children, Essays for Adults|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwquiPrOd9EC|year=1993|publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8156-2592-6}}
* {{cite book|last1=Woolf|first1=Virginia|authorlink=Virginia Woolf|title=On Being Ill, with Notes from Sick Rooms by Julia Stephen.|date=2012|origyear=1926, 1883|publisher=Paris Press|ISBN=978-1-930464-13-1 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=J.P.S.|authorlink=Julia Prinsep Stephen|title=Cameron, Julia Margaret|page=300|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofnati08stepuoft#page/300/mode/2up/search/cameron|ref={{harvid|JPS|1886}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Stephen|1886}}
{{refend}}

== Legacy ==

Julia Stephen has been described as an austerely beautiful [[muse]] of the Pre-Raphaelites, and her image comes down to us through countless paintings and photographs.{{sfn|Thurman|2003}} George Watt's portrait of Julia (1875) hung at 22 [[Fitzroy Square]] for some time, and later at Vanessa Bell's [[Charleston Farmhouse]] in Sussex,{{sfn|Humm|2010}} where it still hangs.{{sfn|Arts Council|2017}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em|refs=

<ref name=Milroy30>{{harvnb|Milroy|2017|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=axFNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 p. 30; Note 14]}}</ref>

<ref name=Kukil31a>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/31a.htm Julia Prinsep Jackson, c.1856]}}</ref>
<ref name=Kukil38g>{{harvnb|Kukil|2011|loc=[https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/38ga.htm Julia Stephen reading a book at Talland House, 1892]}}</ref>
}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
=== Books and chapters===

* {{cite book|last=Annan|first=Baron Noël Gilroy Annan|authorlink=Noel Annan, Baron Annan|title=Leslie Stephen: the Godless Victorian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33C7AAAAIAAJ|year=1984|publisher=[[Random House]]|isbn=978-0-394-53061-1|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Bicknell|editor1-first=John W|title=Selected Letters of Leslie Stephen: Volume 1. 1864-1882|date=1996|publisher=Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=9781349248872|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2WwCwAAQBAJ|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Bicknell|editor1-first=John W|title=Selected Letters of Leslie Stephen: Volume 2. 1882-1904|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFZbAAAAMAAJ|date= 1996|publisher=[[Ohio State University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8142-0691-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Broughton|first=Trev Lynn|title=Men of Letters, Writing Lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4s6IAgAAQBAJ|date= 2004|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-134-89156-6|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Dejardin|editor-first=Ian AC|title=Vanessa Bell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axFNDgAAQBAJ|date= 2017|publisher=[[Philip Wilson Publishers]]|isbn=978-1-78130-051-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Ender|first=Evelyne|title=Architexts of Memory: Literature, Science, and Autobiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMRuB2f-EYMC|year=2005|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|isbn=0-472-03104-X|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gérin|first1=Winifred|authorlink=Winifred Gérin|title=Anne Thackeray Ritchie: a biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UDZbAAAAMAAJ|date=1981|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-812664-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Humm|first= Maggie|title=Edinburgh Companion to Virginia Woolf and the Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJgkDQAAQBAJ|year=2010|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-7486-3553-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Nadel|first=Ira|authorlink=Ira Nadel|title=Virginia Woolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjNmDQAAQBAJ|date= 2016|publisher=[[Reaktion Books]]|isbn=978-1-78023-712-1|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Rosner|first=Victoria|title=The Cambridge Companion to the Bloomsbury Group|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k66BAwAAQBAJ|date=2014|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-107-01824-2|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Stape|first=John Henry|title=Virginia Woolf: Interviews and Recollections|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-DzbEyvgfAC|year=1995|publisher=[[University of Iowa Press]]|isbn=978-0-87745-494-6|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Stephen|editor1-first=Leslie|editorlink=Leslie Stephen|title=Dictionary of National Biography. vol. VIII Burton Cantwell|date=1886|publisher=Elder, Smith & Co.|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati08stepuoft|ref=harv}} (''see also'' [[Dictionary of National Biography]])
* {{cite book|last=Stephen|first=Leslie|editor-last=Bell|editor-first=Alan S|authorlink=Leslie Stephen|title=Sir Leslie Stephen's Mausoleum Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G1FbAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-0-19-812084-1|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Stephen|first1=Virginia|last2=Stephen|first2=Vanessa|last3=Stephen|first3=Thoby|authorlink1=Virginia Woolf|authorlink2=Vanessa Bell|authorlink3=Thoby Stephen|title=Hyde Park Gate News: The Stephen Family Newspaper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eJBlAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=[[Hesperus Press]]|isbn=978-1-84391-701-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Jean Moorcroft|title=Virginia Woolf's London: A Guide to Bloomsbury and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_CRcyUYWzrIC|year=1987|publisher=[[Tauris Parke]] Paperbacks|isbn=978-1-86064-644-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Woolf|first=Virginia|authorlink=Virginia Woolf|editor-last= Schulkind|editor-first=Jeanne|title=Moments of being: unpublished autobiographical writings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4lbAAAAMAAJ|year=1976|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|isbn=978-0-15-162034-0|ref=harv}} (''see also'' [[Moments of Being]])
* {{cite book|last1=Milroy|first1=Sarah|title=Some rough eloquence|pages=25–39|ref={{harvid|Milroy|2017}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Dejardin|2017}}

=== Articles ===

* {{cite journal|last1=Bell|first1=Quentin|authorlink=Quentin Bell|title=The mausoleum book|journal=A Review of English Literature|date=1965|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9-18}}
* {{Cite ODNB|last=Garnett|first= Jane |id=46943|title=Stephen [née Jackson], Julia Prinsep (1846–1895)|authorlink=|date=23 September 2004|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Matar|first1=Hisham|title=The Unsaid: The Silence of Virginia Woolf|journal=[[The New Yorker]]|date=10 November 2014|url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/unsaid-silence-virginia-woolf|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Oram|first1=Richard|title=Drawing parallels: Virginia Woolf’s “On Being Ill” and Julia Stephen’s “Notes from Sick Rooms”|journal=Ransom Center Magazine|date=17 April 2014|url=http://sites.utexas.edu/ransomcentermagazine/tag/julia-prinsep-duckworth/|publisher=[[Harry Ransom Center]]: The [[University of Texas at Austin]]|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Thurman|first1=Judith|title=Angels and Instincts: A Julia Margaret Cameron retrospective|journal=[[The New Yorker]]|date=17 February 2003|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2003/02/17/angels-and-instincts|ref=harv}}

=== Websites ===

* {{cite web|last=VW|authorlink=The Victorian Web|title=Funerary sculpture: Sir Leslie Stephen|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/sculpture/funerary/211.html|website=[[The Victorian Web]]|accessdate=15 December 2017|date=29 September 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|title=Julia Prinsep Stephen (1846 - 1895): wife/mother/writer/volunteer|url=https://www.smith.edu/woolf/genogram_current/HTMLFiles/HTMLFiles_01/P2.html|website=Woolf, Creativity and Madness|publisher=[[Smith College]]|accessdate=15 December 2017|date=22 Mar 2011|ref={{harvid|Smith|2011}}}} (''Family tree'')
* {{cite web|last1=Wilkes|first1=Robert|title=Virginia Woolf and the Victorian Art World|url=https://dantisamor.wordpress.com/tag/julia-stephen/|website=Pre-Raphaelite Reflections|accessdate=16 December 2017|date=5 August 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|title=Find a will. Index to wills and administrations (1858-1995)|url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar/AddToBasket#calendar|website=[[Calendars of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration]]|publisher=[[The National Archives]]|accessdate=19 December 2017|ref={{harvid|Archives|2017}}}}

;External images
* {{cite web|last1=Kukil|first1=Karen V.|title=Leslie Stephen's Photograph Album|url=http://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/stephen/|publisher=Smith College|location=Northampton MA|date=2011|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|last=Arts Council|authorlink=Arts Council England|title=Julia Stephen, 1870: George Frederic Watts (1817–1904). Charleston|url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/julia-stephen-73875|website=Art UK|publisher=[[Arts Council England]]|accessdate=17 December 2017|ref={{harvid|Arts Council|2017}}}}

{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons}}

{{Virginia Woolf|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stephen, Julia}}
[[Category:1846 births]]
[[Category:1895 deaths]]
[[Category:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood artists' models]]
[[Category:Virginia Woolf]]

Grenada Boys’ Secondary School

2017-12-04T08:06:51Z

Proscribe: /* Origins */ minor c/e, links

{{Infobox school
| name = Grenada Boys' Secondary School
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| motto = Non Palma Sine Labore
| motto_translation = No Reward Without Labour
| location = Tanteen
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| city = St. George
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'''Grenada Boys' Secondary School''' ('''GBSS''') is a [[secondary school]] in [[Grenada]]. It is one of the oldest secondary schools on the island.

==Origins==
The Grenada Boys’ Secondary School, initially known as the St. George’s Grammar School officially, opened on 2 February 1885, at Mrs. Grey’s premises in Hospital Street (the present location of [[First Caribbean International Bank]] on Church Street) in St. George’s, with 10 male students.

In 1910–11 the school was restructured and renamed Grenada Boys’ Secondary School and was relocated to Melville Street at the present site of the Police Barracks. The new premises was officially opened on September 18, 1911 with an enrolment of 23 students. In May 1946 the school was relocated to Tanteen to wooden barracks, which previously housed the Windward Island battalion for [[World War II]]. The wooden barracks were destroyed by hurricane Ivan in 2004. The school experienced severe destruction from two fires in April and June 2005. The school’s auditorium was refurbished, through the sponsorship of [[Digicel]] in 2005. The first phase of the new school was constructed from 2006 to 2008 by the government of Grenada funded by the [[World Bank]].

The GBSS has been mainly a boys’ school but girls have also attended especially for the sixth form (A-level) years. Girls were admitted into Form I from 1982 during the reign of the Peoples’ Revolutionary Government to 1987, but were phased out by 1991.

The school roll is 835 male students. The faculty consists of Principal, 50 Teachers and two Counselors. The school can be found on [[Facebook]].<ref>[http://www.facebook.com/thegbss Grenada Boys' Secondary School] on Facebook.</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Kirani James]]
* [[Paul Scoon|Sir Paul Scoon]]
* [[Leo de Gale|Sir Leo Victor de Gale]]<ref>[http://www.gov.gd/biographies/leo_degale_bio.html "Biography: Sir Leo De Gale"],
Government of Grenada.</ref>
* [[Herbert Blaize]]<ref>[http://www.gov.gd/biographies/herbert_blaize_bio.html "Biography: Herbert Augustus Blaize"], Government of Grenada.</ref>
* [[Nicholas Brathwaite|Sir Nicolas Brathwaite]]<ref>[http://www.gov.gd/biographies/nicholas_brathwaite_bio.html "Biography: Sir Nicholas Alexander Brathwaite"], Government of Grenada.</ref>
* [[Peter David (politician)|Peter David]]
* [[K. Dwight Venner]]
* [[Kurt Felix (athlete)|Kurt Felix]]
* [[Lindon Victor]]
* [[Corey Ollivierre]]
* [[Junior Murray]]
* [[Vincent Darius]]
* [[Jacob Ross]]<ref>[http://www.peepaltreepress.com/authors/jacob-ross "Jacob Ross"] at Peepal Tree Press.</ref>{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=November 2017}}|

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/bnccde/grenada/conference/papers/cox.html ''The Grenada Boys' Secondary School and the Debate Over Secondary Education in Grenada, 1885-1946''] by Edward L. Cox; accessed 10 June 2007

{{coord missing|Grenada}}

[[Category:Schools in Grenada]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1885]]
[[Category:1885 establishments in Grenada]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in St. George's, Grenada]]

Grenada Boys’ Secondary School

2017-12-04T07:57:45Z

Proscribe: cleanup

{{Infobox school
| name = Grenada Boys' Secondary School
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'''Grenada Boys' Secondary School''' ('''GBSS''') is a [[secondary school]] in [[Grenada]]. It is one of the oldest secondary schools on the island.

==Origins==
The Grenada Boys’ Secondary School, initially known as the St. George’s Grammar School officially opened on 2 February 1885, at Mrs. Grey’s premises in Hospital Street (the present location of First Caribbean International Bank on Church Street) in St. George’s, with 10 male students.

In 1910 –1911 the school was restructured and renamed Grenada Boys’ Secondary School and was relocated to Melville Street at the present site of the Police Barracks. The new premises was officially opened on September 18, 1911 with an enrolment of 23 students. In May 1946 the school was relocated to Tanteen to wooden barracks, which previously housed the Windward Island battalion for [[World War II]]. The wooden barracks were destroyed by hurricane Ivan in 2004. The school experienced severe destruction from two fires in April and June 2005. The school’s auditorium was refurbished, through the sponsorship of DIGICEL in 2005. The first phase of the new school was constructed from 2006 to 2008 by the government of Grenada funded by the [[World Bank]].

The GBSS has been mainly a boys’ school but girls have also attended especially for the sixth form (A-level) years. Girls were admitted into Form I from 1982 during the reign of the Peoples’ Revolutionary Government to 1987, but were phased out by 1991.

The school roll is 835 male students. The faculty consists of Principal, 50 Teachers and two Counselors. The school can be found on [http://www.facebook.com/thegbss Facebook.]

==Notable alumni==
* [[Kirani James]]
* [[Paul Scoon|Sir Paul Scoon]]
* [[Leo de Gale|Sir Leo Victor de Gale]]<ref>[http://www.gov.gd/biographies/leo_degale_bio.html "Biography: Sir Leo De Gale"],
Government of Grenada.</ref>
* [[Herbert Blaize]]<ref>[http://www.gov.gd/biographies/herbert_blaize_bio.html "Biography: Herbert Augustus Blaize"], Government of Grenada.</ref>
* [[Nicholas Brathwaite|Sir Nicolas Brathwaite]]<ref>[http://www.gov.gd/biographies/nicholas_brathwaite_bio.html "Biography: Sir Nicholas Alexander Brathwaite"], Government of Grenada.</ref>
* [[Peter David (politician)|Peter David]]
* [[K. Dwight Venner]]
* [[Kurt Felix (athlete)|Kurt Felix]]
* [[Lindon Victor]]
* [[Corey Ollivierre]]
* [[Junior Murray]]
* [[Vincent Darius]]
* [[Jacob Ross]]<ref>[http://www.peepaltreepress.com/authors/jacob-ross "Jacob Ross"] at Peepal Tree Press.</ref>{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=November 2017}}|

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/bnccde/grenada/conference/papers/cox.html ''The Grenada Boys' Secondary School and the Debate Over Secondary Education in Grenada, 1885-1946''] by Edward L. Cox; accessed 10 June 2007

{{coord missing|Grenada}}

[[Category:Schools in Grenada]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1885]]
[[Category:1885 establishments in Grenada]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in St. George's, Grenada]]

Amina Mama

2017-11-30T09:55:45Z

Proscribe: /* Background */ typo

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| name = Amina Mama
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1958|09|19}}
| birth_place = [[Kaduna]], [[Colonial Nigeria]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| residence = [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], California, USA
| nationality = Nigerian/British
| era =
| region =
| religion =
| school_tradition = [[feminism]], [[postcolonialism]]
| main_interests = women, [[militarism]], police, [[neoliberalism]], Africa
| books =
| notable_ideas =
| institutions = [[Mills College]], [[University of California, Davis]], [[Global Fund for Women]], ''[[Feminist Africa]]''
| influences = [[Amina]] of Zazzau, [[Hajia Gambo Sawaba]], [[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]], [[Karl Marx]], [[Louis Althusser]], [[Antonio Gramsci]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Simone de Beauvoir]], [[Frantz Fanon]], [[Nkrumah]], [[Edward Said]], [[Michel Foucault]], [[Bessie Head]], [[Nawal El Saadawi]], [[Alifa Rifaat]], [[Ama Ata Aidoo]], [[Flora Nwapa]], [[Angela Davis]], [[Audre Lorde]]<ref>Amina Mama", [http://www.gwsafrica.org/feminist-thinkers/amina-mama GWS Africa], 5 August 2008.</ref>
| influenced =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = {{URL|http://www.mills.edu/academics/faculty/eths/amama/amama_cv.php}}
}}
'''Amina Mama''' (born 19 September 1958) is a Nigerian-British writer, feminist and academic. Her main areas of focus have been post-colonial, militarist and gender issues. She has lived in Africa, Europe, and North America, and worked to build relationships between feminist intellectuals across the globe.

==Background==
Mama was born in northern Nigeria<ref>[http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/features/one-way-ticket-just-isnt-an-option/200759.article "One-way ticket just isn't an option"], ''Times Higher Education'', 13 January 2006.</ref> in 1958 in a mixed household. Her father is [[People of Nigeria|Nigerian]] and her mother is English.<ref name="Mama1995">{{cite book|last=Mama|first=Amina|title=Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender and Subjectivity|year=1995|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415035449|pages=79|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fKR42BIjdxwC}}</ref> According to Mama, her eclectic family background and upbringing has shaped her worldview.<ref name="GWS"/> In 1992 she married [[Nuruddin Farah]],<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3482800054/farah-nuruddin-1945.html "Farah, Nuruddin"], Encyclopedia.com.</ref> with whom she has two children.<ref>Dinitia Smith, "[https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/19/books/a-somali-author-as-guide-to-a-dantean-inferno.html A Somali Author as Guide to a Dantean Inferno]", ''New York Times'', 19 May 2004.</ref>

She grew up in [[Kaduna]], an ethnically and religiously diverse town in northern Nigeria. Her ancestral roots on her paternal side trace back to [[Bida]].<ref name="GWS">{{cite web|last=Mama|first=Amina|title=GWS Africa – Amina Mama|url=http://www.gwsafrica.org/category/person/amina-mama|publisher=GWS Africa|accessdate=27 October 2012}}</ref> Several members of Mama's family were involved in the development of the post-colonial local educational system.<ref name="WW interview">Amina Mama interviewed by Elaine Salo, "Talking about Feminism in Africa", reproduced in ''Women's World'' from ''Agenda'', "African Feminisms I", no. 50 (2001).</ref> In 1966, she left her community in Nigeria due to anti-[[Muslim]] riots.<ref>"[http://womensbuilding.org/twb/index.php/amina-mama Amina Mama] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109172659/http://womensbuilding.org/twb/index.php/amina-mama |date=9 November 2013 }}", ''The Women's Building'', accessed 24 October 2012.</ref>

==Career==
Mama moved from Nigeria to the UK and pursued further education at the [[University of St. Andrews]], [[Scotland]] (1980, Bachelor of Science, with Honours, in Psychology), at the [[London School of Economics and Political Science]], [[University of London]] (1981, Master of Science in Social Psychology) and at [[Birkbeck, University of London|Birkbeck College, University of London]], where in 1987 she received her doctorate in [[organizational psychology]] with her thesis entitled "Race and Subjectivity: A Study of Black Women".<ref name="MillsBio"/> Some of her early work involves comparing the situations of British and Nigerian women.<ref>See editor's preface to Mama's "Black Women, the Economic Crisis, and the British State", reprinted in ''Modern Feminisms'' (1992), ed. Maggie Humm, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hOpVmxvwskMC&lpg=PR13&ots=QaS_Tmi7z7&dq=%22amina%20mama%22%20-%22amina%20mama%22&lr&pg=PA150#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 150].</ref> She moved to the [[Netherlands]] and then back to Nigeria, only to encounter [[Kaduna#Religious_strife|more upheaval]] in 2000.<ref name=MacGregor/> Then she moved to South Africa, where she began to work at the historically white [[University of Cape Town]] (UCT). At UCT, she became the director of the [[African Gender Institute]] (AGI) and helped to found its journal ''[[Feminist Africa]]''.<ref name=MacGregor>Karen MacGregor, "[http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=200759 One-way ticket just isn't an option]", ''Times Higher Education'', 13 January 2006. Accessed 16 November 2012.</ref> Mama remains the editor of ''Feminist Africa''.<ref name="MillsBio"/>

In 2008, Mama accepted a position at [[Mills College]] in [[Oakland, California]], United States. After moving, she commented: "I have learned America isn't just a big, bad source of imperialism."<ref name=Wolf>Andrea Wolf, "Scholar describes issues facing African women", ''Contra Costa Times'', 22 May 2008.</ref> Professor Mama became Barbara Lee Distinguished Chair in Women's Leadership at Mills—the first person to hold this position.<ref name="MillsBio">[http://www.mills.edu/academics/faculty/eths/amama/amama_cv.php#publications Amina Mama]" faculty page at Mills College.</ref> She co-taught a class called "Real Policy, Real Politics" with [[Barbara Lee|Congresswoman Lee]] on topics concerning African and African-American women, including gender roles, poverty, [[HIV/AIDS]], and militarism.<ref>Quynh Tran, "[http://www.mills.edu/news/2008/newsarticle02062008AminaMama.php International Feminist Scholar Teams with U.S. Congresswoman Lee to Teach Real Politics at Mills College] ", ''Mills College Newsroom'', 5 February 2008.</ref> She is also Chair of the Department of Gender and Women Studies at the [[University of California, Davis]].<ref>"[https://archive.is/20130415233111/http://asci.researchhub.ssrc.org/amina-mama/person_view Amina Mama]" on SSRC (Social Science Research Council), accessed 24 October 2012.</ref>

Mama is the Chair of the board of directors for the [[Global Fund for Women]], and advises several other international organisations. She has sat on the board of directors of the [[United Nations Research Institute for Social Development]].<ref name="MillsBio"/>

Mama serves on the advisory board for the feminist academic journals ''Meridians'' and ''[[Signs (journal)|Signs]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iupress.indiana.edu/pages.php?pID=87&CDpath=4|title=Indiana University Press - Meridians - IU Press Journals|website=Indiana University Press|language=en|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://signsjournal.org/about-signs/masthead/|title=Masthead|date=2012-08-22|work=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref>

One of her best known works is ''Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender and Subjectivity''. She is also involved in film work. In 2010, she co-produced the movie ''The Witches of [[Gambaga]]'' with [[Yaba Badoe]].<ref>Yaba Badoe interviewed by Paul Boakye: "Women in Film: Yaba Badoe on The Witches of Gambaga", Colorful Times, 1 October 2010.</ref><ref>"[http://www.witchesofgambaga.com/about/ ''The Witches of Gambaga'': About]", accessed 24 October 2010.</ref>

==Thought==
Mama describes herself as a feminist and not a [[Womanism|womanist]], arguing that feminism originates in Africa and that white feminism "has never been strong enough to be 'enemy'—in the way that say, global capitalism can be viewed as an enemy".<ref name="WW interview"/> She has criticised discourses of [[women in development]] for stripping gender studies of politically meaningful feminism.<ref>Thandika Mkandawire (ed.), "Introduction" to ''African Intellectuals: Rethinking Politics, Language, Gender and Development'', London: Zed Books and [[Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa|CODESRIA]], 2006.</ref> She has also argued that [[Higher education in Africa|African universities]] continue to show entrenched patriarchy, in terms of both interpersonal sexism and institutional gender gaps.<ref>Candes Keating, "Universities riddled with gender bias, says UCT prof", ''Cape Argus'', 9 August 2007.</ref>

A primary area of interest for Mama has been gender identity as it relates to global militarism. She is an outspoken critic of [[United States Africa Command|AFRICOM]], which she describes as part of violent [[neocolonial]] resource extraction.<ref name="WhereWeMustStand">Amina Mama, "[http://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/amina-mama/where-we-must-stand-african-women-in-age-of-war Where we must stand: African women in an age of war]", ''opendemocracy'', 15 April 2012 (originally published September 2011).</ref><ref>Amina Mama and Margo Okazawa-Rey, "[http://www.globalfundforwomen.org/storage/images/stories/3getinvolved/blog/2009/AminaMama-Editorial.pdf Editorial: Militarism, Conflict and Women’s Activism] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085731/http://www.globalfundforwomen.org/storage/images/stories/3getinvolved/blog/2009/AminaMama-Editorial.pdf |date=19 August 2014 }}", ''Feminist Africa'' 10, 2008.</ref>

==Publications==
* ''The Hidden Struggle: Statutory and Voluntary Sector Responses to Violence Against Black Women in the Home''. Runnymede, 1989; republished by Whiting and Birch, 1996. {{ISBN|9781861770059}}
* Black Women and the Police: A Place Where the Law is Not Upheld, in ''Inside Babylon: The Caribbean Diaspora in Britain'', ed. Winston James and Clive Harris. London: Verso, 1993. {{ISBN|9780860914716}}.
* ''Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender, and Subjectivity''. New York: Routledge, 1995. {{ISBN|9780415035446}}.
* ''National Machinery for Women in Africa: Towards an analysis''. Third World Network, 2000. {{ISBN|9789988602017}}.
* "[http://www.gwsafrica.org/sites/default/files/webfm/files/amina_mama/is_it_ethical_to_study_africa.pdf Is It Ethical to Study Africa? Preliminary Thoughts on Scholarship and Freedom]". ''African Studies Review'' 50 (1), April 2007.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050915093438/http://www.globalfundforwomen.org/1work/team/b-letter-mama.html Global Fund for Women Info]
*[http://www.smith.edu/meridians/advisoryboard.htm Brief bio at Smith College site]
*[https://archive.is/20030823042431/http://web.uct.ac.za/org/agi/staff.htm Bio at African Gender Institute]
* [http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2010/10/11/18661095.php Feminists Respond to AFRICOM: An interview with Amina Mama] —audio interview about [[United States Africa Command|AFRICOM]] and militarism conducted by Preeti Shekar, 11 October 2010

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mama, Amina}}
[[Category:Nigerian writers]]
[[Category:British writers]]
[[Category:Feminist studies scholars]]
[[Category:University of Cape Town academics]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Mills College faculty]]
[[Category:University of California, Davis faculty]]
[[Category:Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of St Andrews]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Nigerian women writers]]
[[Category:British women writers]]
[[Category:People from Kaduna]]
[[Category:Nigerian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Nigerian people of British descent]]
[[Category:20th-century women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century writers]]
[[Category:21st-century women writers]]
[[Category:Nigerian expatriates in South Africa]]
[[Category:Nigerian expatriates in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Nigerian expatriate academics in the United States]]
[[Category:20th-century Nigerian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Nigerian writers]]

Carter G. Woodson

2017-10-31T17:27:21Z

Proscribe: cleanup, copyedit, ref fixes

{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox person
|image = Carter G Woodson portrait.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Carter G. Woodson
|birth_name = Carter Godwin Woodson
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1875|12|19}}
|birth_place = [[New Canton, Virginia]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1950|4|3|1875|12|9}}
|death_place = Washington, DC
|other_names =
|known_for = [[Association for the Study of Negro Life and History]]; [[Black History Month|Negro History Week]]; ''[[The Journal of Negro History]]''
|occupation = Historian
|nationality =
|education = [[Berea College]] ([[Bachelor of Letters|B.Litt]] 1903) [[University of Chicago]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|A.B.]], [[Master of Arts|A.M.]] 1908) [[Harvard University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] 1912)
}}

'''Carter Godwin Woodson''' (December 19, 1875{{spaced ndash}}April 3, 1950)<ref>{{cite book |title=The correspondence of W. E. B. Du Bois, Volume 3 |last=Du Bois |first=William Edward Burghardt |authorlink=W. E. B. Du Bois |publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]] |location= |isbn=1-55849-105-8 |page=282 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HrGNkNrkEVEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s |accessdate=May 30, 2011}}</ref> was an African-American historian, author, journalist and the founder of the [[Association for the Study of African American Life and History]]. He was one of the first scholars to study [[African-American history]]. A founder of ''[[The Journal of Negro History]]'' in 1915, Woodson has been cited as the "[[List of people known as the father or mother of something|father of black history]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.america.gov/st/diversity-english/2005/June/20080207153802liameruoy0.1187708.html |title=Carter G. Woodson, Father of Black History |first=Lerone |last=Bennett, Jr. |work=[[United States Department of State]] |year=2005 |accessdate=May 30, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401191535/http://www.america.gov/st/diversity-english/2005/June/20080207153802liameruoy0.1187708.html |archivedate=April 1, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref> In February 1926 he launched the celebration of "Negro History Week", the precursor of [[Black History Month]].<ref>Daryl Michael Scott, [http://www.asalh.net/blackhistorymonthorigins.html/ "The History of Black History Month"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723015934/http://www.asalh.net/blackhistorymonthorigins.html |date=July 23, 2011 }}, on ASALH website.</ref>

{{TOC limit|2}}

==Early life==
Carter G. Woodson was born in Buckingham County, Virginia<ref>"Virginian Started Negro History Week in 1926". ''Norfolk (VA) New Journal and Guide'', February 9, 1957, p. 11.</ref> on December 19, 1875, the son of former slaves, James and Eliza Riddle Woodson.<ref>Betty J. Edwards, "He Made World Respect Negroes". ''Chicago Defender'', February 8, 1965, p. 9.</ref> His father helped [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] soldiers during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] and moved his family to [[West Virginia]] when he heard that [[Huntington, West Virginia|Huntington]] was building a high school for blacks.

Coming from a large, poor family, Carter Woodson could not regularly attend school. Through self-instruction, he mastered the fundamentals of common school subjects by the age of 17. Wanting more education, he went to [[Fayette County, West Virginia|Fayette County]] to earn a living as a miner in the coal fields, and was able to devote only a few months each year to his schooling.

In 1895, at the age of 20, Woodson entered [[Douglass Junior and Senior High School|Douglass High School]], where he received his diploma in less than two years.<ref>Maurice F. White, "Dr. Carter G. Woodson History Week Founder". ''Cleveland Call and Post'', February 16, 1963, p. 3C.</ref> From 1897 to 1900, Woodson taught at [[Winona, West Virginia|Winona]] in Fayette County. In 1900 he was selected as the principal of Douglass High School. He earned his Bachelor of Literature degree from [[Berea College]] in [[Kentucky]] in 1903 by taking classes part-time between 1901 and 1903.

==Career in education==
From 1903 to 1907, Woodson was a school supervisor in the [[Philippines]]. Later, he attended the [[University of Chicago]], where he was awarded an A.B. and A.M. in 1908. He was a member of the first black professional fraternity [[Sigma Pi Phi]] and a member of [[Omega Psi Phi]].<ref>[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_11_59/ai_n6158341 1904–2004: the Boule at 100: Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity holds centennial celebration |''Ebony'' | Find Articles at BNET.com]</ref>
He completed his PhD in history at [[Harvard University]] in 1912, where he was the second African American (after [[W. E. B. Du Bois]]) to earn a doctorate.<ref>[http://www.newsweek.com/id/232818 "The End of Black History Month?"] ''Newsweek'', January 28, 2010.</ref> His doctoral dissertation, ''The Disruption of Virginia'', was based on research he did at the [[Library of Congress]] while teaching high school in Washington, D.C. After earning the doctoral degree, he continued teaching in public schools, later joining the faculty at [[Howard University]] as a professor, and served there as Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences.

Convinced that the role of African-American history and the history of other cultures was being ignored or misrepresented among scholars, Woodson saw a need for research into the neglected past of African Americans. Along with [[Alexander L. Jackson]], Woodson published ''The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861'' in 1915.

Woodson stayed at the [[Wabash Avenue YMCA]] during visits to [[Chicago]]. His experiences at the Y and in the surrounding [[Bronzeville, Chicago|Bronzeville]] neighborhood inspired him to create the [[Association for the Study of Negro Life and History]] in 1915. The Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (now the Association for the Study of African American Life and History), which ran conferences, published ''[[The Journal of Negro History]]'', and "particularly targeted those responsible for the education of black children".<ref name=Corbould>Claire Corbould, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1pbK61UFwvoC&q=%22particularly+targeted+those+responsible+for+the+education+of+black+children%22#v=snippet&q=%22particularly%20targeted%20those%20responsible%20for%20the%20education%20of%20black%20children%22&f=false ''Becoming African Americans: The Public Life of Harlem 1919–1939''], Cambridge, Massachusetts/London, England: Harvard University Press, 2009, p. 88.</ref> Another inspiration was [[John Wesley Cromwell]]'s 1914 book, ''The Negro in American History: Men and Women Eminent in the Evolution of the American of African Descent''.<ref>Karen Juanita Carrillo, ''African American History Day by Day: A Reference Guide to Events''. ABC-CLIO, August 22, 2012, pp. 262–263.</ref>

Woodson believed that education and increasing social and professional contacts among blacks and whites could reduce racism and he promoted the organized study of African-American history partly for that purpose. He would later promote the first Negro History Week in Washington, D.C., in 1926, forerunner of Black History Month.<ref>[http://bmrcsurvey.uchicago.edu/collections/1410-1 "Young Men's Christian Association - Wabash Avenue Records"], Black Metropolis Research Consortium, University of Chicago.</ref> The Bronzeville neighborhood declined during the late 1960s and 1970s like many other [[inner-city]] neighborhoods across the country, and the Wabash Avenue YMCA was forced to close during the 1970s, until being restored in 1992 by The Renaissance Collaborative.<ref>[http://www.trcwabash.org/history.html "History"], The Renaissance Collaborative.</ref>

He served as Academic Dean of the [[West Virginia Collegiate Institute]], now West Virginia State University, from 1920 to 1922.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wvstateu.edu/announcement/2015/01/29/West-Virginia-State-University-Celebrates-Black-Hi.aspx|title=West Virginia State University Celebrates Black History Month with Series of Events|date=January 29, 2015|last=Osborne|first=Kellie|publisher=West Virginia State University|accessdate=February 5, 2015}}</ref>

In addition to his first book, he wrote ''A Century of Negro Migration'', which continues to be published by the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH).
He studied many aspects of African-American history. For instance, in 1924, he published the first survey of free black slaveowners in the United States in 1930.<ref>Charles H. Wesley, "Carter G. Woodson as a Scholar", ''The Journal of Negro History'', Vol. 36, No. 1 (January 1951), pp. 12–24, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2715774 in JSTOR].</ref>

He once wrote:
"If you can control a man’s thinking, you don’t have to worry about his actions. If you can determine what a man thinks you do not have to worry about what he will do.
If you can make a man believe that he is inferior, you don’t have to compel him to seek an inferior status, he will do so without being told and if you can make a man believe that he is justly an outcast, you don’t have to order him to the back door, he will go to the back door on his own and if there is no back door, the very nature of the man will demand that you build one."

==NAACP==
Woodson became affiliated with the Washington, D.C. branch of the [[NAACP]], and its chairman [[Archibald Grimké]]. On January 28, 1915, Woodson wrote a letter to Grimké expressing his dissatisfaction with activities and making two proposals:
#That the branch secure an office for a center to which persons may report whatever concerns the black race may have, and from which the Association may extend its operations into every part of the city; and
#That a canvasser be appointed to enlist members and obtain subscriptions for ''[[The Crisis]]'', the NAACP magazine edited by [[W. E. B. Du Bois]].

Du Bois added the proposal to divert "patronage from business establishments which do not treat races alike," that is, boycott businesses. Woodson wrote that he would cooperate as one of the twenty-five effective canvassers, adding that he would pay the office rent for one month. Grimké did not welcome Woodson's ideas.{{Citation needed|date = February 2016}}

Responding to Grimké's comments about his proposals, on March 18, 1915, Woodson wrote:
:"I am not afraid of being sued by white businessmen. In fact, I should welcome such a law suit. It would do the cause much good. Let us banish fear. We have been in this mental state for three centuries. I am a radical. I am ready to act, if I can find brave men to help me."<ref>{{Cite book|title = On the Road to Freedom: A Guided Tour of the Civil Rights Trail|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=y7mblCN5CUIC|publisher = Algonquin Books|date = January 1, 2008|isbn = 9781565124394|language = en|first = Charles E.|last = Cobb, Jr.|page = 28}}</ref>

His difference of opinion with Grimké, who wanted a more conservative course, contributed to Woodson's ending his affiliation with the NAACP.{{Citation needed|date = February 2016}}


==Black History Month==
Woodson devoted the rest of his life to historical research. He worked to preserve the history of African Americans and accumulated a collection of thousands of artifacts and publications. He noted that African-American contributions "were overlooked, ignored, and even suppressed by the writers of history textbooks and the teachers who use them."<ref name=CurrentBio>''Current Biography 1944'', p. 742.</ref> Race prejudice, he concluded, "is merely the logical result of tradition, the inevitable outcome of thorough instruction to the effect that the Negro has never contributed anything to the progress of mankind."<ref name=CurrentBio />

In 1926, Woodson pioneered the celebration of "Negro History Week",<ref>Corbould (2009), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1pbK61UFwvoC&q=negro+history+week%22#v=snippet&q=%22negro%20history%20week%22&f=false p. 106.]</ref> designated for the second week in February, to coincide with marking the birthdays of [[Abraham Lincoln]] and [[Frederick Douglass]].<ref>Delilah L. Beasley, "Activities Among Negroes, ''Oakland Tribune'', February 14, 1926, p. X–5.</ref> However, it was the Black United Students and Black educators at [[Kent State University]] that founded [[Black History Month]], on February 1, 1970.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Milton|title=Involvement/2 Years Later: A Report On Programming In The Area Of Black Student Concerns At Kent State University, 1968–1970|url=http://speccoll.library.kent.edu/faculty/mwilson.html|work=Special Collections and Archives: Milton E. Wilson, Jr. papers, 1965–1994|publisher=[[Kent State University]]|accessdate=September 28, 2012}}</ref> Six years later Black History Month was being celebrated all across the country in educational institutions, centers of Black culture and community centers, both great and small, when President [[Gerald Ford]] recognized Black History Month, during the celebration of the [[United States Bicentennial]]. He urged Americans to "seize the opportunity to honor the too-often neglected accomplishments of black Americans in every area of endeavor throughout our history."<ref>{{cite web|title=President Gerald R. Ford's Message on the Observance of Black History Month|url=http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/speeches/760074.htm|work=[[Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum]]|publisher=[[University of Texas]]|accessdate=February 14, 2012}}</ref>

==Colleagues==
Woodson believed in self-reliance and racial respect, values he shared with [[Marcus Garvey]], a [[Jamaicans|Jamaican]] activist who worked in New York. Woodson became a regular columnist for Garvey's weekly ''[[Negro World]]''.

Woodson's political activism placed him at the center of a circle of many black intellectuals and activists from the 1920s to the 1940s. He corresponded with [[W. E. B. Du Bois]], [[John Edward Bruce|John E. Bruce]], [[Arturo Alfonso Schomburg]], [[Hubert Harrison|Hubert H. Harrison]], and [[Timothy Thomas Fortune|T. Thomas Fortune]], among others. Even with the extended duties of the Association, Woodson made time to write academic works such as ''The History of the Negro Church'' (1922), ''[[The Mis-Education of the Negro]]'' (1933), and others which continue to have wide readership.

Woodson did not shy away from controversial subjects, and used the pages of ''Black World'' to contribute to debates. One issue related to West Indian/African-American relations. He summarized that "the West Indian Negro is free", and observed that West Indian societies had been more successful at properly dedicating the necessary amounts of time and resources needed to educate and genuinely emancipate people. Woodson approved of efforts by West Indians to include materials related to Black history and culture into their school curricula.

Woodson was ostracized by some of his contemporaries because of his insistence on defining a category of history related to ethnic culture and race. At the time, these educators felt that it was wrong to teach or understand African-American history as separate from more general American history. According to these educators, "Negroes" were simply Americans, darker skinned, but with no history apart from that of any other. Thus Woodson's efforts to get Black culture and history into the curricula of institutions, even historically Black colleges, were often unsuccessful. Today African-American studies have become specialized fields of study in history, music, culture, literature and other areas; in addition, there is more emphasis on African-American contributions to general American culture. The United States government celebrates Black History Month.

==Woodson's legacy==

Carter G. Woodson died suddenly from a heart attack in the office within his [[Carter G. Woodson Home National Historic Site|home]] in the Shaw neighborhood of Washington, DC on April 3, 1950, at the age of 74. He is buried at Lincoln Memorial Cemetery in [[Suitland, Maryland]].

That schools have set aside a time each year to focus on African-American history is Woodson's most visible legacy. His determination to further the recognition of the Negro in American and world history, however, inspired countless other scholars. Woodson remained focused on his work throughout his life. Many see him as a man of vision and understanding. Although Woodson was among the ranks of the educated few, he did not feel particularly sentimental about elite educational institutions.{{Citation needed|reason=April 2008|date=April 2008}} The Association and journal that he started in 1915 continue, and both have earned intellectual respect.

Woodson's other far-reaching activities included the founding in 1920 of the Associated Publishers, the oldest African-American publishing company in the United States. This enabled publication of books concerning blacks that might not have been supported in the rest of the market. He founded Negro History Week in 1926 (now known as Black History Month). He created the ''Negro History Bulletin'', developed for teachers in elementary and high school grades, and published continuously since 1937. Woodson also influenced the Association's direction and subsidizing of research in African-American history. He wrote numerous articles, monographs and books on Blacks. ''The Negro in Our History'' reached its 11th edition in 1966, when it had sold more than 90,000 copies.

[[Dorothy Porter Wesley]] recalled: "Woodson would wrap up his publications, take them to the post office and have dinner at the YMCA. He would teasingly decline her dinner invitations saying, 'No, you are trying to marry me off. I am married to my work'".<ref>Jacqueline Trescott, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1992/02/10/black-historys-early-champion/8f69d095-15f1-459a-bf58-679d01440fe3/?utm_term=.2a787a02ccd1 "Black History's Early Champion"], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', February 10, 1992.</ref> Woodson's most cherished ambition, a six-volume ''Encyclopedia Africana'', lay incomplete at the time of his death.

==Honors and tributes==
* In 1926, Woodson received the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] [[Spingarn Medal]].
* The ''[[National Council for the Social Studies#Awards|Carter G. Woodson Book Award]]'' was established in 1974 "for the most distinguished social science books appropriate for young readers that depict ethnicity in the United States."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.socialstudies.org/awards/woodson/about |title=About the Carter G. Woodson Book Award |publisher=National Council for the Social Studies |accessdate=October 17, 2015 }}</ref>
* The [[U.S. Postal Service]] issued a 20-cent stamp honoring Woodson in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stamp Series |publisher=United States Postal Service |url=http://beyondtheperf.com/stamp-series |accessdate=September 2, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810160707/http://beyondtheperf.com/stamp-series |archivedate=August 10, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref>
* In 1992, the [[Library of Congress]] held an exhibition entitled ''Moving Back Barriers: The Legacy of Carter G. Woodson''. Woodson had donated his collection of 5,000 items from the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries to the Library.
* His Washington, D.C. home has been preserved and designated the [[Carter G. Woodson Home National Historic Site]].
* In 2002, scholar [[Molefi Kete Asante]] named Carter G. Woodson on his list of [[100 Greatest African Americans]].<ref>Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). ''100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia''. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. {{ISBN|1-57392-963-8}}.</ref>

==Places named after Woodson==
[[File:CARTER G. WOODSON - TEACHER, HISTORIAN, PUBLISHER - NARA - 535622.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Carter Woodson biographical cartoon by [[Charles Alston]], 1943]]

===California===
* Carter G. Woodson Elementary School in [[Los Angeles]].
*Carter G. Woodson Public Charter School in [[Fresno, California|Fresno]].

===Florida===
* Carter G. Woodson Park, in [[Oakland Park, Florida|Oakland Park]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oaklandparkfl.org/index.asp?Type=B_EV&SEC={5BD110B8-7DD4-4AE1-A07C-043D46927297}&DE={4225AAD7-7EF2-4FD3-BF09-F068949400E4} |title=Dr. Carter G. Wilson Festival |publisher=The City of Oakland Park |accessdate=December 15, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206170723/http://www.oaklandparkfl.org/index.asp?Type=B_EV&SEC=%7B5BD110B8-7DD4-4AE1-A07C-043D46927297%7D&DE=%7B4225AAD7-7EF2-4FD3-BF09-F068949400E4%7D |archivedate=February 6, 2009 |df=mdy }}</ref>
* Carter G. Woodson Elementary School was located in Oakland Park. It was closed in 1965 when the [[Broward County Public Schools]] system was desegregated.
* Dr. Carter G. Woodson African American Museum in [[St. Petersburg, Florida|St. Petersburg]].
* Carter G. Woodson Elementary School in [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]].

===Georgia===
* Carter G. Woodson Elementary in [[Atlanta]].

===Illinois===
* [[Carter G. Woodson Regional Library]] in Chicago.
* Carter G. Woodson Middle School in Chicago.
* Carter G. Woodson Library of [[Malcolm X College]] in Chicago

===Indiana===
* Carter G. Woodson Library in [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]].

===Kentucky===
* Carter G. Woodson Academy in [[Lexington, Kentucky|Lexington]].
* Carter G. Woodson Center for Interracial Education, [[Berea College]], in [[Berea, Kentucky|Berea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berea.edu/cgwc/|title=Carter G. Woodson Center for Interracial Education|publisher=[[Berea College]]|accessdate=April 1, 2013}}</ref>

===Louisiana===
* Carter G. Woodson Middle School in [[New Orleans]].
* Carter G. Woodson Liberal Arts Building at [[Grambling State University]], built in 1915, in [[Grambling, Louisiana|Grambling]].

===Maryland===
* Carter G. Woodson Elementary in [[Crisfield, Maryland|Crisfield]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070704185623/http://www.somerset.k12.md.us/WES/]
* Dr. Carter G. Woodson Elementary in [[Baltimore]]. [http://www.bcps.k12.md.us/]

===Minnesota===
* Woodson Institute for Student Excellence in [[Minneapolis]].

===New York===
* PS 23 Carter G. Woodson School in [[Brooklyn]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727190311/http://www.ps23woodson.org/home]

===North Carolina===
* Carter G. Woodson Charter School in [[Winston-Salem, North Carolina|Winston-Salem]].

===Texas===
* [[Woodson K-8 School]] in [[Houston]].
*Carter G. Woodson Park in [[Odessa, Texas|Odessa]]

===Virginia===
* The Carter G. Woodson Institute for African-American and African Studies at the [[University of Virginia]], [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville]]. [http://artsandsciences.virginia.edu/woodson/]
* Carter G. Woodson Middle School in [[Hopewell, Virginia|Hopewell]].
* C.G. Woodson Road in his home town of [[New Canton, Virginia|New Canton]].
* Carter G. Woodson Education Complex in [[Buckingham County, Virginia|Buckingham County]], built in 2012.

===Washington, DC===
* Carter G. Woodson Junior High School was named for him. It currently hosts [[Friendship Collegiate Academy Public Charter School]].
* The Carter G. Woodson Memorial Park is between 9th Street, Q Street and Rhode Island Avenue, NW. The park contains a cast bronze sculpture of the historian by [[Raymond Kaskey]].
* The [[Carter G. Woodson Home National Historic Site|Carter G. Woodson Home]], a National Historic Site, is located at 538 9th St., NW, Washington, D.C.

===West Virginia===
* Carter G. Woodson Jr. High School (renamed McKinley Jr. High School after integration in 1954) in [[St. Albans, West Virginia|St. Albans]], built in 1932.
* Carter G. Woodson Avenue (also known as 9th Avenue) in Huntington. Notably, Woodson's alma mater, Douglass High School, is located between Carter G. Woodson Avenue and 10th Avenue in the 1500 block.

==Selected works==

* ''A Century of Negro Migration'' (1918)
* ''The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861'' (1919)
* ''The History of the Negro Church'' (1921)
* ''The Negro in Our History'' (1922)
* ''Free Negro Owners of Slaves in the United States in 1830, Together With Absentee Ownership of Slaves in the United States in 1830'' (1924)
* ''Free Negro Heads of Families in the United States in 1830, Together With a Brief Treatment of the Free Negro'' (1925)
* ''Negro Orators and Their Orations'' (1925)
* ''The Mind of the Negro as Reflected in Letters Written During the Crisis, 1800–1860'' (1927)
* ''Negro Makers of History'' (1928)
* ''African Myths, Together With Proverbs'' (1928)
* ''The Rural Negro'' (1930)
* ''The Negro Wage Earner'' (1930)
* ''[[The Mis-Education of the Negro]]'' (1933)
* ''The Negro Professional Man and the Community, With Special Emphasis on the Physician and the Lawyer'' (1934)
* ''The Story of the Negro Retold'' (1935)
* ''The African Background Outlined: Or, Handbook for the Study of the Negro'' (1936)
* ''African Heroes and Heroines'' (1939)
* ''The Works of Francis J. Grimké'' (1942)
* ''Carter G. Woodson's Appeal: The Lost Manuscript Edition'' (2008)

==See also==
*''[[Working with Carter G. Woodson, the Father of Black History]]''

{{Portal bar|Biography|Children's literature}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Alridge, Derrick P. "Woodson, Carter G." in Simon J. Bronner (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of American Studies'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015), [http://eas-ref.press.jhu.edu/view?aid=336 online].
* Dagbovie, Pero Gaglo. ''The Early Black History Movement, Carter G. Woodson, and Lorenzo Johnston Greene'' (University of Illinois Press, 2007).
* Goggin, Jacqueline Anne. ''Carter G. Woodson: A Life in Black History'' (LSU Press, 1997).
* Meier, August, and Elliott Rudwick. ''Black History and the Historical Profession, 1915–1980'' (University of Illinois Press, 1986).
* Roche, A. "Carter G. Woodson and the Development of Transformative Scholarship", in James Banks (ed.), ''Multicultural Education, Transformative Knowledge, and Action: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives'' (Teachers College Press, 1996).

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Carter Godwin Woodson}}
* [http://www.asalh.org/ The Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)]
* [http://www.themiseducationofthenegro.net/ Audiobook version] of "The Mis-Education of the Negro"
* [http://www.lostmanuscript.com/ Homepage for Carter G. Woodson's Appeal]
* Daryl Michael Scott, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110723015934/http://www.asalh.net/blackhistorymonthorigins.html "The History of Black History Month"], ASALH website
* [http://www.woodsonmuseum.org/ Dr. Carter G. Woodson African American History Museum]
* [http://stalbanshistory.com/School_Photos.html "Some St. Albans Schools over the years"], St. Albans Historical Society.
* [http://www.woodsonmuseum.org Dr. Carter G. Woodson African American Museum]

===Woodson's writings===
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Woodson,+Carter+G. }}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Carter Godwin Woodson}}
* {{cite book|title=The History of the Negro Church |isbn=0-87498-000-3}}
* {{cite book|title=Mis-Education of the Negro |isbn=0-9768111-0-3}}

===Other information about Woodson===
* [http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/woodson.html/ "Dr. Carter Godwin Woodson & the Observance of African History"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101125170559/http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/1993/93-083.html Library of Congress Initiates Traveling Exhibits Program]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100405043236/http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/1993/93-123.html Library of Congress Traveling Exhibit re Dr. C.G. Woodson]
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?faid/faid:@field(DOCID+ms000014) Carter G. Woodson Collection of Negro Papers and Related Documents]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100403221257/http://www.ngbiwm.com/Exhibits/Carter%20GWoodson.htm Carter G. Woodson Wax Figure at the National Great Blacks in Wax Museum]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Woodson, Carter G.}}
[[Category:American male journalists]]
[[Category:American journalists]]
[[Category:Historians of the United States]]
[[Category:20th-century American historians]]
[[Category:African-American history]]
[[Category:African-American writers]]
[[Category:American writers]]
[[Category:Negro World contributors]]
[[Category:Writers from Huntington, West Virginia]]
[[Category:People from Fayette County, West Virginia]]
[[Category:People from Buckingham County, Virginia]]
[[Category:Journalists from Virginia]]
[[Category:Journalists from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Journalists from West Virginia]]
[[Category:Spingarn Medal winners]]
[[Category:Berea College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]

Caryl Phillips

2017-09-28T23:55:48Z

Proscribe: links added

{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}}
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'''Caryl Phillips''' (born 13 March 1958) is a [[Kittitian and Nevisian British|Kittitian-British]] novelist, playwright and essayist. Best known for his novels (for which he has won multiple awards), Phillips is often described as a [[Paul Gilroy#The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness|Black Atlantic]] writer, since much of his fictional output is defined by its interest in, and searching exploration of, the experiences of peoples of the [[African diaspora]] in England, the [[Caribbean]] and the United States.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Low|1998}}{{sfn|Bewes|2006}} As well as writing, Phillips has worked as an academic at numerous institutions including [[Amherst College]], [[Barnard College]], and [[Yale University]], where he has held the position of Professor of English since 2005.{{sfn|Methi|2009}}{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010}}

==Life==

Caryl Phillips was born in [[Saint Kitts|St. Kitts]] to Malcolm and Lillian Phillips on 13 March 1958.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Phillips|2009}} When he was four months old, his family moved to England and settled in [[Leeds]], Yorkshire.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Metcalfe|2010}} In 1976, Phillips won a place at [[Queen's College, Oxford|Queen's College, Oxford University]], where he read English, graduating in 1979.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|British Council}} While at Oxford, he directed numerous plays and spent his summers working as a stagehand at the [[Edinburgh Festival]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}} On graduating, he moved to Edinburgh, where he lived for a year, on the [[Unemployment benefits|dole]], while writing his first play, ''Strange Fruit'' (1980), which was taken up and produced by the [[Crucible Theatre]] in [[Sheffield]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Phillips|2010}}{{sfn|Bell|1991|pages=585–586}} Phillips subsequently moved to London, where he wrote two more plays – ''Where There is Darkness'' (1982) and ''Shelter'' (1983) – that were staged at the [[Lyric Hammersmith]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}

At the age of 22, he visited St. Kitts for the first time since his family had left the island in 1958.{{sfn|Eckstein|2001}} The journey provided the inspiration for his first novel, ''The Final Passage'', which was published five years later.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Swift|1992}} After publishing his second book, ''A State of Independence'' (1986), Phillips went on a one-month journey around Europe, which resulted in his 1987 collection of essays ''The European Tribe''.{{sfn|Bell|1991|pages=558–559}} During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Phillips divided his time between England and St. Kitts while working on his novels ''Higher Ground'' (1989) and ''Cambridge'' (1991).{{sfn|Phillips|1995|page=156}}

In 1990, Phillips took up a Visiting Writer post at [[Amherst College]] in [[Amherst, Massachusetts]]. He remained at Amherst College for a further eight years, becoming the youngest English tenured Professor in the US when he was promoted to that position in 1995.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}} During this time, he wrote what is perhaps his most well-known novel, ''Crossing the River'' (1993), which won the [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] and the [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]], and was shortlisted for the [[Booker Prize]].{{sfn|Booker Prize Foundation}} After taking up the position at Amherst, Phillips found himself doing "a sort of triangular thing" for a number of years, residing between England, St Kitts, and the U.S.{{sfn|Phillips|1995}}

Finding this way of living both "incredibly exhausting" and "prohibitively expensive", Phillips ultimately decided to give up his residence in St. Kitts, though he says that he still makes regular visits to the island.{{sfn|Phillips|1995}} In 1998, he joined [[Barnard College]], [[Columbia University]], as the Henry R. Luce Professor of Migration and Social Order.{{sfn|British Council}} In 2005 he moved to [[Yale University]], where he currently works as Professor of English.{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010}} He was made an elected fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]] in 2000, and an elected fellow of the [[Royal Society of Arts]] in 2011.{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010b}}

== Works and critical reception ==
Phillips has tackled themes on the African [[slave trade]] from many angles, and his writing is concerned with issues of "origins, belongings and exclusion", as noted by a reviewer of his 2015 novel ''The Lost Child''.<ref>[[Gerard Woodward|Woodward, Gerard]], [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-lost-child-by-caryl-phillips-book-review-wuthering-heights-relived-in-postwar-britain-10135393.html "The Lost Child by Caryl Phillips, book review: Wuthering Heights relived in post-war Britain"], ''The Independent'', 26 March 2015.</ref> Phillips's work has been recognised by numerous awards, including the Martin Luther King Memorial Prize, a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]], the 1993 [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] for ''[[Crossing the River]]'' and the 2004 [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] Best Book award for ''[[A Distant Shore (novel)|A Distant Shore]]''.

Phillips received the [[PEN Open Book Award]] (formerly known as the Beyond Margins Award) for ''Dancing in the Dark'' in 2006.

==Bibliography==

===Novels===
*''[[The Final Passage]]'' (Faber and Faber, 1985, {{ISBN|978-0571134373}}; Picador, 1995, paperback {{ISBN|978-0571134373}})
*''[[A State of Independence]]'' (Faber and Faber, 1986, {{ISBN|978-0571139101}}; paperback {{ISBN|978-0571196791}})
*''[[Higher Ground (novel)|Higher Ground: A Novel in Three Parts]]'' (Viking, 1989, {{ISBN|978-0670826209}})
*''[[Cambridge (novel)|Cambridge]]'' (Bloomsbury, 1991; Vintage, 2008, ppaperback {{ISBN|978-0099520566}})
*''[[Crossing the River]]'' (Bloomsbury, 1993, {{ISBN|978-0747514978}})
*''[[The Nature of Blood]]'' (1997; Vintage, 2008, paperback {{ISBN|978-0099520573}})
*''[[A Distant Shore (novel)|A Distant Shore]]'' (Secker, 2003, hardback {{ISBN|978-0436205644}}; Vintage, 2004, paperback {{ISBN|978-0099428886}})
*''[[Dancing in the Dark (novel)|Dancing in the Dark]]'' (Secker, 2005, {{ISBN|978-0436205835}})
*''[[In the Falling Snow]]'' (Harvill Secker, 2009, hardback {{ISBN|978-1846553066}}; Vintage, 2010, paperback {{ISBN|978-0099539742}})
*''The Lost Child'' (Oneworld Publications, 2015, {{ISBN|978-1780746999}} hardback, 978-1780747989 paperback)

===Historical fiction===
*''[[Foreigners (Caryl Phillips book)|Foreigners: Three English Lives]]'' (Harvill Secker, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0436205972}})

===Essay collections===
*''[[The European Tribe]]'' (Faber and Faber, 1987)
*''[[The Atlantic Sound]]'' (Faber and Faber, 2000, {{ISBN|978-0571196203}})
*''[[A New World Order]]: Selected Essays'' (Martin Secker & Warburg, 2001, {{ISBN|978-0436205606}})
*''[[Colour Me English]]'' (Harvill Secker, 2011, paperback {{ISBN|978-1846553059}})

===As editor===
* ''Extravagant Strangers: A Literature of Belonging'' (Faber and Faber, 1997, {{ISBN|978-0571190867}})

===Plays===
* ''Playing Away'' (Faber and Faber, 1987, {{ISBN|978-0571145836}})
*''[[Ned Chaillet#A Kind of Home – James Baldwin in Paris|A Kind of Home – James Baldwin in Paris]]'' ([[BBC Radio 4]], 9 January 2004)<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2003/11_november/27/radio4_quarter1_drama.pdf "A Kind of Home: James Baldwin in Paris"], ''Friday play'', BBC Radio 4.</ref>
*''[[Ned Chaillet#Hotel Cristobel|Hotel Cristobel]]'' ([[BBC Radio 3]], 13 March 2005)<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/dramaon3/pip/fzqtj "Hotel Cristobel"], ''Drama on 3'', BBC Radio 3.</ref>
*''[[Ned Chaillet#A Long Way from Home|A Long Way from Home]]'' (BBC Radio 3, 30 March 2008)<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b009md7p "A Long Way from Home"], ''Drama on 3, BBC Radio 3.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/dramaon3/pip/r574n "A Long Way from Home, by Caryl Phillips"], ''Drama on 3'', BBC .</ref>

== Awards ==
* 2011 Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Arts]]
* 2006 [[Commonwealth Writers Prize]], ''A Distant Shore''
* 2004 [[Commonwealth Writers Prize]], ''Crossing the River''
* 2000 Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]]
* 1994 [[Lannan Literary Award]]
* 1994 [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]], ''Crossing the River''
* 1993 [[Guggenheim Fellowship]]
* 1987 [[Martin Luther King Memorial Prize]], ''The European Tribe''
* 2012 [[Best of the James Tait Black]], shortlist, ''Crossing the River''<ref name=leadbetter>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/book-prize-names-six-of-the-best-in-search-for-winner.19197747 |title=Book prize names six of the best in search for winner |work=Herald Scotland |first=Russell |last=Leadbetter |date=21 October 2012 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=bbcnews2012>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-20020630 |title=Authors in running for 'best of best' James Tait Black award |work=BBC News |author= |date=21 October 2012 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref>

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===

*{{cite journal|last=Bell|first=C. Rosalind|title=Worlds Within: An Interview with Caryl Phillips|journal=Callaloo|date=Summer 1991|volume=14|issue=3|pages=578–606|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/2931461}}
*{{cite journal|last=Bewes|first=Timothy|title=Shame, Ventriloquy and the Problem of Cliche in Caryl Phillips|journal=Cultural Critique|date=Spring 2006|volume=63|pages=33–60|ref=harv|doi=10.1353/cul.2006.0014}}
*{{cite web|last=Booker Prize Foundation|title=Caryl Phillips|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/people/caryl-phillips|publisher=Booker Prize Foundation|accessdate=13 June 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=British Council|title=Caryl Phillips|url=http://literature.britishcouncil.org/caryl-phillips|publisher=British Council|accessdate=12 June 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Eckstein |first=Lars |title=The Insistence of Voices: An Interview with Caryl Phillips |url=http://ariel.synergiesprairies.ca/ariel/index.php/ariel/article/view/3555/3496 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130115161349/http://ariel.synergiesprairies.ca/ariel/index.php/ariel/article/view/3555/3496 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-01-15 |journal=Ariel |date=April 2001 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=33–43 |ref=harv }}
*{{cite news|last=Jaggi|first=Maya|authorlink=Maya Jaggi|title=Caryl Phillips: The Guardian Profile|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/nov/03/fiction.artsandhumanities|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 November 2001|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Low|first=Gail|title='A Chorus of Common Memory': Slavery and Redemption in Caryl Phillips′ ''Cambridge'' and ''Crossing the River''|journal=Research in African Literatures|date=Winter 1998|volume=29|issue=1|pages=121–141|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|last=Metcalfe|first=Anna|title=Small Talk: Caryl Phillips|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/bcc17536-7a61-11df-9cd7-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1xdTTH6rU|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Financial Times|date=21 June 2010|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|first2=Jenny |last2=Sharpe|title=Of this Time, of that Place|journal=Transition|year=1995|volume=68|pages=154–161|ref={{harvid|Phillips|1995}}|doi=10.2307/2935298}}
*{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=I prefer not to raise my head above the parapet (an interview with Anita Methi)|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/caryl-phillips-i-prefer-not-to-raise-my-head-above-the-parapet-1688887.html|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Independent|date=22 May 2009|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Once upon a life|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/17/caryl-phillips-edinburgh-once-upon-a-life|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Observer (Observer Magazine)|date=17 October 2010|page=14|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Biography: Education and Teaching|year=2005–2010|url=http://www.carylphillips.com/education-teaching.html|work=Caryl Phillips: The Official Website|accessdate=10 September 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Biography:Awards|year=2005–2010b|url=http://www.carylphillips.com/awards.html|work=Caryl Phillips|accessdate=10 September 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Swift|first=Graham|authorlink=Graham Swift|title=Caryl Phillips (An Interview)|journal=BOMB|date=Winter 1992|volume=38|url=http://bombsite.com/issues/38/articles/1511|ref=harv}}

==Further reading==
* Charras, Françoise, "De-Centering the Center: George Lamming’s ''Natives of My Person'' (1972) and Caryl Phillips’s ''Cambridge'' (1991)", in Maria Diedrich, Carl Pedersen and Justine Tally (eds), ''Mapping African America: History, Narrative Form and the Production of Knowledge''. Hamburg: LIT, 1999, pp. 61–78.
* Joannou, Maroula. "'Go West, Old Woman': The Radical Re-Visioning of Slave History in Caryl Phillips’s ''Crossing the River''", in Brycchan Carey and Peter J. Kitson (eds), ''Slavery and the Cultures of Abolition: Essays Marking the Bicentennial of the British Abolition Act of 1807''. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2007.
* Ledent, Bénédicte. ''Caryl Phillips''. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002.
* [http://journal.afroeuropa.eu/index.php/afroeuropa/article/viewFile/57/71 Muñoz-Valdivieso, Sofia, "'Amazing Grace': The Ghosts of Newton, Equiano and Barber in Caryl Phillips's Fiction"]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Afroeuropa'' 2, 1 (2008).
* O’Callaghan, Evelyn. "Historical Fiction and Fictional History: Caryl Phillips’s ''Cambridge''”, ''[[Journal of Commonwealth Literature]]'' 29.2 (1993): 34-47.

==External links==
*[http://www.carylphillips.com Caryl Phillips' official website]
*[http://www.L3.ulg.ac.be/phillips The Caryl Phillips Bibliography]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051030080323/http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth80 Caryl Phillips' Writers Page] at the British Council
*[http://english.yale.edu/faculty-staff/caryl-phillips Caryl Phillips at Yale University]
*[http://hdl.handle.net/10079/bibid/4549660 The Caryl Phillips Papers] at the [http://www.library.yale.edu/beinecke/ Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library], Yale University
*[http://www.npr.org/2015/03/21/394127475/lost-child-author-caryl-phillips-i-needed-to-know-where-i-came-from "'Lost Child' Author Caryl Phillips: 'I Needed To Know Where I Came From'"], NPR interview, 21 March 2015.

{{Commonwealth Writers' Prize - Best Book Winners}}

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Steven Barnes

2017-08-18T12:14:44Z

Proscribe: added Category:Afrofuturist writers using HotCat

{{Infobox person
| name = Steven Barnes
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], United States
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|3|1}}
| nationality = American
| occupation = Writer
| spouse =
}}
'''Steven Barnes''' (born March 1, 1952) is an American [[science fiction]] writer, lecturer, creative consultant, and human performance technician.

Barnes has written several episodes of [[The Outer Limits (1995 TV series)|''The Outer Limits'']] and ''[[Baywatch]]''. He has also written the episode [[Stargate SG-1 (season 1)|"Brief Candle"]] for ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'' and the ''[[Andromeda (TV series)|Andromeda]]'' episode [[List of Andromeda episodes#Season 1|"The Sum of Its Parts"]]. Barnes's first published piece of fiction, the 1979 [[Novella|novelette]] "The Locusts", was written with [[Larry Niven]], and was a [[Hugo Award]] nominee.<ref name="Barnes' listing in ''Locus'' magazine's database of award nominees">[http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomLit7.html#286 Award nominees]</ref><ref name="Excerpts of a March 2003 interview with Barnes in ''Locus'' magazine">[http://www.locusmag.com/2003/Issue03/Barnes.html interview]</ref>

==Early life and education==
Barnes, was born on March 1, 1952 in [[Los Angeles, California]]. He has had a varied education, including a secondary education at [[Los Angeles High School]]. He continued at [[Pepperdine University]], majoring in Communication Arts.<ref name ="Black & White">''Steven Barnes: White & Black''. Locus Magazine; vol/issue 50/3[506] 2003. Pages 84-86.</ref> He is a certified [[hypnotherapy|hypnotherapist]], trained at the Transformative Arts Institute in [[San Anselmo, California]].{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

==Personal life==
Barnes is married to [[Tananarive Due]], a writer.<ref>[http://www.strangehorizons.com/2002/20020729/interview.shtml Interview: Steven Barnes], by Greg Beatty. ''Strange Horizons'', July 29, 2002. Retrieved August 31, 2013</ref> The couple live in [[Los Angeles]]. Barnes has a daughter from his first marriage and a son from his current marriage.

Barnes is also an avid practitioner of [[martial arts|martial and physical arts]]. He began studying in 1969.<ref name="Black & White"/> He is a [[Black belt (martial arts)|black belt]] in [[Kenpo|Kenpo Karate]] (BKF style), and [[Judo|Kodokan Judo]]. He holds an instructor certificate in [[Wu Ming Ta]], and has an instructor candidate ranking in Filipino [[Eskrima|Kali]] stick and knife fighting. He is an advanced student in [[Jun Fan]] [[kickboxing]] ([[Bruce Lee]] method under [[Dan Inosanto]]), and is an instructor in [[Wu-style t'ai chi ch'uan|Wu-style]] [[t'ai chi ch'uan]] under [[Hawkins Cheung]].

He is an intermediate student in self-defense pistol shooting (preferring the [[Weaver stance|Turnipseed modified Weaver method]]). He holds a [[Red belt (martial arts)|brown belt]] in [[Jujutsu|Shorenji Jiu Jitsu]], and intermediate rankings in [[Tae Kwon Do]] and [[Aikido]]. He completed the Yoga Works basic [[Hatha Yoga]] instructor program; is studying [[Pentjak Silat]] (an Indonesian fighting system) with Guru [[Stevan Plinck]], and [[Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga|Ashtanga Yoga]], an aerobic form of yoga.

==Bibliography==
* The [[Dream Park]] series:
** ''Dream Park'' (1981; with [[Larry Niven]])
** ''The Barsoom Project'' (1989; with Larry Niven)
** ''The California Voodoo Game'' (1992; with Larry Niven)
** ''The Moon Maze Game'' (2011; with Larry Niven)
* The Aubry Knight series:
** ''Street Lethal'' (1983)
** ''Gorgon Child'' (1989)
** ''Firedance'' (1993)
* The Heorot series:
** ''[[The Legacy of Heorot]]'' (1987; with Larry Niven and [[Jerry Pournelle]])
** ''[[Beowulf's Children]]'' (1995; with Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle)
* The Insh'Allah series:
** ''[[Lion's Blood]]'' (2002; winner of the 2003 [[Endeavour Award]])
** ''[[Zulu Heart]]'' (2003)
* The "Ibandi" series:
** ''Great Sky Woman'' (2006)
** ''Shadow Valley'' (2009)
* The Tennyson Hardwick Novels:
** ''[[Casanegra (novel)|Casanegra]]'' (2007; with [[Blair Underwood]] and [[Tananarive Due]])
** ''In the Night of the Heat'' (2008; with Blair Underwood and Tananarive Due)
** ''From Cape Town with Love'' (2010; with Blair Underwood and Tananarive Due)
** ''South by Southeast'' (September 2012; with Blair Underwood and Tananarive Due)
* Stand-alone novels, screenplays, and other works:
** ''[[The Descent of Anansi]]'' (1982; with Larry Niven)
** "[[To See the Invisible Man]]" (1986; a television script adapting a short story by [[Robert Silverberg]], for the 1980s revival of ''[[The New Twilight Zone|The Twilight Zone]]'')
** ''The Kundalini Equation'' (1986)
** ''[[Fusion (Eclipse Comics)|Fusion]]'' (1987) (issues #1–5 only)
** ''Achilles' Choice'' (1991) (with Larry Niven)
** ''Blood Brothers'' (1996)
** ''Iron Shadows'' (1997)
** ''[[Far Beyond the Stars]]'' (1998) (''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' novelization)
** ''[[The Lives of Dax]]'': "The Music Between the Notes" (1999)
** ''Saturn's Race'' (2000) (with [[Larry Niven]])
** ''Charisma'' (2002)
** ''[[The Cestus Deception]]'' (2004) (''[[Star Wars]]'' novel set in the [[Clone Wars (Star Wars)|Clone Wars]])
** ''Assassin and Other Stories'' (2010), a collection, [[ISFiC Press]]
** ''The Invisible Imam'', a novel included in ''Assassin and Other Stories''
** ''The Seascape Tattoo (2016), with [[Larry Niven]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

*{{isfdb name|id=Steven_Barnes|name=Steven Barnes}}
* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12742905 Black Science Fiction and Fantasy] with [[Tananarive Due]], Steven Barnes, and [[Sheree Thomas|Sheree R. Thomas]] on NPR, News & Notes, August 13, 2007 (Audio)
*[http://www.lexingtonfilm.com/stevenbarnesinterview.htm Audio Interview - Steven Barnes on the Horace J. Digby Report]

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Elizabeth Alexander

2017-06-28T17:34:59Z

Proscribe: cleanup

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Elizabeth Alexander
| image = Elizabeth Alexander 6738.JPG
| caption = Alexander in 2015
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|05|30}}
| birth_place = [[Harlem]], [[New York City]], [[United States]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Poet]], [[essayist]], [[playwright]]
| movement =
| genre =
| notableworks=
}}
'''Elizabeth Alexander''' (born May 30, 1962)<ref name=ps>{{cite web|title=Elizabeth Alexander |url=http://php.scripts.psu.edu/dept/arc//index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=78 |work=The Africana Research Center |publisher=PennState College of the Liberal Arts |accessdate=2009-01-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730102253/http://php.scripts.psu.edu/dept/arc/ |archivedate=2010-07-30 |df= }}</ref> is an [[United States|American]] [[poet]], [[essay]]ist, [[playwright]]. After 15 years at [[Yale University]], where she taught poetry and chaired the African American Studies department, Alexander joined the faculty of [[Columbia University]] in 2016.<ref name="On Being with Krista Tippett">{{cite web|url= http://www.onbeing.org/program/elizabeth-alexander-words-that-shimmer/transcript/7776| title= Elizabeth Alexander - Words That Shimmer | website = On Being with Krista Tippett| accessdate= September 3, 2015}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2015/09/18/elizabeth-alexander-poet-and-professor-to-depart-for-columbia/|title=Elizabeth Alexander, poet and professor, to depart for Columbia|last=Milstein|first=Larry and Emma Platoff|date=2015-09-18|newspaper=[[Yale Daily News]]|access-date=2017-02-09|dead-url=|work=|via=}}</ref>

==Early life==
Alexander was born in Harlem, [[New York City]], and grew up in [[Washington, D.C.]] She is the daughter of former [[United States Secretary of the Army]] and [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] Chairman [[Clifford Alexander, Jr.]]<ref name=ny>{{cite news |author=Katharine Q. Seelye |title=Poet Chosen for Inauguration Is Aiming for a Work That Transcends the Moment |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/21/us/politics/21poet.html?partner=permalink&exprod=permalink |publisher=''The New York Times'' |date=2008-12-21 |accessdate=2009-01-15 }}</ref> and Adele (Logan) Alexander, a teacher of African-American women's history at [[George Washington University]] and writer.<ref name= "Biography Today">{{cite book |last=|first=|title=Biography Today|year=2010|pages=9–10|publisher=Omnigraphics|location=[[Detroit, Michigan]] |isbn=978-0-7808-1051-8}}</ref> Her brother [[Mark C. Alexander]] was a senior adviser to the [[Barack Obama]] [[Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008|presidential campaign]] and a member of the president-elect's transition team.<ref name=ny/>
After she was born, the family moved to [[Washington, D.C]]. She was just a toddler when her parents brought her in March 1963 to the [[March on Washington]], site of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s famous ''[[I Have A Dream]]'' speech. Alexander recalled that "Politics was in the drinking water at my house". She also took ballet as a child.<ref name="Biography Today, pp.10" />

She was educated at [[Sidwell Friends School]], and graduated in 1980. From there she went to [[Yale University]] and graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1984. She studied poetry at [[Boston University]] under [[Derek Walcott]] and got her Master's in 1987. Her mother said to her, "That poet you love, Derek Walcott, is teaching at Boston University. Why don't you apply?" Alexander originally entered studying fiction writing, but Walcott looked at her diary and saw the poetry potential. Alexander said, "He gave me a huge gift. He took a cluster of words and he lineated it. And I saw it."<ref name="Biography Today, pp.10">"Biography Today", p. 10.</ref>

In 1992, she received her PhD in English from the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. While she was finishing her degree, she taught at nearby [[Haverford College]] from 1990 to 1991. At this time, she would publish her first work, ''The Venus Hottentot''. The title comes from [[Saartjie Baartman|Sarah Baartman]], a 19th-century South African woman of the [[Khoikhoi]] ethnic group.<ref>"Biography Today", pp. 10-11.</ref><ref name=yal/> Elizabeth is an alumna of the [[Ragdale|Ragdale Foundation]].

==After college==
While a graduate student, she was a reporter for the ''[[Washington Post]]'' from 1984 to 1985.<ref name=ps/> She soon realized that "it wasn't the life I wanted."<ref name="Biography Today, pp.10"/> She began teaching at [[University of Chicago]] in 1991 as an assistant professor of English. Here she would first meet future president [[Barack Obama]], who was a senior lecturer at the school's law school from 1992 until his election to the [[U.S. Senate]] in 2004. While in Chicago in 1992, she won a creative writing fellowship from the [[National Endowment for the Arts]].<ref>"Biography Today", p. 11.</ref>

In 1996, she published a volume of poetry, ''Body of Life'' and a verse play, ''Diva Studies'', which was staged at [[Yale University]]. She also became a founding faculty member of the ''Cave Canem'' workshop which helps develop African-American poets. In 1997, she received the [[University of Chicago]]'s Quantrell Award for excellence in undergraduate teaching. Later in that year, she moved to [[Massachusetts]] to teach at [[Smith College]]. She became the [[Grace Conkling|Grace Hazard Conkling]] poet-in-residence and the first director of the college's Poetry Center.<ref name="Biography Today, pp.12">"Biography Today", p. 12.</ref>

In 2000, she returned to [[Yale University]], where she would teach African American studies and English. She also released her third poetry collection,''Antebellum Dream Book''.<ref name="Biography Today, pp.12"/>

In 2005, she was selected in the first class of Alphonse [[Fletcher Foundation]] fellows and in 2007-08, she was an academic fellow at the [[Radcliffe College|Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study]] at [[Harvard]].<ref name=harv>{{cite news|author=Corydon Ireland |title=Radcliffe Fellow, poet Elizabeth Alexander reads |url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2008/05.08/15-alexander.html |publisher=Harvard University Gazette Online |date=2008-05-08 |accessdate=2009-01-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511185512/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2008/05.08/15-alexander.html |archivedate=May 11, 2008 }}</ref>

Since 2008, Alexander has chaired the African American Studies department at Yale. She currently teaches [[English language]]/[[English literature|literature]], African-American literature and [[gender studies]] at Yale.

In 2015, Alexander was elected a Chancellor of the [[Academy of American Poets]].<ref>[http://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/elizabeth-alexander Poets.org]</ref>

In 2016, she became the Wun Tsun Tam Mellon Professor in the Humanities at [[Columbia University]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.columbia.edu/announcements/elizabeth-alexander-joins-faculty|title=Renowned Poet and Scholar Elizabeth Alexander Joins Faculty {{!}} Department of English and Comparative Literature|website=english.columbia.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-09}}</ref>

==Works==
Alexander's poems, short stories and critical writings have been widely published in such journals and periodicals such as: ''[[The Paris Review]],'' ''[[American Poetry Review]],'' ''[[The Kenyon Review]],'' ''[[The Village Voice]],'' ''The Women's Review of Books,'' and ''[[The Washington Post]].'' Her play ''Diva Studies'', which was performed at the [[Yale School of Drama]], garnered her a [[National Endowment for the Arts]] creative writing fellowship as well as an [[Illinois Arts Council]] award.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elizabeth Alexander: Biography and CV |url=http://www.elizabethalexander.net/biography.html |accessdate=2009-01-15 }}</ref>

Her 2005 volume of poetry ''American Sublime'' was one of three finalists for the [[Pulitzer Prize]] of that year.<ref name=gn>{{cite news |author=Jay Parini |title=Why Obama chose Elizabeth Alexander for his inauguration |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/dec/18/obama-inauguration-alexander-poetry |publisher=''The Guardian'' |date=2008-12-18 |accessdate=2009-01-15 | location=London}}</ref> Alexander is also a scholar of [[African-American literature]] and [[African-American culture|culture]] and recently published a collection of essays entitled ''The Black Interior.''<ref name=yal>{{cite news |title=Yale Professor Elizabeth Alexander Named Inaugural Poet |url=http://opa.yale.edu/news/article.aspx?id=6298 |work=Yale Bulletin |publisher=Yale University |date=2008-12-19 |accessdate=2009-01-15 }}</ref>

Alexander received the [[Anisfield-Wolf Book Award]] Lifetime Achievement Award in Poetry in 2010.<ref>[http://www.anisfield-wolf.org/books/lifetime-elizabeth-alexander/?sortby=year Anisfield-wolf.org]</ref>

===2009 U.S. Presidential inauguration===
On January 20, 2009, at the [[First inauguration of Barack Obama|presidential inauguration of Barack Obama]], Alexander recited her poem "[[Praise Song for the Day]]", which she had composed for the occasion.<ref name=ny/><ref name=yal/> She became only the fourth poet to read at an American presidential inauguration, after [[Robert Frost]] in 1961, [[Maya Angelou]] in 1993 and [[Miller Williams]] in 1997.<ref name=wp>{{cite news |author=Michael E. Ruane |title=Selection Provides Civil Rights Symmetry |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/17/AR2008121702027.html?wpisrc=newsletter&wpisrc=newsletter&wpisrc=newsletter |publisher=''[[The Washington Post]]'' |date=2008-12-17 |accessdate=2009-01-15 }}</ref>

The announcement of her selection was favorably received by her fellow poets [[Maya Angelou]], [[Rita Dove]],<ref name=wp/> [[Paul Muldoon]],<ref name=ny/> and [[Jay Parini]], who extolled her as "smart, deeply educated in the traditions of poetry, true to her roots, responsive to black culture."<ref name=gn/> The [[Poetry Foundation]] also hailed the choice: "Her selection affirms poetry's central place in the soul of our country."<ref name=wp/>

Though the selection of the widely unknown poet, who was a personal friend of Obama, was lauded, the actual poem and delivery were met with a poor reception.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/columnists/chi-schmich-bd-25-jan25,0,5305166.column | work=Chicago Tribune | title=Big stage amplifies poet's critics | first=Mary | last=Schmich | date=2009-01-25}}</ref> ''The Chicago Tribune'', the ''Los Angeles Times'' Book editor, and most critics found that "her poem was too much like prose," and that "her delivery [was] insufficiently dramatic." The ''Minneapolis Star-Tribune'' found the poem "dull, 'bureaucratic' and found it proved that "the poet's place is not on the platform but in the crowd, that she should speak not for the people but to them."<ref>[http://www.startribune.com/politics/37883244.html?page=2&c=y ''Star Tribune''.]</ref>

Alexander wrote of her experience of reading at the inauguration in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' in January 2017. Alexander bought her father who had attended the 1963 [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]] to sit next to her at the inauguration. At the rehearsal for the inauguration, Alexander read [[Gwendolyn Brooks]]'s poem "kitchenette building".<ref name=NewYorkerJan17>{{cite news|url=http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/a-poets-tale-from-obamas-first-inaugural|title=A Poet's Tale from Obama's first inaugural|date=17 January 2017|work=[[The New Yorker]]|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
According to research done by [[Henry Louis Gates|Henry Louis Gates, Jr.]], of Harvard University, in 2010 for the PBS series ''[[Faces of America]]'', it was revealed that according to DNA analysis, she is a lineal cousin of another of the guests on the show, [[Stephen Colbert]]. Her paternal grandfather came to the United States in 1918 from [[Kingston, Jamaica]]. On the maternal side, her roots can be traced back 37 generations through notable ancestors, including her 23rd great-grandmother Joan, Princess of England, 24th great-grandparents King John I of England and Clemence, Mistress of the King, and 37th great-grandfather [[Charlemagne]], first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.<ref name=faces>{{cite episode|title =4|episodelink = |series = Faces of America|serieslink = Faces of America (PBS series)|network = [[PBS]]|airdate = 2010-03-03|season = 1|number = 4}}</ref> She was married to Ficre Ghebreyesus until his death in April 2012. She lives with their two sons in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Elizabeth Alexander|url=http://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/elizabeth-alexander|work=Academy of American Poets|accessdate=13 June 2015}}</ref>

==Bibliography==

===Poetry===
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authorlink= |authormask= |title=The Venus Hottentot |location= |publisher=Graywolf Press |year=1990}}
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authorlink= |authormask=1 |title=Body of Life |location=Chicago |publisher=Tia Chucha Press |year=1997}}
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authorlink= |authormask=1 |title=Antebellum Dream Book |location= |publisher=Graywolf Press |year=2001}}
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authorlink= |authormask=1 |title=American Sublime |location= |publisher=Graywolf Press |year=2005}}
*{{cite book |editor=Alexander, Elizabeth |editormask=1 |title=The Essential Gwendolyn Brooks |location= |publisher=Library of America |year=2005}}
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authorlink= |authormask=1 |title=American Blue: Selected Poems |location= |publisher=Bloodaxe Books |year=2006}}
*{{cite book |author1=Alexander, Elizabeth |author2=Nelson, Marilyn |authormask1=1 |title=Miss Crandall's School for Young Ladies and Little Misses of Color: Poems |location=Honesdale, Pa. |publisher=Wordsong |year=2007}}
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authorlink= |authormask=1 |title=Praise Song for the Day |location= |publisher=Graywolf Press |year=2009}}

===Essays and introductions===
*{{cite book |author=Dixon, Melvin |authorlink= |authormask= |others=Introduction by Elizabeth Alexander |title=Love's Instruments |location=Chicago |publisher=Tia Chuca Press |year=1995}}
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authorlink= |authormask= |title=The Black Interior |location= |publisher=Graywolf Press |year=2004}}
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authorlink= |authormask=1 |title=Power and Possibility: Essays, Reviews, and Interviews |location=Ann Arbor |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2007 |series=Poets on Poetry}}

===Memoirs===
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authorlink= |authormask= |title=The Light of the World: A Memoir |location=New York |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |year=2015}}
*{{cite journal |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authorlink= |authormask=1 |date=February 9, 2015 |title=Lottery tickets: mourning a husband |department=Personal History |journal=[[The New Yorker]] |volume=90 |issue=47 |pages= |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/02/09/ |accessdate=2015-08-26}}

===Critical studies and reviews===
*{{cite journal |author=Anon. |authorlink= |authormask= |date=April 11, 2015 |title=How to remember |department=Books and Arts |journal=[[The Economist]] |volume=415 |issue=8933 |pages=75–76 |url= |accessdate=}} Review of ''The Light of the World''.
*{{cite news|last=Gollin |first=Andrea |title=Review: Elizabeth Alexander’s 'The Light of the World' |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/books/article20017440.html |accessdate=3 May 2015 |work=Miami Herald |date=May 1, 2015 |quote=In art, in poetry and in her community of friends and family, Alexander finds divinity. The memoir itself is, of course, art. Its eloquent, grief-struck gratitude draws the reader in, and we celebrate and mourn alongside Alexander.}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{external media
|video1= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7eH7U3vCLQ "Praise Song for the Day"], 2009 Presidential Inauguration, Elizabeth Alexander
|video2= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iMxviaKYPQ Keynote Address-Prof. Elizabeth Alexander], ''IRAAS 20th Anniversary'', November 1, 2013
|video3= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=crCNRYvLad0 Keynote- Elizabeth Alexander], ''Towards an Intellectual History of Black Women Conference,'' April 29, 2011
}}
*[http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=84 Poems by Elizabeth Alexander and biography at PoetryFoundation.org]
*[http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/245 Elizabeth Alexander: Profile and Poems at Poets.org]
*[http://elizabethalexander.net/home.html Official site of Elizabeth Alexander]
*[http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/970529/qalexander.shtml Quantrell Award: Elizabeth Alexander]
*[http://www.newsreel.org/guides/furious/alexande.htm California Newsreel: Elizabeth Alexander]
*[http://www.poets.org/viewevent.php/prmEventID/4327 Elizabeth Alexander's profile]
*[http://southernspaces.org/2009/natasha-trethewey-interviews-elizabeth-alexander "Natasha Trethewey Interviews Elizabeth Alexander"], ''Southern Spaces'', 10 December 2009.
*{{cite web|url=http://english.yale.edu/faculty-staff/elizabeth-alexander |title=Elizabeth Alexander |publisher=Yale University |accessdate=July 6, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706143044/http://english.yale.edu/faculty-staff/elizabeth-alexander |archivedate=July 6, 2014 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander, Elizabeth}}
[[Category:African-American academics]]
[[Category:African-American dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:African-American women writers]]
[[Category:African-American poets]]
[[Category:American women poets]]
[[Category:African-American studies scholars]]
[[Category:American educators]]
[[Category:Boston University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University faculty]]
[[Category:Haverford College faculty]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from New York City]]
[[Category:Poets from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Radcliffe fellows]]
[[Category:Smith College faculty]]
[[Category:University of Chicago faculty]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:Yale University faculty]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:American women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:American essayists]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]
[[Category:American women essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century American poets]]
[[Category:20th-century American dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century American poets]]

Otobong Nkanga

2017-04-30T13:25:01Z

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{{Infobox artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Otobong Nkanga
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Otobong Nkanga, Nottingham Contemporary 1907.JPG
| image_size =
| alt = An exhibition gallery, with white pebbles on the floor, five images on slabs and a small block of sandstone to the back.
| caption = Taste of a Stone. Ikǫ
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1974}} 
| birth_place = [[Kano, Nigeria]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| nationality = Nigerian
| education =
| alma_mater =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| style =
| movement =
| spouse =
| awards = Yanghyun Prize 
| elected =
| patrons =
| memorials =
| website = 
| module =
}}
'''Otobong Nkanga '''(born 1974) is a [[Nigeria]]n-born visual artist and performance artist, based in [[Antwerp]]. In 2015 she won the [[Yanghyun Prize]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20151112001311|title=Nigerian artist Otobong Nkanga wins Yanghyun art prize|work=The Korea Herald|publisher=|date=12 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/193102-nigerian-artist-emerges-first-african-winner-of-korean-award.html|title=Nigerian artist emerges first African winner of Korean award|author=Evelyn Okakwu|work=Premium Times Nigeria|date=13 November 2015}}</ref>

Her work explores the social and topographical changes of her environment, observes their inherent complexities and understands how resources such as soil and earth, and their potential values, are subject to regional and cultural analysis. Her work has been featured in many institutions including the [[Tate Modern]] the [[Kunst-Werke Institute for Contemporary Art|KW Institute]] (Berlin), the [[Stedelijk Museum]] and the biennale of [[Sharjah]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Otobong Nkanga|url = http://www.contemporaryand.com/fr/person/otobong-nkanga/|publisher = contemporaryand.com|date = |accessdate= 7 March 2015}}</ref> She will appear at the 20th [[Biennale of Sydney]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2016/jan/15/20th-biennale-of-sydney-carriageworks|title=20th Biennale of Sydney, Carriageworks|work=The Guardian|date=15 January 2016}}</ref>

== Life ==
Otobong Nkanga was born in [[Kano]], Nigeria, in 1974. Her first personal exhibition, ''CLASSICISM & BEYOND'', took place in 2002 in the non-profit organization, [[Project Row Houses]] in Houston. In 2007 to 2008, in response to the work ''Baggage'' (1972 – 2007/2008) by American artist [[Allan Kaprow]],<ref>{{Citation|language = |author1 = Meyer-Hermann, Eva (19..-....).|title = Allan Kaprow : art as life|publisher = Royaume-Uni|editor = Thames & Hudson|year = 2008| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nLbIudCykXQC&pg=PA225|pages= }}</ref> Nkanga has designed a performance for the [[Kunsthalle Bern]].
The initial work that was based on issues of movement of goods from one point of the planet to another, Naylor introduces a post-colonial dimension. As evidenced the artist in an interview,<ref>{{Cite web| title = INTERVIEW WITH OTOBONG NKANGA|url = http://www.thewhitereview.org/interviews/interview-with-otobong-nkanga/| }}</ref> the concepts of identity, cultural specificities are again at the centre of his artistic gesture of re-appropriation.

Also, in 2008, the project ''Contained measures of Land'' used soil both as a symbol of the territory and competition and conflict. A year later, during his residence at [[Pointe-Noire]], in the [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]], it has collected eight different colours of Earth. Pointe-Noire was colonized by the Portuguese and the French. Art critic [[Philippe Pirotte]] wrote that Nkanga comes to create a kind of vehicle for the presentation and the transportation which does not define the use value in an era where everyone is obsessed with the transformation of natural tools resources which serve humanity.<ref>{{Citation|author1 = Virginie Bobin|title = An Invention of Allan Kaprow for the Present Moment|publisher=Kunsthalle Bern|year = 2007|isbn = 3857801506.| chapter = Participation: A Legacy of Allan Kaprow, P. Pirotte !pages= 9–17}}</ref>

Her project, ''Contained Measures of Tangible Memories'' that started in 2010, from her first trip to the Morocco, she explores the practices of dyeing.
She essentially transform objects in circulation to objets d'art.<ref name="aa1" />

In 2012, she has created a device for a performance, or rather an installation entitled ''Contained Measures of Kolanut'' with two photos, one of a tree called adekola and one with two girls imitating trees. Nkanga explained that the Kola tree is important for its culture and is a symbol of spirituality to its culture. After she suggested eating a brown nut (Cola accuminata) or a cream (cola nitida). These elements existed for preparing a conversation. This type of performance can last for hours and requires a lot of concentration.<ref name="aa1">{{cite journal|author = Monika Szewczyk|title = Exchange and Some Change: The imaginative Economies of Otobong Nkanga|journal = Afterall, a journal of art, context and enquiry|number= 37|date= Autumn–Winter 2014|issn = |url= http://www.afterall.org/journal/issue.37/exchange-and-some-change_the-imaginative-economies-of-otobong-nkanga|pages = 41}}</ref>

The same year, she proposed a performance for the Tate programme "Politics of Representation" in which she invited visitors to explore the concepts of identity, perception, and memory.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Across the Board|url = http://www.tate.org.uk/download/file/fid/21395|publisher = www.tate.org.uk|date = }}</ref>

== Expositions ==
* 2010: Kunsthal Charlottenborg Copenhagen. Taste of a Stone. Ikǫ
* 2015: Biennale d'art contemporain de Lyon
* 2016: ''The Encounter That Took a Part of Me''. Nottingham Contemporary

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.otobongnkanga.com/ Official website.]
{{commonscat|Otobong Nkanga @ Nottingham Contemporary}}
{{Translation/Ref|fr|Otobong Nkanga}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nkanga, Otobong}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Nigerian artists]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Morne Fortune

2017-03-27T22:32:32Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
'''Morne Fortune''' is a hill and residential area located south of [[Castries]], [[Saint Lucia]], in the [[West Indies]]. Originally a fort constructed by the French, it was captured by the British on 24 May 1796. A memorial to the [[Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers]] still stands commemorating the battle. The original fortifications still stand on the summit and the old military buildings are in a listed historical area. The [[Saint Lucia National Trust]] operates this area.

Morne Fortune also hosts the Saint Lucian campus of the [[University of the West Indies]] as well as [[Sir Arthur Lewis Community College]].

[[Government House, Saint Lucia|Government House]], the official residence of the [[Governor-General of Saint Lucia]], is on the northern side of Morne Fortune. There are fine views of Castries available from there.

[[File:View_of_Castries_Saint_Lucia_Day248bdriveb.jpg|thumb|left|500px|Castries as seen from Morne Fortune]]

{{SaintLucia-geo-stub}}

{{coord|13.98886|-60.99137|display=title|region:LC_type:mountain|name=Morne Fortune}}

[[Category:Landforms of Saint Lucia]]

Joe Mafela

2017-03-20T23:55:43Z

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{{Use South African English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
'''Joe''' "'''Sdumo'''" '''Mafela''' (1942 – 18 March 2017)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Modise|first1=Kgomotso|title=Joe Mafela’s family confirm actor was killed in car accident|url=http://ewn.co.za/2017/03/19/joe-mafela-s-family-confirm-actor-was-killed-in-car-accident|accessdate=19 March 2017|agency=EWN|publisher=Primedia Broadcasting}}</ref> was a [[South African]] actor, writer, producer, director, singer, and businessman.

==Career==
Mafela was born in [[Sibasa]], [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]], and brought up in [[Kliptown]] and White City Jabavu, in [[Soweto]], near [[Johannesburg]], and then his family remained until 1990 in the Tshiawelo Township that had been set aside for Venda people under [[Apartheid]]. He began acting in movies at the age of 22, playing the role of an editor in the movie, ''Real News''. He joined the South African film company SA Films, and over the following 20 years he worked as a producer and director as well as a film actor. He also managed the multi-ethnic dance troupes Mzumba, Sangoma, and the Gold Reef Dancers, which performed in feature films, theaters, and hotels and appeared on four continents.<ref name=Moonyeenn>{{cite web|title=Joe Mafela|url=http://www.mlasa.com/actors/joemaf.htm|publisher=Moonyeenn Lee Associates|accessdate=24 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727081458/http://www.mlasa.com/actors/joemaf.htm|archivedate=27 July 2012}}</ref> In 1974 Mafela co-starred in the first all-black movie made in South Africa, as Peter Pleasure in ''Udeliwe''. He worked with director [[Peter R. Hunt]] (famed for the James Bond movie ''On Her Majesty's Secret Service'') in the 1976 film ''Shout at the Devil''.<ref name="sahistory1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/joe-sdumo-mafela |title=Joe “Sdumo” Mafela | South African History Online |website=Sahistory.org.za |date=2011-02-16 |accessdate=2017-03-19}}</ref>

With the advent of [[television in South Africa]] in 1976, Mafela worked almost continuously in that medium. In 1986 he was cast as the unemployed lodger S'dumo in the [[Zulu language]] comedy series ''[['Sgudi 'Snaysi]]''. The success of ''{{'}}Sgudi 'Snaysi'' ("Is Good, Is Nice") – which ran to 78 episodes on [[SABC]] – led to roles in other series, often produced by Mafela's own production company Penguin Films. It also encouraged Mafela to enter the advertising industry, working as Creative Director of Black Communications at [[BBDO]] South Africa and, since 1992, as a director of Sharrer Advertising in Johannesburg.<ref name=Smith>{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Theresa|title=Acting veteran keeps the passion alive|url=http://www.iol.co.za/tonight/movies/acting-veteran-keeps-the-passion-alive-1.1107398?#.U_iZ0cW1bsQ|accessdate=23 August 2014|work=IOL|date=28 July 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6S2jg1mA7|archivedate=23 August 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>

Mafela conceptualised and starred in early [[Chicken Licken (restaurant)|Chicken Licken]] television commercials, and authored the company's "It's good, good, good, it's good its nice" [[jingle]] during the making of a Chicken Licken commercial in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Boucher|first1=Chana|title=Entrepreneur Profiles – Chicken Licken: George Sombonos|url=http://www.entrepreneurmag.co.za/advice/success-stories/entrepreneur-profiles/chicken-licken-george-sombonos-2/|date=4 September 2012|website=Entrepreneur Magazine|accessdate=20 August 2014|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6RyXfChKu|archivedate=20 August 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The cast: Joe Mafela|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-11-the-cast-joe-mafela|accessdate=23 August 2014|work=Mail & Guardian|date=11 August 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6S2h9cwJA|archivedate=23 August 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Pitman|first1=Juliet|title=Entrepreneur Profiles – Chicken Licken: George Sombonos|url=http://www.entrepreneurmag.co.za/advice/success-stories/entrepreneur-profiles/chicken-licken-george-sombonos/|date=11 November 2009|website=Entrepreneur Magazine|accessdate=20 August 2014|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6RyXkdVsk|archivedate=20 August 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>

In 1996, [[Gallo Records]] released the album ''Shebeleza Fela'', with the popular hit "Shebeleza (Congo Mama)".<ref name="amazon1">[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00E5XWF06/ref=dm_ws_sp_ps_dp?ie=UTF8&qid=1389552429&sr=8-1-fkmr1 ]{{dead link|date=March 2017}}</ref> It was a huge success, and "Shebeleza" was a theme song during the [[Africa Cup of Nations]] in 1996.<ref name="sahistory1"/> Since then, Mafela has recorded and released several other albums of Zulu-language songs.<ref name="sahistory1"/>

Sometimes called "the face of South African entertainment",<ref name=Moonyeenn/> and "South Africa's Bill Cosby",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.com/joe-mafela/profile-141963.html |title=Joe Mafela Profile - Photos, Wallpapers, Videos, News, Movies, Joe Mafela Songs, Pics |website=In.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-19}}</ref> he starred as recently as 2011 in the thriller ''Retribution''.<ref name=Smith/> Nonetheless, the aging Mafela complained in 2012 that it was hard for him to get acting work. He said he has been told that he is "old and cold".<ref name=Moonyeenn/> He was in a car accident on the 18 March 2017, on the M1 north of Johannesburg, where two cars were involved. He died immediately, leaving behind his wife and four children.

==Awards==
In 2004 Mafela was awarded a special Duku Duku award for his services to the South African television industry.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Local/0,,2-1225-1242_1599953,00.html|title=SA's celebrities glitter|date=5 October 2004|publisher=[[News24]]|accessdate=24 November 2009}}</ref> In 2005 he was awarded a Theatre Management of South Africa Lifetime Achievement award at the Naledi Theatre Awards.<ref>[http://www.tmsa.org.za/naledis2004.htm ]{{dead link|date=March 2017}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''[[Zulu (1964 film)|Zulu]]'' (1964)
*''[[Tokoloshe]]'' (1971)
*''[[Shout at the Devil]]'' (1976)
*''[[Escape from Angola]]'' (1976)
*''A Game for Vultures'' (1979)
*''{{'}}Sgudi 'Snaysi'' (1986) (TV)
*''Red Scorpion'' (1989)
*''Khululeka'' (1993) (TV)
*''[[Madam and Eve]]'' (2000) (TV)
*''Fela's TV'' (2004) (TV)
*"Going Up" (1998) (TV)
*"Generations The Legacy"

==Discography==
*"Shebeleza Felas" (1995)<ref name="amazon1"/>
* "The Fort E No. 4" (2007)<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00E5XP5VM/ref=dm_ws_sp_ps_dp?ie=UTF8&qid=1389552252&sr=8-1 ]{{dead link|date=March 2017}}</ref>
* "Greatest Moments" (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/11dzTE3NKEYigtMx8x1jEI |title=Greatest Moments Of by Joe Mafela |website=Open.spotify.com |date=2015-01-26 |accessdate=2017-03-19}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tvsa.co.za/actorprofile.asp?actorid=7294 TVSA Actor Profile]
* [http://www.snaparazzi.co.za/galleries/celebs/joe-mafela/ Snaparazzi Gallery]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mafela, Joe}}
[[Category:South African male television actors]]
[[Category:South African male film actors]]
[[Category:People from Johannesburg]]
[[Category:Zulu people]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]

Caryl Phillips

2017-03-20T17:43:26Z

Proscribe: added Category:British non-fiction writers using HotCat

{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}}
{{Infobox writer 
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| influences = [[James Baldwin]], [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]], [[William Faulkner]]
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'''Caryl Phillips''' (born 13 March 1958) is a [[Kittitian and Nevisian British|Kittitian-British]] novelist, playwright and essayist. Best known for his novels (for which he has won multiple awards), Phillips is often described as a [[Paul Gilroy#The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness|Black Atlantic]] writer, since much of his fictional output is defined by its interest in, and searching exploration of, the experiences of peoples of the [[African diaspora]] in England, the [[Caribbean]] and the United States.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Low|1998}}{{sfn|Bewes|2006}} As well as writing, Phillips has worked as an academic at numerous institutions including [[Amherst College]], [[Barnard College]], and [[Yale University]], where he has held the position of Professor of English since 2005.{{sfn|Methi|2009}}{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010}}

==Life==

Caryl Phillips was born in [[Saint Kitts|St. Kitts]] to Malcolm and Lillian Phillips on 13 March 1958.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Phillips|2009}} When he was four months old, his family moved to England and settled in [[Leeds]], Yorkshire.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Metcalfe|2010}} In 1976, Phillips won a place at [[Queen's College, Oxford|Queen's College, Oxford University]], where he read English, graduating in 1979.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|British Council}} While at Oxford, he directed numerous plays and spent his summers working as a stagehand at the [[Edinburgh Festival]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}} On graduating, he moved to Edinburgh, where he lived for a year, on the [[Unemployment benefits|dole]], while writing his first play, ''Strange Fruit'' (1980), which was taken up and produced by the [[Crucible Theatre]] in [[Sheffield]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Phillips|2010}}{{sfn|Bell|1991|pages=585–586}} Phillips subsequently moved to London, where he wrote two more plays – ''Where There is Darkness'' (1982) and ''Shelter'' (1983) – that were staged at the [[Lyric Hammersmith]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}

At the age of 22, he visited St. Kitts for the first time since his family had left the island in 1958.{{sfn|Eckstein|2001}} The journey provided the inspiration for his first novel, ''The Final Passage'', which was published five years later.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Swift|1992}} After publishing his second book, ''A State of Independence'' (1986), Phillips went on a one-month journey around Europe, which resulted in his 1987 collection of essays ''The European Tribe''.{{sfn|Bell|1991|pages=558–559}} During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Phillips divided his time between England and St. Kitts while working on his novels ''Higher Ground'' (1989) and ''Cambridge'' (1991).{{sfn|Phillips|1995|page=156}}

In 1990, Phillips took up a Visiting Writer post at [[Amherst College]] in [[Amherst, Massachusetts]]. He remained at Amherst College for a further eight years, becoming the youngest English tenured Professor in the US when he was promoted to that position in 1995.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}} During this time, he wrote what is perhaps his most well-known novel, ''Crossing the River'' (1993), which won the [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] and the [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]], and was shortlisted for the [[Booker Prize]].{{sfn|Booker Prize Foundation}} After taking up the position at Amherst, Phillips found himself doing "a sort of triangular thing" for a number of years, residing between England, St Kitts, and the U.S.{{sfn|Phillips|1995}}

Finding this way of living both "incredibly exhausting" and "prohibitively expensive", Phillips ultimately decided to give up his residence in St. Kitts, though he says that he still makes regular visits to the island.{{sfn|Phillips|1995}} In 1998, he joined [[Barnard College]], [[Columbia University]], as the Henry R. Luce Professor of Migration and Social Order.{{sfn|British Council}} In 2005 he moved to [[Yale University]], where he currently works as Professor of English.{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010}} He was made an elected fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]] in 2000, and an elected fellow of the [[Royal Society of Arts]] in 2011.{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010b}}

== Works and critical reception ==
Phillips has tackled themes on the African [[slave trade]] from many angles, and his writing is concerned with issues of "origins, belongings and exclusion", as noted by a reviewer of his 2015 novel ''The Lost Child''.<ref>[[Gerard Woodward|Woodward, Gerard]], [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-lost-child-by-caryl-phillips-book-review-wuthering-heights-relived-in-postwar-britain-10135393.html "The Lost Child by Caryl Phillips, book review: Wuthering Heights relived in post-war Britain"], ''The Independent'', 26 March 2015.</ref> Phillips's work has been recognised by numerous awards, including the Martin Luther King Memorial Prize, a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]], the 1993 [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] for ''[[Crossing the River]]'' and the 2004 [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] Best Book award for ''[[A Distant Shore (novel)|A Distant Shore]]''.

Phillips received the [[PEN Open Book Award]] (formerly known as the Beyond Margins Award) for ''Dancing in the Dark'' in 2006.

==Bibliography==

===Novels===
*''[[The Final Passage]]'' (Faber and Faber, 1985, ISBN 978-0571134373; Picador, 1995, paperback ISBN 978-0571134373)
*''[[A State of Independence]]'' (Faber and Faber, 1986, ISBN 978-0571139101; paperback ISBN 978-0571196791)
*''[[Higher Ground (novel)|Higher Ground: A Novel in Three Parts]]'' (Viking, 1989, ISBN 978-0670826209)
*''[[Cambridge (novel)|Cambridge]]'' (Bloomsbury, 1991; Vintage, 2008, ppaperback ISBN 978-0099520566)
*''[[Crossing the River]]'' (Bloomsbury, 1993, ISBN 978-0747514978)
*''[[The Nature of Blood]]'' (1997; Vintage, 2008, paperback ISBN 978-0099520573)
*''[[A Distant Shore (novel)|A Distant Shore]]'' (Secker, 2003, hardback ISBN 978-0436205644; Vintage, 2004, paperback ISBN 978-0099428886)
*''[[Dancing in the Dark (novel)|Dancing in the Dark]]'' (Secker, 2005, ISBN 978-0436205835)
*''[[In the Falling Snow]]'' (Harvill Secker, 2009, hardback ISBN 978-1846553066; Vintage, 2010, paperback ISBN 978-0099539742)
*''The Lost Child'' (Oneworld Publications, 2015, ISBN 978-1780746999 hardback, 978-1780747989 paperback)

===Historical fiction===
*''[[Foreigners (Caryl Phillips book)|Foreigners: Three English Lives]]'' (Harvill Secker, 2007, ISBN 978-0436205972)

===Essay collections===
*''[[The European Tribe]]'' (Faber and Faber, 1987)
*''[[The Atlantic Sound]]'' (Faber and Faber, 2000, ISBN 978-0571196203)
*''[[A New World Order]]: Selected Essays'' (Martin Secker & Warburg, 2001, ISBN 978-0436205606)
*''[[Colour Me English]]'' (Harvill Secker, 2011, paperback ISBN 978-1846553059)

===As editor===
* ''Extravagant Strangers: A Literature of Belonging'' (Faber and Faber, 1997, ISBN 978-0571190867)

===Plays===
* ''Playing Away'' (Faber and Faber, 1987, ISBN 978-0571145836)
*''[[Ned Chaillet#A Kind of Home – James Baldwin in Paris|A Kind of Home – James Baldwin in Paris]]'' ([[BBC Radio 4]], 9 January 2004)<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2003/11_november/27/radio4_quarter1_drama.pdf "A Kind of Home: James Baldwin in Paris"], ''Friday play'', BBC Radio 4.</ref>
*''[[Ned Chaillet#Hotel Cristobel|Hotel Cristobel]]'' ([[BBC Radio 3]], 13 March 2005)<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/dramaon3/pip/fzqtj "Hotel Cristobel"], ''Drama on 3'', BBC Radio 3.</ref>
*''[[Ned Chaillet#A Long Way from Home|A Long Way from Home]]'' (BBC Radio 3, 30 March 2008)<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b009md7p "A Long Way from Home"], ''Drama on 3, BBC Radio 3.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/dramaon3/pip/r574n "A Long Way from Home, by Caryl Phillips"], ''Drama on 3'', BBC .</ref>

== Awards ==
* 2011 Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Arts]]
* 2006 [[Commonwealth Writers Prize]], ''A Distant Shore''
* 2004 [[Commonwealth Writers Prize]], ''Crossing the River''
* 2000 Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]]
* 1994 [[Lannan Literary Award]]
* 1994 [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]], ''Crossing the River''
* 1993 [[Guggenheim Fellowship]]
* 1987 [[Martin Luther King Memorial Prize]], ''The European Tribe''
* 2012 [[Best of the James Tait Black]], shortlist, ''Crossing the River''<ref name=leadbetter>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/book-prize-names-six-of-the-best-in-search-for-winner.19197747 |title=Book prize names six of the best in search for winner |work=Herald Scotland |first=Russell |last=Leadbetter |date=21 October 2012 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=bbcnews2012>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-20020630 |title=Authors in running for 'best of best' James Tait Black award |work=BBC News |author= |date=21 October 2012 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref>

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===

*{{cite journal|last=Bell|first=C. Rosalind|title=Worlds Within: An Interview with Caryl Phillips|journal=Callaloo|date=Summer 1991|volume=14|issue=3|pages=578–606|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/2931461}}
*{{cite journal|last=Bewes|first=Timothy|title=Shame, Ventriloquy and the Problem of Cliche in Caryl Phillips|journal=Cultural Critique|date=Spring 2006|volume=63|pages=33–60|ref=harv|doi=10.1353/cul.2006.0014}}
*{{cite web|last=Booker Prize Foundation|title=Caryl Phillips|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/people/caryl-phillips|publisher=Booker Prize Foundation|accessdate=13 June 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=British Council|title=Caryl Phillips|url=http://literature.britishcouncil.org/caryl-phillips|publisher=British Council|accessdate=12 June 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Eckstein |first=Lars |title=The Insistence of Voices: An Interview with Caryl Phillips |url=http://ariel.synergiesprairies.ca/ariel/index.php/ariel/article/view/3555/3496 |journal=Ariel |date=April 2001 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=33–43 |ref=harv }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite news|last=Jaggi|first=Maya|authorlink=Maya Jaggi|title=Caryl Phillips: The Guardian Profile|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/nov/03/fiction.artsandhumanities|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 November 2001|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Low|first=Gail|title='A Chorus of Common Memory': Slavery and Redemption in Caryl Phillips′ ''Cambridge'' and ''Crossing the River''|journal=Research in African Literatures|date=Winter 1998|volume=29|issue=1|pages=121–141|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|last=Metcalfe|first=Anna|title=Small Talk: Caryl Phillips|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/bcc17536-7a61-11df-9cd7-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1xdTTH6rU|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Financial Times|date=21 June 2010|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|first2=Jenny |last2=Sharpe|title=Of this Time, of that Place|journal=Transition|year=1995|volume=68|pages=154–161|ref={{harvid|Phillips|1995}}|doi=10.2307/2935298}}
*{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=I prefer not to raise my head above the parapet (an interview with Anita Methi)|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/caryl-phillips-i-prefer-not-to-raise-my-head-above-the-parapet-1688887.html|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Independent|date=22 May 2009|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Once upon a life|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/17/caryl-phillips-edinburgh-once-upon-a-life|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Observer (Observer Magazine)|date=17 October 2010|page=14|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Biography: Education and Teaching|year=2005–2010|url=http://www.carylphillips.com/education-teaching.html|work=Caryl Phillips: The Official Website|accessdate=10 September 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Biography:Awards|year=2005–2010b|url=http://www.carylphillips.com/awards.html|work=Caryl Phillips|accessdate=10 September 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Swift|first=Graham|title=Caryl Phillips (An Interview)|journal=BOMB|date=Winter 1992|volume=38|url=http://bombsite.com/issues/38/articles/1511|ref=harv}}

==Further reading==
* Charras, Françoise, "De-Centering the Center: George Lamming’s ''Natives of My Person'' (1972) and Caryl Phillips’s ''Cambridge'' (1991)", in Maria Diedrich, Carl Pedersen and Justine Tally (eds), ''Mapping African America: History, Narrative Form and the Production of Knowledge''. Hamburg: LIT, 1999, pp. 61–78.
* Joannou, Maroula. "'Go West, Old Woman': The Radical Re-Visioning of Slave History in Caryl Phillips’s ''Crossing the River''", in Brycchan Carey and Peter J. Kitson (eds), ''Slavery and the Cultures of Abolition: Essays Marking the Bicentennial of the British Abolition Act of 1807''. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2007.
* Ledent, Bénédicte. ''Caryl Phillips''. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002.
* [http://journal.afroeuropa.eu/index.php/afroeuropa/article/viewFile/57/71 Muñoz-Valdivieso, Sofia, "'Amazing Grace': The Ghosts of Newton, Equiano and Barber in Caryl Phillips's Fiction"]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Afroeuropa'' 2, 1 (2008).
* O’Callaghan, Evelyn. "Historical Fiction and Fictional History: Caryl Phillips’s ''Cambridge''”, ''Journal of Commonwealth Literature'' 29.2 (1993): 34-47.

==External links==
*[http://www.carylphillips.com Caryl Phillips' official website]
*[http://www.L3.ulg.ac.be/phillips The Caryl Phillips Bibliography]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051030080323/http://www.contemporarywriters.com:80/authors/?p=auth80 Caryl Phillips' Writers Page] at the British Council
*[http://english.yale.edu/faculty-staff/caryl-phillips Caryl Phillips at Yale University]
*[http://hdl.handle.net/10079/bibid/4549660 The Caryl Phillips Papers] at the [http://www.library.yale.edu/beinecke/ Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library], Yale University
*[http://www.npr.org/2015/03/21/394127475/lost-child-author-caryl-phillips-i-needed-to-know-where-i-came-from "'Lost Child' Author Caryl Phillips: 'I Needed To Know Where I Came From'"], NPR interview, 21 March 2015.

{{Commonwealth Writers' Prize - Best Book Winners}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phillips, Caryl}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:British republicans]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:writers from Leeds]]
[[Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis writers]]
[[Category:Black British writers]]
[[Category:Caribbean literature]]
[[Category:James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]
[[Category:20th-century British novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century novelists]]
[[Category:British male novelists]]
[[Category:British male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Male essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century essayists]]
[[Category:21st-century essayists]]
[[Category:British non-fiction writers]]

Flora Nwapa

2017-01-15T13:43:46Z

Proscribe: added Google doodle

{{Infobox writer 
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1993|10|16|1931|01|13|df=yes}}
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'''Florence Nwanzuruahu Nkiru Nwapa''' (13 January 1931 – 16 October 1993) was a [[Nigeria]]n [[Igbo people|Igbo]] author best known as '''Flora Nwapa''', who has been called the mother of modern African literature. The forerunner to a generation of African women writers, she is acknowledged as the first African woman novelist to be published in the English language in Britain and achieve international recognition,<ref name=DofA>[[Margaret Busby]], "Flora Nwapa", ''[[Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent]]'' (1992), Vintage: 1993, p. 399.</ref> with her first novel ''[[Efuru]]'' being published in 1966 by [[Heinemann Educational Books]]. While never considering herself a feminist, she is best known for recreating life and traditions from an [[Igbo people|Igbo]] woman's viewpoint.<ref name=Emory>Susan Leisure, [https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/11/nwapa-flora/ "Nwapa, Flora"], Postcolonial Studies @ Emory, Emory University, Fall 1996.</ref>

Nwapa also is known for her governmental work in reconstruction after the [[Nigerian Civil War|Biafran War]]. In particular she worked with orphans and refugees who were displaced during the war. Further she worked as a publisher of African literature and promoted women in African society.<ref name=litencyc>[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=3364 Literary Encyclopedia]</ref> She was one of the first African women publishers when she founded '''Tana Press''' in the 1970s.

==Biography==

===Early years and education===
Born in [[Oguta]],<ref name="born">Hamilton, Janice, ''Nigeria in Pictures'', p. 71.</ref> in south-eastern Nigeria, eldest of the six children of Christopher Ijeoma (an agent with the [[United Africa Company]]) and Martha Nwapa, a teacher of drama,<ref>[http://www.informationng.com/2013/03/interesting-things-about-flora-nwapa-nigerias-first-female-novelist.html "Interesting Things About Flora Nwapa, Nigeria’s First Female Novelist"], Information Nigeria, 1 March 2013.</ref> Flora Nwapa attended school in Oguta, [[Port Harcourt]] and [[Lagos]]. She went on to earn a BA degree from [[University College, Ibadan]], in 1957. She then went to [[Scotland]], where she earned a Diploma in Education from [[Edinburgh University]] in 1958.

===Teaching and public service===
After returning to Nigeria, Nwapa joined the Ministry of Education in [[Calabar]] as an Education Officer until 1959. She then took employment as a teacher at Queen's School in [[Enugu]], where she taught English and Geography from 1969 to 1971. She continued to work in both education and the civil service in several positions, including as Assistant Registrar, [[University of Lagos]] (1962–67).<ref name=litencyc /> After the [[Nigerian civil war]] of 1967–70, she accepted cabinet office as Minister of Health and Social Welfare in East Central State (1970–71), and subsequently as Minister of Lands, Survey and Urban Development (1971–74).<ref name=Emory />

===Writing and publishing===
Nwapa's first book, ''[[Efuru]]'', was published in 1966, a pioneering work as an English-language novel by an African woman writer.<ref name=Emory /> It was followed by the novels ''Idu'' (1967), ''Never Again'' (1975), ''One is Enough'' (1981) and ''Women Are Different'' (1986). She published two collections of stories — ''This Is Lagos'' (1971) and ''Wives at War'' (1980) — and the volume of poems ''Cassava Song and Rice Song'' (1986). She was also the author of several books for children.

In the 1974 she founded Tana Press and in 1977 the Flora Nwapa Company, publishing her own adult and children's literature as well as work by other writers.<ref name=Emory /><ref>Hans M. Zell, [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000609/060911mb.pdf "Publishing and Book Development in Africa: A Bibliography"] (''Studies on Books and Reading'', UNESCO), p. 4.</ref> She gave as one of objectives: "to inform and educate women all over the world, especially Feminists (both with capital F and small f) about the role of women in Nigeria, their economic independence, their relationship with their husbands and children, their traditional beliefs and their status in the community as a whole".<ref name=DofA /><ref>"Frankfurt Book Fair 1980", Flora Nwapa interviewed in ''The African Book Publishing Record'', Vol. VII, No. 1, 1981, p. 6.</ref> Tana has been described as "the first press run by a woman and targeted at a largely female audience. A project far beyond its time at a period when no one saw African women as constituting a community of readers or a book-buying demographic."<ref>[http://brittlepaper.com/2016/02/flora-nwapa#sthash.lY3eP9lF.dpuf "Flora Nwapa and the Letter That Changed Nigerian Literature Forever"], Brittle Paper, 3 February 2016.</ref>

===Later years===
Nwapa's career as an educator continued throughout her life and encompassed teaching at colleges and universities internationally, including at the [[New York University]], [[Trinity College]]{{dn|date=September 2016}}, [[University of Minnesota]], [[University of Michigan]] and the [[University of Ilorin]]. She said in an interview with ''Contemporary Authors'', "I have been writing for nearly thirty years. My interest has been on both the rural and the urban woman in her quest for survival in a fast-changing world dominated by men."<ref name=Emory />

Flora Nwapa died from [[pneumonia]] on 16 October 1993 in an hospital in Enugu, Nigeria, at the age of 62.<ref>Brenda F, Berrian, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3174890?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents "In Memoriam: Flora Nwapa (1931–1993"], ''Signs'', Vol. 20, No. 4, ''Postcolonial, Emergent, and Indigenous Feminisms'' (Summer 1995), pp. 996-999.</ref>

==Selected bibliography==
;Novels
*''[[Efuru]]'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1966; Waveland Press, 2013, ISBN 9781478613275
*''Idu'', Heinemann [[African Writers Series]], No. 56, ISBN 0-435-90056-0; 1970
*''Never Again'', Enugu: Tana Press, 1975; Nwamife, 1976; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433182
*''One Is Enough'', Enugu: Flora Nwapa Co., 1981; Tana Press, 1984; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433229
*''Women are Different'', Enugu: Tana Press, 1986; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433267

;Short stories/poems
*''This Is Lagos and Other Stories'', Enugu: Nwamife, 1971; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433212
*''Cassava Song and Rice Song'', Enugu: Tana Press, 1986
*''Wives at War and Other Stories'', Enugu: Nwamife, 1980; Flora Nwapa Co./Tana Press, 1984; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433281

;Children's books
*''The Adventures of Deke'', Enugu: Tana Press, 1986
*''Emeka, Driver's Guard'', London, 1972; Nwapa, 1987
*''Mammywater'', 1979; Enugu: Flora Nwapa Company, 1984
*''Journey to Space'', Enugu: Flora Nwapa Company, 1980
*''The Miracle Kittens'', Enugu: Flora Nwapa Company, 1980
*''The Adventures of Deke'', Enugu: Flora Nwapa Co., 1980

==Legacy==
Flora Nwapa is the subject of a documentary entitled ''The House of Nwapa'', made by [[Onyeka Nwelue]],<ref>Wealth Ominabo Dickson, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/208821-interview-achebes-things-fall-apart-not-great-african-novel-onyeka-nwelue.html Interview with Onyeka Nwelue], ''Premium Times'', 18 August 2016.</ref> that premiered in August 2016.<ref>Cheta Igbokwe, [http://www.statereporters.com/2016/08/28/house-nwapa-documentary-premiers-zimbabwe/ "Onyeka Nwelue’s ‘House of Nwapa’ Documentary Film Premiers in Zimbabwe"], ''State Reporters'', 28 August 2016.</ref><ref>[[Abubakar Adam Ibrahim]], [http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/art-ideas/-why-i-made-a-documentary-on-flora-nwapa/164790.html "‘Why I made a documentary on Flora Nwapa’"], ''Daily Trust'', 2 October 2016.</ref><ref>Ikhide R. Ikheloa, [https://xokigbo.com/?archives-list=1 "Flora Nwapa and the house that Onyeka Nwelue built for her"], Ikhide blog, 27 November 2016.</ref>

On 13 January 2017, Nwapa's birthday was marked with a [[Google Doodle]].<ref>[https://www.google.com/doodles?q=flora%20nwapa "Flora Nwapa’s 86th Birthday"], Google Doodles Archive, 13 January 2017.</ref><ref>[http://brittlepaper.com/2017/01/google-celebrates-flora-nwapa-day-history-doodle/ "Google Celebrates Flora Nwapa with a 'This Day in History' Doodle"], Brittle Paper, 13 January 2017.</ref><ref>Tonye Bakare, [https://guardian.ng/news/google-honours-late-nigerian-novelist-flora-nwapa/ "Google honours late Nigerian novelist Flora Nwapa"], ''[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]'' (Nigeria), 13 January 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/01/google-celebrates-flora-nwanzuruahu-nwapa-doodle/ "Google celebrates Flora Nwanzuruahu Nwapa with a doodle"], ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]'', 14 January 2017.</ref>

==See also==
;Nigerian women novelists
* [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]]
* [[Buchi Emecheta]]
* [[Rosemary Esehagu]]
* [[Karen King-Aribisala]]
* [[Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani]]
* [[Taiwo Odubiyi]]
* [[Ifeoma Okoye]]
* [[Chinelo Okparanta]]
* [[Ukamaka Olisakwe]]
* [[Helen Ovbiagele]]
* [[Lola Shoneyin]]
* [[Adaora Lily Ulasi]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==

*Adeola, James (ed.), ''In Their Own Voices, African Women Writers Talk'', Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1990.
*Andrade, Susan Z., "Rewriting History, Motherhood and Rebellion", ''Research in African Literatures'' 21. (1990): 91-110.
*Ezeigbo, Theodora Akachi, "Traditional Women’s Institutions in Igbo Society: Implications for the Igbo Female Writer", ''Languages and Cultures'' 3. (1990): 149-65.
*Githaiga, Anna, ''Notes on Flora Nwapa's "Efuru"'', Nairobi: Heinemann Educational Books, 1979.
*Ikonne, Chidi, "The Society and Woman’s Quest for Selfhood in Flora Nwapa’s Early Novels". ''Kunapipi'' 6. (1984): 68-78.
*Nzegwu, Femi, ''Love, Motherhood and the African Heritage: The Legacy of Flora Nwapa'', African Renaissance Foundation (paperback 2003), ISBN 1-903625-09-2
*Ogunyemi, Chikwenye Okonjo, ''Africa Wo/Man Palava'', Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
*Umeh, Marie, ''Emerging Perspectives on Flora Nwapa: Critical and Theoretical Essays'', Africa World Press (1998), ISBN 0-86543-515-4
*Wilentz, Gay, ''Binding Cultures, Black Women Writers in Africa and the Diaspora'', Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nwapa, Flora}}
[[Category:Nigerian women novelists]]
[[Category:Igbo women writers]]
[[Category:Igbo novelists]]
[[Category:People from Imo State]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Nigerian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century women writers]]
[[Category:English-language writers from Nigeria]]
[[Category:Book publishers (people)]]
[[Category:International Writing Program alumni]]
[[Category:Women children's writers]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Nigerian women's history]]
[[Category:University of Ibadan alumni]]
[[Category:University of Lagos faculty]]
[[Category:Nigerian expatriate academics in the United States]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:University of Ilorin faculty]]
[[Category:New York University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Michigan faculty]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota faculty]]
[[Category:Nigerian women academics]]
[[Category:Igbo academics]]
[[Category:Nigerian schoolteachers]]
[[Category:20th-century educators]]
[[Category:Igbo educators]]

Flora Nwapa

2016-12-29T12:15:00Z

Proscribe: /* Legacy */ date + ref added

{{Infobox writer 
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| honorific_suffix =
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| birth_place = [[Oguta]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1993|10|16|1931|01|13|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Enugu]]
| resting_place =
| occupation =
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| nationality = [[Nigeria]]n
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'''Florence Nwanzuruahu Nkiru Nwapa''' (13 January 1931 – 16 October 1993) was a [[Nigeria]]n author best known as '''Flora Nwapa''', who has been called the mother of modern African literature. The forerunner to a generation of African women writers, she is acknowledged as the first African woman novelist to be published in the English language in Britain and achieve international recognition,<ref name=DofA>[[Margaret Busby]], "Flora Nwapa", ''[[Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent]]'' (1992), Vintage: 1993, p. 399.</ref> with her first novel ''[[Efuru]]'' being published in 1966 by [[Heinemann Educational Books]]. While never considering herself a feminist, she is best known for recreating life and traditions from an [[Igbo people|Igbo]] woman's viewpoint.<ref name=Emory>Susan Leisure, [https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/11/nwapa-flora/ "Nwapa, Flora"], Postcolonial Studies @ Emory, Emory University, Fall 1996.</ref>

Nwapa also is known for her governmental work in reconstruction after the [[Nigerian Civil War|Biafran War]]. In particular she worked with orphans and refugees who were displaced during the war. Further she worked as a publisher of African literature and promoted women in African society.<ref name=litencyc>[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=3364 Literary Encyclopedia]</ref> She was one of the first African women publishers when she founded '''Tana Press''' in the 1970s.

==Biography==

===Early years and education===
Born in [[Oguta]],<ref name="born">Hamilton, Janice, ''Nigeria in Pictures'', p. 71.</ref> in south-eastern Nigeria, eldest of the six children of Christopher Ijeoma (an agent with the [[United Africa Company]]) and Martha Nwapa, a teacher of drama,<ref>[http://www.informationng.com/2013/03/interesting-things-about-flora-nwapa-nigerias-first-female-novelist.html "Interesting Things About Flora Nwapa, Nigeria’s First Female Novelist"], Information Nigeria, 1 March 2013.</ref> Flora Nwapa attended school in Oguta, [[Port Harcourt]] and [[Lagos]]. She went on to earn a BA degree from [[University College, Ibadan]], in 1957. She then went to [[Scotland]], where she earned a Diploma in Education from [[Edinburgh University]] in 1958.

===Teaching and public service===
After returning to Nigeria, Nwapa joined the Ministry of Education in [[Calabar]] as an Education Officer until 1959. She then took employment as a teacher at Queen's School in [[Enugu]], where she taught English and Geography from 1969 to 1971. She continued to work in both education and the civil service in several positions, including as Assistant Registrar, [[University of Lagos]] (1962–67).<ref name=litencyc /> After the [[Nigerian civil war]] of 1967–70, she accepted cabinet office as Minister of Health and Social Welfare in East Central State (1970–71), and subsequently as Minister of Lands, Survey and Urban Development (1971–74).<ref name=Emory />

===Writing and publishing===
Nwapa's first book, ''[[Efuru]]'', was published in 1966, a pioneering work as an English-language novel by an African woman writer.<ref name=Emory /> It was followed by the novels ''Idu'' (1967), ''Never Again'' (1975), ''One is Enough'' (1981) and ''Women Are Different'' (1986). She published two collections of stories — ''This Is Lagos'' (1971) and ''Wives at War'' (1980) — and the volume of poems ''Cassava Song and Rice Song'' (1986). She was also the author of several books for children.

In the 1974 she founded Tana Press and in 1977 the Flora Nwapa Company, publishing her own adult and children's literature as well as work by other writers.<ref name=Emory /><ref>Hans M. Zell, [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000609/060911mb.pdf "Publishing and Book Development in Africa: A Bibliography"] (''Studies on Books and Reading'', UNESCO), p. 4.</ref> She gave as one of objectives: "to inform and educate women all over the world, especially Feminists (both with capital F and small f) about the role of women in Nigeria, their economic independence, their relationship with their husbands and children, their traditional beliefs and their status in the community as a whole".<ref name=DofA /><ref>"Frankfurt Book Fair 1980", Flora Nwapa interviewed in ''The African Book Publishing Record'', Vol. VII, No. 1, 1981, p. 6.</ref> Tana has been described as "the first press run by a woman and targeted at a largely female audience. A project far beyond its time at a period when no one saw African women as constituting a community of readers or a book-buying demographic."<ref>[http://brittlepaper.com/2016/02/flora-nwapa#sthash.lY3eP9lF.dpuf "Flora Nwapa and the Letter That Changed Nigerian Literature Forever"], Brittle Paper, 3 February 2016.</ref>

===Later years===
Nwapa's career as an educator continued throughout her life and encompassed teaching at colleges and universities internationally, including at [[New York University]], [[Trinity College]]{{dn|date=September 2016}}, [[University of Minnesota]], [[University of Michigan]], and [[University of Ilorin]]. She said in an interview with ''Contemporary Authors'', "I have been writing for nearly thirty years. My interest has been on both the rural and the urban woman in her quest for survival in a fast-changing world dominated by men."<ref name=Emory />

Flora Nwapa died from [[pneumonia]] on 16 October 1993 in hospital in Enugu, Nigeria, at the age of 62.<ref>Brenda F, Berrian, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3174890?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents "In Memoriam: Flora Nwapa (1931–1993"], ''Signs'', Vol. 20, No. 4, ''Postcolonial, Emergent, and Indigenous Feminisms'' (Summer 1995), pp. 996-999.</ref>

==Selected bibliography==
;Novels
*''[[Efuru]]'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1966; Waveland Press, 2013, ISBN 9781478613275
*''Idu'', Heinemann [[African Writers Series]], No. 56, ISBN 0-435-90056-0; 1970
*''Never Again'', Enugu: Tana Press, 1975; Nwamife, 1976; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433182
*''One Is Enough'', Enugu: Flora Nwapa Co., 1981; Tana Press, 1984; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433229
*''Women are Different'', Enugu: Tana Press, 1986; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433267

;Short stories/poems
*''This Is Lagos and Other Stories'', Enugu: Nwamife, 1971; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433212
*''Cassava Song and Rice Song'', Enugu: Tana Press, 1986
*''Wives at War and Other Stories'', Enugu: Nwamife, 1980; Flora Nwapa Co./Tana Press, 1984; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433281

;Children's books
*''The Adventures of Deke'', Enugu: Tana Press, 1986
*''Emeka, Driver's Guard'', London, 1972; Nwapa, 1987
*''Mammywater'', 1979; Enugu: Flora Nwapa Company, 1984
*''Journey to Space'', Enugu: Flora Nwapa Company, 1980
*''The Miracle Kittens'', Enugu: Flora Nwapa Company, 1980
*''The Adventures of Deke'', Enugu: Flora Nwapa Co., 1980

==Legacy==
Flora Nwapa is the subject of a documentary entitled ''The House of Nwapa'', made by [[Onyeka Nwelue]],<ref>Wealth Ominabo Dickson, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/208821-interview-achebes-things-fall-apart-not-great-african-novel-onyeka-nwelue.html Interview with Onyeka Nwelue], ''Premium Times'', 18 August 2016.</ref> that premiered in August 2016.<ref>Cheta Igbokwe, [http://www.statereporters.com/2016/08/28/house-nwapa-documentary-premiers-zimbabwe/ "Onyeka Nwelue’s ‘House of Nwapa’ Documentary Film Premiers in Zimbabwe"], ''State Reporters'', 28 August 2016.</ref><ref>[[Abubakar Adam Ibrahim]], [http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/art-ideas/-why-i-made-a-documentary-on-flora-nwapa/164790.html "‘Why I made a documentary on Flora Nwapa’"], ''Daily Trust'', 2 October 2016.</ref><ref>Ikhide R. Ikheloa, [https://xokigbo.com/?archives-list=1 "Flora Nwapa and the house that Onyeka Nwelue built for her"], Ikhide blog, 27 November 2016.</ref>

==See also==
;Nigerian women novelists
* [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]]
* [[Buchi Emecheta]]
* [[Rosemary Esehagu]]
* [[Karen King-Aribisala]]
* [[Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani]]
* [[Taiwo Odubiyi]]
* [[Ifeoma Okoye]]
* [[Chinelo Okparanta]]
* [[Ukamaka Olisakwe]]
* [[Helen Ovbiagele]]
* [[Lola Shoneyin]]
* [[Adaora Lily Ulasi]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==

*Adeola, James (ed.), ''In Their Own Voices, African Women Writers Talk'', Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1990.
*Andrade, Susan Z., "Rewriting History, Motherhood and Rebellion", ''Research in African Literatures'' 21. (1990): 91-110.
*Ezeigbo, Theodora Akachi, "Traditional Women’s Institutions in Igbo Society: Implications for the Igbo Female Writer", ''Languages and Cultures'' 3. (1990): 149-65.
*Githaiga, Anna, ''Notes on Flora Nwapa's "Efuru"'', Nairobi: Heinemann Educational Books, 1979.
*Ikonne, Chidi, "The Society and Woman’s Quest for Selfhood in Flora Nwapa’s Early Novels". ''Kunapipi'' 6. (1984): 68-78.
*Nzegwu, Femi, ''Love, Motherhood and the African Heritage: The Legacy of Flora Nwapa'', African Renaissance Foundation (paperback 2003), ISBN 1-903625-09-2
*Ogunyemi, Chikwenye Okonjo, ''Africa Wo/Man Palava'', Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
*Umeh, Marie, ''Emerging Perspectives on Flora Nwapa: Critical and Theoretical Essays'', Africa World Press (1998), ISBN 0-86543-515-4
*Wilentz, Gay, ''Binding Cultures, Black Women Writers in Africa and the Diaspora'', Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nwapa, Flora}}
[[Category:Nigerian women novelists]]
[[Category:Igbo women writers]]
[[Category:Igbo novelists]]
[[Category:People from Imo State]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Nigerian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century women writers]]
[[Category:English-language writers from Nigeria]]
[[Category:Book publishers (people)]]
[[Category:International Writing Program alumni]]
[[Category:Women children's writers]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Nigerian women's history]]
[[Category:University of Ibadan alumni]]
[[Category:University of Lagos faculty]]
[[Category:Nigerian expatriate academics in the United States]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:University of Ilorin faculty]]
[[Category:New York University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Michigan faculty]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota faculty]]
[[Category:Nigerian women academics]]
[[Category:Igbo academics]]
[[Category:Nigerian schoolteachers]]
[[Category:20th-century educators]]
[[Category:Igbo educators]]

Flora Nwapa

2016-12-29T11:33:11Z

Proscribe: /* Early years and education */ tweak

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Flora Nwapa
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix =
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| image_size =
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1993|10|16|1931|01|13|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Enugu]]
| resting_place =
| occupation =
| language =
| nationality = [[Nigeria]]n
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genres = Novels; Short stories
| subject = 
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'''Florence Nwanzuruahu Nkiru Nwapa''' (13 January 1931 – 16 October 1993) was a [[Nigeria]]n author best known as '''Flora Nwapa''', who has been called the mother of modern African literature. The forerunner to a generation of African women writers, she is acknowledged as the first African woman novelist to be published in the English language in Britain and achieve international recognition,<ref name=DofA>[[Margaret Busby]], "Flora Nwapa", ''[[Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent]]'' (1992), Vintage: 1993, p. 399.</ref> with her first novel ''[[Efuru]]'' being published in 1966 by [[Heinemann Educational Books]]. While never considering herself a feminist, she is best known for recreating life and traditions from an [[Igbo people|Igbo]] woman's viewpoint.<ref name=Emory>Susan Leisure, [https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/11/nwapa-flora/ "Nwapa, Flora"], Postcolonial Studies @ Emory, Emory University, Fall 1996.</ref>

Nwapa also is known for her governmental work in reconstruction after the [[Nigerian Civil War|Biafran War]]. In particular she worked with orphans and refugees who were displaced during the war. Further she worked as a publisher of African literature and promoted women in African society.<ref name=litencyc>[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=3364 Literary Encyclopedia]</ref> She was one of the first African women publishers when she founded '''Tana Press''' in the 1970s.

==Biography==

===Early years and education===
Born in [[Oguta]],<ref name="born">Hamilton, Janice, ''Nigeria in Pictures'', p. 71.</ref> in south-eastern Nigeria, eldest of the six children of Christopher Ijeoma (an agent with the [[United Africa Company]]) and Martha Nwapa, a teacher of drama,<ref>[http://www.informationng.com/2013/03/interesting-things-about-flora-nwapa-nigerias-first-female-novelist.html "Interesting Things About Flora Nwapa, Nigeria’s First Female Novelist"], Information Nigeria, 1 March 2013.</ref> Flora Nwapa attended school in Oguta, [[Port Harcourt]] and [[Lagos]]. She went on to earn a BA degree from [[University College, Ibadan]], in 1957. She then went to [[Scotland]], where she earned a Diploma in Education from [[Edinburgh University]] in 1958.

===Teaching and public service===
After returning to Nigeria, Nwapa joined the Ministry of Education in [[Calabar]] as an Education Officer until 1959. She then took employment as a teacher at Queen's School in [[Enugu]], where she taught English and Geography from 1969 to 1971. She continued to work in both education and the civil service in several positions, including as Assistant Registrar, [[University of Lagos]] (1962–67).<ref name=litencyc /> After the [[Nigerian civil war]] of 1967–70, she accepted cabinet office as Minister of Health and Social Welfare in East Central State (1970–71), and subsequently as Minister of Lands, Survey and Urban Development (1971–74).<ref name=Emory />

===Writing and publishing===
Nwapa's first book, ''[[Efuru]]'', was published in 1966, a pioneering work as an English-language novel by an African woman writer.<ref name=Emory /> It was followed by the novels ''Idu'' (1967), ''Never Again'' (1975), ''One is Enough'' (1981) and ''Women Are Different'' (1986). She published two collections of stories — ''This Is Lagos'' (1971) and ''Wives at War'' (1980) — and the volume of poems ''Cassava Song and Rice Song'' (1986). She was also the author of several books for children.

In the 1974 she founded Tana Press and in 1977 the Flora Nwapa Company, publishing her own adult and children's literature as well as work by other writers.<ref name=Emory /><ref>Hans M. Zell, [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000609/060911mb.pdf "Publishing and Book Development in Africa: A Bibliography"] (''Studies on Books and Reading'', UNESCO), p. 4.</ref> She gave as one of objectives: "to inform and educate women all over the world, especially Feminists (both with capital F and small f) about the role of women in Nigeria, their economic independence, their relationship with their husbands and children, their traditional beliefs and their status in the community as a whole".<ref name=DofA /><ref>"Frankfurt Book Fair 1980", Flora Nwapa interviewed in ''The African Book Publishing Record'', Vol. VII, No. 1, 1981, p. 6.</ref> Tana has been described as "the first press run by a woman and targeted at a largely female audience. A project far beyond its time at a period when no one saw African women as constituting a community of readers or a book-buying demographic."<ref>[http://brittlepaper.com/2016/02/flora-nwapa#sthash.lY3eP9lF.dpuf "Flora Nwapa and the Letter That Changed Nigerian Literature Forever"], Brittle Paper, 3 February 2016.</ref>

===Later years===
Nwapa's career as an educator continued throughout her life and encompassed teaching at colleges and universities internationally, including at [[New York University]], [[Trinity College]]{{dn|date=September 2016}}, [[University of Minnesota]], [[University of Michigan]], and [[University of Ilorin]]. She said in an interview with ''Contemporary Authors'', "I have been writing for nearly thirty years. My interest has been on both the rural and the urban woman in her quest for survival in a fast-changing world dominated by men."<ref name=Emory />

Flora Nwapa died from [[pneumonia]] on 16 October 1993 in hospital in Enugu, Nigeria, at the age of 62.<ref>Brenda F, Berrian, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3174890?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents "In Memoriam: Flora Nwapa (1931–1993"], ''Signs'', Vol. 20, No. 4, ''Postcolonial, Emergent, and Indigenous Feminisms'' (Summer 1995), pp. 996-999.</ref>

==Selected bibliography==
;Novels
*''[[Efuru]]'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1966; Waveland Press, 2013, ISBN 9781478613275
*''Idu'', Heinemann [[African Writers Series]], No. 56, ISBN 0-435-90056-0; 1970
*''Never Again'', Enugu: Tana Press, 1975; Nwamife, 1976; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433182
*''One Is Enough'', Enugu: Flora Nwapa Co., 1981; Tana Press, 1984; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433229
*''Women are Different'', Enugu: Tana Press, 1986; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433267

;Short stories/poems
*''This Is Lagos and Other Stories'', Enugu: Nwamife, 1971; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433212
*''Cassava Song and Rice Song'', Enugu: Tana Press, 1986
*''Wives at War and Other Stories'', Enugu: Nwamife, 1980; Flora Nwapa Co./Tana Press, 1984; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433281

;Children's books
*''The Adventures of Deke'', Enugu: Tana Press, 1986
*''Emeka, Driver's Guard'', London, 1972; Nwapa, 1987
*''Mammywater'', 1979; Enugu: Flora Nwapa Company, 1984
*''Journey to Space'', Enugu: Flora Nwapa Company, 1980
*''The Miracle Kittens'', Enugu: Flora Nwapa Company, 1980
*''The Adventures of Deke'', Enugu: Flora Nwapa Co., 1980

==Legacy==
Flora Nwapa is the subject of a documentary entitled ''The House of Nwapa'', made by [[Onyeka Nwelue]].<ref>Cheta Igbokwe, [http://www.statereporters.com/2016/08/28/house-nwapa-documentary-premiers-zimbabwe/ "Onyeka Nwelue’s ‘House of Nwapa’ Documentary Film Premiers in Zimbabwe"], ''State Reporters'', 28 August 2016.</ref><ref>[[Abubakar Adam Ibrahim]], [http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/art-ideas/-why-i-made-a-documentary-on-flora-nwapa/164790.html "‘Why I made a documentary on Flora Nwapa’"], ''Daily Trust'', 2 October 2016.</ref><ref>Ikhide R. Ikheloa, [https://xokigbo.com/?archives-list=1 "Flora Nwapa and the house that Onyeka Nwelue built for her"], Ikhide blog, 27 November 2016.</ref>

==See also==
;Nigerian women novelists
* [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]]
* [[Buchi Emecheta]]
* [[Rosemary Esehagu]]
* [[Karen King-Aribisala]]
* [[Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani]]
* [[Taiwo Odubiyi]]
* [[Ifeoma Okoye]]
* [[Chinelo Okparanta]]
* [[Ukamaka Olisakwe]]
* [[Helen Ovbiagele]]
* [[Lola Shoneyin]]
* [[Adaora Lily Ulasi]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==

*Adeola, James (ed.), ''In Their Own Voices, African Women Writers Talk'', Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1990.
*Andrade, Susan Z., "Rewriting History, Motherhood and Rebellion", ''Research in African Literatures'' 21. (1990): 91-110.
*Ezeigbo, Theodora Akachi, "Traditional Women’s Institutions in Igbo Society: Implications for the Igbo Female Writer", ''Languages and Cultures'' 3. (1990): 149-65.
*Githaiga, Anna, ''Notes on Flora Nwapa's "Efuru"'', Nairobi: Heinemann Educational Books, 1979.
*Ikonne, Chidi, "The Society and Woman’s Quest for Selfhood in Flora Nwapa’s Early Novels". ''Kunapipi'' 6. (1984): 68-78.
*Nzegwu, Femi, ''Love, Motherhood and the African Heritage: The Legacy of Flora Nwapa'', African Renaissance Foundation (paperback 2003), ISBN 1-903625-09-2
*Ogunyemi, Chikwenye Okonjo, ''Africa Wo/Man Palava'', Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
*Umeh, Marie, ''Emerging Perspectives on Flora Nwapa: Critical and Theoretical Essays'', Africa World Press (1998), ISBN 0-86543-515-4
*Wilentz, Gay, ''Binding Cultures, Black Women Writers in Africa and the Diaspora'', Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nwapa, Flora}}
[[Category:Nigerian women novelists]]
[[Category:Igbo women writers]]
[[Category:Igbo novelists]]
[[Category:People from Imo State]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Nigerian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century women writers]]
[[Category:English-language writers from Nigeria]]
[[Category:Book publishers (people)]]
[[Category:International Writing Program alumni]]
[[Category:Women children's writers]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Nigerian women's history]]
[[Category:University of Ibadan alumni]]
[[Category:University of Lagos faculty]]
[[Category:Nigerian expatriate academics in the United States]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:University of Ilorin faculty]]
[[Category:New York University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Michigan faculty]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota faculty]]
[[Category:Nigerian women academics]]
[[Category:Igbo academics]]
[[Category:Nigerian schoolteachers]]
[[Category:20th-century educators]]
[[Category:Igbo educators]]

Flora Nwapa

2016-12-28T12:34:31Z

Proscribe: cleanup, added legacy film + refs

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'''Florence Nwanzuruahu Nkiru Nwapa''' (13 January 1931 – 16 October 1993) was a [[Nigeria]]n author best known as '''Flora Nwapa''', who has been called the mother of modern African literature. The forerunner to a generation of African women writers, she is acknowledged as the first African woman novelist to be published in the English language in Britain and achieve international recognition,<ref name=DofA>[[Margaret Busby]], "Flora Nwapa", ''[[Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent]]'' (1992), Vintage: 1993, p. 399.</ref> with her first novel ''[[Efuru]]'' being published in 1966 by [[Heinemann Educational Books]]. While never considering herself a feminist, she is best known for recreating life and traditions from an [[Igbo people|Igbo]] woman's viewpoint.<ref name=Emory>Susan Leisure, [https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/11/nwapa-flora/ "Nwapa, Flora"], Postcolonial Studies @ Emory, Emory University, Fall 1996.</ref>

Nwapa also is known for her governmental work in reconstruction after the [[Nigerian Civil War|Biafran War]]. In particular she worked with orphans and refugees who were displaced during the war. Further she worked as a publisher of African literature and promoted women in African society.<ref name=litencyc>[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=3364 Literary Encyclopedia]</ref> She was one of the first African women publishers when she founded '''Tana Press''' in the 1970s.

==Biography==

===Early years and education===
Born in [[Oguta]],<ref name="born">Hamilton, Janice, ''Nigeria in Pictures'', p. 71.</ref> in south-eastern Nigeria, eldest of the six children of Christopher Ijeoma (an agent with the [[United Africa Company]]) and Martha Nwapa, a teacher of drama,<ref>[http://www.informationng.com/2013/03/interesting-things-about-flora-nwapa-nigerias-first-female-novelist.html "Interesting Things About Flora Nwapa, Nigeria’s First Female Novelist"], Information Nigeria, 1 March 2013.</ref> Flora Nwapa attended school in Oguta, [[Port Harcourt]] and [[Lagos]]. She went on to earn a BA degree from [[University College, Ibadan]], in 1957. She then went to Scotland where she earned a Diploma in Education from [[Edinburgh University]] in 1958.

===Teaching and public service===
After returning to Nigeria, Nwapa joined the Ministry of Education in [[Calabar]] as an Education Officer until 1959. She then took employment as a teacher at Queen's School in [[Enugu]], where she taught English and Geography from 1969 to 1971. She continued to work in both education and the civil service in several positions, including as Assistant Registrar, [[University of Lagos]] (1962–67).<ref name=litencyc /> After the [[Nigerian civil war]] of 1967–70, she accepted cabinet office as Minister of Health and Social Welfare in East Central State (1970–71), and subsequently as Minister of Lands, Survey and Urban Development (1971–74).<ref name=Emory />

===Writing and publishing===
Nwapa's first book, ''[[Efuru]]'', was published in 1966, a pioneering work as an English-language novel by an African woman writer.<ref name=Emory /> It was followed by the novels ''Idu'' (1967), ''Never Again'' (1975), ''One is Enough'' (1981) and ''Women Are Different'' (1986). She published two collections of stories — ''This Is Lagos'' (1971) and ''Wives at War'' (1980) — and the volume of poems ''Cassava Song and Rice Song'' (1986). She was also the author of several books for children.

In the 1974 she founded Tana Press and in 1977 the Flora Nwapa Company, publishing her own adult and children's literature as well as work by other writers.<ref name=Emory /><ref>Hans M. Zell, [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000609/060911mb.pdf "Publishing and Book Development in Africa: A Bibliography"] (''Studies on Books and Reading'', UNESCO), p. 4.</ref> She gave as one of objectives: "to inform and educate women all over the world, especially Feminists (both with capital F and small f) about the role of women in Nigeria, their economic independence, their relationship with their husbands and children, their traditional beliefs and their status in the community as a whole".<ref name=DofA /><ref>"Frankfurt Book Fair 1980", Flora Nwapa interviewed in ''The African Book Publishing Record'', Vol. VII, No. 1, 1981, p. 6.</ref> Tana has been described as "the first press run by a woman and targeted at a largely female audience. A project far beyond its time at a period when no one saw African women as constituting a community of readers or a book-buying demographic."<ref>[http://brittlepaper.com/2016/02/flora-nwapa#sthash.lY3eP9lF.dpuf "Flora Nwapa and the Letter That Changed Nigerian Literature Forever"], Brittle Paper, 3 February 2016.</ref>

===Later years===
Nwapa's career as an educator continued throughout her life and encompassed teaching at colleges and universities internationally, including at [[New York University]], [[Trinity College]]{{dn|date=September 2016}}, [[University of Minnesota]], [[University of Michigan]], and [[University of Ilorin]]. She said in an interview with ''Contemporary Authors'', "I have been writing for nearly thirty years. My interest has been on both the rural and the urban woman in her quest for survival in a fast-changing world dominated by men."<ref name=Emory />

Flora Nwapa died from [[pneumonia]] on 16 October 1993 in hospital in Enugu, Nigeria, at the age of 62.<ref>Brenda F, Berrian, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3174890?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents "In Memoriam: Flora Nwapa (1931–1993"], ''Signs'', Vol. 20, No. 4, ''Postcolonial, Emergent, and Indigenous Feminisms'' (Summer 1995), pp. 996-999.</ref>

==Selected bibliography==
;Novels
*''[[Efuru]]'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1966; Waveland Press, 2013, ISBN 9781478613275
*''Idu'', Heinemann [[African Writers Series]], No. 56, ISBN 0-435-90056-0; 1970
*''Never Again'', Enugu: Tana Press, 1975; Nwamife, 1976; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433182
*''One Is Enough'', Enugu: Flora Nwapa Co., 1981; Tana Press, 1984; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433229
*''Women are Different'', Enugu: Tana Press, 1986; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433267

;Short stories/poems
*''This Is Lagos and Other Stories'', Enugu: Nwamife, 1971; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433212
*''Cassava Song and Rice Song'', Enugu: Tana Press, 1986
*''Wives at War and Other Stories'', Enugu: Nwamife, 1980; Flora Nwapa Co./Tana Press, 1984; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433281

;Children's books
*''The Adventures of Deke'', Enugu: Tana Press, 1986
*''Emeka, Driver's Guard'', London, 1972; Nwapa, 1987
*''Mammywater'', 1979; Enugu: Flora Nwapa Company, 1984
*''Journey to Space'', Enugu: Flora Nwapa Company, 1980
*''The Miracle Kittens'', Enugu: Flora Nwapa Company, 1980
*''The Adventures of Deke'', Enugu: Flora Nwapa Co., 1980

==Legacy==
Flora Nwapa is the subject of a documentary entitled ''The House of Nwapa'', made by [[Onyeka Nwelue]].<ref>Cheta Igbokwe, [http://www.statereporters.com/2016/08/28/house-nwapa-documentary-premiers-zimbabwe/ "Onyeka Nwelue’s ‘House of Nwapa’ Documentary Film Premiers in Zimbabwe"], ''State Reporters'', 28 August 2016.</ref><ref>[[Abubakar Adam Ibrahim]], [http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/art-ideas/-why-i-made-a-documentary-on-flora-nwapa/164790.html "‘Why I made a documentary on Flora Nwapa’"], ''Daily Trust'', 2 October 2016.</ref><ref>Ikhide R. Ikheloa, [https://xokigbo.com/?archives-list=1 "Flora Nwapa and the house that Onyeka Nwelue built for her"], Ikhide blog, 27 November 2016.</ref>

==See also==
;Nigerian women novelists
* [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]]
* [[Buchi Emecheta]]
* [[Rosemary Esehagu]]
* [[Karen King-Aribisala]]
* [[Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani]]
* [[Taiwo Odubiyi]]
* [[Ifeoma Okoye]]
* [[Chinelo Okparanta]]
* [[Ukamaka Olisakwe]]
* [[Helen Ovbiagele]]
* [[Lola Shoneyin]]
* [[Adaora Lily Ulasi]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==

*Adeola, James (ed.), ''In Their Own Voices, African Women Writers Talk'', Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1990.
*Andrade, Susan Z., "Rewriting History, Motherhood and Rebellion", ''Research in African Literatures'' 21. (1990): 91-110.
*Ezeigbo, Theodora Akachi, "Traditional Women’s Institutions in Igbo Society: Implications for the Igbo Female Writer", ''Languages and Cultures'' 3. (1990): 149-65.
*Githaiga, Anna, ''Notes on Flora Nwapa's "Efuru"'', Nairobi: Heinemann Educational Books, 1979.
*Ikonne, Chidi, "The Society and Woman’s Quest for Selfhood in Flora Nwapa’s Early Novels". ''Kunapipi'' 6. (1984): 68-78.
*Nzegwu, Femi, ''Love, Motherhood and the African Heritage: The Legacy of Flora Nwapa'', African Renaissance Foundation (paperback 2003), ISBN 1-903625-09-2
*Ogunyemi, Chikwenye Okonjo, ''Africa Wo/Man Palava'', Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
*Umeh, Marie, ''Emerging Perspectives on Flora Nwapa: Critical and Theoretical Essays'', Africa World Press (1998), ISBN 0-86543-515-4
*Wilentz, Gay, ''Binding Cultures, Black Women Writers in Africa and the Diaspora'', Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nwapa, Flora}}
[[Category:Nigerian women novelists]]
[[Category:Igbo women writers]]
[[Category:Igbo novelists]]
[[Category:People from Imo State]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Nigerian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century women writers]]
[[Category:English-language writers from Nigeria]]
[[Category:Book publishers (people)]]
[[Category:International Writing Program alumni]]
[[Category:Women children's writers]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Nigerian women's history]]
[[Category:University of Ibadan alumni]]
[[Category:University of Lagos faculty]]
[[Category:Nigerian expatriate academics in the United States]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:University of Ilorin faculty]]
[[Category:New York University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Michigan faculty]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota faculty]]
[[Category:Nigerian women academics]]
[[Category:Igbo academics]]
[[Category:Nigerian schoolteachers]]
[[Category:20th-century educators]]
[[Category:Igbo educators]]

Alex Wheatle

2016-12-28T09:22:24Z

Proscribe: /* Biography */ link added

'''Alex Alphonso Wheatle''' [[MBE]] (3 January 1963) is an award-winning [[black British]] novelist of [[Jamaican]] heritage, sentenced to a term of imprisonment after the [[1981 Brixton riot|Brixton riots]].

==Biography==

Born in 1963 to Jamaican parents,<ref>[http://www.thesusijnagency.com/AlexWheatle.htm The Susijn Agency.]</ref> Wheatle spent much of his childhood in a [[Shirley Oaks]] [[children's home]]. At 16 he was a founder member of the Crucial Rocker sound system; his [[disc jockey|DJ]] name was Yardman Irie. He wrote lyrics about everyday Brixton life. By 1980 Wheatle was living in a social services hostel in [[Brixton]], [[South London]], and he participated in the [[1981 Brixton riot]]s and aftermath. While serving his resulting sentence he read authors such as [[Chester Himes]], [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]], [[C. L. R. James]] and [[John Steinbeck]]. He claims that a Rastafarian was his cellmate, and he was the one who encouraged Wheatle to start reading books and care about his education.<ref name="Guardian 19 November 2016">{{cite news |last= Khaleeli |first= Homa | authorlink= |title= Alex Wheatle: ‘I felt like the token black writer who talks about ghetto stuff’ |url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/18/alex-wheatle-interview-guardian-childrens-fiction-prize-crongton-knights| date= 19 November 2016 |newspaper= [[The Guardian]] (Review section)|location=London| page= 15|accessdate=23 November 2016 }}</ref> He features bits of his life in his books, such as ''East of Acre Lane'' characters Yardman Irie and Jah Nelson.

Wheatle has since spoken about the Brixton riots, most prominently in the 2006 [[BBC]] programme ''Battle for Brixton''.<ref>Broadcast 10 April 2008 on [[BBC Two]]. See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4857456.stm "Opposite sides of Brixton's front line"], BBC News article.</ref> His early books are based on his life in Brixton as a teenager and his time in social services' care.<ref>[http://www.myvillage.com/london/articles/20679-alex-wheatle/ Alex Wheatle] - Interview with Myvillage.</ref>

He received the [[London Arts Board]] New Writers Award in 1999 for his debut novel ''Brixton Rock'',<ref>[http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth5181C8791187f1FF07sgw2124D73 Alex Wheatle - Biography] British Council, Contemporary Writers</ref> which was later adapted for the stage and performed at the [[Young Vic]] in July 2010.<ref>[http://www.talawa.com/news/news.php?nid=117 Brixton Rock], Talawa Theatre Company. Retrieved 12 August 2010.</ref>

He wrote and performed ''Uprising'', a one-man play based on his own life at Tara Arts Studios, [[Wandsworth]], London. In 2011 he took ''Uprising'' on tour and performed it at the Writing On The Wall Festival, [[Liverpool]]; [[Oxford Playhouse]]; [[Marlowe Theatre]], [[Canterbury]]; [[Ilkley Playhouse]] and the [[Albany Theatre]], [[Deptford]].

Wheatle lives in [[London]]. He is a member of [[English PEN]], and he now visits various institutions facilitating creative writing classes and making speeches. He has also narrated an audio guide to the streets of Brixton.

==Awards and honours==

In the [[2008 Birthday Honours|Queen's Birthday Honours]] 2008, Wheatle was awarded the [[MBE]] for services to literature.<ref>[http://www.honours.gov.uk/lists/2008birthday.aspx Birthday Honours List 2008]</ref>

His Young-adult novel ''Liccle Bit'' was longlisted for the Carnegie Medal in 2016.

His 2016 book ''Crongton Knights'' won the 50th [[Guardian Children's Fiction Prize]] (previous winners include [[Ted Hughes]], [[Philip Pullman]], [[Mark Haddon]] and [[Jacqueline Wilson]]). [[S. F. Said]], one of the judging panel, said of the book: "Wheatle’s writing is poetic, rhythmic and unique, remaking the English language with tremendous verve. Though Crongton is his invention, it resonates with many urban situations, not only in Britain but around the world. Crongton Knights is a major novel from a major voice in British children’s literature."<ref name="Guardian 17 November 2016">{{cite news| first= Claire| last= Armitstead| url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/17/alex-wheatle-wins-2016-guardian-childrens-fiction-prize| title= Alex Wheatle wins 2016 Guardian children's fiction prize| newspaper= [[The Guardian]]| date= 17 November 2016| accessdate= 23 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thebookseller.com/news/wheatle-wins-guardian-childrens-fiction-prize-434376 "Wheatle wins Guardian Children's Fiction Prize"], ''[[The Bookseller]]'', 18 November 2016.</ref>

==Bibliography==

*''Brixton Rock'' (Black Amber, 1999)
*''East of Acre Lane'' ([[Fourth Estate]], 2001)
*''The Seven Sisters'' ([[Fourth Estate (imprint)|Fourth Estate]], 2002)
*''Checkers'' (with Mark Parham; X-Press, 2003)
*''Island Songs'' ([[Allison & Busby]], 2005)
*''The Dirty South'' ([[Serpent's Tail]], 2008)
*''Brenton Brown'' (Arcadia Books, 2011)
*''Liccle Bit'' (Atom Books, 2015)
*''Crongton Knights'' (Atom Books, 2016)

Wheatle's books have also been translated into French, Italian, Urdu, Welsh, and Japanese.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wheatle, Alex}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Black British writers]]
[[Category:British writers]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:20th-century British novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century British novelists]]
[[Category:British people of Jamaican descent]]
[[Category:British dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:British male novelists]]
[[Category:Male dramatists and playwrights]]

Alex Wheatle

2016-11-18T11:26:47Z

Proscribe: ref added

'''Alex Alphonso Wheatle''' [[MBE]] (3 January 1963) is an award-winning [[black British]] novelist of [[Jamaican]] heritage, sentenced to a term of imprisonment after the [[1981 Brixton riot|Brixton riots]].

==Biography==

Born in 1963 to Jamaican parents,<ref>[http://www.thesusijnagency.com/AlexWheatle.htm The Susijn Agency.]</ref> Wheatle spent much of his childhood in a Shirley oaks [[children's home]]. At 16 he was a founder member of the Crucial Rocker sound system; his [[disc jockey|DJ]] name was Yardman Irie. He wrote lyrics about everyday Brixton life. By 1980 Wheatle was living in a social services hostel in [[Brixton]], [[South London]], and he participated in the [[1981 Brixton riot]]s and aftermath. While serving his resulting sentence he read authors such as [[Chester Himes]], [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]], [[C. L. R. James]] and [[John Steinbeck]]. He claims that a Rastafarian was his cellmate, and he was the one who encouraged Wheatle to start reading books and care about his education. He features bits of his life in his books, such as ''East of Acre Lane'' characters Yardman Irie and Jah Nelson.

Wheatle has since spoken about the Brixton riots, most prominently in the 2006 [[BBC]] programme ''Battle for Brixton''.<ref>Broadcast 10 April 2008 on [[BBC Two]]. See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4857456.stm "Opposite sides of Brixton's front line"], BBC News article.</ref> His early books are based on his life in Brixton as a teenager and his time in social services' care.<ref>[http://www.myvillage.com/london/articles/20679-alex-wheatle/ Alex Wheatle] - Interview with Myvillage.</ref>

He received the [[London Arts Board]] New Writers Award in 1999 for his debut novel ''Brixton Rock'',<ref>[http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth5181C8791187f1FF07sgw2124D73 Alex Wheatle - Biography] British Council, Contemporary Writers</ref> which was later adapted for the stage and performed at the [[Young Vic]] in July 2010.<ref>[http://www.talawa.com/news/news.php?nid=117 Brixton Rock], Talawa Theatre Company. Retrieved 12 August 2010.</ref>

He wrote and performed ''Uprising'', a one-man play based on his own life at Tara Arts Studios, [[Wandsworth]], London. In 2011 he took ''Uprising'' on tour and performed it at the Writing On The Wall Festival, [[Liverpool]]; [[Oxford Playhouse]]; [[Marlowe Theatre]], [[Canterbury]]; [[Ilkley Playhouse]] and the [[Albany Theatre]], [[Deptford]].

Wheatle lives in [[London]]. He is a member of [[English PEN]], and he now visits various institutions facilitating creative writing classes and making speeches. He has also narrated an audio guide to the streets of Brixton.

==Awards and honours==

In the [[2008 Birthday Honours|Queen's Birthday Honours]] 2008, Wheatle was awarded the [[MBE]] for services to literature.<ref>[http://www.honours.gov.uk/lists/2008birthday.aspx Birthday Honours List 2008]</ref>

His Young-adult novel ''Liccle Bit'' was longlisted for the Carnegie Medal in 2016.

His 2016 book ''Crongton Knights'' won the 50th [[Guardian Children's Fiction Prize]] (previous winners include [[Ted Hughes]], [[Philip Pullman]], [[Mark Haddon]] and [[Jacqueline Wilson]]). [[S. F. Said]], one of the judging panel, said of the book: "Wheatle’s writing is poetic, rhythmic and unique, remaking the English language with tremendous verve. Though Crongton is his invention, it resonates with many urban situations, not only in Britain but around the world. Crongton Knights is a major novel from a major voice in British children’s literature."<ref>Claire Armitstead, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/17/alex-wheatle-wins-2016-guardian-childrens-fiction-prize "Alex Wheatle wins 2016 Guardian children's fiction prize"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 17 November 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.thebookseller.com/news/wheatle-wins-guardian-childrens-fiction-prize-434376 "Wheatle wins Guardian Children's Fiction Prize"], ''[[The Bookseller]]'', 18 November 2016.</ref>

==Bibliography==

*''Brixton Rock'' (Black Amber, 1999)
*''East of Acre Lane'' ([[Fourth Estate]], 2001)
*''The Seven Sisters'' ([[Fourth Estate (imprint)|Fourth Estate]], 2002)
*''Checkers'' (with Mark Parham; X-Press, 2003)
*''Island Songs'' ([[Allison & Busby]], 2005)
*''The Dirty South'' ([[Serpent's Tail]], 2008)
*''Brenton Brown'' (Arcadia Books, 2011)
*''Liccle Bit'' (Atom Books, 2015)
*''Crongton Knights'' (Atom Books, 2016)

Wheatle's books have also been translated into French, Italian, Urdu, Welsh,Japanese

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wheatle, Alex}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Black British writers]]
[[Category:British writers]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:20th-century British novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century British novelists]]
[[Category:British people of Jamaican descent]]
[[Category:British dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:British male novelists]]
[[Category:Male dramatists and playwrights]]

Alex Wheatle

2016-11-18T11:16:10Z

Proscribe: added Guardian Children's Fiction prize

'''Alex Alphonso Wheatle''' [[MBE]] (3 January 1963) is an award-winning [[black British]] novelist of [[Jamaican]] heritage, sentenced to a term of imprisonment after the [[1981 Brixton riot|Brixton riots]].

==Biography==

Born in 1963 to Jamaican parents,<ref>[http://www.thesusijnagency.com/AlexWheatle.htm The Susijn Agency.]</ref> Wheatle spent much of his childhood in a Shirley oaks [[children's home]]. At 16 he was a founder member of the Crucial Rocker sound system; his [[disc jockey|DJ]] name was Yardman Irie. He wrote lyrics about everyday Brixton life. By 1980 Wheatle was living in a social services hostel in [[Brixton]], [[South London]], and he participated in the [[1981 Brixton riot]]s and aftermath. While serving his resulting sentence he read authors such as [[Chester Himes]], [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]], [[C. L. R. James]] and [[John Steinbeck]]. He claims that a Rastafarian was his cellmate, and he was the one who encouraged Wheatle to start reading books and care about his education. He features bits of his life in his books, such as ''East of Acre Lane'' characters Yardman Irie and Jah Nelson.

Wheatle has since spoken about the Brixton riots, most prominently in the 2006 [[BBC]] programme ''Battle for Brixton''.<ref>Broadcast 10 April 2008 on [[BBC Two]]. See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4857456.stm "Opposite sides of Brixton's front line"], BBC News article.</ref> His early books are based on his life in Brixton as a teenager and his time in social services' care.<ref>[http://www.myvillage.com/london/articles/20679-alex-wheatle/ Alex Wheatle] - Interview with Myvillage.</ref>

He received the [[London Arts Board]] New Writers Award in 1999 for his debut novel ''Brixton Rock'',<ref>[http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth5181C8791187f1FF07sgw2124D73 Alex Wheatle - Biography] British Council, Contemporary Writers</ref> which was later adapted for the stage and performed at the [[Young Vic]] in July 2010.<ref>[http://www.talawa.com/news/news.php?nid=117 Brixton Rock], Talawa Theatre Company. Retrieved 12 August 2010.</ref>

He wrote and performed ''Uprising'', a one-man play based on his own life at Tara Arts Studios, [[Wandsworth]], London. In 2011 he took ''Uprising'' on tour and performed it at the Writing On The Wall Festival, [[Liverpool]]; [[Oxford Playhouse]]; [[Marlowe Theatre]], [[Canterbury]]; [[Ilkley Playhouse]] and the [[Albany Theatre]], [[Deptford]].

Wheatle lives in [[London]]. He is a member of [[English PEN]], and he now visits various institutions facilitating creative writing classes and making speeches. He has also narrated an audio guide to the streets of Brixton.

==Awards and honours==

In the [[2008 Birthday Honours|Queen's Birthday Honours]] 2008, Wheatle was awarded the [[MBE]] for services to literature.<ref>[http://www.honours.gov.uk/lists/2008birthday.aspx Birthday Honours List 2008]</ref>

His Young-adult novel ''Liccle Bit'' was longlisted for the Carnegie Medal in 2016.

His 2016 book ''Crongton Knights'' won the 50th [[Guardian Children's Fiction Prize]].<ref>[http://www.thebookseller.com/news/wheatle-wins-guardian-childrens-fiction-prize-434376 "Wheatle wins Guardian Children's Fiction Prize"], ''[[The Bookseller]]'', 18 November 2016.</ref>

==Bibliography==

*''Brixton Rock'' (Black Amber, 1999)
*''East of Acre Lane'' ([[Fourth Estate]], 2001)
*''The Seven Sisters'' (Fourth Estate (imprint)|Fourth Estate]], 2002)
*''Checkers'' (with Mark Parham; X-Press, 2003)
*''Island Songs'' ([[Allison & Busby]], 2005)
*''The Dirty South'' ([[Serpent's Tail]], 2008)
*''Brenton Brown'' (Arcadia Books, 2011)
*''Liccle Bit'' (Atom Books, 2015)
*''Crongton Knights'' (Atom Books, 2016)

Wheatle's books have also been translated into French, Italian, Urdu, Welsh,Japanese

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wheatle, Alex}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Black British writers]]
[[Category:British writers]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:20th-century British novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century British novelists]]
[[Category:British people of Jamaican descent]]
[[Category:British dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:British male novelists]]
[[Category:Male dramatists and playwrights]]

Elizabeth Alexander

2016-11-06T23:51:57Z

Proscribe: /* After College */ tweak

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Elizabeth Alexander
| image = Elizabeth Alexander 6738.JPG
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|05|30}}
| birth_place = [[Harlem]], [[New York City]], [[United States]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Poet]], [[essayist]], [[playwright]]
| movement =
| genre =
| notableworks=
}}
'''Elizabeth Alexander''' (born May 30, 1962)<ref name=ps>{{cite web |title=Elizabeth Alexander |url=http://php.scripts.psu.edu/dept/arc//index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=78 |work=The Africana Research Center |publisher=PennState College of the Liberal Arts |accessdate=2009-01-15 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> is an [[United States|American]] [[poet]], [[essay]]ist, [[playwright]]. She’s the inaugural Frederick Iseman Professor of Poetry and a Thomas E. Donnelley Professor of African American Studies, at [[Yale University]].<ref name="On Being with Krista Tippett">{{cite web|url= http://www.onbeing.org/program/elizabeth-alexander-words-that-shimmer/transcript/7776| title= Elizabeth Alexander - Words That Shimmer | website = On Being with Krista Tippett| accessdate= September 3, 2015}}</ref>

==Early life==
Alexander was born in Harlem, [[New York City]], and grew up in [[Washington, D.C.]] She is the daughter of former [[United States Secretary of the Army]] and [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] Chairman [[Clifford Alexander, Jr.]]<ref name=ny>{{cite news |author=Katharine Q. Seelye |title=Poet Chosen for Inauguration Is Aiming for a Work That Transcends the Moment |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/21/us/politics/21poet.html?partner=permalink&exprod=permalink |publisher=''The New York Times'' |date=2008-12-21 |accessdate=2009-01-15 }}</ref> and Adele (Logan) Alexander, a teacher of African-American women's history at [[George Washington University]] and writer.<ref name= "Biography Today">{{cite book |last=|first=|title=Biography Today|year=2010|pages=9–10|publisher=Omnigraphics|location=[[Detroit, Michigan]] |isbn=978-0-7808-1051-8}}</ref> Her brother [[Mark C. Alexander]] was a senior adviser to the [[Barack Obama]] [[Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008|presidential campaign]] and a member of the president-elect's transition team.<ref name=ny/>
After she was born, the family moved to [[Washington, D.C]]. She was just a toddler when her parents brought her in March 1963 to the [[March on Washington]], site of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s famous ''[[I Have A Dream]]'' speech. Alexander recalled that "Politics was in the drinking water at my house". She also took ballet as a child.<ref name="Biography Today, pp.10" />

She was educated at [[Sidwell Friends School]], and graduated in 1980. From there she went to [[Yale University]] and graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1984. She studied poetry at [[Boston University]] under [[Derek Walcott]] and got her Master's in 1987. Her mother said to her, "That poet you love, Derek Walcott, is teaching at Boston University. Why don't you apply?" Alexander originally entered studying fiction writing, but Walcott looked at her diary and saw the poetry potential. Alexander said, "He gave me a huge gift. He took a cluster of words and he lineated it. And I saw it."<ref name="Biography Today, pp.10">"Biography Today", p. 10.</ref>

In 1992, she received her PhD in English from the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. While she was finishing her degree, she taught at nearby [[Haverford College]] from 1990 to 1991. At this time, she would publish her first work, ''The Venus Hottentot''. The title comes from [[Saartjie Baartman|Sarah Baartman]], a 19th-century South African woman of the [[Khoikhoi]] ethnic group.<ref>"Biography Today", pp. 10-11.</ref><ref name=yal/> Elizabeth is an alumna of the [[Ragdale|Ragdale Foundation]].

==After college==
While a graduate student, she was a reporter for the ''[[Washington Post]]'' from 1984 to 1985.<ref name=ps/> She soon realized that "it wasn't the life I wanted."<ref name="Biography Today, pp.10"/> She began teaching at [[University of Chicago]] in 1991 as an assistant professor of English. Here she would first meet future president [[Barack Obama]], who was a senior lecturer at the school's law school from 1992 until his election to the [[U.S. Senate]] in 2004. While in Chicago in 1992, she won a creative writing fellowship from the [[National Endowment for the Arts]].<ref>"Biography Today", p. 11.</ref>

In 1996, she published a volume of poetry, ''Body of Life'' and a verse play, ''Diva Studies'', which was staged at [[Yale University]]. She also became a founding faculty member of the ''Cave Canem'' workshop which helps develop African-American poets. In 1997, she received the [[University of Chicago]]'s Quantrell Award for excellence in undergraduate teaching. Later in that year, she moved to [[Massachusetts]] to teach at [[Smith College]]. She became the [[Grace Conkling|Grace Hazard Conkling]] poet-in-residence and the first director of the college's Poetry Center.<ref name="Biography Today, pp.12">"Biography Today", p. 12.</ref>

In 2000, she returned to [[Yale University]], where she would teach African-American studies and English. She also released her third poetry collection,''Antebellum Dream Book''.<ref name="Biography Today, pp.12"/>

In 2005, she was selected in the first class of Alphonse [[Fletcher Foundation]] fellows and in 2007-08, she was an academic fellow at the [[Radcliffe College|Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study]] at [[Harvard]].<ref name=harv>{{cite news|author=Corydon Ireland |title=Radcliffe Fellow, poet Elizabeth Alexander reads |url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2008/05.08/15-alexander.html |publisher=Harvard University Gazette Online |date=2008-05-08 |accessdate=2009-01-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511185512/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2008/05.08/15-alexander.html |archivedate=May 11, 2008 }}</ref>

Since 2008, Alexander has chaired the African American Studies department at Yale. She currently teaches [[English language]]/[[English literature|literature]], African-American literature and [[gender studies]] at Yale.

In 2015, Alexander was elected a Chancellor of the [[Academy of American Poets]].<ref>[http://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/elizabeth-alexander Poets.org]</ref>

==Works==
Alexander's poems, short stories and critical writings have been widely published in such journals and periodicals such as: ''[[The Paris Review]],'' ''[[American Poetry Review]],'' ''[[The Kenyon Review]],'' ''[[The Village Voice]],'' ''The Women's Review of Books,'' and ''[[The Washington Post]].'' Her play, ''Diva Studies,'' which was performed at the [[Yale School of Drama]], garnered her a [[National Endowment for the Arts]] creative writing fellowship as well as an [[Illinois Arts Council]] award.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elizabeth Alexander: Biography and CV |url=http://www.elizabethalexander.net/biography.html |accessdate=2009-01-15 }}</ref>

Her 2005 volume of poetry, ''"American Sublime"'' was one of three finalists for the [[Pulitzer Prize]] of that year.<ref name=gn>{{cite news |author=Jay Parini |title=Why Obama chose Elizabeth Alexander for his inauguration |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/booksblog/2008/dec/18/obama-inauguration-alexander-poetry |publisher=''The Guardian'' |date=2008-12-18 |accessdate=2009-01-15 | location=London}}</ref> Alexander is also a scholar of [[African-American literature]] and [[African-American culture|culture]] and recently published a collection of essays entitled ''The Black Interior.''<ref name=yal>{{cite news |title=Yale Professor Elizabeth Alexander Named Inaugural Poet |url=http://opa.yale.edu/news/article.aspx?id=6298 |work=Yale Bulletin |publisher=Yale University |date=2008-12-19 |accessdate=2009-01-15 }}</ref>

Alexander received the [[Anisfield-Wolf Book Award]] Lifetime Achievement Award in Poetry in 2010.<ref>[http://www.anisfield-wolf.org/books/lifetime-elizabeth-alexander/?sortby=year Anisfield-wolf.org]</ref>

===2009 U.S. Presidential inauguration===
On January 20, 2009, at the [[United States presidential inauguration|presidential inauguration]] of [[Barack Obama]], Alexander recited the poem "[[Praise Song for the Day]]", which she composed for the occasion.<ref name=ny/><ref name=yal/> She became only the fourth poet to read at an American presidential inauguration, after [[Robert Frost]] in 1961, [[Maya Angelou]] in 1993 and [[Miller Williams]] in 1997.<ref name=wp>{{cite news |author=Michael E. Ruane |title=Selection Provides Civil Rights Symmetry |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/17/AR2008121702027.html?wpisrc=newsletter&wpisrc=newsletter&wpisrc=newsletter |publisher=''[[The Washington Post]]'' |date=2008-12-17 |accessdate=2009-01-15 }}</ref>

The announcement of her selection was favorably received by her fellow poets [[Maya Angelou]], [[Rita Dove]],<ref name=wp/> [[Paul Muldoon]],<ref name=ny/> and [[Jay Parini]], who extolled her as "smart, deeply educated in the traditions of poetry, true to her roots, responsive to black culture."<ref name=gn/> The [[Poetry Foundation]] also hailed the choice, "Her selection affirms poetry's central place in the soul of our country."<ref name=wp/>

Though the selection of the widely unknown poet, who was a personal friend of Obama, was lauded, the actual poem and delivery were met with a poor reception.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/columnists/chi-schmich-bd-25-jan25,0,5305166.column | work=Chicago Tribune | title=Big stage amplifies poet's critics | first=Mary | last=Schmich | date=2009-01-25}}</ref> ''The Chicago Tribune'', the ''Los Angeles Times'' Book editor, and most critics found that "her poem was too much like prose," and that "her delivery [was] insufficiently dramatic." The ''Minneapolis Star-Tribune'' found the poem "dull, 'bureaucratic' and found it proved that "the poet's place is not on the platform but in the crowd, that she should speak not for the people but to them."<ref>[http://www.startribune.com/politics/37883244.html?page=2&c=y ''Star Tribune''.]</ref>

==Personal life==
According to research done by Professor [[Henry Louis Gates|Henry Louis Gates, Jr.]], of Harvard University, in 2010 for the PBS series ''[[Faces of America]]'', it was revealed that according to DNA analysis, she is a lineal cousin of another of the guests on the show, [[Stephen Colbert]]. Her paternal grandfather came to the United States in 1918 from [[Kingston, Jamaica]]. On the maternal side, her roots can be traced back 37 generations through notable ancestors, including her 23rd great-grandmother Joan, Princess of England, 24th great-grandparents King John I of England and Clemence, Mistress of the King, and 37th great-grandfather [[Charlemagne]], first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.<ref name=faces>{{cite episode|title =4|episodelink = |series = Faces of America|serieslink = Faces of America (PBS series)|network = [[PBS]]|airdate = 2010-03-03|season = 1|number = 4}}</ref> She was married to Ficre Ghebreyesus until his passing in April 2012. She lives with their two sons in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Elizabeth Alexander|url=http://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/elizabeth-alexander|work=Academy of American Poets|accessdate=13 June 2015}}</ref>

==Bibliography==

===Poetry===
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authorlink= |authormask= |title=The Venus Hottentot |location= |publisher=Graywolf Press |year=1990}}
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authorlink= |authormask=1 |title=Body of Life |location=Chicago |publisher=Tia Chucha Press |year=1997}}
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authorlink= |authormask=1 |title=Antebellum Dream Book |location= |publisher=Graywolf Press |year=2001}}
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authorlink= |authormask=1 |title=American Sublime |location= |publisher=Graywolf Press |year=2005}}
*{{cite book |editor=Alexander, Elizabeth |editormask=1 |title=The Essential Gwendolyn Brooks |location= |publisher=Library of America |year=2005}}
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authorlink= |authormask=1 |title=American Blue: Selected Poems |location= |publisher=Bloodaxe Books |year=2006}}
*{{cite book |author1=Alexander, Elizabeth |author2=Nelson, Marilyn |authormask1=1 |title=Miss Crandall's School for Young Ladies and Little Misses of Color: Poems |location=Honesdale, Pa. |publisher=Wordsong |year=2007}}
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authorlink= |authormask=1 |title=Praise Song for the Day |location= |publisher=Graywolf Press |year=2009}}

===Essays and introductions===
*{{cite book |author=Dixon, Melvin |authorlink= |authormask= |others=Introduction by Elizabeth Alexander |title=Love's Instruments |location=Chicago |publisher=Tia Chuca Press |year=1995}}
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authorlink= |authormask= |title=The Black Interior |location= |publisher=Graywolf Press |year=2004}}
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authorlink= |authormask=1 |title=Power and Possibility: Essays, Reviews, and Interviews |location=Ann Arbor |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2007 |series=Poets on Poetry}}

===Memoirs===
*{{cite book |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authorlink= |authormask= |title=The Light of the World: A Memoir |location=New York |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |year=2015}}
*{{cite journal |author=Alexander, Elizabeth |authorlink= |authormask=1 |date=February 9, 2015 |title=Lottery tickets: mourning a husband |department=Personal History |journal=[[The New Yorker]] |volume=90 |issue=47 |pages= |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/02/09/ |accessdate=2015-08-26}}

===Critical studies and reviews===
*{{cite journal |author=Anon. |authorlink= |authormask= |date=April 11, 2015 |title=How to remember |department=Books and Arts |journal=[[The Economist]] |volume=415 |issue=8933 |pages=75–76 |url= |accessdate=}} Review of ''The Light of the World''.
*{{cite news|last=Gollin |first=Andrea |title=Review: Elizabeth Alexander’s 'The Light of the World' |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/books/article20017440.html |accessdate=3 May 2015 |work=Miami Herald |date=May 1, 2015 |quote=In art, in poetry and in her community of friends and family, Alexander finds divinity. The memoir itself is, of course, art. Its eloquent, grief-struck gratitude draws the reader in, and we celebrate and mourn alongside Alexander.}}

==See also==
{{refbegin |2}}
* [[1990 in poetry]]
* [[1995 in poetry]]
* [[1997 in poetry]]
* [[2001 in poetry]]
* [[2004 in literature]]
* [[2005 in poetry]]
* [[2006 in poetry]]
* [[2007 in literature]]
* [[2007 in poetry]]
* [[2009 in poetry]]
* [[2015 in literature]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{external media
|video1= [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7eH7U3vCLQ "Praise Song for the Day"], 2009 Presidential Inauguration, Elizabeth Alexander
|video2= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iMxviaKYPQ Keynote Address-Prof. Elizabeth Alexander], ''IRAAS 20th Anniversary'', November 1, 2013
|video3= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=crCNRYvLad0 Keynote- Elizabeth Alexander], ''Towards an Intellectual History of Black Women Conference,'' April 29, 2011
}}
*[http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=84 Poems by Elizabeth Alexander and biography at PoetryFoundation.org]
*[http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/245 Elizabeth Alexander: Profile and Poems at Poets.org]
*[http://elizabethalexander.net/home.html Official site of Elizabeth Alexander]
*[http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/970529/qalexander.shtml Quantrell Award: Elizabeth Alexander]
*[http://www.newsreel.org/guides/furious/alexande.htm California Newsreel: Elizabeth Alexander]
*[http://www.poets.org/viewevent.php/prmEventID/4327 Elizabeth Alexander's profile]
*[http://southernspaces.org/2009/natasha-trethewey-interviews-elizabeth-alexander "Natasha Trethewey Interviews Elizabeth Alexander"], ''Southern Spaces'', 10 December 2009.
*{{cite web|url=http://english.yale.edu/faculty-staff/elizabeth-alexander |title=Elizabeth Alexander |publisher=Yale University |accessdate=July 6, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706143044/http://english.yale.edu/faculty-staff/elizabeth-alexander |archivedate=July 6, 2014 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander, Elizabeth}}
[[Category:African-American academics]]
[[Category:African-American dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:African-American women writers]]
[[Category:African-American poets]]
[[Category:American women poets]]
[[Category:African-American studies scholars]]
[[Category:American educators]]
[[Category:Boston University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University faculty]]
[[Category:Haverford College faculty]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from New York City]]
[[Category:Poets from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Radcliffe fellows]]
[[Category:Smith College faculty]]
[[Category:University of Chicago faculty]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:Yale University faculty]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:American women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:American essayists]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]
[[Category:American women essayists]]

Johnnetta Cole

2016-11-01T04:38:33Z

Proscribe: minor cleanup

{{Infobox scientist
|name = Johnnetta B. Cole
|image = Dr. Johnnetta Cole, Director of the Smithsonian National Museum of African Art.jpg
|image_size = 200px
|caption = Johnnetta B. Cole
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1936|10|19}}
|birth_place = [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]], [[Florida]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|residence =
|citizenship =
|nationality = [[United States|American]]
|ethnicity =
|field = [[Anthropology]]
|work_institutions = [[National Museum of African Art]] [[Spelman College]] [[Bennett College]]
|alma_mater = [[Oberlin College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]]) [[Northwestern University]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]]) ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
|doctoral_advisor =
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}}
'''Johnnetta Betsch Cole''' (born October 19, 1936)<ref name="academy">[http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/col0bio-1 "Johnnetta B. Cole, PhD"] at the ''[[Academy of Achievement]]''</ref> is an [[United States|American]] anthropologist, educator and museum director. Cole was the first [[African-American]] female president of [[Spelman College]], a [[historically black college]], serving from 1987 to 1997. She was president of [[Bennett College]] from 2002 to 2007.

Since 2009, she has been Director of the [[Smithsonian Institution]]’s [[National Museum of African Art]], located in [[Washington, DC]].<ref>Trescott, Jacqueline (February 10, 2009). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/09/AR2009020902446.html "Johnnetta Cole Named New Director of the National Museum of African Art"]. ''[[The Washington Post]]''; accessed October 5, 2011.</ref> In 2013, the ''Winston-Salem Chronicle'' described Cole as a distinguished educator, cultural anthropologist, and humanitarian.<ref name=gala2013 />

==Background==
Johnnetta Betsch was born in [[Jacksonville, Florida]], in 1936. She is a granddaughter of Florida's first black millionaire [[Abraham Lincoln Lewis]] and Mary Kingsley Sammis. Sammis' great-grandparents were [[Zephaniah Kingsley]], a slave trader and slave owner, and his wife and former slave [[Anna Kingsley|Anna Madgigine Jai]], originally from present-day [[Senegal]]. Her [[Fort George Island]] home is protected as [[Kingsley Plantation]], a [[National Historic Landmark]].<ref>Jackson, Antoinette; Burns, Allan (January 2006). ''[http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/timu/timu_ethno.pdf Ethnohistorical Study of the Kingsley Plantation Community]'', [[National Park Service]], p. 24.</ref>

Cole enrolled at the age of 15 in [[Fisk University]], a historically black college. She transferred to [[Oberlin College]] in Ohio, where she completed a B.A. in [[anthropology]] in 1957. She did field research in [[Liberia]], West Africa, in 1960-61. She attended graduate school at [[Northwestern University]], earning her master's (1959) and Ph.D. (1967) in [[anthropology]].

==Teaching==
Cole taught briefly at [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] (1964) and directed the [[Black Studies]] program at [[Washington State University]] at Pullman (1969–70). She started in 1970 in the Department of Anthropology at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]], where she served until 1983. She also was [[Provost (education)|provost]] of undergraduate education from 1981 to 1983. While at the University of Massachusetts, she played a pivotal role in the development of the university's W.E.B. Du Bois Department of African-American Studies.

In 1983, Cole joined the faculty of [[Hunter College]], where she directed the Latin American and Caribbean Studies program. Beginning in 1997, Cole also taught in the Anthropology department of [[Emory University]], where she is now Presidential Distinguished Professor Emerita.

==Administration==
In 1987, Cole was selected as the first black female president of Spelman College, a prestigious [[historically black college]] for women. She served until 1997, building up their endowment through a $113 million capital campaign, attracting significantly higher enrollment as students increased, and overall raising the ranking of the school among the best liberal arts schools went up. [[Bill Cosby|Bill]] and [[Camille Cosby]] contributed $20 million to the capital campaign.<ref name="post">Jacqueline Trescott, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/09/AR2009020902446.html "Johnnetta Cole Named New Director of the National Museum of African Art"], ''[[Washington Post]]'', February 10, 2009.</ref>

After teaching at Emory University, she was recruited as president of [[Bennett College for Women]], also a historically black college for women. There she led another successful capital campaign. In addition, she founded an art gallery to contribute to the college's culture.<ref name="post"/> Cole is currently the Chair of the Johnnetta B. Cole Global Diversity & Inclusion Institute founded at [[Bennett College for Women]]. She is a member of [[Delta Sigma Theta]] sorority.

In 2009 Cole was named as Director of the [[National Museum of African Art]], part of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in Washington, DC.<ref name="post"/>

==Service==
Cole has also served in major corporations; she has been a director of [[Merck & Co.]] since 1994. She is the first woman elected to the board of [[Coca Cola]].<ref>Mezger, Roger (September 5, 2008). [http://blog.cleveland.com/business/2008/09/as_a_child_growing_up.html "Workplace diversity: Numbers aren't enough, speaker says"], ''[[The Plain Dealer]]''; accessed October 5, 2011.</ref> From 2004 to 2006, Cole was the Chair of the Board of Trustees of [[United Way of America]]<ref>[http://conferences.unitedway.org/wls_2011/biographies/johnnetta_cole "Dr. Johnnetta Cole"]. ''[[United Way of America]]''; accessed October 07, 2011.</ref> and is on the Board of Directors of the United Way of Greater Greensboro.<ref>[http://odi.osu.edu/administrative-offices/special-programs/national-conference/speakers/2011-keynote.php "Shifting Paradigms: Progressive Pathways to Diversity, Equity & Inclusion?"], ''Ohio State University''; accessed October 7, 2011.</ref> 

==Political activity==
President-elect [[Bill Clinton]] appointed Cole to his transition team for education, labor, the arts and humanities in 1992.<ref>[http://www.makers.com/johnnetta-cole Makers profile: Johnnetta Cole, Groundbreaking Scholar & College President]</ref> Clinton considered her for the Cabinet post of [[Secretary of Education]],<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1106653 President of Spelman College, Johnnetta Cole], Fresh Air program, 1993.</ref> but once ''[[The Jewish Daily Forward]]'' reported that she had been a member of the national committee of the [[Venceremos Brigades]], which the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] had tied to Cuban intelligence forces, Clinton did not advance her nomination.<ref>Susan Chira. [http://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/10/weekinreview/conversations-johnnetta-b-cole-scholar-s-convictions-keep-her-pushing-power.html Conversations/Johnnetta B. Cole; A Scholar's Convictions Keep Her Pushing the Power of Words], ''New York Times'', January 10, 1993.</ref>

==Legacy and honors==
*In 2013, Cole received the highest citation of the [[International Civil Rights Center and Museum|International Civil Rights Center & Museum]], the Alston-Jones International Civil and Human Rights Award.<ref name=gala2013>{{cite news |url= http://www.wschronicle.com/2013/02/sit-in-museum-to-present-awards/ |title= Sit-in museum to present awards |date=February 1, 2013 |work= The Winston-Salem Chronicle |accessdate=April 11, 2013 }}</ref>
*Cole has received honorary degrees from [[Williams College]] and [[Bates College]] in 1989, [[Oberlin College]] in 1995, [[Mount Holyoke College]] in 1998, [[Mills College]] in 1999, and [[Howard University]] and [[North Carolina A&T State University]] in 2009.
* She received a [[Candace Award]] from the [[National Coalition of 100 Black Women]] in 1988.<ref name="page2">{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=CANDACE AWARD RECIPIENTS 1982-1990, Page 2 |url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archivedate=March 14, 2003 }}</ref>

==Quotes==
{{copy section to wikiquote}}
{{Quote|I pose that question to myself, why, in the 107 years of the history of this historically Black college for women, there has not been an African-American woman president.|Johnnetta B. Cole<ref name="academy"/>}}
{{Quote|This is a nation whose spoken and written vision is chillingly beautiful.|Johnnetta B. Cole<ref name=AA2>{{cite web| url=http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/steps/amd?target=col1-001|title=Keys to Success - The American Dream|work=Academy of Achievement|accessdate =November 24, 2007}}</ref>}}
{{Quote|The more we pull together toward a new day, the less it matters what pushed us apart in the past|Johnnetta B. Cole<ref name=AO>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlantaga.gov/media/speech_socaddress_010504.aspx|
title=State of the City Address, Mayor Shirley Franklin|work=City of Atlanta Online|accessdate =November 24, 2007 |date =January 5, 2004}}</ref>}}
{{Quote|We are for difference: for respecting difference for allowing difference, for encouraging difference, until difference no longer makes a difference.|Johnnetta B. Cole<ref name="AO"/>}}
{{Quote|The ultimate expression of generosity is not in giving of what you have, but in giving of who you are.|Johnnetta B. Cole<ref>[http://www.sandiego.gov/park-and-recreation/general-info/volunteer.shtml "Volunteer Opportunities"]. ''Sandiego.gov''; accessed October 5, 2011.</ref>}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.gale.com/free_resources/whm/bio/cole_j.htm Gale biography]
*[http://voices.cla.umn.edu/vg/Bios/entries/cole_johnetta_b.html Voices from the Gaps biography]`
*[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/press/releases/speech/drcole.shtml 1998 commencement speech, Mount Holyoke College]
*[http://new.oberlin.edu/events-activities/commencement/krislov-speech-2009address.dot 2009 State-of-the-College Address, Oberlin College]
*[http://www.makers.com/johnnetta-cole Johnnetta Cole]. Video produced by ''[[Makers: Women Who Make America]]''
*{{C-SPAN|Johnnetta Cole}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cole, Johnetta}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people of Senegalese descent]]
[[Category:American educators]]
[[Category:African-American academics]]
[[Category:African-American social scientists]]
[[Category:Bennett College]]
[[Category:Presidents of Spelman College]]
[[Category:American academics]]
[[Category:Women anthropologists]]
[[Category:Fisk University alumni]]
[[Category:Northwestern University alumni]]
[[Category:Oberlin College alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Los Angeles faculty]]
[[Category:University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty]]
[[Category:Delta Sigma Theta members]]

Benutzer:Feuerrabe/William Still (Abolitionist)

2016-09-28T07:39:23Z

Proscribe: tweaks to refs

{{about|the abolitionist and member of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society|the African American classical composer|William Grant Still|the inventor of the Still hybrid engine|William Joseph Still}}
{{Infobox person
| name = William Still
| image = William Still abolitionist.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1821|10|07}}
| birth_place = [[Shamong Township, New Jersey]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1902|07|14|1821|10|07}}
| death_place =
| nationality = American
| spouse = Letitia George
| other_names =
| occupation = Abolitionist
| known_for = [[Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society]], ''[[The Underground Railroad Records]]''
}}
'''William Still''' (October 7, 1821 – July 14, 1902) was an African-American [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], conductor on the [[Underground Railroad]], writer, historian and [[civil rights]] activist. He was chairman of the [[Vigilance committee|Vigilance Committee]] of the [[Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society]]. He directly aided fugitive slaves and kept records of their lives, to help families reunite after slavery was abolished. After the American Civil War, he wrote an account of the underground system and the experiences of many refugee slaves, entitled ''[[The Underground Railroad Records]]'', published in 1872.

==Family==
William Still was born October 7, 1821 (or November 1819),<ref>1900 US Census Record.</ref> in [[Shamong Township, New Jersey]], to Sidney (later renamed Charity) and Levin Still.<ref name="Simmons1887">Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner, ''Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising''. GM Rewell & Company, 1887, pp. 149–161.</ref> His parents had come to New Jersey separately. First, his father bought his freedom in 1798 from his master in [[Caroline County, Maryland]] on the [[Eastern Shore of Maryland|Eastern Shore]]. Charity escaped twice from Maryland. The first time, she escaped with their four children. They were all recaptured and returned to slavery. A few months later, Charity escaped again, taking only her two younger daughters with her. She succeeded in reaching her husband in New Jersey. Following her escape, Charity and Levin had 14 more children, of whom William was the youngest. Though these children were born in the free state of New Jersey, under Maryland and federal slave law, they were still legally slaves, as their mother was an escaped slave. According to New Jersey law, they were free.<ref name="James Still">[http://stillfamily.library.temple.edu/people-and-places/still-james "James Still"], Still Family, Library, Temple University.</ref> Charity and Levin could do nothing for their older boys left enslaved.

Levin, Jr. and Peter Still were sold from Maryland to slaveowners in [[Lexington, Kentucky]]. Later they were resold to planters in [[Alabama]] in the [[Deep South]]. Levin, Jr. died from a whipping while enslaved. Peter and most of his family escaped from slavery when he was about age 50, with the help of two brothers named Friedman, who operated mercantile establishments in [[Florence, Alabama]], and [[Cincinnati, Ohio]]. Kate E. R. Pickard wrote about Peter Still and his family in her book, ''The Kidnapped and the Ransomed: Recollections of Peter Still and his Wife "Vina," After Forty Years of Slavery'' (1856).<ref>Kate E. R. Pickard, [http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/pickard/menu.html ''The Kidnapped and the Ransomed: Recollections of Peter Still and his Wife "Vina," After Forty Years of Slavery''], (1856), available online at ''Documenting the American South'', University of North Carolina.</ref><ref name="peterStill">[http://stillfamily.library.temple.edu/people-and-places/still-peter "Peter Still"], Still Family, Library, Temple University.</ref>

After reaching Philadelphia, Peter sought help at the [[Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society]] to find his parents or other members of his birth family. When they first met, he and William Still had no idea they were related. But, as William listened to Peter's story, he recognized the history his mother had told him many times. After learning that his older brother Levin was whipped to death for visiting his wife without permission, William shouted, "What if I told you I was your brother!" Later Peter and his mother were reunited after having been separated for 42 years.<ref>Lurey Khan, ''William Still and the Underground Railroad: Fugitive Slaves and Family Ties'', iUniverse, 2010, p. 40.</ref>

Another of William's brothers was James Still. Born in New Jersey in 1812, James wanted to become a doctor but said he "was not the right color to enter where such knowledge was dispensed." James studied herbs and plants and apprenticed himself to a white doctor to learn medicine. He became known as the "Black Doctor of the Pines", as he lived and practiced in the [[Pine Barrens (New Jersey)|Pine Barrens]]. James's son, James Thomas Still, completed his dream, graduating from [[Harvard Medical School]] in 1871.<ref name="James Still"/>

Brothers Peter, James and William Still later moved with their families to [[Lawnside, New Jersey]], a community developed and owned by African Americans. To this day, their descendants have an annual [[family reunion]] every August. Notable members of the Still family include the composer [[William Grant Still]], professional [[WNBA]] basketball player [[Valerie Still]], professional [[NFL]] [[defensive end]] [[Art Still]], and professional [[NFL]] [[defensive tackle]] [[Devon Still]].

William’s other siblings included Levin, Jr.; Peter; James; Samuel; Mary, a teacher and [[missionary]] in the [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]]; Mahala (who married Gabriel Thompson); and Kitturah, who moved to Pennsylvania.

==Marriage and children==
In 1844, William Still moved from New Jersey to [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]. In 1847, he married Letitia George. William and Letitia had four children who survived infancy. Their oldest was Caroline Virginia Matilda Still (1848–1919), a pioneer female medical doctor. Caroline attended [[Oberlin College]] and the Women's Medical College of Philadelphia (much later known as the [[Medical College of Pennsylvania]]). She married Edward J. Wyley and, after his death, the Reverend Matthew Anderson, longtime pastor of the Berean Presbyterian Church in North Philadelphia. She had an extensive private medical practice in Philadelphia and was also a community activist, teacher and leader.

William Wilberforce Still (1854–1932) graduated from [[Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)|Lincoln University]] and subsequently practiced law in Philadelphia. Robert George Still (1861–1896) became a journalist and owned a print shop on Pine at 11th Street in central Philadelphia. Frances Ellen Still (1857–1943) became a kindergarten teacher (she was named after poet [[Frances Ellen Watkins Harper]], who had lived with the Stills before her marriage). According to the [[United States Census, 1900|1900 U.S. Census]], William W., his wife, and Frances Ellen were living in the household of the elderly William Still and his wife.<ref name="PBS">[http://www.pbs.org/wned/underground-railroad/ ''Underground Railroad: The William Still Story''], PBS.</ref> It was customary for extended family to live together.

==Activism==

===Abolitionism===
In 1847, three years after settling in Philadelphia, Still began working as a clerk for the [[Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society]]. When Philadelphia abolitionists organized a [[Vigilance committee|Vigilance Committee]] to directly aid escaped slaves who had reached the city, Still became its chairman. By the 1850s, Still was one of the leaders of Philadelphia's African-American community.

In 1855, he participated in the nationally covered rescue of [[Jane Johnson (slave)|Jane Johnson]], a slave who sought help from the Society in gaining freedom while passing through Philadelphia with her master [[John Hill Wheeler]], newly appointed US Minister to Nicaragua. Still and others liberated her and her two sons under Pennsylvania law, which held that slaves brought to the free state voluntarily by a slaveholder could choose freedom. Her master sued him and five other African Americans for assault and kidnapping in a high-profile case in August 1855. Jane Johnson returned to Philadelphia from New York and testified in court as to her independence in choosing freedom, winning acquittal for Still and four others, and reduced sentences for the last two.

In 1859, Still challenged the segregation of the city's public transit system, which had separate seating for whites and blacks.<ref>[http://www.darbyhistory.com/Still-StreetcarStruggle.html "William Still, Darby, and the Desegregation of Philadelphia Streetcars"], Darby History.</ref> He kept lobbying and, in 1865, the Pennsylvania legislature passed a law to integrate streetcars across the state.<ref name="williamStill">[http://stillfamily.library.temple.edu/timeline/william-still "Timeline: The Life and Times of William Still (1821-1902)"], ''William Still: an African-American Abolitionist'', Library, Temple University, accessed March 1, 2014.</ref>

He opened a stove store during the [[American Civil War]], and operated the [[post exchange]] at [[Camp William Penn]], the training camp for [[United States Colored Troops]] north of Philadelphia. After the war, Still owned and operated a coal delivery business, eventually coming to own his own coal yard in 1861.<ref name="williamStill"/><ref name="Turner">{{cite web|last=Turner|first=Diane|title=William Still: An African-American Abolitionist|url=http://stillfamily.library.temple.edu/historical-perspective/william-still-significance|publisher=Temple University Libraries|accessdate=February 26, 2013}}</ref>

===Underground Railroad===
Often called "The Father of the [[Underground Railroad]]", Still helped as many as 800 slaves escape to freedom. He interviewed each person and kept careful records, including a brief biography and the destination for each, along with any alias adopted. He kept his records carefully hidden but knew the accounts would be critical in aiding the future reunion of family members who became separated under slavery, which he had learned when he aided his own brother Peter, whom he had previously never met before.

Still worked with other Underground Railroad agents operating in the South and in many counties in southern Pennsylvania. His network to freedom also included agents in [[New Jersey]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[New England]] and [[Canada]]. Conductor [[Harriet Tubman]] traveled through his office with fellow passengers on several occasions during the 1850s and Still forged a connection with the family of [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]]. Several of Brown's associates fleeing the 1859 [[John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry|raid on Harpers Ferry]] were sheltered by Still.<ref name="Simmons1887"/>

After the Civil War, Still published an account of the Underground Railroad, ''[[The Underground Railroad Records]]'' (1872), based on the secret notes he had kept in diaries during those years. His book has been integral to the history of these years, as he carefully recorded many details of the workings of the Underground Railroad. It went through three editions and in 1876 was displayed at the [[Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition]].<ref name="PBS"/><ref name="national"/> (It is available as a free e-text on Project Gutenberg.)

===Youth organizations and other activities===
Still had a strong interest in the welfare of black youth. He helped to establish an orphanage and the first [[YMCA]] for African Americans in Philadelphia.<ref>Khan (2010), p. 214.</ref><ref>Chenrow, Fred; Chenrow, Carol (1974). ''Reading Exercises in Black History'', Elizabethtown, PA: The Continental Press, Inc., p. 56. ISBN 978-0-8454-2108-6.</ref> He also attended national conventions such as the New England Colored Citizens' Convention of 1859, where he advocated for equal educational opportunities for all African Americans.<ref name="Turner"/> He owned Liberty Hall, for some time the largest public hall in the US owned by a black man. After the war, he was an active philanthropist and social activist. He was a member of the Freedmen's Aid Union and Commission, he was an officer of the Philadelphia Home for the Aged and Infirm Colored Persons, a member of the board for the Soldiers and Sailors Orphan Home and the Home for the Destitute Colored Children. He was a trustee at Storer College, an elder of the Presbyterian church. He was a stock holder of the journal, the ''Nation''. He was a member of the board of trade in Philadelphia. He was an officer of the Social and Civil Statistical Association of Philadelphia.<ref name="Simmons1887"/>

==Legacy and honors==
*The Charles L. Blockson Afro-American Collection at [[Temple University]] Library houses the William Still Collection, including his personal papers dating from 1865 through 1899.
*H.R. 1635, passed by Congress in 1997, authorized the [[United States National Park Service]] to establish the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom program to identify associated sites and popularize the [[Underground Railroad]]. The program also affirmed the national importance of Still as a leading Underground Railroad agent in a major center of abolition.<ref name="national">Turner, Diane. [http://stillfamily.library.temple.edu/historical-perspective/william-still-significance "William Still's National Significance"], ''William Still: An African-American Abolitionist'', website, Temple University, accessed March 1, 2014.</ref>

==In popular culture==
*''[[Stand by the River]]'' (2003), a musical based on Still's life and rescue of Jane Johnson, was written and composed by Joanne and Mark Sutton-Smith. It has been produced in New York and Chicago, and at universities and other venues across the country.
*Actor [[Chris Chalk]] portrayed a fictional version of Still on the [[WGN America]] period drama TV series, ''[[Underground (TV series)|Underground]]''.

==See also==
*[[Slave narrative]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*Gara, Larry. "William Still and the Underground Railroad," ''Pennsylvania History'' 28.1 (January 1961): 33-44.
*Still, William. ''Still's Underground Rail Road Records: with a Life of the Author: Narrating the Hardships, Hairbreadth Escapes and Death Struggles of the Slaves in their Efforts for Freedom: Together with Sketches of Some of the Eminent Friends of Freedom, and Most Liberal Aiders and Advisers of the Road", Philadelphia: William Still, 1886.
*Turner, Diane. "[http://stillfamily.library.temple.edu/historical-perspective/william-still-significance William Still: An African-American Abolitionist]." Temple University Libraries.

==External links==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooksby=yes|lcheading= Still, William, 1821-1902 }}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Still,+William }}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=William Still}}
* {{Librivox author |id=9724}}
* {{Gutenberg|no=15263|name=The Underground Railroad}}
* [http://www.mdslavery.net/ugrr.html "Case Studies of Maryland Freedom Seekers"], ''Legacy of Slavery,'' Maryland State Archives
* [http://www.spartacus-educational.com/USASstill.htm Spartacus Educational: William Still]
* {{Wayback|url=http://www.nynews.com/blackhistory/still.html|title="William Still" (''New York News'')|date=20050207150748}}

{{Underground Railroad| state=expanded}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Still, William}}
[[Category:African-American abolitionists]]
[[Category:African-American writers]]
[[Category:Activists for African-American civil rights]]
[[Category:People from Burlington County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:People from Lawnside, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Underground Railroad people]]
[[Category:People of New Jersey in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Writers from New Jersey]]
[[Category:1821 births]]
[[Category:1902 deaths]]
[[Category:African-American businesspeople]]

Benutzer:Feuerrabe/William Still (Abolitionist)

2016-09-28T07:01:00Z

Proscribe: /* Family */ tweaks to refs

{{about|the abolitionist and member of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society|the African American classical composer|William Grant Still|the inventor of the Still hybrid engine|William Joseph Still}}
{{Infobox person
| name = William Still
| image = William Still abolitionist.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1821|10|07}}
| birth_place = [[Shamong Township, New Jersey]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1902|07|14|1821|10|07}}
| death_place =
| nationality = American
| spouse = Letitia George
| other_names =
| occupation = Abolitionist
| known_for = [[Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society]], ''[[The Underground Railroad Records]]''
}}
'''William Still''' (October 7, 1821 – July 14, 1902) was an African-American [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], conductor on the [[Underground Railroad]], writer, historian and [[civil rights]] activist. He was chairman of the [[Vigilance committee|Vigilance Committee]] of the [[Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society]]. He directly aided fugitive slaves and kept records of their lives, to help families reunite after slavery was abolished. After the American Civil War, he wrote an account of the underground system and the experiences of many refugee slaves, entitled ''[[The Underground Railroad Records]]'', published in 1872.

==Family==
William Still was born October 7, 1821 (or November 1819),<ref>1900 US Census Record.</ref> in [[Shamong Township, New Jersey]], to Sidney (later renamed Charity) and Levin Still.<ref name="Simmons1887">Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner, ''Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising''. GM Rewell & Company, 1887, pp. 149–161.</ref> His parents had come to New Jersey separately. First, his father bought his freedom in 1798 from his master in [[Caroline County, Maryland]] on the [[Eastern Shore of Maryland|Eastern Shore]]. Charity escaped twice from Maryland. The first time, she escaped with their four children. They were all recaptured and returned to slavery. A few months later, Charity escaped again, taking only her two younger daughters with her. She succeeded in reaching her husband in New Jersey. Following her escape, Charity and Levin had 14 more children, of whom William was the youngest. Though these children were born in the free state of New Jersey, under Maryland and federal slave law, they were still legally slaves, as their mother was an escaped slave. According to New Jersey law, they were free.<ref name="James Still">[http://stillfamily.library.temple.edu/people-and-places/still-james "James Still"], Still Family, Library, Temple University.</ref> Charity and Levin could do nothing for their older boys left enslaved.

Levin, Jr. and Peter Still were sold from Maryland to slaveowners in [[Lexington, Kentucky]]. Later they were resold to planters in [[Alabama]] in the [[Deep South]]. Levin, Jr. died from a whipping while enslaved. Peter and most of his family escaped from slavery when he was about age 50, with the help of two brothers named Friedman, who operated mercantile establishments in [[Florence, Alabama]], and [[Cincinnati, Ohio]]. Kate E. R. Pickard wrote about Peter Still and his family in her book, ''The Kidnapped and the Ransomed: Recollections of Peter Still and his Wife "Vina," After Forty Years of Slavery'' (1856).<ref>[http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/pickard/menu.html Kate E. R. Pickard, ''The Kidnapped and the Ransomed: Recollections of Peter Still and his Wife "Vina," After Forty Years of Slavery''], (1856), available online at ''Documenting the American South'', University of North Carolina.</ref><ref name="peterStill">[http://stillfamily.library.temple.edu/people-and-places/still-peter "Peter Still"], Still Family, Library, Temple University.</ref>

After reaching Philadelphia, Peter sought help at the [[Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society]] to find his parents or other members of his birth family. When they first met, he and William Still had no idea they were related. But, as William listened to Peter's story, he recognized the history his mother had told him many times. After learning that his older brother Levin was whipped to death for visiting his wife without permission, William shouted, "What if I told you I was your brother!" Later Peter and his mother were reunited after having been separated for 42 years.<ref name="khan"/>{{page needed|date=March 2014}}

Another of William's brothers was James Still. Born in New Jersey in 1812, James wanted to become a doctor but said he "was not the right color to enter where such knowledge was dispensed." James studied herbs and plants and apprenticed himself to a white doctor to learn medicine. He became known as the "Black Doctor of the Pines", as he lived and practiced in the [[Pine Barrens (New Jersey)|Pine Barrens]]. James's son, James Thomas Still, completed his dream, graduating from [[Harvard Medical School]] in 1871.<ref name="James Still"/>

Brothers Peter, James and William Still later moved with their families to [[Lawnside, New Jersey]], a community developed and owned by African Americans. To this day, their descendants have an annual [[family reunion]] every August. Notable members of the Still family include the composer [[William Grant Still]], professional [[WNBA]] basketball player [[Valerie Still]], professional [[NFL]] [[defensive end]] [[Art Still]], and professional [[NFL]] [[defensive tackle]] [[Devon Still]].

William’s other siblings included Levin, Jr.; Peter; James; Samuel; Mary, a teacher and [[missionary]] in the [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]]; Mahala (who married Gabriel Thompson); and Kitturah, who moved to Pennsylvania.

==Marriage and children==
In 1844, William Still moved from New Jersey to [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]. In 1847, he married Letitia George. William and Letitia had four children who survived infancy. Their oldest was Caroline Virginia Matilda Still (1848–1919), a pioneer female medical doctor. Caroline attended [[Oberlin College]] and the Women's Medical College of Philadelphia (much later known as the [[Medical College of Pennsylvania]]). She married Edward J. Wyley and, after his death, the Reverend Matthew Anderson, longtime pastor of the Berean Presbyterian Church in North Philadelphia. She had an extensive private medical practice in Philadelphia and was also a community activist, teacher and leader.

William Wilberforce Still (1854–1932) graduated from [[Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)|Lincoln University]] and subsequently practiced law in Philadelphia. Robert George Still (1861–1896) became a journalist and owned a print shop on Pine at 11th Street in central Philadelphia. Frances Ellen Still (1857–1943) became a kindergarten teacher (she was named after poet [[Frances Ellen Watkins Harper]], who had lived with the Stills before her marriage). According to the [[United States Census, 1900|1900 U.S. Census]], William W., his wife, and Frances Ellen were living in the household of the elderly William Still and his wife.<ref name="PBS">[http://www.pbs.org/wned/underground-railroad/ ''Underground Railroad: The William Still Story''], PBS</ref> It was customary for extended family to live together.

==Activism==

===Abolitionism===
In 1847, three years after settling in Philadelphia, Still began working as a clerk for the [[Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society]]. When Philadelphia abolitionists organized a [[Vigilance committee|Vigilance Committee]] to directly aid escaped slaves who had reached the city, Still became its chairman. By the 1850s, Still was one of the leaders of Philadelphia's African-American community.

In 1855, he participated in the nationally covered rescue of [[Jane Johnson (slave)|Jane Johnson]], a slave who sought help from the Society in gaining freedom while passing through Philadelphia with her master [[John Hill Wheeler]], newly appointed US Minister to Nicaragua. Still and others liberated her and her two sons under Pennsylvania law, which held that slaves brought to the free state voluntarily by a slaveholder could choose freedom. Her master sued him and five other African Americans for assault and kidnapping in a high-profile case in August 1855. Jane Johnson returned to Philadelphia from New York and testified in court as to her independence in choosing freedom, winning acquittal for Still and four others, and reduced sentences for the last two.

In 1859, Still challenged the segregation of the city's public transit system, which had separate seating for whites and blacks.<ref>[http://www.darbyhistory.com/Still-StreetcarStruggle.html "William Still, Darby, and the Desegregation of Philadelphia Streetcars"], Darby History</ref> He kept lobbying and, in 1865, the Pennsylvania legislature passed a law to integrate streetcars across the state.<ref name="williamStill">[http://stillfamily.library.temple.edu/timeline/william-still "Timeline: The Life and Times of William Still (1821-1902)"], ''William Still: an African-American Abolitionist'', Library, Temple University, accessed March 1, 2014</ref>

He opened a stove store during the [[American Civil War]], and operated the [[post exchange]] at [[Camp William Penn]], the training camp for [[United States Colored Troops]] north of Philadelphia. After the war, Still owned and operated a coal delivery business, eventually coming to own his own coal yard in 1861.<ref name="williamStill"/><ref name="Turner">{{cite web|last=Turner|first=Diane|title=William Still: An African-American Abolitionist|url=http://stillfamily.library.temple.edu/historical-perspective/william-still-significance|publisher=Temple University Libraries|accessdate=February 26, 2013}}</ref>

===Underground Railroad===
Often called "The Father of the [[Underground Railroad]]", Still helped as many as 800 slaves escape to freedom. He interviewed each person and kept careful records, including a brief biography and the destination for each, along with any alias adopted. He kept his records carefully hidden but knew the accounts would be critical in aiding the future reunion of family members who became separated under slavery, which he had learned when he aided his own brother Peter, whom he had previously never met before.

Still worked with other Underground Railroad agents operating in the South and in many counties in southern Pennsylvania. His network to freedom also included agents in [[New Jersey]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[New England]] and [[Canada]]. Conductor [[Harriet Tubman]] traveled through his office with fellow passengers on several occasions during the 1850s and Still forged a connection with the family of [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]]. Several of Brown's associates fleeing the 1859 [[John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry|raid on Harpers Ferry]] were sheltered by Still.<ref name="Simmons1887"/>

After the Civil War, Still published an account of the Underground Railroad, ''[[The Underground Railroad Records]]'' (1872), based on the secret notes he had kept in diaries during those years. His book has been integral to the history of these years, as he carefully recorded many details of the workings of the Underground Railroad. It went through three editions and in 1876 was displayed at the [[Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition]].<ref name="PBS"/><ref name="national"/> (It is available as a free e-text on Project Gutenberg.)

===Youth organizations and other activities===
Still had a strong interest in the welfare of black youth. He helped to establish an orphanage and the first [[YMCA]] for African Americans in Philadelphia.<ref name="khan">Lurey Khan, ''William Still and the Underground Railroad: Fugitive Slaves and Family Ties''</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2014}}<ref>Chenrow, Fred; Chenrow, Carol (1974). ''Reading Exercises in Black History'', Elizabethtown, PA: The Continental Press, Inc. p.56. ISBN 978-0-8454-2108-6.</ref> He also attended national conventions such as the New England Colored Citizens' Convention of 1859, where he advocated for equal educational opportunities for all African Americans.<ref name="Turner"/> He owned Liberty Hall, for some time the largest public hall in the US owned by a black man. After the war, he was an active philanthropist and social activist. He was a member of the Freedmen's Aid Union and Commission, he was an officer of the Philadelphia Home for the Aged and Infirm Colored Persons, a member of the board for the Soldiers and Sailors Orphan Home and the Home for the Destitute Colored Children. He was a trustee at Storer College, an elder of the Presbyterian church. He was a stock holder of the journal, the ''Nation''. He was a member of the board of trade in Philadelphia. He was an officer of the Social and Civil Statistical Association of Philadelphia.<ref name="Simmons1887"/>

==Legacy and honors==
*The Charles L. Blockson Afro-American Collection at [[Temple University]] Library houses the William Still Collection, including his personal papers dating from 1865 through 1899.
*H.R. 1635, passed by Congress in 1997, authorized the [[United States National Park Service]] to establish the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom program to identify associated sites and popularize the [[Underground Railroad]]. The program also affirmed the national importance of Still as a leading Underground Railroad agent in a major center of abolition.<ref name="national">Turner, Diane. [http://stillfamily.library.temple.edu/historical-perspective/william-still-significance "William Still's National Significance"], ''William Still: An African-American Abolitionist'', website, Temple University, accessed March 1, 2014</ref>

==In popular culture==
*''[[Stand by the River]]'' (2003), a musical based on Still's life and rescue of Jane Johnson, was written and composed by Joanne and Mark Sutton-Smith. It has been produced in New York and Chicago, and at universities and other venues across the country.
*Actor [[Chris Chalk]] portrayed a fictional version of Still on the [[WGN America]] period drama TV series, ''[[Underground (TV series)|Underground]]''.

==See also==
*[[Slave narrative]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Gara, Larry. "William Still and the Underground Railroad," ''Pennsylvania History'' 28.1 (January 1961): 33-44.
*Still, William. ''Still's Underground Rail Road Records: with a Life of the Author: Narrating the Hardships, Hairbreadth Escapes and Death Struggles of the Slaves in their Efforts for Freedom: Together with Sketches of Some of the Eminent Friends of Freedom, and Most Liberal Aiders and Advisers of the Road", Philadelphia: William Still, 1886.
*Turner, Diane. "[http://stillfamily.library.temple.edu/historical-perspective/william-still-significance William Still: An African-American Abolitionist]." Temple University Libraries.

==External links==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooksby=yes|lcheading= Still, William, 1821-1902 }}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Still,+William }}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=William Still}}
* {{Librivox author |id=9724}}
* {{Gutenberg|no=15263|name=The Underground Railroad}}
* [http://www.mdslavery.net/ugrr.html "Case Studies of Maryland Freedom Seekers"], ''Legacy of Slavery,'' Maryland State Archives
* [http://www.spartacus-educational.com/USASstill.htm Spartacus Educational: William Still]
* {{Wayback|url=http://www.nynews.com/blackhistory/still.html|title="William Still" (''New York News'')|date=20050207150748}}

{{Underground Railroad| state=expanded}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Still, William}}
[[Category:African-American abolitionists]]
[[Category:African-American writers]]
[[Category:Activists for African-American civil rights]]
[[Category:People from Burlington County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:People from Lawnside, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Underground Railroad people]]
[[Category:People of New Jersey in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Writers from New Jersey]]
[[Category:1821 births]]
[[Category:1902 deaths]]
[[Category:African-American businesspeople]]

Caryl Phillips

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{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}}
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'''Caryl Phillips''' (born 13 March 1958) is a [[Kittitian and Nevisian British|Kittitian-British]] novelist, playwright and essayist. Best known for his novels (for which he has won multiple awards), Phillips is often described as a [[Paul Gilroy#The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness|Black Atlantic]] writer, since much of his fictional output is defined by its interest in, and searching exploration of, the experiences of peoples of the [[African diaspora]] in England, the [[Caribbean]] and the United States.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Low|1998}}{{sfn|Bewes|2006}} As well as writing, Phillips has worked as an academic at numerous institutions including [[Amherst College]], [[Barnard College]], and [[Yale University]], where he has held the position of Professor of English since 2005.{{sfn|Methi|2009}}{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010}}

==Life==

Caryl Phillips was born in [[Saint Kitts|St. Kitts]] to Malcolm and Lillian Phillips on 13 March 1958.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Phillips|2009}} When he was four months old, his family moved to England and settled in [[Leeds]], Yorkshire.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Metcalfe|2010}} In 1976, Phillips won a place at [[Queen's College, Oxford|Queen's College, Oxford University]], where he read English, graduating in 1979.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|British Council}} While at Oxford, he directed numerous plays and spent his summers working as a stagehand at the [[Edinburgh Festival]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}} On graduating, he moved to Edinburgh, where he lived for a year, on the [[Unemployment benefits|dole]], while writing his first play, ''Strange Fruit'' (1980), which was taken up and produced by the [[Crucible Theatre]] in [[Sheffield]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Phillips|2010}}{{sfn|Bell|1991|pages=585–586}} Phillips subsequently moved to London, where he wrote two more plays – ''Where There is Darkness'' (1982) and ''Shelter'' (1983) – that were staged at the [[Lyric Hammersmith]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}

At the age of 22, he visited St. Kitts for the first time since his family had left the island in 1958.{{sfn|Eckstein|2001}} The journey provided the inspiration for his first novel, ''The Final Passage'', which was published five years later.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Swift|1992}} After publishing his second book, ''A State of Independence'' (1986), Phillips went on a one-month journey around Europe, which resulted in his 1987 collection of essays ''The European Tribe''.{{sfn|Bell|1991|pages=558–559}} During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Phillips divided his time between England and St. Kitts while working on his novels ''Higher Ground'' (1989) and ''Cambridge'' (1991).{{sfn|Phillips|1995|page=156}}

In 1990, Phillips took up a Visiting Writer post at [[Amherst College]] in [[Amherst, Massachusetts]]. He remained at Amherst College for a further eight years, becoming the youngest English tenured Professor in the US when he was promoted to that position in 1995.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}} During this time, he wrote what is perhaps his most well-known novel, ''Crossing the River'' (1993), which won the [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] and the [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]], and was shortlisted for the [[Booker Prize]].{{sfn|Booker Prize Foundation}} After taking up the position at Amherst, Phillips found himself doing "a sort of triangular thing" for a number of years, residing between England, St Kitts, and the U.S.{{sfn|Phillips|1995}}

Finding this way of living both "incredibly exhausting" and "prohibitively expensive", Phillips ultimately decided to give up his residence in St. Kitts, though he says that he still makes regular visits to the island.{{sfn|Phillips|1995}} In 1998, he joined [[Barnard College]], [[Columbia University]], as the Henry R. Luce Professor of Migration and Social Order.{{sfn|British Council}} In 2005 he moved to [[Yale University]], where he currently works as Professor of English.{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010}} He was made an elected fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]] in 2000, and an elected fellow of the [[Royal Society of Arts]] in 2011.{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010b}}

== Works and critical reception ==
Phillips has tackled themes on the African [[slave trade]] from many angles, and his writing is concerned with issues of "origins, belongings and exclusion", as noted by a reviewer of his 2015 novel ''The Lost Child''.<ref>[[Gerard Woodward|Woodward, Gerard]], [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-lost-child-by-caryl-phillips-book-review-wuthering-heights-relived-in-postwar-britain-10135393.html "The Lost Child by Caryl Phillips, book review: Wuthering Heights relived in post-war Britain"], ''The Independent'', 26 March 2015.</ref> Phillips's work has been recognised by numerous awards, including the Martin Luther King Memorial Prize, a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]], the 1993 [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] for ''[[Crossing the River]]'' and the 2004 [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] Best Book award for ''[[A Distant Shore (novel)|A Distant Shore]]''.

Phillips received the [[PEN Open Book Award]] (formerly known as the Beyond Margins Award) for ''Dancing in the Dark'' in 2006.

==Bibliography==

===Novels===
*''[[The Final Passage]]'' (Faber and Faber, 1985, ISBN 978-0571134373; Picador, 1995, paperback ISBN 978-0571134373)
*''[[A State of Independence]]'' (Faber and Faber, 1986, ISBN 978-0571139101; paperback ISBN 978-0571196791)
*''[[Higher Ground (novel)|Higher Ground: A Novel in Three Parts]]'' (Viking, 1989, ISBN 978-0670826209)
*''[[Cambridge (novel)|Cambridge]]'' (Bloomsbury, 1991; Vintage, 2008, ppaperback ISBN 978-0099520566)
*''[[Crossing the River]]'' (Bloomsbury, 1993, ISBN 978-0747514978)
*''[[The Nature of Blood]]'' (1997; Vintage, 2008, paperback ISBN 978-0099520573)
*''[[A Distant Shore (novel)|A Distant Shore]]'' (Secker, 2003, hardback ISBN 978-0436205644; Vintage, 2004, paperback ISBN 978-0099428886)
*''[[Dancing in the Dark (novel)|Dancing in the Dark]]'' (Secker, 2005, ISBN 978-0436205835)
*''[[In the Falling Snow]]'' (Harvill Secker, 2009, hardback ISBN 978-1846553066; Vintage, 2010, paperback ISBN 978-0099539742)
*''The Lost Child'' (Oneworld Publications, 2015, ISBN 978-1780746999 hardback, 978-1780747989 paperback)

===Historical fiction===
*''[[Foreigners (Caryl Phillips book)|Foreigners: Three English Lives]]'' (Harvill Secker, 2007, ISBN 978-0436205972)

===Essay collections===
*''[[The European Tribe]]'' (Faber and Faber, 1987)
*''[[The Atlantic Sound]]'' (Faber and Faber, 2000, ISBN 978-0571196203)
*''[[A New World Order]]: Selected Essays'' (Martin Secker & Warburg, 2001, ISBN 978-0436205606)
*''[[Colour Me English]]'' (Harvill Secker, 2011, paperback ISBN 978-1846553059)

===As editor===
* ''Extravagant Strangers: A Literature of Belonging'' (Faber and Faber, 1997, ISBN 978-0571190867)

===Plays===
* ''Playing Away'' (Faber and Faber, 1987, ISBN 978-0571145836)
*''[[Ned Chaillet#A Kind of Home – James Baldwin in Paris|A Kind of Home – James Baldwin in Paris]]'' ([[BBC Radio 4]], 9 January 2004)<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2003/11_november/27/radio4_quarter1_drama.pdf "A Kind of Home: James Baldwin in Paris"], ''Friday play'', BBC Radio 4.</ref>
*''[[Ned Chaillet#Hotel Cristobel|Hotel Cristobel]]'' ([[BBC Radio 3]], 13 March 2005)<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/dramaon3/pip/fzqtj "Hotel Cristobel"], ''Drama on 3'', BBC Radio 3.</ref>
*''[[Ned Chaillet#A Long Way from Home|A Long Way from Home]]'' (BBC Radio 3, 30 March 2008)<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b009md7p "A Long Way from Home"], ''Drama on 3, BBC Radio 3.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/dramaon3/pip/r574n "A Long Way from Home, by Caryl Phillips"], ''Drama on 3'', BBC .</ref>

== Awards ==
* 2011 Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Arts]]
* 2006 [[Commonwealth Writers Prize]], ''A Distant Shore''
* 2004 [[Commonwealth Writers Prize]], ''Crossing the River''
* 2000 Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]]
* 1994 [[Lannan Literary Award]]
* 1994 [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]], ''Crossing the River''
* 1993 [[Guggenheim Fellowship]]
* 1987 [[Martin Luther King Memorial Prize]], ''The European Tribe''
* 2012 [[Best of the James Tait Black]], shortlist, ''Crossing the River''<ref name=leadbetter>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/book-prize-names-six-of-the-best-in-search-for-winner.19197747 |title=Book prize names six of the best in search for winner |work=Herald Scotland |first=Russell |last=Leadbetter |date=21 October 2012 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=bbcnews2012>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-20020630 |title=Authors in running for 'best of best' James Tait Black award |work=BBC News |author= |date=21 October 2012 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref>

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===

*{{cite journal|last=Bell|first=C. Rosalind|title=Worlds Within: An Interview with Caryl Phillips|journal=Callaloo|date=Summer 1991|volume=14|issue=3|pages=578–606|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/2931461}}
*{{cite journal|last=Bewes|first=Timothy|title=Shame, Ventriloquy and the Problem of Cliche in Caryl Phillips|journal=Cultural Critique|date=Spring 2006|volume=63|pages=33–60|ref=harv|doi=10.1353/cul.2006.0014}}
*{{cite web|last=Booker Prize Foundation|title=Caryl Phillips|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/people/caryl-phillips|publisher=Booker Prize Foundation|accessdate=13 June 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=British Council|title=Caryl Phillips|url=http://literature.britishcouncil.org/caryl-phillips|publisher=British Council|accessdate=12 June 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Eckstein|first=Lars|title=The Insistence of Voices: An Interview with Caryl Phillips |url=http://ariel.synergiesprairies.ca/ariel/index.php/ariel/article/view/3555/3496|journal=Ariel|date=April 2001|volume=32|issue=2|pages=33–43|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|last=Jaggi|first=Maya|authorlink=Maya Jaggi|title=Caryl Phillips: The Guardian Profile|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2001/nov/03/fiction.artsandhumanities|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 November 2001|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Low|first=Gail|title='A Chorus of Common Memory': Slavery and Redemption in Caryl Phillips′ ''Cambridge'' and ''Crossing the River''|journal=Research in African Literatures|date=Winter 1998|volume=29|issue=1|pages=121–141|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|last=Metcalfe|first=Anna|title=Small Talk: Caryl Phillips|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/bcc17536-7a61-11df-9cd7-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1xdTTH6rU|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Financial Times|date=21 June 2010|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|first2=Jenny |last2=Sharpe|title=Of this Time, of that Place|journal=Transition|year=1995|volume=68|pages=154–161|ref={{harvid|Phillips|1995}}|doi=10.2307/2935298}}
*{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=I prefer not to raise my head above the parapet (an interview with Anita Methi)|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/caryl-phillips-i-prefer-not-to-raise-my-head-above-the-parapet-1688887.html|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Independent|date=22 May 2009|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Once upon a life|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/17/caryl-phillips-edinburgh-once-upon-a-life|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Observer (Observer Magazine)|date=17 October 2010|page=14|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Biography: Education and Teaching|year=2005–2010|url=http://www.carylphillips.com/education-teaching.html|work=Caryl Phillips: The Official Website|accessdate=10 September 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Biography:Awards|year=2005–2010b|url=http://www.carylphillips.com/awards.html|work=Caryl Phillips|accessdate=10 September 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Swift|first=Graham|title=Caryl Phillips (An Interview)|journal=BOMB|date=Winter 1992|volume=38|url=http://bombsite.com/issues/38/articles/1511|ref=harv}}

==Further reading==
* Charras, Françoise, "De-Centering the Center: George Lamming’s ''Natives of My Person'' (1972) and Caryl Phillips’s ''Cambridge'' (1991)", in Maria Diedrich, Carl Pedersen and Justine Tally (eds), ''Mapping African America: History, Narrative Form and the Production of Knowledge''. Hamburg: LIT, 1999, pp. 61–78.
* Joannou, Maroula. "'Go West, Old Woman': The Radical Re-Visioning of Slave History in Caryl Phillips’s ''Crossing the River''", in Brycchan Carey and Peter J. Kitson (eds), ''Slavery and the Cultures of Abolition: Essays Marking the Bicentennial of the British Abolition Act of 1807''. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2007.
* Ledent, Bénédicte. ''Caryl Phillips''. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002.
* [http://journal.afroeuropa.eu/index.php/afroeuropa/article/viewFile/57/71 Muñoz-Valdivieso, Sofia, "'Amazing Grace': The Ghosts of Newton, Equiano and Barber in Caryl Phillips's Fiction"], ''Afroeuropa'' 2, 1 (2008).
* O’Callaghan, Evelyn. "Historical Fiction and Fictional History: Caryl Phillips’s ''Cambridge''”, ''Journal of Commonwealth Literature'' 29.2 (1993): 34-47.

==External links==
*[http://www.carylphillips.com Caryl Phillips' official website]
*[http://www.L3.ulg.ac.be/phillips The Caryl Phillips Bibliography]
*[http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth80 Caryl Phillips' Writers Page] at the British Council
*[http://english.yale.edu/faculty-staff/caryl-phillips Caryl Phillips at Yale University]
*[http://hdl.handle.net/10079/bibid/4549660 The Caryl Phillips Papers] at the [http://www.library.yale.edu/beinecke/ Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library], Yale University
*[http://www.npr.org/2015/03/21/394127475/lost-child-author-caryl-phillips-i-needed-to-know-where-i-came-from "'Lost Child' Author Caryl Phillips: 'I Needed To Know Where I Came From'"], NPR interview, 21 March 2015.

{{Commonwealth Writers' Prize - Best Book Winners}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Phillips, Caryl}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:British republicans]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Leeds]]
[[Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis writers]]
[[Category:Black British writers]]
[[Category:Caribbean literature]]
[[Category:James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]
[[Category:20th-century British novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century novelists]]
[[Category:British male novelists]]
[[Category:Male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Male essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century essayists]]
[[Category:21st-century essayists]]

Caryl Phillips

2016-09-24T22:11:06Z

Proscribe: adding publication details

{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}}
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'''Caryl Phillips''' (born 13 March 1958) is a [[Kittitian and Nevisian British|Kittitian-British]] novelist, playwright and essayist. Best known for his novels (for which he has won multiple awards), Phillips is often described as a [[Paul Gilroy#The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness|Black Atlantic]] writer, since much of his fictional output is defined by its interest in, and searching exploration of, the experiences of peoples of the [[African diaspora]] in England, the [[Caribbean]] and the United States.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Low|1998}}{{sfn|Bewes|2006}} As well as writing, Phillips has worked as an academic at numerous institutions including [[Amherst College]], [[Barnard College]], and [[Yale University]], where he has held the position of Professor of English since 2005.{{sfn|Methi|2009}}{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010}}

==Life==

Caryl Phillips was born in [[Saint Kitts|St. Kitts]] to Malcolm and Lillian Phillips on 13 March 1958.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Phillips|2009}} When he was four months old, his family moved to England and settled in [[Leeds]], Yorkshire.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Metcalfe|2010}} In 1976, Phillips won a place at [[Queen's College, Oxford|Queen's College, Oxford University]], where he read English, graduating in 1979.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|British Council}} While at Oxford, he directed numerous plays and spent his summers working as a stagehand at the [[Edinburgh Festival]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}} On graduating, he moved to Edinburgh, where he lived for a year, on the [[Unemployment benefits|dole]], while writing his first play, ''Strange Fruit'' (1980), which was taken up and produced by the [[Crucible Theatre]] in [[Sheffield]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Phillips|2010}}{{sfn|Bell|1991|pages=585–586}} Phillips subsequently moved to London, where he wrote two more plays – ''Where There is Darkness'' (1982) and ''Shelter'' (1983) – that were staged at the [[Lyric Hammersmith]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}

At the age of 22, he visited St. Kitts for the first time since his family had left the island in 1958.{{sfn|Eckstein|2001}} The journey provided the inspiration for his first novel, ''The Final Passage'', which was published five years later.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Swift|1992}} After publishing his second book, ''A State of Independence'' (1986), Phillips went on a one-month journey around Europe, which resulted in his 1987 collection of essays ''The European Tribe''.{{sfn|Bell|1991|pages=558–559}} During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Phillips divided his time between England and St. Kitts while working on his novels ''Higher Ground'' (1989) and ''Cambridge'' (1991).{{sfn|Phillips|1995|page=156}}

In 1990, Phillips took up a Visiting Writer post at [[Amherst College]] in [[Amherst, Massachusetts]]. He remained at Amherst College for a further eight years, becoming the youngest English tenured Professor in the US when he was promoted to that position in 1995.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}} During this time, he wrote what is perhaps his most well-known novel, ''Crossing the River'' (1993), which won the [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] and the [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]], and was shortlisted for the [[Booker Prize]].{{sfn|Booker Prize Foundation}} After taking up the position at Amherst, Phillips found himself doing "a sort of triangular thing" for a number of years, residing between England, St Kitts, and the U.S.{{sfn|Phillips|1995}}

Finding this way of living both "incredibly exhausting" and "prohibitively expensive", Phillips ultimately decided to give up his residence in St. Kitts, though he says that he still makes regular visits to the island.{{sfn|Phillips|1995}} In 1998, he joined [[Barnard College]], [[Columbia University]], as the Henry R. Luce Professor of Migration and Social Order.{{sfn|British Council}} In 2005 he moved to [[Yale University]], where he currently works as Professor of English.{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010}} He was made an elected fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]] in 2000, and an elected fellow of the [[Royal Society of Arts]] in 2011.{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010b}}

== Works and critical reception ==
Phillips has tackled themes on the African [[slave trade]] from many angles, and his writing is concerned with issues of "origins, belongings and exclusion", as noted by a reviewer of his 2015 novel ''The Lost Child''.<ref>[[Gerard Woodward|Woodward, Gerard]], [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-lost-child-by-caryl-phillips-book-review-wuthering-heights-relived-in-postwar-britain-10135393.html "The Lost Child by Caryl Phillips, book review: Wuthering Heights relived in post-war Britain"], ''The Independent'', 26 March 2015.</ref> Phillips's work has been recognised by numerous awards, including the Martin Luther King Memorial Prize, a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]], the 1993 [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] for ''[[Crossing the River]]'' and the 2004 [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] Best Book award for ''[[A Distant Shore (novel)|A Distant Shore]]''.

Phillips received the [[PEN Open Book Award]] (formerly known as the Beyond Margins Award) for ''Dancing in the Dark'' in 2006.

==Bibliography==

===Novels===
*''[[The Final Passage]]'' (Faber and Faber, 1985, ISBN 978-0571134373; Picador, 1995, paperback ISBN 978-0571134373)
*''[[A State of Independence]]'' (Faber and Faber, 1986, ISBN 978-0571139101; paperback ISBN 978-0571196791)
*''[[Higher Ground (novel)|Higher Ground: A Novel in Three Parts]]'' (Viking, 1989, ISBN 978-0670826209)
*''[[Cambridge (novel)|Cambridge]]'' (Bloomsbury, 1991; Vintage, 2008, ppaperback ISBN 978-0099520566)
*''[[Crossing the River]]'' (Bloomsbury, 1993, ISBN 978-0747514978)
*''[[The Nature of Blood]]'' (1997; Vintage, 2008, paperback ISBN 978-0099520573)
*''[[A Distant Shore (novel)|A Distant Shore]]'' (Secker, 2003, hardback ISBN 978-0436205644; Vintage, 2004, paperback ISBN 978-0099428886)
*''[[Dancing in the Dark (novel)|Dancing in the Dark]]'' (Secker, 2005, ISBN 978-0436205835)
*''[[In the Falling Snow]]'' (Harvill Secker, 2009, hardback ISBN 978-1846553066; Vintage, 2010, paperback ISBN 978-0099539742)
*''The Lost Child'' (Oneworld Publications, 2015, ISBN 978-1780746999 hardback, 978-1780747989 paperback)

===Historical fiction===
*''[[Foreigners (Caryl Phillips book)|Foreigners: Three English Lives]]'' (Harvill Secker, 2007, ISBN 978-0436205972)

===Essay collections===
*''[[The European Tribe]]'' (1987)
*''[[The Atlantic Sound]]'' (2000)
*''[[A New World Order]]'' (2001)
*''[[Colour Me English]]'' (2011)

===As editor===
* ''Extravagant Strangers: A Literature of Belonging'' (Faber and Faber, 1997, ISBN 978-0571190867)

===Plays===
* ''Playing Away'' (Faber and Faber, 1987, ISBN 978-0571145836)
*''[[Ned Chaillet#A Kind of Home – James Baldwin in Paris|A Kind of Home – James Baldwin in Paris]]'' ([[BBC Radio 4]], 9 January 2004)<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2003/11_november/27/radio4_quarter1_drama.pdf "A Kind of Home: James Baldwin in Paris"], ''Friday play'', BBC Radio 4.</ref>
*''[[Ned Chaillet#Hotel Cristobel|Hotel Cristobel]]'' ([[BBC Radio 3]], 13 March 2005)<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/dramaon3/pip/fzqtj "Hotel Cristobel"], ''Drama on 3'', BBC Radio 3.</ref>
*''[[Ned Chaillet#A Long Way from Home|A Long Way from Home]]'' (BBC Radio 3, 30 March 2008)<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b009md7p "A Long Way from Home"], ''Drama on 3, BBC Radio 3.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/dramaon3/pip/r574n "A Long Way from Home, by Caryl Phillips"], ''Drama on 3'', BBC .</ref>

== Awards ==
* 2011 Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Arts]]
* 2006 [[Commonwealth Writers Prize]], ''A Distant Shore''
* 2004 [[Commonwealth Writers Prize]], ''Crossing the River''
* 2000 Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]]
* 1994 [[Lannan Literary Award]]
* 1994 [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]], ''Crossing the River''
* 1993 [[Guggenheim Fellowship]]
* 1987 [[Martin Luther King Memorial Prize]], ''The European Tribe''
* 2012 [[Best of the James Tait Black]], shortlist, ''Crossing the River''<ref name=leadbetter>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/book-prize-names-six-of-the-best-in-search-for-winner.19197747 |title=Book prize names six of the best in search for winner |work=Herald Scotland |first=Russell |last=Leadbetter |date=21 October 2012 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=bbcnews2012>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-20020630 |title=Authors in running for 'best of best' James Tait Black award |work=BBC News |author= |date=21 October 2012 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref>

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===

*{{cite journal|last=Bell|first=C. Rosalind|title=Worlds Within: An Interview with Caryl Phillips|journal=Callaloo|date=Summer 1991|volume=14|issue=3|pages=578–606|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/2931461}}
*{{cite journal|last=Bewes|first=Timothy|title=Shame, Ventriloquy and the Problem of Cliche in Caryl Phillips|journal=Cultural Critique|date=Spring 2006|volume=63|pages=33–60|ref=harv|doi=10.1353/cul.2006.0014}}
*{{cite web|last=Booker Prize Foundation|title=Caryl Phillips|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/people/caryl-phillips|publisher=Booker Prize Foundation|accessdate=13 June 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=British Council|title=Caryl Phillips|url=http://literature.britishcouncil.org/caryl-phillips|publisher=British Council|accessdate=12 June 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Eckstein|first=Lars|title=The Insistence of Voices: An Interview with Caryl Phillips |url=http://ariel.synergiesprairies.ca/ariel/index.php/ariel/article/view/3555/3496|journal=Ariel|date=April 2001|volume=32|issue=2|pages=33–43|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|last=Jaggi|first=Maya|authorlink=Maya Jaggi|title=Caryl Phillips: The Guardian Profile|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2001/nov/03/fiction.artsandhumanities|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 November 2001|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Low|first=Gail|title='A Chorus of Common Memory': Slavery and Redemption in Caryl Phillips′ ''Cambridge'' and ''Crossing the River''|journal=Research in African Literatures|date=Winter 1998|volume=29|issue=1|pages=121–141|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|last=Metcalfe|first=Anna|title=Small Talk: Caryl Phillips|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/bcc17536-7a61-11df-9cd7-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1xdTTH6rU|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Financial Times|date=21 June 2010|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|first2=Jenny |last2=Sharpe|title=Of this Time, of that Place|journal=Transition|year=1995|volume=68|pages=154–161|ref={{harvid|Phillips|1995}}|doi=10.2307/2935298}}
*{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=I prefer not to raise my head above the parapet (an interview with Anita Methi)|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/caryl-phillips-i-prefer-not-to-raise-my-head-above-the-parapet-1688887.html|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Independent|date=22 May 2009|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Once upon a life|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/17/caryl-phillips-edinburgh-once-upon-a-life|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Observer (Observer Magazine)|date=17 October 2010|page=14|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Biography: Education and Teaching|year=2005–2010|url=http://www.carylphillips.com/education-teaching.html|work=Caryl Phillips: The Official Website|accessdate=10 September 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Biography:Awards|year=2005–2010b|url=http://www.carylphillips.com/awards.html|work=Caryl Phillips|accessdate=10 September 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Swift|first=Graham|title=Caryl Phillips (An Interview)|journal=BOMB|date=Winter 1992|volume=38|url=http://bombsite.com/issues/38/articles/1511|ref=harv}}

==Further reading==
* Charras, Françoise, "De-Centering the Center: George Lamming’s ''Natives of My Person'' (1972) and Caryl Phillips’s ''Cambridge'' (1991)", in Maria Diedrich, Carl Pedersen and Justine Tally (eds), ''Mapping African America: History, Narrative Form and the Production of Knowledge''. Hamburg: LIT, 1999, pp. 61–78.
* Joannou, Maroula. "'Go West, Old Woman': The Radical Re-Visioning of Slave History in Caryl Phillips’s ''Crossing the River''", in Brycchan Carey and Peter J. Kitson (eds), ''Slavery and the Cultures of Abolition: Essays Marking the Bicentennial of the British Abolition Act of 1807''. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2007.
* Ledent, Bénédicte. ''Caryl Phillips''. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002.
* [http://journal.afroeuropa.eu/index.php/afroeuropa/article/viewFile/57/71 Muñoz-Valdivieso, Sofia, "'Amazing Grace': The Ghosts of Newton, Equiano and Barber in Caryl Phillips's Fiction"], ''Afroeuropa'' 2, 1 (2008).
* O’Callaghan, Evelyn. "Historical Fiction and Fictional History: Caryl Phillips’s ''Cambridge''”, ''Journal of Commonwealth Literature'' 29.2 (1993): 34-47.

==External links==
*[http://www.carylphillips.com Caryl Phillips' official website]
*[http://www.L3.ulg.ac.be/phillips The Caryl Phillips Bibliography]
*[http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth80 Caryl Phillips' Writers Page] at the British Council
*[http://english.yale.edu/faculty-staff/caryl-phillips Caryl Phillips at Yale University]
*[http://hdl.handle.net/10079/bibid/4549660 The Caryl Phillips Papers] at the [http://www.library.yale.edu/beinecke/ Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library], Yale University
*[http://www.npr.org/2015/03/21/394127475/lost-child-author-caryl-phillips-i-needed-to-know-where-i-came-from "'Lost Child' Author Caryl Phillips: 'I Needed To Know Where I Came From'"], NPR interview, 21 March 2015.

{{Commonwealth Writers' Prize - Best Book Winners}}

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[[Category:British dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:British republicans]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Leeds]]
[[Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis writers]]
[[Category:Black British writers]]
[[Category:Caribbean literature]]
[[Category:James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]
[[Category:20th-century British novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century novelists]]
[[Category:British male novelists]]
[[Category:Male dramatists and playwrights]]
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[[Category:20th-century essayists]]
[[Category:21st-century essayists]]

Margot Lee Shetterly

2016-09-15T11:33:47Z

Proscribe: links added

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Orphan|date=July 2016}}

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Margot Lee Shetterly
| image =
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| birth_date = 1969
| birth_place = [[Hampton, Virginia]]
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| occupation = Writer
| language =
| nationality = American
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| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of Virginia]]
| period =
| genre = non-fiction
| subject =
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| awards = [[Sloan Fellowship]], [[Virginia Foundation for the Humanities|Virginia Foundation for the Humanities Fellow]]
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'''Margot Lee Shetterly''' (born 1969) is an American [[Non-fiction|nonfiction]] writer. Her first book, ''Hidden Figures'', is being made into a film, also called ''[[Hidden Figures]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Buckley|first1=Cara|title=Uncovering a Tale of Rocket Science, Race and the '60s|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/22/movies/taraji-p-henson-octavia-spencer-hidden-figures-rocket-science-and-race.html?_r=0|accessdate=July 13, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 20, 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==

Margot Lee Shetterly was born in [[Hampton, Virginia]] in 1969. Her father worked as a research scientist at [[Langley Research Center|NASA-Langley Research Center]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Epstein|first1=Sonia|title=NASA Mathematician Katherine Johnson Receives Presidential Medal|url=http://www.scienceandfilm.org/articles/2617/nasa-mathematician-katherine-johnson-receives-presidential-medal|website=Sloan Science and Film|accessdate=July 13, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mirk|first1=Sarah|title=In 'Hidden Figures,' NASA'S African American Mathematicians Wil Land on the Big Screen|url=https://bitchmedia.org/article/hidden-figures-nasa-african-american-mathematicians-will-land-big-screen|accessdate=July 13, 2016|work=Bitch Media|date=May 23, 2016}}</ref> and her mother was an English professor at [[Hampton University]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Atkinson|first1=Joe|title=From Computers to Leaders: Women at NASA Langley|url=http://www.nasa.gov/larc/from-computers-to-leaders-women-at-nasa-langley|website=NASA Langley|accessdate=July 13, 2016}}</ref> She attended [[Phoebus High School]] and graduated from the [[University of Virginia]]'s [[McIntire School of Commerce]].

After college, she moved to New York and worked several years in investment banking, first on the Foreign Exchange trading desk at [[J.P. Morgan & Co|J.P. Morgan]], then on [[Merrill Lynch]]'s Fixed Income Capital Markets desk. She then made the transition to the media industry, working at a variety of startup ventures including the [[HBO]]-funded website Volume.com.

In 2005, she and her husband, the writer Aran Shetterly, moved to Mexico to found an English-language magazine called ''Inside Mexico'',<ref>{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Reed|title=Speaking the Same Language|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/feb/14/entertainment/et-mexpaper14|accessdate=July 13, 2016|work=[[LA Times]]|date=February 14, 2007}}</ref> for expats, which operated until 2009.

From 2010 through 2013, they worked as content marketing and editorial consultants to the Mexican tourism industry.

Shetterly began researching and writing ''Hidden Figures'' in 2010. In 2014, the rights to the book were sold to William Morrow, an imprint of HarperCollins, and optioned by [[Donna Gigliotti]] of Levantine Films.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Deahl|first1=Rachel|title=Book Deals: Week of March 10, 2014|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/book-deals/article/61357-book-deals-week-of-march-10-2014.html|accessdate=July 14, 2016|work=Publishers Weekly|date=March 10, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Fleming Jr.|first1=Mike|title=Ted Melfi & Fox 2000 in Talks For 'Hidden Figures'; How A Group of Math-Savvy Black Women Helped NASA Win Space Race|url=http://deadline.com/2015/07/ted-melfi-hidden-figures-black-women-mathematicians-help-nasa-win-space-race-fox-2000-1201473028/|accessdate=July 13, 2016|work=Deadline|date=July 9, 2015}}</ref> The [[20th Century Fox|Fox 2000]] film stars [[Taraji P. Henson]], [[Octavia Spencer]], [[Janelle Monáe]], and [[Kevin Costner]].

In 2013, she founded The Human Computer Project, an organization whose mission is to archive the work of all of the women who worked as computers and mathematicians in the early days of the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (NACA) and the [[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Atkinson|first1=Joe|title=From Computers to Leaders: Women at NASA Langley|url=http://www.nasa.gov/larc/from-computers-to-leaders-women-at-nasa-langley|website=NASA Langley|accessdate=July 13, 2016}}</ref>

== Works ==

* ''Hidden Figures'', William Morrow/HarperCollins 2016<ref>Shetterly, Margot Lee. ''Hidden Figures: The Story of the African-American Women Who Helped Win the Space Race''. HarperCollins, 2016. ISBN 9780062363596</ref>
* NASA-Langley Women's History Month 2014 Keynote: "Hidden Figures: The Female Mathematicians of NACA and NASA."[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8T6wSNHZws]

== Reception ==

Shetterly is the recipient of a 2014 [[Sloan Fellowship|Alfred P. Sloan Foundation fellowship]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Epstein|first1=Sonia|title=NASA Mathematician Katherine Johnson Receives Presidential Medal|url=http://www.scienceandfilm.org/articles/2617/nasa-mathematician-katherine-johnson-receives-presidential-medal|website=Sloan Science and Film|accessdate=July 13, 2016}}</ref> for her book ''Hidden Figures'' and two grants from the [[Virginia Foundation for the Humanities]] for her work on The Human Computer Project.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bearinger|first1=David|title=The Human Computer Project|url=http://virginiahumanities.org/2015/01/the-human-computers-project/|website=Virginia Foundation for the Humanitie|accessdate=July 13, 2016}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.margotleeshetterly.com Margot Lee Shetterly website]
* [http://www.thehumancomputerproject.com The Human Computer Project]
* [https://www.harpercollins.com/9780062363596/hidden-figures ''Hidden Figures'' HarperCollins site]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/magazine/margot-lee-shetterly-wants-to-tell-more-black-stories.html?_r=0 "Margot Lee Shetterly Wants To Tell More Black Stories"]. Interview by Ann Marie Cox, ''[[Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]].'', 13 September 2016.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetterly, Margot Lee}}
[[Category:American women writers]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Amina Mama

2016-08-28T22:51:48Z

Proscribe: /* Career */ linked Yaba Badoe

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| name = Amina Mama
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
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| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1958|09|19}}
| birth_place = [[Kaduna]], [[Colonial Nigeria]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| residence = [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], California, USA
| nationality = Nigerian/British
| era =
| region =
| religion =
| school_tradition = [[feminism]], [[postcolonialism]]
| main_interests = women, [[militarism]], police, [[neoliberalism]], Africa
| books =
| notable_ideas =
| institutions = [[Mills College]], [[University of California, Davis]], [[Global Fund for Women]], ''[[Feminist Africa]]''
| influences = [[Amina]] of Zazzau, [[Hajia Gambo Sawaba]], [[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]], [[Karl Marx]], [[Louis Althusser]], [[Antonio Gramsci]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Simone de Beauvoir]], [[Frantz Fanon]], [[Nkrumah]], [[Edward Said]], [[Michel Foucault]], [[Bessie Head]], [[Nawal El Saadawi]], [[Alifa Rifaat]], [[Ama Ata Aidoo]], [[Flora Nwapa]], [[Angela Davis]], [[Audre Lorde]]<ref>Amina Mama", [http://www.gwsafrica.org/feminist-thinkers/amina-mama GWS Africa], 5 August 2008.</ref>
| influenced =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = {{URL|http://www.mills.edu/academics/faculty/eths/amama/amama_cv.php}}
}}
'''Amina Mama''' (born 19 September 1958) is a Nigerian-British writer, feminist and academic. Her main areas of focus have been post-colonial, militarist and gender issues. She has lived in Africa, Europe, and North America, and worked to build relationships between feminist intellectuals across the globe.

==Background==
Mama was born in northern Nigerian<ref>[http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/features/one-way-ticket-just-isnt-an-option/200759.article "One-way ticket just isn't an option"], ''Times Higher Education'', 13 January 2006.</ref> in 1958 in a mixed household. Her father is [[People of Nigeria|Nigerian]] and her mother is English.<ref name="Mama1995">{{cite book|last=Mama|first=Amina|title=Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender and Subjectivity|year=1995|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415035449|pages=79|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fKR42BIjdxwC}}</ref> According to Mama, her eclectic family background and upbringing has shaped her worldview.<ref name="GWS"/> In 1992 she married [[Nuruddin Farah]],<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3482800054/farah-nuruddin-1945.html "Farah, Nuruddin"], Encyclopedia.com.</ref> with whom she has two children.<ref>Dinitia Smith, "[http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/19/books/a-somali-author-as-guide-to-a-dantean-inferno.html A Somali Author as Guide to a Dantean Inferno]", ''New York Times'', 19 May 2004.</ref>

She grew up in [[Kaduna]], an ethnically and religiously diverse town in northern Nigeria. Her ancestral roots on her paternal side trace back to [[Bida]].<ref name="GWS">{{cite web|last=Mama|first=Amina|title=GWS Africa – Amina Mama|url=http://www.gwsafrica.org/category/person/amina-mama|publisher=GWS Africa|accessdate=27 October 2012}}</ref> Several members of Mama's family were involved in the development of the post-colonial local educational system.<ref name="WW interview">Amina Mama interviewed by Elaine Salo, "Talking about Feminism in Africa", reproduced in ''Women's World'' from ''Agenda'', "African Feminisms I", no. 50 (2001).</ref> In 1966, she left her community in Nigeria due to anti-[[Muslim]] riots.<ref>"[http://womensbuilding.org/twb/index.php/amina-mama Amina Mama]", ''The Women's Building'', accessed 24 October 2012.</ref>

==Career==
Mama moved from Nigeria to the UK and pursued further education at the [[University of St. Andrews]], [[Scotland]] (1980, Bachelor of Science, with Honours, in Psychology), at the [[London School of Economics and Political Science]], [[University of London]] (1981, Master of Science in Social Psychology) and at [[Birkbeck, University of London|Birkbeck College, University of London]], where in 1987 she received her doctorate in [[organizational psychology]] with her thesis entitled "Race and Subjectivity: A Study of Black Women".<ref name="MillsBio"/> Some of her early work involves comparing the situations of British and Nigerian women.<ref>See editor's preface to Mama's "Black Women, the Economic Crisis, and the British State", reprinted in ''Modern Feminisms'' (1992), ed. Maggie Humm, [http://books.google.com/books?id=hOpVmxvwskMC&lpg=PR13&ots=QaS_Tmi7z7&dq=%22amina%20mama%22%20-%22amina%20mama%22&lr&pg=PA150#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 150].</ref> She moved to the [[Netherlands]] and then back to Nigeria, only to encounter [[Kaduna#Religious_strife|more upheaval]] in 2000.<ref name=MacGregor/> Then she moved to South Africa, where she began to work at the historically white [[University of Cape Town]] (UCT). At UCT, she became the director of the [[African Gender Institute]] (AGI) and helped to found its journal ''[[Feminist Africa]]''.<ref name=MacGregor>Karen MacGregor, "[http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=200759 One-way ticket just isn't an option]", ''Times Higher Education'', 13 January 2006. Accessed 16 November 2012.</ref> Mama remains the editor of ''Feminist Africa''.<ref name="MillsBio"/>

In 2008, Mama accepted a position at [[Mills College]] in [[Oakland, California]], United States. After moving, she commented: "I have learned America isn't just a big, bad source of imperialism."<ref name=Wolf>Andrea Wolf, "Scholar describes issues facing African women", ''Contra Costa Times'', 22 May 2008.</ref> Professor Mama became Barbara Lee Distinguished Chair in Women's Leadership at Mills—the first person to hold this position.<ref name="MillsBio">[http://www.mills.edu/academics/faculty/eths/amama/amama_cv.php#publications Amina Mama]" faculty page at Mills College.</ref> She co-taught a class called "Real Policy, Real Politics" with [[Barbara Lee|Congresswoman Lee]] on topics concerning African and African-American women, including gender roles, poverty, [[HIV/AIDS]], and militarism.<ref>Quynh Tran, "[http://www.mills.edu/news/2008/newsarticle02062008AminaMama.php International Feminist Scholar Teams with U.S. Congresswoman Lee to Teach Real Politics at Mills College] ", ''Mills College Newsroom'', 5 February 2008.</ref> She is also Chair of the Department of Gender and Women Studies at the [[University of California, Davis]].<ref>"[http://asci.researchhub.ssrc.org/amina-mama/person_view Amina Mama]" on SSRC (Social Science Research Council), accessed 24 October 2012.</ref>

Mama is the Chair of the board of directors for the [[Global Fund for Women]], and advises several other international organisations. She has sat on the board of directors of the [[United Nations Research Institute for Social Development]].<ref name="MillsBio"/>

One of her best known works is ''Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender and Subjectivity''. She is also involved in film work. In 2010, she co-produced the movie ''The Witches of [[Gambaga]]'' with [[Yaba Badoe]].<ref>Yaba Badoe interviewed by Paul Boakye: "Women in Film: Yaba Badoe on The Witches of Gambaga", Colorful Times, 1 October 2010.</ref><ref>"[http://www.witchesofgambaga.com/about/ ''The Witches of Gambaga'': About]", accessed 24 October 2010.</ref>

==Thought==
Mama describes herself as a feminist and not a [[Womanism|womanist]], arguing that feminism originates in Africa and that white feminism "has never been strong enough to be 'enemy'—in the way that say, global capitalism can be viewed as an enemy".<ref name="WW interview"/> She has criticised discourses of [[women in development]] for stripping gender studies of politically meaningful feminism.<ref>Thandika Mkandawire (ed.), "Introduction" to ''African Intellectuals: Rethinking Politics, Language, Gender and Development'', London: Zed Books and [[Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa|CODESRIA]], 2006.</ref> She has also argued that [[Higher education in Africa|African universities]] continue to show entrenched patriarchy, in terms of both interpersonal sexism and institutional gender gaps.<ref>Candes Keating, "Universities riddled with gender bias, says UCT prof", ''Cape Argus'', 9 August 2007.</ref>

A primary area of interest for Mama has been gender identity as it relates to global militarism. She is an outspoken critic of [[United States Africa Command|AFRICOM]], which she describes as part of violent [[neocolonial]] resource extraction.<ref name="WhereWeMustStand">Amina Mama, "[http://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/amina-mama/where-we-must-stand-african-women-in-age-of-war Where we must stand: African women in an age of war]", ''opendemocracy'', 15 April 2012 (originally published September 2011).</ref><ref>Amina Mama and Margo Okazawa-Rey, "[http://www.globalfundforwomen.org/storage/images/stories/3getinvolved/blog/2009/AminaMama-Editorial.pdf Editorial: Militarism, Conflict and Women’s Activism]", ''Feminist Africa'' 10, 2008.</ref>

==Publications==
* ''The Hidden Struggle: Statutory and Voluntary Sector Responses to Violence Against Black Women in the Home''. Runnymede, 1989; republished by Whiting and Birch, 1996. ISBN 9781861770059
* Black Women and the Police: A Place Where the Law is Not Upheld, in ''Inside Babylon: The Caribbean Diaspora in Britain'', ed. Winston James and Clive Harris. London: Verso, 1993. ISBN 9780860914716.
* ''Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender, and Subjectivity''. New York: Routledge, 1995. ISBN 9780415035446.
* ''National Machinery for Women in Africa: Towards an analysis''. Third World Network, 2000. ISBN 9789988602017.
* "[http://www.gwsafrica.org/sites/default/files/webfm/files/amina_mama/is_it_ethical_to_study_africa.pdf Is It Ethical to Study Africa? Preliminary Thoughts on Scholarship and Freedom]". ''African Studies Review'' 50 (1), April 2007.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.globalfundforwomen.org/1work/team/b-letter-mama.html Global Fund for Women Info]
*[http://www.smith.edu/meridians/advisoryboard.htm Brief bio at Smith College site]
*[http://web.uct.ac.za/org/agi/staff.htm Bio at African Gender Institute]
* [http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2010/10/11/18661095.php Feminists Respond to AFRICOM: An interview with Amina Mama] —audio interview about [[United States Africa Command|AFRICOM]] and militarism conducted by Preeti Shekar, 11 October 2010

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mama, Amina}}
[[Category:Nigerian writers]]
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[[Category:Feminist studies scholars]]
[[Category:University of Cape Town academics]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
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[[Category:English emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Mills College faculty]]
[[Category:University of California, Davis faculty]]
[[Category:Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of St Andrews]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Nigerian women writers]]
[[Category:English women writers]]
[[Category:People from Kaduna]]
[[Category:Nigerian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Nigerian people of British descent]]
[[Category:20th-century women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century women writers]]
[[Category:Nigerian expatriates in South Africa]]
[[Category:Nigerian expatriates in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Nigerian expatriate academics in the United States]]
[[Category:20th-century Nigerian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Nigerian writers]]

Cheryl Strayed

2016-08-09T18:50:28Z

Proscribe: cleanup

{{Infobox writer
| name = Cheryl Strayed
| image =Possibility1bw.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Cheryl Strayed
| birth_name = Cheryl Nyland
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|9|17|}}
| birth_place = [[Spangler, Pennsylvania]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer
| citizenship = United States
| ethnicity =
| language = English
| period =
| subject = [[Memoir]], [[fiction]], personal essays, [[advice (opinion)|advice]]
| alma_mater =
| spouse = [[Brian Lindstrom]] (1999–present)
| influences =
| influenced =
| notableworks = ''[[Torch (book)|Torch]]'', ''[[Tiny Beautiful Things: Advice on Love and Life from Dear Sugar]]'', ''[[Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail]]'', ''Brave Enough
| signature =
| signature_alt =
}}
'''Cheryl Strayed''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|t|r|eɪ|d}}; née '''Nyland'''; born September 17, 1968) is an [[Americans|American]] memoirist, novelist, and essayist. The author of four books, her award-winning writing has been published widely in national magazines and anthologies.

Strayed's first book, the novel ''[[Torch (book)|Torch]]'', was published by [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] in February 2006 to positive critical reviews.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/10/books/review/Gottlieb-t.html |title=Mother, Brace Yourself |work=New York Times |date=May 27, 2009 |accessdate=December 24, 2012}}</ref> ''Torch'' was a finalist for the Great Lakes Book Award and selected by ''[[The Oregonian]]'' as one of the top ten books of 2006 by writers living in the [[Pacific Northwest]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Top Ten Northwest|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=December 31, 2006|page=O12}}</ref> In October 2012, ''Torch'' was re-issued by [[Vintage Books]] with a new introduction by Strayed.

Strayed's second book, the memoir ''[[Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail]]'' was published in the United States by [[Alfred A. Knopf]] on March 20, 2012, and has been translated into 30 languages.<ref name=OregonLive20150825>{{cite web |last1=Richard |first1=Terry |title=Pacific Crest Trail Days at hand for Cascade Locks |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/travel/index.ssf/2015/08/pacific_crest_trail_days_at_ha.html |publisher=''Oregon Live'' |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20151231105620/http://www.oregonlive.com/travel/index.ssf/2015/08/pacific_crest_trail_days_at_ha.html |archivedate=December 31, 2015 |date=August 25, 2015 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The week of its publication, Wild debuted at number 7 on the [[New York Times Best Seller list|''New York Times'' Best Seller list]] in hardcover non-fiction. In June 2012, [[Oprah Winfrey]] announced that ''Wild'' was her first selection for her new [[Oprah's Book Club 2.0]]. The next month ''Wild'' reached number 1 on the ''New York Times'' Best Seller list, a spot it held for seven consecutive weeks.<ref>{{cite news|last=Taylor |first=Ihsan |url=http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2012-07-15/hardcover-nonfiction/list.html |title=Best Sellers – Hardcover Nonfiction |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 15, 2012 |accessdate=December 24, 2012}}</ref> The paperback edition of Wild was published by [[Vintage Books]] in March 2013, where it has spent 126 weeks on the ''New York Times'' Best Seller list. The book has also been a bestseller around the world—in the UK, Germany, Australia, Brazil, Spain, Portugal, Denmark and elsewhere. ''Wild'' won the [[Barnes & Noble]] Discover Award and the [[Oregon Book Award]].

In July 2012, [[Vintage Books]] published Strayed's third book: ''[[Tiny Beautiful Things: Advice on Love and Life from Dear Sugar]]''. The book debuted in the advice and self-help category on the ''New York Times'' Best Seller list at number 5 and it has also been published internationally. ''Tiny Beautiful Things'' is a selection of Strayed's popular "Dear Sugar" advice column, which she wrote for no pay for the literary website [[The Rumpus]] from 2010 to 2012.

Strayed's fourth book, ''Brave Enough'' was published in the United States by Knopf on October 27, 2015 and in the United Kingdom a week later by [[Atlantic Books]]. It debuted in the advice and self-help category on the ''New York Times'' Best Seller list at number 10.

== Early life ==
Strayed was born in [[Spangler, Pennsylvania]], the daughter of Barbara Anne "Bobbi" ([[née]] Young; 1945–1991) and Ronald Nyland. At age six, she moved with her family to [[Chaska, Minnesota]]. Her parents divorced soon after. At the age of 13, she moved with her mother and stepfather Glenn Lambrecht, along with her two siblings, Karen and Leif, to rural [[Aitkin County, Minnesota|Aitkin County]], where they lived in a house that they had built themselves on 40 acres. The house did not have electricity or running water for the first few years. Indoor plumbing was installed after Strayed moved away for college. She later re-connected with her half-sister from a previous relationship of her father.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2416451/Wild-author-Cheryl-Strayed-reconnects-half-sister-thanks-book.html "Author of travel memoir Wild reconnects with long-lost half-sister who discovers they have the same father after reading a few pages of best-selling book"], ''[[Daily Mail]]'', September 10, 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2014.</ref>

In 1986, at the age of 17, Strayed graduated from [[McGregor High School]] in [[McGregor, Minnesota]], where she was a track and cross country runner, cheerleader, and homecoming queen. She loosely based the fictional Coltrap County in her novel ''Torch'' on McGregor and Aitkin County. Strayed attended her freshman year of college at the [[University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)|University of St. Thomas]] in St. Paul, but by her sophomore year, she transferred to the [[University of Minnesota]] in Minneapolis, where she received her [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree, graduating [[magna cum laude]] with a double major in English and [[Women's Studies]]. In March 1991, when Strayed was a senior in college, her mother, Bobbi Lambrecht, died suddenly of lung cancer at the age of 45. Strayed has described this loss as her "genesis story". She has written about her mother's death and her grief in each of her books and several of her essays.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kirch, Clare|title=Girl gone wild: Cheryl Strayed|journal=Publishers Weekly|date=January 9, 2012|volume=259|issue=2}}</ref>

Strayed worked as a waitress, [[youth advocate]], political organizer, temporary office employee, and [[emergency medical technician]] <ref name="ca">"Cheryl Strayed." ''[[Contemporary Authors Online]]''. Detroit: Gale, 2013.</ref> throughout her 20s and early 30s, while writing and often traveling around the United States. In 2002, she earned a [[Master of Fine Arts]] in fiction writing from [[Syracuse University]],<ref name="ca"/> where she was mentored by writers [[George Saunders]], Arthur Flowers, [[Mary Gaitskill]], and [[Mary Caponegro]].

==Career==
In addition to her four books ''Wild'', ''Tiny Beautiful Things'', ''Brave Enough'', and ''Torch'', Strayed has published essays in various magazines, including ''[[The Washington Post Magazine]]'', ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'', ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'', ''[[Tin House]]'', ''[[The Missouri Review]]'', and ''[[The Sun (magazine)|The Sun Magazine]]''.<ref name="vida"/> Her work has been selected three times for inclusion in ''[[The Best American Essays]]'' ("Heroin/e" in the 2000 edition, and "The Love of My Life" in the 2003 edition, and "My Uniform" in the 2015 edition). Strayed was the guest editor of ''[[The Best American Essays 2013]]. ''She won a [[Pushcart Prize]] for her essay, "Munro Country," which was originally published in ''[[The Missouri Review]]''.''<ref name="missouri">{{cite web|url=http://www.missourireview.com/tmr-blog/2010/05/pushed-into-munro-country/ |title=Pushed Into Munro Country | TMR Blog |work=Missouri Review |date= |accessdate=December 28, 2012}}</ref> ''The essay is about a letter Strayed received from [[Alice Munro]], when she was a young writer and Munro's influence on Strayed's writing.''<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Baker |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/books/index.ssf/2010/05/portland_writer_cheryl_strayed.html |title=Portland writer Cheryl Strayed wins Pushcart Prize |work=The Oregonian/OregonLive |date= |accessdate=December 24, 2012}}</ref>

Strayed wrote the popular advice column "Dear Sugar" on ''The Rumpus''.<ref name="newyorker">{{cite web|last=Errico |first=Sally |url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/books/2012/02/the-exchange-cheryl-strayed-aka-dear-sugar.html |title=Dear Sugar’s True Identity |work=The New Yorker |date= |accessdate=December 24, 2012}}</ref> She began writing the column in March 2010, when the column's originator [[Steve Almond]] asked her to take over for him.<ref>{{cite book|last=Almond|first=Steve|title=Tiny Beautiful Things: advice on love and life from Dear Sugar|year=2012|publisher=Vintage Books|location=New York|isbn=9780307949332|pages=4|chapter=Introduction}}</ref> She wrote the column anonymously until February 14, 2012, when she revealed her identity as "Sugar" at a "Coming Out Party" hosted by the Rumpus at the Verdi Club in [[San Francisco]].<ref name="newyorker" /><ref name=Reveals>{{cite web|author=Benjamin Brink |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/books/index.ssf/2012/02/portland_writer_cheryl_strayed_1.html |title=Portland writer Cheryl Strayed reveals she is popular advice columnist 'Dear Sugar' |work=The Oregonian/OregonLive|date= |accessdate=December 24, 2012}}</ref><ref name=Rumpus>{{cite web|url=http://therumpus.net/2012/02/cheryl-strayed-is-sugar/ |title=Cheryl Strayed Is Sugar!(!!!) |publisher=The Rumpus.net |date= |accessdate=December 24, 2012}}</ref> A selection of her columns have been collected in her bestselling book ''Tiny Beautiful Things''.

Her memoir ''Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail'' details her 1,100-mile hike on the [[Pacific Crest Trail]] from the Mojave Desert to the Oregon-Washington border and tells the story of the personal struggles that compelled her to take the hike.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oprah.com/spirit/Wild-by-Cheryl-Strayed-Cheryl-Strayed-Interview |title=Wild by Cheryl Strayed – Cheryl Strayed Interview |publisher=Oprah.com |date= |accessdate=December 24, 2012}}</ref> Three months before her memoir was published, actress [[Reese Witherspoon]] optioned it for her company, Pacific Standard.<ref name=Reveals/><ref>{{cite web|last=Hallett |first=Alison |url=http://blogtown.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2012/03/15/cheryl-strayeds-wild-optioned-by-reese-witherspoon |title=Cheryl Strayed's Wild Optioned by Reese Witherspoon | Blogtown, PDX |publisher=Blogtown.portlandmercury.com |date=March 15, 2012 |accessdate=December 24, 2012}}</ref> [[Nick Hornby]] adapted ''Wild'' for the [[Wild (2014 film)|screen]], with Witherspoon portraying Strayed in the film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nick Hornby to go Wild for new Reese Witherspoon film|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2012/nov/30/nick-hornby-wild-reese-witherspoon|work=The Guardian|author=Andrew Pulver|date=November 30, 2012|accessdate=January 26, 2013}}</ref>

In June 2012, ''Wild'' was chosen as the inaugural selection for [[Oprah's Book Club 2.0]], which is a relaunch of [[Oprah's Book Club]], which ended in 2011. Oprah's Book Club 2.0 uses online social media such as Facebook and Twitter. Winfrey discussed ''Wild'' in her video announcement of the new club. Winfrey interviewed Strayed for a two-hour broadcast of her show ''[[Super Soul Sunday]]'' on her [[Oprah Winfrey Network (U.S. TV channel)|OWN Network]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oprah.com/oprahsbookclub/Oprah-Announces-Oprahs-Book-Club-20-Video |title=Oprah Announces Oprah's Book Club 2.0 – Video |publisher=Oprah.com |date=May 30, 2012 |accessdate=December 24, 2012}}</ref>

Strayed is also a public speaker and often gives lectures about her life and books.<ref>[http://www.prhspeakers.com/speaker/cheryl-strayed "Cheryl Strayed"], Penguin Random House.</ref> She travels internationally to meet at writers retreats and lead [[Iceland Writers Retreat|writing seminars]].[http://www.icelandwritersretreat.com/]

Strayed co-hosts the Dear Sugar [[podcast]] with [[Steve Almond]]. The podcast is produced by [[WBUR]], Boston's [[National Public Radio]] affiliate.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gachman|first1=Dina|title=A 'Dear Sugar' Podcast Is Here, Which is Evidence That Cheryl Strayed Has Read All of Our Holiday Wishlists|url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/54203-a-dear-sugar-podcast-is-here-which-is-evidence-that-cheryl-strayed-has-read-all-of|accessdate=July 1, 2015|publisher=Bustle|date=December 16, 2014}}</ref>

== Film adaptation of ''Wild'' ==
{{main|Wild (2014 film)}}
The film adaptation of ''Wild'' was released on December 3, 2014 in the [[United States]] with actress [[Reese Witherspoon]] starring as Strayed. The film was directed by [[Jean-Marc Vallée]] and distributed by [[Fox Searchlight Pictures]]. Witherspoon optioned ''[[Wild (2014 film)|Wild]]'' for film with producer [[Bruna Papandrea]] for their production company, Pacific Standard, a few months before ''Wild'' was published. The book was adapted for the screen by [[Nick Hornby]]. In October 2013, the film went into production with Witherspoon in the lead. The cast includes [[Laura Dern]] (as Strayed's mother, Bobbi), Strayed's daughter Bobbi Strayed Lindstrom (as the young Cheryl), [[Gaby Hoffmann]], [[Thomas Sadoski]], [[Michiel Huisman]], and [[Kevin Rankin (actor)|Kevin Rankin]] among others.

==Personal life==
Strayed married Marco Littig in 1988, a month before her 20th birthday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyvshollywood.com/reelfaces/wild/|title=Wild Movie True Story – Real Cheryl Strayed vs. Reese Witherspoon|publisher=History vs Hollywood|accessdate=January 8, 2015}}</ref> They divorced in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://missoulian.com/news/local/missoula-man-s-history-tied-to-upcoming-hollywood-motion-picture/article_47a28b30-a42f-5836-8e17-5a5c3c686ca0.html|date=December 4, 2014|accessdate=January 8, 2015|work=Missoulian|author=David Erickson|title=Missoula man's history tied to upcoming Hollywood motion picture}}</ref>

Strayed subsequently married filmmaker [[Brian Lindstrom]] in August 1999. They have two children and live in [[Portland, Oregon]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Cheryl Strayed |url=http://www.thesunmagazine.org/archives/2192 |title=The Love Of My Life |work=The Sun Magazine |date= |accessdate=December 24, 2012}}</ref> Her daughter, Bobbi Strayed Lindstrom, played the younger version of Strayed in the film adaptation of ''Wild''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2014/scene/vpage/wild-premiere-laura-dern-cheryl-strayed-reese-witherspoon-bruce-dern-1201361558/|title=‘Wild’ Not Just for Women, Says Laura Dern and Approved by Bruce Dern – Variety|author=Allegra Tepper|work=Variety|accessdate=September 28, 2015}}</ref>

A long-time [[feminist]] [[activist]], Strayed worked in her twenties as a political organizer for the Abortion Rights Council of Minnesota, which is now called Minnesota NARAL, and also for Women Against Military Madness, a feminist peace and justice nonprofit organization in [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul]].<ref name="Women Against Military Madness">{{cite web|url=http://womenagainstmilitarymadness.org/|website=Women Against Military Madness|title=W.A.M.M.|accessdate=November 11, 2015}}</ref> She served on the first board of directors for [[Vida: Women in Literary Arts]] and has been active in many feminist and progressive causes.<ref name="vida">{{cite web|url=http://www.vidaweb.org/about-vida/directors|title=Board of Directors|publisher=Vida: Women in Literary Arts|accessdate=January 26, 2013}}</ref>

== Published works ==
* 2006: ''[[Torch (book)|Torch]]'', Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 336 pages. ISBN 978-0618472178
* 2012: ''[[Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail]]'', Knopf, 336 pages. ISBN 978-0307592736
* 2012: ''[[Tiny Beautiful Things: Advice on Love and Life from Dear Sugar]]'', Vintage Books, 368 pages. ISBN 978-0307949332
* 2012: ''[[Torch (book)|Torch]]'', reissue with new introduction by the author, Vintage Contemporaries, 432 pages. ISBN 978-0345805614
* 2015: ''Brave Enough'', Knopf, 160 pages. ISBN 978-1101946909

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Cheryl Strayed}}
* {{Official website|http://www.cherylstrayed.com/}}
* [http://www.wbur.org/series/dear-sugar Dear Sugar Radio]
* [http://therumpus.net/sections/dear-sugar/ "Dear Sugar" advice column]
* [http://www.biographile.com/wild-review-roundup Cheryl Strayed review roundup and links on Biographile]
* [http://www.missourireview.com/content/dynamic/view_text.php?text_id=2519 "Munro County"], in ''[[The Missouri Review]]'', Issue 32.2 (Summer 2009): “Messy Art”; Editor’s Pick, February 1, 2010
* [http://www.oprah.com/spirit/Quotes-from-Wild-by-Cheryl-Strayed-Wild-Quotes The Most Inspiring Quotes from ''Wild'']

{{Oregon Women of Achievement}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Strayed, Cheryl}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:21st-century American novelists]]
[[Category:American advice columnists]]
[[Category:American essayists]]
[[Category:American feminist writers]]
[[Category:American memoirists]]
[[Category:American women novelists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Syracuse University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota alumni]]
[[Category:University of St. Thomas (Minnesota) people]]
[[Category:Writers from Minnesota]]
[[Category:Writers from Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:People from Cambria County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:21st-century women writers]]

Evelyn Everett-Green

2016-07-10T22:36:13Z

Proscribe: added Category:Alumni of Bedford College (London) using HotCat

{{More footnotes|date=August 2009}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Evelyn Everett-Green
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym = H. F. E., Cecil Adair, E. Ward, Evelyn Dare
| birth_name = Evelyn Ward Everett-Green
| birth_date = {{birth date|1856|11|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[London]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1932|4|23|1856|11|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Funchal]], [[Madeira]], Portugal
| occupation = Writer (novelist)
| nationality = English
| period = 19th century
| genre = [[Children's Literature]], Historical fiction, Adult romance fiction
| subject =
| movement =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Evelyn Ward Everett-Green''' (17 November 1856, London – 23 April 1932, Funchal) was an English novelist who started her writing career with improving and pious stories for children, and later wrote historical fiction for older girls, and then adult romantic fiction.
She wrote about 350 books: more than 200 under her own name, and others using the pen-names '''H. F. E.''', '''Cecil Adair''', '''E. Ward''', or '''Evelyn Dare'''.

==Early life and work==
Her mother was the historian [[Mary Anne Everett Green]] and her father George Pycock Green was an artist.
The family were [[Methodist]]s.

During a year at [[Bedford College, London]] (1872–1873), Everett-Green wrote her first novel, and she continued to write while studying at the [[London Academy of Music]].
Her brother's death in 1876 ended her plans to go to [[India]] with him, and she occupied herself with good works, including [[Sunday School]] teaching and nursing.

==Later life and work==
In 1880 her first published work, ''Tom Tempest's Victory'', appeared. Though it was soon followed by more, she found writing at home difficult, and town winters did not suit her health. In 1883 she went to live outside [[London]] with Catherine Mainwaring Sladen, and in the 1890s and early 1900s they had homes in [[Albury, Surrey]]. In 1911 they moved abroad and eventually settled in [[Madeira]]. She became an active member of the Anglican community there and was buried in the British Cemetery. There is a memorial plaque on the interior south wall of Holy Trinity Church (the English Church), Funchal.<ref>Brtish Cemetery and Holy Trinity Church archives, Funchal, Madeira</ref>

During her time in Albury she wrote numerous historical novels, and fewer moral tales for the [[Religious Tract Society]].
Her novel about [[Joan of Arc]], ''Called of Her Country'' (1903), later re-published as ''A Heroine of France'', presents Joan as a feminine "Angelic Maid" in white armour whose inspiring adventures were undertaken in a dutiful spirit.

Much of Everett-Green's fiction was aimed at girls, but she also wrote boys' adventure stories, like ''A Gordon Highlander'' (1901).

After moving abroad she wrote romantic novels for adults, often using the pseudonym '''Cecil Adair'''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*''Oxford Companion to Edwardian Fiction 1900-14: New Voices in the Age of Uncertainty'', ed.Kemp, Mitchell, Trotter (OUP 1997)
*Hilary Clare, in the ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''
*Penny Brown, ''Reinventing the Maid: images of Joan of Arc in French and English children's literature'', in ''The Presence of the Past in Children's Literature'' ed. Ann Lawson Lucas (Praeger 2003)

==Further reading==
{{wikisource author}}
*Kimberley Reynolds, ''Girls Only?: gender and popular children's fiction in Britain, 1880-1910'' (Harvester Wheatsheaf 1990)
*[http://www.bibliothequedesuzette.com/BMR/fanciullo.htm Pictures from French and Italian translations of ''Drifted ashore or A Child without a Name'']

==External links==
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Everett-Green,+Evelyn | name=Evelyn Everett-Green}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Evelyn Ward Everett-Green}}
*[http://www.authorama.com/heroine-of-france-1.html ''A Heroine of France'']
*[http://books.jibble.org/1/5/7/6/15769/15769/IntheWarsoftheRosesbyEvelynEve-0.html'' In the Wars of the Roses'']
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/40508 ''True Stories of Girl Heroines'']
*[http://books.jibble.org/1/5/6/7/15670/15670/TheSecretChamberatChadbyEvelyn-0.html ''The Secret Chamber at Chad'']

{{Victorian children's literature}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Everett-Green, Evelyn}}
[[Category:19th-century British children's literature]]
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1932 deaths]]
[[Category:English writers]]
[[Category:English women novelists]]
[[Category:English historical novelists]]
[[Category:Women historical novelists]]
[[Category:English children's writers]]
[[Category:Romantic fiction writers]]
[[Category:Women romantic fiction writers]]
[[Category:Victorian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century women writers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Bedford College (London)]]

Caryl Phillips

2016-07-10T09:37:10Z

Proscribe: minor copyedit

{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Caryl Phillips
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1958|03|13}}
| birth_place = St. Kitts
| death_date = 
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| occupation = Novelist, playwright, essayist
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| notableworks = ''[[The Final Passage]]'' (1985), ''[[Crossing the River]]'' (1993), ''[[Dancing in the Dark (novel)|Dancing in the Dark]]'' (2005)
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| influences = [[James Baldwin]], [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]], [[William Faulkner]]
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| awards = [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] (2003, 2006); [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] (1994)
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'''Caryl Phillips''' (born 13 March 1958) is a [[Kittitian and Nevisian British|Kittitian-British]] novelist, playwright and essayist. Best known for his novels (for which he has won multiple awards), Phillips is often described as a [[Paul Gilroy#The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness|Black Atlantic]] writer, since much of his fictional output is defined by its interest in, and searching exploration of, the experiences of peoples of the [[African diaspora]] in [[England]], the [[Caribbean]] and the [[United States]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Low|1998}}{{sfn|Bewes|2006}} As well as writing, Phillips has worked as an academic at numerous institutions including [[Amherst College]], [[Barnard College]], and [[Yale University]], where he has held the position of Professor of English since 2005.{{sfn|Methi|2009}}{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010}}

==Life==

Caryl Phillips was born in [[Saint Kitts|St. Kitts]] to Malcolm and Lillian Phillips on 13 March 1958.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Phillips|2009}} When he was four months old, his family moved to England and settled in [[Leeds]], Yorkshire.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Metcalfe|2010}} In 1976, Phillips won a place at [[Queen's College, Oxford|Queen's College, Oxford University]], where he read English, graduating in 1979.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|British Council}} While at Oxford, he directed numerous plays and spent his summers working as a stagehand at the [[Edinburgh Festival]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}} On graduating, he moved to Edinburgh, where he lived for a year, on the [[Unemployment benefits|dole]], while writing his first play, ''Strange Fruit'' (1980), which was taken up and produced by the [[Crucible Theatre]] in [[Sheffield]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Phillips|2010}}{{sfn|Bell|1991|pages=585–6}} Phillips subsequently moved to London, where he wrote two more plays – ''Where There is Darkness'' (1982) and ''Shelter'' (1983) – that were staged at the [[Lyric Hammersmith]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}

At the age of 22, he visited St. Kitts for the first time since his family had left the island in 1958.{{sfn|Eckstein|2001}} The journey provided the inspiration for his first novel, ''The Final Passage'', which was published five years later.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Swift|1992}} After publishing his second book, ''A State of Independence'' (1986), Phillips went on a one-month journey around Europe, which resulted in his 1987 collection of essays ''The European Tribe''.{{sfn|Bell|1991|pages=558–9}} During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Phillips divided his time between England and St. Kitts while working on his novels ''Higher Ground'' (1989) and ''Cambridge'' (1991).{{sfn|Phillips|1995|page=156}}

In 1990, Phillips took up a Visiting Writer post at [[Amherst College]] in Massachusetts. He remained at Amherst College for a further eight years, becoming the youngest English tenured Professor in the US when he was promoted to that position in 1995.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}} During this time, he wrote what is perhaps his most well-known novel, ''Crossing the River'' (1993), which won the [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] and the [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]], and was shortlisted for the [[Booker Prize]].{{sfn|Booker Prize Foundation}} After taking up the position at Amherst, Phillips found himself doing "a sort of triangular thing" for a number of years, residing between England, St Kitts, and the U.S.{{sfn|Phillips|1995}}

Finding this way of living both "incredibly exhausting" and "prohibitively expensive", Phillips ultimately decided to give up his residence in St. Kitts, though he says that he still makes regular visits to the island.{{sfn|Phillips|1995}} In 1998, he joined [[Barnard College]], [[Columbia University]], as the Henry R. Luce Professor of Migration and Social Order.{{sfn|British Council}} In 2005 he moved to [[Yale University]], where he currently works as Professor of English.{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010}} He was made an elected fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]] in 2000, and an elected fellow of the [[Royal Society of Arts]] in 2011.{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010b}}

== Works and critical reception ==
Phillips has tackled themes on the African [[slave trade]] from many angles, and his writing is concerned with issues of "origins, belongings and exclusion", as noted by a reviewer of his 2015 novel ''The Lost Child''.<ref>[[Gerard Woodward|Woodward, Gerard]], [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-lost-child-by-caryl-phillips-book-review-wuthering-heights-relived-in-postwar-britain-10135393.html "The Lost Child by Caryl Phillips, book review: Wuthering Heights relived in post-war Britain"], ''The Independent'', 26 March 2015.</ref> Phillips's work has been recognised by numerous awards, including the Martin Luther King Memorial Prize, a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]], the 1993 [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] for ''[[Crossing the River]]'' and the 2004 [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] Best Book award for ''[[A Distant Shore (novel)|A Distant Shore]]''.

Phillips received the [[PEN Open Book Award]] (formerly known as the Beyond Margins Award) for ''Dancing in the Dark'' in 2006.

==Bibliography==

===Novels===
*''[[The Final Passage]]'' (1985)
*''[[A State of Independence]]'' (1986)
*''[[Higher Ground (novel)|Higher Ground]]'' (1989)
*''[[Cambridge (novel)|Cambridge]]'' (1991)
*''[[Crossing the River]]'' (1993)
*''[[The Nature of Blood]]'' (1997)
*''[[A Distant Shore (novel)|A Distant Shore]]'' (2003)
*''[[Dancing in the Dark (novel)|Dancing in the Dark]]'' (2005)
*''[[In the Falling Snow]]'' (2009)
*''The Lost Child'' (2015)

===Historical fiction===
*''[[Foreigners (Caryl Phillips book)|Foreigners]]'' (2007)

====Essay collections====
*''[[The European Tribe]]'' (1987)
*''[[The Atlantic Sound]]'' (2000)
*''[[A New World Order]]'' (2001)
*''[[Colour Me English]]'' (2011)

===Radio plays===
*''[[Ned Chaillet#A Kind of Home – James Baldwin in Paris|A Kind of Home – James Baldwin in Paris]]'' (9 January 2004)
*''[[Ned Chaillet#Hotel Cristobel|Hotel Cristobel]]'' (13 March 2005)
*''[[Ned Chaillet#A Long Way from Home|A Long Way from Home]]'' (30 March 2008)

== Awards ==
* 2011 Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Arts]]
* 2006 [[Commonwealth Writers Prize]], ''A Distant Shore''
* 2004 [[Commonwealth Writers Prize]], ''Crossing the River''
* 2000 Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]]
* 1994 [[Lannan Literary Award]]
* 1994 [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]], ''Crossing the River''
* 1993 [[Guggenheim Fellowship]]
* 1987 [[Martin Luther King Memorial Prize]], ''The European Tribe''
* 2012 [[Best of the James Tait Black]], shortlist, ''Crossing the River''<ref name=leadbetter>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/book-prize-names-six-of-the-best-in-search-for-winner.19197747 |title=Book prize names six of the best in search for winner |work=Herald Scotland |first=Russell |last=Leadbetter |date=21 October 2012 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=bbcnews2012>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-20020630 |title=Authors in running for 'best of best' James Tait Black award |work=BBC News |author= |date=21 October 2012 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref>

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===

*{{cite journal|last=Bell|first=C. Rosalind|title=Worlds Within: An Interview with Caryl Phillips|journal=Callaloo|date=Summer 1991|volume=14|issue=3|pages=578–606|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/2931461}}
*{{cite journal|last=Bewes|first=Timothy|title=Shame, Ventriloquy and the Problem of Cliche in Caryl Phillips|journal=Cultural Critique|date=Spring 2006|volume=63|pages=33–60|ref=harv|doi=10.1353/cul.2006.0014}}
*{{cite web|last=Booker Prize Foundation|title=Caryl Phillips|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/people/caryl-phillips|publisher=Booker Prize Foundation|accessdate=13 June 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=British Council|title=Caryl Phillips|url=http://literature.britishcouncil.org/caryl-phillips|publisher=British Council|accessdate=12 June 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Eckstein|first=Lars|title=The Insistence of Voices: An Interview with Caryl Phillips |url=http://ariel.synergiesprairies.ca/ariel/index.php/ariel/article/view/3555/3496|journal=Ariel|date=April 2001|volume=32|issue=2|pages=33–43|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|last=Jaggi|first=Maya|authorlink=Maya Jaggi|title=Caryl Phillips: The Guardian Profile|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2001/nov/03/fiction.artsandhumanities|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 November 2001|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Low|first=Gail|title='A Chorus of Common Memory': Slavery and Redemption in Caryl Phillips′ ''Cambridge'' and ''Crossing the River''|journal=Research in African Literatures|date=Winter 1998|volume=29|issue=1|pages=121–141|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|last=Metcalfe|first=Anna|title=Small Talk: Caryl Phillips|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/bcc17536-7a61-11df-9cd7-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1xdTTH6rU|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Financial Times|date=21 June 2010|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|first2=Jenny |last2=Sharpe|title=Of this Time, of that Place|journal=Transition|year=1995|volume=68|pages=154–161|ref={{harvid|Phillips|1995}}|doi=10.2307/2935298}}
*{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=I prefer not to raise my head above the parapet (an interview with Anita Methi)|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/caryl-phillips-i-prefer-not-to-raise-my-head-above-the-parapet-1688887.html|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Independent|date=22 May 2009|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Once upon a life|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/17/caryl-phillips-edinburgh-once-upon-a-life|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Observer (Observer Magazine)|date=17 October 2010|page=14|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Biography: Education and Teaching|year=2005–2010|url=http://www.carylphillips.com/education-teaching.html|work=Caryl Phillips: The Official Website|accessdate=10 September 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Biography:Awards|year=2005–2010b|url=http://www.carylphillips.com/awards.html|work=Caryl Phillips|accessdate=10 September 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Swift|first=Graham|title=Caryl Phillips (An Interview)|journal=BOMB|date=Winter 1992|volume=38|url=http://bombsite.com/issues/38/articles/1511|ref=harv}}

==Further reading==
* Charras, Françoise, "De-Centering the Center: George Lamming’s ''Natives of My Person'' (1972) and Caryl Phillips’s ''Cambridge'' (1991)", in Maria Diedrich, Carl Pedersen and Justine Tally (eds), ''Mapping African America: History, Narrative Form and the Production of Knowledge''. Hamburg: LIT, 1999, pp. 61–78.
* Joannou, Maroula. "'Go West, Old Woman': The Radical Re-Visioning of Slave History in Caryl Phillips’s ''Crossing the River''", in Brycchan Carey and Peter J. Kitson (eds), ''Slavery and the Cultures of Abolition: Essays Marking the Bicentennial of the British Abolition Act of 1807''. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2007.
* Ledent, Bénédicte. ''Caryl Phillips''. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002.
* [http://journal.afroeuropa.eu/index.php/afroeuropa/article/viewFile/57/71 Muñoz-Valdivieso, Sofia, "'Amazing Grace': The Ghosts of Newton, Equiano and Barber in Caryl Phillips's Fiction"], ''Afroeuropa'' 2, 1 (2008).
* O’Callaghan, Evelyn. "Historical Fiction and Fictional History: Caryl Phillips’s ''Cambridge''”, ''Journal of Commonwealth Literature'' 29.2 (1993): 34-47.

==External links==
*[http://www.carylphillips.com Caryl Phillips' official website]
*[http://www.L3.ulg.ac.be/phillips The Caryl Phillips Bibliography]
*[http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth80 Caryl Phillips' Writers Page] at the British Council
*[http://english.yale.edu/faculty-staff/caryl-phillips Caryl Phillips at Yale University]
*[http://hdl.handle.net/10079/bibid/4549660 The Caryl Phillips Papers] at the [http://www.library.yale.edu/beinecke/ Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library], Yale University
*[http://www.npr.org/2015/03/21/394127475/lost-child-author-caryl-phillips-i-needed-to-know-where-i-came-from "'Lost Child' Author Caryl Phillips: 'I Needed To Know Where I Came From'"], NPR interview, 21 March 2015.

{{Commonwealth Writers' Prize - Best Book Winners}}

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Susie Taylor

2016-07-01T22:57:38Z

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{{About|the US Army nurse|the Australian former model|Suzi Taylor}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Susie King Taylor
| image = File:Susie King Taylor.jpg
| caption = Susie King Taylor
| birth_name = Susan Ann Baker
| birth_date = August 6, 1848
| birth_place = [[Liberty County, Georgia|Liberty County]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1912|10|6|1848|8|6}}
| death_place =
| resting_place = [[Mount Hope Cemetery (Boston, Massachusetts)|Mount Hope Cemetery]], [[Roslindale]], [[Massachusetts]]
| occupation = Army nurse, author, memoirist
| spouse = Edward King (?-1866; his death) Russell L. Taylor (1879-1912)
}}

'''Susie King Taylor''' (August 6, 1848 – October 6, 1912) was the first Black Army nurse. She tended to an all Black army troop named the [[1st South Carolina Volunteers (Union)]], later redesignated the [[33rd United States Colored Infantry Regiment]], where her husband served, for four years during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. Despite her service, like many [[African-American]] nurses, she was never paid for her work.<ref name=Ayubu>{{cite web|last1=Ayubu|first1=Kani|title=10 Facts About Susie King Taylor: 1st Black Nurse|url=http://blackartblog.blackartdepot.com/black-motivational-posters/susie-king-taylor.html|website=Black Art Depot|accessdate=December 4, 2014}}</ref> As the author of ''Reminiscences of My Life in Camp with the 33d United States Colored Troops, Late 1st S.C. Volunteers'', she was the only African-American woman to publish a memoir of her wartime experiences. She was also the first African American to teach openly in a [[school]] for former [[Slavery|slave]]s in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. At this school in [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], she taught children during the day and adults at night.<ref name=Ayubu />

==Biography==

Susie King Taylor was born a slave at a plantation in [[Liberty County, Georgia|Liberty County]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], on August 6, 1848, as Susan Ann Baker. When she was about seven years old, her owner allowed her to go to [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] to live with her grandmother, Dolly. Taylor's admiration for women may have stemmed from her close relationship with Dolly. Despite Georgia's harsh laws against the formal education of African Americans, Dolly, with whom Taylor lived for much of her childhood, supported Taylor's education by sending her to an illegal school run by a free African-American woman, Mrs. Woodhouse. After learning all she could from Mrs. Woodhouse, Taylor continued her education under the tutelage of various "teachers", both white and black, including playmates, and the son of her grandmother's landlord. From them she gained the rudiments of [[literacy]], then extended her education with the help of two white youths, both of whom knowingly violated law and custom. Her education ended when she was forced to return to her mother on the Isle of Wight after Dolly was arrested at a suburban church meeting for singing freedom hymns. Taylor had to move back with her mother in Fort Pulaski but Union took the fort not long after. Taylor fled with her uncle and his family to [[St. Catherines Island]], where they received Union protection and a transfer to [[St. Simons Island]]. Taylor impressed the commanding officers with her ability to read and write and was offered a position running a school for children and adults on the island.

In April 1862, Susie Baker and many other African Americans fled to St. Simons Island, occupied at the time by Union forces. Within days her educational advantages came to the attention of army officers, who offered to obtain books for her if she would organize a school. She thereby became the first black teacher for freed African-American students to work in a freely operating freedmen's school in Georgia. She taught 40 children in day school and "a number of adults who came to me nights, all of them so eager to learn to read, to read above anything else." She taught there until October 1862, when the island was evacuated.

While at the school on St. Simons Island, Baker married Edward King, a black [[noncommissioned officer]] in the First South Carolina Volunteers of African Descent (later reflagged as 33rd United States Colored Troops February 8, 1864, which was disbanded at [[Fort Wagner]] in 1866). For three years she moved with her husband's and brothers' regiment, serving as nurse and [[laundress]], and teaching many of the black soldiers to read and write during their off-duty hours. In 1866 she and Edward returned to Savannah, where she established a school for the freed children. Edward King died in September 1866, a few months before the birth of their first child.<ref>Espiritu, Allison, [http://www.blackpast.org/aah/taylor-susan-susie-baker-king-1848-1912 "Taylor, Susan (Susie) Baker King (1848-1912)"], BlackPast.org.</ref> There are few details about his death but scholars have noted that he died in a work-related accident at the pier unloading ships. Also around this time Taylor was forced to close her school when a free school opened nearby.<ref>{{cite web|title=Susie King Taylor, b. 1848 — "Reminiscences of My Life in Camp with the 33d United States Colored Troops Late 1st S. C. Volunteers" — Boston: The author, 1902|url=http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/taylorsu/summary.html}}</ref> In 1867 she returned to her native Liberty County to establish another school. In 1868 she again relocated to Savannah, where she continued teaching [[Freedman|freedmen]] for another year and supported herself through small tuition charges, never receiving aid from the northern [[freedmen]]'s aid organizations. Historians say she Taylor enrolled as a laundress at a camp named "Camp Saxton," The first suits the guys wore were red coats and pants.<ref>{{cite book|last1=White|first1=Deborah|title=Freedom on My Mind|date=2013|page=358}}</ref>

In the 1870s King traveled to [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] as a [[domestic servant]] of a wealthy white family. While there she met Russell L. Taylor, also a native of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. She returned home to [[Liberty County, Georgia|Liberty County]] to marry Taylor on April 20, 1879.<ref>"Georgia Marriages, 1808-1967", index, FamilySearch (https:familysearch.org), accessed June 7, 2012, Russell Taylor.</ref> She remained in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] for the rest of her life, returning to the South only occasionally. After a trip to Louisiana in the 1890s to care for a dying son, she wrote her ''Reminiscences'', which were privately published in 1902. She died 10 years later. She is buried next to her second husband at [[Mount Hope Cemetery (Boston, Massachusetts)|Mount Hope Cemetery]] in [[Roslindale]], [[Massachusetts]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Robert C. Morris, ''Reading, 'Riting, and Reconstruction: The Education of Freedmen in the South, 1861-1870'' ([[Chicago]]: [[University of Chicago]] Press, 1981).
*King, Stewart, "Taylor, Susie Baker King" in ''Encyclopedia of Free Blacks & People of Color in the Americas'', ([[New York]]: [[Facts on File]] 2012), 762-763.
*Taylor, Susie King, ''Reminiscences of My Life in Camp'', in ''Collected Black Women's Narratives'', edited by Anthony Barthelemy, [[Oxford]]: [[Oxford University Press]], 1988.

== External links ==
* [http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/taylorsu/menu.html "Reminiscences of My Life in Camp with the 33d United States Colored Troops Late 1st S. C. Volunteers"]. Boston: The author, 1902.
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8255625 Find-A-Grave bio]
* [http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1097 "Susie King Taylor (1848-1912)"], New Georgia Encyclopedia
* [http://blackartblog.blackartdepot.com/black-motivational-posters/susie-king-taylor.html "10 Facts About Susie King Taylor, The 1st Black Nurse"], The Black Art Depot.

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Taylor, Susie}}
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[[Category:People from Liberty County, Georgia]]
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[[Category:African-American schoolteachers]]
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Julius Soubise

2016-04-20T18:38:55Z

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{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
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[[File:Mungomacaroni.gif|thumb|''A Mungo Macaroni'' (print from a 1772 engraving)]]
'''Julius Soubise''' (1754 – 25 August 1798) was a freed [[British African-Caribbean community|Afro-Caribbean]] [[slave]] who became a well-known [[fop]] in 1760s/1770s [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]]. He was one of the most prominent [[Black (people)|black]] persons in Britain at the time.<ref name="LARS">{{cite book|author=Lars Eckstein|title=Re-Membering the Black Atlantic: On the Poetics and Politics of Literary Memory|publisher=Rodopi|year=2006|isbn=90-420-1958-1|page= [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN9042019581&id=2rpeW3U9–WEC&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&ots=aoEDVEpKO0&dq=Julius+Soubise+most&sig=91XP_SCkfC–MXVzIsezFNfJt2yg 85]}}</ref>

==Biography==
Soubise was born on [[St. Kitts]] in the [[Caribbean]], the son of a Jamaican slave.<ref name="UKNA">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/culture/music.htm|title=Black Presence: Asian and Black History in Britain|publisher=The National Archives (UK Government)|accessdate=17 January 2007}}</ref> He was bought by [[Royal Navy]] Captain [[Stair Douglas]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Felicity Nussbaum|title=The Global Eighteenth Century|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2005|isbn=0-8018-8269-9|page= [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0801882699&id=Oo_8oQKy3Q8C&pg=PA233&lpg=PA233&ots=l7FWiMeDSi&dq=%22stair+douglass%22&sig=cwEVaSd6rTXkFCrvuww9ztWe8–E 233]}}</ref> and taken to England at the age of 10.<ref name= "Unchained">{{cite book|author=Vincent Carretta |title=Unchained Voices: An Anthology of Black Authors in the English-speaking World of the 18th Century (Expanded Edition) |publisher=University Press of Kentucky|year=2004|isbn=0-8131-9076-2|page= [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0813190762&id=-2olIZi8ThsC&pg=RA1–PA103&lpg=RA1–PA103&ots=sQzPa9a9IV&dq=julius+soubise&sig=e--Ms4k8RE0KIt2QnMfSLM63FGI 103]}}</ref> In 1764, he was given to [[Catherine Hyde, Duchess of Queensbury|Catherine Douglas (''née'' Hyde), Duchess of Queensbury]], who was a celebrated eccentric and beauty. The Duchess gave Soubise a privileged life, treating him as if he were her own son – apparently with her husband [[Charles Douglas, 3rd Duke of Queensberry]]'s blessing.<ref name="Hyde">{{cite book|author=Gretchen Holbrook Gerzina |title=Black London: Life Before Emancipation |publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=1995|isbn=0-8135-2272-2|page= [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0813522722/ 54]}}</ref>

Trained by [[Domenico Angelo]] (whom Soubise also regularly accompanied as usher to [[Eton, Berkshire|Eton]] and [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]]<ref name="Hyde" />), Soubise became the [[equestrianism|riding]] and fencing master to the Duchess.<ref name="LARS" /> He became popular among young noblemen and he rose as a figure in upper-class social circles, becoming the member of many fashionable [[gentlemen's club (traditional)|clubs]].<ref name="Hyde" /> He was known as an amateur violinist,<ref name="UKNA" /> singer and actor – he was taught [[oration]] by the famous actor [[David Garrick]], who befriended a number of black people.<ref name="Hyde" /> The personal favour and patronage of the Duchess allowed Soubise a lifestyle of [[womanising]] and fashion. He would sometimes style himself "Prince Ana-Ana-maboe"<ref>Vincent Carretta and Philip Gould (2001), ''Genius in Bondage: Literature of the Early Black Atlantic''; University Press of Kentucky, p. 209. ISBN 0-8131-2203-1</ref> or "The Black Prince", and claim to be African [[Royal family|royalty]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Carretta and Gould|title=Genius in Bondage|publisher=|year=2001|isbn=|page=[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0813122031&id=FLSk4UH7URAC&pg=RA3–PA63&lpg=RA3–PA63&ots=KY7xiDOuyR&dq=%22black+prince+%22+soubise&sig=aaBWrGuNPwXrLl3fQGWL8XIu_PQ 63]}}</ref> It was rumoured that his relationship with the Duchess developed into a [[Human sexuality|sexual]] one.<ref>{{cite book|author=Markman Ellis|title=The Politics of Sensibility (Cambridge Studies in Romanticism) |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|isbn=0-521-55221-4|page= [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0521552214/ 84]}}</ref><ref>Laura J. Rosenthal, [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0801444047&id=RJNBaEYYsp8C&pg=RA2–PA161&lpg=RA2–PA161&ots=zAuaH-ilWg&dq=%22julius+soubise%22+lover&sig=yqMFGPv8MiObL-f4RU3Ymz45Y1Y#PRA2–PA161,M1 ''Infamous Commerce: Prostitution in Eighteenth-Century British Literature and Culture''], Cornell University Press, 2006, p. 161. ISBN 0-8014-4404-7.</ref>

Soubise became socially prominent enough to be the likely or definite subject of several caricatures – [[William Austin (caricaturist)|William Austin]]'s well-known [[satire|satirical]] [[engraving]], ''The Duchess of Queensbury and Soubise'' (published 1 May 1773, showing them engaged in a fencing match);<ref name="Hyde" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Henry Angelo|title=The Reminiscences of Henry Angelo|publisher=Ayer Publishing |year=1972 |isbn=0-405-18118-3|page= [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0405181183&id=8zeYeoVD5kQC&pg=PA350&lpg=PA350&ots=PFJeRVu_F7&dq=soubise+angelo&sig=4NNzvZwHrK7hAYdB55ZXpn-6KPs#PPA350,M1 350]}}</ref> and most notably, ''A Mungo Macaroni'' (published 10 September 1772), part of a famous 1771–73 satirical series of engravings depicting fashionable young men, published by [[Matthew Darly|Matthew]] and [[Mary Darly]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Miles Ogborn|title=Spaces of Modernity: London's Geographies 1680–1780|publisher=Guilford Press|year=1998|isbn=1-57230-365-4|page= [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1572303654&id=tCp_X–AUQ6MC&pg=PA134&lpg=PA134&ots=q7Re8y1YNt&dq=%22mungo+macaroni%27&sig=kFZz7PyBcHvEZXDhSOwldu8ynJk 134]}}</ref><ref name="LETTERS">{{cite book|author=Ignatius Sancho (ed. Vincent Carretta)|title=The Letters of the Late Ignatius Sancho, an African|publisher=Penguin Classics|year=1998|isbn=0-14-043637-5|page= [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0140436375&id=DgsezxDWe1sC&pg=PA257&lpg=PA257&ots=VNOtuu1mx_&dq=Soubise+macaroni&sig=uHRnFlWq89OsmceE4afjE8bLLAA 257]}}</ref> ("[[Maccaroni (fashion)|macaroni]]" was a contemporary name for a fashionable young man; "Mungo" was a name of an officious slave from the 1769 [[comic opera]] ''[[The Padlock]]'' by [[Isaac Bickerstaffe]]; the Darly engraving was based on a caricature drawn by Henry Angelo).<ref>Henry Charles W. Angelo, [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC01243906&id=UnjM48TyujoC&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=angelo+mungo#PPA61,M1 ''Angelo's Pic nic; or, Table Talk''], p. 61.</ref>

In the collected letters of the famous freed slave [[Ignatius Sancho]], Letter XIIII dated 11 October 1771 is addressed to Soubise, whom Sancho encourages to consider his lucky position as an unusually privileged black person and so live a more seemly life.<ref name="LETTERS" />

However, on 15 July 1777, Soubise fled Britain for [[India]].<ref name="Unchained" /> The Duchess died two days after his departure. In India, he founded a riding school in [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal]]. Soubise died on 25 August 1798, from injuries sustained from falling off a horse.<ref name="Unchained" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Catherine Lynette Innes|title=A History of Black and Asian Writing in Britain, 1700–2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-521-64327-9|page= [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521643279&id=hSCZsYuQWYgC&pg=RA1–PA27&lpg=RA1–PA27&ots=KIJHAQ6Yjm&dq=Julius+Soubise+riding+school&sig=BufsRLWETlCrstqC7jgmDYauP–8 27]}}</ref>

Julius Soubise is featured in the short animation entitled ''The Swordsman of Trelawny''.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1673517/ ''The Swordsman of Trelawny''.]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* [http://www.blackpresence.co.uk/2009/10/julius-soubise/ Julius Soubise]
* Edwards, P., and Walvin, J., ''Black Personalities in the Era of the Slave Trade'', London, 1983.
* Shyllon, Folarin, ''Black People in Britain 1555–1833'', London, New York and Ibadan: Oxford University Press and the Institute of Race Relations, 1977.
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soubise, Julius}}
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[[Category:British people of Saint Kitts and Nevis descent]]
[[Category:English people of Jamaican descent]]
[[Category:Black British musicians]]
[[Category:Black British male actors]]
[[Category:Black British former slaves]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by horse-riding accident]]
[[Category:18th-century British male actors]]

Sam Morris

2016-03-13T11:27:50Z

Proscribe: c/e, links added, tweaks to refs

Samson "Sam" Uriah Morris (1908–June 1976) was a [[Grenada]]-born educationalist, anti-colonialist and civil rights activist who came to [[London]] in 1939, becoming deputy chair for the [[Commission for Racial Equality]] in the 1970s.<ref>Petra Pryke, "YT? Youth Training in the visual arts: The Sam Morris Project", in Patricia Potts, Felicity Armstrong and Mary Masterton (eds), ''Equality and Diversity in Education vol. 1, Learning, Teaching and Managing in Schools''. Routledge, 1995, p. 153.</ref>

== Biography ==
Morris was born in St Andrew's, [[Grenada]], in 1908 and received part of his education in [[Barbados]] at [[Codrington College]]. In 1939, he sailed to the [[United Kingdom]], and served in the British Army for two and a half years. He subsequently became active in the [[League of Coloured Peoples]] — which was formed by [[Harold Moody (physician)|Harold Moody]] and was concerned with racial equality and civil rights in Britain and elsewhere in the world — becoming general secretary of the organisation in 1945. Morris participated in several BBC programmes, including ''Calling the West Indies'' and ''[[Caribbean Voices]]''.

He was a Liaison Officer to [[Learie Constantine]] in the Welfare Department of the [[Colonial Office]] during the [[Second World War]]. In 1953 Morris left Britain for Africa and worked on Radio Ghana before becoming a private secretary and press officer to [[Kwame Nkrumah]] in Ghana for eight years, returning to the UK in 1967. He was then the Development Officer for the Midlands with the National Committee for Commonwealth Immigrants.<ref>Pendennis. "Who's Who in Race", ''[[The Observer]]'', London, 3 March 1968.</ref> He later became Assistant High Commissioner for Grenada and deputy chair for the [[Commission for Racial Equality]]. He lived in [[Hammersmith]] and was an active member of the Hammersmith and Fulham Council for Racial Equality. He died in June 1976 in [[Fulham]], London.

== Selected writings ==

*"My Tribute to the Late George Padmore", ''Accra Evening News'', 3 October 1959.
*"Tribute to Learie Constantine", ''New Community'', 1, 1 (October 1971), pp. 68–70.
*"Moody — the forgotten visionary", ''New Community'' (Vol. 1, No. 3, Spring 1972), pp. 193–96.
*''The Case and the Course: A Treatise on Black Studies'' (London: Committee on Black Studies 1973).

== Legacy ==
There is a Sam Uriah Morris Society that had a centre in East London with an exhibition about black history.<ref>[http://apps.hackney.gov.uk/servapps/hackneydirectory/details.aspx?OrgID=6299 ''Sam Uriah Morris Society'']. Hackney Council website. Accessed 31 March 2014.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* Roderick J. Macdonald, "Dr. Harold Arundel Moody and the League of Coloured Peoples, 1931-1947: A Retrospective View", ''Race & Class'' 14/3 (January 1973).
* Petra Pryke, "YT? Youth Training in the visual arts: The Sam Morris Project", in Patricia Potts, Felicity Armstrong and Mary Masterton (eds), ''Equality and Diversity in Education vol. 1, Learning, Teaching and Managing in Schools'' (Routledge, 1995), p. 153.
* [http://www.samuriahmorrissociety.org.uk ''Sam Uriah Morris Society''.]
{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Morris, Sam
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Grenadian anticolonist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1908
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Grenada
| DATE OF DEATH = 1976
| PLACE OF DEATH = London
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Morris, Sam}}
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Caryl Phillips

2016-03-06T19:41:07Z

Proscribe: added Category:Male essayists using HotCat

{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}}
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'''Caryl Phillips''' (born 13 March 1958) is a [[Kittitian and Nevisian British|Kittitian-British]] novelist, playwright and essayist. Best known for his novels (for which he has won multiple awards), Phillips is often described as a [[Paul Gilroy#The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness|Black Atlantic]] writer, since much of his fictional output is defined by its interest in, and searching exploration of, the experiences of peoples of the [[African diaspora]] in [[England]], the [[Caribbean]] and the [[United States]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Low|1998}}{{sfn|Bewes|2006}} As well as writing, Phillips has worked as an academic at numerous institutions including [[Amherst College]], [[Barnard College]], and [[Yale University]], where he has held the position of Professor of English since 2005.{{sfn|Methi|2009}}{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010}}

==Life==

Caryl Phillips was born in [[Saint Kitts|St. Kitts]] to Malcolm and Lillian Phillips on 13 March 1958.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Phillips|2009}} When he was four months old, his family moved to England and settled in [[Leeds]], Yorkshire.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Metcalfe|2010}} In 1976, Phillips won a place at [[Queen's College, Oxford|Queen's College, Oxford University]], where he read English, graduating in 1979.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|British Council}} While at Oxford, he directed numerous plays and spent his summers working as a stagehand at the [[Edinburgh Festival]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}} On graduating, he moved to Edinburgh, where he lived for a year, on the [[Unemployment benefits|dole]], while writing his first play, ''Strange Fruit'' (1980), which was taken up and produced by the [[Crucible Theatre]] in [[Sheffield]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Phillips|2010}}{{sfn|Bell|1991|pages=585–6}} Phillips subsequently moved to London, where he wrote two more plays – ''Where There is Darkness'' (1982) and ''Shelter'' (1983) – that were staged at the [[Lyric Hammersmith]].{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}

At the age of 22, Phillips visited St. Kitts for the first time since his family had left the island in 1958.{{sfn|Eckstein|2001}} The journey provided the inspiration for his first novel, ''The Final Passage'', which was published five years later.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}}{{sfn|Swift|1992}} After publishing his second book, ''A State of Independence'' (1986), Phillips went on a one-month journey around Europe, which resulted in his 1987 collection of essays ''The European Tribe''.{{sfn|Bell|1991|pages=558–9}} During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Phillips divided his time between England and St. Kitts while working on his novels ''Higher Ground'' (1989) and ''Cambridge'' (1991).{{sfn|Phillips|1995|page=156}}

In 1990, Phillips took up a Visiting Writer post at [[Amherst College]] in Massachusetts. He remained at Amherst College for a further eight years, becoming the youngest English tenured Professor in the US when he was promoted to that position in 1995.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}} During this time, he wrote what is perhaps his most well-known novel, ''Crossing the River'' (1993), which won the [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] and the [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]], and was shortlisted for the [[Booker Prize]].{{sfn|Booker Prize Foundation}} After taking up the position at Amherst, Phillips found himself doing "a sort of triangular thing" for a number of years, residing between England, St Kitts, and the U.S.{{sfn|Phillips|1995}}

Finding this way of living both "incredibly exhausting" and "prohibitively expensive", Phillips ultimately decided to give up his residence in St. Kitts, though he says that he still makes regular visits to the island.{{sfn|Phillips|1995}} In 1998, he joined [[Barnard College]], [[Columbia University]], as the Henry R. Luce Professor of Migration and Social Order.{{sfn|British Council}} In 2005 he moved to [[Yale University]], where he currently works as Professor of English.{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010}} Phillips was made an elected fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]] in 2000, and an elected fellow of the [[Royal Society of Arts]] in 2011.{{sfn|Phillips|2005–2010b}}

== Works and critical reception ==
Phillips has tackled themes on the African [[slave trade]] from many angles, and his writing is concerned with issues of "origins, belongings and exclusion", as noted by a reviewer of his 2015 novel ''The Lost Child''.<ref>Gerard Woodward, [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-lost-child-by-caryl-phillips-book-review-wuthering-heights-relived-in-postwar-britain-10135393.html "The Lost Child by Caryl Phillips, book review: Wuthering Heights relived in post-war Britain"], ''The Independent'', 26 March 2015.</ref> Phillips's work has been recognised by numerous awards, including the Martin Luther King Memorial Prize, a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]], the 1993 [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] for ''[[Crossing the River]]'' and the 2004 [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] Best Book award for ''[[A Distant Shore (novel)|A Distant Shore]]''.

Phillips received the [[PEN Open Book Award]] (formerly known as the Beyond Margins Award) for ''Dancing in the Dark'' in 2006.

==Bibliography==

===Novels===
*''[[The Final Passage]]'' (1985)
*''[[A State of Independence]]'' (1986)
*''[[Higher Ground (novel)|Higher Ground]]'' (1989)
*''[[Cambridge (novel)|Cambridge]]'' (1991)
*''[[Crossing the River]]'' (1993)
*''[[The Nature of Blood]]'' (1997)
*''[[A Distant Shore (novel)|A Distant Shore]]'' (2003)
*''[[Dancing in the Dark (novel)|Dancing in the Dark]]'' (2005)
*''[[In the Falling Snow]]'' (2009)
*''The Lost Child'' (2015)

===Non-fiction===
*''[[Foreigners (Caryl Phillips book)|Foreigners]]'' (2007)

====Essay collections====
*''[[The European Tribe]]'' (1987)
*''[[The Atlantic Sound]]'' (2000)
*''[[A New World Order]]'' (2001)
*''[[Colour Me English]]'' (2011)

===Radio plays===
*''[[Ned Chaillet#A Kind of Home – James Baldwin in Paris|A Kind of Home – James Baldwin in Paris]]'' (9 January 2004)
*''[[Ned Chaillet#Hotel Cristobel|Hotel Cristobel]]'' (13 March 2005)
*''[[Ned Chaillet#A Long Way from Home|A Long Way from Home]]'' (30 March 2008)

== Awards ==
* 2011 Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Arts]]
* 2006 [[Commonwealth Writers Prize]], ''A Distant Shore''
* 2004 [[Commonwealth Writers Prize]], ''Crossing the River''
* 2000 Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]]
* 1994 [[Lannan Literary Award]]
* 1994 [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]], ''Crossing the River''
* 1993 [[Guggenheim Fellowship]]
* 1987 [[Martin Luther King Memorial Prize]], ''The European Tribe''
* 2012 [[Best of the James Tait Black]], shortlist, ''Crossing the River''<ref name=leadbetter>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/book-prize-names-six-of-the-best-in-search-for-winner.19197747 |title=Book prize names six of the best in search for winner |work=Herald Scotland |first=Russell |last=Leadbetter |date=21 October 2012 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=bbcnews2012>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-20020630 |title=Authors in running for 'best of best' James Tait Black award |work=BBC News |author= |date=21 October 2012 |accessdate=21 October 2012}}</ref>

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===

*{{cite journal|last=Bell|first=C. Rosalind|title=Worlds Within: An Interview with Caryl Phillips|journal=Callaloo|date=Summer 1991|volume=14|issue=3|pages=578–606|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/2931461}}
*{{cite journal|last=Bewes|first=Timothy|title=Shame, Ventriloquy and the Problem of Cliche in Caryl Phillips|journal=Cultural Critique|date=Spring 2006|volume=63|pages=33–60|accessdate=12 June 2012|ref=harv|doi=10.1353/cul.2006.0014}}
*{{cite web|last=Booker Prize Foundation|title=Caryl Phillips|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/people/caryl-phillips|publisher=Booker Prize Foundation|accessdate=13 June 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=British Council|title=Caryl Phillips|url=http://literature.britishcouncil.org/caryl-phillips|publisher=British Council|accessdate=12 June 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Eckstein|first=Lars|title=The Insistence of Voices: An Interview with Caryl Phillips |url=http://ariel.synergiesprairies.ca/ariel/index.php/ariel/article/view/3555/3496|journal=Ariel|date=April 2001|volume=32|issue=2|pages=33–43|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|last=Jaggi|first=Maya|authorlink=Maya Jaggi|title=Caryl Phillips: The Guardian Profile|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2001/nov/03/fiction.artsandhumanities|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 November 2001|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Low|first=Gail|title="A Chorus of Common Memory": Slavery and Redemption in Caryl Phillips′ ''Cambridge'' and ''Crossing the River''|journal=Research in African Literatures|date=Winter 1998|volume=29|issue=1|pages=121–141|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|last=Metcalfe|first=Anna|title=Small Talk: Caryl Phillips|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/bcc17536-7a61-11df-9cd7-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1xdTTH6rU|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Financial Times|date=21 June 2010|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|first2=Jenny |last2=Sharpe|title=Of this Time, of that Place|journal=Transition|year=1995|volume=68|pages=154–161|ref={{harvid|Phillips|1995}}|doi=10.2307/2935298}}
*{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=I prefer not to raise my head above the parapet (an interview with Anita Methi)|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/caryl-phillips-i-prefer-not-to-raise-my-head-above-the-parapet-1688887.html|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Independent|date=22 May 2009|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Once upon a life|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/17/caryl-phillips-edinburgh-once-upon-a-life|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Observer (Observer Magazine)|date=17 October 2010|page=14|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Biography: Education and Teaching|year=2005–2010|url=http://www.carylphillips.com/education-teaching.html|work=Caryl Phillips: The Official Website|accessdate=10 September 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Caryl|title=Biography:Awards|year=2005–2010b|url=http://www.carylphillips.com/awards.html|work=Caryl Phillips|accessdate=10 September 2012|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Swift|first=Graham|title=Caryl Phillips (An Interview)|journal=BOMB|date=Winter 1992|volume=38|url=http://bombsite.com/issues/38/articles/1511|ref=harv}}

==Further reading==
* Charras, Françoise, "De-Centering the Center: George Lamming’s ''Natives of My Person'' (1972) and Caryl Phillips’s ''Cambridge'' (1991)", in Maria Diedrich, Carl Pedersen and Justine Tally (eds), ''Mapping African America: History, Narrative Form and the Production of Knowledge''. Hamburg: LIT, 1999, pp. 61–78.
* Joannou, Maroula. "'Go West, Old Woman': The Radical Re-Visioning of Slave History in Caryl Phillips’s ''Crossing the River''", in Brycchan Carey and Peter J. Kitson (eds), ''Slavery and the Cultures of Abolition: Essays Marking the Bicentennial of the British Abolition Act of 1807''. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2007.
* Ledent, Bénédicte. ''Caryl Phillips''. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002.
* [http://journal.afroeuropa.eu/index.php/afroeuropa/article/viewFile/57/71 Muñoz-Valdivieso, Sofia, "'Amazing Grace': The Ghosts of Newton, Equiano and Barber in Caryl Phillips's Fiction"], ''Afroeuropa'' 2, 1 (2008).
* O’Callaghan, Evelyn. "Historical Fiction and Fictional History: Caryl Phillips’s ''Cambridge''”, ''Journal of Commonwealth Literature'' 29.2 (1993): 34-47.

==External links==
*[http://www.carylphillips.com Caryl Phillips' official website]
*[http://www.L3.ulg.ac.be/phillips The Caryl Phillips Bibliography]
*[http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth80 Caryl Phillips' Writers Page] at the British Council
*[http://english.yale.edu/faculty-staff/caryl-phillips Caryl Phillips at Yale University]
*[http://hdl.handle.net/10079/bibid/4549660 The Caryl Phillips Papers] at the [http://www.library.yale.edu/beinecke/ Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library], Yale University
*[http://www.npr.org/2015/03/21/394127475/lost-child-author-caryl-phillips-i-needed-to-know-where-i-came-from "'Lost Child' Author Caryl Phillips: 'I Needed To Know Where I Came From'"], NPR interview, 21 March 2015.

{{Commonwealth Writers' Prize - Best Book Winners}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phillips, Caryl}}
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[[Category:British dramatists and playwrights]]
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[[Category:People from Leeds]]
[[Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis writers]]
[[Category:Black British writers]]
[[Category:Caribbean literature]]
[[Category:James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]
[[Category:20th-century British novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century novelists]]
[[Category:British male novelists]]
[[Category:Male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Male essayists]]

Flora Nwapa

2016-03-05T18:02:07Z

Proscribe: added Category:Women children's writers using HotCat

{{Infobox writer 
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1931|01|13|df=yes}}
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1993|10|16|1931|01|13|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Enugu]]
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| nationality = [[Nigeria]]n
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| genres = Novels; Short stories
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'''Florence Nwanzuruahu Nkiru Nwapa''' (13 January 1931 – 16 October 1993) was a [[Nigeria]]n author best known as '''Flora Nwapa''', who has been called the mother of modern African literature. The forerunner to a generation of African women writers, she is acknowledged as the first African woman novelist to be published in the English language in Britain and achieve international recognition,<ref name=DofA>[[Margaret Busby]], "Flora Nwapa", ''[[Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent]]'' (1992), Vintage: 1993, p. 399.</ref> with her first novel ''[[Efuru]]'' being published in 1966 by [[Heinemann Educational Books]]. While never considering herself a feminist, she is best known for recreating life and traditions from an [[Igbo people|Igbo]] woman's viewpoint.<ref name=Emory>Susan Leisure, [https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/11/nwapa-flora/ "Nwapa, Flora"], Postcolonial Studies @ Emory, Emory University, Fall 1996.</ref>

Nwapa also is known for her governmental work in reconstruction after the [[Nigerian Civil War|Biafran War]]. In particular she worked with orphans and refugees who were displaced during the war. Further she worked as a publisher of African literature and promoted women in African society.<ref name=litencyc>[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=3364 Literary Encyclopedia]</ref> She was one of the first African women publishers when she founded Tana Press in the 1970s.

==Biography==

===Early years and education===
Born in [[Oguta]],<ref name="born">Hamilton, Janice, ''Nigeria in Pictures'', p. 71.</ref> in south-eastern Nigeria, eldest of the six children of Christopher Ijeoma (an agent with the [[United Africa Company]]) and Martha Nwapa, a teacher of drama,<ref>[http://www.informationng.com/2013/03/interesting-things-about-flora-nwapa-nigerias-first-female-novelist.html "Interesting Things About Flora Nwapa, Nigeria’s First Female Novelist"], Information Nigeria, 1 March 2013.</ref> Flora Nwapa attended school in Oguta, [[Port Harcourt]] and [[Lagos]]. She went on to earn a BA degree from [[University College, Ibadan]], in 1957. She then went to [[Scotland]] where she earned a Diploma in Education from [[Edinburgh University]] in 1958.

===Teaching and public service===
After returning to Nigeria, Nwapa joined the Ministry of Education in Calabar as an Education Officer until 1959. She then took employment as a teacher at Queen's School in [[Enugu]], where she taught English and Geography from 1969 to 1971. She continued to work in both education and the civil service in several positions, including as Assistant Registrar, University of Lagos (1962–67).<ref name=litencyc /> After the [[Nigerian civil war]] of 1967–70, she accepted cabinet office as Minister of Health and Social Welfare in East Central State (1970–71), and subsequently as Minister of Lands, Survey and Urban Development (1971–74).<ref name=Emory />

===Writing and publishing===
Nwapa's first book, ''[[Efuru]]'', was published in 1966, a pioneering work as an English-language novel by an African woman writer.<ref name=Emory /> It was followed by the novels ''Idu'' (1967), ''Never Again'' (1975), ''One is Enough'' (1981) and ''Women Are Different'' (1986). She published two collections of stories — ''This Is Lagos'' (1971) and ''Wives at War'' (1980) — and the volume of poems ''Cassava Song and Rice Song'' (1986). She was also the author of several books for children.

In the 1974 she founded Tana Press and in 1977 the Flora Nwapa Company, publishing her own adult and children's literature as well as work by other writers.<ref name=Emory /><ref>Hans M. Zell, [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000609/060911mb.pdf "Publishing and Book Development in Africa: A Bibliography"] (''Studies on Books and Reading'', UNESCO), p. 4.</ref> She gave as one of objectives: "to inform and educate women all over the world, especially Feminists (both with capital F and small f) about the role of women in Nigeria, their economic independence, their relationship with their husbands and children, their traditional beliefs and their status in the community as a whole".<ref name=DofA /><ref>"Frankfurt Book Fair 1980", Flora Nwapa interviewed in ''The African Book Publishing Record'', Vol. VII, No. 1, 1981, p. 6.</ref> Tana has been described as "the first press run by a woman and targeted at a largely female audience. A project far beyond its time at a period when no one saw African women as constituting a community of readers or a book-buying demographic."<ref>[http://brittlepaper.com/2016/02/flora-nwapa#sthash.lY3eP9lF.dpuf "Flora Nwapa and the Letter That Changed Nigerian Literature Forever"], Brittle Paper, 3 February 20016.</ref>

===Later years===
Nwapa's career as an educator continued throughout her life and encompassed teaching at colleges and universities internationally, including at New York University, Trinity College, University of Minnesota, University of Michigan, and University of Ilorin. She said in an interview with ''Contemporary Authors'', "I have been writing for nearly thirty years. My interest has been on both the rural and the urban woman in her quest for survival in a fast-changing world dominated by men."<ref name=Emory />

Flora Nwapa died from [[pneumonia]] on 16 October 1993 in hospital in Enugu, Nigeria, at the age of 62.<ref>Brenda F, Berrian, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3174890?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents "In Memoriam: Flora Nwapa (1931–1993"], ''Signs'', Vol. 20, No. 4, ''Postcolonial, Emergent, and Indigenous Feminisms'' (Summer 1995), pp. 996-999.</ref>

==Selected bibliography==
;Novels
*''[[Efuru]]'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1966; Waveland Press, 2013, ISBN 9781478613275
*''Idu'', Heinemann [[African Writers Series]], No. 56, ISBN 0-435-90056-0; 1970
*''Never Again'', Enugu: Tana Press, 1975; Nwamife, 1976; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433182
*''One Is Enough'', Enugu: Flora Nwapa Co., 1981; Tana Press, 1984; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433229
*''Women are Different'', Enugu: Tana Press, 1986; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433267

;Short stories/poems
*''This Is Lagos and Other Stories'', Enugu: Nwamife, 1971; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433212
*''Cassava Song and Rice Song'', Enugu: Tana Press, 1986
*''Wives at War and Other Stories'', Enugu: Nwamife, 1980; Flora Nwapa Co./Tana Press, 1984; Africa World Press, 1992, ISBN 9780865433281

;Children's books
*''The Adventures of Deke'', Enugu: Tana Press, 1986
*''Emeka, Driver's Guard'', London, 1972; Nwapa, 1987
*''Mammywater'', 1979; Enugu: Flora Nwapa Company, 1984
*''Journey to Space'', Enugu: Flora Nwapa Company, 1980
*''The Miracle Kittens'', Enugu: Flora Nwapa Company, 1980
*''The Adventures of Deke'', Enugu: Flora Nwapa Co., 1980

==See also==
;Nigerian women novelists
* [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]]
* [[Buchi Emecheta]]
* [[Rosemary Esehagu]]
* [[Karen King-Aribisala]]
* [[Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani]]
* [[Taiwo Odubiyi]]
* [[Ifeoma Okoye]]
* [[Chinelo Okparanta]]
* [[Ukamaka Olisakwe]]
* [[Helen Ovbiagele]]
* [[Lola Shoneyin]]
* [[Adaora Lily Ulasi]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==

*Adeola, James (ed.), ''In Their Own Voices, African Women Writers Talk'', Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1990.
*Andrade, Susan Z., "Rewriting History, Motherhood and Rebellion", ''Research in African Literatures'' 21. (1990): 91-110.
*Ezeigbo, Theodora Akachi, "Traditional Women’s Institutions in Igbo Society: Implications for the Igbo Female Writer", ''Languages and Cultures'' 3. (1990): 149-65.
*Githaiga, Anna, ''Notes on Flora Nwapa's "Efuru"'', Nairobi: Heinemann Educational Books, 1979.
*Ikonne, Chidi, "The Society and Woman’s Quest for Selfhood in Flora Nwapa’s Early Novels". ''Kunapipi'' 6. (1984): 68-78.
*Nzegwu, Femi, ''Love, Motherhood and the African Heritage: The Legacy of Flora Nwapa'', African Renaissance Foundation (paperback 2003), ISBN 1-903625-09-2
*Ogunyemi, Chikwenye Okonjo, ''Africa Wo/Man Palava'', Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
*Umeh, Marie, ''Emerging Perspectives on Flora Nwapa: Critical and Theoretical Essays'', Africa World Press (1998), ISBN 0-86543-515-4
*Wilentz, Gay, ''Binding Cultures, Black Women Writers in Africa and the Diaspora'', Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.
{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Nwapa, Flora
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Nigerian writer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 13 January 1931
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 16 October 1993
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nwapa, Flora}}
[[Category:Nigerian women novelists]]
[[Category:Igbo women writers]]
[[Category:Igbo novelists]]
[[Category:People from Imo State]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Nigerian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century women writers]]
[[Category:English-language writers]]
[[Category:Book publishers (people)]]

[[Category:International Writing Program alumni]]
[[Category:Women children's writers]]

Susie Taylor

2016-02-28T23:43:45Z

Proscribe: cleanup, tweaks to refs

{{About|the US Army nurse|the Australian former model|Suzi Taylor}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Susie King Taylor
| image = File:Susie King Taylor.jpg
| caption = Susie King Taylor
| birth_name = Susan Ann Baker
| birth_date = August 6, 1848
| birth_place = [[Liberty County, Georgia|Liberty County]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1912|10|6|1848|8|6}}
| death_place =
| resting_place = [[Mount Hope Cemetery (Boston, Massachusetts)|Mount Hope Cemetery]], [[Roslindale]], [[Massachusetts]]
| occupation = Army nurse, author, memoirist
| spouse = Edward King (?-1866; his death) Russell L. Taylor (1879-1912)
}}

'''Susie King Taylor''' (August 6, 1848 – October 6, 1912) was the first Black Army nurse. She tended to an all Black army troop named the [[1st South Carolina Volunteers (Union)]], 33rd Regiment, where her husband served, for four years during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. Despite her service, like many [[African-American]] nurses, she was never paid for her work.<ref name=Ayubu>{{cite web|last1=Ayubu|first1=Kani|title=10 Facts About Susie King Taylor: 1st Black Nurse|url=http://blackartblog.blackartdepot.com/black-motivational-posters/susie-king-taylor.html|website=Black Art Depot|accessdate=December 4, 2014}}</ref> As the author of ''Reminiscences of My Life in Camp with the 33d United States Colored Troops, Late 1st S.C. Volunteers'', she was the only African-American woman to publish a memoir of her wartime experiences. She was also the first African American to teach openly in a [[school]] for former [[Slavery|slave]]s in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. At this school in [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] she taught children during the day and adults at night.<ref name=Ayubu />

==Biography==

Susie King Taylor was born a slave at a plantation in [[Liberty County, Georgia|Liberty County]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], on August 6, 1848, as Susan Ann Baker. When she was about seven years old, her owner allowed her to go to [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] to live with her grandmother, Dolly. Taylor's admiration for women may have stemmed from her close relationship with Dolly. Despite Georgia's harsh laws against the formal education of African Americans, Dolly, with whom Taylor lived for much of her childhood, supported Taylor's education by sending her to an illegal school run by a free African-American woman, Mrs. Woodhouse. After learning all she could from Mrs. Woodhouse, Taylor continued her education under the tutelage of various "teachers", both white and black, including playmates, and the son of her grandmother's landlord. From them she gained the rudiments of [[literacy]], then extended her education with the help of two white youths, both of whom knowingly violated law and custom. Her education ended when she was forced to return to her mother on the Isle of Wight after Dolly was arrested at a suburban church meeting for singing freedom hymns. Taylor had to move back with her mother in Fort Pulaski but Union took the fort not long after. Taylor fled with her uncle and his family to St. Catherine Island, where they received Union protection and a transfer to St. Simons Island. Taylor impressed the commanding officers with her ability to read and write and was offered a position running a school for children and adults on the island.

In April 1862, Susie Baker and many other African Americans fled to [[St. Simons Island]], occupied at the time by Union forces. Within days her educational advantages came to the attention of army officers, who offered to obtain books for her if she would organize a school. She thereby became the first black teacher for freed African-American students to work in a freely operating freedmen's school in Georgia. She taught 40 children in day school and "a number of adults who came to me nights, all of them so eager to learn to read, to read above anything else." She taught there until October 1862, when the island was evacuated.

While at the school on St. Simons Island, Baker married Edward King, a black [[noncommissioned officer]] in the First South Carolina Volunteers of African Descent (later reflagged as 33rd United States Colored Troops February 8, 1864, which was disbanded at [[Fort Wagner]] in 1866). For three years she moved with her husband's and brothers' regiment, serving as nurse and [[laundress]], and teaching many of the black soldiers to read and write during their off-duty hours. In 1866 she and Edward returned to Savannah, where she established a school for the freed children. Edward King died in September 1866, a few months before the birth of their first child. There are few details about his death but scholars have noted that he died in a work-related accident at the pier unloading ships. Also around this time Taylor was forced to close her school when a free school opened nearby.<ref>{{cite web|title=Susie King Taylor, b. 1848 Reminiscences of My Life in Camp with the 33d United States Colored Troops Late 1st S. C. Volunteers Boston: The author, 1902|url=http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/taylorsu/summary.html}}</ref> In 1867 she returned to her native Liberty County to establish another school. In 1868 she again relocated to Savannah, where she continued teaching [[Freedman|freedmen]] for another year and supported herself through small tuition charges, never receiving aid from the northern [[freedmen]]'s aid organizations. Historians say she Taylor enrolled as a laundress at a camp named "Camp Saxton," The first suits the guys wore were red coats and pants.<ref>{{cite book|last1=White|first1=Deborah|title=Freedom on My Mind|date=2013|page=358}}</ref>

In the 1870s King traveled to [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] as a [[domestic servant]] of a wealthy white family. While there she met Russell L. Taylor, also a native of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. She returned home to [[Liberty County, Georgia|Liberty County]] to marry Taylor on April 20, 1879.<ref>"Georgia Marriages, 1808-1967", index, FamilySearch (https:familysearch.org), accessed June 7, 2012, Russell Taylor.</ref> She remained in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] for the rest of her life, returning to the South only occasionally. After a trip to Louisiana in the 1890s to care for a dying son, she wrote her ''Reminiscences'', which were privately published in 1902. She died 10 years later. She is buried next to her second husband at [[Mount Hope Cemetery (Boston, Massachusetts)|Mount Hope Cemetery]] in [[Roslindale]], [[Massachusetts]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Robert C. Morris, Reading, 'Riting, and Reconstruction: The Education of Freedmen in the South, 1861-1870 ([[Chicago]]: [[University of Chicago]] Press, 1981).
*King, Stewart, "Taylor, Susie Baker King" in ''Encyclopedia of Free Blacks & People of Color in the Americas'', ([[New York]]: [[Facts on File]] 2012), 762-763.
*Taylor, Susie King, ''Reminiscences of My Life in Camp'', in ''Collected Black Women's Narratives'', edited by Anthony Barthelemy, [[Oxford]]: [[Oxford University Press]], 1988.

== External links ==
* [http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/taylorsu/menu.html Reminiscences of My Life in Camp with the 33d United States Colored Troops Late 1st S. C. Volunteers.] Boston: The author, 1902.
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8255625 Find-A-Grave bio]
* [http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1097 New Georgia Encyclopedia] (entry on Susie King Taylor)
* [http://blackartblog.blackartdepot.com/black-motivational-posters/susie-king-taylor.html 10 Facts About Susie King Taylor, The 1st Black Nurse]

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Taylor, Susie}}
[[Category:1848 births]]
[[Category:1912 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Savannah, Georgia]]
[[Category:People from Liberty County, Georgia]]
[[Category:Writers from Boston, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:American memoirists]]
[[Category:American nurses]]
[[Category:African-American people]]
[[Category:African-American women]]
[[Category:African-American women writers]]
[[Category:Women in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:African-American schoolteachers]]
[[Category:African-American educators]]
[[Category:Nurses]]
[[Category:African-American nurses]]