Marquesanischer Hund

2017-03-31T14:57:29Z

ProgrammingGeek: Reverted edits by 208.75.175.23 (talk) (HG) (3.1.22)

{{Infobox Dogbreed
|name= Marquesan Dog
|altname = Marquesas Islands Dog
|image= Dog relief from meʻae Iʻipona, Puamaʻu Village, Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands, photograph by Moth Clark, 2009 (levels adjusted).jpg
|image_size=300px
|caption = Relief of Marquesan Dog on the Tiki Makiʻi Tauʻa Pepe, from the ''[[Marae|meʻae]]'' Iʻipona at Puamaʻu Village, [[Hiva Oa]]
|country= [[Marquesas Islands]] ([[French Polynesia]])
|extinct= yes
|}}

The '''Marquesan Dog''' or '''Marquesas Islands Dog''' is an [[List of extinct dog breeds|extinct breed]] of [[pariah dog]] from the [[Marquesas Islands]]. Similar to other strains of [[Polynesian Dog|Polynesian dogs]], it was introduced to the Marquesas by the ancestors of the [[Polynesian people]] during their migrations. They are thought to have become extinct before the arrival of Europeans, who did not record their presences on the islands. Petroglyphic representations of dogs and the archaeological remains of dog bones and burials are the only evidence that the breed ever existed.

==Linguistic==
[[File:Karta FP Marquesa isl.PNG|thumb|250px|right|Map of the Marquesas Islands]]
There are two [[Marquesan language]] words for dog: ''peto'', used in the Northern Marquesas, and ''nuhe'', used in the Southern Marquesas. The former may have been an English loanword from ''pet'' or Spanish loanword from ''perro'', although ''pero'' was an alternative for dog (kurī) in the related [[Māori language]]. According to another theory supporting its foreign origin, the name came from a [[New Haven]] dog named Pato left on [[Nuku Hiva]] by the American sea captain [[Edmund Fanning]] from 1798 to 1803.<ref name="Cablitz2006" /><ref name="Addison2008" /> The South Marquesan ''Nuhe'' is unique in the Polynesian languages but may have some connection to ''wanuhe'' from the [[Papuan languages|Papuan language]] of [[Brumer Islands]].<ref name="Cablitz2006">{{cite book|last=Cablitz|first=Gabriele H.|title=Marquesan: A Grammar of Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jssFh4GaZwC|year=2006|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-11-019775-4|oclc=290492499|pages=19, 41}}</ref><ref name="Crawfurd1852">{{cite book|last=Crawfurd|first=John|title=A Grammar Ad Dictionary of the Malay Language: With a Preliminary Dissertation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKwTAAAAQAAJ|volume=I|year=1852|publisher=Smith, Elder and Co.|location=London|oclc=713118500|page=240}}</ref> French Catholic missionary René-Ildefonse Dordillon listed two other forms: ''mohoʻio'' and ''mohokio'' in his 1904 dictionary ''Grammaire de dictionnaire de la langue des iles Marquises''.<ref name="Addison2008">{{cite journal|last=Addison|first=David J.|title=Traditional Marquesan agriculture and subsistence: General ethnobotany, animal husbandry, the use of pork and European-introduced animals Part IV of V|journal=Rapa Nui Journal|url=http://islandheritage.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/RNJ_22_1_Addison.pdf|volume=22|issue=1|date=May 2008|publisher=The Easter Island Foundation|location=Los Ocos, CA|oclc=613638757|pages=30–39}}</ref><ref name="Christian1910">{{cite book|last=Christian|first=Frederick William|title=Eastern Pacific lands: Tahiti and the Marquesas Islands|url=https://archive.org/details/easternpacificla00chri|year=1910|publisher=R. Scott|location=London|oclc=|ref=harv|pages=82, 86}}</ref>

==History==
{{see also|History of the Marquesas}}
Little is known about the Marquesan Dog. They were introduced to the Marquesan Islands by the initial Polynesian settlers alongside domesticated chickens and pigs and the [[Polynesian rat]]s. These dogs are thought to have become extinct prior to the arrival of Spanish explorers in 1595, although some may have survived beyond this point.<ref name="Millerstrom2003"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Luomala|first=Katharine|authorlink=Katharine Luomala|title=A History of the Binomial Classification of the Polynesian Native Dog|journal=Pacific Science|url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/8347/1/vol14n3-193-223.pdf|volume=14|issue=13|date=July 1960|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] / [[Pacific Science Association]]|location=Honolulu|hdl=10125/8347|oclc=78130351|pages=193, 203, 221}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Titcomb|first1=Margaret|last2=Pukui|first2=Mary Kawena|title=Dog and Man in the Ancient Pacific, with Special Attention to Hawaii|volume=59|year=1969|publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publications|location=Honolulu|oclc=925631874|pages=32–33}}</ref><ref name="Leach1961">{{cite book|last=Leach|first=Maria|title=God Had a Dog: Folklore of the Dog|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpkiAAAAMAAJ|year=1961|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick, NJ|oclc=247920656|page=122}}</ref>
No European accounts were ever written about them. They were fairly rare even before the arrival of Europeans. Unlike in other parts of Polynesia, dogs were not considered an important food source, although they were sometimes eaten as seen by the presence of cut marks on dog bones found in archaeological excavations. Due to their rarity, they were venerated by the Marquesans and were closely associated with the high chiefs and priestly classes.<ref name="Millerstrom2003"/>

[[Petroglyph]]s often depicted the Marquesan Dog in exaggerated forms. [[University of California, Berkeley]] archaeologist Sidsel N. Millerstrom noted that these representations deviated from the typical characteristics of the Polynesian dog and wondered if these depictions were meant to be realistic. She stated, "The Marquesan dogs images show that the necks and the bodies are exaggerated in length. The tails are long and curved over the back while the ears and muzzle may be pointed, square or rounded. The legs are short and in one case from Hatiheu Valley the paws were pointed in the wrong direction...The early post-contact dog is white or spotted, small to medium size, with pointed snout and ears, and a long tail. Could the Marquesans of the past have forgotten what the dog looked like or did it matter they depicted the dog?"<ref name="Millerstrom2003"/>

Many of these images of dogs were found near religious centers and chiefly residential areas indicating their venerated status and importance in the culture. The majority of dog petroglyphs have been found in the valleys of [[ʻAʻakapa]], Haʻatuatua, and Hatiheu on the northern coast of Nuku Hiva, the ''meʻae'' Vaikivi on [[Ua Huka]], and the meʻae Iʻipona and Eiaone Valley on [[Hiva Oa]]. Their regional distributions possibly reflected the role of dogs as symbols of tribal/clan loyalty and identity in the islands. They were [[totem]] animals associated with the Nakiʻi tribe.<ref name="Millerstrom2003"/><ref name="LichtensteinSuggs2001">{{cite book|last1=Lichtenstein|first1=Burgl|last2=Suggs|first2=Robert C.|title=Manuiota'a: Journal of a Voyage to the Marquesas Islands|url=http://www.marquesas-brasilien.ch/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/manuiota_engl_book.pdf|year=2001|publisher=Pa'eke Press|location=Boise, ID|isbn=978-1-887747-38-7|oclc=49521848|pages=7–9, 121–136}}</ref>

==Archaeological evidence==
===Stone carvings===
German archaeologist [[Karl von den Steinen]] was the first European visitor to observe the evidence of ancient dogs in the Marquesas in 1897–98. In his excavation of ''[[Marae|meʻae]]'' Iʻipona, a temple complex near the village of Puamaʻu on the northeastern coast of the island of Hiva Oa, he uncovered several stone [[tiki]] including two with zoomorphic quadruped figures carved on them.<ref name="Millerstrom2003" /> During this period, the property and temple site was owned by Reverend [[James Kekela]], a Hawaiian Protestant missionary, who von den Steinen befriended. He also relied on an elderly Marquesan named Pihua, who was the only living person who knew the names of the tiki at the site.<ref name="LichtensteinSuggs2001" />

[[File:K.v.d.Steinen, Marquesaner Bd3 head.jpg|thumb|200px|Opferkopf Manuiotaa, currently at the [[Ethnological Museum of Berlin]]]]
[[File:Tiki Makiʻi Tauʻa Pepe or the Flying Tiki, at meʻae Iʻipona, Puamaʻu Village, Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands, photograph by Moth Clark, 2009.jpg|thumb|200px|Tiki Makiʻi Tauʻa Pepe at Iʻipona]]
Measuring 82 cm high, 90 cm in diameter, the first tiki was a megalithic stone head representing an unknown [[Human sacrifice|sacrificial victim]] (''ʻupoko heʻaka''). Von den Steinen named it ''Opferkopf Manuiotaa'' (Sacrificial Head Manuiotaa), after the famous 18th-century Marquesan sculptor Manuiotaʻa from the Nakiʻi tribe, who is believed to have carved both statues and many other tikis on the site. The head bore totem motifs of quadrupeds and little stick figures representing the Marquesans ''etua'' (gods) tattooed on each side of its mouth.<ref name="LichtensteinSuggs2001" /> He was informed that the quadrupeds could possibly depict either dogs, rats or pigs. However, he concluded they were rats since at the time, dogs were believed to have been introduced by Europeans.<ref name="Millerstrom2003" /> He transported the head back to Germany where it is currently displayed at the [[Ethnological Museum of Berlin]].<ref name="LichtensteinSuggs2001" /><ref name="Lichtenstein2016">{{cite book|last=Lichtenstein|first=Burgl|title=Die Welt der 'Enana: Eine Reise durch Geschichte und Gegenwart der Marquesas-Inseln|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mNPWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|year=2016|publisher=Norderstedt Books on Demand|location=|isbn=978-3-7392-2772-6|oclc=946132371|pages=128–130}}</ref>

The second statue was named ''Tiki Makiʻi Tauʻa Pepe'' after Manuiotaʻa's wife, known as the "Butterfly Priestess" (Tauʻa Pepe); she reportedly died in childbirth with "Makiʻi" meaning “writhing in agony”. There are disagreements{{#tag:ref|Both Karl von den Steinen and German ethnographer [[Arthur Baessler]], who visited the site prior to him, described the statue in a reclining position.<ref name="LichtensteinSuggs2001" /><ref name="Baessler1900">{{cite book|last=Baessler|first=Arthur|title=Neue Südsee-Bilder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bu8xAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA235|year=1900|publisher=G. Reimer|location=Berlin|oclc=254688157|pages=235–236}}</ref> Thor Heyerdahl argued that it was originally in the prone position and was later toppled down at the time Christianity was introduced to the islands.<ref name="LichtensteinSuggs2001" />|group=note}} if it should be in the reclining position in which it was discovered or the prone position that it is currently displayed in. It is believed to represent a female in a prone position, head and arms reaching skyward, giving birth, although it has also been interpreted as a female deity bearing the Marquesan people on its back. Images of quadrupeds were carved as bas-reliefs on each side of the square base of this statue.<ref name="LichtensteinSuggs2001" /><ref name="Lichtenstein2016" /> This tiki remained in its original spot and is visible today at the site of Iʻipona.<ref name="BrashCarillet2009">{{cite book|last1=Brash|first1=Celeste|last2=Carillet|first2=Jean-Bernard|title=Tahiti & French Polynesia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8Uj6i5oDcgC&pg=PA222|year=2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|location=Footscray, Victoria|isbn=978-1-74104-316-7|oclc=312626589|page=222}}</ref><ref name="Troost2013">{{cite book|last=Troost|first=J. Maarten|title=Headhunters on My Doorstep: A True Treasure Island Ghost Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gTmTppzPS6EC&pg=PT63|year=2013|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|location=New York|isbn=978-1-101-62169-1|oclc=859199273|page=63}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|title=The art of buying tikis|magazine=[[Wanderlust (magazine)|Wanderlust]]|location=Windsor, Berkshire|date=11 August 2013|url=http://www.wanderlust.co.uk/magazine/blogs/wander-woman/the-art-of-buying-tikis|accessdate=15 March 2017}}</ref> Only one of the dog carving is discernible now while the other one has weathered away.<ref name="LichtensteinSuggs2001" />

In 1956, Norwegian adventurer and ethnographer [[Thor Heyerdahl]] later claimed the reliefs on Tiki Makiʻi Tauʻa Pepe were [[llama]]s or [[Cougar|pumas]] instead in order to bolster his theory that Polynesia was settled from South America.<ref name="Millerstrom2003" /><ref name="LichtensteinSuggs2001" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Heyerdahl|first=Thor|authorlink=Thor Heyerdahl|editor-last1=Heyerdahl|editor-first1=Thor|editor-last2=Ferdon|editor-first2=Edwin N. Jr.|chapter=The Statues of the Oipona Me'ae, with a Comparative Analysis of Possibly Related Stone Monuments|title=Reports of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island and the East Pacific|series=Monographs of the School of American Research and the Kon-Tiki Museum; no. 24, Part 2|year=1965|publisher=Forum Publishing House|location=Stockholm|oclc=901420992|pages=123–151}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Heyerdahl|first=Thor|title=The Art of Easter Island|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XJQOAQAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Doubleday|location=Garden City, NY|isbn=978-0-385-04716-6|oclc=2034616|pages=141–142, 223, 234–235}}</ref> Later unidentified writers and rumors have insinuated that Heyerdahl deliberately altered and defaced the images in his process of restoring them.<ref name="LichtensteinSuggs2001" /><ref name="Troost2013" />
The modern consensus is that the carvings represent the extinct dog not llamas, pumas or rats.<ref name="Millerstrom2003" /><ref name="LichtensteinSuggs2001" /><ref name="BrashCarillet2009" /><ref name="Chavaillon(illustrateur)2007">{{cite book|last1=Chavaillon|first1=Catherine|last2=Olivier|first2=Eric|last3=Marchesi|first3=Henri|chapter=Vallée de Puamau (B29)|title=Le patrimoine archéologique de l'île de Hiva Oa (archipel des Marquises)|series=Issue 5 of Dossier d'Archéologie Polynésienne|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWKrcQAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Service de la Culture et du Patrimoine|location=Tahiti|oclc=192107569|ref=|pages=117–130}}</ref>

===Bones and burials===
In 1956, [[Robert Carl Suggs]], with the [[American Museum of Natural History]], led the first stratigraphical excavation of the islands and uncovered many dog bone fragments and one dog burial across a few sites on the island of Nuku Hiva. Between 1964 and 1965, American archaeologist [[Yosihiko H. Sinoto]], with the [[Bishop Museum]], discovered a drilled dog canine used as a pendant, one pre-molar and two dog burials in the sand dunes at [[Hane, Marquesas Islands|Hane]] on the island of Ua Huka. In 1998, American archaeologist Barry Vladimir Rolett discovered dog bones in all levels of settlement at Hanamiai, on the island of [[Tahuata]], indicating that the breed may have continued to exist on this island until the mid-19th century. Some these bones had visible cut marks. In 2000, French archaeologist Pascal Sellier discovered three dog skeletal alongside several human burials at Manihina, Ua Huka; one dog was buried in a coffin.<ref name="Millerstrom2003"/><ref name="OxenhamBuckley2015">{{cite book|last1=Greig|first1=Karen|last2=Walter|first2=Richard|last3=Matisoo-Smith|first3=Elizabeth A.|editor=M. Oxenham & H. Buckley|title=Dogs and people in Southeast Asia and the Pacific|journal=The Routledge Handbook of Bioarchaeology in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8z4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA462|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, UK|isbn=978-1-317-53401-3|oclc=|pages=462–482}}</ref>

Millerstrom summarized these previous findings and personally analyzed many of the petroglyphs of dogs left behind by the prehistoric Polynesians in her 2003 paper "Facts and Fantasies: the Archaeology of the Marquesan Dog". She noted that further research needs to be done on the linguistic evidence tracing the movement of dogs within Oceania, the socio-economic roles of dog in Marquesan and Oceanian cultures, and a study into the morphology of the bones and dog burials found in the Marquesan archaeology sites.<ref name="Millerstrom2003">{{cite book|last=Millerstrom|first=Sidsel N.|editor=Sharyn Jones O'Day; Wim Van Neer; A Ervynck|title=Facts and Fantasies: the Archaeology of the Marquesan Dog|work=Behaviour Behind Bones: The Zooarchaeology of Ritual, Religion, Status and Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ei9ADgAAQBAJ&pg=PA144|volume=1|year=2003|publisher=Oxbow Book|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-78297-913-5|oclc=891457752|pages=144–152}}</ref>

==Reintroduction of dogs==
Dogs of different breeds were later reintroduced by European settlers and visitors in the Marquesas.<ref name="Millerstrom2003"/>
The first European dogs seen were those which accompanied Spanish explorers [[Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira]] and [[Pedro Fernandes de Queirós]] in 1595. While they were on Hiva Oa, the Marquesans attempted to steal one of the small dogs on their ships. Anthropologist Katharine Luomala noted that nothing suggested that these dogs were left behind by the Spanish.<ref name="Luomala1960b" /><ref name="Queirós1904">{{cite book|last=Queirós|first=Pedro Fernandes de|authorlink=Pedro Fernandes de Queirós|translator=Sir Clements Markham|title=Narrative of the Second Voyage of the Adelantado Alvaro de Mendaña, by the Chief Pilot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CxY6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA21|work=The Voyages of Pedro Fernandez de Quiros, 1595 to 1606|volume=I|year=1904|publisher=Hakluyt Society|location=London|pages=21, 24|oclc=36772565}}</ref>
Possibly the first dogs reintroduced were those left by American ships during the early 1800s in the care of early [[beachcombing|beachcombers]], missionaries and settlers who kept them as pets.<ref name="Luomala1960b" /> One of the first reported case was a New Haven dog named Pato, who had been "found guilty of sheep stealing about the year 1797 and was banished for the above crime".<ref name="Robarts1974">{{cite book|last=Robarts|first=Edward|editor=Greg Dening|title=The Marquesan Journal of Edward Robarts, 1797–1824|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NAVzAAAAMAAJ|series=Pacific History Series, No. 6|year=1974|publisher=Australian National University Press|location=Canberra|isbn=978-0-7081-0635-8|oclc=470549807|pages=69, 124–125}}</ref> Around 1798, Captain Edmund Fanning left him on Nuku Hiva in the care of British missionary [[William Pascoe Crook]] who left him with a local ruler Keattonnue (i.e. King Cato), but on June 8, 1803, another American Captain Brinell recalled Pato and replaced him with two other dogs.<ref name="Addison2008" /><ref name="Robarts1974" />
During the [[Nuku Hiva Campaign]] of 1813, United States Naval Captain [[David Porter (naval officer)|David Porter]] reported a few dogs on the island and observed the islanders were afraid of the two [[mastiff]]s on board his ship.<ref name="Luomala1960b">{{cite journal|last=Luomala|first=Katharine|editor=Stanley Diamond|title=The Native Dog in the Polynesian System of Values|journal=Culture in History: Essays in Honor of Paul Radin|url=|edition=1st|year=1960|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York|oclc=16324448|pages=190–240|ref=}}</ref><ref name="Porter1815">{{cite book|last=Porter|first=David|authorlink=David Porter (naval officer)|title=Journal of a Cruise Made to the Pacific Ocean in the United States Frigate Essex, in the Years 1812, 1813, and 1814|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D18PAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA418|year=1815|publisher=Bradford and Inskeep|location=Philadelphia|oclc=62611110|page=418}}</ref>

[[File:Paul Gauguin - Le Sorcier d'Hiva Oa2.jpg|thumb|Paul Gauguin's 1902 probable depiction of the Marquesan swamphen being killed by a dog]]
By the 1890s, English traveler Frederick William Christian noted the ideological conflict over dog meat consumption as their populations increased in the islands. He noted how the Marquesans living in the eastern valleys of the island of Hiva Oa had returned to eating baked [[dog meat]] "with delight" while the inhabitants of the western valleys "will barely touch [dog meat] even in times of famine". Christian also observed dog being eaten on Tahuata and [[Fatu Hiva]].<ref name="Addison2008" />{{sfn|Christian|1910|pages=124, 127, 133, 142–144}} French artist [[Paul Gauguin]] depicted many scenes including dogs in the Marquesas in [[List of paintings by Paul Gauguin|several works]] while he lived on Hiva Oa. His 1902 painting ''Le sorcier d'Hiva-Oa ou Le Marquisien à la cape rouge'' possibly depicts a dog killing the now-extinct [[Marquesas swamphen]] (''Porphyrio paepae'').<ref>{{cite web |publisher=The Ultimate Global Traveler |author=The Bark |url=http://thebark.com/content/paul-gauguin-mythic-life-painting |title=Paul Guaguin, Mythic Life Painting |accessdate=15 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Turvey2009">{{cite book|last=Turvey|first=Samuel T.|title=Holocene Extinctions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbU-F42JU1AC&pg=PA208|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxfor|isbn=978-0-19-157998-1|oclc=488939935|page=208}}</ref>

In [[Herman Melville]]'s 1846 semi-fictionalized work,{{#tag:ref|Leon Howard noted ''Typee'' is "in fact, neither literal autobiography nor pure fiction". Melville "drew his material from his experiences, from his imagination, and from a variety of travel books when the memory of his experiences were inadequate."<ref>{{cite book|last=Howard|first=Leon|chapter=Historical Notes|title=Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life|editor-last=Melville|editor-first=Herman|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pQS7K_zSikC|year=1968|publisher=Northwestern University Press|location=Evanston, IL|isbn=978-0-8101-0159-3|oclc=2579802|pages=277–302}}</ref>|group=note}} ''[[Typee|Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life]]'', the narrator Tommo gives an unflattering account of dogs living in the valley of [[Tai Pī (province)|Tai Pī]] on Nuku Hiva:<ref name="Melville1846" /><ref name="Paliwoda2009">{{cite book|last=Paliwoda|first=Daniel|title=Melville and the Theme of Boredom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjd0BsTeKMwC&pg=PA49|year=2009|publisher=McFarland and Company, Inc.|location=Jefferson, NC|isbn=978-0-7864-5702-1|oclc=593239846|pages=49–50}}</ref>

<blockquote>I Think I must enlighten the reader a little about the natural history of the valley.

Whence, in the name of [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|Count Buffon]] and [[Georges Cuvier|Baron Cuvier]], came those dogs that I saw in Typee? Dogs!—Big hairless rats rather; all with smooth, shining, speckled hides—fat sides, and very disagreeable faces. Whence could they have come? That they were not the indigenous production of the region, I am firmly convinced. Indeed they seemed aware of their being interlopers, looking fairly ashamed, and always trying to hide themselves in some dark corner. It was plain enough they did not feel at home in the vale—that they wished themselves well out of it, and back to the ugly country from which they must have come.

Scurvy curs! they were my abhorrence; I should have liked nothing better than to have been the death of every one of them. In fact, on one occasion, I intimated the propriety of a canine crusade to Mehevi; but the benevolent king would not consent to it. He heard me very patiently; but when I had finished, shook his head, and told me, in confidence, that they were "[[Tapu (Polynesian culture)|taboo]]".<ref name="Melville1846">{{cite book|last=Melville|first=Herman|authorlink=Herman Melville|title=Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life. During a Four Months' Residence in a Valley of the Marquesas|url=https://archive.org/details/typeepeep00melvrich|year=1846|publisher=Wiley and Putnam|location=New York|oclc=3212579|page=268}}</ref></blockquote>

==See also==
*[[Hawaiian Poi Dog]]
*[[Kurī]]
*[[Tahitian Dog]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Steinen|first=Karl von den|authorlink=|title=Die Marquesaner und ihre Kunst: Tatauierung|url=http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/N10416421.pdf|volume=1|year=1928|publisher=Reimer|location=Berlin|oclc=272541341}}
*{{cite book|last=Steinen|first=Karl von den|authorlink=|title=Die Marquesaner und ihre Kunst: Plastik|url=http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/N10416421.pdf|volume=2|year=1928|publisher=Reimer|location=Berlin|oclc=174014649}}
*{{cite book|last=Steinen|first=Karl von den|authorlink=|title=Die Marquesaner und ihre Kunst: Die Sammlungen|url=|volume=3|year=1928|publisher=Reimer|location=Berlin|oclc=314991454}}

{{Commons category|Opferkopf Manuiotaa}}
{{Commons category|Tiki Makiʻi Tauʻa Pepe}}

{{Primitive dogs}}
{{Extinct breeds of dog}}

[[Category:Dog meat]]
[[Category:Extinct dog breeds]]
[[Category:Extinct animals of Oceania]]
[[Category:History of the Marquesas Islands|Dogs]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Marquesas Islands]]

Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Marquesanischer Hund