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Benutzer:Matthiasb/Citation/Doku

2014-09-23T19:51:26Z

Prof.Haddock: rv - do not change docs to "win an argument" elsewhere

{{Documentation subpage}}


{{for2|the {{fake citation needed}} template|{{tl|citation needed}}}}

{{csdoc|lua}}

The '''Citation''' template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, patent, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used.

If invoked with the right parameters, this template produces output identical to that of the Cite templates, such as {{Tl|Cite book}} and {{Tl|Cite web}}. The default behavior sometimes differs from that of the Cite templates; for example, this template by default generates anchors for [[Harvard reference]]s whereas the Cite templates do not (although they can be made to do so), and this template by default uses commas to separate some fields that the Cite templates separate with periods (full stops).

The template should be inserted ''after'' punctuation, such as a period or comma.

All parameter names are [[lowercase]].

==Simple citation==
This template gives the most commonly used attributes. You can copy the horizontal form or vertical form below and then add in extra attributes from the full list. Spacing and ordering is irrelevant.

<code><nowiki>{{Citation |last= |first= |year= |title= |publisher= |publication-place= |page= |url= |accessdate= }}</nowiki></code>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| <pre>{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| year =
| title =
| publisher =
| publication-place =
| page =
| url =
| accessdate =
}}</pre>
|}
* '''last''': The author's surname or last name. Don't use with '''author'''.
* '''first''': The author's first or given name(s).
* '''year''': Year of authorship or publication. Mandatory for use with links from [[:Template:Harvard citation]], unless {{para|date}} specifies both month and year.
* '''title''': Title of the work. Mandatory for web references.
* '''publisher''': The name of the publisher. Omit terms such as ''Publishers'', ''Co.'', ''Inc.'', ''Ltd.'', etc., but retain the words ''Books'' or ''Press''. Not normally included where the publication is a periodical which has its own Wikipedia article (e.g. ''[[Newsweek]]'', ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'').
** '''publication-place''' (or '''place''' or '''location'''): The city of publication. If more than one town/city is listed on the title page, give the first one or the location of the publisher's head office. Omit when the publication is a periodical whose name specifies the location (e.g. ''The New York Times'', ''The Times of India'')
* '''page''': For use when one page is cited. Adds "p." before the page number. Do not use with '''pages'''.
* '''url''': A [[Uniform resource locator|url]] of an online location where the item can be found. If the url includes double quotes, these must be encoded as "%22".
** '''accessdate''': Date<ref group = "n" name = "dates" /> when the url was accessed (only useful for content that does not have an identifiable and cited publication date).

===Example===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| <pre>{{Citation
| last = Turner
| first = Orsamus
| title = History of the pioneer settlement of
Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve
| publisher = William Alling
| place = Rochester, New York
| year = 1851
| id = {{OL|7120924W}}
}}
</pre>
| {{Citation
| last = Turner
| first = Orsamus
| title = History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve
| publisher = William Alling
| place = Rochester, New York
| year = 1851
| id = {{OL|7120924W}}
}}
|}

==Full citation parameters==
These can be used for all types of publication except patents. All are optional and indentation is used simply to group related items — these may be mutually exclusive where indicated. Some hyphenated names can also be placed without hyphens.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| <pre>{{Citation
| author =
| last =
| first =
| author2 =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author-link =
| author2-link =
| author-separator =
| author-name-separator =
| author-mask =
| display-authors =
| editor =
| editor-last =
| editor-first =
| editor2 =
| editor2-last =
| editor2-first =
| editor-link =
| editor2-link =
| others =
| publication-date =
| date =
| year =
| origyear =
| title =
| chapter =
| chapter-url =
| contribution =
| contribution-url =
| type =
| journal =
| periodical =
| newspaper =
| magazine =
| work =
| edition =
| series =
| volume =
| issue =
| publisher =
| publication-place =
| place =
| language =
| page =
| pages =
| nopp =
| at =
| id =
| isbn =
| issn =
| oclc =
| pmid =
| pmc =
| bibcode =
| doi =
| doi_inactivedate =
| zbl =
| url =
| accessdate =
| format =
| archiveurl =
| archivedate =
| quote =
| layurl =
| laysource =
| laydate =
| separator = ,
| postscript =
| ref =
}}
</pre>
|}

==Parameters==
===Syntax===
{{csdoc|syntax}}

{{csdoc|sep_comma}}

===COinS===
{{csdoc|coins}}

===Deprecated===
{{csdoc|deprecated|lua=yes}}

===Description===
====Authors====
{{csdoc|author|coauthors=yes|others=yes|lua=yes}}

====Editors====
{{csdoc|editor}}

====Title====
{{csdoc|title|title_format=italics}}
{{csdoc|chapter}}
{{csdoc|type}}
{{csdoc|language|lua=yes}}

====Date====
{{csdoc|date|lua=yes}}

====Periodical====
{{csdoc|journal}}

====Publisher====
{{csdoc|publisher}}

====Edition, series, volume====
{{csdoc|edition}}
{{csdoc|series}}
{{csdoc|volume}}

====In-source locations====
{{csdoc|pages|lua=yes}}

====URL====
{{anchor|url}}{{csdoc|url}}

====Anchor====
{{csdoc|ref2}}

====Identifiers====
{{anchor|id1}}{{csdoc|id1}}
{{anchor|id2}}{{csdoc|id2|lua=yes}}

====Quote====
{{csdoc|quote|cs2=yes}}

====Laysummary====
{{csdoc|lay|lua=yes}}

====Display options====
{{csdoc|display|cs2=yes|lua=yes}}

====Subscription or registration required====
{{csdoc|registration}}

==Examples==
===Books===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Three authors, a volume, and an edition. Ampersand (&) forced before final author's name.
| <pre>{{Citation
| last1 = Lincoln
| first1 = A.
| last2 = Washington
| first2 = G.
| last3 = Adams
| first3 = J.
| lastauthoramp = yes
| title = All the Presidents' Names
| publisher = The Pentagon
| place = Home Base, New York
| volume = XII
| edition = 2nd
| year = 2007
}}
</pre>
| {{Citation
| last1 = Lincoln
| first1 = A.
| last2 = Washington
| first2 = G.
| last3 = Adams
| first3 = J.
| lastauthoramp = yes
| title = All the Presidents' Names
| publisher = The Pentagon
| place = Home Base, New York
| volume = XII
| edition = 2nd
| year = 2007
}}
|}

===Web===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Web page
| <pre>{{Citation
| url = http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/
| title = NPS Focus
| work = National Register of Historic Places
| publisher = [[National Park Service]]
| accessdate = November 30, 2010
}}
</pre>
| {{Citation
| url = http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/
| title = NPS Focus
| work = National Register of Historic Places
| publisher = [[National Park Service]]
| accessdate = November 30, 2010
}}
|-
| Archived page
| <pre>{{Citation
| url = http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html
| title = Earth's Atmosphere
| accessdate = October 25, 2007
| publisher = [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]
| year = 1995
| author = NASA
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071013232332/http://
liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html
| archivedate = October 13, 2007
}}
</pre>
| {{Citation | url = http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html | title = Earth's Atmosphere | accessdate = October 25, 2007 | publisher = [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] | year = 1995 | author = NASA | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071013232332/http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html | archivedate = October 13, 2007}}
|}

===Journals, newspapers, magazines, or other periodicals===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Journal article
| <pre>{{Citation
| last = Hill
| first = Marvin S.
| title = Joseph Smith and the 1826
Trial: New Evidence and New
Difficulties
| journal = BYU Studies
| volume = 12
| issue = 2
| year = 1976
| pages = 1–8
| url = https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/12.2Hill.pdf
}}
</pre>
| {{Citation
| last = Hill
| first = Marvin S.
| title = Joseph Smith and the 1826 Trial: New Evidence and New Difficulties
| journal = BYU Studies
| volume = 12
| issue = 2
| year = 1976
| pages = 1–8
| url = https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/12.2Hill.pdf
}}
|-
| Journal article with multiple authors and identifier
| <pre>{{Citation
| last1 = Mandelkern
| first1 = M,
| last2 = Elias
| first2 = J,
| last3 = Eden
| first3 = D,
| last4 = Crothers
| first4 = D
| display-authors = 2
| title = The dimensions of DNA in solution
| journal = J Mol Biol
| volume = 152
| issue = 1
| pages = 153–61
| year = 1981
| pmid = 7338906
| doi = 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1
}}
</pre>
| {{Citation
| last1 = Mandelkern
| first1 = M,
| last2 = Elias
| first2 = J,
| last3 = Eden
| first3 = D,
| last4 = Crothers
| first4 = D
| display-authors = 2
| title = The dimensions of DNA in solution
| journal = J Mol Biol
| volume = 152
| issue = 1
| pages = 153–61
| year = 1981
| pmid = 7338906
| doi = 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1
}}
|-
| Newspaper article
| <pre>{{Citation
| last = Smith
| first = Joseph III
| author-link = Joseph Smith III
| title = Last Testimony of Sister Emma
| newspaper = The Saints' Herald
| publication-place = Plano, IL
| volume = 26
| issue = 19
| date = October 1, 1879
| year = 1879
| page = 289
| url = http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/
IL/sain1872.htm#100179
}}
</pre>
| {{Citation
| last = Smith
| first = Joseph III
| author-link = Joseph Smith III
| title = Last Testimony of Sister Emma
| newspaper = The Saints' Herald
| publication-place = Plano, IL
| volume = 26
| issue = 19
| date = October 1, 1879
| year = 1879
| page = 289
| url = http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/IL/sain1872.htm#100179
}}
|-
| Conference paper
| <pre>{{Citation
| last = Sullivan
| first = D.B.
| contribution = Time and frequency measurement
at NIST: The first 100 years
| year = 2001
| title = 2001 IEEE Int'l Frequency Control Symp.
| publisher = National Institute of Standards and Technology
| url = http://tf.nist.gov/timefreq/general/pdf/1485.pdf
| format = PDF
}}
</pre>
| {{Citation
| last = Sullivan
| first = D.B.
| contribution = Time and frequency measurement at NIST: The first 100 years
| year = 2001
| title = 2001 IEEE Int'l Frequency Control Symp.
| publisher = National Institute of Standards and Technology
| url = http://tf.nist.gov/timefreq/general/pdf/1485.pdf
| format = PDF}}
|}

===Parts of books, including encyclopedia articles===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Manuscript published in an edited compilation
|<pre>{{Citation
| last = Bidamon
| first = Emma Smith
| author-link = Emma Hale Smith
| chapter = Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim
| date = March 27, 1876
| year = 1876
| editor-last = Vogel
| editor-first = Dan
| title = Early Mormon Documents
| volume = 1
| publisher = Signature Books
| publication-date = 1996
| isbn = 1-56085-072-8
}}
</pre>
| {{Citation
| last = Bidamon
| first = Emma Smith
| author-link = Emma Hale Smith
| chapter = Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim
| date = March 27, 1876
| year = 1876
| editor-last = Vogel
| editor-first = Dan
| title = Early Mormon Documents
| volume = 1
| publisher = Signature Books
| publication-date = 1996
| isbn = 1-56085-072-8
}}
|-
| Work with an editor but no author
| <pre>{{Citation
| editor-last = Vogel
| editor-first = Dan
| title = Early Mormon Documents
| volume = 1
| publisher = Signature Books
| publication-date = 1996
| isbn = 1-56085-072-8
}}
</pre>
| {{Citation
| editor-last = Vogel
| editor-first = Dan
| title = Early Mormon Documents
| volume = 1
| publisher = Signature Books
| publication-date = 1996
| isbn = 1-56085-072-8
}}
|-
| Encyclopedia article by a named author
| <pre>{{Citation
| last = Kramer
| first = Martin
| author-link = Martin Kramer
| contribution = Bernard Lewis
| editor-last = Boyd
| editor-first = Kelley
| title = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing
| volume = 1
| pages = 719–720
| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
| place = London
| publication-date = 1999
| contribution-url = http://www.geocities.com/
martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm
}}
</pre>
| {{Citation
| last = Kramer
| first = Martin
| author-link = Martin Kramer
| contribution = Bernard Lewis
| editor-last = Boyd
| editor-first = Kelley
| title = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing
| volume = 1
| pages = 719–720
| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
| place = London
| publication-date = 1999
| contribution-url = http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm
}}
|-
| Encyclopedia article with no named author
| <pre>{{Citation
| contribution = Bernard Lewis
| editor-last = Boyd
| editor-first = Kelley
| title = Encyclopedia of Historians
and Historical Writing
| volume = 1
| pages = 719–720
| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
| place = London
| year = 1999
| contribution-url = http://www.geocities.com/
martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm
}}
</pre>
| {{Citation
| contribution = Bernard Lewis
| editor-last = Boyd
| editor-first = Kelley
| title = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing
| volume = 1
| pages = 719–720
| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
| place = London
| year = 1999
| contribution-url = http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm
}}
|}

===Republications, or edited quotations in a periodical article===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Manuscript edited and published in a journal
| <pre>{{Citation
| last = Knight
| first = Joseph, Sr.
| year = 1833
| editor-last = Jessee
| editor-first = Dean
| title = Joseph Knight's Recollection
of Early Mormon History
| journal = BYU Studies
| volume = 17
| issue = 1
| publication-date = 1976
| page = 35
| url = https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/17.1Jessee.pdf
}}</pre>
| {{Citation
| last = Knight
| first = Joseph, Sr.
| year = 1833
| editor-last = Jessee
| editor-first = Dean
| title = Joseph Knight's Recollection of Early Mormon History
| journal = BYU Studies
| volume = 17
| issue = 1
| publication-date = 1976
| page = 35
| url = https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/17.1Jessee.pdf
}}
|-
| Manuscript written at one date and place, then published in a periodical at a different date and place with commentary by the editor.
| <pre>{{Citation
| last = Klingensmith
| first = Philip
| contribution = Affidavit
| year = 1872
| date = September 5, 1872
| place = Lincoln County, Nevada
| title = Mountain Meadows Massacre
| editor-last = Toohy
| editor-first = Dennis J.
| journal = Corinne Daily Reporter
| publication-date = September 24, 1872
| publication-place = Corinne, Utah
| volume = 5
| issue = 252
| page = 1
| contribution-url = http://udn.lib.utah.edu/u?/corinne,5359
}}
</pre>
| {{Citation
| last = Klingensmith
| first = Philip
| contribution = Affidavit
| year = 1872
| date = September 5, 1872
| place = Lincoln County, Nevada
| title = Mountain Meadows Massacre
| editor-last = Toohy
| editor-first = Dennis J.
| journal = Corinne Daily Reporter
| publication-date = September 24, 1872
| publication-place = Corinne, Utah
| volume = 5
| issue = 252
| page = 1
| contribution-url = http://udn.lib.utah.edu/u?/corinne,5359
}}
|}

===Press release===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Press release with quotation
| <pre>{{Citation
| url = http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/04/05ipad.html
| title = Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First Day
| publisher = Apple Inc
| accessdate = April 10, 2010
| quote = in the US as of midnight Saturday, April 3}}
</pre>
| {{Citation
| url = http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/04/05ipad.html
| title = Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First Day
| publisher = Apple Inc
| accessdate = April 10, 2010
| quote = in the US as of midnight Saturday, April 3}}
|}

==Citing patents==
===Parameters (all are optional)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| <pre>{{Citation
| inventor-last =
| inventor-first =
| inventorlink =
| inventor2-last =
| inventor2-first =
| inventorlink2 =
| publication-date =
| issue-date =
| title =
| country-code =
| description =
| patent-number =
| ref =
}}</pre>
|
* '''inventor-last''' (or '''inventor1-last'''): The inventor's surname or last name.
* '''inventor-first''' (or '''inventor1-first'''): The inventor's first or given name(s).
* '''inventorlink''' (or '''inventorlink1'''): Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the first inventor.
* '''inventor2-last''', '''inventor3-last''', '''inventor4-last''': The second, third, and fourth authors' surname or last name, if applicable.
* '''inventor2-first''', '''inventor3-first''', '''inventor4-first''': The second, third, and fourth inventors' first or given name(s), if applicable.
* '''inventorlink2''', '''inventorlink3''', '''inventorlink4''': Title of an existing Wikipedia article about the second, third, and fourth inventor, if applicable.
* '''publication-date''': Date of publication or filing.
* '''issue-date''' (or '''date'''): Date patent was issued by patent agency.
* '''title''': Title of the patent. If the title includes [square brackets], these must be encoded as "<code>&#91;</code>" for "[" and "<code>&#93;</code>" for "]"
* '''country-code''': [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2|Two-letter abbreviation]] of the country issuing the patent.
* '''description''': Type of patent; shown between country code and number.
* '''patent-number''': The number of the patent.
* '''ref''': Anchor id.
|}

===Examples===
{| class="wikitable"
| United States patent with multiple inventors
| <pre>{{Citation
| inventor1-last = Degermark
| inventor1-first = Mikael
| inventor2-last = Brodnik
| inventor2-first = Andrej
| inventor3-last = Carlsson
| inventor3-first = Svante
| inventor4-last = Pink
| inventor4-first = Stephen
| title = Fast routing lookup system
using complete prefix tree, bit vector,
and pointers in a routing table for
determining where to route IP datagrams
| issue-date = 2001
| patent-number = 6266706
| country-code = US}}
</pre>
| {{Citation
| inventor1-first = Mikael | inventor1-last = Degermark
| inventor2-first = Andrej | inventor2-last = Brodnik
| inventor3-first = Svante | inventor3-last = Carlsson
| inventor4-first = Stephen | inventor4-last = Pink
| title = Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams
| issue-date = 2001
| patent-number = 6266706
| country-code = US}}
|}

==Anchored citations==
This template can generate a citation that can be combined with [[WP:CITESHORT|shortened footnotes]] or [[Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing|parenthetical referencing]]. It does this by creating an [[HTML element#Anchor|HTML anchor]] containing an ID. The special parameter {{para|ref|harv}} generates an ID suitable for [[Harvard referencing]] templates such as {{tl|harv}} as specified in the next section; this is the default for the {{tl|citation}} template. To disable anchor generation, specify {{para|ref|none}} – leaving {{para|ref}} empty has the same effect but is ambiguous; this is the default for the Cite templates such as {{tl|cite book}} and {{tl|cite news}}. You can also specify the ID directly, using the {{para|ref|<var>ID</var>}} parameter. For example, suppose an article's ''References'' section contains the markup:
* <code><nowiki>{{Citation |author=Sigmund Freud |title=Civilization and Its Discontents |year=1930 |ref=CivDis}}</nowiki></code>
which generates the citation:
* {{Citation |author=Sigmund Freud |title=Civilization and Its Discontents |year=1930 |ref=CivDis}}
Then, the markup "<code><nowiki>([[#CivDis|Freud 1930]])</nowiki></code>" generates a parenthetical reference "([[#CivDis|Freud 1930]])" containing a wikilink to the citation (try clicking on the wikilink).

===Anchors for Harvard referencing templates===
IDs compatible with Harvard referencing templates such as {{tl|harv}} are computed from the last names of the authors and the year of the cited source. For example, the markup "<code><nowiki>{{harv|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}</nowiki></code>" generates the Harvard reference "{{harv|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}", which wikilinks to the citation whose markup and appearance are shown below:
* <code><nowiki>{{Citation |last1=Wright |first1=Thomas |last2=Evans |first2=R. H. |title=Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray |location=London |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |year=1851 |oclc=59510372}}</nowiki></code>
* {{Citation |last1=Wright |first1=Thomas |last2=Evans |first2=R. H. |title=Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray |location=London |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |year=1851 |oclc=59510372}}
In this example the {{tl|citation}} template defines, and the {{tl|harv}} template uses, the HTML ID "<code>CITEREFWrightEvans1851</code>", composed by concatenating the string "<code>CITEREF</code>" with the last names of the authors and the year. The {{tl|harvid}} template can be used to generate such IDs, for example, <code><nowiki>{{harvid|Wright|Evans|1851}}</nowiki></code> generates "<code>{{harvid|Wright|Evans|1851}}</code>".

Related methods which leave only a number in the text are to use the {{tl|harvnb}} template enclosed in the <nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki> html code, or to use the {{tl|sfn}} template alone. The example above would be <code><nowiki><ref>{{harvnb|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}</ref></nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>{{sfn|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}</nowiki></code> both of which generate a footnote, such as
:17. {{harvnb|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}

The names of only the first four authors are used; other author names are not concatenated to the ID. If no author names are given, editor names are used instead. For [[#Citing patents|patents]], inventor names are used instead of authors or editors. If these names are not given, this template does not generate an anchor.

Last names are used, as specified by the parameters {{para|last1}} (or {{para|last}}), {{para|last2}}, {{para|last3}}, and {{para|last4}}, and similarly for {{para|editor1-last}} etc. and for {{para|inventor1-last}} etc. If a full name is given but no last name is specified, this template falls back on the full name, but this usage is not recommended. For example, in "<code><nowiki>{{Citation | author = Sigmund Freud | title = The Ego and the Id | year = 1923}}</nowiki></code>" no last name is given, so this citation cannot be combined with the Harvard reference "<code><nowiki>{{harv|Freud|1923}}</nowiki></code>". To make these {{tl|citation}} and {{tl|harv}} invocations compatible, either replace "{{para|author|Sigmund Freud}}" with "{{para|first|Sigmund}} {{para|last|Freud}}", or add "{{para|ref|<nowiki>{{harvid|Freud|1923}}</nowiki>}}" to the {{tl|citation}} invocation, or add the same ref parameter (say, "{{para|ref|EgoId}}") to both the {{tl|citation}} and the {{tl|harv}} invocations.

Similarly, the year is used, as specified by {{para|year}}. If no year is given, this template attempts to derive the year from {{para|date}} (or, if no date is given, from {{para|publication-date}}) by applying the [[mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##time|MediaWiki#time function]]. This heuristic works with many common date formats (American, International and [[ISO 8601#Calendar dates|ISO 8601 standard format]] YYYY-MM-DD as listed in [[WP:MOS]]), but may not work as expected with other formats, so when in doubt it may be safer to use {{para|year}}. Note that if only a year, say 2005, is known you must use {{para|year|2005}} rather than {{para|date|2005}}.

===IDs must be unique===
Names, years, and hand-specified IDs must be chosen so that the IDs are unique within a page; otherwise the HTML will not conform to the W3C standards, and any references to the citations will not work reliably. For example, suppose a page contains the following two citations with {{tl|harv}}-compatible IDs:
* {{Citation |last1=Montes |first1=G. |last2=Halterman |first2=J. S. |year=2008a |journal=Pediatrics |volume=121 |issue=4 |pages=e821–6 |title=Association of Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders and Loss of Family Income |doi=10.1542/peds.2007-1594 |pmid=18381511 |url= http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/121/4/e821 }}
* {{Citation |last1=Montes |first1=G. |last2=Halterman |first2=J. S. |year=2008b |journal=Pediatrics |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=e202–8 |title=Child Care Problems and Employment Among Families with Preschool-aged Children with Autism in the United States |doi=10.1542/peds.2007-3037 |pmid=18595965 |url= http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/122/1/e202 }}

If these citations were altered to say "2008" rather than "2008a" and "2008b", the resulting page would not work, because the two different citations would both attempt to use the ID "<code>CITEREFMontesHalterman2008</code>". To avoid this problem, distinguish the citations by appending suffixes to the years, ''e.g.'', "{{para|year|2008a}}" and "{{para|year|2008b}}", as was done above. Any Harvard references to these citations should use years with the same suffixes.

It is good practice to verify that a page does not contain duplicate IDs by using the [[W3C Markup Validation Service]]; see ''[[#External links|External links]]''.

==Dates==
{{Reflist|group="n"|refs=<ref name="dates" group="n">The format of dates in the references of an article should use consistent and unambiguous styles. Example formats used in Wikipedia citations include:
* ''2009''
* ''2009-09-14'' ([[ISO 8601#Calendar dates|ISO 8601 standard format]]: YYYY-MM-DD)
* ''14 September 2009''
* ''September 14, 2009'' (with comma)
* ''September 2009''

It is common to use ISO 8601 format for archivedates and accessdates even where another date format is used for publication dates. This can aid readability by visually differentiating dates directly connected with the original publication from those with a purely administrative function relevant only within Wikipedia.

Dates should not be linked in references.

Please see ''[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)#Dates]]'' for more guidance about formatting dates.
</ref>}}

==Tools==
See [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Citation templates and tools]] for a list of tools that can help create a reference in the "citation" format.

==Template Data==
{{notice|This template data section needs to be edited. It includes deprecated parameters and does not include parameters that were added in the Lua updates. It also includes a mix of patent and non-patent parameters.}}

{{TemplateDataHeader}}
<templatedata>
{
"description": "The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, patent, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used.",
"params": {
"last": {
"label": "author surname",
"type": "string",
"description": "surname of the author of the cited material"
},
"first": {
"label": "author given name",
"type": "string",
"description": "given name (first name) of the author of the cited material"
},
"title": {
"label": "title of source",
"type": "string",
"description": "Title of source; displays in italics."
},
"date": {
"label": "date of source",
"type": "string",
"description": "Full date of source being referenced in the same format as other publication dates in the citations.[1] Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after publisher."
},
"url": {
"label": "url of source",
"type": "string",
"description": "URL of an online location where the text of the publication can be found."
},
"1": {
"label": "1",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"2": {
"label": "2",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"3": {
"label": "3",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor-surname": {
"label": "inventor-surname",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor1-surname": {
"label": "inventor1-surname",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor-last": {
"label": "inventor-last",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor1-last": {
"label": "inventor1-last",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor": {
"label": "inventor",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"invent1": {
"label": "invent1",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"invent-1": {
"label": "invent-1",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"country-code": {
"label": "country-code",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor2-surname": {
"label": "inventor2-surname",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor2-last": {
"label": "inventor2-last",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor2": {
"label": "inventor2",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"invent2": {
"label": "invent2",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor3-surname": {
"label": "inventor3-surname",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor3-last": {
"label": "inventor3-last",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor3": {
"label": "inventor3",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"invent3": {
"label": "invent3",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor4-surname": {
"label": "inventor4-surname",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor4-last": {
"label": "inventor4-last",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor4": {
"label": "inventor4",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"invent4": {
"label": "invent4",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor-given": {
"label": "inventor-given",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor1-given": {
"label": "inventor1-given",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor-first": {
"label": "inventor-first",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor1-first": {
"label": "inventor1-first",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor2-given": {
"label": "inventor2-given",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor2-first": {
"label": "inventor2-first",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor3-given": {
"label": "inventor3-given",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor3-first": {
"label": "inventor3-first",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor4-given": {
"label": "inventor4-given",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventor4-first": {
"label": "inventor4-first",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventorlink1": {
"label": "inventorlink1",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventorlink": {
"label": "inventorlink",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventorlink2": {
"label": "inventorlink2",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventorlink3": {
"label": "inventorlink3",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"inventorlink4": {
"label": "inventorlink4",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"country": {
"label": "country",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"publication-number": {
"label": "publication-number",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"patent-number": {
"label": "patent-number",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"number": {
"label": "number",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"description": {
"label": "description",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"status": {
"label": "status",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"publication-date": {
"label": "publication-date",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"pubdate": {
"label": "pubdate",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"issue-date": {
"label": "issue-date",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"gdate": {
"label": "gdate",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"year": {
"label": "year",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"fdate": {
"label": "fdate",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"pridate": {
"label": "pridate",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"assign1": {
"label": "assign1",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"assign2": {
"label": "assign2",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"ref": {
"label": "ref",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"separator": {
"label": "separator",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"separator": {
"label": "separator",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"quote": {
"label": "quote",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"postscript": {
"label": "postscript",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author-separator": {
"label": "author-separator",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author-mask": {
"label": "author-mask",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"authormask": {
"label": "authormask",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"surname": {
"label": "surname",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"last1": {
"label": "last1",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"surname1": {
"label": "surname1",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author1": {
"label": "author1",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author": {
"label": "author",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"authors": {
"label": "authors",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"last2": {
"label": "last2",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"surname2": {
"label": "surname2",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author2": {
"label": "author2",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"last3": {
"label": "last3",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"surname3": {
"label": "surname3",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author3": {
"label": "author3",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"last4": {
"label": "last4",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"surname4": {
"label": "surname4",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author4": {
"label": "author4",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"last5": {
"label": "last5",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"surname5": {
"label": "surname5",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author5": {
"label": "author5",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"last6": {
"label": "last6",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"surname6": {
"label": "surname6",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author6": {
"label": "author6",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"last7": {
"label": "last7",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"surname7": {
"label": "surname7",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author7": {
"label": "author7",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"last8": {
"label": "last8",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"surname8": {
"label": "surname8",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author8": {
"label": "author8",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"last9": {
"label": "last9",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"surname9": {
"label": "surname9",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author9": {
"label": "author9",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"first1": {
"label": "first1",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"given1": {
"label": "given1",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"given": {
"label": "given",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"first2": {
"label": "first2",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"given2": {
"label": "given2",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"first3": {
"label": "first3",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"given3": {
"label": "given3",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"first4": {
"label": "first4",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"given4": {
"label": "given4",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"first5": {
"label": "first5",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"given5": {
"label": "given5",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"first6": {
"label": "first6",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"given6": {
"label": "given6",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"first7": {
"label": "first7",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"given7": {
"label": "given7",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"first8": {
"label": "first8",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"given8": {
"label": "given8",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"first9": {
"label": "first9",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"given9": {
"label": "given9",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author-link": {
"label": "author-link",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author1-link": {
"label": "author1-link",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"authorlink": {
"label": "authorlink",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"authorlink1": {
"label": "authorlink1",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author2-link": {
"label": "author2-link",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"authorlink2": {
"label": "authorlink2",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author3-link": {
"label": "author3-link",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"authorlink3": {
"label": "authorlink3",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author4-link": {
"label": "author4-link",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"authorlink4": {
"label": "authorlink4",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author5-link": {
"label": "author5-link",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"authorlink5": {
"label": "authorlink5",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author6-link": {
"label": "author6-link",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"authorlink6": {
"label": "authorlink6",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author7-link": {
"label": "author7-link",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"authorlink7": {
"label": "authorlink7",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author8-link": {
"label": "author8-link",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"authorlink8": {
"label": "authorlink8",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"author9-link": {
"label": "author9-link",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"authorlink9": {
"label": "authorlink9",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"coauthor": {
"label": "coauthor",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"coauthors": {
"label": "coauthors",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"origyear": {
"label": "origyear",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"month": {
"label": "month",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"trans_chapter": {
"label": "trans_chapter",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"trans_title": {
"label": "trans_title",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"type": {
"label": "type",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"archiveurl": {
"label": "archiveurl",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"deadurl": {
"label": "deadurl",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"series": {
"label": "series",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"version": {
"label": "version",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"journal": {
"label": "journal",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"periodical": {
"label": "periodical",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"newspaper": {
"label": "newspaper",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"magazine": {
"label": "magazine",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"work": {
"label": "work",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"volume": {
"label": "volume",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"issue": {
"label": "issue",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"pages": {
"label": "pages",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"page": {
"label": "page",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"at": {
"label": "at",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"nopp": {
"label": "nopp",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"chapter": {
"label": "chapter",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"contribution": {
"label": "contribution",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"chapter-url": {
"label": "chapter-url",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"chapterurl": {
"label": "chapterurl",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"contribution-url": {
"label": "contribution-url",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"others": {
"label": "others",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"edition": {
"label": "edition",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"place": {
"label": "place",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"location": {
"label": "location",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"publication-place": {
"label": "publication-place",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"publisher": {
"label": "publisher",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"editor-last": {
"label": "editor-last",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"editor-surname": {
"label": "editor-surname",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"editor1-last": {
"label": "editor1-last",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"editor1-surname": {
"label": "editor1-surname",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"editor1": {
"label": "editor1",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"editor": {
"label": "editor",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"editors": {
"label": "editors",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"editor2-last": {
"label": "editor2-last",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"editor2-surname": {
"label": "editor2-surname",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
},
"editor2": {
"label": "editor2",
"description": "",
"type": "string",
"required": false
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The Engineer

2014-08-12T22:55:21Z

Prof.Haddock: /* History and description */

{{Infobox magazine
| title = The Engineer
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image_file = 
| image_size = 
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| editor =
| editor_title =
| previous_editor =
| staff_writer =
| photographer =
| category =
| frequency =
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| founder = Edward Charles Healey
| founded =
| firstdate = {{Start date|1856|01|04}}
| company = [[Centaur Media]]
| country = {{UK}}
| based =
| language = English
| website = {{URL|http://www.theengineer.co.uk}}
| issn = 0013-7758
| oclc =
}}

'''''The Engineer''''' is a London-based monthly magazine covering the latest developments and business news in [[engineering]] and technology in the UK and internationally.

The journal was founded in January 1856.

==History and description==
''The Engineer'' was established by Edward Charles Healey, an entrepreneur and engineering enthusiast with financial interests in the railways whose friends included [[Robert Stephenson]] and [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]. The journal was created as a technical magazine for engineers.<ref name="his">{{citation| url =http://www.theengineer.co.uk/Journals/2012/07/27/y/d/p/history-of-The-Engineer.pdf| title = History of "The Engineer"| pages = 146–148| work = The Engineer Centenary Number}}</ref>

The Engineer began covering engineering including inventions and patents during a high point of British economic manufacturing power. In the 19th century it also published stock prices of raw materials. Together with the contemporary ''[[Engineering (magazine)|Engineering]]'' journal the work is considered a valuable historical resource for the study of British economic history.<ref>{{citation| url =http://www.eylhs.org.uk/railway.pdf|title = Railway History and the Local Historian |first = E.H. Fowkes| year = 1963| work = East Yorkshire Local History Series|number =16| publisher = East Yorkshire Local History Society|page=40}}</ref>

On the 16th July 2012 the journal announced its final print edition,<ref>{{citation| url =http://centaur2.co.uk/emags/theengineer/te-160712/| journal = The Engineer|title = Moving on(line)|first =Jon|last = Excell| page =5|quote = After 156 year of chronicling the highlights of UK engineering innovation, this is the final fortnightly print edition of ''The Engineer'' magazine}}</ref> the magazine subsequently returned to physical publishing of its work.{{when}}{{fact}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=The Engineer — Highlights of 120 Years|publisher=Morgan-Grampian Ltd|year=1976| first =John| last = Mortimer|first2= Ralph|last2= Taphouse|first3 = Cedric| last3=Beatson}}

==External links==
{{commons category|The Engineer (magazine)|''The Engineer''}}
*{{official|http://theengineer.co.uk}}
*[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/The_Engineer_(Bound_Volumes) Grace's Guide] has full text of most articles from 1856 to 1960.
{{Centaur Media}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engineer, The}}
[[Category:British science and technology magazines]]
[[Category:Professional and trade magazines]]
[[Category:Biweekly magazines]]
[[Category:United Kingdom rail transport magazines]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1856]]
[[Category:1856 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Engineering magazines]]

The Engineer

2014-08-12T22:54:15Z

Prof.Haddock: needs source

{{Infobox magazine
| title = The Engineer
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image_file = 
| image_size = 
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| image_caption =
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| company = [[Centaur Media]]
| country = {{UK}}
| based =
| language = English
| website = {{URL|http://www.theengineer.co.uk}}
| issn = 0013-7758
| oclc =
}}

'''''The Engineer''''' is a London-based monthly magazine covering the latest developments and business news in [[engineering]] and technology in the UK and internationally.

The journal was founded in January 1856.

==History and description==
''The Engineer'' was established by Edward Charles Healey, an entrepreneur and engineering enthusiast with financial interests in the railways whose friends included [[Robert Stephenson]] and [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]. The journal was created as a technical magazine for engineers.<ref name="his">{{citation| url =http://www.theengineer.co.uk/Journals/2012/07/27/y/d/p/history-of-The-Engineer.pdf| title = History of "The Engineer"| pages = 146–148| work = The Engineer Centenary Number}}</ref>

The Engineer began covering engineering including inventions and patents during a high point of British economic manufacturing power. In the 19th century it also published stock prices of raw materials. Together with the contemporary ''[[Engineering (magazine)|Engineering]]'' journal the work is considered a valuable historical resource for the study of British economic history.<ref>{{citation| url =http://www.eylhs.org.uk/railway.pdf|title = Railway History and the Local Historian |first = E.H. Fowkes| year = 1963| work = East Yorkshire Local History Series|number =16| publisher = East Yorkshire Local History Society|page=40}}</ref>

On the 16th July 2012 the journal announced it's final print edition,<ref>{{citation| url =http://centaur2.co.uk/emags/theengineer/te-160712/| journal = The Engineer|title = Moving on(line)|first =Jon|last = Excell| page =5|quote = After 156 year of chronicling the highlights of UK engineering innovation, this is the final fortnightly print edition of ''The Engineer'' magazine}}</ref> the magazine subsequently returned to physical publishing of its work.{{when}}{{fact}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=The Engineer — Highlights of 120 Years|publisher=Morgan-Grampian Ltd|year=1976| first =John| last = Mortimer|first2= Ralph|last2= Taphouse|first3 = Cedric| last3=Beatson}}

==External links==
{{commons category|The Engineer (magazine)|''The Engineer''}}
*{{official|http://theengineer.co.uk}}
*[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/The_Engineer_(Bound_Volumes) Grace's Guide] has full text of most articles from 1856 to 1960.
{{Centaur Media}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engineer, The}}
[[Category:British science and technology magazines]]
[[Category:Professional and trade magazines]]
[[Category:Biweekly magazines]]
[[Category:United Kingdom rail transport magazines]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1856]]
[[Category:1856 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Engineering magazines]]

The Engineer

2014-07-09T14:45:38Z

Prof.Haddock: /* History */

{{Infobox magazine
| title = The Engineer
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image_file = 
| image_size = 
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| image_caption =
| editor =
| editor_title =
| previous_editor =
| staff_writer =
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| category =
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| founder = Edward Charles Healey
| founded =
| firstdate = {{Start date|1856|01|04}}
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| country = {{UK}}
| based =
| language = English
| website = {{URL|http://www.theengineer.co.uk}}
| issn = 0013-7758
| oclc =
}}

'''''The Engineer''''' is a London-based monthly magazine covering the latest developments and business news in [[engineering]] and technology in the UK and internationally.

The journal was founded in January 1856. it is among the world's oldest professional journals. It shifted to an online only format in July 2012.

==History and description==
''The Engineer'' was established by Edward Charles Healey, an entrepreneur and engineering enthusiast with financial interests in the railways whose friends included [[Robert Stephenson]] and [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]. The journal was created as a technical magazine for engineers.<ref name="his">{{citation| url =http://www.theengineer.co.uk/Journals/2012/07/27/y/d/p/history-of-The-Engineer.pdf| title = History of "The Engineer"| pages = 146–148| work = The Engineer Centenary Number}}</ref>

The Engineer began covering engineering including inventions and patents during a high point of British economic manufacturing power. In the 19th century it also published stock prices of raw materials. Together with the contemporary ''[[Engineering (magazine)|Engineering]]'' journal the work is considered a valuable historical resource for the study of British economic history.<ref>{{citation| url =http://www.eylhs.org.uk/railway.pdf|title = Railway History and the Local Historian |first = E.H. Fowkes| year = 1963| work = East Yorkshire Local History Series|number =16| publisher = East Yorkshire Local History Society|page=40}}</ref>

The final printed edition was published on the 16th July 2012.<ref>{{citation| url =http://centaur2.co.uk/emags/theengineer/te-160712/| journal = The Engineer|title = Moving on(line)|first =Jon|last = Excell| page =5|quote = After 156 year of chronicling the highlights of UK engineering innovation, this is the final fortnightly print edition of ''The Engineer'' magazine}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=The Engineer — Highlights of 120 Years|publisher=Morgan-Grampian Ltd|year=1976| first =John| last = Mortimer|first2= Ralph|last2= Taphouse|first3 = Cedric| last3=Beatson}}

==External links==
{{commons category|The Engineer (magazine)|''The Engineer''}}
*{{official|http://theengineer.co.uk}}
*[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/The_Engineer_(Bound_Volumes) Grace's Guide] has full text of most articles from 1856 to 1960.
{{Centaur Media}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engineer, The}}
[[Category:British science and technology magazines]]
[[Category:Professional and trade magazines]]
[[Category:Biweekly magazines]]
[[Category:United Kingdom rail transport magazines]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1856]]
[[Category:1856 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Engineering magazines]]

Bradford Interchange

2014-07-01T23:49:32Z

Prof.Haddock: /* External links */

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox GB station
| name = Bradford Interchange
| symbol = rail
| image_name = Bradford station entrance.jpg
| caption = The car park and entrance
| manager = [[Northern Rail]] and [[Metro (West Yorkshire)|Metro]]
| code = BDI
| dft_category = C1
| locale = [[Bradford]]
| borough = [[City of Bradford]]
| pte = [[West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive|West Yorkshire]] (Metro)
| zone = 3
| platforms = 4 rail & 29 bus stands
| operators = [[First West Yorkshire]], [[Arriva Yorkshire]], [[Centrebus Holdings|Centrebus]], [[Keighley and District]], [[Geldards Coaches]], TLC Travel, [[Northern Rail]], [[Grand Central Railway|Grand Central]]
| latitude = 53.791
| longitude = -1.750
| gridref = SE165327
| years = 1850
| events = Opened as '''Bradford Exchange'''
| years1 = 1973
| events1 = Resited south
| years2 = 1983
| events2 = Renamed as '''Bradford Interchange'''
| years3 = 2001
| events3 = Bus station rebuilt
| usage0405 = {{pad|1em}} 2.401
| usage0506 = {{increase}} 2.483
| usage0607 = {{decrease}} 1.515
| usage0708 = {{increase}} 1.517
| usage0809 = {{increase}} 2.248
| usage0910 = {{increase}} 2.297
| usage1011 = {{increase}} 2.804
| usage1112 = {{increase}} 2.877
| lowint1112 = 59,279
| usage1213 = {{increase}} 3.005
| lowint1213 = {{decrease}} 54,863
}}
'''Bradford Interchange''' is a [[Transport hub|transport interchange]] in [[Bradford]], [[West Yorkshire]], [[England]], which consists of a [[railway station]] and combined [[bus station|bus and coach station]] adjacent. The Interchange, which was designed in 1962, was hailed as a showpiece of European design and was opened in 1971. It is served by the majority of bus services in the city centre along with [[National Express Coaches]], while the railway station, which is one of [[Bradford Forster Square railway station|two]] in the city centre, is served by [[Northern Rail]] and is also the terminus for [[Grand Central Railway|Grand Central]] services to [[Kings Cross railway station]].

==Layout and facilities==
[[File:Bradford Interchange. - geograph.org.uk - 419820.jpg|thumb|left|The bus station concourse at Bradford Interchange]]
The main entrance with the taxi rank and car park is on a lower level, while the train platforms and bus/coach stops are on a split upper level, both separate with pedestrian access. Downstairs, in the central concourse, there are a few shops, a [[newsagent]], a cafe and sandwich shop and a fast food outlet on the train platforms, where hot drinks are also available. Toilets are located off the main concourse.

There is also a [[British Transport Police]] office and lost luggage desk, provided for passengers' concern and safety at the railway station, with a separate [[security]] and lost-luggage unit for bus travellers, on the [[bus]] [[concourse]]. A smoking ban is observed in all parts of Bradford interchange, and [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] is also in operation with security officers and police regularly patrolling the station.

The railway station has 4 platforms and a short bay that was previously used for the Red Star parcels facility. Platform 1 has a run-round facility for locomotive hauled trains (mainly freight services). The track layout and associated signalling was remodelled during the course of a week-long engineering blockade from 25 October to 3 November 2008 to permit higher speeds on both routes into the station and also allow trains to approach the station from both Leeds and Halifax simultaneously (something that was not possible with the old track configuration).<ref>[http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:gu9XLnqmiDEJ:www.bradfordchamber.co.uk/uploads/Files/InterchangeRailWorks.doc+Bradford+Interchange+rail+remodeling&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk Details of Bradford Interchange remodelling work in October and November 08] Accessed 3 November 2008</ref>

===Ticket offices===
Bradford Interchange has separate bus and train [[Ticket (admission)|ticket]] outlets. The bus and Metro office, which also deals with [[National Express]] coach enquiries from a separate desk, is located in the central concourse. The train ticket office is next to the pedestrian entrance to the train platforms.

==History==
[[File:42072 Bradford Exchange.jpg|thumb|left|[[LMS Fairburn 2-6-4T]] 42072 at Bradford Exchange, 1966/7]]
[[File:Bradford exchange 2 train station 1872152 eb1a2f58.jpg|thumb|left|Internal view in 1961]]
[[File:Bradford exchange 1 rail station1872170 5d672f8d.jpg|thumb|left|Platform view in 1961]]
[[File:Bradford_Interchange_1990s.jpg|thumb|right|Bradford Interchange bus terminal c. 1998, taken from the footbridge that connected the platforms. The green signs indicate departure bays. Note [[Keighley & District]], [[First West Yorkshire|First Bradford Traveller]] and [[WYPTE]] liveried buses.]]
The original railway station, named ''Bradford Exchange'', was opened by the joint efforts of the [[Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway]] and the [[Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)|Great Northern Railway]] on 9 May 1850.<ref name="subritbradex">{{cite web|url=http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/stations/b/bradford_exchange/index.shtml|title=Bradford Exchange|publisher=Subterranea Britannica|accessdate=1 August 2009}}</ref> In 1867, the [[Leeds, Bradford and Halifax Junction Railway]], which had previously used [[Bradford Adolphus Street railway station|Bradford Adolphus Street]], built a link to the tracks into Exchange station to join the two existing companies; Adolphus Street station was then closed to passenger use.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/stations/b/bradford_adolphus_street/index.shtml|title=Bradford Adolphus Street|accessdate=1 August 2009|publisher=Subterranea Britannica}}</ref>

The station was completely rebuilt on the same site in 1880 with ten bay platforms and two [[arched]] roofs. Constructed of [[wrought iron]], these rested at the outer sides on plain stone walls and [[classical architecture|classical]] [[corinthian order|corinthian]] style columns down the middle. Glass covered the middle half and timber (inside)/ slate (outside) covered the outer quarters of each span. The four end screens were glazed in a fan pattern with decorative timber outer edging. The dimensions were a length of {{convert|450|ft|m}}, a width of {{convert|100|ft|m}} for each arch and a height of {{convert|80|ft|m}}, track to apex. The station never had a formal frontage; instead, passengers entered by an opening in the northwest side.

In its 1920s heydey, it served routes to {{stnlnk|Wakefield Westgate}} via [[Ardsley railway station|Ardsley]] (used by many of the city's through trains to [[London Kings Cross]]), {{stnlnk|Wakefield Kirkgate}} via {{stnlnk|Batley}} and [[Ossett]], {{stnlnk|Keighley}} & Halifax via [[Queensbury railway station|Queensbury]], {{stnlnk|Mirfield}} via [[Cleckheaton Central railway station|Cleckheaton]] (the Spen Valley line) and to Leeds via the [[Pudsey]] Loop in addition to the current lines. These however had all closed by the end of 1966 - most having fallen victim to the [[Beeching Axe]].

By 1973, the station with its 10 platforms<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lostrailwayswestyorkshire.co.uk/Bradford.htm |title=Bradford|date= |accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref> was deemed too large and was again rebuilt, this time on a different site slightly further south. The old Exchange station was demolished soon afterwards and was used for a time as a car park; the site now houses Bradford [[Crown Court]]<ref name="subritbradex"/> and is due to be developed as a 'Justice Quarter' with new [[Magistrates' Court (England and Wales)|Magistrates']] and [[Coroner's Court]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bradford/8243363.stm|title=City plans £58m Justice Quarter|date=1 August 2009|accessdate=8 August 2009|publisher=BBC News Online}}</ref> In 1977, a bus station was built alongside, and, in 1983, the station was renamed ''Bradford Interchange'' to link buses and trains in a covered environment.
The bus station featured a large ridge and furrow design of overall roof, which was subsequently demolished in 1999 to allow for a rebuilding of the bus station, which was opened in 2001. This was paid for partly by the sale of some adjacent land to the south of the site and some now-surplus land on the old bus station site.{{CN|date=March 2014}}
During the 1970s and 1980s, the station was considered the mainline station for Bradford with express services to [[London King's Cross]], Trans-Pennine services to [[Liverpool]] and [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] and summer Saturday services to the South-West. The Inter-city services were moved to [[Bradford Forster Square railway station|Forster Square station]] in 1992 when the line was electrified. The station also had an adjacent [[Red Star Parcels]] terminus but, like most other mainline stations following the [[privatisation of British Rail]], it lost this facility during the 1990s.

==Services==
===Bus and coach===
The bus station is managed by [[West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive|Metro]]. The main operators at the bus station include [[First West Yorkshire]], [[Arriva Yorkshire]] and [[Centrebus Holdings|Centrebus]] with other services run by [[Geldards Coaches]], [[Keighley and District|Transdev in Keighley]], [[Stagecoach Yorkshire]] and TLC Travel. [[National Express Coaches|National Express]] coaches run nationwide from the station, Bharat Coaches run coach services to [[Derby]], [[Leicester]], [[Slough]] and [[Southall]] and [[Megabus (United Kingdom)|Megabus]] runs services to [[Burnley]], [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]], [[Huddersfield]], [[Skipton]] and [[East Midlands Parkway railway station]] (with train connections to [[London]] [[St Pancras railway station]]) as part of its [[Megabus (United Kingdom)#Megabusplus|Megabusplus]] service.

Local bus services run to many destinations, including [[Dewsbury]], [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]], [[Harrogate]], [[Huddersfield]], [[Ilkley]], [[Keighley]], [[Leeds]], [[Otley]] and [[Wakefield]], as well as services within the Bradford area, such as [[Shipley, West Yorkshire|Shipley]]. A [[FreeCityBus#Bradford|FreeCityBus]] service also serve the Interchange and runs to the main shopping sites of town, [[Bradford Forster Square railway station]], [[Bradford College (England)|Bradford College]] and the [[University of Bradford]].

===Rail===
Bradford Interchange is on the [[Caldervale Line]] and is one of the two railway stations serving the city of [[Bradford]]. The other station is [[Bradford Forster Square railway station|Forster Square]], a 10 minutes walk away.

Monday to Saturday at daytime, services run every 15 minutes between the Interchange and Leeds and hourly onwards to [[York railway station|York]] and [[Selby railway station|Selby]] respectively. On evenings and Sundays, there are usually three services to Leeds each hour with one extended to York.

In the other direction, there is a train every 15 minutes to {{rws|Halifax}}, with two trains an hour continuing to [[Manchester Victoria]] (one limited stop, the other serving all stations to Rochdale), one to [[Blackpool North railway station|Blackpool North]] and one to {{rws|Huddersfield}} where customers can change for [[Sheffield station|Sheffield]], {{stnlnk|Wakefield Westgate}}, [[Liverpool Lime Street]] and [[Manchester Airport railway station|Manchester Airport]].

Sundays, there are three services each hour to Halifax, with one continuing to Manchester Victoria and one to Blackpool North. One Halifax service continues to Huddersfield on alternate hours.

Because of the geography of Bradford, the station was built as a terminus, with the lines in a 'Y'-formation, so trains must reverse out of the station to continue their journey.

====London services====
The station now also sees regular services to [[London Kings Cross]] via Pontefract and Doncaster. In January 2009, [[Grand Northern Trains|Grand Northern]] (operating as [[Grand Central Railway|Grand Central]]) had their application for [[train path]]s to run a Bradford Interchange to London service accepted by the [[Office of Rail Regulation]].<ref>[http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/upload/pdf/ecml-cap2_propdec_280109.pdf ORR Track Access Applications Decision for ECML Passenger Services - 28 January 2009] ORR Website; Retrieved 29 January 2009</ref> Four trains per day operate, now that full approval for the service has been granted;<ref>[http://www.grandcentralrail.co.uk/futuredevelopments ''Grand Central Rail - Future Developments''] www.grandcentralrail.co.uk; Retrieved 21 August 2009</ref> these use [[British Rail Class 180|Class 180]] units and started running from 23 May 2010.<ref>[[RAIL (magazine)|RAIL]] issue 641</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/10702073.Rail_firm_to_launch_another_Bradford_London_train_link/|title=Rail firm to launch another Bradford-London train link|date=27 September 2013|accessdate=3 October 2013|newspaper=Telegraph & Argus}}</ref>

==Ongoing improvements==
The railway station has not seen significant improvements in many years.

The bus platforms were once more plentiful and originally featured a large 'ridge and furrow' glass roof,<ref>[http://www.thetelegraphand argus.co.uk]</ref> but it was demolished in the 1990s, following the sale of some land for an office development. The bus station was completely rebuilt in 2001.

Metro are currently considering improvements to the bus and rail platforms, including better access between facilities and pedestrian access between the bus concourse and the rail platforms, to save walking down and up the escalators.

The information displays were replaced in early 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/search/4330160.The_improvements_now_arriving___/|title='Voice of the rails' launches £3.3 million passenger information system|first=Will|last=Killner|date=20 April 2009|accessdate=16 May 2009|publisher=Telegraph & Argus}}</ref> following a modest facelift in autumn 2008, which included new signage and a repaint. In January 2010, automatic [[Turnstile|ticket barriers]] were installed by Northern Rail.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wymetro.com/news/releases/archive/2010news/100126-1|date=26 January 2010|accessdate=16 October 2011|publisher=West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive|title=Automatic rail ticket gates at Bradford Interchange}}</ref>

Further improvements under the National Station Improvement Plan are proposed, which include refurbished canopies, new flooring, more lighting and [[CCTV]], a new waiting room and extra seating.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/5081809.Passengers_happy_at_Bradford_station_revamp/|title=Campaigners say they are delighted at plans to carry out work at Bradford Interchange|newspaper=Telegraph & Argus|date=24 March 2010|accessdate=25 March 2010|first=Will|last=Kilner}}</ref>

Under network rail's 'Northern Hub' development, the reintroduction of services to [[Liverpool Lime Street]] and new services to [[Manchester Airport railway station|Manchester Airport]] and [[Chester railway station|Chester]] have been announced.

==Other interchanges==
With the option to combine bus and rail transport, Bradford Interchange allows a flexibility in public transport not experienced in many other major Northern cities such as [[Manchester]] and [[Liverpool]]. Leeds recently tried to combine access to buses and trains with a small dual transport terminal, Leeds Station Interchange, but most buses from [[Leeds]] continue to operate from the city's main bus station. The best example of integrated services, at least for the time being, is now [[Hull Paragon Interchange]].
[[File:Bradford IC.jpg|thumb|A train arriving at Bradford Interchange, 2006]]

==See also==
* [[Bradford Crossrail]]

==Notes==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{stn art lrnk|BDI|BD11JY}}
*[http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/b/bradford_exchange/index.shtml Disused Stations: Bradford Exchange]
*[http://www.wymetro.com/BusTravel/BusStationsAndStops/BradfordInterchange Metro: Bradford Interchange]
*[http://www.yfaonline.com/assetDetails.cfm?film=3382&keyword=&sortby=&theme=8&by=theme&caseValue=theme&start=1&fromSearchValue=fromBrowseBy 8 o'clock special with a view of the Bradford Exchange 10 years before its closure]

{{rail start}}
{{rail line|previous={{stnlnk|Halifax}}|next={{stnlnk|New Pudsey}}|route=[[Northern Rail]] [[Caldervale Line]] |col={{Northern colour}} }}
{{rail line|previous={{stnlnk|Halifax}}|route=[[Grand Central Railway|Grand Central]] London-Bradford |col={{GrandCentral colour}} }}
{{Disused Rail Insert}}
{{rail line|previous= [[Bowling Junction railway station (West Yorkshire)|Bowling Junction]]|next=[[St Dunstans railway station|St Dunstans]]|route=[[Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway|L&Y]] |col={{LYR colour}} }}
{{s-end}}

{{West Yorkshire bus stations}}
{{West Yorkshire railway stations}}
{{Bradford}}
{{Major railway stations in Great Britain}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Bradford]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bradford]]
[[Category:Transport in Bradford]]
[[Category:Bus stations in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Former Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations opened in 1850]]
[[Category:Railway stations closed in 1973]]
[[Category:Railway stations opened in 1973]]
[[Category:Railway stations served by Northern Rail]]

Wressle Castle

2014-06-17T23:00:48Z

Prof.Haddock:

#redirect [[Wressle]]

[[Category:Grade I listed castles]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in the East Riding of Yorkshire]]
[[Category:1380s architecture]]
[[Category:Castles in the East Riding of Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Ruins in the East Riding of Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments]]

Wressle Castle

2014-06-17T23:00:33Z

Prof.Haddock: redirect to better detail

Wressle Castle

2014-06-17T21:30:15Z

Prof.Haddock: added Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments using HotCat

[[File:Wressle-Castle-29042011.jpg|thumb|Wressle Castle]]
'''Wressle Castle''' is a [[Grade I listed]] [[quadrangular castle]] located in [[Wressle]], [[East Riding of Yorkshire]], [[England]]. The castle was built c.1380–1390 by [[Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester|Sir Thomas Percy]]. The castle was garrisoned by Parliament during the [[English Civil War]], and was largely demolished by an act of Parliament in 1650 as a precaution. A fire gutted the remaining south range of the castle in 1796, the only part still inhabited. Today, the form of a moat is visible as earthworks, and ruined buildings still remain; the castle is privately owned, and serves as farm buildings.

==See also==
*[[Castles in Great Britain and Ireland]]
*[[List of castles in England]]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Wressle Castle}}
*[http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/ERY/Wressle/WressleHistory.html History from genuki.org]
*[http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/English%20sites/1079.html History from 'The Gatehouse']
*{{IoE|165373}}

{{coord|53.775500|-0.928700|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Grade I listed castles]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in the East Riding of Yorkshire]]
[[Category:1380s architecture]]
[[Category:Castles in the East Riding of Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Ruins in the East Riding of Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments]]

{{England-castle-stub}}

Offshore-Windpark West of Duddon Sands

2014-04-28T20:55:04Z

Prof.Haddock: removed Category:DONG Energy; added Category:DONG Energy wind farms using HotCat

{{Infobox power station
| name = West of Duddon Sands Wind Farm
| image =
| image_caption =
| location_map = England
| location_map_width =
| location_map_text =
| lat_d = 53.983
| lat_m =
| lat_s =
| lat_NS =
| long_d = -3.463
| long_m =
| long_s =
| long_EW =
| coordinates_type = type:landmark
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| official_name =
| country = [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]
| locale = 10 Miles south west of Walney Island [[Cumbria]]
| status = U
| construction_began = May 2013
| commissioned = 2014
| decommissioned =
| cost = £1.6 billion
| developer = [[Scottish Power]] [[Dong Energy]] [[Eurus Energy]]
| owner =
| operator =
| wind_turbines = 108
| turbine_manu = [[Siemens Wind Power]]
| turbine_model = SWT-3.6
| hub_height =
| rotor_diameter = 120 m
| rated_wind_speed =
| wind_farm_type = Offshore
| onshore_elevation =
| onshore_land_use =
| offshore_area = {{Convert|67|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}
| offshore_depth =
| offshore_distance = {{Convert|14|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}
| installed_capacity =
| max_planned_cap = 389 MW
| capacity_factor =
| average_annual_gen =
| net_generation =
| website =
| as_of = January 2014
}}

'''West of Duddon Sands Wind Farm''' (WoDS), occasionally also known as '''West Duddon Wind Farm''' is an offshore [[wind farm]] located {{convert|14|km}} south west of [[Walney Island]] off the coast of [[Barrow-in-Furness]]<ref name=bl>[http://www.renewbl.com/2011/06/27/iberdrola-dong-energy-order-siemens-turbines-for-west-of-duddon-sands-offshore-wind-farm.html Iberdrola, Dong Energy order Siemens turbines for West of Duddon Sands offshore wind farm] ''RenewBL'', 27 June 2011. Accessed: 22 March 2012.</ref> in [[Cumbria]], in the [[Irish Sea]], [[England]]. It is being developed by Morecambe Wind Ltd, a partnership between [[Scottish Power]], [[Dong Energy]] and [[Eurus Energy]].<ref>[http://www.scottishpowerrenewables.com/pages/west_of_duddon_sands.asp Scottish Power Project website]</ref>

==Location==
The wind farm gets its name from a large sand bank uncovered at low water in the mouth of the estuary of the [[River Duddon]] to the north of the [[Furness]] Peninsula. The farm will actually lie to the south west of the Duddon Sands and will cover an area of approximately 67 km2.

It is situated in the vicinity of three other wind farms. It is to the south of the [[Walney Wind Farm]] and [[Ormonde Wind Farm]], and to the west of the [[Barrow Offshore Wind Farm]].<ref name="dn1">{{Cite web | url=http://www.dongenergy.co.uk/en/uk_business_activities/renewables/windfarms/pages/westofduddonsandsoffshorewindfarm.aspx | title=West of Duddon Sands Offshore Wind Farm | publisher=Dong energy | accessdate=30 January 2014}}</ref>

==Planning==
In 2004 Morecambe Wind was awarded a 50-year lease from [[The Crown Estate]] to develop a wind farm at West of Duddon Sands as part of the second UK offshore wind farm tendering process known as "[[Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom#Round_2|Round 2]]".<ref>[http://www.scottishpowerrenewables.com/userfiles/file/West%20of%20Duddon%20Sands%20Non%20Technical%20Summary.pdf Scottish Power Non-Technical Summary of the project]</ref>

The project includes constructing the wind turbines and their [[Foundation (engineering)|foundations]], building offshore substations, installing power cables both [[undersea]] and onshore, as well as an extension to the existing onshore [[Electrical substation]] to house the equipment needed for connection into the UK [[National Grid (UK)|National Grid]]. This work is estimated to take about 2 years.
Cables are supplied by [[NKT Holding|NKT]], and are 82 km of 155 kV sea cables and 22 km land cables, at a price of DKK 600 million.<ref name=nktDudd>[http://www.jernindustri.dk/artikel/VisArtikel.aspx?SiteID=JM&Lopenr=108230029&newsletterRefID=6144 NKT wind sea cable order for Scottish wind farm] ''Metal Industry'', 1 August 2011. Accessed: 11 December 2011.</ref>

The wind farm planning application was filed in April 2006 and consent was granted in September 2008.<ref>[http://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/west-of-duddon-sands-united-kingdom-uk33.html 4C Offshore database for West of Duddon Sands]</ref> The application was for between 83 and 139 [[Wind turbine|turbines]] with a [[Intermittent energy source#Terminology|nameplate capacity]] of 500 [[Megawatt|MW]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.bwea.com/ukwed/offshore.asp | title=UKWED Offshore wind farms | publisher=[[RenewableUK]] | accessdate=2011-02-24}}</ref> However permission was granted for only 108 turbines due to geological siting issues. This will provide up to 389 MW of power.

==Construction==
The 108 [[Siemens Wind Power]] 3.6 MW geared turbines cost €700 million installed, bringing the cost per turbine to €6.5m, or €1.8m per MW. Adding maintenance, transformator platform and cabling to shore brings the cost to £1.6 billion.<ref name=hn>[http://www.hubnorth.dk/da-DK/Nyheder/Nyheder/Detaljevisning---nyheder.aspx?Action=1&NewsId=205&PID=519 The cost of an offshore wind turbine] ''Hub North'', 4 July 2011. Accessed: 22 March 2012. Quote: "This makes the price of one of Siemens turbines approx. 6.5 million euros, corresponding to 48.5 million kr or 13.4 million kr per MW"</ref><ref name=blib>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-27/iberdrola-dong-buy-108-siemens-turbines-for-wind-power-station.html Iberdrola Orders $993 Million of Siemens Turbines for Wind Farm] ''[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]'', 27 June 2011. Accessed: 22 March 2012.</ref> The project has a 5-year warranty. Electrical work is expected to start in 2012, turbines installed in 2013, and operating in 2014.<ref name=stub>Stubben, Charlotte. [http://www.metal-supply.com/article/view/65750/iberdrola_reveals_how_much_siemens_receives_on_major_turbine_deal Iberdrola reveals how much Siemens receives on major turbine deal] ''Metal Supply'', 28 June 2011. Accessed: 22 March 2012.</ref>

The wind farm began generating power on 28 January 2014 when four turbines were connected to the grid.<ref name="nwmail1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nwemail.co.uk/uk-s-biggest-windfarm-generating-power-off-cumbrian-coast-1.1112734|title=Huge new windfarm generating power off Cumbrian coast|date=28 January 2014|publisher=North-West Evening Mail|accessdate=28 January 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Wind power in the United Kingdom}}
{{North West Power Stations}}

[[Category:Wind farms in England]]
[[Category:Offshore wind farms in the Irish Sea]]
[[Category:Round 2 offshore wind farms]]
[[Category:DONG Energy wind farms]]

Hull Castle

2014-04-28T00:55:12Z

Prof.Haddock: /* See also */ not a great/clear image..

{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
[[File:Wenceslas Hollar - Hull.jpg|thumb|300px|Wenceslas Hollar's map of Hull, c. 1640 with walls and castle shown. (up is east)]]
The '''fortifications of Kingston upon Hull''' consisted of three major constructions: the brick built '''Hull town walls''', first established in the early 14th century ([[Edward I]]), with four main gates, several posterngates, and up to thirty towers at its maximum extent; '''Hull Castle''', on the west bank of the [[River Hull]], protecting [[The Old Harbour, Kingston upon Hull|Hull's river harbour]], constructed in the mid 16th century ([[Henry VIII]]) and consisting of two blockhouses and a castle connected by [[Curtain wall (fortification)|a curtain wall]]; and the later 17th century '''Citadel''', an irregular triangular, bastioned, primitive [[star fort]] replacing the castle on the east river bank.

The town walls were demolished and replaced with the town docks over approximately 50 years from the 1770s, the Citadel was demolished and the site turned over to shipbuilding and dock activities in the 1860s.

==City Walls==
[[File:Hull. 1611 John Speed in The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine.jpg|thumb|John Speed's map of 1611. Hessle ''(Hassle)'', Myton ''(Mitton)'', North ''(Northe)'', Beverley and ''Posterne'' gates are shown, as well as the castle]]
The early Hull is thought to have been surrounded by a ditch, in the 14th century, construction of walled defences began. During the reign of [[Edward I]], in 1322 the town gained the right of [[murage]] for five years; in 1327 permission to crenallate was granted – including the construction of a fortified wall and houses. Additional grants of murage were given in 1341, and in 1348. The circuit of walls is thought to have been completed by sometime around 1356, built primarily of brick.{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|pp=24–5}}{{sfn|Allison|1969|loc="Fortifications", para. 1,2,6}} The plan of the fortified town has been said (Parker, 1853; Viollet-le-Duc, 1856) to be similar to that of the contemporary [[Bastide]]s of France, in particular [[Libourne]], also founded under Edward I.<ref>{{cite book| url = http://archive.org/details/accountdomesticarch00park | title =Some account of domestic architecture in England from Edward I to Richard II, with notices of foreign examples and numerous illustrations of existing remains from original drawings |year =1882| first= John Henry |last=Parker|edition =2 |publisher = James Parker and Co.| chapter = V. Medieval Towns : Hull, founded by Edward I| chapterurl =http://archive.org/stream/accountdomesticarch00park#page/164/mode/2up| pages = 164–167}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url = http://archive.org/details/raisonnedelarchi01viol|title = Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle |year = 1875|first= Eugène-Emmanuel |last=Viollet-le-Duc| publisher = A. Morel| chapterurl = http://archive.org/stream/raisonnedelarchi01viol#page/426/mode/2up| chapter = Architecture Militaire| at =pp.427–8, Fig. 66 ''bis''| language = French| volume=1}}</ref>

When built the walls stretched from the west bank of the Hull to the bank of the [[Humber estuary]]. By 1640 there were with [[barbican]]ed gates constructed across a moat at either end;{{sfn|Allison|1969|loc="Fortifications", para. 10}} Northgates near the [[River Hull]], and Hesslegates near the Humber. There were intermediate gates at Beverley Gate and Myton Gate. There was also a wall against the Humber, from Hessle Gate to the [[confluence]] of River Hull and Humber estuary at South End; on this part of the wall a gate (Water Gate, or Mamhole gate.{{#tag:ref|In the 1600s a tower in the mid point of the south walls on the Humber banks is referred to as "Mally Tower", and the land outside the walls known as South End, which was still used as a disposal place.{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|pp=156–7}}|group="note"}}) gave access to the Humber, by a small piece of land known as the Mamhole, used as the town dump amongst other purposes. Except at the mamhole the south walls were built up to the banks of the Humber. There were no walls on the bank of the River Hull,{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|p=37}} and soft ground at Northgates near the river bank prevented the walls being contiguous up to the river bank, in 1585 the fortifications at this gap were improved;{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|p=65|loc=''".. the ground was too soft for any satisfactory wall between Northgates and the Hull"}}{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|p=147|loc=''"The mud wall between Northgates and the haven, where the ground was not solid enough to bear a brick wall, was built or rebuilt in 1585 to make the town more defensible."''}} a mud wall was constructed, and in 1630 a earthen wall with brick facing and a [[palisade]] was built.{{sfn|Allison|1969|loc="Fortifications", para. 8}}

In addition to the five main gates several [[postern]]s in the wall existed, only wide enough for a person, each surmounted by a manned tower.{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|p=37}} Known examples are ''Low Gate'' in the north wall, and at the end of the streets ''Posterngate'', and ''Blackfriargate'' (Blanket Row) on the western walls.{{sfn|Allison|1969|loc="Fortifications", para. 7}} In the 16th century [[John Leland (antiquary)|John Leland]] stated that there were over twenty towers in the circuit of the walls;{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|pp=100–3}}{{#tag:ref|Leland's description is thought to be inaccurate in some other respects, and may have been a second had account.{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|p=37}} | group="note"}} the exact number is unknown, early maps show up to 30 towers in total.{{sfn|Allison|1969|loc="Fortifications", para. 7}} After Henry VIII's visit in 1541 all entrances except the main gates, as well a North and Hessle gate were ordered to be walled up.{{sfn|Allison|1969|loc="Fortifications", para. 11}}

During the [[English Civil War]] the fortifications were added to, with "[[hornwork]]s" ('half moon' artillery batteries) built outside the main gates, additional defences connected the batteries, possibly as high as the original walls (14 ft), and a wide ditch outside the walls (later known as "Bush Dike") was added. The earthen ramparts behind the town walls were also built up at this time; in November 1646 a 50-yard section of wall to the north of Myton gate collapsed during the sieges, due causes that may have included rain, excess weight of the earth bank and weight of the guns on the wall.{{sfn|Allison|1969|loc="Fortifications", para. 20–1}}{{sfn|Sheahan|1864|p=130}}

During the late 17th and 18th centuries, the walls continued to be maintained; Beckman's report (1680) recommended the repair or reconstruction of 235 yards of the walls. In 1735 a tower over Beverley Gate was removed due to its poor condition, and Hessle Gate unblocked in 1761; the walls were reported to be in very poor condition in 1752. In 1774 the walls from North Gate to Harry Ogle's Tower,{{#tag:ref|Harry Ogle's Tower was named after a prisoner who had been incarcerated there, reputed to have escaped, and cut his throat before running towards the Humber before dying. It may have been the same tower known as Mally Tower (also "the Mallow").{{sfn|Allison|1969|loc="Fortifications", para. 23}}{{sfn|Sheahan|1864|p=268}}| group="note"| name="hog"}} on the Humber bank were granted to the [[Hull Dock Company]] for the construction of a new town dock.{{sfn|Allison|1969|loc="Fortifications", para. 28–9}}

===The river chain===
Entrance to the town via the River Hull was protected by a [[river chain|chain hung across the river's mouth]]. A tower on the east bank may have been installed in 1380.;{{sfn|Allison|1969|loc="Fortifications", para. 7}} in the 1460s during the period of turmoil during [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]]'s reign, a chain and [[windlass]] was installed (or renewed) across the mouth of the River Hull to be able to prevent any hostile ship entering the River Hull.{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|p=66}} After Henry VIII's visit the east side chain tower was improved.{{sfn|Allison|1969|loc="Fortifications", para. 11}} In the 1590s during a period of expected invasion from the Netherlands improvements were ordered to the chain; the attachment of logs to cause it to float when deployed.{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|pp=148–150}}

===Demolition – Hull town docks, 1774–1829===
{{main|Queen's Dock, Hull|Humber Dock, Hull|Junction Dock, Hull}}
In 1774 the ''Hull Dock Act'' established the [[Hull Dock Company]], entitled to raise £100,000 of capital through share issues and loans.{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|pp=198, 220–4}} It inherited the city walls, ditches and related defences west of the river.{{#tag:ref|Excluding the walls on the Humber Bank east of Harry Ogle's Tower.<ref name="hog" group="note"/>{{sfn|Allison|1969|loc="Fortifications", para. 28–9}}<ref name="hdc"/>|group="note"}}<ref name="hdc">{{citation| url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yYUbAQAAMAAJ| title = A collection of all the statutes now in force: relating to the revenue and officers of the customs in Great Britain and the plantations| volume= 2 |publisher = C. Eyre and W. Strahan| year =1780| chapter = Publick quays of wharfs to be established at ''Kingston upon Hull'', for the better securing his Majesty's revenues ...|author = Government of George III| at=pp.1411–1416; p.1414, XVIII, "Crown land granted for the above purpose"|chapterurl=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yYUbAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1411#v=onepage&q&f=false| quote = '''XVIII.''' And whereas in order to promote an undertaking so beneficial with respect to his Majesty's revenue, so useful to navigation, and so conducive to the advancement and security of commerce, his Majesty hath been most graciously pleased to signify his royal consent to grant and appropriate, for the purposes before mentioned, and no other, all that piece or parcel of ground, being part of the land belonging to his Majesty's military works at '''Kingston upon Hull''' aforesaid, called, '''The Town's Ditches''', from low water mark in the River Hull, leading through and contiguous to the ship yards at the north end of the same town of Kingston upon Hull, now in the several occupations of alderman '''Benjamin Blaydes''' and master '''Thomas Walton''', extending from thence south west to '''Beverley''' gates and southward as far as '''Hessle''' gates, in the said town and from thence eastward to a place called '''Harry Ogle's Tower''', in '''Kingston upon Hull''' aforesaid, together with and including the gates, walls, buildings, inner and outer ditches, ramparts, bastions, bridges and bridge-ways, and all other works and things which at the passing of this act, are or heretofore did belong to, or were deemed a part of his Majesty's said military works ; and all such other buildings and erections as shall, at the time of passing this act, be thereon, excepting such part thereof as shall within six calendar months next after the pasting of this act, be described with marks or stakes, to be used for the purpose of building a custom house, with warehouses necessary for the same, under the direction of the commissioners of his Majesty's customs in '''England''' or any four or more of them ; ..}}</ref> The town docks were subsequently built along the route of the walls, which were demolished. The first dock (1778, renamed [[Queen's Dock, Hull|Queen's Dock]] in 1854) was built in the area occupied by Beverley and Northgates, and the intermediate walls, which were demolished, a second dock ([[Humber Dock, Hull|Humber Dock]], 1809) was built on the land between Hessle and Myton gates, and a third dock between the two was opened 1829 as [[Junction Dock, Hull|Junction Dock]] (later [[Prince's Dock, Hull|Prince's Dock]]).{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|pp=198, 220–4}}

The southern stretch of walls were removed in the early 1800s; by 1813 the land at Hull on the banks of the Humber had been extended southwards beyond the original wall and bank by dumping of material excavated during the construction of the town docks.{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|pp=206–7}}

==The Castle==
[[File:Bastilles.Kingston.sur.Hull.png|thumb|Plan of the Castle, derived from [[Wenceslas Hollar]]'s map of Hull c. 1640]]
During the [[Pilgrimage of Grace]] (1536) control of Hull was briefly taken by the rebels. After the rebellion, in late 1541 [[King Henry VIII]] visited Hull, and instructed that the fortifications be improved; in addition to scouring of the moat, and repairs and improvements to the walls and gates, he instructed that the de la Pole house, which had become the King's property was to be made into the town's citadel, and modifications made to the drainage system outside the town, so that the fields could be flooded at times of threat.{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|pp=100–3}}

In February 1542 Henry's plan for Hull had expanded in scope – to the construction of a fortress in addition the walls – Henry appointed [[Michael Stanhope]] as his commander in Hull, providing £18,000 for the castle's construction. The castle was completed by the end of 1543, using locally made brick, as well as stone, some provided through the recently dissolved monastery at [[Meaux Abbey]], as well as from [[St. Mary the Virgin, Lowgate, Kingston upon Hull|St. Mary's church]] in Hull.{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|pp=100–3}}

The structure was built on the east bank of the Hull, with three forts, connected by a wall, stretching from the opposite bank of the Hull to Northgates, south to the River Humber. The central fort "Hull Castle" was supported by two blockhouses on either end of the wall. At the same time as a bridge "North Bridge" was constructed across the Hull, just outside the walls; it was the first river bridge in Hull.{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|pp=100–3}}

The castle was a three-storey structure, {{convert|66|by|50|ft|m|abbr=on}} with walls {{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on}} deep, surrounded by a {{convert|19|ft|m|abbr=on}} thick outer wall, the blockhouses were slight smaller area, two-storey structures, [[trefoil]] in shape, with rectangular building on the fourth corner in the direction of the joining walls.{{sfn|Allison|1969|loc="Fortifications", para. 15}}

In 1552 control of the Castle and blockhouses was transferred to the town of Hull.{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|pp=166–171}}

On 16 September 1643 the north blockhouse was partially destroyed during the [[Siege of Hull (1643)|second Siege of Hull]], and the north bridge damaged when the magazine was accidentally ignited by a careless gunner. Both were later repaired at a cost of £2,000.{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|pp=172–4}}

In 1657 the castle was requiring repairs estimated to cost £5,000, and in 1670 storms caused damage to the south blockhouse that undermined its stability. In the 1680s the fortifications of Hull as well as [[Tilbury]], [[Sheerness]], and [[Portsmouth]] were ordered. The work on the Hull castle, under the control of Swedish engineer [[Martin Beckman]] would transform the fortifications on the east bank of the Hull into modern triangular fort, with governors house, magazine, and three barracks buildings that became known as the ''Hull Citadel''.{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|p=189}} The southern blochouse and castle were incorporated into the Citadel, with the connecting wall removed.{{sfn|Allison|1969|loc="Fortifications", para. 24-5}} The northern blockhouse was outside the boundaries of the new fort, and was retained, later let for commercial purposes, before being demolished in 1802.{{sfn|Sheahan|1864|p=272}}

==The Citadel==
[[File:'Plan of the Town and Harbour of Kingston Upon Hull from actual survey by A. Bower, 1786.jpg|thumb|The town with Citadel in 1786. Also shown is the first town dock on the line of the north walls, and the western walls and ''Bush Dike''. (survey by A. Bower)]]
The Citadel was a result of extensive remodelling and [[civil engineering]] work on the former Hull castle and South Blockhouse (1680s); a triangular artillery fort was created at the western bank of the Hull at its confluence with the Humber.{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|p=189}} Beckmann estimated the cost of the improvements at over £74,000 and eventually over £100,000 was expended on the works, {{convert|29|acre|km2|abbr=on}} was acquired by the Crown for the expanded work.{{sfn|Allison|1969|loc="Fortifications", para. 24-5}}

The new fortification extended onto the old village of [[Drypool]], and part of that village had houses built to the north of the village church, outside the Citadel.{{sfn|Sheahan|1864|p=266}} The Citadel was an irregular triangular fort, with curtain walls of 100 (east), 266 (south) and 258 (west) yards with [[bastions]] at each apex, each with wall lengths of around 100 yards. The Castle and south blockhouse were retained and incorporated into the north and western bastions respectively. The structure was surrounded by a broad moat on the eastern and western sides.{{sfn|Sheahan|1864|pp=266–7, 270–1}}

Military use of the Citadel ended by 1848, and it was transferred to the 'Commissioners of Woods and Forests' in 1858, and rented out to commerce. The Citadel was sold in 1863, and in 1864 the site was cleared for industrial and dock use.{{sfn|Allison|1969|loc="Fortifications", para. 32}}

==The Sieges of Hull==
In addition to actions during the Pilgrimage of Grace, and English Civil war, the town is said to have been briefly besieged around 1392 by enraged villagers from [[Cottingham, East Riding of Yorkshire|Cottingham]] and [[Anlaby]], who objected to the construction of waterways from sources near their villages to supply Hull with fresh water. Around 1,000 persons threatened the town, as well as causing a nuisance in the countryside, and damaged the channels, but were ultimately unsuccessful and withdrew; the ringleaders are said to have been hung at [[York]], others pardoned.{{sfn|Sheahan|1864|pp=539–542}}<ref>Sources:
*{{cite book| url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WbwHAAAAQAAJ| title = The history of Cottingham | first = Charles |last =Overton| publisher = J.W. Leng| year= 1861|pages=23–27}}
*{{cite book| url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h2UGAAAAQAAJ| title = The ports, harbours, watering-places, and coast scenery of Great Britain |first = William |last =Finden| first4 = William|last4 = Beattie| first3 = William Henry|last3= Bartlett| publisher = George Virtue| first2 = Edward Francis|last2= Finden| year = 1842 |volume =1| page=90}}
*{{cite book| url =http://archive.org/details/historyofhullann00gent |title = History of Hull (Annales Regioduni Hullini) |year = 1869|authorlink=Thomas Gent| last = Gent|first = Thomas|origyear= 1735| at = pp.90–94, quote: [1392] "In the Spring Time, near a thousand Persons, belonging to ''Cottingham'', ''Woolferton'', ''Anlaby'' and other neighbouring Towns, being offended, that the Inhabitants of ''Hull'', had, by cutting the Earth, drawn some fresh Water from them; they bound themselves, with a terrible Oath, to stand by one another whilst they were able shed their last Drops of Blood. Then, having ordain'd the most rustical Leaders, they appear'd in the like Sort of Arms, ransacking Houses, and abusing such Owners, who would not as madly confederate with them. Soon did they lay Siege to ''Hull'', vowing the utter Destruction of it. Being strangely poetically given too, they made such insipid Rhimes, to encourage the Seditious, as indeed would dishonour the Flights of Antiquity, should such ridiculous Stuff be publickly set forth. The Canals, which had been made at vast Expence, they quickly fill'd up, almost as they had been before. But tho' by these Means they had spitefully deprived the Town of fresh flowing Streams, and stopt Provisions that were sent to the valiant Inhabitants; yet these ill-advised Wretches found themselves too much much deluded, and withal too impotent, to prevail against them. Upon which, withdrawing to ''Cottingham''; and afterwards, through Fear, dispersing; some fled quite away; others, taken, and sent to ''York'', were executed; and about 30 obtain'd Pardon, upon their Penitence, and faithful Promise, never to attempt the like again." }}</ref>

===Pilgrimage of Grace===
During the northern English religious rebellion known as the ''[[Pilgrimage of Grace]]'' during which both [[York]] and [[Pontefract Castle]] were taken, a third force, commanded by the Stapletons besieged Hull; the town refused to join the rebellion when visited by envoys on 12 and 13 October 1536. The opposing force led by Ralph Ellerker, and John and William Constable capitulated after a five-day siege, and the rebel force (estimated at up to 6,000, probably 2,000–3,000{{#tag:ref|The value of 6,000 is thought to be an exaggeration, the number of persons in Stapleton's army is estimated at 2,000 to 3,000.<ref name="no1"/>|group="note"}}) took control of the town on 19/20 October 1536, installing John Hallam as governor; subsequently the monks and friars were reinstated in their respective monasteries and friaries.<ref name="no1">{{cite book| url =http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kma7AAAAIAAJ| title= The Pilgrimage of Grace: A Study of the Rebel Armies of October 1536| first= Michael |last=Bush| publisher = Manchester University Press | year = 1996| isbn = 0-7190-4696-3| chapterurl =http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kma7AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q&f=false| chapter = The siege of Hull| pages = 37–41, also 58, 420}}</ref><ref name="inc">Sources:
*{{cite book| url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NIUfAQAAMAAJ| title = Incidents in the history of Kingston-upon-Hull, from the accession of Henry 7th to the death of Henry 8th: A lecture delivered by C.S. Todd ... before the Literary and Philosophical Society, 1868 |first= Charles Spilman |last=Todd| publisher = Longman and Co.| year= 1869 |pages =36–7, 52–3, 57–60, 68–72, 76–77, 84–89, 93, 94, 95–6, 101–2}}
*{{citation| url = http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/ERY/Hull/HullHistory/HullHistoryIndex.html| title = Bulmer's History and Directory of East Yorkshire (History of Hull)| year = 1892| chapter = A History of Hull, "1534 – The Reformation"| chapterurl = http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/ERY/Hull/HullHistory/HullHistory2.html}}
</ref>{{#tag:ref|In "A History of Hull" (1980), Gillett and MacMahon, p. 100–2, the roles of Hallam and Constable appear reversed in the description of the Sieges, the destruction of the Windmills at Beverleygates is also reversed from the 1537 to 1536 siege, Robert and either William or John Constable appear to be confused for each other. There are contradictions between other sources in the identity of the person who took the town by infiltration – either John Hallam or Robert Constable, and in the success of Hallam's infiltration of the town. Sheahan (1864) and others describes a successful infiltration by Robert Constable (and not Hallam), ''after'' the second siege in 1537 by Bygot, with the town in rebel hands for a month, then being captured by people of Hull in the middle of the night. The contradictions in the historical record are noted by Charles Spilman Todd, in "Incidents in the history of Kingston-upon-Hull..", (1869), pp.70–2, 88| group="note"| name="err1"}}

A truce was agreed between the rebels and the King (October/November 1536), during which time the King's position became much stronger. It is said this information reached Hull, and Hallam was expelled from the town by the emboldened Mayor (William Rogers), Alderman Eland, and a Mr. Knowles and other local people. However soon after (9 November) it was retaken, and garrisoned by forces under [[Robert Constable]], with cannon installed in the harbour to prevent besieging from the sea. On 2 December the rebellion ended, with the King's pardon being proclaimed; the rebel forces dispersed, thinking that they had obtained the concessions they desired.<ref name="inc"/><ref name="err1" group="note"/>

On 10 January 1537 the rebellion reignited, with Francis Bygot,<ref group="note">Also written Bygod, Bigot, Bigod. See also [[Bigod's Rebellion]]</ref> stating that the King's pardon was not good, and began to conspire with others including John Hallam.<ref name="inc"/> Hallam and others entered the town on market day in disguise, in an attempt to capture it from within, but had misjudged the mood of the town, and found support lacking; Hallam escaped, but then returned within the town gates in an attempt to rescue his colleagues, and was captured.<ref name="inc"/>
Francis Bygot is recorded as having made an attempt to besiege the town in 1837; the rebels destroyed some [[windmill]]s outside Beveleygates, but were unsuccessful in taking the town, and withdrew; they were attacked whilst retreating by they were attacked from the town by a party led by the Mayor, John Harrison, Ralph Ellerker and John Constable, with several killed or taken prisoner. Bygot is said to have captured [[Beverley]], but was later captured.<ref name="inc"/>{{sfn|Sheahan|1864|pp=72–3}}<ref name="err1" group="note"/>

Hallam was tried and hung at Hull, and in May 1537 Robert Constable was found guilty of treason, and hanged in Hull;<ref name="inc"/> his body was hung in chains from Beverley Gate.{{sfn|Sheahan|1864|pp=72–3}}

{{quote|On Frydaye, beyng market daye at Hull, Sir Robert Constable suifred, and dothe hang above the highest gate of the towne, so trymmed in cheynes, as this berer can shewe you, and I think his boones will hang there this hundrethe yere.|[[Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk|Duke of Norfolk]]|8 July 1537, letter to [[Thomas Cromwell|Cromwell]]}}

===English Civil War===
[[File:1668, Map of Hull, Joseph Osborne.jpg|1668 map of Hull showing additional hornwork added outside city walls during the civil war period. (Up is east)|thumb]]
{{see also|Siege of Hull (1642)|Siege of Hull (1643)}}
In 1638 at the beginning of the period known as the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]], during the build up before the 1639 war with Scotland ([[First Bishops' War]]) agents acting on behalf of the King ([[Charles I of England|Charles I]]) visited the town to inspect its defence; all but the three main gates were to be closed and in 1639 it was reported that the town could be defended by 1,000 men. Charles I was welcomed into Hull to inspect the fortifications and [[arsenal]] in 1639. In April 1642 the King returned to Hull to secure the arsenal at Hull, but was refused admittance at Beverley Gate by [[Sir John Hotham, 1st Baronet|John Hotham]].{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|pp=166–171}}

In July Charles I established his court in [[Beverley]] and the siege of Hull began. Dikes were cut around Hull preventing besieging forces becoming established outside the walls, and the [[Charterhouse, Hull|Charterhouse]] was demolished to prevent it being used for the defence of any besieging forces, both Hessle and Myton Gates were closed and blocked, and additional [[Artillery battery|artillery batteries]] set up outside Beverley, Myton and North gates. Skirmishes and artillery exchanges took place outside the walls, additionally there were unsuccessful plots to blow up the gates to admit Royalist forces. A successful skirmish by the Parliamentarians on the Royalist headquarters in [[Anlaby]] resulted in the raising of the siege.{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|pp=166–171}}{{sfn|Sheahan|1864|pp=115–124}}

On 2 September 1643, a second siege of Hull began, with [[Thomas Fairfax]] ensconced as commander of the garrison, and the royalist [[Earl of Newcastle]] besieging. At this time the ruins of the [[Charterhouse, Hull|Charterhouse]] outside the north walls on the west bank were turned into an artillery fort. After unsuccessful attacks on the royalist position at Anlaby the land around Hull was flooded again, preventing besieging attack. The north Blockhouse of the Castle was accidentally blown up by its own [[gunpowder]] store on 16 September. Fighting continued outside the walls in September, with royalists temporarily taking control of the defences at Hessle Gate and Charterhouse, before being forced to withdraw. On 11 October 1643 1,500 men fought a seven-hour battle outside the walls, captured the royalist positions and relieved the siege.{{sfn|Gillett|MacMahon|1980|pp=172–4}}{{sfn|Sheahan|1864|pp=124–129}}

==See also==
*[[Fortifications of Portsmouth]], [[Tilbury Fort]], [[Sheerness]]; forts expanded at the same time as the construction of Hull Citadel (late 17th century)
*[[Fort Paull]], coastal artillery fort at [[Paull]] downstream on the banks of the Humber estuary
*[[Humber Forts]], early 20th century fortifications in the Humber estuary mouth

==Notes==
{{reflist| group="note"}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book| chapterurl = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66788|chapter = Fortifications| title = A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1: The City of Kingston upon Hull | year = 1969| pages= 412–418|editor-first = K.J. |editor-last=Allison| url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=549|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book| first1 = Edward |last1 = Gillett| first2 = Kenneth A. |last2 = MacMahon| title = A History of Hull|publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 1980| isbn = 0-19-713436-X|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book| url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oSVTAAAAYAAJ| title = General and concise history and description of the town and port of Kingston upon Hull | publisher = Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. |first= James Joseph |last=Sheahan| year = 1864|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}

====Monument listings====
{{refbegin}}
*{{NHLE|num=1020426|desc=Hull Castle, South Blockhouse and part of late 17th century Hull Citadel Fort at Garrison Side|accessdate=26 April 2012}}
*{{cite PastScape | mnumber = 1062074 | mname = Hull Castle | accessdate = 8 April 2012}}
*{{cite PastScape | mnumber = 80548 | mname = The Citadel | accessdate = 8 April 2012}}
*{{cite PastScape | mnumber = 1062076 | mname = North Blockhouse | accessdate = 8 April 2012}}
*{{cite PastScape | mnumber = 1062078 | mname = South Blockhouse | accessdate = 8 April 2012}}
*{{cite PastScape | mnumber = 1062139 | mname = Beverley Gate | accessdate = 8 April 2012}} 
*{{cite PastScape | mnumber = 1062263| mname = Myton Gate | accessdate = 8 April 2012}}
*{{cite PastScape | mnumber = 1062132 | mname = North Gate | accessdate = 8 April 2012}}
*{{cite PastScape | mnumber = 1062126 | mname = Hull Town Walls | accessdate = 8 April 2012}}
**{{cite PastScape | mnumber = 1062179 | mname = North Town Walls (North to Beverley gates) | accessdate = 8 April 2012}}
**{{cite PastScape | mnumber = 1062183 | mname = North West Town Walls (Beverley to Myton gates) | accessdate = 8 April 2012}}
***{{cite PastScape | mnumber = 1062150 | mname = Posterngate (Beverley to Myton gates wall section) | accessdate = 8 April 2012}}
**{{cite PastScape | mnumber = 1062269 | mname = South West Town Walls (Myton to Hessle gates) | accessdate = 8 April 2012}}
**{{cite PastScape | mnumber = 1062272 | mname = South Town Wall (Hessle gate to South End Chain Tower) | accessdate = 8 April 2012}}
*{{cite PastScape | mnumber = 1062176 | mname = Water Gate | accessdate = 8 April 2012}}
*{{cite PastScape | mnumber = 1062278 | mname = 17th century defences (additional hornworks, ditch, breastwork ''Bush Dike'') | accessdate = 8 April 2012}}
*{{cite PastScape | mnumber = 1062112 | mname = South End Battery and Fort | accessdate = 8 April 2012}}
*{{cite PastScape | mnumber = 1062266| mname = Hessle Gate | accessdate = 8 April 2012}}
*{{cite PastScape | mnumber = 1062153 | mname = Low Gate | accessdate = 8 April 2012}}
*{{cite PastScape | mnumber = 1062012 | mname = North Bridge | accessdate = 8 April 2012}}
*{{cite PastScape | mnumber = 1062148 | mname = South End Chain Tower | accessdate = 8 April 2012}}
{{refend}}

===Map coordinates===
{{GeoGroup}}
*{{coord|53.742124|-0.326123|type:landmark|display=inline|name=The Citadel (centre of)}}, TA 1049 2860, The Citadel (approximate centre)
*{{coord|53.739424|-0.332295|type:landmark|display=inline|name=South End Battery and Fort}}, TA 1009 2829, South End Battery and Fort
*{{coord|53.74339|-0.326679|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Hull Castle}}, TA 1045 2874, Hull Castle
*{{coord|53.747072|-0.329642|type:landmark|display=inline|name=North Bridge}}, TA 102 291, North Bridge
*{{coord|53.747553|-0.328637|type:landmark|display=inline|name=North Blockhouse}}, TA 1031 2920, North Blockhouse
*{{coord|53.740269|-0.328471|type:landmark|display=inline|name=South Blockhouse}}, TA 1034 2839, South Blockhouse
*{{coord|53.746134|-0.330058|type:landmark|display=inline|name=North Gate}}, TA 1022 2904, North Gate
*{{coord|53.74337|-0.33767|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Beverley Gate (approximate)}}, TA 0971 2872, Beverley Gate
*{{coord|53.742379|-0.33794|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Posterngate}}, TA 0971 2861, Posterngate (Beverley to Myton gates section)
*{{coord|53.740941|-0.337997|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Myton Gate}}, TA 0971 2845, Myton Gate
*{{coord|53.739025|-0.33595|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Hessle Gate}}, TA 0985 2824, Hessle Gate
*{{coord|53.745452|-0.332663|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Low Gate}}, TA 1005 2896, Low Gate
*{{coord|53.739695|-0.332436|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Water Gate}}, TA 1008 2832, Water Gate
*{{coord|53.740128|-0.331206|type:landmark|display=inline|name=South End Chain Tower}}, TA 1016 2837, South End Chain Tower

===Literature===
*{{cite book| url = | title =Town and gun: the 17th-century defences of Hull| first =Audrey |last=Howes| first2 =Martin |last2=Foreman| publisher = Kingston Press in partnership with Kingston upon Hull Museums and Galleries| year = 1999| isbn=1902039025}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Fortifications of Kingston upon Hull}}
*{{citation| url =http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/HOME/PLANNING/CONSERVATION/SCHEDULED%20MONUMENTS/MONUMENT%20AT%20GARRISON%20SIDE.PDF| title = SPG Note 27 Heritage & Development Management at Garrison Side, Hull| publisher =Hull City Council}}

[[Category:History of Kingston upon Hull]]
[[Category:Fortification in England|Hull]]

The Engineer

2014-02-20T18:55:00Z

Prof.Haddock: /* External links */

{{primary sources|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = The Engineer
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image_file = 
| image_size = 
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| editor =
| editor_title =
| previous_editor =
| staff_writer =
| photographer =
| category =
| frequency =
| circulation =
| publisher =
| founder = Edward Charles Healey
| founded =
| firstdate = {{Start date|1856|01|04}}
| company = [[Centaur Media]]
| country = {{UK}}
| based =
| language = English
| website = {{URL|http://www.theengineer.co.uk}}
| issn = 0013-7758
| oclc =
}}

'''''The Engineer''''' is a London-based [[monthly]] magazine covering the latest developments and business news in [[engineering]] and technology in the UK and internationally. Founded in January 1856, it is among the world's oldest professional journals. The magazine shifted to an online only format in July 2012 before returning as a printed monthly title in September 2013; its website ''www.theengineer.co.uk'' publishes a monthly digital version of the magazine. There are also quarterly print supplements available based around vertical sectors within the industry.

==History==
''The Engineer'' was established by Edward Charles Healey, an entrepreneur and engineering enthusiast with financial interests in the railways whose friends included [[Robert Stephenson]] and [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]. The journal was created as a technical magazine for engineers.<ref name="his">{{citation| url =http://www.theengineer.co.uk/Journals/2012/07/27/y/d/p/history-of-The-Engineer.pdf| title = History of "The Engineer"| pages = 146–148| work = The Engineer Centenary Number}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=The Engineer — Highlights of 120 Years|publisher=Morgan-Grampian Ltd|year=1976| first =John| last = Mortimer|first2= Ralph|last2= Taphouse|first3 = Cedric| last3=Beatson}}

==External links==
{{commons|Category:The Engineer (magazine)}}
*{{official|http://theengineer.co.uk}}
*[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/The_Engineer_(Bound_Volumes) Grace's Guide] has full text of most articles from 1856 to 1945.
{{Centaur Media}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engineer, The}}
[[Category:British science and technology magazines]]
[[Category:Professional and trade magazines]]
[[Category:Biweekly magazines]]
[[Category:United Kingdom rail transport magazines]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1856]]
[[Category:1856 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Engineering magazines]]

GWR-Klasse 4073

2014-01-19T17:48:35Z

Prof.Haddock: /* Literature */

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox locomotive
|name = GWR 4073 ''Castle'' class
|powertype=Steam
|image=5034 Corfe Castle fresh from the works.jpg
|caption=5034 ''Corfe Castle'' fresh from [[Swindon Works]], 1954.
|designer=[[Charles Collett]]
|builder=GWR / BR [[Swindon Works]]
|builddate=1923–1950
|totalproduction = 171
|gauge={{RailGauge|ussg}}
|whytetype = [[4-6-0]]
|uicclass = 2'C h4
|leadingdiameter = {{convert|3|ft|2|in|m|3|abbr=on}}
|driverdiameter = {{convert|6|ft|8+1/2|in|m|3|abbr=on}}
|minimumcurve = {{convert|8|chain}} normal, {{convert|7|chain}} slow
|length = {{convert|65|ft|2|in|m|2|abbr=on}} over buffers
|width = {{convert|8|ft|11|in|m|2|abbr=on}}
|height = {{convert|13|ft|4+1/2|in|m|2|abbr=on}}
|axleload = {{TonCwt to t|19|14}} full
|weightondrivers = {{TonCwt to t|58|17}} full
|locoweight = {{TonCwt to t|79|17}} full
|tenderweight = {{TonCwt to t|47|6}} full
|fueltype = Coal
|fuelcap = {{TonCwt to t|6|0}}
|watercap = {{convert|4000|impgal|abbr=on}}
|boilerpressure = {{convert|225|lbf/in2|MPa|2|abbr=on}}
|firearea = {{convert|29.36|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
|tubearea = {{convert|1857.7|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}(Collett) {{convert|1799.5|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}(Hawksworth)
|fireboxarea = {{convert|162.7|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}(Collett) {{convert|163.5|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}(Hawksworth)
|superheatertype = 14-element "Swindon" (Collett) 21-element (Hawksworth)
|superheaterarea = {{convert|262.6|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}(Collett) {{convert|295.0|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}(Hawksworth)
|cylindercount=Four (two inside, two outside)
|cylindersize = {{convert|16|x|26|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|valvegear = Inside cylinders: [[Walschaerts valve gear|Walschaerts]] Outside cylinders: derived from inside cylinders via rocking bars.
|valvetype = Piston valves
|tractiveeffort = {{convert|31625|lbf|kN|2|abbr=on|lk=on}}
|railroad = [[Great Western Railway]] [[British Railways]]
|roadnumber = 4073–4099; 5000–5099; 7000–7037.
|powerclass = [[Great Western Railway Power Classification|GWR: D]] BR: 7P
|axleloadclass = [[Great Western Railway Weight Classification|GWR: Red]]
|withdrawndate=May 1950 to December 1965
|disposition=Eight preserved, remainder scrapped
}}

The '''GWR 4073 Class''' or '''Castle class''' locomotives are a group of 171 [[4-6-0]] [[steam locomotive]]s of the [[Great Western Railway]].<ref name=ABC>{{cite book| pages=21| title=The ABC of Great Western Locomotives| month=March| year=1944| author=Ian Allan, compiler| publisher=Ian Allan| location=Staines, Middlesex }}</ref> They were originally designed by the railway's Chief Mechanical Engineer, [[Charles Benjamin Collett|Charles Collett]], for working the company's express passenger trains.

==Background==
The origins of this highly successful design date back to the [[GWR 4000 Class|Star Class]] of 1907 which introduced the basic 4-cylinder 4-6-0 layout with long-travel valves and Belpaire firebox that was to become synonymous with the GWR. The Star class were built to take the top express trains on the GWR with 61 in service by 1914, but after World War 1 there was a need for an improved design of express locomotive, and to meet this need Chief Mechanical Engineer [[George Jackson Churchward|GJ Churchward]] had in mind an enlarged Star class design with a standard No.7 boiler.<ref name=SIAC>{{cite book |last = Waters |first = Laurence |title = Steam In Action 'Castles' |publisher = Ian Allan |location = Shepperton |year = 1991 |isbn = 0 7110 2006 X }}</ref> However, the combination would have taken the axle load of such a design over the 20 ton limit set by the civil engineers, and in the end nothing came of the idea.

==History==
[[Charles Collett|C.B. Collett]] succeeded Churchward as Chief Mechanical Engineer of the GWR in 1922 and immediately set about meeting the needs for a new locomotive design that would both supplement the Stars and replace them on the heaviest expresses. Collett's solution was to take the basic layout of the Star and add the larger but lighter No.8 boiler, the increased amount of steam that this produced allowing an increase in the cylinder diameter from 15" to 16". Along with an increased grate area, the result was an increase in tractive effort to 31,625 lb, and a locomotive that looked attractive and well proportioned while remaining within the 20 ton axle limit.

The first 10 locomotives were built in 1923, and numbered 4073 - 4082, the number series continuing unbroken from the Star class. The last 12 Star class locomotives, which were built in 1922-23, had been given names of Abbeys that were located in the region served by the GWR, and the new locomotives were named after castles within the same geographic area.

When introduced they were heralded as Britain’s most powerful express passenger locomotive, being some 10% more powerful than the Stars. The first, No. 4073 ''Caerphilly Castle'', made its debut at Paddington station on 23 August 1923. The choice of 4082 as Windsor Castle proved fortuitous as this locomotive was used to haul the royal train when [[George V|King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] visited [[Swindon Works]] in 1924, and much publicity was gained when the king was permitted to drive the engine back from the works to the station before the return journey, with the Queen and several high-ranking GWR officers also on the footplate.<ref name=KCGWR>{{cite book |last = Nock |first = O.S. |authorlink = OS Nock |title = Kings & Castles of the G.W.R. |publisher = Ian Allan |location = Shepperton |year = 1969 |edition = 2nd |isbn = 0 7110 0071 9}}</ref>
[[File:GWR 4079 Pendennis Castle at Chester General.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Pendennis Castle at Chester|GWR 4079 Pendennis Castle at Chester General station before hauling the return Birkenhead Flyer to Birmingham, 4 March 1967]]
During 1924 4073 ''Caerphilly Castle'' was exhibited at the [[British Empire Exhibition]] at Wembley, alongside [[Nigel Gresley|Sir Nigel Gresley’s]] ''[[LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman|Flying Scotsman]]''. The Great Western declared their engine to be more powerful than its bigger [[London and North Eastern Railway|LNER]] rival, and in terms of tractive effort alone they were entitled to do so. As a result of this GWR General Manager [[Felix Pole|Sir Felix Pole]] proposed to LNER Southern Area General Manager Alexander Wilson that a trial of the two types should take place via an exchange arrangement.<ref name=STTGW>{{cite book|last =Allen |first =Cecil J|authorlink =Cecil J. Allen|title =Salute to the Great Western|publisher =Ian Allan|location =Shepperton|year =1970|isbn =0 7110 0181 2}}</ref> The resulting trials commenced in April 1925 with 4079 ''Pendennis Castle'' representing the GWR on the Great Northern main line and 4474 ''Victor Wild'' representing the LNER on Great Western tracks. On the first morning ''Pendennis Castle'' was to work a 480 ton train from [[London King's Cross railway station|King's Cross]] to Doncaster, and LNER officials fully expected the smaller, lighter engine to encounter problems climbing Holloway Bank. However railway writer [[Cecil J. Allen]] records that the GWR locomotive made a faster start from King's Cross to [[Finsbury Park station|Finsbury Park]] than any LNER pacific he had recorded up to that time<ref name=STTGW/> and over the trail ''Pendennis Castle'' kept well within the scheduled time and used less coal, considerably denting LNER pride. For the LNER ''Victor Wild'' was compared on the [[Cornish Riviera Express]] to 4074 ''Caldicot Castle'' and although it kept to time the longer wheelbase of the pacific proved unsuited to the many curves on the Route. Again the GWR took the honours with ''Caldicot Castle'' burning less fuel and always ahead of time, this being illustrated on the last 2 days of the trial by gaining 15 minutes on the schedule in both directions.<ref name=STTGW/>

In 1926, number 5000 ''Launceston Castle'' was loaned to the [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]] where it ran trials between London and [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]]. The locomotive fulfilled the LMS requirements so well that the latter first requested the GWR to build a batch of Castles for use on the West Coast Main Line, and, failing that, a full set of construction drawings. Both proposals were rejected by the GWR Board of Directors. The LMS eventually succeeded in gaining access to the design by recruiting [[William Stanier]], the GWR's Works Manager at their main [[Swindon railway works]] to become the new [[Chief Mechanical Engineer]] for the LMS.<ref name=Cook>{{cite book| page=52| title=Swindon Steam 1921–1951| year=1974| author=Kenneth J. Cook| publisher=Ian Allan| location=Staines, Middlesex }}</ref>
[[File:Steaming through Dorchester West.ogv|thumb|Nunney Castle steam special passing through Dorchester West on its return from Weymouth to Bath 14 August 2011]]
So successful was the Castles' design that construction continued at intervals until 1950, by which time 171 had been built. This included 15 converted from the Star class, plus the rebuilding of ''The Great Bear'', the Great Western’s only Pacific locomotive.

In 1946 [[Frederick Hawksworth]], Collett’s successor, introduced a higher degree of superheat to the Castle boiler with resulting increased economy in water consumption. From 1956 the fitting of double chimneys to selected engines, combined with larger superheaters, further enhanced their capacity for sustained high-speed performance. In 1958 No. 7018 ''Drysllwyn Castle'', fitted with a double chimney and a four-row superheater, hauled ‘The Bristolian’ express at 100 mph at Little Somerford.

==Production==
171 Castles were built or converted over a 27-year span from August 1923 to August 1950 occupying the GWR number series: 4073–4099; 5000–5099; 7000–7037; plus 7 odd numbers of converted or rebuilt locos:
*Batch1: 4073 - 4082<ref name=KCGWR/> were delivered between June 1923 and April 1924.<ref name=SIAC/>
*Batch2: 4083 - 4092<ref name=KCGWR/> with deliveries from May to August 1925.<ref name=SIAC/> Between the first two batches, the only Great Western pacific No.111 [[GWR 111 The Great Bear|The Great Bear]] was converted to a castle, although only the frames and some ancillary items were retained; the new loco being renamed ''Viscount Churchill''. Also included during the second production batch was the conversion of 4009 ''Shooting Star'', this again being renamed, this time as 100 A1 ''Lloyds''. Following on from the second batch, towards the end on 1925, a second Star class was also converted to a Castle although 4016 ''The Somerset Light Infantry (Prince Albert's)'' retained its name.<ref name=SIAC/>
*Batch3: 4093-4099 and 5000 to 5012,<ref name=KCGWR/> although deliveries continued at the rate of 10 per year through to the end of 1927, with two further conversions of Stars also being done in 1926; 4032 ''Queen Alexandra'' and 4037 ''The South Wales Borderers''.<ref name=SIAC/>

After this there was a pause in the construction programme, and with the conversion of 4000 ''North Star'' in 1929, the decade finished with a total of 46 Castles in service, of which 5 were rebuilt Star Class locomotives and one the rebuild of the Great Western Railway's sole [[4-6-2]]. The next 10 years saw the addition of 85 Castles, with minimal changes to the original design of 1923. From 5013 ''Abergavenny Castle'' there was an alteration to the shape of the front-end casing over the inside cylinders, and from 5043 ''Earl of Mount Edgcumbe'' a shorter chimney was fitted.<ref name=KCGWR/> This brought the number series up to 5097, although numbers 5083 to 5092 were rebuilds of the "Abbey" series of Star class locomotives.<ref name=SIAC/>

After World War 2, a batch of 10 more Castles, 5998-9 and 7000-7007 were built in 1946 incorporating a new 4-row superheater, the last of the class built by the GWR. The first years of the nationalised Western Region of British Railways saw Castle production continue at the rate of 10 per year until the last Castle, 7037 ''Swindon'' was completed in August 1950 making a total of 171 Castle Class locomotives.

==Performance==
The Castles handled all but the heaviest loads, these being entrusted to the 30-strong [[GWR 6000 Class|King Class]], themselves a development of the Castles with an even larger boiler and slightly smaller wheels for both increased tractive effort and to allow for loading gauge clearance.

The Castle class was noted for superb performance overall, and notably on the [[Cheltenham Spa Express|Cheltenham Flyer]] during the 1930s: for example, on 6 June 1932 the train, pulled by 5006 ''Tregenna Castle'', covered the 77.25 miles from [[Swindon]] to [[Paddington]] at an average speed of 81.68 mph start-to-stop (124.3 km at an average speed of 131.4 km/h). This world record for steam traction was widely regarded as an astonishing feat.<ref name=KCGWR/>

The lowest mileage of a Castle was the 580,346 miles run by 7035 ''Ogmore Castle'' between August 1950 and June 1964, the highest mileage of any Castle class was run by 4080 ''Powderham Castle'' which totalled 1,974,461 miles in 40 years and 5 months.

==Withdrawl==
Withdrawal started in the 1950s, with the first 100 A1 ''Lloyds'' withdrawn from [[Old Oak Common TMD|Old Oak Common]] in March 1950. The first "new build" castle withdrawn was 4091 ''Dudley Castle'', also withdrawn from Old Oak Common, but nearly 10 years later in January 1959.

The last three castles to be withdrawn were all allocated to Gloucester shed,<ref name=SIAC/> with 5042 ''Winchester Castle'' and 7022 ''Hereford Castle'' withdrawn in June 1965. The last to be withdrawn was [[GWR 4073 Class 7029 Clun Castle|''Clun Castle'']] in December 1965, which worked the last steam train out of Paddington on 27 November 1965.<ref>{{cite book|last =Riley|first =R.C.|title =Great Western Album|publisher =Ian Allan|location =Shepperton|year =1966|isbn =0 7110 0073 5}}</ref>

==List of locomotives==
See [[List of GWR 4073 Class locomotives]]
{{clear}}

==Preservation==
On 4 March 1967 ''Clun Castle'' and No. 4079 ''Pendennis Castle'' hauled specials from Banbury and Oxford respectively to Chester, to mark the end of through trains between Paddington and Birkenhead. Eight Castles survive in preservation.
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|-
!Number
!Image
!Name
!Owner
!Current location
!Current status
|-
|<center>4073</center>
|[[File:GWR Caerphilly Castle 2 db.jpg|120px]]
|<center>[[GWR 4073 Class 4073 Caerphilly Castle|Caerphilly Castle]]</center>
|<center>[[National Railway Museum]]</center>
|<center>[[Swindon Steam Railway Museum]]</center>
|On static display
|-
|<center>4079</center>
|[[File:Dscn4066-pendennis-dark-in-shed crop 1200x600.jpg|120px]]
|<center>[[GWR 4073 Class 4079 Pendennis Castle|Pendennis Castle]]</center>
|<center>[[Great Western Society]]</center>
|<center>[[Didcot Railway Centre]]</center>
|Under rebuild
|-
|<center>5029</center>
|[[File:5029 Nunney Castle Didcot old slide.jpg|120px]]
|<center>[[GWR 4073 Class 5029 Nunney Castle|Nunney Castle]]</center>
|<center>[[Jeremy Hosking]]</center>
|<center>[[Tyseley Locomotive Works]]</center>
|Operational, main line certified
|-
|<center>5043</center>
|[[File:5043 Earl of Mount Edgcumbe Tyseley (2).jpg|120px]]
|<center>[[GWR 4073 Class 5043 Earl of Mount Edgcumbe|Earl of Mount Edgcumbe]] (Barbury Castle)</center>
|<center>[[Birmingham Railway Museum]]</center>
|<center>[[Tyseley Locomotive Works]]</center>
|Operational, main line certified
|-
|<center>5051</center>
|[[File:DSCN2101-earl-bathurst crop 1200x600.JPG|120px]]
|<center>[[GWR 4073 Class 5051 Earl Bathurst|Earl Bathurst]] (Drysllwyn Castle)</center>
|<center>[[Great Western Society]]</center>
|<center>[[Didcot Railway Centre]]</center>
|On static display
|-
|<center>5080</center>
|[[File:GWR Castle Class 5080 Defiant.jpg|120px]]
|<center>[[GWR 4073 Class 5080 Defiant|Defiant]] (Ogmore Castle)</center>
|<center>[[Birmingham Railway Museum]]</center>
|<center>[[Buckinghamshire Railway Centre]]</center>
|On static display
|-
|<center>7027</center>
|[[File:Thornbury Castle GWR.jpg|120px]]
|<center>[[GWR 4073 Class 7027 Thornbury Castle|Thornbury Castle]]</center>
|<center>[[Pete Waterman]]</center>
|<center>[[Crewe Heritage Centre]]</center>
|Stored awaiting restoration
|-
|<center>7029</center>
|[[File:7029 Clun Castle Tyseley.jpg|120px]]
|<center>[[GWR 4073 Class 7029 Clun Castle|Clun Castle]]</center>
|<center>[[Birmingham Railway Museum]]</center>
|<center>[[Tyseley Locomotive Works]]</center>
|Under overhaul
|}

==Models==
[[Hornby Railways]] currently manufacture a model of the 4073 in [[OO gauge]]. The Hornby Dublo brand, then owned by [[Meccano Ltd]], also built "Bristol Castle" (released 1957) for their three-rail system and "Cardiff Castle" for the two-rail system two years later; Wrenn continued the Hornby Dublo model when they took over the range. Airfix/GMR (and later Dapol) also produced an OO model; Tri-ang released a TT gauge model; and Graham Farish (later Bachmann) released N gauge models. Many different prototype examples have been depicted by the various manufacturers.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book| title=Collett & Hawksworth Locomotives—A Pictorial History| author=Brian Haresnape| publisher=Ian Allan Ltd| year=1978| isbn=0-7110-0869-8 }}
*{{0-902888-21-8|pages=36–37, 44–46, 64, 103, 143}}
===Literature===
*{{citation|first = O.S.|last = Nock| journal = The Engineer| title = British Locomotive Working in Wartime - The G.W.R. "Castle Class"| year = 1945| volume = 180}} , in two parts: [http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/images/e/e9/Er19450817.pdf No.I, 17 Aug., pp.122-125] ; [http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/images/9/9a/Er19450824.pdf No.II, 24 Aug. 1945., pp.144-146]

==External links==
{{commons category|GWR 4073 Class}}
* {{cite web| url=http://www.greatwestern.org.uk/m_in_cas.htm| title=4073 'Castle' class introduction| work=Great Western steam locomotives| author=Daniel, John}}

{{GWR Castle Class}}
{{GWR Locomotives |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gwr 4073 Class}}
[[Category:Great Western Railway locomotives|4073]]
[[Category:4-6-0 locomotives]]
[[Category:GWR 4073 Class| 4073]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1923]]

GWR-Klasse 4073

2014-01-19T17:48:13Z

Prof.Haddock: /* References */

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox locomotive
|name = GWR 4073 ''Castle'' class
|powertype=Steam
|image=5034 Corfe Castle fresh from the works.jpg
|caption=5034 ''Corfe Castle'' fresh from [[Swindon Works]], 1954.
|designer=[[Charles Collett]]
|builder=GWR / BR [[Swindon Works]]
|builddate=1923–1950
|totalproduction = 171
|gauge={{RailGauge|ussg}}
|whytetype = [[4-6-0]]
|uicclass = 2'C h4
|leadingdiameter = {{convert|3|ft|2|in|m|3|abbr=on}}
|driverdiameter = {{convert|6|ft|8+1/2|in|m|3|abbr=on}}
|minimumcurve = {{convert|8|chain}} normal, {{convert|7|chain}} slow
|length = {{convert|65|ft|2|in|m|2|abbr=on}} over buffers
|width = {{convert|8|ft|11|in|m|2|abbr=on}}
|height = {{convert|13|ft|4+1/2|in|m|2|abbr=on}}
|axleload = {{TonCwt to t|19|14}} full
|weightondrivers = {{TonCwt to t|58|17}} full
|locoweight = {{TonCwt to t|79|17}} full
|tenderweight = {{TonCwt to t|47|6}} full
|fueltype = Coal
|fuelcap = {{TonCwt to t|6|0}}
|watercap = {{convert|4000|impgal|abbr=on}}
|boilerpressure = {{convert|225|lbf/in2|MPa|2|abbr=on}}
|firearea = {{convert|29.36|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
|tubearea = {{convert|1857.7|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}(Collett) {{convert|1799.5|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}(Hawksworth)
|fireboxarea = {{convert|162.7|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}(Collett) {{convert|163.5|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}(Hawksworth)
|superheatertype = 14-element "Swindon" (Collett) 21-element (Hawksworth)
|superheaterarea = {{convert|262.6|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}(Collett) {{convert|295.0|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}(Hawksworth)
|cylindercount=Four (two inside, two outside)
|cylindersize = {{convert|16|x|26|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|valvegear = Inside cylinders: [[Walschaerts valve gear|Walschaerts]] Outside cylinders: derived from inside cylinders via rocking bars.
|valvetype = Piston valves
|tractiveeffort = {{convert|31625|lbf|kN|2|abbr=on|lk=on}}
|railroad = [[Great Western Railway]] [[British Railways]]
|roadnumber = 4073–4099; 5000–5099; 7000–7037.
|powerclass = [[Great Western Railway Power Classification|GWR: D]] BR: 7P
|axleloadclass = [[Great Western Railway Weight Classification|GWR: Red]]
|withdrawndate=May 1950 to December 1965
|disposition=Eight preserved, remainder scrapped
}}

The '''GWR 4073 Class''' or '''Castle class''' locomotives are a group of 171 [[4-6-0]] [[steam locomotive]]s of the [[Great Western Railway]].<ref name=ABC>{{cite book| pages=21| title=The ABC of Great Western Locomotives| month=March| year=1944| author=Ian Allan, compiler| publisher=Ian Allan| location=Staines, Middlesex }}</ref> They were originally designed by the railway's Chief Mechanical Engineer, [[Charles Benjamin Collett|Charles Collett]], for working the company's express passenger trains.

==Background==
The origins of this highly successful design date back to the [[GWR 4000 Class|Star Class]] of 1907 which introduced the basic 4-cylinder 4-6-0 layout with long-travel valves and Belpaire firebox that was to become synonymous with the GWR. The Star class were built to take the top express trains on the GWR with 61 in service by 1914, but after World War 1 there was a need for an improved design of express locomotive, and to meet this need Chief Mechanical Engineer [[George Jackson Churchward|GJ Churchward]] had in mind an enlarged Star class design with a standard No.7 boiler.<ref name=SIAC>{{cite book |last = Waters |first = Laurence |title = Steam In Action 'Castles' |publisher = Ian Allan |location = Shepperton |year = 1991 |isbn = 0 7110 2006 X }}</ref> However, the combination would have taken the axle load of such a design over the 20 ton limit set by the civil engineers, and in the end nothing came of the idea.

==History==
[[Charles Collett|C.B. Collett]] succeeded Churchward as Chief Mechanical Engineer of the GWR in 1922 and immediately set about meeting the needs for a new locomotive design that would both supplement the Stars and replace them on the heaviest expresses. Collett's solution was to take the basic layout of the Star and add the larger but lighter No.8 boiler, the increased amount of steam that this produced allowing an increase in the cylinder diameter from 15" to 16". Along with an increased grate area, the result was an increase in tractive effort to 31,625 lb, and a locomotive that looked attractive and well proportioned while remaining within the 20 ton axle limit.

The first 10 locomotives were built in 1923, and numbered 4073 - 4082, the number series continuing unbroken from the Star class. The last 12 Star class locomotives, which were built in 1922-23, had been given names of Abbeys that were located in the region served by the GWR, and the new locomotives were named after castles within the same geographic area.

When introduced they were heralded as Britain’s most powerful express passenger locomotive, being some 10% more powerful than the Stars. The first, No. 4073 ''Caerphilly Castle'', made its debut at Paddington station on 23 August 1923. The choice of 4082 as Windsor Castle proved fortuitous as this locomotive was used to haul the royal train when [[George V|King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] visited [[Swindon Works]] in 1924, and much publicity was gained when the king was permitted to drive the engine back from the works to the station before the return journey, with the Queen and several high-ranking GWR officers also on the footplate.<ref name=KCGWR>{{cite book |last = Nock |first = O.S. |authorlink = OS Nock |title = Kings & Castles of the G.W.R. |publisher = Ian Allan |location = Shepperton |year = 1969 |edition = 2nd |isbn = 0 7110 0071 9}}</ref>
[[File:GWR 4079 Pendennis Castle at Chester General.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Pendennis Castle at Chester|GWR 4079 Pendennis Castle at Chester General station before hauling the return Birkenhead Flyer to Birmingham, 4 March 1967]]
During 1924 4073 ''Caerphilly Castle'' was exhibited at the [[British Empire Exhibition]] at Wembley, alongside [[Nigel Gresley|Sir Nigel Gresley’s]] ''[[LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman|Flying Scotsman]]''. The Great Western declared their engine to be more powerful than its bigger [[London and North Eastern Railway|LNER]] rival, and in terms of tractive effort alone they were entitled to do so. As a result of this GWR General Manager [[Felix Pole|Sir Felix Pole]] proposed to LNER Southern Area General Manager Alexander Wilson that a trial of the two types should take place via an exchange arrangement.<ref name=STTGW>{{cite book|last =Allen |first =Cecil J|authorlink =Cecil J. Allen|title =Salute to the Great Western|publisher =Ian Allan|location =Shepperton|year =1970|isbn =0 7110 0181 2}}</ref> The resulting trials commenced in April 1925 with 4079 ''Pendennis Castle'' representing the GWR on the Great Northern main line and 4474 ''Victor Wild'' representing the LNER on Great Western tracks. On the first morning ''Pendennis Castle'' was to work a 480 ton train from [[London King's Cross railway station|King's Cross]] to Doncaster, and LNER officials fully expected the smaller, lighter engine to encounter problems climbing Holloway Bank. However railway writer [[Cecil J. Allen]] records that the GWR locomotive made a faster start from King's Cross to [[Finsbury Park station|Finsbury Park]] than any LNER pacific he had recorded up to that time<ref name=STTGW/> and over the trail ''Pendennis Castle'' kept well within the scheduled time and used less coal, considerably denting LNER pride. For the LNER ''Victor Wild'' was compared on the [[Cornish Riviera Express]] to 4074 ''Caldicot Castle'' and although it kept to time the longer wheelbase of the pacific proved unsuited to the many curves on the Route. Again the GWR took the honours with ''Caldicot Castle'' burning less fuel and always ahead of time, this being illustrated on the last 2 days of the trial by gaining 15 minutes on the schedule in both directions.<ref name=STTGW/>

In 1926, number 5000 ''Launceston Castle'' was loaned to the [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]] where it ran trials between London and [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]]. The locomotive fulfilled the LMS requirements so well that the latter first requested the GWR to build a batch of Castles for use on the West Coast Main Line, and, failing that, a full set of construction drawings. Both proposals were rejected by the GWR Board of Directors. The LMS eventually succeeded in gaining access to the design by recruiting [[William Stanier]], the GWR's Works Manager at their main [[Swindon railway works]] to become the new [[Chief Mechanical Engineer]] for the LMS.<ref name=Cook>{{cite book| page=52| title=Swindon Steam 1921–1951| year=1974| author=Kenneth J. Cook| publisher=Ian Allan| location=Staines, Middlesex }}</ref>
[[File:Steaming through Dorchester West.ogv|thumb|Nunney Castle steam special passing through Dorchester West on its return from Weymouth to Bath 14 August 2011]]
So successful was the Castles' design that construction continued at intervals until 1950, by which time 171 had been built. This included 15 converted from the Star class, plus the rebuilding of ''The Great Bear'', the Great Western’s only Pacific locomotive.

In 1946 [[Frederick Hawksworth]], Collett’s successor, introduced a higher degree of superheat to the Castle boiler with resulting increased economy in water consumption. From 1956 the fitting of double chimneys to selected engines, combined with larger superheaters, further enhanced their capacity for sustained high-speed performance. In 1958 No. 7018 ''Drysllwyn Castle'', fitted with a double chimney and a four-row superheater, hauled ‘The Bristolian’ express at 100 mph at Little Somerford.

==Production==
171 Castles were built or converted over a 27-year span from August 1923 to August 1950 occupying the GWR number series: 4073–4099; 5000–5099; 7000–7037; plus 7 odd numbers of converted or rebuilt locos:
*Batch1: 4073 - 4082<ref name=KCGWR/> were delivered between June 1923 and April 1924.<ref name=SIAC/>
*Batch2: 4083 - 4092<ref name=KCGWR/> with deliveries from May to August 1925.<ref name=SIAC/> Between the first two batches, the only Great Western pacific No.111 [[GWR 111 The Great Bear|The Great Bear]] was converted to a castle, although only the frames and some ancillary items were retained; the new loco being renamed ''Viscount Churchill''. Also included during the second production batch was the conversion of 4009 ''Shooting Star'', this again being renamed, this time as 100 A1 ''Lloyds''. Following on from the second batch, towards the end on 1925, a second Star class was also converted to a Castle although 4016 ''The Somerset Light Infantry (Prince Albert's)'' retained its name.<ref name=SIAC/>
*Batch3: 4093-4099 and 5000 to 5012,<ref name=KCGWR/> although deliveries continued at the rate of 10 per year through to the end of 1927, with two further conversions of Stars also being done in 1926; 4032 ''Queen Alexandra'' and 4037 ''The South Wales Borderers''.<ref name=SIAC/>

After this there was a pause in the construction programme, and with the conversion of 4000 ''North Star'' in 1929, the decade finished with a total of 46 Castles in service, of which 5 were rebuilt Star Class locomotives and one the rebuild of the Great Western Railway's sole [[4-6-2]]. The next 10 years saw the addition of 85 Castles, with minimal changes to the original design of 1923. From 5013 ''Abergavenny Castle'' there was an alteration to the shape of the front-end casing over the inside cylinders, and from 5043 ''Earl of Mount Edgcumbe'' a shorter chimney was fitted.<ref name=KCGWR/> This brought the number series up to 5097, although numbers 5083 to 5092 were rebuilds of the "Abbey" series of Star class locomotives.<ref name=SIAC/>

After World War 2, a batch of 10 more Castles, 5998-9 and 7000-7007 were built in 1946 incorporating a new 4-row superheater, the last of the class built by the GWR. The first years of the nationalised Western Region of British Railways saw Castle production continue at the rate of 10 per year until the last Castle, 7037 ''Swindon'' was completed in August 1950 making a total of 171 Castle Class locomotives.

==Performance==
The Castles handled all but the heaviest loads, these being entrusted to the 30-strong [[GWR 6000 Class|King Class]], themselves a development of the Castles with an even larger boiler and slightly smaller wheels for both increased tractive effort and to allow for loading gauge clearance.

The Castle class was noted for superb performance overall, and notably on the [[Cheltenham Spa Express|Cheltenham Flyer]] during the 1930s: for example, on 6 June 1932 the train, pulled by 5006 ''Tregenna Castle'', covered the 77.25 miles from [[Swindon]] to [[Paddington]] at an average speed of 81.68 mph start-to-stop (124.3 km at an average speed of 131.4 km/h). This world record for steam traction was widely regarded as an astonishing feat.<ref name=KCGWR/>

The lowest mileage of a Castle was the 580,346 miles run by 7035 ''Ogmore Castle'' between August 1950 and June 1964, the highest mileage of any Castle class was run by 4080 ''Powderham Castle'' which totalled 1,974,461 miles in 40 years and 5 months.

==Withdrawl==
Withdrawal started in the 1950s, with the first 100 A1 ''Lloyds'' withdrawn from [[Old Oak Common TMD|Old Oak Common]] in March 1950. The first "new build" castle withdrawn was 4091 ''Dudley Castle'', also withdrawn from Old Oak Common, but nearly 10 years later in January 1959.

The last three castles to be withdrawn were all allocated to Gloucester shed,<ref name=SIAC/> with 5042 ''Winchester Castle'' and 7022 ''Hereford Castle'' withdrawn in June 1965. The last to be withdrawn was [[GWR 4073 Class 7029 Clun Castle|''Clun Castle'']] in December 1965, which worked the last steam train out of Paddington on 27 November 1965.<ref>{{cite book|last =Riley|first =R.C.|title =Great Western Album|publisher =Ian Allan|location =Shepperton|year =1966|isbn =0 7110 0073 5}}</ref>

==List of locomotives==
See [[List of GWR 4073 Class locomotives]]
{{clear}}

==Preservation==
On 4 March 1967 ''Clun Castle'' and No. 4079 ''Pendennis Castle'' hauled specials from Banbury and Oxford respectively to Chester, to mark the end of through trains between Paddington and Birkenhead. Eight Castles survive in preservation.
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|-
!Number
!Image
!Name
!Owner
!Current location
!Current status
|-
|<center>4073</center>
|[[File:GWR Caerphilly Castle 2 db.jpg|120px]]
|<center>[[GWR 4073 Class 4073 Caerphilly Castle|Caerphilly Castle]]</center>
|<center>[[National Railway Museum]]</center>
|<center>[[Swindon Steam Railway Museum]]</center>
|On static display
|-
|<center>4079</center>
|[[File:Dscn4066-pendennis-dark-in-shed crop 1200x600.jpg|120px]]
|<center>[[GWR 4073 Class 4079 Pendennis Castle|Pendennis Castle]]</center>
|<center>[[Great Western Society]]</center>
|<center>[[Didcot Railway Centre]]</center>
|Under rebuild
|-
|<center>5029</center>
|[[File:5029 Nunney Castle Didcot old slide.jpg|120px]]
|<center>[[GWR 4073 Class 5029 Nunney Castle|Nunney Castle]]</center>
|<center>[[Jeremy Hosking]]</center>
|<center>[[Tyseley Locomotive Works]]</center>
|Operational, main line certified
|-
|<center>5043</center>
|[[File:5043 Earl of Mount Edgcumbe Tyseley (2).jpg|120px]]
|<center>[[GWR 4073 Class 5043 Earl of Mount Edgcumbe|Earl of Mount Edgcumbe]] (Barbury Castle)</center>
|<center>[[Birmingham Railway Museum]]</center>
|<center>[[Tyseley Locomotive Works]]</center>
|Operational, main line certified
|-
|<center>5051</center>
|[[File:DSCN2101-earl-bathurst crop 1200x600.JPG|120px]]
|<center>[[GWR 4073 Class 5051 Earl Bathurst|Earl Bathurst]] (Drysllwyn Castle)</center>
|<center>[[Great Western Society]]</center>
|<center>[[Didcot Railway Centre]]</center>
|On static display
|-
|<center>5080</center>
|[[File:GWR Castle Class 5080 Defiant.jpg|120px]]
|<center>[[GWR 4073 Class 5080 Defiant|Defiant]] (Ogmore Castle)</center>
|<center>[[Birmingham Railway Museum]]</center>
|<center>[[Buckinghamshire Railway Centre]]</center>
|On static display
|-
|<center>7027</center>
|[[File:Thornbury Castle GWR.jpg|120px]]
|<center>[[GWR 4073 Class 7027 Thornbury Castle|Thornbury Castle]]</center>
|<center>[[Pete Waterman]]</center>
|<center>[[Crewe Heritage Centre]]</center>
|Stored awaiting restoration
|-
|<center>7029</center>
|[[File:7029 Clun Castle Tyseley.jpg|120px]]
|<center>[[GWR 4073 Class 7029 Clun Castle|Clun Castle]]</center>
|<center>[[Birmingham Railway Museum]]</center>
|<center>[[Tyseley Locomotive Works]]</center>
|Under overhaul
|}

==Models==
[[Hornby Railways]] currently manufacture a model of the 4073 in [[OO gauge]]. The Hornby Dublo brand, then owned by [[Meccano Ltd]], also built "Bristol Castle" (released 1957) for their three-rail system and "Cardiff Castle" for the two-rail system two years later; Wrenn continued the Hornby Dublo model when they took over the range. Airfix/GMR (and later Dapol) also produced an OO model; Tri-ang released a TT gauge model; and Graham Farish (later Bachmann) released N gauge models. Many different prototype examples have been depicted by the various manufacturers.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book| title=Collett & Hawksworth Locomotives—A Pictorial History| author=Brian Haresnape| publisher=Ian Allan Ltd| year=1978| isbn=0-7110-0869-8 }}
*{{0-902888-21-8|pages=36–37, 44–46, 64, 103, 143}}
===Literature===
*{{citation|first = O.S.|last = Nock| journal = The Engineer| title = British Locomotive Working in Wartime - The G.W.R. "Castle Class"| year = 1945| volume = 180}} , in two parts:
**[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/images/e/e9/Er19450817.pdf No.I, 17 Aug., pp.122-125] ; [http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/images/9/9a/Er19450824.pdf No.II, 24 Aug. 1945., pp.144-146]

==External links==
{{commons category|GWR 4073 Class}}
* {{cite web| url=http://www.greatwestern.org.uk/m_in_cas.htm| title=4073 'Castle' class introduction| work=Great Western steam locomotives| author=Daniel, John}}

{{GWR Castle Class}}
{{GWR Locomotives |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gwr 4073 Class}}
[[Category:Great Western Railway locomotives|4073]]
[[Category:4-6-0 locomotives]]
[[Category:GWR 4073 Class| 4073]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1923]]

The Engineer

2013-11-29T18:39:10Z

Prof.Haddock: /* See also */ non notable topic should be deleted

{{primary sources|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = The Engineer
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image_file = 
| image_size = 
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| editor =
| editor_title =
| previous_editor =
| staff_writer =
| photographer =
| category =
| frequency =
| circulation =
| publisher =
| founder = Edward Charles Healey
| founded =
| firstdate = {{Start date|1856|01|04}}
| company = [[Centaur Media]]
| country = {{UK}}
| based =
| language = English
| website = {{URL|http://www.theengineer.co.uk}}
| issn = 0013-7758
| oclc =
}}
'''''The Engineer''''' is a London-based [[monthly]] magazine covering the latest developments and business news in engineering and technology in the UK and internationally. Founded in January 1856, it is among the world's oldest professional journals. The magazine shifted to an online only format in July 2012 before returning as a printed monthly title in September 2013; its website ''www.theengineer.co.uk'' publishes a monthly digital version of the magazine. There are also quarterly print supplements available based around vertical sectors within the industry.

==History==
''The Engineer'' was established by Edward Charles Healey, an entrepreneur and engineering enthusiast with financial interests in the railways whose friends included [[Robert Stephenson]] and [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]. The journal was created as a technical magazine for engineers.<ref name="his">{{citation| url =http://www.theengineer.co.uk/Journals/2012/07/27/y/d/p/history-of-The-Engineer.pdf| title = History of "The Engineer"| pages = 146–148| work = The Engineer Centenary Number}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=The Engineer — Highlights of 120 Years|publisher=Morgan-Grampian Ltd|year=1976| first =John| last = Mortimer|first2= Ralph|last2= Taphouse|first3 = Beatson| last3=Cedric}}

==External links==
*{{citation|url =http://www.theengineer.co.uk/| title =www.theengineer.co.uk}}, website
* [http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/The_Engineer_(Bound_Volumes) Grace's Guide] has full text of most articles from 1856 to 1945.
{{Centaur Media}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engineer, The}}
[[Category:British science and technology magazines]]
[[Category:Professional and trade magazines]]
[[Category:Biweekly magazines]]
[[Category:United Kingdom rail transport magazines]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1856]]
[[Category:1856 establishments in the United Kingdom]]

River Swale

2013-10-30T17:26:33Z

Prof.Haddock: added Category:Tributaries of the River Ouse, Yorkshire using HotCat

{{distinguish|The Swale}}
{{Page numbers needed|date=February 2011}}
{{Infobox river
| river_name = River Swale
| image_name = River Swale, November 2003.jpg
| caption = The River Swale near [[Richmond, North Yorkshire|Richmond]].
| origin = Confluence of [[Birkdale, North Yorkshire|Birkdale Beck]] and Great Sleddale Beck.
| mouth = River Ure, near Myton-on-Swale, North Yorkshire
| basin_countries = [[England]]
| length = {{convert|117.8|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| elevation = {{convert|366|m|ft|abbr=on}}
{{coord|54.403019|N|2.222681|W}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|11|m|ft|abbr=on}}
{{coord|54.087853|N|1.343408|W}}
| discharge =
| watershed =
}}
{{River Swale}}
The '''River Swale''' is a [[river]] in [[Yorkshire]], [[England]] and a major tributary of the [[River Ure]], which itself becomes the [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|River Ouse]], emptying into the [[North Sea]] via the [[Humber|Humber Estuary]].

The name ''Swale'' is from the Anglo-Saxon word ''Sualuae'' meaning ''rapid and liable to deluge''. Annual rainfall figures of 1800mm p.a. in the headwaters and 1300mm p.a. in the lower waters over a drop of 148m in 32 km, gives proof to its name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshiredalesriverstrust.org.uk/rivers.html|title=Origin of name|accessdate=2011-01-28}}</ref> The river gives its name to the valley through which it flows, namely [[Swaledale]].

The river and its valley are home to many types of flora and fauna typical to the [[Yorkshire Dales]]. Like similar rivers in the region, the river carves through several types of rock and has features typical of both [[River erosion|river]] and [[glacial erosion]]. The River Swale has been a contributory factor in the settlements that have been recorded throughout its history. It has provided water to aid in the raising of crops and livestock, but also in the various mining activities that have occurred since Roman times and before.

==Course==

The source of the River Swale is at the confluence of the [[Birkdale, North Yorkshire|Birkdale Beck]] and the Great Sleddale Beck. The river flows north-north-east past lead mines on its northern bank and the end of Whitsundale and then easterly towards the first of many waterfalls in the headwaters. After flowing over [[Wain Wath Force]] the river continues south-east over Hoggarts Leap and [[Catrake Force]] near Keld, before it reaches [[East Gill Force]] and [[Kisdon Force]]. Shortly after Swinner Gill joins the river it swings sharply south towards the village of Muker where Straw Beck joins and the river turns east again. The river flows past Gunnerside towards Feetham where it turns north-east for a short while before returning east past Healuagh, Reeth and Grinton. The river then swings gently south-east and east below Marrick before turning north-eastward and then north past Marske.

It eventually returns eastward near Hudswell before it flows past the main town of the valley, [[Richmond, North Yorkshire|Richmond]]. The river then starts a series of long south-east meanders past Brompton-on-Swale and under the [[A1 road (Great Britain)|A1]] at Catterick Bridge before turning south past Catterick. The river continues long south and south-east meanders past Thrintoft and Morton-on-Swale. As it starts to pursue a more constant southerly flow it is joined by the [[River Wiske]] before passing Skipton-on-Swale, Catton, Topcliffe and Asenby. It then flows past Helperby and Myton-On-Swale before joining the [[River Ure]].

===River levels===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Monitoring station<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/floods/riverlevels/120701.aspx|title=River levels|accessdate=2010-12-23}}</ref>
!Station elevation
! Low water level
! High water level
! Record high level
|-
| Park Bridge
| {{convert|325|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|0.00|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|2.50|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.04|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|-
| Grinton Bridge
| {{convert|178|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|0|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|2.51|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|-
| Richmond Lownthwaite Bridge
| {{convert|114|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|0.00|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|2.0|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|4.19|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|-
| Catterick Bridge
| {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|0.3|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|2.40|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.48|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|-
| Morton-on-Swale
| {{convert|27|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|0.13|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|5.80|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|6.47|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|-
| Crakehill
| {{convert|16|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|0.22|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|5.45|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|-
| Myton-on-Swale
| {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|0.44|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.44|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|6.02|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|}

* Low and High Water Levels are an average figure.

==Natural history==

The River Swale and its valley support a range of habitats including broadleaved, mixed and conifer woodland as well as hay meadows and grasslands. Limestone scar, bracken, scrub and heather moorland can also be found. Amongst the species of tree that can be found are [[Fraxinus|ash]], [[birch]], [[rowan]] and [[Prunus padus|bird cherry]] along with shrubs such as [[Crataegus monogyna|hawthorn]], [[hazel]] and [[holly]]. There are smaller populations of [[Taxus baccata|yew]] and [[Acer pseudoplatanus|sycamore]]. [[Pine]], [[larch]] and [[spruce]] occur mostly in plantations with [[alder]] and [[willow]] common along the river banks. The many hay meadows are filled with [[buttercup]] and [[Geranium sylvaticum|wood cranesbill]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshiredales.org.uk/lca-swaledale-arkengarthdale.pdf|title=Flora of the valley|accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref>

==Geology==

There are three distinct geological areas in Upper and Mid Swaledale. the upper reaches of the river flow over [[Carboniferous]], [[Permian]] and [[Triassic]] rock, all of which are atop a layer of Lower [[Paleozoic]] beds.<ref>{{cite book |title= Yorkshire Rocks and landscapes, A Field Guide|last= C. Scrutton |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1994 |publisher= Ellenbank Press|location= |isbn= 1-873551-08-8|accessdate=2011-01-31}}</ref> These rocks are rich in minerals<ref>{{cite book |title= Mineralisation in the British Isles|last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= R. Pattrick & D. Polya|year= 1993 |publisher= Springer|location= |isbn= 0-412-31200-X |accessdate=2011-01-31}}</ref> and metalliferous sulfide ores such as [[Galena]], [[Sphalerite]], [[Chalcopyrite]] and [[Bravoite]]. There are also deposits of [[Fluorite]], [[Barite]], [[Witherite]], [[Calcite]], [[Dolomite]] and [[Barytocalcite]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Geology of the North Pennine Orefield Vol 2:Stainmore to Craven|last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= Dunham & Wilson|year= 1985|publisher= HMSO London|location= |isbn= OL254726M|accessdate=2011-01-31}}</ref>

Along the valley sides can be seen the typical Dales geology of Yoredale beds, alternating strata of [[Limestone]] and [[Gritstone]].<ref>{{cite book |title= History of Lead Mining in the Pennines|last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= A. Raistrick & B. Jennings|year= 1966|publisher= G. Kelsall|location= |isbn= 0-946571-01-5|accessdate=2011-01-31}}</ref> Small seams of [[coal]], particularly around Tan Hill, have been found and worked. During the last Ice Age, the glacier that dominated the valley was responsible for broadening it and altering the course of the river around Keld and Round Howe. It was also responsible for cutting the Kisden Gorge. Retreat moraines lower in the river valley can be seen around Gunnerside and Grinton Bridge.

==History==

The earliest evidence of occupation in the river valley can be dated to the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]] Ages with the discovery of flint tools and arrowheads. Around Harkerside are some small stone circles that date to the [[Bronze Age]] and some [[Iron Age]] defensive earthworks. Evidence of lead mining has been traced back to Roman times with finds at the Hurst mine.<ref>{{cite book |title= History of Lead Mining in the Pennines|last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= A. Raistrick & B. Jennings|year= 1966|publisher= G. Kelsall|location= |isbn= 0-946571-01-5|accessdate=2011-01-31}}</ref> This industry seemed to decline until after the Danish invasions of the area. During the major ecclesiastical building of the 12th and 13th centuries, lead became a valuable commodity and mining once again increased in the valley.<ref>{{cite book |title= History of Richmond & Swaledale|last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= R. Fieldhouse & B. Jennings|year= 1978|publisher= Phillimore & Co Ltd|location= London|isbn= 1-86077-364-8|accessdate=2011-01-31}}</ref> Evidence of the lead mining can still be seen from the remains of the 18th century practice of '[[hushing]]' that involved creating turf dams across gills that were then released to wash away topsoil to expose the ore veins.

Around the 8th century, the river valley was settled by [[Angles]] who established themselves at Reeth, Stainton, Grinton Bridge and Fremington. Two hundred years later the upper valley was settled by [[Norsemen]]. After the Norman invasion, the lands of the valley were given to [[Alan, 1st Earl of Richmond|Count Alan of Brittany]] who built the castle at Richmond between 1071 and 1091. It was built on a bluff overlooking the River Swale.

==Economy==

Over the centuries, lead mining and cattle farming have been the main industries, but competition from the rest of the world saw them decline by the end of the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book |title= History of Richmond & Swaledale|last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= R. Fieldhouse & B. Jennings|year= 1978|publisher= Phillimore & Co Ltd|location= London|isbn= 1-86077-364-8|accessdate=2011-01-31}}</ref> Some crop farming also took place, most notably during the warm periods of the 13th century.

Tourism now plays a major role in the economy of the river valley. the Yorkshire Dales Cycle Way follows the valley between Fremington and Gunnerside. The [[Coast to Coast Walk]] passes through Richmond to Reeth and is crossed at Keld by the [[Pennine Way]], which goes through the upper valley from [[Buttertubs Pass]] to Muker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshiredales.org.uk/lca-swaledale-arkengarthdale.pdf|title=Tourism|accessdate=2011-02-07}}</ref>

==Gallery==

{{Gallery
| title = Along the River Swale
| lines = 5
| width = 180
| height = 140
|File:Start of the River Swale - geograph.org.uk - 519380.jpg|Confluence of Birkdale Beck and Great Sleddale Beck marks the start of the River Swale
|File:Whitsundale Beck joins the River Swale - geograph.org.uk - 141962.jpg|Whitsundale Beck joins the River Swale
|File:Wain Wath Force, near Keld - geograph.org.uk - 9058.jpg|Wain Wath Force, near Keld, with the limestone cliffs of Cotterby Scar in the background.
|File:CatrakeForceLower2.jpg|Lower Catrake Force
|File:Kisdon Force on River Swale - geograph.org.uk - 613038.jpg|Kisdon Force on River Swale
|File:River Swale near Muker - geograph.org.uk - 613027.jpg|River Swale near Muker
|File:River Swale - geograph.org.uk - 677585.jpg|River Swale flowing under Downholme Bridge
|File:Grinton Bridge.jpg|Grinton Bridge
|File:IveletBridge(NickW)Mar2006.jpg|Ivelet Bridge
|File:River Swale from Catterick Bridge - geograph.org.uk - 276680.jpg|River Swale from Catterick Bridge
|File:Morton Bridge, A684 Crossing of the River Swale - geograph.org.uk - 30609.jpg|Morton Bridge, A684 Crossing the River Swale
|File:River Swale near Brompton-on-Swale.jpg|River Swale near Brompton-on-Swale
|File:River Swale - geograph.org.uk - 526535.jpg|River Swale from bridge near Brafferton
}}

==Lists==

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
! scope="col" width="255" | Settlements
! scope="col" width="255" | Location
! scope="col" width="255" | Tributaries
! scope="col" width="255" | Confluence
! scope="col" width="255" | Crossings
! scope="col" width="255" | Location
|-
| [[Keld, North Yorkshire|Keld]]||{{coord|54.405|-2.168}}||Holme Ash Gill|||{{coord|54|24|11.37|N|2|13|6.08|W}}||High Bridge (B6270)||{{coord|54|24|26.87|N| 2|12|1.64|W}}
|-
| [[Muker]]||{{coord|54.38378|-2.14673}} ||Little Ash Gill||{{coord|54|24|20.38|N|2|12|32.63|W}}||Low Bridge||{{coord|54|24|33.78|N|2|11|23.97|W}}
|-
| [[Gunnerside]]||{{coord|54.379|-2.076}}||Great Ash Gill||{{coord|54|24|26.33|N|2|12|6.83|W}}||Park Bridge||{{coord|54|24|31.32|N|2|10|38.17|W}}
|-
| [[Low Row]]||{{coord|54.37593|-2.03088}}||Whitsunudale Beck||{{coord|54|24|27.99|N|2|11|50.00|W}}||Ivelet Bridge||{{coord|54|22|32.50|N|2|6|16.39|W}}
|-
| [[Reeth]]||{{coord|54.3876|-1.9422}}||Blackburn Beck||{{coord|54|24|33.11|N|2|10|48.27|W}}||Gunnerside Great Brsige (B6270)||{{coord|54|22|32.31|N| 2| 4|43.47|W}}
|-
| [[Grinton]]||{{coord|54.38094|-1.92974}}||Stonesdale Beck||{{coord|54|24|31.73|N|2|10|28.76|W}}||Isles Bridge||{{coord|54|22|22.13|N|2| 2|11.46|W}}
|-
| [[Richmond, North Yorkshire|Richmond]]||{{coord|54.4035|-1.7373}}||Oldfield Gutter||{{coord|54|24|5.88|N|2| 9|6.11|W}}||Scabba Wath Bridge||{{coord|54|22|49.35|N|1|59|31.68|W}}
|-
| [[Brompton-on-Swale]]||{{coord|54.3917|-1.6619}}||Swinner Gill||{{coord|54|23|56.07|N| 2| 8|36.93|W}}||Grinton Bridge (B6270)||{{coord|54|22|55.86|N| 1|55|47.78|W}}
|-
| [[Catterick Bridge]]||{{coord|54.38864|-1.65047}}||West Arn Gill||{{coord|54|23|44.50|N| 2| 8|25.28|W}}||Downholme Bridge||{{coord|54|23|16.77|N| 1|49|36.49|W}}
|-
| [[Catterick, North Yorkshire|Catterick]]||{{coord|54.372|-1.623}}||Straw Beck||{{coord|54|22|35.40|N| 2| 8|3.83|W}}||Lownethwaite Bridge (A6108)||{{coord|54|24|5.29|N| 1|46|34.13|W}}
|-
| [[Great Langton]]||{{coord|54.362630|-1.547290}}||Routin Gill||{{coord|54|22|29.20|N| 2| 7|25.83|W}}||Bridge Street, Richmond||{{coord|54|24|1.96|N| 1|44|25.15|W}}
|-
| [[Little Fencote]]||{{coord|54.332692|-1.567842}}||Oxnop Gill||{{coord|54|22|32.11|N| 2| 6|17.05|W}}||Station Road, Richmond (A6136)||{{coord|54|24|14.23|N| 1|43|50.77|W}}
|-
| [[Morton-on-Swale]]||{{coord|54.32181|-1.50314}}||Shore Gill||{{coord|54|22|34.86|N| 2| 5|56.92|W}}||[[A1 road (Great Britain)]]||{{coord|54|23|17.81|N| 1|39|21.14|W}}
|-
| [[Bedale]]||{{coord|54.2833|-1.5833}}||Gunnerside Gill||{{coord|54|22|32.05|N| 2| 4|42.41|W}}||Catterick Bridge (A6138)||{{coord|54|23|21.44|N| 1|39|5.25|W}}
|-
| [[Gatenby]]||{{coord|54.28515|-1.50112}}||Haverdale Beck||{{coord|54|22|20.68|N| 2| 2|15.51|W}}||Stoney Leigh Bridge||{{coord|54|21|46.06|N| 1|33|15.41|W}}
|-
| [[Maunby]]||{{coord|54|16|N|1|27|W}}||Mirk gill||{{coord|54|22|18.48|N| 2| 1|46.33|W}}||Swale Bridge (Wensleydale Railway)||{{coord|54|19|24.12|N| 1|30|38.12|W}}
|-
| [[Pickhill]]||{{coord|54.24705|-1.47007}}||Birks Gill||{{coord|54|22|19.31|N| 2| 1|44.01|W}}||Morton Bridge (A684)||{{coord|54|19|14.45|N| 1|30|41.00|W}}
|-
| [[Skipton-on-Swale]]||{{coord|54.212650|-1.440185}}||Scabba Wath||{{coord|54|22|50.16|N| 1|59|15.05|W}}||Skipton Bridge (A61)||{{coord|54|12|45.38|N| 1|26|37.19|W}}
|-
| [[Catton, North Yorkshire|Catton]]||{{coord|54.197|-1.434}}||Barney Beck||{{coord|54|22|53.87|N| 1|58|37.77|W}}||Topcliffe Bridge (A167)||{{coord|54|10|40.53|N| 1|23|29.71|W}}
|-
| [[Baldersby St James]]||{{coord|54.18687|-1.44201}}||Arkle Beck||{{coord|54|22|55.33|N| 1|56|4.60|W}}||A168||{{coord|54|10|27.26|N| 1|23|3.83|W}}
|-
| [[Topcliffe, North Yorkshire|Topcliffe]]||{{coord|54.1784|-1.3863}}||Cogden Beck||{{coord|54|22|46.47|N| 1|54|45.42|W}}||Thornton Bridge||{{coord|54| 8|12.15|N| 1|20|19.75|W}}
|-
| [[Cundall, North Yorkshire|Cundall]]"||{{coord|54.14785|-1.35248}}||Hags Gill||{{coord|54|22|25.15|N| 1|53|54.76|W}}||Myton Bridge||{{coord|54| 5|41.16|N| 1|20|5.23|W}}
|-
| [[Fawdington]]||{{coord|54.14907|-1.33099}}||Gill Beck||{{coord|54|22|32.83|N| 1|51|18.93|W}}||||
|-
| [[Brafferton, North Yorkshire|Brafferton]]||{{coord|54.126137|-1.327460}}||Oxque Beck||{{coord|54|23|4.36|N| 1|50|23.91|W}}||||
|-
| [[Helperby]]||{{coord|54.122200|-1.328400}}||Marske Beck||{{coord|54|23|46.83|N| 1|49|42.70|W}}||||
|-
| [[Myton-on-Swale]]||{{coord|54.094|-1.331}}||Clapgate Beck||{{coord|54|24|17.93|N| 1|49|20.56|W}}||||
|-
| ||||Sand Beck||{{coord|54|23|53.03|N| 1|43|8.34|W}}||||
|-
| ||||Colburn Beck||{{coord|54|23|31.10|N| 1|41|9.56|W}}||||
|-
| ||||Skeeby Beck||{{coord|54|23|36.73|N| 1|40|27.51|W}}||||
|-
| ||||Brough Beck||{{coord|54|22|15.05|N| 1|36|38.62|W}}||||
|-
| ||||Fiddale Beck||{{coord|54|21|52.02|N| 1|33|55.71|W}}||||
|-
| ||||Kiplin Beck||{{coord|54|21|49.43|N| 1|33|21.67|W}}||||
|-
| ||||The Stell||{{coord|54|21|28.32|N| 1|32|15.85|W}}||||
|-
| ||||Mill Beck||{{coord|54|20|14.50|N| 1|31|47.21|W}}||||
|-
| ||||Bedale Beck||{{coord|54|18|15.21|N| 1|30|50.03|W}}||||
|-
| ||||[[River Wiske]]||{{coord|54|14|38.19|N| 1|26|19.94|W}}||||
|-
| ||||Cod Beck||{{coord|54|10|3.88|N| 1|21|58.63|W}}||||
|-
| ||||Crakehill Beck||{{coord|54| 9|7.14|N| 1|20|22.01|W}}||||
|-
| ||||Cundall Beck||{{coord|54| 8|13.20|N| 1|20|18.10|W}}||||
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Rivers of Yorkshire}}

[[Category:Rivers of North Yorkshire|Swale]]
[[Category:Swaledale]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the River Ouse, Yorkshire]]

River Ure

2013-10-30T17:23:04Z

Prof.Haddock: added Category:Tributaries of the River Ouse, Yorkshire using HotCat

{{Geobox|River

| name = River Ure
| native_name =
| other_name =
| category =

| etymology =
| nickname =

| image = Aysgarth_Falls_(Upper).jpg
| image_caption = [[Aysgarth Falls]] in [[Wensleydale]]
| image_size =

| country = England
| state = North Yorkshire
| region =
| district =
| municipality =

| parent =
| tributary_left =
| tributary_right =
| city =
| landmark =

| source = Ure Head
| source_location =
| source_region =
| source_country =
| source_elevation = 640
| source_lat_d = 54
| source_lat_m = 21
| source_lat_s = 59.967
| source_lat_NS = N
| source_long_d = 2
| source_long_m = 18
| source_long_s = 0.033
| source_long_EW = W
| source1 =
| source1_location =
| source1_region =
| source1_country =
| source1_elevation =
| source1_lat_d =
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| source_confluence =
| source_confluence_location =
| source_confluence_region =
| source_confluence_country =
| source_confluence_elevation =
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| source_confluence_long_EW =
| mouth = [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|River Ouse]]
| mouth_location = Cuddy Shaw Reach (near [[Linton-on-Ouse]])
| mouth_region = North Yorkshire
| mouth_country = England
| mouth_elevation = 10
| mouth_lat_d = 54
| mouth_lat_m = 2
| mouth_lat_s = 4
| mouth_lat_NS = N
| mouth_long_d = 1
| mouth_long_m = 16
| mouth_long_s = 30
| mouth_long_EW = W

| length = 119
| width =
| depth =
| volume =
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| free = | free_type =

| map =
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| website =
| commons =

| footnotes =
}}

{{see also|Wensleydale}}

The '''River Ure''' is a river in [[North Yorkshire]], [[England]], approximately {{convert|74|mi|km}} long from its source to the point where it changes name to the [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|River Ouse]]. It is the principal river of [[Wensleydale]], which is the only one of the [[Yorkshire Dales|Dales]] now named after a village rather than its river. The old name for the valley was Yoredale after the river that runs through it.

The Ure is one of many rivers and waterways that drain the Dales into the [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|River Ouse]]. Tributaries of the Ure include the [[River Swale]] and the River Skell.

The earliest recorded name is Earp, but by 1142 it is recorded as Jor, hence [[Jervaulx Abbey|Jervaulx (Jorvale) Abbey]]. In 1530 it is recorded as Yeure, and local placenames include Yorebridge and Yoreburgh, but in Tudor times the [[antiquarian]]s [[John Leland (antiquary)|John Leland]] and [[William Camden]] called it by its current name.<ref>Wensleydale, Ella Pontefract, J.M. Dent & Sons, London, 1936</ref> The Old Celtic word for Ure was 'Isara' which evolved into 'Isure', 'Isurium', 'Isis' and finally into the Anglo-Saxon 'Ouse', giving an explanation of the changing name of the river.<ref>Ekwall, E."English River Names" (Oxford University Press:1928)</ref>

==Course==
{{River Ure}}
The source of the river is Ure Head on Abbotside Common where it flows west south-west to the valley floor and then turns south. Where it reaches the A684 it turns east along Wensleydale as far as Wensley. From here it flows south-east to Jervaulx Abbey and shortly after south to Mickley. Here it returns east and then south to Ripon. A little way after Ripon it flows east again to Boroughbridge.

To the east of Boroughbridge, the Ure is joined by the [[River Swale]]. About {{convert|6|mi|km}} downstream of this confluence, at Cuddy Shaw Reach near [[Linton-on-Ouse]], the river changes its name to the [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|River Ouse]].

===Water levels===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Monitoring Station<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/floods/riverlevels/120701.aspx|title=River Levels|accessdate=2010-12-29}}</ref>
!Station Elevation
! Low water level
! High water level
! Record high level
|-
| Bainbridge
| {{convert|208|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|0.06|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|2.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.66|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|-
|Kilgram
| {{convert|94|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|0.27|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|5.64|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|-
| Masham
| {{convert|76|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|0.14|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|2.3|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.53|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|-
| Ripon Ure Bank
| {{convert|24|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|0.03|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|0.89|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.73|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|-
| Westwick Lock
| {{convert|22|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|0.11|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|2.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.35|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|-
| Boroughbridge
| {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|9.62|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|13|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|15.59|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|}

* Low and High Water Levels are an average figure.

==Geology==

Upper Wensleydale is high, open and remote U shaped valley overlying Yoredale Beds. The gradient is gentle to the north end of the valley, becoming steeper further south. Drumlins lay either side of the river, which is shallow but fast flowing. The river is fed from many gills cutting through woodland and predominantly sheep farmsteads. The Settle to Carlisle railway runs along the western side of the valley here.

Mid Wensleydale is made of Great Scar limestone under Yoredale beds that make up the valley sides which are marked with stepped limestone scars. The valley floor is made from glacial drift tails and moraine. The river here is broad and gently flowing in meanders in a stony channel. There are four tributary valleys that contribute to several waterfalls in this area.

Lower Wensleydale is a broader version of mid Wensleydale with the river gently meandering until it drops significantly at Aysgarth over the platformed waterfalls. The valley sides become increasingly wooded.

From Middleham onwards the river is a typical mid-age river and meanders in wider arcs as it flows south-east.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshiredales.org.uk/index/specialplace/specialquality-landscape/characteroflandscape.htm|title=Landscape Character|accessdate=2010-12-29}}</ref>

==History==

The valley has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Examples of earthworks and other artefacts from the Bronze and Iron Ages can be seen in the Dales Countryside Museum in Hawes and the Romans built a fort at Bainbridge. Place-names in the valley denote the different types of settlers, such as Angles and Norse with typical suffixes like 'ton' and "sett".

During medieval times, much of the upper dale was sheep country belonging to [[Middleham Castle]] and Jervaulx Abbey.
In 1751, the Richmond to Lancaster turnpike was created and originally followed the Roman road from Bainbridge. In 1795 it was diverted along the valley to Hawes and took the Widdale route, now the B6255 to Ingleton.<ref name="upper-wensleydale1">{{cite web|url=http://www.upper-wensleydale.com/local_history/|title=Local history|accessdate=2010-12-30}}</ref>

More recently in 1990, Aysgarth Falls was used as a location in ''[[Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves|Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves]]'', in a the scene where Robin Hood fights Little John.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0102798/locations|title=Filming Locations|accessdate= 26 August 2011}}</ref> It also featured in the 1992 film of ''[[Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights|Wuthering Heights]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0104181/locations/locations|title=Filming Locations|accessdate= 26 August 2011}}</ref> and the 1984 TV mini Series, ''[[A Woman of Substance (mini-series)|A Woman of Substance]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0085114/locations/locations|title=Filming Locations|accessdate= 26 August 2011}}</ref>

==Economy==

Farming, lead mining, dairying and quarrying are the mainstays of the modern economy of the valley, along with tourism. The dairy at Hawes produces [[Wensleydale cheese]]. Brewing takes place in Masham at the Black Sheep and Theakston Breweries.

There are many waymarked footpaths and open countryside. The Pennine Way passes through Hawes.<ref name="upper-wensleydale1"/>

==Natural History==

The differing habitats of the area have their own populations of flora such as cranesbill, bistort, pignut and buttercup. Other varieties that can be seen in the area are wood anemones, violets, primroses, purple orchids, cowslips and herb paris. Some plants, such as spring sandwort, have managed to grow where the lead mining took place
There are large populations of badger, roe deer, fox and rabbit in the valley. Amongst the variety of birds that can be seen in the valley are golden plover, curlew and oystercatcher.<ref name="upper-wensleydale1"/>

==Gallery==

{{Gallery
| title = Along the River Ure
| lines = 5
| width = 180
| height = 140
|File:The River Ure - geograph.org.uk - 186396.jpg|The River Ure near its source
|File:River Ure - geograph.org.uk - 188096.jpg|River Ure west of Hawes
|File:The River Ure near Worton Bridge - geograph.org.uk - 75564.jpg|The River Ure near Worton Bridge
|File:River Ure - geograph.org.uk - 154107.jpg|River Ure near Aysgarth with Batt Island in view
|File:The River Ure - geograph.org.uk - 116750.jpg|The River Ure at Hackfall Gorge near Mickley
|File:River Ure - geograph.org.uk - 274596.jpg|River Ure near West Tanfield
|File:Bridge over River Ure.jpg|Bridge over River Ure near Ripon
|File:River Ure, Roecliffe - geograph.org.uk - 270848.jpg|River Ure, Roecliffe
|File:B6265 road bridge over River Ure.jpg|B6265 Hewick Bridge over River Ure
|File:River Ure - geograph.org.uk - 150944.jpg|River Ure taken from Arrows Bridge, Boroughbridge
}}

==Lists==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

===Tributaries===
54 tributaries

From the source of the river:

* Ure Crook
* Tongue Gill
* Grass Gill
* Scars Gill
* Keld Gill
* Johnston Gill
* South Lunds Sike
* Ure Force
* Lunds Gill Thorn
* Tarn gill
* Scothole Gill
* Carr Gill
* Mossdale Beck
* Cottersdale Beck
* Widdale Beck
* Hardraw beck
* Thorne Sike
* Gayle Beck
* Blackburn Sike
* Eller Beck
* Nicholl Gill
* Raygill Sike
{{col-break}}

* Grays Beck
* River Bain
* Paddock Beck
* West Mawks Sike
* Newbiggin Beck
* Craike Sike Gutter
* Sister Ings Beck
* Starra Beck
* Wanley Beck
* Gill Beck
* Eller Beck
* Mill Race
* Low Beck
* Aysgarth Falls
* Bishopdale/Walden Becks
* Kendall Beck
* Belden Beck/Swan River
* Batt Island
* Mill Beck
* Wensley Beck
* Mill Beck
* Harmby/Spennithorne Becks
* The Batts
* River Cover
{{col-break}}

* Harker Beck
* Kilgram Bridge
* The Island
* Markfield Goit
* River Burn
* Black Robin Beck
* The Batts
* Mill Batts
* Light Water
* The Sike
* Hutton Mill Deep
* River Skell
* Ripon Canal
* Bishop Monkton Cutt
* Scour Gutter
* Ings Drain
* The Island
* Croft Drain
* Sleight
* River Swale
* Holbecks
* Beck Closes Drain
{{col-break}}

===Settlements===

From the source of the river:

* Blades
* South Lunds
* [[Appersett]]
* [[Hawes]]
* [[Bainbridge, North Yorkshire|Bainbridge]]
* [[Worton, North Yorkshire|Worton]]
* Woodhall
* [[Aysgarth]]
* [[Wensley, North Yorkshire|Wensley]]
* Spennithorne
* [[Middleham]]
* Ulshaw
* [[Masham]]
* [[Mickley]]
* [[West Tanfield]]
* North Stainley
* [[Nunwick]]
* [[Hutton Conyers]]
* [[Ripon]]
* [[Roecliffe]]
* [[Boroughbridge]]
* Lower Dunsforth
* [[Aldwark, North Yorkshire|Aldwark]]
{{col-break}}

===Crossings===

From the source of the river:

* Green Bridge (foot)
* How Beck Bridge
* Footbridge
* Blades Footbridge
* Unnamed road
* Unnamed road
* Thwaite Bridge
* A684
* Footbridge
* A684 New Bridge
* Footbridge
* Haylands Beck, Hawes
* Footbridge
* Yore Bridge, Bainbridge
* Worton Bridge, Worton
* Footbridge
* Footbridge
* Footbridge
* Yore Bridge
* A684 Wensley Bridge
* A684 Middleham Bridge
* Ulshaw Bridge
* Footbridge
* A6108 Masham Bridge
* Footbridge
* A6108 Tanfield Bridge
* North Bridge, Ripon
* A61 Ripon By-pass
* B6265 Hewick Bridge
* A1(M)
* A168 Arrows Bridge
* Borough Bridge
* Footbridge
* Aldwark Bridge (Toll)
{{col-end}}

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Rivers of Yorkshire}}

[[Category:Wensleydale]]
[[Category:Rivers of North Yorkshire|Ure]]
[[Category:Boroughbridge]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the River Ouse, Yorkshire]]