Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Diskussion:Siedelweber

2011-11-08T15:25:00Z

Prashanthns: file

== map ==

THere is a distribution map for the species on commons - [[:File:Philetairus socius distribution.svg|sociable weaver distribution map]]. Not sure how to put it so dumping link here. [[Benutzer:Prashanthns|Prashanthns]] 16:24, 8. Nov. 2011 (CET)

Diskussion:Siedelweber

2011-11-08T15:24:46Z

Prashanthns: map

== map ==

THere is a distribution map for the species on commons - [[:Philetairus socius distribution.svg|sociable weaver distribution map]]. Not sure how to put it so dumping link here. [[Benutzer:Prashanthns|Prashanthns]] 16:24, 8. Nov. 2011 (CET)

Diskussion:Upamanyu Chatterjee

2011-06-26T10:49:40Z

Prashanthns: Dead links

== Dead links ==

...sorry for leaving a message in English. Three of the external links are dead. [[Benutzer:Prashanthns|Prashanthns]] 12:49, 26. Jun. 2011 (CEST)

N. Ravikiran

2010-07-27T20:01:11Z

Prashanthns: tweak tone, rm blog link and distantly related links in kpg w WP:LINKS

[[Image:Ravikiran 25 A.jpg|thumb|Ravikiran (center) playing the navachitravina. Also shown are (left to right) [[Guruvayur Dorai]], [[mridangam]]; Ravi Balasubramanian, [[ghatam]]; and [[Akkarai Subbalakshmi]], [[violin]].]]

'''Chitravina N. Ravikiran''' (born February 12, 1967 in [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]) is a composer of Indian [[Carnatic music]].

Ravikiran is the author of several books, ''Appreciating Carnatic Music'' and ''Perfecting Carnatic Music Level I and II''. He is also the founder of the ''International Foundation for Carnatic Music''.<ref name="sasa">{{cite web|url=http://www.sasaosu.org/2009/11/n-ravikiran-concert/|title=Biography of N Ravikiran|publisher=South Asian Student Association of University of Ohio|accessdate=15 March 2010}}</ref>

==Child Prodigy==
At the age of two, Ravikiran impressed scholars with his knowledge in Carnatic music. In 1969, he made his first appearance in the Malleshwaram Sangeeta Sabha, Bangalore. Soon after that he was presented in The Madras Music Academy, Krishna Ghana Sabha he was able to identify and render about 325 ragas (melodic scales) and 175 talas (rhythmic cycles). He was quizzed by famous musicians such as [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]], [[Pandit Ravi Shankar]], [[M S Subbulakshmi]] and others. The Music Academy, Madras, awarded the two-year-old, a monthly scholarship for the next few years. Ravikiran trained in [[Carnatic music]] under the guidance of his father, Narasimhan. Ravikiran debuted as a vocalist in 1972, at [[Coimbatore]] at the age of five years.<ref name=guide>{{cite book|last=Abram|first=David|title=The Rough Guide to South India|edition=3|pages=671|accessdate=15 March 2010}}</ref> At the age of 10, at which time, he switched over to the 21-stringed chitravina.<ref name=guide /> However, he resumed his vocal recitals in 1999 and now presents both vocal and instrumental concerts.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ravikiranmusic.com/ Ravikiran's Official Website]
*[http://www.shaktiextratainment.com/ Shakti Extratainment Channel, initiated by Ravikiran]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravikiran, Chitravina N.}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Carnatic composers]]
[[Category:Carnatic instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mysore]]

Linwood (Schottland)

2010-06-25T21:01:42Z

Prashanthns: Reverted 1 edit by 86.134.172.33 identified as vandalism to last revision by 81.131.217.53. (TW)

{{About|the town in Scotland||Linwood (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox UK place
|country = Scotland
|official_name= Linwood
|gaelic_name=
|scots_name=
|os_grid_reference= NS435645
|latitude=55.847
|longitude=-4.502
| population = 9,058
| population_ref = (1991 census)
|unitary_scotland=[[Renfrewshire]]
|lieutenancy_scotland= [[Renfrewshire (historic)|Renfrewshire]]
|post_town= PAISLEY
|postcode_district = PA3
|postcode_area= PA
|dial_code= 01505
|constituency_westminster= [[Paisley and Renfrewshire North (UK Parliament constituency)|Paisley & Renfrewshire North]]
|constituency_scottish_parliament= [[West Renfrewshire (Scottish Parliament constituency)|West Renfrewshire]]
|constituency_scottish_parliament1= [[West of Scotland (Scottish Parliament electoral region)|West of Scotland]]
|static_image=
|static_image_caption=
}}
'''Linwood''' is a small town in [[Renfrewshire]], [[Scotland]], 14 miles south-west of [[Glasgow]].

By dint of its proximity to [[Glasgow International Airport]] and the M8 motorway to [[Glasgow]] and [[Edinburgh]], Linwood has increased its residential scope as a [[commuter town]]. There are frequent daily bus services to Paisley, [[Johnstone]] and Glasgow.

Shopping and entertainment needs are supplied by the Phoenix retail park and easily accessible Paisley and Glasgow.

==Transport==

===Roads===
Linwood is linked to Glasgow via the A737 which also links Linwood to Ayrshire via Garnock Valley

===Bus Services===
For a small town Linwood has many bus services linking the local areas with Paisley and Glasgow.
{| class="wikitable"
! Number
! End
! Via
! Frequency
! Operator
|-
| 6/7 || Johnstone/Linwood Circle || Johnstone Hospital , Morrisons Store , Johnstone , Elderslie || Every 15 minutes Monday-Saturday || Riverside Transport
|-
| 6 || Silverburn || Paisley and Hurlet || Every 30 minutes Monday to Saturday || First Glasgow
|-
| X6 || Glasgow || M8 motorway || Monday - Friday morning peak || First Glasgow
|-
| X6a || Glasgow || M8 Motorway and Braehead ||Every 60 minutes Monday to Saturday evenings and Sunday || McGill's
|-
| 7 || Glasgow || Paisley, Clyde Tunnel and Partick || Every 20 minutes Monday-Saturday/Every 60 minutes Sunday || Arriva Scotland West
|-
| X7/X7a || Glasgow || M8 motorway and Braehead || X7:Every 30 minutes Monday - Saturday/X7a:2 journeys Monday to Saturday || McGill's
|-
| X7L || Largs || Houston ,Bridge Of Weir ,Kilmacolm ,Greenock || 4 journeys Monday - Saturday || McGill's
|-
| 8/8A || Paisley || Phoenix Retail Park || Every 12 minutes Monday - Saturday || Riverside Transport
|-
| 9 || Drumchapel Station || Paisley ,Cardonald ,Glasgow and Partick || Every 9 minutes Monday - Saturday/Every 15 minutes Sunday || First Glasgow
|-
| 18 || Paisley || A737 and St.James || Every 60 minutes Monday - Friday || Riverside Transport
|-
|}

==History==
===Early history===

As the town expanded, its economy began to rely on the [[Rootes Group|Rootes]], later [[Chrysler]] then [[Peugeot|Peugeot Talbot]], car plant and the [[Pressed Steel Company]], both of which ceased production in 1981, leaving mass [[unemployment]] in its wake. It is estimated that 13,000 workers were left jobless as both direct and indirect consequences of this closure. deprivation'.<ref>http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/ArtsCulture/CulturalPolicy/workinggroup/PathfinderProjects</ref>

The car factory had been built in 1962 as the facility for production of the [[Hillman Imp]], a revolutionary small car which went into production the following spring and was not discontinued until 1976. The factory had the advantage of a direct rail link, which allowed cars to be transported by rail to places all over Britain. It later produced the Imp's successor, the [[Chrysler Sunbeam|Sunbeam]], and when that car finished production in late 1981 it signalled the end of production at the factory after less than 20 years. Most of the factory was demolished soon afterwards, but the final part of the factory wasn't demolished until 1996 - 15 years after the last car had rolled off the production line. [http://www.imps4ever.info/linwood/linwood.html]

===Modern history===
In the period of 1980-1995 Linwood had one of the highest unemployment rates in Scotland. A new development off the M8, opened in 1996 as a dual retail park and leisure park.Over the years Linwood has become a deprived area and many buildings have fallen into disrepair. New council houses are being developed in place of the old high rise flats.

==Education==

Education needs in Linwood are met by three primary schools, two [[non-denominational]]; Woodlands Primary School, and East Fulton Primary School and one [[Roman Catholic]]; Our Lady of Peace, and by two nearby secondary schools; one Roman Catholic, [[St Benedict's RC High School|St Benedicts]], one non-denominational; [[Linwood high school|Linwood High School]], newly rebuilt on its former site.

==Famous People==

Several footballers come from Linwood:
[[Billy Thomson]]: Former [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]], [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]], [[Dundee United]] and [[St. Mirren]] goalkeeper. He is the current [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] Goalkeeping coach.

[[Paul Lambert]]: Former [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]], [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]], [[Borussia Dortmund]] and [[St. Mirren]] midfielder and former [[Livingston F.C.|Livingston]] manager. He held the captaincy for both [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] and [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]]. He was also manager of [[Wycombe Wanderers FC]] until recently. Currently manager of [[Norwich City]].

Ian Matthews: Former [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] player. Winner of March 17 2009 lottery and since retired.

[[Darryl Duffy]]: Current [[Swansea City]] and [[Scotland national under-21 football team|Scotland Under 21]] Striker, he left [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] for [[Falkirk F.C.|Falkirk]] after an unsuccessful apprenticeship. He was then sold to Hull City and then to Swansea for fees totalling over half a million Pounds.

[[John Hillcoat (footballer)|John Hillcoat]]: Current [[Alloa Athletic F.C.|Alloa Athletic]] goalkeeping coach and former [[Dunfermline Athletic F.C.|Dunfermline]], [[Hamilton Academical F.C.|Hamilton]], [[Partick Thistle]], [[Clydebank FC|Clydebank]], [[Greenock Morton F.C.|Morton]], [[Queen of the South]], [[St. Mirren]], [[Dumbarton F.C.|Dumbarton]], [[Stranraer F.C.|Stranraer]], [[Ayr United F.C.|Ayr]], [[Brechin City FC|Brechin City]] and [[St Johnstone]] Goalkeeper. He also writes a column for the [[Sunday Mail (Scotland)|Sunday Mail]] newspaper.

[[David Lowing]]: Former [[St. Mirren]] and [[Forfar Athletic F.C.|Forfar]] Defender. He is currently playing for [[Ayr United F.C.|Ayr]].

Mad Harry: Tramp and drug addict from Linwood . Sits outside the Clippens Road shops begging for money.He uses the River Cart to have a bath in

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.paisleygazette.co.uk - The Gazette (local paper)]
*[http://www.linwoodsucks.com - Linwood Sucks (local community portal)]
*[http://www.linwoodactive.co.uk - Linwood Active (local community group and registered charity)]
[http://lightuplinwood.webeden.co.uk/#]- Light up Linwood (community group)
[[Category:Towns in Renfrewshire]]

[[gd:Linwood]]
[[nl:Linwood (Schotland)]]

N. Ravikiran

2010-03-15T11:22:45Z

Prashanthns: /* External links */ rm duplicate link

[[Image:Ravikiran 25 A.jpg|thumb|Ravikiran (center) playing the navachitravina. Also shown are (left to right) [[Guruvayur Dorai]], [[mridangam]]; Ravi Balasubramanian, [[ghatam]]; and Akkarai S. Subhalakshmi, [[violin]].]]

'''Chitravina N. Ravikiran''' (born February 12, 1967 in [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]) is a composer of Indian [[Carnatic music]]. He has been called the "Indian [[Mozart]]".{{Citation needed|date=March 2010|reason=by whom?}} [[Ravi Shankar]], the famous [[sitar]] player noted as saying: "If you don’t believe in God, just look at Ravikiran." {{Fact|date=March 2010}}

Ravikiran is the author of several widely read books, ''Appreciating Carnatic Music'' and ''Perfecting Carnatic Music Level I and II''. He is also the founder of the ''International Foundation for Carnatic Music''.<ref name="sasa">{{cite web|url=http://www.sasaosu.org/2009/11/n-ravikiran-concert/|title=Biography of N Ravikiran|publisher=South Asian Student Association of University of Ohio|accessdate=15 March 2010}}</ref>

==Child Prodigy==
At the age of two, Ravikiran impressed scholars with his knowledge in Carnatic music. In 1969, he made his first appearance in the Malleshwaram Sangeeta Sabha, Bangalore.Soon after that he was presented in The Madras Music Academy, Krishna Ghana Sabha he was able to identify and render about 325 ragas (melodic scales) and 175 talas (rhythmic cycles) . He was quizzed by famous musicians such as [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]], [[Pandit Ravi Shankar]], [[M S Subbulakshmi]] and others. The Music Academy, Madras, awarded the two-year-old, a monthly scholarship for the next few years. Ravikiran trained in [[Carnatic music]] under the guidance of his father, Narasimhan. Ravikiran debuted as a vocalist in 1972, at [[Coimbatore]] at the age of five years.<ref name=guide>{{cite book|last=Abram|first=David|title=The Rough Guide to South India|edition=3|pages=671|accessdate=15 March 2010}}</ref> At the age of 10, at which time,he switched over to the 21-stringed chitravina.<ref name=guide /> However, he resumed his vocal recitals in 1999 and now presents both vocal and instrumental concerts.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ravikiranmusic.com/ Ravikiran's Official Website]
*[http://www.shaktiextratainment.com/ Shakti Extratainment Channel, initiated by Ravikiran]
*[http://www.geocities.com/oothukkadu Website devoted to Oottukkadu Venkata Kavi (1700-67), whose works Ravikiran has championed]
*[http://shillika.wordpress.com/2008/12/30/chitraveena-n-ravikiran-at-tattvaloka]
*[[http://www.ravikiranmusic.com/ifcm/ International Foundation for Classical Music]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravikiran, Chitravina N.}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Carnatic composers]]
[[Category:Carnatic instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mysore]]

N. Ravikiran

2010-03-15T11:22:11Z

Prashanthns: source article, rm template, further cpedit

[[Image:Ravikiran 25 A.jpg|thumb|Ravikiran (center) playing the navachitravina. Also shown are (left to right) [[Guruvayur Dorai]], [[mridangam]]; Ravi Balasubramanian, [[ghatam]]; and Akkarai S. Subhalakshmi, [[violin]].]]

'''Chitravina N. Ravikiran''' (born February 12, 1967 in [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]) is a composer of Indian [[Carnatic music]]. He has been called the "Indian [[Mozart]]".{{Citation needed|date=March 2010|reason=by whom?}} [[Ravi Shankar]], the famous [[sitar]] player noted as saying: "If you don’t believe in God, just look at Ravikiran." {{Fact|date=March 2010}}

Ravikiran is the author of several widely read books, ''Appreciating Carnatic Music'' and ''Perfecting Carnatic Music Level I and II''. He is also the founder of the ''International Foundation for Carnatic Music''.<ref name="sasa">{{cite web|url=http://www.sasaosu.org/2009/11/n-ravikiran-concert/|title=Biography of N Ravikiran|publisher=South Asian Student Association of University of Ohio|accessdate=15 March 2010}}</ref>

==Child Prodigy==
At the age of two, Ravikiran impressed scholars with his knowledge in Carnatic music. In 1969, he made his first appearance in the Malleshwaram Sangeeta Sabha, Bangalore.Soon after that he was presented in The Madras Music Academy, Krishna Ghana Sabha he was able to identify and render about 325 ragas (melodic scales) and 175 talas (rhythmic cycles) . He was quizzed by famous musicians such as [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]], [[Pandit Ravi Shankar]], [[M S Subbulakshmi]] and others. The Music Academy, Madras, awarded the two-year-old, a monthly scholarship for the next few years. Ravikiran trained in [[Carnatic music]] under the guidance of his father, Narasimhan. Ravikiran debuted as a vocalist in 1972, at [[Coimbatore]] at the age of five years.<ref name=guide>{{cite book|last=Abram|first=David|title=The Rough Guide to South India|edition=3|pages=671|accessdate=15 March 2010}}</ref> At the age of 10, at which time,he switched over to the 21-stringed chitravina.<ref name=guide /> However, he resumed his vocal recitals in 1999 and now presents both vocal and instrumental concerts.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ravikiranmusic.com/ Ravikiran's Official Website]
*[http://www.shaktiextratainment.com/ Shakti Extratainment Channel, initiated by Ravikiran]
*[http://www.geocities.com/oothukkadu Website devoted to Oottukkadu Venkata Kavi (1700-67), whose works Ravikiran has championed]
*[http://shillika.wordpress.com/2008/12/30/chitraveena-n-ravikiran-at-tattvaloka]
*[http://www.ravikiranmusic.com]
*[[http://www.ravikiranmusic.com/ifcm/ International Foundation for Classical Music]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravikiran, Chitravina N.}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Carnatic composers]]
[[Category:Carnatic instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mysore]]

N. Ravikiran

2010-03-15T11:09:54Z

Prashanthns: further cpedit, rm unsourced claims and reform peacocks, rm large section blog-like to talk page

N. Ravikiran

2010-03-10T14:36:48Z

Prashanthns: close template

{{Peacock|date=June 2008}}
{{BLP unsourced|date=June 2008}}
[[Image:Ravikiran 25 A.jpg|thumb|Ravikiran (center) playing the navachitravina. Also shown are (left to right) [[Guruvayur Dorai]], [[mridangam]]; Ravi Balasubramanian, [[ghatam]]; and Akkarai S. Subhalakshmi, [[violin]].]]

'''Chitravina N. Ravikiran''' (born February 12, 1967 in [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]) is a composer of Indian [[Carnatic music]]. He has been called the "Indian [[Mozart]]".{{Citation needed|date=March 2010|reason=by whom?}} [[Ravi Shankar]], the famous [[sitar]] player noted as saying: "If you don’t believe in God, just look at Ravikiran." {{Fact|date=March 2010}}

Ravikiran is the author of several widely read books, ''Appreciating Carnatic Music'' and ''Perfecting Carnatic Music Level I and II''. He is also the founder of the ''International Foundation for Carnatic Music''.

==Child Prodigy==

At the age of two, Ravikiran impressed scholars with his knowledge in Carnatic music. In 1969, he made his first appearance in the Malleshwaram Sangeeta Sabha, Bangalore.

Soon after that he was presented in The Madras Music Academy, Krishna Ghana Sabha where he stunned the music world with his ability to identify and render about 325 ragas (melodic scales) and 175 talas (rhythmic cycles). He was also able to answer complex technical questions on various aspects of Carnatic music when quizzed by luminaries such as Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer, Pandit Ravi Shankar, M S Subbulakshmi, Flute Mali, Palghat Mani Iyer, T N Krishnan, Ramnad Krishnan and Alla Rakha. The Music Academy, Madras, awarded the two-year-old, a monthly scholarship for the next few years.

Ravikiran went on to learn Carnatic music under the guidance of his father, Narasimhan. The latter’s unique teaching methods enabled Ravikiran to develop rigorous discipline and have fun at the same time. Ravikiran debuted as a vocalist in 1972, at Coimbatore, India, at age five. His ability to perform full-fledged three-hour concerts with senior accompanists, displaying rare mastery over both the melodic and rhythmic aspects (such as singing a khanda ata tala varnam in khanda eka tala in the five jati-s) of Carnatic music, amazed scholars and lovers of music alike.

Ravikiran presented concerts to packed audiences for major organisations in various cities until the age of 10, at which time (anticipating a voice change),he switched over to the beautiful 21-stringed chitravina.

However, he resumed his vocal recitals in 1999 and now presents both vocal and instrumental concerts. His masterful knowledge of Carnatic music, his musical acumen, imaginative approach, breath control and diction, have made him a much desired artiste in prominent venues both in and outside India.

From the late 1980-s, Ravikiran had the rare privilege of learning from the celebrated vocalist T Brinda, widely acknowledged as a musicians’ musician. His interaction with her added a whole new dimension to his perception of the microscopic nuances of music.

His thematic vocal recitals on works of venerated composers such as Tyagaraja and Oottukkadu Venkata Kavi have won approbation from music lovers.

Ravikiran is easily one of the most prolific composers in the world of Carnatic music now. He has introduced a number of ragas also. He discovered a raga at the age of two and named it Choodamani after his mother. He has also introduced ragams such as keshavapriya, Mohini, Snehapriya, Shivamanohari and Andhakarini. He has to his credit in excess of 500 compositions. These include, apart from over 300 conventional musical forms, several short numbers that form a part of his music-dance productions as also those created for instrumental ensembles and orchestras. His Carnatic compositions cover a range of themes in various musical forms such as varnam, krti, padam, javali and tillana.

He is the first composer to have composed in each one of the 35 talas of Carnatic music. Like most traditional Carnatic composers who used signature (mudra) for their compositions, Ravikiran signs his pieces with the phrase, Ravi-Shashi. However, many of his operatic pieces will not bear this signature and some pieces also have the word, ‘Ravikiran’ incorporated in the lyrics.

<http://shillika.wordpress.com/2008/12/30/chitraveena-n-ravikiran-at-tattvaloka>

==Melharmony==
Melharmony is a concept created by Ravikiran in an attempt to introduce harmony into [[South Indian]] music. It differs from western musical harmony in that [[musical intervals]] and/or [[Chord (music)|chords]] must be created using notes ([[swaras]]) permitted in the raga. In addition, emphasis is also placed on how the harmonization positively accentuates the structure of the music.

==Collaborations==
Ravikiran has worked with many other performers, from various musical styles outside his native Carnatic discipline, including [[Hindustani music]], [[Filmi]], [[Western classical music]], [[African music]], [[jazz]], and pop. Prominent amongst the Indian musicians he has worked with is [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]]. He has also performed collaborations with American blues guitarist [[Taj Mahal (musician)|Taj Mahal]], Brazilian jazz pianist [[Jovino Santos-Neto]], American [[frame drum]] player [[Glen Velez]], and Chinese pipa player [[Qiu Xia He]], as well as Western classical orchestras such as the [[BBC Philharmonic]] and the [[Cleveland Orchestra]].
Recent collaborations include a performance with the [[Eli Yamin]] Jazz Quartet from New York, along with pianist [[Anil Srinivasan]][http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/08/26/stories/2008082650060100.htm].

==External links==
*[http://www.ravikiranmusic.com/ Ravikiran's Official Website]
*[http://www.shaktiextratainment.com/ Shakti Extratainment Channel, initiated by Ravikiran]
*[http://www.geocities.com/oothukkadu Website devoted to Oottukkadu Venkata Kavi (1700-67), whose works Ravikiran has championed]
*[http://shillika.wordpress.com/2008/12/30/chitraveena-n-ravikiran-at-tattvaloka]
*[http://www.ravikiranmusic.com]
*[[http://www.ravikiranmusic.com/ifcm/ International Foundation for Classical Music]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravikiran, Chitravina N.}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Carnatic composers]]
[[Category:Carnatic instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mysore]]

N. Ravikiran

2010-03-10T14:35:23Z

Prashanthns: cpedit, move unsourced section with claims to talk page, move ext link to appropriate place

{{Peacock|date=June 2008}}
{{BLP unsourced|date=June 2008}}
[[Image:Ravikiran 25 A.jpg|thumb|Ravikiran (center) playing the navachitravina. Also shown are (left to right) [[Guruvayur Dorai]], [[mridangam]]; Ravi Balasubramanian, [[ghatam]]; and Akkarai S. Subhalakshmi, [[violin]].]]

'''Chitravina N. Ravikiran''' (born February 12, 1967 in [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]) is a composer of Indian [[Carnatic music]]. He has been called the "Indian [[Mozart]]".{{Citation needed|date=March 2010|reason=by whom?}} [[Ravi Shankar]], the famous [[sitar]] player noted as saying: "If you don’t believe in God, just look at Ravikiran." {{Fact|date=March 2010|

Ravikiran is the author of several widely read books, ''Appreciating Carnatic Music'' and ''Perfecting Carnatic Music Level I and II''. He is also the founder of the ''International Foundation for Carnatic Music''.

==Child Prodigy==

At the age of two, Ravikiran impressed scholars with his knowledge in Carnatic music. In 1969, he made his first appearance in the Malleshwaram Sangeeta Sabha, Bangalore.

Soon after that he was presented in The Madras Music Academy, Krishna Ghana Sabha where he stunned the music world with his ability to identify and render about 325 ragas (melodic scales) and 175 talas (rhythmic cycles). He was also able to answer complex technical questions on various aspects of Carnatic music when quizzed by luminaries such as Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer, Pandit Ravi Shankar, M S Subbulakshmi, Flute Mali, Palghat Mani Iyer, T N Krishnan, Ramnad Krishnan and Alla Rakha. The Music Academy, Madras, awarded the two-year-old, a monthly scholarship for the next few years.

Ravikiran went on to learn Carnatic music under the guidance of his father, Narasimhan. The latter’s unique teaching methods enabled Ravikiran to develop rigorous discipline and have fun at the same time. Ravikiran debuted as a vocalist in 1972, at Coimbatore, India, at age five. His ability to perform full-fledged three-hour concerts with senior accompanists, displaying rare mastery over both the melodic and rhythmic aspects (such as singing a khanda ata tala varnam in khanda eka tala in the five jati-s) of Carnatic music, amazed scholars and lovers of music alike.

Ravikiran presented concerts to packed audiences for major organisations in various cities until the age of 10, at which time (anticipating a voice change),he switched over to the beautiful 21-stringed chitravina.

However, he resumed his vocal recitals in 1999 and now presents both vocal and instrumental concerts. His masterful knowledge of Carnatic music, his musical acumen, imaginative approach, breath control and diction, have made him a much desired artiste in prominent venues both in and outside India.

From the late 1980-s, Ravikiran had the rare privilege of learning from the celebrated vocalist T Brinda, widely acknowledged as a musicians’ musician. His interaction with her added a whole new dimension to his perception of the microscopic nuances of music.

His thematic vocal recitals on works of venerated composers such as Tyagaraja and Oottukkadu Venkata Kavi have won approbation from music lovers.

Ravikiran is easily one of the most prolific composers in the world of Carnatic music now. He has introduced a number of ragas also. He discovered a raga at the age of two and named it Choodamani after his mother. He has also introduced ragams such as keshavapriya, Mohini, Snehapriya, Shivamanohari and Andhakarini. He has to his credit in excess of 500 compositions. These include, apart from over 300 conventional musical forms, several short numbers that form a part of his music-dance productions as also those created for instrumental ensembles and orchestras. His Carnatic compositions cover a range of themes in various musical forms such as varnam, krti, padam, javali and tillana.

He is the first composer to have composed in each one of the 35 talas of Carnatic music. Like most traditional Carnatic composers who used signature (mudra) for their compositions, Ravikiran signs his pieces with the phrase, Ravi-Shashi. However, many of his operatic pieces will not bear this signature and some pieces also have the word, ‘Ravikiran’ incorporated in the lyrics.

<http://shillika.wordpress.com/2008/12/30/chitraveena-n-ravikiran-at-tattvaloka>

==Melharmony==
Melharmony is a concept created by Ravikiran in an attempt to introduce harmony into [[South Indian]] music. It differs from western musical harmony in that [[musical intervals]] and/or [[Chord (music)|chords]] must be created using notes ([[swaras]]) permitted in the raga. In addition, emphasis is also placed on how the harmonization positively accentuates the structure of the music.

==Collaborations==
Ravikiran has worked with many other performers, from various musical styles outside his native Carnatic discipline, including [[Hindustani music]], [[Filmi]], [[Western classical music]], [[African music]], [[jazz]], and pop. Prominent amongst the Indian musicians he has worked with is [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]]. He has also performed collaborations with American blues guitarist [[Taj Mahal (musician)|Taj Mahal]], Brazilian jazz pianist [[Jovino Santos-Neto]], American [[frame drum]] player [[Glen Velez]], and Chinese pipa player [[Qiu Xia He]], as well as Western classical orchestras such as the [[BBC Philharmonic]] and the [[Cleveland Orchestra]].
Recent collaborations include a performance with the [[Eli Yamin]] Jazz Quartet from New York, along with pianist [[Anil Srinivasan]][http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/08/26/stories/2008082650060100.htm].

==External links==
*[http://www.ravikiranmusic.com/ Ravikiran's Official Website]
*[http://www.shaktiextratainment.com/ Shakti Extratainment Channel, initiated by Ravikiran]
*[http://www.geocities.com/oothukkadu Website devoted to Oottukkadu Venkata Kavi (1700-67), whose works Ravikiran has championed]
*[http://shillika.wordpress.com/2008/12/30/chitraveena-n-ravikiran-at-tattvaloka]
*[http://www.ravikiranmusic.com]
*[[http://www.ravikiranmusic.com/ifcm/ International Foundation for Classical Music]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravikiran, Chitravina N.}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Carnatic composers]]
[[Category:Carnatic instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mysore]]

Surya Kiran

2010-02-21T10:52:23Z

Prashanthns: /* Gallery */ add

{{Infobox Military Unit
|unit_name= Suryakiran Aerobatic Team (SKAT)
|image= [[File:SuryaKiran IAF.jpg|200px]]
|caption= The Suryakiran team performing at [[Aero India]], [[Bangalore]].
|dates= 1996- Present
|country= {{IND}}
|branch= [[File:IAF-roundel.svg|20px]] [[Indian Air Force]]
|role= [[Aerobatic]] Display
|size= 12 Aircraft - 9 in flying display.
|command_structure= 52 Squadron, IAF (''"The Sharks"'')
|garrison= [[Bidar]] Air Force Station
|garrison_label=
|nickname=
|motto= सदैव सर्वोत्तम - ''"Sadaiva Sarvottama"'' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: ''"Always the Best"'')<ref name="BR">[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Sqn/Suryakirans.html Suryakiran page] on [[Bharat Rakshak]]</ref>
|colors= "post box red" and white.
|colors_label=
|equipment= [[HAL Kiran|HJT-16 Kiran Mk.2]] [[trainer aircraft]]. [[HJT-36|HJT-36 Sitara]] to be used in future
|equipment_label=
|anniversaries=
|decorations= Chief of Air Staff Unit Citation

|commander1= Wg Cdr JT Kurien
|commander1_label=

|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_label=

|aircraft_trainer=[[HAL Kiran|HJT-16 Kiran Mk.2]]
}}
'''Surya Kiran''' ([[Sanskrit]]: '''[[Devanāgarī|सूर्य किरण]]''' - ''Sun Rays'') is an [[aerobatics]] demonstration team of the [[Indian Air Force]], successors to the '''Thunderbolts'''. The Surya Kiran Aerobatic Team (SKAT) was formed in 1996 to serve as the ''"Ambassadors of the Indian Air Force"'' and to ''"showcase the professionalism, the calibre and the mettle of the Indian Air Force"''. The team has since performed numerous demonstrations in various parts of [[India|the country]] and abroad, and is today among the three renowned nine-aircraft aerobatic teams in the world.

The squadron is primarily composed of the [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] [[HAL Kiran|HJT-16 Kiran Mk.2]] [[Trainer aircraft|military trainer aircraft]] and are based at the [[Bidar]] Air Force Station in [[Karnataka]].

== History ==
The genesis of the 'Suryakiran Aerobatic Team' (SKAT) can be traced back to 1982, the golden jubilee year of the [[Indian Air Force]], when ''''The Thunderbolts'''', a nine aircraft aerobatic team was formed. The team flew [[Hawker Hunter]] aircraft (Also flown by 'The Black Arrows' of the Royal Air Force). The Thunderbolts gave their last public display in 1989. In 1990, the Hunters were phased out and replaced by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] [[HAL Kiran|HJT-16 Kiran Mk.2]] aircraft.

In early 1996, serious planning began for [[Aero India]]-96, the first major [[air show]] and aviation trade event ever hosted in India. The organizer's initial intentions were to invite an aerobatic team from overseas. However, senior IAF officers were confident that the IAF would be able to field its own team. Thus, the Suryakiran team was formed in 1996 as a 6-aircraft team, with Wg Cdr Kuldeep Malik VM, VSM, a former Thunderbolts member as the first team leader. They gave their first display during the first [[Aero India]] in 1996. By 1997, the Suryakiran team had been expanded to 9 aircraft. The other Commanding Officers and Team Leaders of Suryakiran till date have been Wing Commander (late) AK Murgai VM, Wing Commander Amit Tiwari VM, Wing Commander S Prabahkaran VM, Wing Commander Sandeep Bansal VM and Wing Commander JT Kurien.

== Aircraft ==
[[Image:HAL Kiran Aero India-2007.jpg|thumb|right|Closeup of a Surya Kiran [[HAL Kiran]] aircraft on the Tarmac at [[Bangalore]] during [[Aero India]]-2007. Note the two wing-mounted smoke generators.]]
The Suryakirans operate 16 [[HAL Kiran|HJT-16 Kiran Mk.2]] [[trainer aircraft]]. The HJT-16 is the basic armaments trainer aircraft of the Indian Air Force, and is used for intermediate flight and weapons training. The aircraft is also effective in reconnaissance and counter insurgency operations. The aircraft used by the team are painted in a "day-glo orange" and white [[Color scheme|colour scheme]].

A particular difficulty faced by the team was the side-by-side seating arrangement in the Kiran cockpits.<ref name="BR"/> The members flying to the left of the leader has to fly from the right seat. Therefore few aircraft were modified to fly solo from right seat. If the aircraft is not modified the pilot flying on to left of leader has to fly in two pilot configuration.

With the aging of Kiran aircraft, the [[HJT-36|HJT-36 Sitara]] aircraft has been developed as a replacement. The aircraft first flew in 2003, and is planned to be inducted into service by 2012. The first orders for the aircraft by the [[Indian Air Force]] was for 16 [[HJT-36]] that will replace the HJT-16s of the Surya Kiran team.

The two inboard drop tanks of Suryakiran Kiran MkII aircraft have been modified to carry colour dye for generating smoke. Diesel is used for generating white smoke and coloured dye is mixed with diesel to generate colored smoke. Because of smoke mod, only two outboard drop tanks can be used to carry ATF, which gives Suryakirans a maximum ferry range of 300 nm. For displays, Suryakirans fly only with two inboard drop tanks, which carry dye for smoke generation.

== Organization ==
The Surya Kiran team were conferred squadron status in 2006, and presently have the designation of 52 Squadron, Air force (''"The Sharks"'').<ref name="BR"/> The parent base for the SKAT is Air Force Station, [[Bidar]]. The AOC of AFS Bidar serves as the guardian for the Squadron when it is at base or touring. AFS Bidar is one of the main training bases for IAF pilots, and operates numerous Kiran Mk.2 aircraft and the IAF's new [[BAE Hawk#Hawk 132|Hawk Trainer Aircraft]].

The available maintenance and repair infrastructure at Bidar suffices the maintenance requirements of the Suryakiran team. The head of the maintenance organization at AFS Bidar is the Chief Engineering Officer, who is directly responsible to the Air Officer Commanding, AFS Bidar. The team has three engineering officers who lead a team of air warriors posted to the unit.

=== Personnel ===
The team has a total of 13 pilots of whom only 9 are flying at any given time. Pilots are selected twice a year for a three-year tour of duty. Only [[Fighter aircraft]] qualified pilots are selected. All pilots in the team are Qualified flying instructors (QFI's) with around 2,000 hours of fighter flying experience and 1,000 hours on the Kiran aircraft. The Team is headed by a Commanding Officer who is also the leader of the formation during display sorties. The team leader has the opportunity of selecting his future team pilots after subjecting them to grueling flight trials and tests. The present team CO is Wg Cdr Joy Thomas Kurien a Mig 21 pilot.

Besides the pilots, the team has a Flight Commander, an administrator and a qualified Technical Officers. The Flight Commander is in charge of operational planning. The administrator, apart from looking after administrative requirement of the team, also provides the commentary during public displays. The Senior Engineering Officer (the SEO or ‘Spanner’), along with fifty technicians, has the task of maintaining and servicing the Team’s aircraft. In all technical aspects, the decision of the Chief Engineering Officer is the final word, whilst on detachments the Senior Engineering Officer of the team assumes this responsibility.

=== '''Team Composition ===
----

Wg Cdr JT Kurien ( No 1) Team Leader and Commanding Officer 
Wg Cdr VP Singh Flight Commander 
Wg Cdr Deepak Setia (No 2) 
Wg Cdr A Pujari (No 3) 
Wg Cdr R Tyagi (No 4) 
Sqn Ldr VS Saini (No 5) 
Sqn Ldr A Kulkarni (No 6) 
Wg Cdr D Roy Choudhury (No 7) 
Wg Cdr A Nandi (No 8) Synchro Leader 
Sqn Ldr Brijesh Paul (No 9) Synchro 2 
Sqn Ldr KR Yadov (Stand by Right) 
Sqn Ldr V Mehra (Trainee Left) 
Sqn Ldr GS Sudan (Trainee Right) 
Sqn Ldr A Thakare (Trainee Right) 
Sqn Ldr Venu Nambisan (Administrator / Commentator) 
Sqn Ldr KC Suneesh (Senior Engineering Officer) 
Flt Lt Tushar (Engineer)

== Performance ==
[[Image:IJTJM.jpg|thumb|right|The HJT-36 will replace the teams present fleet of 16 HJT-16 Aircraft]]
On an average, the team performs over 30 shows a year, and flies three sorties a day during the training season and two a day whilst on aerobatics display. The nine aircraft take off in groups of three and join up in close formation, maneuvering between speeds of 150 to 650 km/h with their wing tips less than 5 metres apart. The maneuvers subject the pilots to alternating [[g-force]]s between +6 to –1.5.<ref name="IAF">[http://armedforces.nic.in/airforce/suryakirans.htm Indian Air Force webpage for the Surya Kirans]</ref>

The team has performed at all Aero India's to date, as well as during the International Fleet Review in [[Mumbai]] in February 2001. It has also performed in various cities, right from South India, to [[Dal Lake]] in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmir]]. The team, under leadership of Wing Commnader Amit Tiwari, performed abroad for the first time in [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]], to mark 50th Anniversary Celebrations of their Air Force. In February 2004,Suryakirans lead by Wing Commander S Prabahkaran enthralled audiences at Asian Aerospace-2004 air show in [[Singapore]]. The team, under the command of Wing Commander S Bansal, made its debut in [[Malaysia]] in December 2007 at the Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition (LIMA) 2007 from 04 Dec to 08 Dec, on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of Malaysia's Independence. Whilst in Malaysia, the team also displayed at Subang airfield of Kuala Lumpur on 29 Nov 07.<ref>{{cite news | title = India's Suryakirans Aerobatic Team To Perform At LIMA 2007
| url = http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/news.php?id=298831
| publisher = Bernama.com, Malaysian National News Agency
| date = 27 November 2007 | accessdate = 2007-11-28
| quote = }}</ref>

On December 11 – 12, 2007 The Indian Air Force Aerobatic Team "SURYA KIRAN" in coordination with the Royal Thai Air Force conducted a nine-aircraft Aerobatic display to commemorate the 80th Birth Anniversary of His Majesty the King of Thailand. This display was witnessed by the Chief of Royal Thai Air Force. In November 2008, the team was invited to participate in Zuhai Airshow, China. Suryakirans were the only foreign participants in this airshow. The team displayed on all five days of the airshow. Their displays were highly appreciated by everyone.On the return from China, the team displayed in Laos as well.
{{cite news | title = Celebrations Galore on the Auspicious occasion of His Majesty's 80th Birth Anniversary.<ref>

| url = http://www.thaindian.com/news-snippet/celebrations-galore-on-the-auspicious-occasion-of-his-majestys-80th-birth-anniversary-4492.html
| publisher = Thaindian.com, Portal for Indians in Thailand
| date = 5 December 2007 | accessdate = 2007-12-05
| quote = }}</ref>

=== Accidents ===

A Surya Kiran aircraft crashed while practicing on January 21, 2009. Wing Commander R.S. Dhaliwal VM (35) of the Indian Air Force was killed when the aircraft crashed in an open field at Bellura village close to the Air Force Station at 8:45 am on a routine practice sortie. $.

Another crash of Surya Kiran aircraft happened on March 18, 2006 near the Air Force Station, Bidar during a training sortie killing Wing Commander Deeraj Bhatia and Squadron Leader Shailender Singh.

== Trivia ==

* The present Air Officer Commanding of Air Force Station Bidar is Air Cmde Rajeev Hora.
* One of the most popular maneuvers is the "heart loop and cupid", where two aircraft cross each other and create a vertical heart while the third streaks across, drawing an arrow across the heart. This maneuver debuted in [[Aero India]]-2003, and was added as a [[Valentine's Day]] special. Due to its popularity, the team has continued to perform this manoeuvre.
* The Team's display routine lasts for approximately 25 minutes comprising over 20 manoeuvres/ formation changes.
* The Team's display season starts from 15 September every year and lasts till 15 March the next year. This approximately corresponds to period when Monsoons withdraw from Indian subcontinent and generally good weather prevails over the entire country. From 15 March to 15 September is Team's training season during which the team updates its display routine and consolidates training of its new pilots.
* Normally, the Team changes two pilots in January and two pilots in June every year.
* On its display tours, the team is supported by two AN-32 aircraft and approximately 50 technicians.
* On an average, one display tour for the team lasts for 30–35 days in which the team carries out 10-11 displays.
* Till December 2009, the Team has carried out approximately 450 displays all over country and in Sri Lanka, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, China and Laos.
* Since its formation in 1996, over 50 pilots have been part of Suryakirans.
* Suryakirans were given Squadron status of 52 Squadron on 1 May 2006.
* Suryakirans have carried out displays over places with elevation ranging from sea level to 1.65 km AMSL.
* Due to the nature of its flying, the Team gets to select its new pilots from the volunteer pilots shortlisted by Air Headquarters twice a year. The shorlisted pilots are attached to the Team, where they fly and interact with the current team members. The selection of new pilots is made based on the reccommndations made by the current team members and an interview with the Team Leader.
* All Team Pilots serve a tenure of three years with Suryakirans after which they go back to their respective fighter squadrons.
* Surya Kiran is one of the three 9-aircraft demonstration teams in the world; the other two are the [[Red Arrows]] from [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and the [[Snowbirds]] from [[Canada]].

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:Surya_Kiran_Heart_in_the_Sky.jpg|Heart In the Sky with a Red arrow through it and the Sun in between.
Image:Suryakiran2 IAF.jpg
Image:Suryakiran3 IAF.jpg.jpg
Image:Suryakiran.jpg
Image:Surya kiran5 IAF.jpg
Image:Surya kiran6 IAF.jpg
Image:Suryakiran form.JPG
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Sarang]]
*[[Sagar Pawan]]
*[[Template:Modern aerobatic teams|List of aerobatic teams]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://armedforces.nic.in/airforce/suryakirans.htm The Indian Armed Forces, Surya Kiran page]
* [http://www.steenhoek.demon.nl/aeroteam/team50.htm The Ed Steenhoek list of Military Aerobatic Teams, Surya Kiran page]
* [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Sqn/Suryakirans.html Bharat-rakshak.com, Surya Kiran page]

=== News ===
* {{cite news | title = India's Suryakirans Aerobatic Team To Perform At LIMA 2007
| url = http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/news.php?id=298831
| publisher = Bernama.com, Malaysian National News Agency
| date = 27 November 2007 | accessdate = 2007-11-28
| quote = ''KUALA LUMPUR, Nov 27 (Bernama) -- The famous Indian Air Force aerobatics team, the "Suryakirans" or sun rays in Hindi, will be making its debut appearance in Malaysia next week at the Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition (LIMA) 2007.'' }}
*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070331/saturday/main1.htm Flying colours of courage]
$[http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/22/stories/2009012261051100.htm]
=== Images ===
* [http://greenwaysroad.com/MyAlbums/India2/Suryakiran/index.html Suryakiran at Aero India 2007]
*[http://indianairforce.nic.in/afimage/sync_x.JPG Synchro-cross]
*[http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_gallery.php?cat_id=17&pg_id=3# IAF picture gallery]
*[http://indianairforce.nic.in/afimage/suform1.jpg IAF Surya Kiran]
*[http://mod.nic.in/samachar/mar6/image/cs2.jpg Image in Samachar India]
*[http://kensekhon.ca/PhotoAlbums/album_1189229733/fotoflash-4394-suryakirin-duo-upsidedown-touchedup.jpg SKAT duo - image form KenSekhon.ca gallery]

=== Videos ===
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6358898250873772500&q=Suryakiran Video from Google videos]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipeO3ubUmCQ Video from Youtube.com]

{{Modern aerobatic teams}}

[[Category:Indian Air Force]]

[[el:Surya Kiran]]
[[ml:സൂര്യകിരൺ]]
[[pl:Surya Kiran]]

William Henry Benson

2009-09-17T15:04:42Z

Prashanthns: No knowledge of German. Sorry, but his initials are RH and not RE. This confusion is due to his work with Royal Engineers. He is w:Richard Hieram Sankey

'''William Henry Benson''' (* [[1803]] in [[Dublin]], [[Irland]]; † [[27. Januar]] [[1870]] ) war Staatsbeamter in [[Britisch-Indien]]. Sein besonderes Interesse galt der [[Malakologie]]. Er brachte es auf eine beachtliche Sammlung von [[Weichtier]]en. In seinen Publikationen beschrieb er viele [[Art (Biologie)|Spezies]].

==Leben und Wirken==
Bis 1819 besuchte Benson das [[Haileybury College]]. Später arbeitete er für die [[Britische Ostindien-Kompanie]] in [[Bengalen]]. Am 30. Oktober 1821 kam er in [[Kalkutta]] an. Er nahm mehrere Positionen u.a. als [[Verwaltungschef]] oder amtierender Richter in [[Merath]], [[Bareli]] und anderen Teilen Nordindiens war. Während seiner Zeit in Indien sammelte er jede Menge [[Landschnecken]], die er zu [[Hugh Cuming]] nach England schickte. Als er im April 1847 von einer Reise aus [[Mauritius]] zurückkehrte, brachte er einige [[Große Achatschnecke]]n (''Achatina fulica'') für einen Freund mit. Dieser setzte sie später in einem Garten in Chowringhee, einem Stadtteil von Kalkutta, aus. Diese Art stellt noch heute in Teilen [[Indien]]s eine Plage dar.<ref>[http://www.malacsoc.org.uk/The_Malacologist/BULL50/Budha.htm The Giant African Land Snail Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich) in Nepal]</ref>

Sein Schwiegersohn Major Richard Hieram Sankey wurde zum Vollstrecker des Erbes. Seine Sammlung ging an den britischen Ornithologen [[Sylvanus Charles Thorp Hanley]]. Dieser entfernte unglücklicherweise alle Etiketten. Dies minderte den Wert der Bensonschen Sammlung erheblich.<ref>[http://internt.nhm.ac.uk/resources/research-curation/projects/tropical-land-snails/publications/archiv_nat_hist.pdf William Benson and the early study of land snails in Bristish India and Ceylon by Fred Naggs]</ref>

==Gattungen nach Benson==
* ''Pterocyclus'' (Benson, 1832)
* ''Oxygyrus'' (Benson, 1835)
* ''Batillaria'' (Benson, 1842)
* ''Diplommatina'' (Benson, 1849)
* ''Streptaulus'' (Benson, 1857)
* ''Dioryx'' (Benson, 1859)
* ''Clostophis'' (Benson, 1860)
* ''Rhiostoma'' (Benson, 1860)

==Arten nach Benson==
* ''Carinaria cithara'' (Benson, 1835)
* ''Carinaria galea'' (Benson, 1835)
* ''Musculista senhousia'' (Benson, 1842)
* ''Musculus senhousei'' (Benson, 1842)

==Literatur==
* Walter Auffenberg: ''Historical malacology: William Benson (1803-1870)'', American Conchologist, 2000, Seite 24.
* Fred Naggs: ''William Benson and the early study of land snails in British India and Ceylon'', Archives of Natural History, 1997, Seite 37-88<ref>[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/resources/research-curation/projects/tropical-land-snails/publications/archiv_nat_hist.pdf Artikel in PDF Format]</ref>
* William Henry Benson: ''Conchological notes, chiefly relating to the land and freshwater shells of the Dpab and the Gangetic Provinces of Hindostan'', Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1832, Seite 75-77.
* William Henry Benson: ''Descriptive catagogue of a collection of land and freshwater shells chielfy in the Museum of Asiatic Society'', Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1836, Seite 75-77.
* William Henry Benson: ''Geographical notices and characters of fourteen new species of Cyclostomacea from the East Indies. Annals and Magazine of Natural History'', 1851, Seite 184-195.
* William Henry Benson: ''Notes on the genus Cyclostoma and characters of new species from India, Borneo and Natal'', Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1852, Seite 268-272.
* William Henry Benson: ''Characters of four Indian species of Cyclophorus Montfort,Followed by notes on the geographical distribution of the genera of the Cyclostomacea with remarks in its affinities and notes on several opercula'', Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1854, Seite 411-418.
* William Henry Benson: ''Characters of Streptaulus a new genus and several species of the Cyclostomacea from Sikkim, the Khasi Hills Ava and Pegu'', Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1857, Seite 201-211.
* William Henry Benson: ''Description of new species of Helix, Streptaxis, Vitrina , collected by W. Theobald, Jun in Burmah, the Khasi Hills and Hindustan'', Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1859, Seite 184-189.
* William Henry Benson: ''New Helicidae collected by W. Theobald Esq. Jun in Burmah and the Khasi Hills and characters of a new Burmese Streptaxis described by W. H. Benson Esq.'' Annals and Magazine of Natural History , 1859, Seite 387-392.
* William Henry Benson: ''Observations on the shell and animal of Hybocyctis , a new genus of Cyclostomidae based on Megalomastoma gravidum and Otopoma blenus with notes on other living shells from India and Burmah'', Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1859, Seite 90-93.
* William Henry Benson: ''Characters of new land shells from Burma and the Andamans'', Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1860, Seite 190-195.
* William Henry Benson: ''Notes on Plectopylis , a group a Helicidae distinguished by several internal plicate ephiphragms; with the characters of a new species'', Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1860, Seite 243-247.
* William Henry Benson: ''Characters of new land shells of the genus Helix , Clausilia , Spiraxis from Andamans, Moulmein, Northern India and Ceylon'', Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1863, Seite 87-91.
* William Henry Benson: ''Characters of new land shells from the Andamans island, Burma and Ceylon and of the animal of Sophina'', Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1863, Seite 318-323.
* William Henry Benson: ''Characters of new operculate land shells from the Andamans and of Indo Burmese species of Pupa'', Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1863., Seite 425-429.
* William Henry Benson: ''Characters of Coilostele an undescribed genus of Auriculacea and of species of Helix , Pupa and Ancylus from India, West Africa and Ceylon'', Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1864, Seite 87-91.
* William Henry Benson: ''Note sur la transportation et la naturalization au Bengale de l’ Achatina fulica de Lamarck'', Journal de Conchyliologie, 1858, Seite 336-339

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references/>

{{Normdaten|PND=117768820}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Benson, William Henry}}
[[Kategorie:Malakologe]]
[[Kategorie:Brite]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1803]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1870]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Benson, William Henry
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=britischer Malakologe
|GEBURTSDATUM=1803
|GEBURTSORT=[[Dublin]], Irland
|STERBEDATUM=27. Januar 1870
|STERBEORT=
}}

[[en:William Henry Benson]]

Hanumappa Reddy Sudarshan

2009-06-02T07:47:44Z

Prashanthns: rm infobox

[[Image:H Sudarshan.jpg.JPG|right|200 px|thumb|Dr. Sudarshan]]
'''Hanumappa Reddy Sudarshan''' ([[Kannada]] ಡಾ. ಎಚ್. ಸುದರ್ಶನ್) (* [[30. Dezember]] [[1950]] in [[Bangalore]]) ist ein indischer Arzt, der sich für die Rechte von Eingeborenen einsetzt und zusammen mit der von ihm gegründeten Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra (VGKK) [[1994]] den [[Alternativer Nobelpreis|Alternativen Nobelpreis]] erhielt.

==Medizinische Laufbahn==
Sudarshan studierte am Bangalore Medical College Medizin und machte dort 1973 seinen Abschluss. Den Professortitel erlangte er an der [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU). Von 1975 bis 1979 arbeitete er für die [[Ramakrishna-Mission ]]. Diese Tätigkeit führte ihn in den [[Himalaya]], nach [[Belur Math]] in [[Westbengalen]] und nach Ponnampet in [[Karnataka]]. 1980 arbeitete er auf den [[Biligiriranga Hills]] und lernte dort das Volk der [[Soliga]] kennen.

== Soziale Projekte ==
===Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra (VGKK)===
1981 gründete er die Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra (VGKK). Diese Organisation setzt sich für die integrative Stammesentwicklung von [[Ureinwohner|Ureinwohnern]] ein. Zunächst konzentrierte sich die Arbeit auf die [[Halbnomaden|halbnomadischen]] [[Soliga]] im [[Chamarajanagar|Chamarajanagar Distrikt]] ([[Karnataka]]/Südindien). Später kamen Projekte mit anderen Stämmen dazu, die im [[Mysore (Distrikt)|Distrikt Mysore]] ([[Karnataka]]), in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]] oder auf den [[Andamanen und Nikobaren|Andaman & Nikobar Inseln]] beheimatet sind. Ziel ist es, die Stämme in die [[Zivilgesellschaft]] zu integrieren, ohne dabei ihre Wurzeln und Traditionen zu zerstören. Um dies zu erreichen, wurde die medizinische Versorgung der Stämme unter anderem durch den Bau von Kliniken und dem Einsatz von mobilen Ärzteteams sichergestellt. Gleichzeitig wurde aber auch die Stammesmedizin und besonders das Wissen über Heilmittel gefördert. Es wurden Schulen gebaut, um die Ausbildung der Kinder zu verbessern. Alle Stammesmitglieder wurden im fürsorglichen Umgang mit ihrer Umwelt zur Bewahrung der [[Biodiversität]] geschult. Auch wurden die Stämme dabei unterstützt, sich selbst zu organisieren und Wahlen abzuhalten, um geschlossen für ihre Rechte kämpfen zu können. So konnten die Soliga einen großen Teil des Landes ihrer Ahnen erwerben. Gleichzeitig stieg auch der Anteil von Stammesmitgliedern, die einer regelmäßigen Arbeit nachgingen.

===Karuna Trust===
Sudarshan gründete 1987 den [[Karuna Trust]]. Zunächst sollten dadurch finanzielle Mittel für die Bekämpfung von [[Lepra]] zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Im Laufe der Jahre erweiterte man das medizinische Programm, zum Beispiel mit der Hilfe für [[Tuberkulose]]-Patienten und kostenlosen Zahnbehandlungen. Auch werden über 30 Kliniken durch den Karuna Trust finanziert. Zwischen Karuna Trust und Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra besteht eine enge Verknüpfung.

===Weitere Tätigkeiten===
Sudarshan war bzw. ist Mitglied in zahlreichen staatlichen Institutionen, wie auch in [[Nichtregierungsorganisation|Nichtregierungsorganisationen]], die sich mit Gesundheit, Ausbildung und sozialen Problemen beschäftigen.

==Auszeichnungen==
1994 wurde Sudarshan der [[Alternativer Nobelpreis|Alternative Nobelpreis]] überreicht für seine Arbeit bei Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra (VGKK).

==Zitate==
* "Um Krankheiten zu eliminieren, mußt Du die Armut beseitigen. Ich habe realisiert, daß der einzige Weg dies zu tun, es ist, die Menschen für die Erlangung ihrer Rechte zu organisieren."
* "Gegen Armut gibt es keine Pille."

==Weblinks==
* [http://www.vgkk.org Offizielle Seite von Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra]
* [http://www.microhealthinsurance-india.org/content/e22/e61/e651/e843/Karuna_Trust_final.pdf Informationsblatt zum Karuna Trust]
* [http://www.salzburg.gv.at/rla2005pdf_sudarshan.pdf Artikel über Sudarshan und den VGKK auf deutsch]
* [http://www.ihsnet.org.in/PHL_180803/SudershanBiodata.PDF Stichpunktförmige Biographie]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy Sudarshan, Hannumappa}}
[[Kategorie:Träger des Alternativen Nobelpreises]]
[[Kategorie:Mediziner (21. Jahrhundert)]]
[[Kategorie:Entwicklungshelfer]]
[[Kategorie:Inder]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1950]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Reddy Sudarshan, Hannumappa
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=indischer Mediziner
|GEBURTSDATUM=[[30. Dezember]] [[1950]]
|GEBURTSORT=[[Bangalore]]
|STERBEDATUM=
|STERBEORT=
}}

[[en:Hanumappa Sudarshan]]

Hanumappa Reddy Sudarshan

2009-06-02T07:46:43Z

Prashanthns: add img and infobox, hope it fits well into de wiki. have removed most of the english elements

{{Infobox Person
| name = Hanumappa Sudarshan
| image = H Sudarshan.jpg.JPG
| caption =
| birth_date = 30 December 1950<ref name=biodata>Bio-data of Dr. Sudarshan from the website of Karuna Trust[http://karunatrust.org/files/biodata DOC]</ref>
| birth_place = Yemalur, [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| nationality =
| other_names = Dr. Sudarshan
| known_for =
| education = [[Doctor]]
| religion = [[Hinduism|Hindu]]
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Hanumappa Reddy Sudarshan''' ([[Kannada]] ಡಾ. ಎಚ್. ಸುದರ್ಶನ್) (* [[30. Dezember]] [[1950]] in [[Bangalore]]) ist ein indischer Arzt, der sich für die Rechte von Eingeborenen einsetzt und zusammen mit der von ihm gegründeten Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra (VGKK) [[1994]] den [[Alternativer Nobelpreis|Alternativen Nobelpreis]] erhielt.

==Medizinische Laufbahn==
Sudarshan studierte am Bangalore Medical College Medizin und machte dort 1973 seinen Abschluss. Den Professortitel erlangte er an der [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU). Von 1975 bis 1979 arbeitete er für die [[Ramakrishna-Mission ]]. Diese Tätigkeit führte ihn in den [[Himalaya]], nach [[Belur Math]] in [[Westbengalen]] und nach Ponnampet in [[Karnataka]]. 1980 arbeitete er auf den [[Biligiriranga Hills]] und lernte dort das Volk der [[Soliga]] kennen.

== Soziale Projekte ==
===Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra (VGKK)===
1981 gründete er die Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra (VGKK). Diese Organisation setzt sich für die integrative Stammesentwicklung von [[Ureinwohner|Ureinwohnern]] ein. Zunächst konzentrierte sich die Arbeit auf die [[Halbnomaden|halbnomadischen]] [[Soliga]] im [[Chamarajanagar|Chamarajanagar Distrikt]] ([[Karnataka]]/Südindien). Später kamen Projekte mit anderen Stämmen dazu, die im [[Mysore (Distrikt)|Distrikt Mysore]] ([[Karnataka]]), in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]] oder auf den [[Andamanen und Nikobaren|Andaman & Nikobar Inseln]] beheimatet sind. Ziel ist es, die Stämme in die [[Zivilgesellschaft]] zu integrieren, ohne dabei ihre Wurzeln und Traditionen zu zerstören. Um dies zu erreichen, wurde die medizinische Versorgung der Stämme unter anderem durch den Bau von Kliniken und dem Einsatz von mobilen Ärzteteams sichergestellt. Gleichzeitig wurde aber auch die Stammesmedizin und besonders das Wissen über Heilmittel gefördert. Es wurden Schulen gebaut, um die Ausbildung der Kinder zu verbessern. Alle Stammesmitglieder wurden im fürsorglichen Umgang mit ihrer Umwelt zur Bewahrung der [[Biodiversität]] geschult. Auch wurden die Stämme dabei unterstützt, sich selbst zu organisieren und Wahlen abzuhalten, um geschlossen für ihre Rechte kämpfen zu können. So konnten die Soliga einen großen Teil des Landes ihrer Ahnen erwerben. Gleichzeitig stieg auch der Anteil von Stammesmitgliedern, die einer regelmäßigen Arbeit nachgingen.

===Karuna Trust===
Sudarshan gründete 1987 den [[Karuna Trust]]. Zunächst sollten dadurch finanzielle Mittel für die Bekämpfung von [[Lepra]] zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Im Laufe der Jahre erweiterte man das medizinische Programm, zum Beispiel mit der Hilfe für [[Tuberkulose]]-Patienten und kostenlosen Zahnbehandlungen. Auch werden über 30 Kliniken durch den Karuna Trust finanziert. Zwischen Karuna Trust und Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra besteht eine enge Verknüpfung.

===Weitere Tätigkeiten===
Sudarshan war bzw. ist Mitglied in zahlreichen staatlichen Institutionen, wie auch in [[Nichtregierungsorganisation|Nichtregierungsorganisationen]], die sich mit Gesundheit, Ausbildung und sozialen Problemen beschäftigen.

==Auszeichnungen==
1994 wurde Sudarshan der [[Alternativer Nobelpreis|Alternative Nobelpreis]] überreicht für seine Arbeit bei Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra (VGKK).

==Zitate==
* "Um Krankheiten zu eliminieren, mußt Du die Armut beseitigen. Ich habe realisiert, daß der einzige Weg dies zu tun, es ist, die Menschen für die Erlangung ihrer Rechte zu organisieren."
* "Gegen Armut gibt es keine Pille."

==Weblinks==
* [http://www.vgkk.org Offizielle Seite von Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra]
* [http://www.microhealthinsurance-india.org/content/e22/e61/e651/e843/Karuna_Trust_final.pdf Informationsblatt zum Karuna Trust]
* [http://www.salzburg.gv.at/rla2005pdf_sudarshan.pdf Artikel über Sudarshan und den VGKK auf deutsch]
* [http://www.ihsnet.org.in/PHL_180803/SudershanBiodata.PDF Stichpunktförmige Biographie]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy Sudarshan, Hannumappa}}
[[Kategorie:Träger des Alternativen Nobelpreises]]
[[Kategorie:Mediziner (21. Jahrhundert)]]
[[Kategorie:Entwicklungshelfer]]
[[Kategorie:Inder]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1950]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Reddy Sudarshan, Hannumappa
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=indischer Mediziner
|GEBURTSDATUM=[[30. Dezember]] [[1950]]
|GEBURTSORT=[[Bangalore]]
|STERBEDATUM=
|STERBEORT=
}}

[[en:Hanumappa Sudarshan]]

Benutzer:Prashanthns

2009-06-02T07:44:58Z

Prashanthns: add

Find me at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Prashanthns here] on the en.wiki

Benutzer:Prashanthns

2009-06-02T07:43:30Z

Prashanthns: add

Find me at [[en:User:Prashanthns|here]] on the en.wiki

Uperodon variegatus

2009-04-12T10:51:12Z

Prashanthns: ce

{{Taxobox
| image = RamanellaVariegataLeft.jpg
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Amphibia]]
| ordo = [[Anura]]
| familia = [[Microhylidae]]
| genus = ''[[Ramanella]]''
| species = ''R. variegata''
| binomial = ''Ramanella variegata''
| binomial_authority = ([[Ferdinand Stoliczka|Stoliczka]], 1872)
}}
''Ramanella variegata'' sometimes called the '''termite nest frog''', '''variable ramanella''' or '''white-bellied pug snout frog''' is a species of [[Microhylidae|narrow-mouthed frog]] found in [[India]] and Sri Lanka. They are seen mostly in the [[monsoon]] season when they may enter homes. They are small in size and the variegated markings and the genus characteristic of having pads on the fingertips but not on their toes make them easy to identify.

==Description==
[[File:RamanellaVariegata4.jpg|thumb|left]]
This species is small and often can be found indoors in homes. The discs on the fingers are triangular. Toes have rudimentary webbing with two metatarsal tubercles. The tibio-tarsal joint reaches shoulder when the hind leg is held along the body. They breed during the rainy season (April-October) and call during this time. Males call at night while afloat in water. They have a single subgular [[vocal sac]].<ref>Ravishankar Dundappa Kanamadi; Channayya Rajashekar Hiremath; Hans Schneider (1993) The Advertisement Call of the South Indian Frog ''Ramanella variegata'' (Microhylidae). Journal of Herpetology 27(2):218-219.</ref><ref>Dutta, S. K., Sushree, J. and Mohanthi-Hejmadi, P., Breeding and development of ''Ramanella variegata'' (Anura; microhylidae). J. Zool. Soc. India, 1990–1991, 42–43, 55–76.</ref> The call has been transcribed as ''ghauy'' ''ghauy''. The [[tadpole]]s are brown or gray with black spots. Sometimes they have a blue spot on each side of the body. The tadpoles are bottom feeders and [[metamorphosis|metamorphose]] within a month.<ref>Daniel, J. C. (1963) Field Guide to the Amphibians of Western India. Part 2. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 60(3):25-37</ref>

They breed in water in dark cavities and are often found in [[termite mound]]s or under stones. Recorded mainly from peninsular India including the dry zone being found even in Madras and West Bengal.<ref>Deuti, Kaushik (1998) Occurrence of ''Ramanella variegata'' (Anura- Microhylidae) in west Bengal with notes on its Distribution in India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc: 95(1):126-127</ref><ref>Murthy, T.S.N. (1968) Notes on a rare and interesting microhylid frog (''Ramanella variegata'' Stol.) from Madras. J. Univ. Bombay 36(3 & 5): 1-3</ref>

They have been found to occur with large black scorpions ''[[Heterometrus]]'' sp. and when disturbed they crawl over the scorpions but flattened and froze when the scorpions walked over them. They can burrow in soft soil.<ref>Daniel, J C (1963) Field Guide to the Amphibians of Western India. Part 2. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 60(3):25-37</ref><ref>Rao, C. R. N. & Ramanna, B. S. (1925) On a new genus, of the Family Engystomatidae (Batrachia). Proc, Zool. Soc. London: 587-97.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
{{commonscat|Ramanella variegata}}
* [http://ctd.mdibl.org/detail.go?type=taxon&acc=419646 Termite nest frog]

[[Category:Ramanella]]

[[ca:Ramanella variegata]]
[[fr:Ramanella variegata]]

Massachusetts State House

2009-03-11T13:49:48Z

Prashanthns: Reverted edits by 96.32.114.98 to last revision by RexNL (HG)

:''This article is about a building. For the similarly-named legislative body, see [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]].''
{{Refimprove|date=February 2008}}
{{Infobox_nrhp | name =Massachusetts Statehouse
| nrhp_type =nhl
| image =Mass statehouse eb1.jpg
| caption =The Massachusetts State House
| location= [[Boston, Massachusetts]]
| lat_degrees = 42 | lat_minutes = 21 | lat_seconds = 27.75 | lat_direction = N
| long_degrees = 71 | long_minutes = 3 | long_seconds = 48.83 | long_direction = W
| area =
| built =1795-1798
| architect= [[Charles Bulfinch]]
| architecture= Federal
| designated= [[December 19]], [[1960]]<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=580&ResourceType=Building
|title=Massachusetts Statehouse |accessdate=2008-07-06|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
| added = [[October 15]], [[1966]]<ref name="nris">{{cite web|url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/|title=National Register Information System|date=2006-03-15|work=National Register of Historic Places|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
| governing_body = State
| refnum=66000771
}}
[[Image:MAstatehouse62.jpg|thumb|290px|The Massachusetts State House c. 1862, in a [[stereograph]] image, before the addition of wings. The copper dome was first painted a warm gray to appear as stone, and was gilded in 1872.]]
[[Image:Massachusetts State House.jpg|222px|thumb|Front view of the State House, illustrating its proximity to [[Beacon Street]].]]
[[Image:Massachusetts State House 1827.jpg|thumb|250px|1827 drawing by [[Alexander Jackson Davis]].]]
The '''Massachusetts State House,''' also called '''Massachusetts Statehouse''' or the '''New State House,''' is the [[List of state capitols in the United States|state capitol]] and seat of government of the [[Commonwealth of Massachusetts]]. It is located at [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] in the [[Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts|Beacon Hill]] neighborhood. The building houses the [[Massachusetts General Court]] ([[State legislature (United States)|state legislature]]) and the offices of the [[Governor of Massachusetts]].

==Description==
The building is situated on 6.7 acres (27,000 m²) of land on top of Beacon Hill in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. It was built on land once owned by [[John Hancock]], Massachusetts's first elected governor.

Before the current State House was completed in 1798, Massachusetts's government sat in the [[Old State House (Boston)|Old State House]] on Court Street. In his design for the building, architect [[Charles Bulfinch]] was inspired by two [[London]] buildings: [[William Chambers (architect)|William Chambers]]'s [[Somerset House]],<ref>Shand-Tucci, Douglass. ''Built in Boston: City and Suburb, 1800-2000'', p. 6. University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, 1999. ISBN 1558492011.</ref> and [[James Wyatt]]'s [[Pantheon, London|Pantheon]].<ref>Whiffen, Marcus, and Koeper, Frederick. ''American Architecture, 1607-1976''. Routledge (1981), p. 110. ISBN 0710008139.</ref>

== Dome==
The original wood dome, which leaked, was covered with copper in 1802 by [[Paul Revere]]'s company. (Paul Revere was the first American to successfully roll copper into sheets in a commercially viable manner.)

The dome was first painted gray and then light yellow before being gilded with [[gold leaf]] in 1874. During WWII, the dome was once again painted, this time black or grey (depending on what source you talk to), to prevent reflections during blackouts and to protect the city and building from bombing attacks. In 1997, at a cost of more than $300,000, the dome was re-guilded, in 23k gold.

The dome is topped with a pine cone, reminding us of both the importance of Boston's lumber industry in the early colonial days and of the state of Maine, which was a district of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts when the Bulfinch section of the building was completed.

== Statues in front ==

In front of the building is an [[equestrianism|equestrian]] statue of General [[Joseph Hooker]]. Other statues in front of the building include [[Daniel Webster]], educator [[Horace Mann]], and former US President [[John F. Kennedy]]. The statues of [[Anne Hutchinson]] and [[Mary Dyer]] are located on the lawns below the east and west wings.

== Inside the building ==
The original red-brick Bulfinch building contains the Governor's offices (on the west end) with the [[Massachusetts Senate]] occupying the former [[Massachusetts House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] Chamber under the dome. The [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]] occupies a chamber on the west side of the Brigham addition. Hanging over this chamber is the [[Sacred Cod of Massachusetts|Sacred Cod]], which was given to the House of Representatives in 1784 by a Boston merchant. The Sacred Cod symbolizes the importance of the [[fishing]] industry to the early Massachusetts economy.<ref>[http://www.cityofboston.gov/freedomtrail/massachusettshouse.asp Massachusetts State House], via cityofboston.gov</ref>

The second floor under the dome is decorated by murals painted by artist Edward Brodney.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9501E2D9103DF93AA2575BC0A9649C8B63 |title=Edward Brodney, 92, Who Painted War Scenes |date=08-19-2002 |accessdate=10-21-2008 |source=The New York Times}}</ref> Brodney won a competition to paint the first mural in a contest sponsored by the Works Progress Administration in 1936. It is entitled "Columbia Knighting Her World War Disabled." Brodney couldn't afford to pay models, and friends and family posed. The model for Columbia was Brodney's sister Norma Brodney Cohen, and the model for the soldier on one knee in the foreground was his brother Fred Brodney. In 1938, he painted a second mural under the dome called "World War Mothers." The models were again primarily friends and family members, with sister Norma sitting beside their mother Sarah Brodney. The New York Times notes that the murals are relatively rare examples of military art with women as their subjects.

A staircase in front of the Bulfinch building leads from Beacon Street to Doric Hall inside the building. The large main doors inside Doric Hall are only opened on three occasions:

# When the [[President of the United States]] or foreign head of state visits.
# When the Governor exits the building on his last day in office. This tradition is known as the Long Walk and begins when the Governor, alone, exits the Executive Chamber, walks down to the 2nd floor, through Doric Hall and out the main doors. He then descends the staircase, crosses the street and enters [[Boston Common (park)|Boston Common]], symbolically rejoining the people of Massachusetts as a private citizen. The tradition has since been broken, when on January 4, 2007, [[Deval Patrick]] chose to be sworn in on the staircase and give his inaugural address there, forcing outgoing Governor [[Mitt Romney]] to take the Long Walk the day before his last in office.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/05/patrick_vows_inclusion_in_inaugural_address | title= Patric Vows Inclusion in Inaugural Address | work=[[The Boston Globe]] | date= January 5, 2007}}</ref>
# When a regimental flag returns from battle.

==In film==

In ''[[The Verdict]]'', the State House interior is used as both a court house and hospital.

The producers of ''[[Amistad (1997 movie)|Amistad]]'' used several interior shots of the State House. One scene included the House of Representatives Chamber, which was briefly seen as a stand-in for the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] Chamber.

The State House is featured prominently in ''[[The Departed]]'' as a symbol of the antagonist, Colin Sullivan's, ambition.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[http://www.cupola.com/html/bldgstru/statecap/cap05.htm Cupolas of Capitalism - State Capitol Building Histories (L-ME)] (1998-2005). ''Cupola.com''. May 17, 2005.
*[http://www.mass.gov/statehouse/articles/evolution.htm The Evolution of the State House] (2005). ''Interactive State House''. Mass.gov . May 17, 2005.

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
*[http://www.sec.state.ma.us/trs/trsbok/trstour.htm A Tour of the Massachusetts State House]
*[http://www.nps.gov/bost/ Boston National Historical Park Official Website]

{{start box}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Boston Common (park)|Boston Common]] |
title=Locations along Boston's [[Freedom Trail]] |
years= '''Massachusetts State House''' |
after= [[Park Street Church]]
}}
{{end box}}
{{Massachusetts}}
{{US State Capitols}}
{{Registered Historic Places}}

[[Category:1798 architecture]]
[[Category:American architecture]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Boston, Massachusetts|State House]]
[[Category:Freedom Trail]]
[[Category:Georgian architecture]]
[[Category:Government of Massachusetts|State House]]
[[Category:Legislative buildings]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Boston, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:State capitols in the United States]]

[[es:Casa del Estado de Massachusetts]]
[[fr:Massachusetts State House]]
[[nl:Massachusetts State House]]
[[ja:マサチューセッツ州会議事堂]]
[[fi:Massachusetts State House]]

B. Ramalinga Raju

2009-01-07T08:31:28Z

Prashanthns: rm peacock, another editor seems to be working on it

{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}
{{currentevent}}
{{Infobox Celebrity
|name = Ramalinga Raju
|image = Ramalinga Raju at the 2008 Indian Economic Summit.jpg|100px
|caption =
|birth_place =[[Bhimavaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|09|16}}
|nationality = [[India|Indian]]
|residence = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[India]]
|occupation = [[Chairperson|Chairman]], [[Managing Director]] of [[Satyam Computers]]
|networth = {{gain}} US$650 million (as of May 2008 <ref>[http://www.forbes.com/2008/03/05/worlds-richest-billionaires-billionaires08-cx_lk_0305all_slide_6.html?thisSpeed=15000 The World's Billionaires - Forbes Magazine]</ref>)
|spouse = Nandini
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Byrraju Ramalinga Raju''' (born [[September 16]], [[1954]]) is the former Chairman of [[Satyam Computer Services Ltd.|Satyam Computers]]. It is among the top India IT vendors with over a billion dollar revenue that was established by Ramalinga Raju in Satyam Group. Adhering to his conscience, on January 7, 2009, Raju had resigned from the Satyam board. <ref>http://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/announcement/Satyam_Computer_Services_Ltd_070109.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/businessline/blnus/05071265.htm</ref>

==Early life==
Raju was born to Byrraju Satyanarayana Raju in [[Bhimavaram]]. He was influenced by his father.

He did his [[B.Com]] from [[Andhra Loyola College]] at [[Vijayawada]] prior to receiving an MBA degree from [[Ohio University]]. He has attended the Owner/President course at [[Harvard]]. For his achievements and contribution to society, he has been awarded Doctorate by Anna University Chennai on 14 Dec 2007.

He has two brothers and a sister.

==Career==
Raju founded Satyam in 1987 after venturing earlier into other businesses such as construction and textiles. This was the turning point in his life. He learned a great deal during his time at OU{{what}} and in the [[USA|United States]]. During that time he foresaw the upcoming trend of outsourcing and the future prominence of computers. He started an IT company with 20 employees and bagged multitude of [[Information technology|IT]] projects from US companies. Now [[Satyam]] has rapidly developed and became a multinational company with thousands of employees spread over many countries.Raju has a strong social orientation and has been furthering the cause of social transformation through [[Byrraju Foundation]] and [[EMRI]][http://www.emri.in/ EMRI].

The latest Maytas controversy and margin selling of his shares has created a furore and controversy in business circles.

==Personal life==
Raju is married to Nandini. They have two sons Teja Raju & Rama Raju and a daughter,Deepti, who is married.1{{fact|Date=January 2009}}

== Awards ==
* Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Services award 1999.
* Dataquest IT Man of the Year Award 2000.
* Asia Business Leader Award 2002.
* E&Y Entrepreneur of the Year 2007

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

*[http://www.forbes.com/2004/12/08/04indialand.html Forbes.com: India's 40 Richest]
*[http://www.businessweek.com/it100/2005/company/SAY.htm Profile on businessweek.com]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju,B Ramalinga}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

B. Ramalinga Raju

2009-01-07T08:25:47Z

Prashanthns: peacock tagged

{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}
{{currentevent}}
{{Infobox Celebrity
|name = Ramalinga Raju
|image = Ramalinga Raju at the 2008 Indian Economic Summit.jpg|100px
|caption =
|birth_place =[[Bhimavaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|09|16}}
|nationality = [[India|Indian]]
|residence = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[India]]
|occupation = [[Chairperson|Chairman]], [[Managing Director]] of [[Satyam Computers]]
|networth = {{gain}} US$650 million (as of May 2008 <ref>[http://www.forbes.com/2008/03/05/worlds-richest-billionaires-billionaires08-cx_lk_0305all_slide_6.html?thisSpeed=15000 The World's Billionaires - Forbes Magazine]</ref>)
|spouse = Nandini
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Byrraju Ramalinga Raju''' (born [[September 16]], [[1954]]) is the former Chairman of [[Satyam Computer Services Ltd.|Satyam Computers]]. It is among the top India IT vendors with over a billion dollar revenue that was established by Ramalinga Raju in Satyam Group. Adhering to his conscience{{peacock}}, on January 7, 2009, Raju had resigned from the Satyam board. <ref>http://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/announcement/Satyam_Computer_Services_Ltd_070109.pdf</ref>

==Early life==
Raju was born to Byrraju Satyanarayana Raju in [[Bhimavaram]]. He was influenced by his father.

He did his [[B.Com]] from [[Andhra Loyola College]] at [[Vijayawada]] prior to receiving an MBA degree from [[Ohio University]]. He has attended the Owner/President course at [[Harvard]]. For his achievements and contribution to society, he has been awarded Doctorate by Anna University Chennai on 14 Dec 2007.

He has two brothers and a sister.

==Career==
Raju founded Satyam in 1987 after venturing earlier into other businesses such as construction and textiles. This was the turning point in his life. He learned a great deal during his time at OU{{what}} and in the [[USA|United States]]. During that time he foresaw the upcoming trend of outsourcing and the future prominence of computers. He started an IT company with 20 employees and bagged multitude of [[Information technology|IT]] projects from US companies. Now [[Satyam]] has rapidly developed and became a multinational company with thousands of employees spread over many countries.Raju has a strong social orientation and has been furthering the cause of social transformation through [[Byrraju Foundation]] and [[EMRI]][http://www.emri.in/ EMRI].

The latest Maytas controversy and margin selling of his shares has created a furore and controversy in business circles.

==Personal life==
Raju is married to Nandini. They have two sons Teja Raju & Rama Raju and a daughter,Deepti, who is married.1{{fact|Date=January 2009}}

== Awards ==
* Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Services award 1999.
* Dataquest IT Man of the Year Award 2000.
* Asia Business Leader Award 2002.
* E&Y Entrepreneur of the Year 2007

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

*[http://www.forbes.com/2004/12/08/04indialand.html Forbes.com: India's 40 Richest]
*[http://www.businessweek.com/it100/2005/company/SAY.htm Profile on businessweek.com]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju,B Ramalinga}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

B. Ramalinga Raju

2009-01-07T08:24:15Z

Prashanthns: peacock term

{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}
{{currentevent}}
{{Infobox Celebrity
|name = Ramalinga Raju
|image = Ramalinga Raju at the 2008 Indian Economic Summit.jpg|100px
|caption =
|birth_place =[[Bhimavaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|09|16}}
|nationality = [[India|Indian]]
|residence = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[India]]
|occupation = [[Chairperson|Chairman]], [[Managing Director]] of [[Satyam Computers]]
|networth = {{gain}} US$650 million (as of May 2008 <ref>[http://www.forbes.com/2008/03/05/worlds-richest-billionaires-billionaires08-cx_lk_0305all_slide_6.html?thisSpeed=15000 The World's Billionaires - Forbes Magazine]</ref>)
|spouse = Nandini
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Byrraju Ramalinga Raju''' (born [[September 16]], [[1954]]) is the former Chairman of [[Satyam Computer Services Ltd.|Satyam Computers]]. It is among the top India IT vendors with over a billion dollar revenue that was established by Ramalinga Raju in Satyam Group. Adhering to his conscience{{why}}, on January 7, 2009, Raju had resigned from the Satyam board. <ref>http://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/announcement/Satyam_Computer_Services_Ltd_070109.pdf</ref>

==Early life==
Raju was born to Byrraju Satyanarayana Raju in [[Bhimavaram]]. He was influenced by his father.

He did his [[B.Com]] from [[Andhra Loyola College]] at [[Vijayawada]] prior to receiving an MBA degree from [[Ohio University]]. He has attended the Owner/President course at [[Harvard]]. For his achievements and contribution to society, he has been awarded Doctorate by Anna University Chennai on 14 Dec 2007.

He has two brothers and a sister.

==Career==
Raju founded Satyam in 1987 after venturing earlier into other businesses such as construction and textiles. This was the turning point in his life. He learned a great deal during his time at OU{{what}} and in the [[USA|United States]]. During that time he foresaw the upcoming trend of outsourcing and the future prominence of computers. He started an IT company with 20 employees and bagged multitude of [[Information technology|IT]] projects from US companies. Now [[Satyam]] has rapidly developed and became a multinational company with thousands of employees spread over many countries.Raju has a strong social orientation and has been furthering the cause of social transformation through [[Byrraju Foundation]] and [[EMRI]][http://www.emri.in/ EMRI].

The latest Maytas controversy and margin selling of his shares has created a furore and controversy in business circles.

==Personal life==
Raju is married to Nandini. They have two sons Teja Raju & Rama Raju and a daughter,Deepti, who is married.1{{fact|Date=January 2009}}

== Awards ==
* Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Services award 1999.
* Dataquest IT Man of the Year Award 2000.
* Asia Business Leader Award 2002.
* E&Y Entrepreneur of the Year 2007

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

*[http://www.forbes.com/2004/12/08/04indialand.html Forbes.com: India's 40 Richest]
*[http://www.businessweek.com/it100/2005/company/SAY.htm Profile on businessweek.com]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju,B Ramalinga}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

B. Ramalinga Raju

2009-01-07T08:23:44Z

Prashanthns: date update, currentevent

{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}
{{currentevent}}
{{Infobox Celebrity
|name = Ramalinga Raju
|image = Ramalinga Raju at the 2008 Indian Economic Summit.jpg|100px
|caption =
|birth_place =[[Bhimavaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|09|16}}
|nationality = [[India|Indian]]
|residence = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[India]]
|occupation = [[Chairperson|Chairman]], [[Managing Director]] of [[Satyam Computers]]
|networth = {{gain}} US$650 million (as of May 2008 <ref>[http://www.forbes.com/2008/03/05/worlds-richest-billionaires-billionaires08-cx_lk_0305all_slide_6.html?thisSpeed=15000 The World's Billionaires - Forbes Magazine]</ref>)
|spouse = Nandini
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Byrraju Ramalinga Raju''' (born [[September 16]], [[1954]]) is the former Chairman of [[Satyam Computer Services Ltd.|Satyam Computers]]. It is among the top India IT vendors with over a billion dollar revenue that was established by Ramalinga Raju in Satyam Group. Adhering to his conscience, on January 7, 2009, Raju had resigned from the Satyam board. <ref>http://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/announcement/Satyam_Computer_Services_Ltd_070109.pdf</ref>

==Early life==
Raju was born to Byrraju Satyanarayana Raju in [[Bhimavaram]]. He was influenced by his father.

He did his [[B.Com]] from [[Andhra Loyola College]] at [[Vijayawada]] prior to receiving an MBA degree from [[Ohio University]]. He has attended the Owner/President course at [[Harvard]]. For his achievements and contribution to society, he has been awarded Doctorate by Anna University Chennai on 14 Dec 2007.

He has two brothers and a sister.

==Career==
Raju founded Satyam in 1987 after venturing earlier into other businesses such as construction and textiles. This was the turning point in his life. He learned a great deal during his time at OU{{what}} and in the [[USA|United States]]. During that time he foresaw the upcoming trend of outsourcing and the future prominence of computers. He started an IT company with 20 employees and bagged multitude of [[Information technology|IT]] projects from US companies. Now [[Satyam]] has rapidly developed and became a multinational company with thousands of employees spread over many countries.Raju has a strong social orientation and has been furthering the cause of social transformation through [[Byrraju Foundation]] and [[EMRI]][http://www.emri.in/ EMRI].

The latest Maytas controversy and margin selling of his shares has created a furore and controversy in business circles.

==Personal life==
Raju is married to Nandini. They have two sons Teja Raju & Rama Raju and a daughter,Deepti, who is married.1{{fact|Date=January 2009}}

== Awards ==
* Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Services award 1999.
* Dataquest IT Man of the Year Award 2000.
* Asia Business Leader Award 2002.
* E&Y Entrepreneur of the Year 2007

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

*[http://www.forbes.com/2004/12/08/04indialand.html Forbes.com: India's 40 Richest]
*[http://www.businessweek.com/it100/2005/company/SAY.htm Profile on businessweek.com]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju,B Ramalinga}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

B. Ramalinga Raju

2009-01-07T08:21:53Z

Prashanthns: reflist added

{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}
{{Infobox Celebrity
|name = Ramalinga Raju
|image = Ramalinga Raju at the 2008 Indian Economic Summit.jpg|100px
|caption =
|birth_place =[[Bhimavaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|09|16}}
|nationality = [[India|Indian]]
|residence = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[India]]
|occupation = [[Chairperson|Chairman]], [[Managing Director]] of [[Satyam Computers]]
|networth = {{gain}} US$650 million (as of May 2008 <ref>[http://www.forbes.com/2008/03/05/worlds-richest-billionaires-billionaires08-cx_lk_0305all_slide_6.html?thisSpeed=15000 The World's Billionaires - Forbes Magazine]</ref>)
|spouse = Nandini
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Byrraju Ramalinga Raju''' (born [[September 16]], [[1954]]) is the former Chairman of [[Satyam Computer Services Ltd.|Satyam Computers]]. It is among the top India IT vendors with over a billion dollar revenue that was established by Ramalinga Raju in Satyam Group. Adhering to his conscience, on January 7, 2008, Raju had resigned from the Satyam board. <ref>http://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/announcement/Satyam_Computer_Services_Ltd_070109.pdf</ref>

==Early life==
Raju was born to Byrraju Satyanarayana Raju in [[Bhimavaram]]. He was influenced by his father.

He did his [[B.Com]] from [[Andhra Loyola College]] at [[Vijayawada]] prior to receiving an MBA degree from [[Ohio University]]. He has attended the Owner/President course at [[Harvard]]. For his achievements and contribution to society, he has been awarded Doctorate by Anna University Chennai on 14 Dec 2007.

He has two brothers and a sister.

==Career==
Raju founded Satyam in 1987 after venturing earlier into other businesses such as construction and textiles. This was the turning point in his life. He learned a great deal during his time at OU{{what}} and in the [[USA|United States]]. During that time he foresaw the upcoming trend of outsourcing and the future prominence of computers. He started an IT company with 20 employees and bagged multitude of [[Information technology|IT]] projects from US companies. Now [[Satyam]] has rapidly developed and became a multinational company with thousands of employees spread over many countries.Raju has a strong social orientation and has been furthering the cause of social transformation through [[Byrraju Foundation]] and [[EMRI]][http://www.emri.in/ EMRI].

The latest Maytas controversy and margin selling of his shares has created a furore and controversy in business circles.

==Personal life==
Raju is married to Nandini. They have two sons Teja Raju & Rama Raju and a daughter,Deepti, who is married.1{{fact|Date=January 2009}}

== Awards ==
* Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Services award 1999.
* Dataquest IT Man of the Year Award 2000.
* Asia Business Leader Award 2002.
* E&Y Entrepreneur of the Year 2007

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

*[http://www.forbes.com/2004/12/08/04indialand.html Forbes.com: India's 40 Richest]
*[http://www.businessweek.com/it100/2005/company/SAY.htm Profile on businessweek.com]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju,B Ramalinga}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

John Parke Custis

2009-01-07T08:08:24Z

Prashanthns: Reverted edits by 61.69.3.156 to last version by Catgut (HG)

'''John Parke Custis''' ([[27 November]] [[1754]] – [[5 November]] [[1781]]) was a [[Virginia]] planter and stepson of [[George Washington]].

He was most likely born at White House, his parents' plantation in [[New Kent County, Virginia|New Kent County]], [[Virginia]]. He was the son of [[Daniel Parke Custis]], a wealthy planter, and [[Martha Dandridge Custis]]. After the death of his father in 1757, he inherited almost 18,000 acres (73 km²) of land. In 1759 his mother married [[George Washington]] and moved with her children to [[Mount Vernon (plantation)|Mount Vernon]]. Custis briefly attended King's College (later [[Columbia University]]) in 1773.

On [[3 February]] [[1774]] Custis married Eleanor Calvert, a granddaughter of [[Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore]]. Of their seven children, four survived infancy:

* [[Elizabeth Parke Custis Law|Elizabeth Parke Custis]] (1776-1831), married [[Thomas Law House|Thomas Law]]
* [[Martha Parke Custis Peter|Martha Parke Custis]] (1777-1854), married [[Tudor Place|Thomas Peter]]
* [[Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis|Eleanor Parke Custis]] (1779-1852), married [[Lawrence Lewis, 1767-1839|Lawrence Lewis]]
* [[George Washington Parke Custis]] (1781-1857), married [[Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis|Mary Lee Fitzhugh]].

Custis sat in the [[Virginia House of Delegates]] from 1778 until 1781. [[Arlington National Cemetery]] sits on land he once owned. He served as a civilian aide-de-camp to Washington during the [[siege of Yorktown]]. He contracted camp fever and died in New Kent County not long after Cornwallis's surrender. He was buried in [[York County, Virginia|York County]], near [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]].

==References==
*Frank E. Grizzard Jr. ''George Washington: A Biographical Companion'' (2002), pages 67-70.
*John T. Kneebone et al., eds., ''Dictionary of Virginia Biography'' (Richmond: Library of Virginia, 1998- ), 3:639-640. ISBN 0-88490-206-4

{{DEFAULTSORT:Custis, John Parke}}
[[Category:1754 births]]
[[Category:1781 deaths]]
[[Category:Washington family]]
[[Category:Custis family of Virginia]]
[[Category:George Washington]]
[[Category:People from Virginia]]
[[fr:John Parke Custis]]

B. Ramalinga Raju

2009-01-07T07:42:58Z

Prashanthns: cp edit, rm peacock words, cn and other tags

{{Infobox Celebrity
|name = Ramalinga Raju
|image = Ramalinga Raju at the 2008 Indian Economic Summit.jpg|100px
|caption =
|birth_place =[[Bhimavaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|09|16}}
|nationality = [[India|Indian]]
|residence = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[India]]
|occupation = [[Chairperson|Chairman]], [[Managing Director]] of [[Satyam Computers]]
|networth = {{gain}} US$650 million (as of May 2008 <ref>[http://www.forbes.com/2008/03/05/worlds-richest-billionaires-billionaires08-cx_lk_0305all_slide_6.html?thisSpeed=15000 The World's Billionaires - Forbes Magazine]</ref>)
|spouse = Nandini
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Byrraju Ramalinga Raju''' (born [[September 16]], [[1954]]) is the former Chairman of [[Satyam Computer Services Ltd.|Satyam Computers]]. It is among the top India IT vendors with over a billion dollar revenue that was established by Ramalinga Raju in Satyam Group. On January 7, 2008, Raju had resigned from the Satyam board.{{Fact|date=January 2009}}

==Early life==
Raju was born to Byrraju Satyanarayana Raju in [[Bhimavaram]]. He was influenced by his father.

He did his [[B.Com]] from [[Andhra Loyola College]] at [[Vijayawada]] prior to receiving an MBA degree from [[Ohio University]]. He has attended the Owner/President course at [[Harvard]]. For his achievements and contribution to society, he has been awarded Doctorate by Anna University Chennai on 14 Dec 2007.

He has two brothers and a sister.

==Career==
Raju founded Satyam in 1987 after venturing earlier into other businesses such as construction and textiles. This was the turning point in his life. He learned a great deal during his time at OU{{what}} and in the [[USA|United States]]. During that time he foresaw the upcoming trend of outsourcing and the future prominence of computers. He started an IT company with 20 employees and bagged multitude of [[Information technology|IT]] projects from US companies. Now [[Satyam]] has rapidly developed and became a multinational company with thousands of employees spread over many countries.Raju has a strong social orientation and has been furthering the cause of social transformation through [[Byrraju Foundation]] and [[EMRI]][http://www.emri.in/ EMRI].

The latest Maytas controversy and margin selling of his shares has created a furore and controversy in business circles.

==Personal life==
Raju is married to Nandini. They have two sons Teja Raju & Rama Raju and a daughter,Deepti, who is married.1{{fact|Date=January 2009}}

== Awards ==
* Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Services award 1999.
* Dataquest IT Man of the Year Award 2000.
* Asia Business Leader Award 2002.
* E&Y Entrepreneur of the Year 2007

==External links==

*[http://www.forbes.com/2004/12/08/04indialand.html Forbes.com: India's 40 Richest]
*[http://www.businessweek.com/it100/2005/company/SAY.htm Profile on businessweek.com]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju,B Ramalinga}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

B. Ramalinga Raju

2009-01-07T06:51:04Z

Prashanthns: Reverted to revision 262476980 by Prashanthns; Please refrain from adding unsourced information, even if you think it is true, please provide sources. (TW)

{{Infobox Celebrity
|name = Ramalinga Raju
|image = Ramalinga Raju at the 2008 Indian Economic Summit.jpg|100px
|caption =
|birth_place =[[Bhimavaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|09|16}}
|nationality = [[India|Indian]]
|residence = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[India]]
|occupation = [[Chairperson|Chairman]], [[Managing Director]] of [[Satyam Computers]]
|networth = {{gain}} US$650 million (as of May 2008 <ref>[http://www.forbes.com/2008/03/05/worlds-richest-billionaires-billionaires08-cx_lk_0305all_slide_6.html?thisSpeed=15000 The World's Billionaires - Forbes Magazine]</ref>)
|spouse = Nandini
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Byrraju Ramalinga Raju''' (born [[September 16]], [[1954]]) is the former Chairman of [[Satyam Computer Services Ltd.|Satyam Computers]]. It is among the top India IT vendors with over a billion dollar revenue that was established by Ramalinga Raju in Satyam Group. On January 7, 2008, Raju had resigned from the Satyam board.{{cn}}

==Early life==
Raju was born to Byrraju Satyanarayana Raju in [[Bhimavaram]]. He was influenced by his father.

He did his [[B.Com]] from [[Andhra Loyola College]] at [[Vijayawada]] prior to receiving an MBA degree from [[Ohio University]]. He has attended the Owner/President course at [[Harvard]]. For his achievements and contribution to society, he has been awarded Doctorate by Anna University Chennai on 14 Dec 2007.

He has two brothers and a sister.

==Career==
Raju founded Satyam in 1987 after venturing earlier into other businesses such as construction and textiles.

That was the turning point in his life. He learned a great deal during his time at OU and in the US. During that time he foresaw the upcoming trend of outsourcing and the future prominence of computers. He started an IT company with 20 employees and bagged multitude of IT projects from US companies. Now the company has rapidly developed and became a true multinational company with thousands of employees spread over multiple countries.

Raju has a very strong social orientation and has quietly been furthering the cause of social transformation through [[Byrraju Foundation]] and other ambulance service 108 [http://www.emri.in/ EMRI].

The latest Maytas controversy and margin selling of his shares have created a furore and controversy in business circles.

==Personal life==
Raju is married to Nandini. They have two sons Teja Raju & Rama Raju and a daughter,Deepti, who is married.1

== Awards ==
* Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Services award 1999.
* Dataquest IT Man of the Year Award 2000.
* Asia Business Leader Award 2002.
* E&Y Entrepreneur of the Year 2007

==External links==

*[http://www.forbes.com/2004/12/08/04indialand.html Forbes.com: India's 40 Richest]
*[http://www.businessweek.com/it100/2005/company/SAY.htm Profile on businessweek.com]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju,B Ramalinga}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

B. Ramalinga Raju

2009-01-07T06:48:05Z

Prashanthns: Reverted good faith edits by Thyag.js; This is a biography of a living person. Kindly cite sources especially when you are adding such information. (TW)

{{Infobox Celebrity
|name = Ramalinga Raju
|image = Ramalinga Raju at the 2008 Indian Economic Summit.jpg|100px
|caption =
|birth_place =[[Bhimavaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|09|16}}
|nationality = [[India|Indian]]
|residence = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[India]]
|occupation = [[Chairperson|Chairman]], [[Managing Director]] of [[Satyam Computers]]
|networth = {{gain}} US$650 million (as of May 2008 <ref>[http://www.forbes.com/2008/03/05/worlds-richest-billionaires-billionaires08-cx_lk_0305all_slide_6.html?thisSpeed=15000 The World's Billionaires - Forbes Magazine]</ref>)
|spouse = Nandini
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Byrraju Ramalinga Raju''' (born [[September 16]], [[1954]]) is the former Chairman of [[Satyam Computer Services Ltd.|Satyam Computers]]. It is among the top India IT vendors with over a billion dollar revenue that was established by Ramalinga Raju in Satyam Group. On January 7, 2008, Raju had resigned from the Satyam board.{{cn}}

==Early life==
Raju was born to Byrraju Satyanarayana Raju in [[Bhimavaram]]. He was influenced by his father. On january 7, 2008 in a letter to Satyam employees and investors he claimed responsibility for the largest corporate fraud committed in Indian history admitting that over a period of years he had inflated revenues and reserves to the tune to Rupees 50 billion.

He did his [[B.Com]] from [[Andhra Loyola College]] at [[Vijayawada]] prior to receiving an MBA degree from [[Ohio University]]. He has attended the Owner/President course at [[Harvard]]. For his achievements and contribution to society, he has been awarded Doctorate by Anna University Chennai on 14 Dec 2007.

He has two brothers and a sister.

==Career==
Raju founded Satyam in 1987 after venturing earlier into other businesses such as construction and textiles.

That was the turning point in his life. He learned a great deal during his time at OU and in the US. During that time he foresaw the upcoming trend of outsourcing and the future prominence of computers. He started an IT company with 20 employees and bagged multitude of IT projects from US companies. Now the company has rapidly developed and became a true multinational company with thousands of employees spread over multiple countries.

Raju has a very strong social orientation and has quietly been furthering the cause of social transformation through [[Byrraju Foundation]] and other ambulance service 108 [http://www.emri.in/ EMRI].

The latest Maytas controversy and margin selling of his shares have created a furore and controversy in business circles.

==Personal life==
Raju is married to Nandini. They have two sons Teja Raju & Rama Raju and a daughter,Deepti, who is married.1

== Awards ==
* Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Services award 1999.
* Dataquest IT Man of the Year Award 2000.
* Asia Business Leader Award 2002.
* E&Y Entrepreneur of the Year 2007

==External links==

*[http://www.forbes.com/2004/12/08/04indialand.html Forbes.com: India's 40 Richest]
*[http://www.businessweek.com/it100/2005/company/SAY.htm Profile on businessweek.com]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju,B Ramalinga}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

B. Ramalinga Raju

2009-01-07T06:41:39Z

Prashanthns: cn, this is WP:BLP

{{Infobox Celebrity
|name = Ramalinga Raju
|image = Ramalinga Raju at the 2008 Indian Economic Summit.jpg|100px
|caption =
|birth_place =[[Bhimavaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|09|16}}
|nationality = [[India|Indian]]
|residence = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[India]]
|occupation = [[Chairperson|Chairman]], [[Managing Director]] of [[Satyam Computers]]
|networth = {{gain}} US$650 million (as of May 2008 <ref>[http://www.forbes.com/2008/03/05/worlds-richest-billionaires-billionaires08-cx_lk_0305all_slide_6.html?thisSpeed=15000 The World's Billionaires - Forbes Magazine]</ref>)
|spouse = Nandini
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Byrraju Ramalinga Raju''' (born [[September 16]], [[1954]]) is the former Chairman of [[Satyam Computer Services Ltd.|Satyam Computers]]. It is among the top India IT vendors with over a billion dollar revenue that was established by Ramalinga Raju in Satyam Group. On January 7, 2008, Raju had resigned from the Satyam board.{{cn}}

==Early life==
Raju was born to Byrraju Satyanarayana Raju in [[Bhimavaram]]. He was influenced by his father.

He did his [[B.Com]] from [[Andhra Loyola College]] at [[Vijayawada]] prior to receiving an MBA degree from [[Ohio University]]. He has attended the Owner/President course at [[Harvard]]. For his achievements and contribution to society, he has been awarded Doctorate by Anna University Chennai on 14 Dec 2007.

He has two brothers and a sister.

==Career==
Raju founded Satyam in 1987 after venturing earlier into other businesses such as construction and textiles.

That was the turning point in his life. He learned a great deal during his time at OU and in the US. During that time he foresaw the upcoming trend of outsourcing and the future prominence of computers. He started an IT company with 20 employees and bagged multitude of IT projects from US companies. Now the company has rapidly developed and became a true multinational company with thousands of employees spread over multiple countries.

Raju has a very strong social orientation and has quietly been furthering the cause of social transformation through [[Byrraju Foundation]] and other ambulance service 108 [http://www.emri.in/ EMRI].

The latest Maytas controversy and margin selling of his shares have created a furore and controversy in business circles.

==Personal life==
Raju is married to Nandini. They have two sons Teja Raju & Rama Raju and a daughter,Deepti, who is married.1

== Awards ==
* Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Services award 1999.
* Dataquest IT Man of the Year Award 2000.
* Asia Business Leader Award 2002.
* E&Y Entrepreneur of the Year 2007

==External links==

*[http://www.forbes.com/2004/12/08/04indialand.html Forbes.com: India's 40 Richest]
*[http://www.businessweek.com/it100/2005/company/SAY.htm Profile on businessweek.com]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju,B Ramalinga}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe

2008-08-05T11:25:58Z

Prashanthns: /* Writings */ Publications is better

'''Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe''' (* 12. November 1894 in Oslo; † 1982?) was a [[Norway|Norwegian]] [[zoologist]] who described the [[pecking order]] of hens in 1921.<ref>Porter G. Perrin (1955) 'Pecking Order' 1927-54 American Speech, 30(4):265-268</ref> He was the son of sculptor Axel Emil Ebbe (1868-1941) and sculptress Menga Schjelderup (1871-1945).

The [[dominance hierarchy]] of [[chicken]]s and other [[bird]]s that he studied led him to the conclusion that birds have a very specific, systematic way of deciding who gets the first chance to eat, and who has to wait.

==Publications==
* Honsenes stemme. Bidrag til honsenes psykologi, in: Naturen: populaervitenskapeling tidsskrift 37, 1913, 262-276
* Kometen: mytisk roman, Kristiania 1917
* Beiträge zur Biologie und Sozial- und Individualpsychologie bei Gallus domesticus, Greifswald 1921
* Gallus domesticus in seinem täglichen Leben, Dissertation Universität Greifswald, 12. Mai 1921
* Beiträge zur Sozialpsychologie des Haushuhns, in: Zeitschrift für Psychologie 88, 1922, 225-252
* Soziale Verhältnisse bei Vögeln, in: Zeitschrift für Psychologie 90, 1922, 106-107
* Aufmerksamkeit bei Mücken und Fliegen, in: Zeitschrift für Psychologie 93, 1923, 281-282
* Digte, Kristiania 1923
* Der Graupapagei in der Gefangenschaft, in: Psychologische Forschung 3, 1923, 9-11
* Das Leben der Wildente in der Zeit der Paarung, in: Psychologische Forschung 3, 1923, 12-17
* Tanker og aforismer, Kristiania 1923
* Weitere Beiträge zur Sozialpsychologie des Haushuhns, in: Zeitschrift für Psychologie 92, 1923, 60-87
* Les Despotisme chez les oiseaux, in: Bulletin de l'Institut Général Psychologique 24, 1924, 1-74
* Fortgesetzte biologische Beobachtungen bei Gallus domesticus, in: Psychologische Forschung 5, 1924, 343-355
* Kurzgefaßte norwegische Grammatik, Teil 1: Lautlehre, Berlin 1924
* Poppelnatten: digte, Kristiania 1924
* Zur Sozialpsychologie der Vögel, in: Zeitschrift für Psychologie 95, 1924, 36-84
* Det nye eventyr: digte, Oslo 1925
* Soziale Verhältnisse bei Säugetieren, in: Zeitschrift für Psychologie 97, 1925, 145
* Zur Theorie der Mengenlehre, in: Annalen der Philosophie und philosophischen Kritik 5, 1925/1926, 325-328
* Blaat og rødt: digte, Oslo 1926
* Der Kontrast auf dem Gebiete des Licht- und Farbensinnes, in: Neue Psychologische Studien 2, 1926, 61-126
* Sociale tilstande hos utvalgte inferiore vesner, in: Arkiv för psykologi och pedagogik 5, 1926, 105-220
* Organismen und Anorganismen, in: Annalen der Philosophie und philosophischen Kritik 6, 1927, 294-296
* Fra billenes verden, Oslo 1928
* Overhöihetsformer i den menneskelige sociologi, in: Arkiv för Psykologi och Pedagogik 8, 1929, 53-100
* Zur Psychologie der Zahleneindrücke, in: Kwartalnik Psychologiczny 1, 1930, 365-380
* Psychologische Beobachtungen an Vögeln, in: Zeitschrift für Angewandte Psychologie 35, 1930, 362-366
* Die Despotie im sozialen Leben der Vögel, in: Richard Thurnwald (Hrsg.), Forschungen zur Völkerpsychologie und Soziologie 10, 1931, 77-137
* Farben-, Helligkeits-, und Sättigungskontraste bei mitteleuropäischen Käfern, in: Archiv für die Gesamte Psychologie 78, 1931, 571-573
* Liljene på marken, Oslo 1931
* Soziale Eigentümlichkeiten bei Hühnern, in: Kwartalnik Psychologiczny 2, 1931, 206-212
* Instinkte und Reaktionen bei Pfauen und Truthühnern, in: Kwartalnik Psychologiczny 3, 1932, 204-207
* Social behavior of birds, in: Carl Murchison (ed.), A Handbook of Social Psychology, Worcester 1935, 947-972
* Über die Lebensfähigkeit alter Samen, Oslo 1936
* Sanger og strofer, Oslo 1949
* Hva verden sier: en lyrisk, satirisk og virkelighetstro diktsyklus, Oslo 1953
* Liv, reaksjoner og sociologi hos en flerhet insekter, Oslo 1953
* Glansen og det skjulte: lyrikk, humor og satire, Oslo 1955
* Høider og dybder: lyrikk, humor og satire, Oslo 1957
* Life, reactions, and sociology in a number of insects, in: Journal of Social Psychology 46, 1957, 287-292
* Sozialpsychologische Analogien bei Menschen und Tier, in: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie, Bericht über den 22. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie in Heidbelberg 1959, Göttingen 1960, 237-249
* Sol og skygge: aforismer og tanker, Oslo 1965
* Av livets saga: tanker, vers og shortstories, Oslo 1966-1969
* Noen nyere undersøkelser om estetikk, særlig m.h.t. diktning og folklore, Oslo 1967

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
* Charles W. Leland, Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe: Sanger og strofer (Book Review), in: Scandinavian Studies 23, 1951, 208-213
* Charles W. Leland, Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe's "Hva verden sier" (Book Review), in: Scandinavian Studies 27, 1955, 206-212
* John Price, A Remembrance of Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe, in: Human Ethology Bulletin 10, 1995, 1-6 [http://evolution.anthro.univie.ac.at/ishe/about%20us/bulletin%20contents/HEB%201995_1.pdf PDF](contains an interview with Th. Schjelderup-Ebbe's son, the musicologist Dag Schjelderup-Ebbe)
* Wilhelm Preus Sommerfeldt, Professor dr. Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbes forfatterskap 1910-1956, Oslo 1957

==External links==
* http://evolution.anthro.univie.ac.at/ishe/about%20us/bulletin%20contents/index.html [online edition of the Human Ethology Bulletin]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schjelderupp-Ebbe, Thorleif}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Norwegian zoologists]]

The Asiatic Society

2008-06-14T08:44:46Z

Prashanthns: added medical and physical society of calcutta

:''This article is about the society in Calcutta. For other uses, see [[Asiatic Society (disambiguation)|Asiatic Society]].''

[[Image:Kolkata Asiatic Society.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The new Asiatic Society building]]
[[Image:Kolkata Asiatic Society2.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The old Asiatic Society building]]
'''The Asiatic Society''' was founded by [[William Jones (philologist)|Sir William Jones]] ([[1746]]-[[1794]]) on [[15 January]] [[1784]] in [[Calcutta]], then capital of [[United Kingdom|British]] [[India]], to enhance and further the cause of [[Oriental]] research. At the time of its foundation, this Society was named as "Asiatic Society". In 1825 the Society was renamed as "The Asiatic Society". In 1832 the name was changed to "The Asiatic Society of Bengal", and again in 1936 it was renamed as "The Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal." Finally, in 1951 the name of the society was changed to its present one. The Society is housed in a building at Park Street in Kolkata (Calcutta).
The Society moved into this building during 1808. In 1823, the [[Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta]] was formed and all the meetings of this society were held in the Asiatic Society.

==Library==
The library of the Asiatic Society has a collection of about 1,49,000 books printed in almost all the major languages of the world. The earliest printed books in this library belong to the late 15th century. It has in its possession a large number of books printed in India in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The library also possesses many rare and scarcely available books. The library has a rich collection of about 47,000 manuscripts in 26 scripts. The most notable amongst them are an illustrated manuscript of the ''[[Quran]]'', a manuscript of the ''[[Gulistan of Sa'di|Gulistan]]'' text, and a manuscript of ''Padshanamah'' bearing the signature of Emperor [[Shahjahan]]. The number of journals in the possession of the library is about 80,000 at present.

The early collection of this library was enriched by the contributions it received from its members. In [[March 25]] [[1784]] the library received seven Persian manuscripts from Henri Richardson. The next contribution came from [[William Marsden (orientalist)|William Marsden]], who donated his book, ''History of Island of Sumatra'' (1783) on [[November 10]] [[1784]]. Robert Home, the first Library-in-Charge (1804) donated his small but valuable collection of works on art. The first accession of importance was a gift from the Seringapatam Committee on [[February 3]], [[1808]] consisting of a collection from the Palace Library of [[Tipu Sultan]]. The library received the Surveyor-General Colonel Mackenzie’s collection of manuscripts and drawings in December 1822.

==Museum==
The museum of the Society was founded in 1814 under the superintendence of N. Wallich. The rapid growth of its collection is evident from its first catalogue, published in 1849. When the [[Indian Museum]] of Calcutta was established in 1814, the Society handed over most of its valuable collections to it. The Society however still has a museum of its own which possesses a rock edict of [[Asoka]] (c. 250 BCE) and a significant collection of copper plate inscriptions, coins, sculptures, manuscripts and archival records. Some masterpieces, like [[Joshua Reynolds]]’ ''Cupid asleep on Cloud '', [[Guido Cagnacci]]’s ''Cleopatra'', [[Thomas Daniell]]’s ''A Ghat at Benares'' and [[Peter Paul Rubens]]’ ''Infant Christ'' are also in the possession of this museum.

==See also==

* [[South Asian Studies]]

==External links==
* [http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/A_0326.htm "Asiatic Society", ''Banglapedia.'' On Line.]
* [http://www.scholarly-societies.org/history/1784as.html "Asiatic Society of Bengal", Scholarly Societies Project.]
* [http://www.asiaticsocietycal.com/ The Asiatic Society official website]

[[Category:Asian studies| *]]
[[Category:Education in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Education in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1784]]
[[Category:Bengali renaissance]]
{{Bengal Renaissance}}

[[fr:Asiatic Society of Calcutta]]

Ibn Zuhr

2008-05-23T15:35:46Z

Prashanthns: /* Flight from Seville */ corrected ref

'''Abū Merwān ’Abdal-Malik ibn Zuhr''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: '''أبو مروان عبدالملك إبن زهر ''') (also known as '''Ibn Zuhr''', '''Avenzoar''', '''Abumeron''' or '''Ibn-Zohr''') ([[1091]]–[[1161]]) was an [[Arab]] [[Islamic medicine|Muslim physician, pharmacist, surgeon]], [[Ulema|Islamic scholar]], and teacher.

==Early life==
He was born [[Seville]], and studied at the [[University of Córdoba]]. He belonged to the Banu Zuhr family, which produced five generations of [[physician]]s, including two female physicians who served the [[Almohad]] ruler [[Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur]].<ref>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_13.html The Art as a Profession], [[United States National Library of Medicine]]</ref> Ibn Zuhr was also the teacher of [[Averroes]]. He began his medical practice and training under his father, Abu l-Ala Zuhr(''d 1131'').<ref name=dictionary>Bynum, WF & Bynum, Helen (2006) Dictionary of Medical Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-31-332877-3.</ref>

==Flight from Seville==
Around 1130, he fell out of favour of with the [[Almoravid|Almoravid ruler]], Ali bin Yusuf bin Tashufin, and fled from Seville. He was however, apprehended and jailed in [[Marrakesh]]. Later in 1147 when the [[Almohad dynasty]] conquered that Seville, he returned and devoted himself to medical practice and teaching.<refname=dictionary /> He died at Seville in 1161.

==Acheivements==
He is considered as the father of [[experiment]]al [[surgery]],<ref name=Rabie2006/> for introducing the [[Scientific method|experimental method]] into surgery,<ref name=Rabie2005/> introducing the methods of human [[dissection]] and [[autopsy]],<ref name=Hutchinson/> inventing the surgical procedure of [[tracheotomy]],<ref name=Makki/> performing the first [[parenteral]] nutrition of humans with a silver needle, discovering the cause of [[scabies]] and [[inflammation]], and refutating of the theory of [[Humorism|four humours]].

===''Al-Taisir''===
Ibn Zuhr's most famous work is his ''Al-Taisir'', in which he introduced the [[scientific method|experimental method]] into [[surgery]],<ref name=Rabie2005>Rabie E. Abdel-Halim (2005), "Contributions of Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) to the progress of surgery: A study and translations from his book Al-Taisir", ''Saudi Medical Journal 2005; Vol. 26 (9): 1333-1339''.</ref> for which he is considered the father of [[experiment]]al surgery.<ref name=Rabie2006>Rabie E. Abdel-Halim (2006), "Contributions of Muhadhdhab Al-Deen Al-Baghdadi to the progress of medicine and urology", ''Saudi Medical Journal'' '''27''' (11): 1631-1641.</ref> He was the first to employ [[animal testing]] in order to experiment with surgical procedures before applying them to human patients.<ref name=Rabie2005/> He also performed the first [[dissection]]s and postmortem [[Autopsy|autopsies]] on humans as well as animals.<ref name=Hutchinson/>

He invented the surgical procedure of [[tracheotomy]],<ref name=Makki>A. I. Makki. "Needles & Pins", ''AlShindagah'' '''68''', January-February 2006.</ref> as he was the first to give a correct description of the tracheotomy operation for [[Suffocation|suffocating]] patients.<ref name=Shehata/> He perfected this surgical procedure through his experiments on a [[goat]]. He also performed postmortem autopsies on a [[sheep]] during his [[clinical trial]]s on the treatment of [[ulcer]]ating diseases of the [[lung]]s. He also wrote on the [[prophylaxis]] against [[urinary tract infection]]s and described the importance of [[Dietary Management|dietary management]] in maintaining the prophylaxis.<ref name=Rabie2005/>

He established surgery as an independent field of medicine, by introducing a [[training]] course designed specifically for future [[surgeons]], in order that they be qualified before being allowed to perform operations independently, and for defining the roles of a [[general practitioner]] and a surgeon in the treatment of a surgical condition.<ref name=Rabie2005/>

===''The Method of Preparing Medicines and Diet''===
He performed the first [[parenteral]] nutrition of humans with a silver needle, and wrote a book on it entitled ''The Method of Preparing Medicines and Diet''.

===Anatomy and Physiology===
During his [[Biomedical research|medical experiments]] on [[anatomy]] and [[physiology]], Ibn Zuhr was the first physician known to have carried out human [[dissection]] and postmortem [[autopsy]]. He proved that the [[List of skin diseases|skin disease]] [[scabies]] was caused by a [[parasite]], which contradicted the erroneous theory of [[humorism|four humours]] supported by [[Hippocrates]], [[Galen]] and [[Avicenna]]. The removal of the parasite from the patient's body did not involve [[purging]], [[bleeding]] or any other traditional treatments associated with the four humours.<ref name=Hutchinson>[http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Islamic+medicine Islamic medicine], ''[[Hutchinson Encyclopedia]]''.</ref> His works show that he was often highly critical of previous medical authorities, including Avicenna's ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]''.<ref>Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)", ''Electronic Theses and Dissertations'', [[University of Notre Dame]].[http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615]</ref>

He was one of the first physicians to reject the erroneous theory of [[humorism|four humours]], which dates back to Hippocrates and Galen. Avenzoar also confirmed the presence of [[blood]] in the body.<ref name=Shehata>Prof. Dr. Mostafa Shehata, "The Ear, Nose and Throat in Islamic Medicine", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', 2003 (1): 2-5 [4].</ref>

===Drug therapy===
Ibn Zuhr (and other Muslim physicians such as [[al-Kindi]], [[Ibn Sahl]], [[Abulcasis]], [[al-Biruni]], [[Avicenna]], [[Averroes]], [[Ibn al-Baitar]], [[Ibn Al-Jazzar]] and [[Ibn al-Nafis]]) developed [[Pharmacology|drug therapy]] and [[Medication|medicinal]] [[drug]]s for the treatment of specific symptoms and diseases. His use of practical experience and careful observation was extensive.<ref name=Ajram/>

===Pharmacopoeia===
Ibn Zuhr wrote an early [[pharmacopoeia]], which later became the first Arabic book to be [[Printing|printed]] with a [[movable type]] in 1491.<ref>M. Krek (1979). "The Enigma of the First Arabic Book Printed from Movable Type", ''Journal of Near Eastern Studies'' '''38''' (3), p. 203-212.</ref>

===Etiology===
Ibn Zuhr was the first to provide a real scientific [[etiology]] for the [[Inflammation|inflammatory diseases]] of the [[ear]], and the first to clearly discuss the causes of [[stridor]].<ref name=Shehata/> He also proved that the skin disease [[scabies]] was caused by a [[parasite]].<ref name=Hutchinson/>

===Neurology and Neuropharmacology===
Ibn Zuhr gave the first accurate descriptions on [[Neurology|neurological]] disorders, including [[meningitis]], intracranial [[thrombophlebitis]], and [[Mediastinal germ cell tumor|mediastinal tumours]], and made contributions to modern [[neuropharmacology]].<ref>Martin-Araguz, A.; Bustamante-Martinez, C.; Fernandez-Armayor, Ajo V.; Moreno-Martinez, J. M. (2002). "Neuroscience in al-Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine", ''Revista de neurología'' '''34''' (9), p. 877-892.</ref>

===Anesthesiology===
In [[anesthesiology]], modern [[anesthesia]] was developed in [[Al-Andalus|Islamic Spain]] by the Muslim [[anesthesiologist]]s Ibn Zuhr and [[Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi]]. They were the first to utilize oral as well as [[Inhalational anaesthetic|inhalant anesthetics]], and they performed hundreds of surgeries under [[inhalant]] anesthesia with the use of [[narcotic]]-soaked [[sponge]]s which were placed over the face.<ref name=Ajram>Dr. Kasem Ajram (1992). ''Miracle of Islamic Science'', Appendix B. Knowledge House Publishers. ISBN 0911119434.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Islamic science]]
*[[Islamic medicine]]
*[[List of Arab scientists and scholars]]
*[[List of Muslim scientists]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [http://www.islamonline.com/cgi-bin/news_service/profile_story.asp?service_id=868 Islam Online]
* [http://www.moslem.at/islam/denker.html]
* [http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/encyclopedia/article_show/Avenzoar_or_Ibn_Zuhr_10911161_/m0097002.html?&searchtermold=human%20weapon&searchtermold=human%20weapon The History Channel on Ibn Zuhr]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zuhr, Ibn}}
[[Category:1091 births]]
[[Category:1161 deaths]]
[[Category:Arab people]]
[[Category:Arab scientists]]
[[Category:Arab physicians]]
[[Category:Parasitologists]]

{{med-bio-stub}}

[[ar:ابن زهر]]
[[es:Ibn Zuhr]]
[[fr:Avenzoar]]
[[ms:Abu Marwan Ibn Zuhr]]
[[ru:Ибн Зухр]]

Ibn Zuhr

2008-05-23T15:34:57Z

Prashanthns: broke it into sections, added info on early life, flight from seville, added ref

'''Abū Merwān ’Abdal-Malik ibn Zuhr''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: '''أبو مروان عبدالملك إبن زهر ''') (also known as '''Ibn Zuhr''', '''Avenzoar''', '''Abumeron''' or '''Ibn-Zohr''') ([[1091]]–[[1161]]) was an [[Arab]] [[Islamic medicine|Muslim physician, pharmacist, surgeon]], [[Ulema|Islamic scholar]], and teacher.

==Early life==
He was born [[Seville]], and studied at the [[University of Córdoba]]. He belonged to the Banu Zuhr family, which produced five generations of [[physician]]s, including two female physicians who served the [[Almohad]] ruler [[Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur]].<ref>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_13.html The Art as a Profession], [[United States National Library of Medicine]]</ref> Ibn Zuhr was also the teacher of [[Averroes]]. He began his medical practice and training under his father, Abu l-Ala Zuhr(''d 1131'').<ref name=dictionary>Bynum, WF & Bynum, Helen (2006) Dictionary of Medical Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-31-332877-3.</ref>

==Flight from Seville==
Around 1130, he fell out of favour of with the [[Almoravid|Almoravid ruler]], Ali bin Yusuf bin Tashufin, and fled from Seville. He was however, apprehended and jailed in [[Marrakesh]]. Later in 1147 when the [[Almohad dynasty]] conquered that Seville, he returned and devoted himself to medical practice and teaching.<refname=dictionary/> He died at Seville in 1161.

==Acheivements==
He is considered as the father of [[experiment]]al [[surgery]],<ref name=Rabie2006/> for introducing the [[Scientific method|experimental method]] into surgery,<ref name=Rabie2005/> introducing the methods of human [[dissection]] and [[autopsy]],<ref name=Hutchinson/> inventing the surgical procedure of [[tracheotomy]],<ref name=Makki/> performing the first [[parenteral]] nutrition of humans with a silver needle, discovering the cause of [[scabies]] and [[inflammation]], and refutating of the theory of [[Humorism|four humours]].

===''Al-Taisir''===
Ibn Zuhr's most famous work is his ''Al-Taisir'', in which he introduced the [[scientific method|experimental method]] into [[surgery]],<ref name=Rabie2005>Rabie E. Abdel-Halim (2005), "Contributions of Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) to the progress of surgery: A study and translations from his book Al-Taisir", ''Saudi Medical Journal 2005; Vol. 26 (9): 1333-1339''.</ref> for which he is considered the father of [[experiment]]al surgery.<ref name=Rabie2006>Rabie E. Abdel-Halim (2006), "Contributions of Muhadhdhab Al-Deen Al-Baghdadi to the progress of medicine and urology", ''Saudi Medical Journal'' '''27''' (11): 1631-1641.</ref> He was the first to employ [[animal testing]] in order to experiment with surgical procedures before applying them to human patients.<ref name=Rabie2005/> He also performed the first [[dissection]]s and postmortem [[Autopsy|autopsies]] on humans as well as animals.<ref name=Hutchinson/>

He invented the surgical procedure of [[tracheotomy]],<ref name=Makki>A. I. Makki. "Needles & Pins", ''AlShindagah'' '''68''', January-February 2006.</ref> as he was the first to give a correct description of the tracheotomy operation for [[Suffocation|suffocating]] patients.<ref name=Shehata/> He perfected this surgical procedure through his experiments on a [[goat]]. He also performed postmortem autopsies on a [[sheep]] during his [[clinical trial]]s on the treatment of [[ulcer]]ating diseases of the [[lung]]s. He also wrote on the [[prophylaxis]] against [[urinary tract infection]]s and described the importance of [[Dietary Management|dietary management]] in maintaining the prophylaxis.<ref name=Rabie2005/>

He established surgery as an independent field of medicine, by introducing a [[training]] course designed specifically for future [[surgeons]], in order that they be qualified before being allowed to perform operations independently, and for defining the roles of a [[general practitioner]] and a surgeon in the treatment of a surgical condition.<ref name=Rabie2005/>

===''The Method of Preparing Medicines and Diet''===
He performed the first [[parenteral]] nutrition of humans with a silver needle, and wrote a book on it entitled ''The Method of Preparing Medicines and Diet''.

===Anatomy and Physiology===
During his [[Biomedical research|medical experiments]] on [[anatomy]] and [[physiology]], Ibn Zuhr was the first physician known to have carried out human [[dissection]] and postmortem [[autopsy]]. He proved that the [[List of skin diseases|skin disease]] [[scabies]] was caused by a [[parasite]], which contradicted the erroneous theory of [[humorism|four humours]] supported by [[Hippocrates]], [[Galen]] and [[Avicenna]]. The removal of the parasite from the patient's body did not involve [[purging]], [[bleeding]] or any other traditional treatments associated with the four humours.<ref name=Hutchinson>[http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Islamic+medicine Islamic medicine], ''[[Hutchinson Encyclopedia]]''.</ref> His works show that he was often highly critical of previous medical authorities, including Avicenna's ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]''.<ref>Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)", ''Electronic Theses and Dissertations'', [[University of Notre Dame]].[http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615]</ref>

He was one of the first physicians to reject the erroneous theory of [[humorism|four humours]], which dates back to Hippocrates and Galen. Avenzoar also confirmed the presence of [[blood]] in the body.<ref name=Shehata>Prof. Dr. Mostafa Shehata, "The Ear, Nose and Throat in Islamic Medicine", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', 2003 (1): 2-5 [4].</ref>

===Drug therapy===
Ibn Zuhr (and other Muslim physicians such as [[al-Kindi]], [[Ibn Sahl]], [[Abulcasis]], [[al-Biruni]], [[Avicenna]], [[Averroes]], [[Ibn al-Baitar]], [[Ibn Al-Jazzar]] and [[Ibn al-Nafis]]) developed [[Pharmacology|drug therapy]] and [[Medication|medicinal]] [[drug]]s for the treatment of specific symptoms and diseases. His use of practical experience and careful observation was extensive.<ref name=Ajram/>

===Pharmacopoeia===
Ibn Zuhr wrote an early [[pharmacopoeia]], which later became the first Arabic book to be [[Printing|printed]] with a [[movable type]] in 1491.<ref>M. Krek (1979). "The Enigma of the First Arabic Book Printed from Movable Type", ''Journal of Near Eastern Studies'' '''38''' (3), p. 203-212.</ref>

===Etiology===
Ibn Zuhr was the first to provide a real scientific [[etiology]] for the [[Inflammation|inflammatory diseases]] of the [[ear]], and the first to clearly discuss the causes of [[stridor]].<ref name=Shehata/> He also proved that the skin disease [[scabies]] was caused by a [[parasite]].<ref name=Hutchinson/>

===Neurology and Neuropharmacology===
Ibn Zuhr gave the first accurate descriptions on [[Neurology|neurological]] disorders, including [[meningitis]], intracranial [[thrombophlebitis]], and [[Mediastinal germ cell tumor|mediastinal tumours]], and made contributions to modern [[neuropharmacology]].<ref>Martin-Araguz, A.; Bustamante-Martinez, C.; Fernandez-Armayor, Ajo V.; Moreno-Martinez, J. M. (2002). "Neuroscience in al-Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine", ''Revista de neurología'' '''34''' (9), p. 877-892.</ref>

===Anesthesiology===
In [[anesthesiology]], modern [[anesthesia]] was developed in [[Al-Andalus|Islamic Spain]] by the Muslim [[anesthesiologist]]s Ibn Zuhr and [[Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi]]. They were the first to utilize oral as well as [[Inhalational anaesthetic|inhalant anesthetics]], and they performed hundreds of surgeries under [[inhalant]] anesthesia with the use of [[narcotic]]-soaked [[sponge]]s which were placed over the face.<ref name=Ajram>Dr. Kasem Ajram (1992). ''Miracle of Islamic Science'', Appendix B. Knowledge House Publishers. ISBN 0911119434.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Islamic science]]
*[[Islamic medicine]]
*[[List of Arab scientists and scholars]]
*[[List of Muslim scientists]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [http://www.islamonline.com/cgi-bin/news_service/profile_story.asp?service_id=868 Islam Online]
* [http://www.moslem.at/islam/denker.html]
* [http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/encyclopedia/article_show/Avenzoar_or_Ibn_Zuhr_10911161_/m0097002.html?&searchtermold=human%20weapon&searchtermold=human%20weapon The History Channel on Ibn Zuhr]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zuhr, Ibn}}
[[Category:1091 births]]
[[Category:1161 deaths]]
[[Category:Arab people]]
[[Category:Arab scientists]]
[[Category:Arab physicians]]
[[Category:Parasitologists]]

{{med-bio-stub}}

[[ar:ابن زهر]]
[[es:Ibn Zuhr]]
[[fr:Avenzoar]]
[[ms:Abu Marwan Ibn Zuhr]]
[[ru:Ибн Зухр]]

Commonwealth (Bundesstaaten der Vereinigten Staaten)

2008-05-19T20:48:26Z

Prashanthns: Reverted edits by 207.210.129.74 (talk) to last version by Peter Grey

{{otheruses4|U.S. States that designate themselves as "Commonwealths."|usage relating to U.S. insular areas|Commonwealth (United States insular area)|other uses|Commonwealth}}

[[Image:Map of USA Commonwealths.svg|thumb|300px|U.S. Commonwealth States in red]]

{{unreferenced-section|date=May 2008}}
Four of the constituent [[U.S. state|states]] of the [[United States]] officially designate themselves '''Commonwealths''': [[Kentucky]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[Virginia]]. This designation, which has no constitutional impact, emphasizes that they have a "government based on the common consent of the people" as opposed to one legitimized through their earlier [[Royal Colony]] status that was derived from the King of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]. The word ''commonwealth'' in this context refers to the common "wealth" or welfare of the public and is an older term for '[[republic]]' (Cf. the 17th century [[Commonwealth of England]]). In common parlance, people do not make the distinction between ''state'' or ''commonwealth''.

==[[Commonwealth of Kentucky]]==
[[Image:Flag of Kentucky.svg|thumb|Flag of Kentucky]]
In [[1785]], residents of [[Kentucky County]] began petitioning the [[Virginia]] legislature for statehood. They wished the County to be recognized as a "free and [[State|independent state]], to be known by the name of the ''Commonwealth'' of Kentucky." On [[June 4]], [[1792]], [[Kentucky County]], Kentucky officially became a state. The [[Kentucky Constitution|Constitution]] was changed as to the style for "all process and mandates" to "Commonwealth of Kentucky" in [[1850]]; prior to that change "State of Kentucky" was used.<ref>[http://www.kdla.ky.gov/resources/KYCommonwealth.htm Kentucky as a Commonwealth - Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives]</ref>

==[[Commonwealth of Massachusetts]]==
[[Image:Flag of Massachusetts.svg|thumb|Flag of Massachusetts]]
Massachusetts is officially named "The Commonwealth of Massachusetts" by its [[Massachusetts Constitution|constitution]]. The name "''State of Massachusetts Bay''" was used in all acts and resolves up to 1780 and the first draft of the constitution. The current name can be traced to the second draft of the state constitution, which was written by [[John Adams]] and ratified in [[1780]].<ref>[http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cismaf/mf1a.htm CIS: State Symbols]</ref>

==[[Commonwealth of Pennsylvania]]==
[[Image:Flag of Pennsylvania.svg|thumb|Flag of Pennsylvania]]
The [[Seal of Pennsylvania]] does not use the term, but legal processes are in the name of the Commonwealth and it is a traditional official designation used in referring to the state. In 1776, Pennsylvania's first state constitution referred to it as both "Commonwealth" and "State", a pattern of usage that was perpetuated in the constitutions of 1790, 1838, 1874 and 1968.<ref>[http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/pahist/symbols.asp?secid=31 PHMC: Pennsylvania History]</ref>

A detailed history describing the origins of Pennsylvania's government, including its designation as a commonwealth from colonial times, is available from the Secretary of the Commonwealth's office.<ref>[http://www.dos.state.pa.us/dos/lib/dos/history/history_of_dos_rendell_admin.pdf History of DOS]</ref>

==[[Commonwealth of Virginia]]==
[[Image:Flag of Virginia.svg|thumb|Flag of Virginia]]
The name "Commonwealth of Virginia" dates back to its independence from [[Great Britain]]. Virginia's first [[Constitution_of_Virginia|constitution]] (adopted on [[June 29]], [[1776]]) directed that "Commissions and Grants shall run, In the Name of the Commonwealth of Virginia, and bear taste by the Governor with the Seal of the Commonwealth annexed." The [[Secretary of the Commonwealth of Virginia|Secretary of the Commonwealth]] still issues commissions in this manner. Among other references, the constitution furthermore dictated that criminal indictments were to conclude "against the peace and dignity of the Commonwealth."

In Virginia, the term "state" is also officially used, but usually as an adjective rather than a noun. This is evident in the name of the agency "Virginia State Corporation Commission," and also in "Virginia State Police."

==See also==
*[[Secretary of the Commonwealth]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of the United States]]
[[Category:Forms of government]]
[[Category:Government of Kentucky]]
[[Category:Government of Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Government of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Government of Virginia]]
[[fr:Commonwealth (États-Unis)]]
[[it:Commonwealth (Stati Uniti)]]

Moon Pie

2008-05-15T19:35:16Z

Prashanthns: Revert unexplained removal of content

{{Cleanup|date=December 2007}}



[[Image:MoonPie logo trademark.gif|thumb|305px|right| MoonPie and logo are registered trademarks.]]

A '''moon pie''' or '''MoonPie'''<ref>
MoonPie is a registered trademark of [[The Chattanooga Bakery|Chattanooga Bakery, Inc.]]
</ref>
is a [[pastry]] invented around [[1917]].<ref> "Carnival/Mobile Mardi Gras Timeline" (list of events by year),
Museum of Mobile, 2001, webpage:
[http://www.museumofmobile.com/html/mardi_gras_timeline.php MoM-timeline]:
states: 1917 - [[The Chattanooga Bakery]] company introduces the
popular [[marshmallow]] cookie "moon pie"; and,
[[1956]] The first "moon pies" are thrown from a Mobile Mardi Gras float.
</ref> A MoonPie consists of two [[graham cracker]]s shaped into round [[cookie]]s, with [[marshmallow]] filling in the center. The confection is then dipped in [[chocolate]] (or other flavors). In the past 10 years, a mini MoonPie has been developed, about half the size of the earlier moon pies.

==History and origin==
According to the MoonPie website, the origin of the product is undocumented. Earl Mitchell, Sr. was identified as the possible creator by his son. Mr. Mitchell reportedly conceived the MoonPie as a snack for [[coal miner]]s in [[Kentucky]], [[Tennessee]] and [[West Virginia]]. <ref>Official MoonPie product history website [http://www.moonpie.com/hist_text.asp]</ref>

==Similar products==
In the northern regions of the United States, a moon pie is called a "[[Scooter Pie]]." In [[New England]], a similar item is known as a "[[Whoopie pie|Whoopie Pie]]," though chocolate cakes are used instead of graham crackers, the pastry is not dipped in chocolate and the filling is sweet cake icing and not marshmallow cream. "MoonPie" is a registered trademark of [[The Chattanooga Bakery]].

In the [[UK]], [[Australia]] and [[Canada]] there are [[Wagon Wheels]], introduced under the Weston name in the 1940s but since divested to other companies in the UK and Australia. [http://www.burtonsfoods.com][http://www.thegreataussietuckerbox.com/category74_1.htm]

A Korean company, [[Orion Confectionery|Orion]], produces [[Choco Pie]]s. They can be found almost everywhere in the world. Orion has a "Choco Pie Index", as a parody of [[The Economist]]'s [[Big Mac Index]]. [http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/200505/kt2005050315563812070.htm]

Compare to [[Mallomars]].

In [[Mexico]], there is a cookie pie that consists of the same things called [[Mamut]].

== In popular culture ==
The moon pie has been a traditional throw of [[Mardi Gras in Mobile|Carnival]] [[krewe]]s in [[Mobile, Alabama]], since [[1974]],<ref name=DFhist> "MoonPie History", mardigrasdigest.com, 2008-02-05, webpage:[http://www.mardigrasdigest.com/html/history_of/history_of_the_moon_pies.htm]</ref>and other communities along the [[Mississippi]] [[Gulf of Mexico|Gulf Coast]], although it is seldom seen in [[New Orleans]] or other communities further west. The westernmost outpost of the moon pie as an important Carnival throw is [[Slidell, Louisiana]], which has a parade by "The Krewe of Mona Lisa and Moon Pie." Also, in the town of Oneonta, Alabama, there is a moon pie eating contest started by Wal-Mart employee John Love when he accidentally ordered too many. This anecdote was featured in [[Sam Walton]]'s autobiography, Made in America.

Moon pies are also mentioned in the TV series "[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]" (2001) in the episode entitled "My Nickname", where the character "Janitor" nicknames the main character 'Scooter', because he says it's short for scooter pie, a food he hates.

In "[[The Green Mile (novel)|The Green Mile]]" (1996), a troublesome death row inmate William "Wild Bill" Wharton spits a whole-chewed moon pie on guard Brutus "Brutal" Howell's face as an annoying joke.

''Moonpie'' is also the name of a movie released in 2006. [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0481582/]

In the Television Series [[Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)|Buffy the Vampire Slayer]] (Season 2, Episode 15: "Phases"), Xander comments on how the full moon influenced Mankind to create the Moonpie.

In an episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'', [[List of recurring characters from The Simpsons#Jasper Beardly|Jasper]] freezes himself in the [[Kwik-E-Mart]] freezer to see the future, but he is thawed out early and, unaware of the fact, sees a Moon Pie and remarks, "What a time to be alive."

Also in an episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'', [[List of recurring characters from The Simpsons#Bart Simpson|Bart]] has to help out an old lady and after doing what seems a hard day's work, he receives two quarters from the old lady. She remarks 'Go spend it on penny whistles and Moon Pie'.

In ''[[Larry the Cable Guy: Health Inspector]]'', Larry keeps the glovebox of his truck filled with Moon Pies and refers to them as his favorite snack.

==Notes==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.moonpie.com/ The Chattanooga Bakery's official page]

[[Category:Cuisine of the Southern United States]]
[[Category:Brand name cookies]]
[[Category:Marshmallows]]
[[Category:Mardi Gras food]]

[[ko:초코파이]]

Quincy (Washington)

2008-05-14T21:04:31Z

Prashanthns: Reverted edits by 168.99.76.2 (talk) to last version by SmackBot

{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name = Quincy, Washington
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|nickname =
|motto =


|image_skyline =
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|image_map = Grant_County_Washington_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Quincy_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize = 250x200px
|map_caption = Location of Quincy, Washington
|image_map1 =
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|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Washington]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Washington|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Grant County, Washington|Grant]]


|government_footnotes =
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|leader_name =
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|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =

|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 5.8
|area_land_km2 = 5.8
|area_water_km2 = 0.0
|area_total_sq_mi = 2.2
|area_land_sq_mi = 2.2
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.0


|population_as_of = [[United States Census, 2000|2000]]
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 5044
|population_density_km2 = 869.8
|population_density_sq_mi = 2252.8


|timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific (PST)]]
|utc_offset = -8
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|latd = 47 |latm = 14 |lats = 1 |latNS = N
|longd = 119 |longm = 51 |longs = 8 |longEW = W


|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 98848
|area_code = [[Area code 509|509]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 53-57115{{GR|2}}
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1512590{{GR|3}}
|website =
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}}
'''Quincy''' is a city in [[Grant County, Washington|Grant County]], [[Washington]], [[United States]]. The population was 5,044 at the 2000 census.

==History==
Quincy was a founded as a railroad camp during construction of the Great Northern Railway in 1892 and was officially incorporated on [[March 27]], [[1907]].

==Geography==
Quincy is located at {{coor dms|47|14|1|N|119|51|8|W|city}} (47.233691, -119.852296){{GR|1}}.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 2.2 square miles (5.8 km²), all of it land.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 5,044 people, 1,470 households, and 1,176 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 2,252.8 people per square mile (869.4/km²). There were 1,552 housing units at an average density of 693.2/sq mi (267.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 63.96% [[Mexican (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.24% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 1.33% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.52% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.06% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 31.07% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 2.84% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 64.71% of the population.

There were 1,470 households out of which 50.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.0% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.0% were non-families. 17.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.38 and the average family size was 3.79.

In the city the population was spread out with 36.0% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 16.1% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females there were 106.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,181, and the median income for a family was $31,847. Males had a median income of $27,813 versus $18,750 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $12,649. About 18.4% of families and 20.9% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 24.5% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.

57% of the population speaks [[Spanish (language)|Spanish]] as their primary language

==Activities==

Quincy has several parks including an [[aqua park]] with a [[waterslide]] of 2 water fed half tubes. The pools are heated, and include such things as a waterfall mushroom for the kids, and a {{convert|0|ft|m|sing=on}} end for the younger children. The park is also home to a large field complete with a baseball diamond, playground, picnic area, and small skate-park.

Every 2nd Saturday in September is the annual celebration known as Farmer-Consumer Awareness Day. For a month beforehand, the roads leading into the town are decorated with several signs showing what local crops are used to make. On the day of the celebration, some schools will create large floats for the parade that marches throughout the town. People gather to see the large farming equipment go by, and cheer on the floats created by students. Free agricultural and geology tours are offered, as well as a produce sale, tractor pull, Farm-to-Market fun run, booths of all kinds, live entertainment and more.

Quincy is celebrating its Centennial in 2007. The mayor has appointed a Centennial Committee which has been in place and planning centennial activities since early 2006. There are special events and activities planned throughout the year. On March 30, 2007 the committee is throwing a 100th birthday party for the city. It will be held at the Grant County Fire District No. 3 firehall and will be open to everyone, without charge. State and local dignitaries, local entertainment and a {{convert|100|sqft|sqm|sing=on}} birthday cake will be featured. On August 4, 2007 there will be a "Taste of Quincy" multi-cultural celebration in the downtown area. Beginning May 11, 2007 there will be free weekly bus tours, the first of which is a blossom tour. Other bus tours include winery tours, geology tours and various agricultural tours. Each tour begins at the Reiman-Simmons House museum at 2:00 every Friday and will end no later than 5:00 pm. Information on these events and the many other Quincy Centennial can be obtained from the Quincy Valley Chamber of Commerce.

== A role in the high-tech economy ==
In July 2006, it was reported that high tech giants such as Google, Yahoo and Microsoft were building facilities for hosting computer [[server farm]]s because of the cheaper [[electricity]] from the [[Columbia River]]. The local utility district offered the companies electricity at under 3 cents per [[kilowatt-hour]], about half the national average. Current construction by Microsoft of a 1.5 million [[square foot]] facility will hold 150,000 computers, with an expected rise with further construction to 800,000. However, as of Feb 08, further development of these projects is stalled and continued development is in doubt, as the Washington State tax climate changed to the tech giants' disadvantage.

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/08/AR2006070800973.html Tech Firms Go Mining for Megawatts], Washington Post, July 9, 2006
*[http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_24/b3988087.htm Servers As High As An Elephant's Eye], [[BusinessWeek]], June 12, 2006
*[http://ncwportal.com/grant/cities/quincy Information and Photos of Quincy]
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|47.233691|-119.852296}}

{{Grant County, Washington}}

[[Category:Grant County, Washington]]
[[Category:Cities in Washington]]

[[nl:Quincy (Washington)]]
[[pt:Quincy (Washington)]]
[[vo:Quincy (Washington)]]

Poon Lim

2008-05-14T00:39:44Z

Prashanthns: Reverted edits by 69.253.23.11 (talk) to last version by VoABot II

{{Infobox Person | name =Poon Lim | image =Poon-Lim.jpg | image_size = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|3|8}} | birth_place =[[Hainan]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1991|1|4|1918|3|8}} | death_place =[[Brooklyn]] | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | residence = | nationality = | other_names = | known_for = | education = | employer = | occupation = | title = | salary = | networth = | height = | weight = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | boards = | religion = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relatives = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }}

'''Poon Lim''' or '''Lim Poon''' ([[March 8]], [[1918]] – [[January 4]], [[1991]]) was a [[China|Chinese]] sailor who survived 133 days alone in the [[South Atlantic]].<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=In their disabled boat, 3 Mexicans drift 9 months across Pacific |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/08/16/news/adrift.php |quote=Among other recorded cases of people surviving long periods stranded at sea, in 1942, a Chinese sailor named Poon Lim survived four months alone in the South Atlantic after a German U- boat torpedoed the British merchant ship he was working on. |publisher=[[International Herald Tribune]] |date=2006 |accessdate=2008-04-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Tells of 132 Days on Raft |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0D13F63C59147B93C7AB178ED85F478485F9 |quote=Poon Lim told in detail here tonight how he got that "Chinaman's chance" and lived in nakedness 132 days on a life raft in the South Atlantic after being the only survivor of fifty-five men aboard a torpedoed English merchantman. |publisher=[[United Press]] in [[New York Times]] |date=[[May 25]], [[1943]] |accessdate=2008-04-24 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Poon Lim was born on [[Hainan]] in 1918. In 1942, during [[World War II]], he was working as second [[Chief Steward|steward]] on the British merchant ship ''SS Ben Lomond'', which was on its way from [[Cape Town]] to [[Dutch Guiana]]. The ship was armed but slow moving and was sailing alone instead of being in a convoy.

On [[November 23]], a German [[U-boat]] intercepted and [[torpedo]]ed the ship. As the ship was sinking, Poon Lim took a [[life jacket]] and jumped overboard before the ship's boilers exploded. After approximately two hours in the water, he found an empty life raft and climbed into it.

The raft had several tins of biscuits, a ten-gallon jug of water, some [[chocolate]], a bag of sugar lumps, some [[Flare (pyrotechnic)|flare]]s, two [[smoke pot]]s and an [[flashlight|electric torch]].

Poon Lim initially kept himself alive by drinking the water and eating the food on the raft, but later resorted to catching rainwater in a canvas tarp and fishing. He could not swim very well and often tied a rope from the boat to his wrist, in case he fell into the ocean. He took a wire from the electric torch and made it into a fishhook, and used hemp rope as a fishing line. He also dug a nail out of the boards on the wooden raft and bent it into a hook for larger fish. When he captured a fish, he cut it open with a knife he fashioned out of a [[biscuit tin]] and dried the fish on a hemp line over the raft. Once after a large storm had spoiled his fish and fouled his water, Poon, barely alive, caught a bird and drank its blood to survive.

On two occasions other vessels passed nearby: first a [[freighter]], then a squad of [[United States Navy]] patrol planes. Poon contends that the freighter saw him but did not pick him up because he was Chinese. The Navy planes did see him, and one dropped a marker buoy in the water. Unfortunately for Poon, a large storm hit the area at the same time and he was lost again.

He was also once spotted by a [[Germany|German]] [[U-boat]], which had been doing gunnery drills by targeting seagulls. It did not offer assistance.

At first he counted the days by tying knots in a rope, but later decided that there was no point in counting the days and simply began counting full moons.

On [[April 5]], [[1943]], Poon Lim reached land and a river inlet. A few days earlier, he had known that he was close to the land because the colour of the water had changed and was no longer the ocean deep blue. Three Brazilian fishermen rescued him and took him to [[Belém]] three days later.

During his ordeal, Poon Lim had lost 20 pounds, but was able to walk unaided upon being rescued. He spent two weeks in a Brazilian hospital, and the British consul arranged for him to return to Britain via Miami and New York. He later found out that only 11 others of the ship's crew of 55 had been rescued.

King [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] bestowed a [[British Empire Medal]] on him, and the British Navy incorporated his tale into manuals of survival techniques. After the war, Poon Lim decided to immigrate to the [[United States]], but the [[quota]] for Chinese was full. However, because of his fame and the aid of Senator [[Warren Magnuson]], he received a special dispensation and eventually gained citizenship.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Poon Lim Awarded Medal for 133 Days on Life Raft. |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/471732632.html?dids=471732632:471732632&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&date=Jul+17%2C+1943&author=&pub=Chicago+Daily+Tribune&desc=Poon+Lim+Awarded+Medal+for+133+Days+on+Life+Raft&pqatl=google |quote= |publisher=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]] |date=[[July 17]], [[1943]] |accessdate=2008-04-24 }}</ref>

He died in [[Brooklyn]] on [[January 4]], [[1991]]. <ref>[[Social Security Death Index]]; Lim Poon; 123-20-0128</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{nautical portal}}
*[http://judkins.customer.netspace.net.au/survival.htm Judkins]
*[http://www.trivia-library.com/b/history-of-chinese-life-raft-survivor-poon-lim-part-1.htm Trivia library]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lim, Poon}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Chinese sailors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the British Empire Medal]]
[[Category:People from Hainan]]

[[pt:Poon Lim]]

Aluhut

2008-05-07T21:14:13Z

Prashanthns: Reverted edits by 75.73.101.226 (talk) to last version by ClueBot

[[Image:ManWearingTinFoilHat.jpg|thumb|A man wearing a tin foil hat.]]

A '''tin foil hat''' is a piece of [[headgear]] made from one or more sheets of [[tin foil]], [[aluminium foil]] or similar material. In theory, people wear the hats in the belief that they act to shield the [[brain]] from such influences as [[electromagnetic field]]s, or against alien interference, [[mind control]] and [[mind reading]].

The idea of wearing a tin foil hat for protection from such threats has become a popular [[stereotype]] and term of derision. The phrase serves as a byword for [[paranoia]] and is often used to characterize [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorists]].

== Tin foil hats and paranoia ==
Various web sites claim that people believe in the efficacy of tin foil hats and similar devices to stop the voices in their head or prevent the government, paranormal beings, or aliens from reading and/or controlling their mind. These people believe that the foil deflects mind control signals from, for instance, project [[HAARP]], which allegedly transmits mind-control signals from mobile phone towers. These draw on the stereotypical images of mind control operating by [[Extra-sensory perception|ESP]] or by technological means, like [[microwave auditory effect|microwave radiation]]. Belief in the effectiveness of tin foil hats is popularly linked to mental illnesses such as paranoid [[schizophrenia]].<ref>{{ cite web | title = Hey Crazy--Get a New Hat | url = http://www.bostonist.com/archives/2005/11/15/hey_crazyget_a_new_hat.php | accessdate = 2007-04-05 | date = [[15 November]] [[2005]] | publisher = Bostonist }}</ref>

== Scientific basis ==
[[Image:TinFoilHat002.jpg|thumb|Two people wearing tin foil hats.]]

The belief that a tin foil hat can significantly reduce the intensity of incident radio frequency (RF) radiation on the wearer's brain is not completely without a basis in scientific fact. A well constructed tin foil enclosure would approximate a [[Faraday cage]], reducing the amount of [[Radio waves|radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation]] entering from outside. A common high school physics demonstration involves placing an AM radio on tin foil, and then covering the radio with a metal bucket. This leads to a noticeable reduction in signal strength. The efficiency of such an enclosure in blocking such radiation depends on the thickness of the tin foil, as dictated by the [[skin effect|skin depth]], the distance the radiation can propagate in a particular non-ideal [[electrical conductor|conductor]]. For half-millimeter-thick tin foil, radiation above about 20 kHz (i.e., including both [[AM band|AM]] and [[FM band]]s) would be partially blocked.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Classical Electrodynamics | first = John David | last = Jackson | publisher = Wiley Press | year = 1998 }}</ref>

The effectiveness of the tin foil hat as [[electromagnetic shielding]] for stopping radio waves is greatly reduced by the fact that it is not a complete enclosure. Placing an AM radio under a metal bucket without a conductive layer underneath demonstrates the relative ineffectiveness of such a setup. Because the effect of an ungrounded Faraday cage is to partially reflect the incident radiation, a radio wave that is incident on the inner surface of the hat (i.e., coming from underneath the hat-wearer) would be reflected and partially 'focused' towards the user's brain. While tin foil hats may have originated in some understanding of the Faraday cage effect, the use of such a hat to attenuate radio waves belongs properly to the realm of [[pseudoscience]].

A study by [[graduate student]]s at [[MIT]] determined that a tin foil hat could either amplify or attenuate incoming radiation depending on frequency. The effect was observed to be roughly independent of the relative placement of the wearer and radiation source.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://people.csail.mit.edu/rahimi/helmet/ | title = On the Effectiveness of Aluminium Foil Helmets | subtitle = An Empirical Study | first = Ali | last = Rahimi | coauthors = Ben Recht, Jason Taylor, Noah Vawter | accessdate = 2007-04-05 | date = [[17 February]] [[2005]] | publisher = Ali Rahimi }}</ref> At GHz wavelengths, the [[skin depth]] is less than the thickness of even the thinnest foil.

Despite some allegations that [[electromagnetic radiation]] (EMR) exposure has harmful effects on health ,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://news.independent.co.uk/environment/article362557.ece| title = Story on EMR radiation and health in ''The Independent.''}}</ref> at this time, no link has been verifiably proven between the radio-frequency EMR that tin foil hats are meant to protect against and subsequent ill health.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/radiofrequencyradiation/healtheffects.html|title = Occupational Safety and Health Administration page on Radio Frequency Emissions and Health}}</ref>

== Tin foil hats in popular culture ==


* ''[[Eastenders]]'' character [[Joe Wicks]] was briefly portrayed constructing and wearing his own tin foil hat as part of a storyline which saw him suffering from [[schizophrenia]].
* The novel ''[[Idiots in the Machine]]'' by Edward Savio portrays a character who believes that tin foil keeps harmful gamma rays away and becomes a media sensation, marketing a successful line of foil hats to Chicago.
* In an episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'', "[[Brother's Little Helper]]", Bart becomes paranoid after taking an ADD drug called Focusin, leading him to believe that [[Major League Baseball]] is spying on him and begins donning a tin foil hat. At the end of the episode, Bart turns out to be right when he shoots an MLB satellite out of the sky.
* The tin foil hat was an [[April Fool's Day]] item for the [[MMORPG]] [[World of Warcraft]], created by [[Blizzard Entertainment|Blizzard]] to parody player paranoia about their character information being searchable on the World of Warcraft armory website.<ref>{{ cite web | title = Introducing the Tinfoil Hat | url = http://www.worldofwarcraft.com/info/items/tinfoilhat.xml }}</ref>
* In [[M. Night Shyamalan]]'s 2002 film ''[[Signs (film)|Signs]]'', the Hesses don tin foil hats to protect from invading aliens.

== References ==

{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.straightdope.com/columns/000609.html Do tinfoil helmets provide adequate protection against mind control rays?] – from [[The Straight Dope]]
* [http://zapatopi.net/afdb.html Aluminium Foil Deflector Beanie] – parody say some, original scientific research by Lyle Zapato, say others
* [http://www.paladin-press.com/detail.aspx?ID=28 Aluminum Foil Deflector Beanie: Practical Mind Control Protection for Paranoids] – book by Lyle Zapato
* [http://www.lessemf.com/personal.html "EMF Safety Garments" including "Shielded Cap"]
* [http://eclectech.co.uk/mindcontrol.php Tinfoil Hat Mind Control Musical Animation] – parody
* [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/11/11/tinfoil_hats_as_government_plot/ Tinfoil hats attract mind-control signals, boffins learn]
* [http://people.csail.mit.edu/rahimi/helmet/ "On the Effectiveness of Aluminium Foil Helmets: An Empirical Study"] – performed at [[MIT]]

[[Category:Paranoia]]
[[Category:Hats]]
[[Category:Mind control]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]

[[fi:Foliohattu]]
[[sv:Foliehatt]]

Spencer Rice

2008-05-07T00:25:25Z

Prashanthns: Reverted edits by 209.121.196.63 (talk) to last version by Philip Trueman

{{Infobox Actor
|image = Replace this image male.svg  |
|imagesize = 150px |
| name = Spencer Rice
| birthdate =
| location =
| occupation = [[Actor]], [[film director|director]], [[screenwriter]], and [[Film producer|producer]]
| website =
}}

Spencer Rice is a writer, director and performer. He has written projects for both film and television, produced four films and performed stand-up comedy in both the United States and Canada.

Rice was born and raised in Toronto but spent a lot of time with his mother, who was living in Los Angeles and dating an actor on the television series "Dallas." Rice recalls, "Being on the set was amazing. Victoria Principal gave me a kiss on the cheek and it was at that moment I knew I wanted to work in the entertainment industry."

With seven years of psychoanalysis behind him, Rice played guitar in a The Delta Devils Band and went to York University to study film and television. While in school, he made "Telewhore," a documentary about a phone-sex girl, which was shown at the Toronto International Film Festival, and was sold to Channel Four in Britain. He also directed, wrote and acted in a short film called "Something Anything," which won the prestigious Tele-Fest Award for best comedy.

Rice later teamed with childhood friend [[Kenny Hotz]] to direct and produce "It Don't Cost Nothin' to Say Good Morning," a film about a lovable hobo named Shorty Gordie. The film was nominated for best short at the Hot Docs Film Festival. The duo went on to write four more comedy feature scripts and an episode of "[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]" for the [[Fox Broadcasting Company]].

Shortly after writing their first comedy script, they decided to film their attempts to sell it. The result was "Pitch," a feature-length film that documented the duo's hilariously futile attempts to sell their script. The film's highlights include cameos by [[Roger Ebert]], [[Neil Simon]], [[Al Pacino]] and many other celebrities. "Pitch" was featured at The Toronto International Film Festival and won the Best Film Award at the Toronto Independent Arts Festival.

Rice and Hotz teamed up again to develop, produce and star in a comedy/reality television pilot "[[Kenny vs. Spenny]]" for the USA Network. The first season aired on CBC and is currently on Showcase Television in Canada and GSN in the United States. The show and its format have been sold internationally and, in 2004, was nominated for a Gemini award. After 62 episodes, "Kenny vs. Spenny" premieres a new fourth season on Showcase in Canada and [[Comedy Central]] in the United States.

Rice is currently developing a comedy show for the Family Channel and has just finished a feature film. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}

He also loves puppies and kittens. {{Fact|date=May 2008}}

==Further reading==
*[http://www.sootoday.com/content/news/full_story.asp?StoryNumber=19019 Spencer Rice Gets His 15 Minutes of Fame]. Sootoday.com, August 9, 2006.
*[http://media.www.udreview.com/media/storage/paper781/news/2007/11/20/Mosaic/The-Mosaic.Interview.Spencer.Rice-3110981.shtml Interview] with ''The Review'' (Delaware)
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/14/arts/television/14hale.html?partner=USERLAND&pagewanted=all Barrels of Crude Imported From Canada]. ''[[New York Times]]'', November 14, 2007.

==External links==
*[http://www.comedycentral.com/press/bios/spencerrice.jhtml?series=111252 Biography] at [[Comedy Central]]
*[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0723551/ Spencer Rice] at [[IMDB]]
*[http://www.tv.com/spencer-rice/person/219300/summary.html Spencer Rice] at [[TV.com]]

{{Kenny vs. Spenny}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rice, Spencer}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian comedians]]

Mohammad Sidique Khan

2008-05-04T07:56:06Z

Prashanthns: Reverted edits by 90.204.229.26 (talk) to last version by Hobartimus

[[Image:Mohammad Sidique Khan.jpg|right|240px]]
'''Mohammad Sidique Khan''' ([[October 20]], [[1974]] – [[July 7]], [[2005]]) was the oldest of the four suicide bombers responsible for the [[7 July 2005 London bombings]], in which bombs were detonated on three [[London Underground]] trains and one bus in central [[London]] [[suicide attack]]s that killed 52 people and injured over 700. Khan bombed the [[Edgware Road]] train in which seven people died, including himself.

On [[September 1]], [[2005]], a videotape emerged in which Khan gave his reasons for the attack. The videotape, shown by [[Al Jazeera]] Television, also shows [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] who is believed to be the second-highest leader of [[Al Qaeda]]. The two men do not appear together, and the British government says that Al Qaeda was not connected with the bombing. However, the [[Home Office]] believes the tape was edited after the suicide attacks and dismisses it as evidence of al-Qaeda's involvement.<ref>[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/politics/story/0,,1750279,00.html Leak reveals official story of London bombings | Politics | The Observer]</ref> In the film, Khan declares "I and thousands like me have forsaken everything for what we believe" and refers to his expectation that the media would already have painted a picture of him in accordance with government 'spin'. He goes on to say "Your democratically elected governments continually perpetrate atrocities against my people all over the world. Your support makes you directly responsible. We are at war and I am a soldier. Now you too will taste the reality of this situation."

== Biography ==
Born in [[St James's University Hospital, Leeds]], he grew up in [[Beeston, West Yorkshire|Beeston]] but moved to Lees Holm in [[Dewsbury]], near [[Leeds]] in [[West Yorkshire]] in early [[2005]]. His father, Tika Khan, a foundry worker, was born in [[Pakistan]]. His mother is Mamida Begum. He received his [[secondary education]] at South Leeds High School, formerly the Matthew Murray High School, which was also attended by [[Hasib Hussain]], the July 7 bus bomber. Khan went on to study at [[Leeds Metropolitan University]].

Khan was married to [[Hasina Patel]], who is of [[India]]n [[Muslim]] descent, a Community Enrichment Officer, who had worked in schools with [[Special needs education|special needs]] pupils. They met at [[Leeds Metropolitan University]] and married in [[2001]]. Their daughter, Maryam, was born in May [[2004]]. Khan worked at Hillside [[Primary School]] in Leeds as a "learning [[mentor]]" with the children of immigrant families who had just arrived in Britain. Khan's colleagues commented that he was a quiet individual who did not talk about his religious or political beliefs.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,22989-1693463,00.html Killer in the classroom - Britain - Times Online]</ref> He was introduced to [[member of Parliament|MPs]] [[Hilary Benn]] and [[Jon Trickett]] during his school's trip to the [[Palace of Westminster|House of Commons]] in July 2004.

Khan was also involved in the community-run Hamara Healthy Living Centre in Beeston, and worked at its youth outreach project, the [[Hamara Youth Access Point]] (HYAP). Staff at the centre have confirmed that two of the London bombers, [[Shehzad Tanweer]] and Hasib Hussain, frequented the HYAP. Khan used the outreach project as a recruitment centre, according to a friend of his who spoke to ''The Guardian'' <ref name="Guardian">
{{cite news
| last = Laville
| first = Sandra
| coauthors = Audrey Gillan and Dilpazier Aslam
| title = 'Father figure' inspired young bombers
| publisher = [[The Guardian]]
| date = [[2005-07-15]]
| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/attackonlondon/story/0,16132,1529021,00.html
| accessdate = 2007-03-03 }}
</ref>

Khan attended the [[Stratford Street mosque]] in Leeds.

His [[mother-in-law]], Farida Patel, is also involved in education and works as a council liaison officer at a school in Dewsbury. In 1998 she was the first Asian woman ever to be invited to a [[Buckingham Palace]] garden party, meeting the Queen and other members of the royal family, in recognition for her work amongst the Muslim community in Dewsbury, and again in 2004. She was said to have been "devastated" by the actions of her son-in-law.<ref>[http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/Family-who-77-bomber-Khan.2867933.jp Family who 7/7 bomber Khan left behind - Yorkshire Post]</ref>

According to his [[birth certificate]], Khan was registered as "Mohammad Sidique Khan". Other spellings of his name include Mohammed Sadique Khan and Mohammad Sadiq Khan.

== London bombings ==
[[Image:Londonbombing2.jpg|[[Luton]] train station, 07:21 BST, [[July 7]], [[2005]], from left [[Hasib Hussain]], [[Germaine Lindsay]], Mohammad Sidique Khan, and [[Shehzad Tanweer]].]]

On the morning of [[July 7]], [[2005]], Khan travelled by car with his three accomplices to [[Luton]] in [[Bedfordshire]], where the four men caught a train to [[King's Cross railway station|King's Cross]] train station in [[London]].

From there, Khan entered the [[London Underground]] and boarded a [[Circle line (London Underground)|Circle Line]] [[The Tube|Tube]] train heading west, travelling four stops to [[Edgware Road]], in a heavily [[Arab]] neighbourhood of London. The bomb detonated at 8.50 a.m., just as the train was pulling out of the [[Edgware Road]] station. Personal documents of Khan's were found on the train.

==Intelligence assessments==
Khan is alleged to have travelled regularly to [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]] to attend military training camps, <ref name="Guardian" /> and is also believed to have spent time in [[Israel]]. He is also alleged to have been trained with [[Indonesia]]n terror group [[Jemaah Islamiyah]] and to be directly involved with the [[2002 Bali bombing]] <ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/london-link-to-bali-attack/2005/10/26/1130302841341.html London bomb link to Bali mastermind - World - theage.com.au]</ref>.

According to the Israeli newspaper ''[[Maariv]]'', Khan travelled to Israel on [[February 19]], [[2003]], staying only one night and leaving the next day. ''Maariv'' reports that he is suspected of having helped to plan the [[April 30]], [[2003]] suicide bombing of the [[Mike's Place]] bar in [[Tel Aviv]] which killed three Israelis, carried out by two British citizens of Pakistani descent. The Israeli government is allegedly playing down the report. <ref>[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L18298999.htm]{{Dead link|date=March 2008}}</ref>

According to [[David Leppard]] in ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|The Sunday Times]]'', Khan was assessed by [[MI5]] in [[2004]], after his name appeared during an investigation into a plan to detonate a 600-lb truck bomb in [[London]]. MI5 concluded that Khan's link to the plotters was indirect, and he was not placed under [[surveillance]]. <ref name="Times">[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-1697562,00.html MI5 judged bomber 'no threat' - Sunday Times - Times Online]</ref> MI5 was later criticised for failing to follow up leads relating to Khan.<ref name="Times2">{{cite news|
|title=Spies ‘hid’ bomber tape from MPs
|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article717798.ece
|last=Leppard
|first=David
|coauthors=Richard Woods
|publisher=Sunday Times
|date=[[May 14]] [[2006]]
|accessdate= 21 November
|accessyear=2007
}}</ref> The service responded to the criticisms.<ref>[http://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/Page384.html MI5 | Links between the 7 July bombers and the fertiliser plotters]</ref> [[Channel 4 News]] published what it said were excerpts from the transcript of the tape.<ref name=C4transcript>{{cite news
|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/society/law_order/77%20an%20intelligence%20failure/486672
|title=7/7 an intelligence failure?
|last=Israel
|first=Simon
|publisher=Channel 4 News
|Accessdate= [[4 December]] [[2007]]
}}</ref>

[[Image:LondonPassportsKhan1.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Khan arriving at Karachi airport on [[November 19]], [[2004]] on the same flight as [[Shehzad Tanweer]]. Khan along with Tanweer before travelling to Muridke or Balakot and Muzzafarabad Terror Training Camps in [[Jammu and Kashmir]],Footage released by the Pakistani government.]]
[[U.S.]] intelligence officials have said that Khan was known to [[Mohammed Junaid Babar]], who has pleaded guilty in the U.S. to providing material support to [[al-Qaeda]]. Babar, who has told investigators that he worked on a plan to blow up pubs, train stations, and restaurants in the UK, identified Khan as someone he had met in [[Pakistan]]<ref name="Times" />.

On [[July 18]], [[2005]], the Pakistani government released video footage of Khan arriving at [[Karachi]] airport on [[November 19]], [[2004]] with [[Shehzad Tanweer]], another of the London bombers, on [[Turkish Airlines]] flight TK 1056. Khan and Tanweer stayed in Pakistan until [[February 8]], [[2005]], then flew back to London together. A third member of the London group, 18-year-old [[Hasib Hussain]], arrived in Karachi on [[July 15]], [[2004]] from [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], on flight SV714. <ref>{{cite news
| last = Harding
| first = Luke
| coauthors =Rosie Cowan
| title = Pakistan militants linked to London attacks
| publisher = [[The Guardian]]
| date = [[2005-07-19]]
| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/attackonlondon/story/0,16132,1531453,00.html
| accessdate = 2007-03-03 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Shehzad Tanweer]], [[Aldgate]] train
*[[Hasib Hussain]], No. 30 bus
*[[Germaine Lindsay]], [[Russell Square]] train

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*Omar Bakri talking on video before the attacks about the coming attacks in the UK http://glen-jenvey.com/video.html
*[http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/LondonBlasts/story?id=940198&page=1 London bombers tied to Al Qaeda plot in Pakistan], by Brian Ross, ''ABC News'', [[July 14]], [[2005]]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/attackonlondon/story/0,16132,1528112,00.html "Mentor to the young and vulnerable"], by Sandra Laville and Dilpazier Aslam, ''The Guardian'', [[July 14]], [[2005]]
*[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,22989-1693463,00.html "Killer in the classroom"] by Daniel McGrory, Michael Evans and Dominic Kennedy, ''The Times'', [[July 14]], [[2005]]
*[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-1697562,00.html "MI5 judged bomber 'no threat'"] by David Leppard, ''The Sunday Times'', [[July 17]], [[2005]]
*[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L18298999.htm "London bomber visited Israel - Israeli official"] by Dan Williams, Reuters, [[July 18]], [[2005]]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4206708.stm "London bomber video aired on TV"], ''BBC News'', last updated [[September 2]] [[2005]], 08:29 GMT ( with a short excerpt from the video )
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4206800.stm Full text] of the segment of the tape shown on Al-Jazeera, not necessarily the full text of the entire tape. (BBC transcription)
*[http://julyseventh.co.uk/7-7-profile-mohammad-sidique-khan.html Profile of Mohammad Sidique Khan]



{{Persondata
|NAME= Khan, Mohammad Sidique
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=
|DATE OF BIRTH=1974
|PLACE OF BIRTH=
|DATE OF DEATH=2005
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Mohammad Sadique}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:British murderers]]
[[Category:July 2005 London bombings]]
[[Category:English Muslims]]
[[Category:Deaths by improvised explosive device]]
[[Category:British Islamist terrorists]]
[[Category:People from Leeds]]
[[Category:Pakistani terrorists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Leeds Metropolitan University]]
[[Category:English terrorists]]
[[Category:British terrorists]]
[[Category:Terrorism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:English Islamists]]
[[Category:British Islamists]]
[[Category:British Islamist terrorists]]
[[Category:British al-Qaeda members]]

[[nl:Mohammad Sidique Khan]]
[[no:Mohammed Sadique Khan]]
[[pt:Mohammad Sidique Khan]]
[[fi:Mohammad Sidique Khan]]

Mohammad Sidique Khan

2008-05-04T07:41:12Z

Prashanthns: Reverted edits by 90.204.229.26 (talk) to last version by ClueBot

Acremonium

2008-05-01T18:37:59Z

Prashanthns: Reverted edits by 142.33.204.132 (talk) to last version by ClueBot

{{Taxobox | name = ''Acremonium''
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| phylum = [[Ascomycota]]
| ordo = [[Hypocreales]]
| familia = [[Hypocreaceae]]
| genus = '''''Acremonium'''''
}}

'''''Acremonium''''' is a [[genus]] of fungus. ''Acremonium'' [[species]] are usually slow growing and are initially compact and moist. ''Acremonium'' [[hyphae]] are fine and [[hyaline]] and produce mostly simple [[phialides]]. Their [[conidia]] are usually one-celled (i.e. [[ameroconidia]]), hyaline or pigmented, globose to cylindrical, and mostly aggregated in slimy heads at the [[apex]] of each phialide.

==Clinical significance==

The genus Acremonium currently contains approximately 100 species, of which most are [[saprophyte|saprophytic]], being isolated from dead plant material and soil. many species of acremonia are recognized as opportunistic pathogens of man and animals, causing [[mycetoma]], [[onychomycosis]], and [[hyalohyphomycosis]]. Clinical manifestations of hyalohyphomycosis caused by Acremonium include [[arthritis]], [[osteomyelitis]], [[peritonitis]], [[endocarditis]], [[pneumonia]], [[cerebritis]] and [[subcutaneous]] infection.

==Species==
* ''[[Acremonium strictum|A. strictum]]

==External links==
* http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Hyphomycetes_(hyaline)/

{{Cleanup|date=May 2007}}
[[Category:Ascomycota]]

{{ascomycetes-stub}}

Levi Coffin

2008-04-30T20:39:20Z

Prashanthns: Reverted edits by 71.191.70.253 (talk) to last version by 8th Ohio Volunteers

[[Image:Levi coffin.JPG|thumb|right|Levi Coffin]]
'''Levi Coffin''' ([[October 28]], [[1798]]–[[September 16]], [[1877]]) was an American [[Religious Society of Friends|Quaker]], [[educator]], and [[Abolitionism|abolitionist]].

Coffin was born in [[Greensboro, North Carolina]]. In 1821, he wanted to start a school for [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]], but slaveowners refused to allow them to attend. In 1826, he moved to [[Fountain City, Indiana]] (then called Newport) with his wife Catherine. In 1847, he moved to [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], where he opened a store which sold goods made by freed slaves. These goods were marketed especially for anti-slavery consumers, as they were made and produced by freedmen. Coffin also visited [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] to raise funds and in 1867 he was a delegate to the International Anti-Slavery Conference in [[Paris]].

Coffin helped slaves escape to freedom in the [[Underground Railroad]], and hid slaves in his house during the 21 years that he and his wife Catharine (also a Quaker and an abolitionist) lived in Newport. After the end of the [[American Civil War]], Coffin raised over $100,000 dollars for the Western Freedman's Aid Society, a group that he helped to lead.

He is interred at [[Spring Grove Cemetery]] in Cincinnati.

Coffin's [[Levi Coffin House|home]] in Fountain City, Indiana is a [[National Historic Landmark]] and is open to the public for tours.<ref>[http://www.waynet.org/nonprofit/coffin.htm Levi Coffin House - the "Grand Central Station" of the Underground Railroad]</ref> Visitors can see the "hidey hole"<ref>[http://www.waynet.org/nonprofit/images/levicoffin/garrett640.jpg Image of the "hidey hole"]</ref> that he had built into an upstairs wall and a wagon with a false bottom that demonstrates how runaway slaves were sometimes moved. His home was also named one of the United States' "Top 25 Historic Sites"<ref>[http://www.aetntravel.com/soh/attractions.htm Save Our History : Heritage Travel : Top Attractions]</ref> by the [[The History Channel|History Channel]].

Coffin has been referred to as the "President of the Underground Railroad," allegedly from a slavecatcher who said, "There's an underground railroad going on here, and Levi's the president of it." Coffin claimed to have been involved in the escape of about 3000 slaves. Questioned about why he aided slaves, Coffin said "The Bible, in bidding us to feed the hungry and clothe the naked, said nothing about color, and I should try to follow out the teachings of that good book." Another time he simply said, "I thought it was always safe to do right."

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.waynet.org/nonprofit/coffin.htm The Coffin House in Fountain City (Newport), Indiana.]
*[http://www.libraries.uc.edu/libraries/arb/exhibits/soaweek2006/TheWillofLeviCoffin.html Levi Coffin's handwritten will] hosted at the [[University of Cincinnati]]
*[http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/coffin/coffin.html Reminiscences of Levi Coffin]
*{{findagrave|212}}



{{Persondata
|NAME=Coffin, Levi
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=American [[educator]] and [[abolitionist]]
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[October 28]], [[1798]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Greensboro, North Carolina]], [[United States]]
|DATE OF DEATH=[[September 16]], [[1877]]
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Cincinnati]], [[United States]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Coffin, Levi}}
[[Category:1798 births]]
[[Category:1877 deaths]]
[[Category:Abolitionists from Cincinnati]]
[[Category:American Quakers]]
[[Category:People from North Carolina]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Cincinnati]]
[[Category:People from Wayne County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Underground Railroad people]]
[[Category:Burials at Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati]]

[[ja:レヴィ・コッフィン]]

Game Designer

2008-04-30T14:58:35Z

Prashanthns: Reverted edits by 74.14.226.215 (talk) to last version by ClueBot

A '''game designer''' is a person who designs [[game]]s. The term can refer to a person who designs [[video game]]s, or one who designs traditional games such as [[board game]]s.

==Video and computer game designer==
A video or computer game designer develops the layout, concept and [[gameplay]] of a video or computer game. This may include playfield design, specification writing, and entry of numeric properties that balance and tune the gameplay. A game designer works for a [[video game developer|developer]] (which may additionally be the game's [[video game publisher]]).

This person usually has a lot of [[writer|writing]] experience and may even have a degree in writing or a related field (such as [[English language|English]]). This person's primary job function is writing, so the more experience they have with that activity, the better. Some [[artist|art]] and [[programmer|programming]] skills are also helpful for this job, but are not strictly necessary. In addition game designers often study relevant liberal arts such as [[psychology]], [[sociology]], [[drama]], [[fine art]] or [[philosophy]]. Due to the increasing complexity of the game design process, many young game designers may also come from a [[computer science]] or other computer engineering background.

In larger companies entry level game designers will typically be given simpler tasks such as level design and object placement, while the role of lead designer will be reserved for a designer with more experience and a history of successful titles. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}

===History===
The first video games were designed in the [[1960s]] and [[1970s]] by programmers for whom creating games was a [[hobby]], since there was no way to sell them or earn money from creating games (the games required large [[mainframe computer]]s to play). Some were designed by electrical engineers as exhibits for visitors to computer labs (''[[OXO]]'', ''[[Tennis for Two]]''), others by college students who wrote games for their friends to play (''[[Spacewar!]]'', ''[[Star Trek (text game)|Star Trek]]'', ''[[Dungeon (computer game)|Dungeon]]'').

Some of the games designed during this era, such as ''[[Zork]]'', ''[[Baseball (computer game)|Baseball]]'', ''[[Air Warrior]]'' and ''[[Colossal Cave Adventure|Adventure]]'' later made the transition with their game designers into the early [[video game industry]].

Early in the [[history of computer and video games|history of video games]], game designers were often the [[lead programmer]] or the ''only'' programmer for a game, and this remained true as the video game industry dawned in the 1970s. This person also sometimes comprised the entire art team. This is the case of such noted designers as [[Sid Meier]], [[Chris Sawyer]] and [[Will Wright (game designer)|Will Wright]]. A notable exception to this policy was [[Coleco]], which from its very start separated the function of design and programming.

As games became more complex and [[home computer|computers]] and [[video game console|console]]s became more powerful (allowing more features), the job of the game designer became a separate job function, with the lead programmer splitting his time between the two functions, moving from one role to the other. Later, game complexity escalated to the point where it required someone who concentrated solely on game design. Many early veterans chose the game design path eschewing programming and delegating those tasks to others.

Today, it is rare to find a video or computer game where the principal programmer is also the principal designer, except in the case of [[casual game]]s, such as ''[[Tetris]]'' or ''[[Bejeweled]]''. With very complex games, such as [[MMORPG]]s, or a big budget action or sports title, designers may number in the dozens. In these cases, there are generally one or two principal designers and many junior designers who specify subsets or subsystems of the game. In larger companies like [[Electronic Arts]], each aspect of the game (control, level design or vehicles) may have a separate producer, lead designer and several general designers.

==See also==
* [[List of game designers]]
* [[List of video game designers]]
* [[List of designers of role-playing games]]

==External links==
* [http://www.gamespot.com/features/6129276/index.html "So You Wanna Be a Game Designer"] at ''[[GameSpot]]''
*[http://www.eurocom.co.uk/content/view/102/81/ The Designer] at [[Eurocom]]

===Newsgroups===
* [http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&group=comp.games.development.design comp.games.development.design via Google Groups]
* [http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&group=rec.games.design rec.games.design via Google Groups]

{{vg-industry}}

[[Category:Game designers| ]]
[[Category:Game design]]
[[Category:Arts occupations]]

[[es:Diseñador de juegos]]
[[fr:Game designer]]
[[ko:게임 디자이너]]
[[hr:Dizajner igara]]
[[id:Perancang permainan]]
[[ms:Pereka permainan]]
[[ja:ゲームデザイナー]]
[[pl:Projektant gier]]
[[pt:Designer de jogos]]
[[ro:Designer de jocuri]]
[[ru:Геймдизайнер]]
[[simple:Game designer]]
[[sr:Дизајнер игара]]
[[fi:Pelisuunnittelija]]

Cola-Mentos-Fontäne

2008-04-28T00:28:30Z

Prashanthns: Reverted edits by 203.94.53.232 (talk) to last version by 76.124.161.142

A '''[[Cola|Coke]] and [[Mentos]] Eruption''' (also known as a '''Mentos eruption''', '''soda geyser''' or just '''Diet Coke and Mentos''') is a reaction of Diet Coke and Mentos ''''mint flavored''''. The most well-known example of this reaction (among many possibilities) is the specific combination of [[Mentos]] candy and [[Diet Coke]], typically achieved by dropping several candies into a bottle of the cola. This results in a [[Jet (fluid)|jet]] of cola from the mouth of the bottle due to the rapid expanding of the [[carbon dioxide]] on the surface of the candy. Producing the reaction has become a popular science experiment and an [[Internet meme]], with videos of eruptions and even performance art pieces being posted on websites like [[YouTube]] and [[Google Video]].
[[Image:Diet Coke Mentos.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A [[Diet Coke]] bottle shortly after Mentos were dropped into it]]
==History==
[[Steve Spangler]] initiated the [[Internet phenomenon]] when he appeared on [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]]'s [[KUSA-TV]] in 2002 and 2005, both times showcasing the experiment. A video of his September 2005<ref name="iretailer">[http://www.internetretailer.com/dailyNews.asp?id=21526 Mentos + soda + video + blog = Cha-ching!]. Published on [[February 23]], [[2007]] by InternetRetailer. Accessed on [[April 17]], [[2007]].</ref> appearance, which resulted in one of the [[News presenter|anchors]] being drenched in Coke, was placed on their website and on [[YouTube]].<ref name="internetretailer">[http://www.internetretailer.com/dailyNews.asp?id=21854 Science toy e-retailer sets off geyser of publicity]. Published by InternetRetailer on [[March 27]], [[2007]]. Accessed on [[April 17]], 2007.</ref>

The experiment was then further popularized by the website Eepybird.com, which promoted a video in which two men re-created the fountain display seen in front of the [[Bellagio (hotel and casino)|Bellagio hotel]] in [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]] using a timed series of eruptions. Later Eepybird videos featured "self-activating" soda jets linked together to form a [[Domino Rally]]-style effect. In September 2007, the videos, including the "Extreme Diet Coke and Mentos Experiments" video that was viewed more than 10 million times, earned the pair the highest yearly payout of [[US$]]50000 from the [[video hosting service]] [[Revver]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2007-09-13-revver_N.htm | title = Posters reap cash rewards at video-sharing site Revver | accessdate = 2007-09-13 | date = 2007-09-12 | author = Graham, Jefferson | work =USA Today | quote = The biggest paycheck — $50,000 for 15 clips — went to two guys from Maine who inserted a Mentos mint into a bottle of Diet Coke (KO) and watched it explode.}}</ref>

The eruption has been reproduced many times by popular sources, including the television shows ''[[Numb3rs]]'' and ''[[MythBusters]]'' and an appearance by cast member [[Kari Byron]] in [[FHM]] magazine, an appearance on the [[Late Show with David Letterman]] by physics teacher [[Lee Marek]], and others. The ''[[MythBusters]]'' later created what is believed to be the highest soda jet recorded, at over 29 feet (9 meters), using a nozzle.{{Fact|date=April 2008}}

A World Record for a Mentos Eruption was set July 10, 2007 by Circle R Ranch and Books Are Fun during a special event in Flower Mound, Texas. Guinness World Records certified the record-setting effort when 850 independent sales representatives from Books Are Fun, a Reader’s Digest Company, simultaneously dropped Mentos into individual two-liter bottles of Diet Pepsi. The New World record - 791 Mentos Eruptions - beat the former World Record was set on May 24, 2007 in Cincinnati, Ohio when 504 Mentos-and-Coke geysers were set off reaching over 29 feet with the use of a nozzle.

On the 23rd of April, 2008, students in the [[Belgian]] city of [[Leuven]] set a new world record, simultaneously launching 1,360 Mentos geysers<ref>[http://www.standaard.be/Artikel/Detail.aspx?artikelId=DMF23042008_101 De Standaard news article]</ref>.

==Explanation==
There are various theories that are debated as to the exact scientific explanation of the phenomenon; all scientists claim that it is a physical reaction and not a chemical one.<ref name=senese>{{cite web | author =[[Fred Senese|Senese, Fred]] | url =
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/consumer/faq/mentos.shtml | title = Why do Mentos mints foam when you drop them into soda pop? |work=General Chemistry Online |publisher = Frostburg State University | accessdate = 2007-04-24 }}</ref> To form a new bubble, water molecules must push away from one another. It takes extra energy to break this [[surface tension]]. So, in other words, water resists the expansion of bubbles in the soda.

Each Mentos candy has thousands of tiny pores all over its surface. These tiny pores function as [[nucleation]] sites for [[carbon dioxide]] bubbles to form. As soon as the Mentos enter the [[soda]], bubbles form all over their surface. They quickly sink to the bottom, causing carbon dioxide to be released by the carbonated liquid with which they come into contact along the way.

The reaction was the subject of an [[August 9]], [[2006]] episode of ''[[MythBusters]]'', a popular television program on the [[Discovery Channel]].<ref>[http://www.tv.com/mythbusters/diet-coke-and-mentos/episode/822481/summary.html MythBusters: Diet Coke and Mentos - TV.com]</ref> They concluded that the [[caffeine]], [[potassium benzoate]], [[aspartame]], and CO2 gas contained in the [[Diet Coke]] and the [[gelatin]] and [[gum arabic]] ingredients of the Mentos all contribute to the jet effect.<ref name=OHare>{{cite news | first = Kate | last = O'Hare | url = http://www.zap2it.com/tv/news/zap-mythbustersmentos,0,4325641.story | title = The 'MythBusters' Take on the Mentos/Diet Coke Craze | accessdate = 2007-01-21 }}</ref> In addition, the MythBusters theorized that the physical structure of the Mentos is the most significant cause of the eruption. When flavored Mentos with a smooth waxy coating were tested in [[carbonated water]], no reaction occurred, whereas standard Mentos added to carbonated water formed a small eruption, by their claim, affirming the nucleation-site theory. This was further supported when [[rock salt]] was used as an effective substitute for Mentos.<ref name=OHare>{{cite news | first = Kate | last = O'Hare | url = http://www.zap2it.com/tv/news/zap-mythbustersmentos,0,4325641.story | title = The 'MythBusters' Take on the Mentos/Diet Coke Craze | accessdate = 2007-01-21 }}</ref> The experiment was also repeated in an episode of ''[[Numb3rs]]''.<ref>[http://www.corigin.com/2007/08/09/math_mentos_learning_learn_from/ Math and Mentos: How E-Learning Can Learn from [[Numbers]] and [[YouTube]] - corigin.com]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Dry ice bomb]]
*[[Chlorine bomb]]
*[[Nucleation]]
*[[MythBusters (season 4)#Episode 57 .E2.80.94 .22Diet Coke and Mentos.22|"Diet Coke and Mentos"]], the ''[[MythBusters]]'' episode chronicling the experiment

*[[Alka-Seltzer rocket]]
*[[Water rocket]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/HS/Journal/Issues/2006/Apr/clicSubscriber/V83N04/p577.pdf John E. Baur, Melinda B. Baur, The Ultrasonic Soda Fountain: A Dramatic Demonstration of Gas Solubility in Aqueous Solutions, Journal of Chemical Education, vol 83 no 4, April 2006, pp577–580]

== External links ==
*[http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=mentos+diet+coke&search=Search Various Videos of the "Mentos Eruption"] at [[YouTube]]
*[http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryhowtoguide/ht/mentos.htm About.com Chemistry page with instructions]
*[http://www.eepybird.com/ Eepybird, official site]
*[http://www.cokerockets.com/ Cokerockets.com, official site]
*[http://cocamentos.free.fr/ Cocamentos, official european site, soon available in english]
*[http://www.cokerocketbros.com Coke Rocket Bros] videos of experiments with [[Coke]] and [[Mentos]]
*[http://www.flickr.com/groups/mentos/ Planet Mentos - Mentos eruption pics on flickr]
*[http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/consumer/faq/mentos.shtml Mentos Reaction Explained]

[[Category:Chemistry classroom experiments]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]
[[Category:YouTube videos]]
[[Category:Viral videos]]

[[da:Mentos-udbrud]]
[[eo:Kolao-mentosa efiko]]
[[fi:Kevytkola ja Mentos -purkaus]]
[[fr:Effet geyser du mélange mentos-boisson gazeuse]]
[[he:התפרצות כתוצאה מהתגרענות]]

Boston Common

2008-04-28T00:23:59Z

Prashanthns: Reverted edits by 96.237.108.240 (talk) to last version by 24.176.151.123

{{dablink|This article is about the park. For other meanings, see [[Boston Common (disambiguation)]].}}
{{Infobox_nrhp | name =Boston Common
| nrhp_type = nhld
| image = boston common 1848.jpg
| caption = View of the Water Celebration, on Boston Common, October 25, 1848
| location= [[Boston, Massachusetts]]
| locmapin = Massachusetts
| area =50 acres<ref name="nrhpinv2"/>
| built =1634
| architect= Multiple, including [[Augustus St. Gaudens]]
| architecture=
| designated= [[February 27]], [[1987]]<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1976&ResourceType=District
|title=Boston Common |accessdate=2008-04-16|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
| added = [[July 12]], [[1972]] (original, in NRHP also including Boston Public Garden) 
[[February 27]], [[1987]] (new, in NHL of Boston Common alone)<ref name="nris">{{cite web|url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/|title=National Register Information System|date=2007-01-23|work=National Register of Historic Places|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
| governing_body = Local
| refnum=72000144 (original) 87000760 (new)
}}
'''Boston Common''' is a popular [[public park]] in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]. Dating from 1634, it is the oldest city park in the [[United States]]. Its area is 50 [[acre]]s (20 [[Hectare|ha]]). The Common is bounded by [[Tremont Street]], [[Park Street, Boston|Park Street]], [[Beacon Street]], [[Charles Street]], and [[Boylston Street]], and is now part of the [[Emerald Necklace]] of parks and parkways that extend from the Common south to [[Franklin Park]] in [[Roxbury, Massachusetts|Roxbury]]. A visitors' center for all of Boston is on the Tremont Street side of the park.

[[Image:FrogPondBostonCommon enhanced 2006-06-07 1431CDT PsCSJPG10.jpg|right|thumb|Frog Pond, viewed from the west.]]
[[Image:BostonCommonEngraving.JPG|right|thumb|Boston Common Inscription]]
[[Image:Boston Common Public Garden 1890.jpg|right|thumb|1890 Map of Boston Common and the adjacent Public Garden.]]

The '''Central Burying Ground''' is found on the Boylston Street side of Boston Common. There one can find the burial sites of the artist [[Gilbert Stuart]] and the composer [[William Billings]].

==History==
The Common's purpose has changed over the years. Originally it was owned by [[William Blaxton]] (often given the modernized spelling "Blackstone") until it was bought from him by the city. During the 1630s, it was used as a cow pasture by many families living in Boston. However, this only lasted for a few years, as affluent families bought additional cows which led to [[overgrazing]].<ref>[[James Loewen|Loewen, James]]. ''Lies Across America: What Our Historic Sites Get Wrong''. New York: The New Press, 1999. p. 414 ISBN 0965003172</ref>

The Common was used as a [[Military camp|camp]] by the [[British Empire|British]] before the [[Revolutionary War]], from which they left for the [[Battle of Lexington and Concord]]. It was used for public [[hanging]]s up until [[1817]], most of which were from a large [[oak]] which was replaced with [[gallows]] in [[1769]]. [[Mary Dyer]] was hanged there in [[1660]].

On May 19, 1713, two hundred citizens rioted on the Common in reaction to a food shortage in the city. They later attacked the ships and warehouses of wealthy merchant Andrew Belcher, who was exporting grain to the Caribbean for higher profits. The lieutenant governor was shot during the riot.<ref>[[Howard Zinn|Zinn, Howard]]. ''[[A People's History of the United States]]''. New York: Perennial, 2003. p.51 ISBN 0060528370</ref>

A hundred people gathered on the Common in early 1965 to protest the [[Vietnam War]]. A second protest happened on October 15, 1969, this time with 100,000 people protesting.<ref>Zinn, Howard. p.486</ref>

Today the Common serves as a public park for all to use for formal or informal gatherings. Events such as concerts, protests, softball games, and ice skating (on Frog Pond) often take place in the park. Famous individuals such as [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and [[Pope John Paul II]] have made speeches there. [[Judy Garland]] gave her largest concert ever (100,000+) on the Common, on August 31, 1967.

It was declared a U.S. [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1987.<ref name="nhlsum"/><ref name="nrhpinv2">{{citation|title={{PDFlink|[http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/87000760.pdf National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Boston Common]|32 KB}}|date=November, 1985 |author=James H. Charleton |publisher=National Park Service}} and {{PDFlink|[http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Photos/87000760.pdf ''Accompanying photos: one aerial from 1972 and three from 1985'']|32 KB}}</ref>

On [[October 21]], [[2006]], the Common became the site of a new world record, when 30,128 [[Jack-o'-lantern]]s were lit simultaneously around the park. The previous record, held by [[Keene, New Hampshire]] since 2003, was 28,952.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2006/10/22/a_love_in_common_for_pumpkins/ A love in Common for pumpkins - The Boston Globe]</ref>

On [[August 27th]], [[2007]] two teenagers were shot on the Common. One of the bullets fired during the shooting struck the [[Massachusetts State House]].<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2007/08/28/shots_on_common_strike_teens_state_house/ Shots on Common strike teens, State House - The Boston Globe]</ref> A strict curfew has since been enforced, which has been protested by the [[homeless]] population of Boston.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/08/30/curfew_targets_crime_on_common/ Curfew targets crime on Common - The Boston Globe]</ref>
<ref name="protest">{{cite web|url=http://www.thebostonchannel.com/news/14009823/detail.html
|title=Homeless Protest Boston Common Curfew: Park Closed After 11 P.M. |date=2007-08-30|accessdate=2008-04-16|work= |publisher=TheBostonChannel.Com}}</ref>

==Notable features of the Common==
* The [[Massachusetts State House]] stands across Beacon Street from the northern edge of the Common.
* The [[Unitarian Universalist Association]], headquarters of the international, [[liberal religion|liberal]] [[religious denomination]], sits next door to the [[Massachusetts State House]] facing the Common.
* The Common forms the southern foot of [[Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts|Beacon Hill]].
* The monument to [[Robert Gould Shaw]] and the [[54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry]] stands at Beacon and Park Streets, the northeast corner of the Common, opposite the State House.
* [[Soldiers and Sailors Monument (Boston)|The Soldiers and Sailors Monument]] is a [[victory column]] on Flag Staff Hill in the Common
* The [[Boston Public Garden]] lies to the west of the Common, across Charles Street, and was originally considered an extension of the Common.
* Frog Pond, a public ice-skating rink in winter months, is situated in the northern portion.
* [[Park Street Station]], the first subway station in America, stands at the eastern corner of the park.
* Likewise, [[Boylston Station]] at the southern corner is America's ''second'' subway station.
* Boston Common is the southern end of Boston's [[Freedom Trail]].
* Parkman Bandstand, in the eastern part of the park, is commonly used in musical and theatrical productions.
* The softball fields lie in the southwest corner of the Common.
* A grassy area forms the west part of the park, and is most commonly used for the park's largest events. A parking garage underlies this part of the Common. A granite slab there commemorates [[Pope John Paul II]]'s [[October]] [[1979]] visit to Boston.
* The Province of [[Nova Scotia]] has donated the annual [[Christmas tree]] to the City of Boston as an enduring thank-you for the relief efforts of the Boston [[Red Cross]] and the Massachusetts Public Safety Committee following the [[Halifax Explosion]] of [[1917]]. In recent years the tree has been located on the Common.
* The Masonic [[Grand Lodge of Massachusetts]] headquarters sits across from the southern corner of the Common, at the intersection of Boylston and Tremont Streets.
* Also across from the southern corner of the Common, along Boylston and Tremont Streets, lies the campus of [[Emerson College]].
* In 1986, two prehistoric sites were discovered on the Common indicating Native American presence in the area as far back as 8,500 years ago.
* A monumental inscription at the corner of Park Street and Tremont Street reads:
<blockquote>"In or about 
the year of our Lord 
One Thousand Six Hundred 
thirty and four 
the then present inhabitants 
of the Town of Boston of whom 
the Hon John Winthrop Esq 
Gov of the Colony was Chiefe 
did treat and agree with 
Mr William Blackstone 
for the purchase of his 
Estate and any 
Lands living within said 
neck of Land called 
Boston 
after which purchase the 
Town laid out a plan for 
a trayning field for which ever 
since and now is used for 
that purpose and for 
the feeding of cattell"</blockquote>

==Notable recurring events on the Common==
* [[Commonwealth Shakespeare Company]]'s Shakespeare on the Common.
* [[Boston Lyric Opera]]'s Outdoor Opera Series.
* Massachusetts Cannabis Reform Coalition's [[Freedom Rally]].
* [http://www.bostonpride.org Boston Pride].

==Emerald Necklace==

Other parks and parkways of the [[Emerald Necklace]]:

* [[Boston Public Garden]]
* [[Commonwealth Avenue, Boston|Commonwealth Avenue Mall]]
* [[Back Bay Fens]]
* [[The Fenway]]
* [[The Riverway]]
* [[The Jamaicaway]]
* [[Olmsted Park]]
* [[Jamaica Pond|Jamaica Pond Park]]
* [[The Arborway]]
* [[Arnold Arboretum]]
* [[Franklin Park (Boston)|Franklin Park]]

== See also ==
* [[Granary Burying Ground]]
* [[King's Chapel|King's Chapel burying ground]]
* [[Boston Public Garden]]
{{start box}}
{{succession box |
before=N/A |
title=Locations along Boston's [[Freedom Trail]] |
years= '''Boston Common''' |
after= [[Massachusetts State House]]
}}
{{end box}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Geolinks-US-streetscale|42.355|-71.067}}
*[http://www.aviewoncities.com/boston/bostoncommon.htm ''A View on Cities'' article on Boston Common]
*[http://www.nps.gov/bost/ Boston National Historical Park Official Website]

[[Category:Busking venues]]
[[Category:Freedom Trail]]
[[Category:Parks in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Urban public parks]]
[[Category:Emerald Necklace]]

[[fr:Boston Common]]
[[ja:ボストンコモン]]

{{Registered Historic Places}}

A Rocha

2008-04-26T10:46:29Z

Prashanthns: Reverted edits by 92.12.125.16 (talk) to last version by Tintazul

'''A Rocha''' is an international conservation organization with a Christian ethos. Its members believe that God loves the Earth and all its people, so credible environmental stewardship and working within local communities to restore degraded habitats is a way of serving God. A Rocha, which means "the rock" in Portuguese (see entry ''[[Rocha]]''), was founded in Portugal in [[1983]] by Anglican minister Peter Harris and his wife Miranda. It has since then expanded its work to 18 countries.

A Rocha aims to protect the environment through local, community-based conservation, scientific research, and environmental education. It is based on 5 guiding principles: Christian, Conservation, Community, Cooperation, and Cross-Cultural.<ref>A Rocha. [http://en.arocha.org/about/index5.html A Rocha's five commitments].</ref>

A Rocha works in partnership with a wide range of organizations, such as the [[World Conservation Union]]<ref>IUCN. ''[http://www.iucn.org/members/Documents/members_list_june2007.pdf IUCN Membership List – June 2007]'' Retrieved from [http://www.iucn.org/members/mem-statistics.htm Membership List and Directory].</ref>, [[Conservation International]] and the [[European Commission]]'s [[Directorate-General for the Environment (European Commission)|DG Environment]] through the European Habitats Forum.<ref>IUCN. ''[http://www.iucn.org/places/europe/rofe/rofe_at_work/ehf.htm The European Habitats Forum (EHF)]''.</ref>

==Work==
[[2008|As of 2008]], A Rocha is working in 18 countries: [[Brazil]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Canada]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Ghana]], [[India]], [[Kenya]], [[Lebanon]], [[Netherlands]], [[New Zealand|New Zealand/Aotearoa]], [[Peru]], [[Portugal]], [[South Africa]], [[Switzerland]], [[United Kingdom]], and [[USA]].<ref>A Rocha. [http://en.arocha.org/home/ arocha.org home page].</ref> Local networks are being built up with a view of creating a national A Rocha in another seven countries.<ref>A Rocha. ''[http://en.arocha.org/world/index2.html Future national A Rocha organisations]''</ref>

==Centers and sites==

A Rocha operates [[field study]] centers in Canada, France, India, Kenya, Portugal and the UK. These may serve as a base for other organizations' field studies.<ref>See: [[Earthwatch]]. [http://www.earthwatch.org/site/pp2.asp?c=dsJSK6PFJnH&b=1170737 ''Kenya's Forest Monkeys''].</ref>

There are also long-term study sites in the Bekaa valley of Lebanon and other major watersheds and bird migration corridors. Studies in progress include wetland ecosystems, avoided deforestation, and collection of long-term census data on birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians, insects, freshwater invertebrates and fish, and plants.

===Carbon mitigation===
A Rocha operates the climatestewards.net web site, which accepts donations for community-based [[tree planting]] projects,<ref>Climate Stewards, ''[http://www.climatestewards.net/projects/index.php Our projects]''.</ref> as well as offering practical tips for reducing [[carbon emissions]].

The tree planting projects are located in [[Damongo]], Ghana, and [[Pietermaritzburg]], South Africa.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.arocha.org/ - A Rocha's web site

[[Category:International environmental organizations]]

[[fi:A Rocha]]

Jessica Valenti

2008-04-25T21:10:14Z

Prashanthns: rv "her own website". Unnecessary. There is already a reference

<gallery></gallery>
'''Jessica Valenti''' (born [[November 1]], [[1978]]) is a blogger and [[feminist]] writer from New York, and is presently the Executive Editor of [[Feministing.com]]. In a interview for a blog, Jessica stated she graduated from [[Stuyvesant High School]] in 1996,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gothamist.com/2006/05/15/jessica_valenti_1.php |date=[[2006-05-15]] |title=Jessica Valenti, Executive Editor and Founder, Feministing.com (interview)|publisher=Gothamist |accessdate=2007-11-01|author=Rachel Kramer Bussel}}</ref> received her master's degree in Women's and Gender Studies from [[Rutgers University]] and has worked for [[NARAL]] Pro Choice America, [[Planned Parenthood]], and ''[[Ms. magazine]]''. Her work has been featured in ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Bitch (magazine)|Bitch]]'', ''[[Guernica Magazine]]'', and Alternet.<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.feministing.com/jessica.html|title=About Us|publisher=Jessica's own website|accessdate=2008-04-25}}</ref>

According to her own site, Jessica was named one of ''[[Elle]]'' magazine's IntELLEgentsia,<ref name="about"/> and is the author of ''Full Frontal Feminism: A Young Woman's Guide to Why Feminism Matters'', which was released in spring 2007.<ref name="salon">{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/mwt/feature/2007/04/24/valenti/|format=html|title=Tough titties (interview)|author=Rebecca Traister|date=[[2007-04-27]]|publisher=[[Salon.com]]}}</ref>

== Biography ==

On her blog, Jessica like to write about the state of feminist blogging, as well as [[sexism]] on the internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/apr/06/gender.blogging|title=How the web became a sexists' paradise|format=html|author=Jessica Valenti|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|date=[[2007-04-06]]}}</ref>

Jessica is a co-founder of the REAL hot 100, a campaign to highlight the work that young women are doing across the country and the blogger for NARAL Pro-Choice America.{{Fact|date=February 2008}}

Jessica is the editor of ''[[Beijing Betrayed]]'', a global monitoring report on women's progress worldwide and a contributing author to ''[[We Don't Need Another Wave]]'' and ''[[Single State of the Union]]'' (Seal Press). Her writing has appeared in Ms. magazine, Salon, The Guardian (UK), The Nation, Bitch, Alternet, The Scholar & Feminist and Guernica.{{Fact|date=February 2008}}

Valenti was named one of ''Elle'' magazine's "IntEllegentsia" in April 2007{{fact}}. Her first book, ''Full Frontal Feminism: A Young Woman's Guide to Why Feminism Matters'', was published by [[Print on demand]] femminist editor [[Seal Press]]. She appeared on ''[[The Colbert Report]]'' on [[June 5]], [[2007]] to promote her book.<ref>[http://www.comedycentral.com/colbertreport/videos.jhtml?videoId=88092 ''Colbert Report'' interview]</ref>

In her interview with [[Salon.com]], Valenti discussed her style of writing and activism, by suggesting that feminists have been slow to adapt their message to a changing culture<ref name="salon"/>.

==Books==
*''Full Frontal Feminism: A Young Woman's Guide to Why Feminism Matters'' (2007)
*''He's a Stud, She's a Slut...And 49 Other Double Standards Every Woman Should Know'' (2008)

==Published articles==
*[http://www.thenation.com/doc/20080324/valenti The Sisterhood Split]
*[http://technology.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,2051580,00.html How the web became a sexists' paradise]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/women/story/0,,1832128,00.html Chastity is chic]
*[http://www.salon.com/mwt/feature/2006/07/12/katha_pollitt/ "Strident" and proud]
*[http://www.alternet.org/story/37956/ Abstinence Double Standard Threatens Girls' Health]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/women/story/0,,1788801,00.html It's getting hot in here ... ]
*[http://www.salon.com/mwt/feature/2006/04/04/jong_qa/index.html No fear]
*[http://www.alternet.org/story/34161/ A Good Job Is Hard to Find]
*[http://www.alternet.org/story/31954/ Losing Our Feminist Leaders]
*[http://www.tpmcafe.com/blog/coffeehouse/2007/apr/12/misogyny_in_our_midst Misogyny in our midst]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.feministing.com Feministing.com]
*[http://www.culturekitchen.com/files/clintongroup2-771729.jpg Controversial Clinton photo]
*[http://www.amazon.com/dp/1580052010 Full Frontal Feminism]
*[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jessica-valenti/ Huffington Post]
*[http://www.salon.com/mwt/feature/2007/04/24/valenti/index.html Salon.com Interview]
*[http://www.liberaloasis.com/2007/04/full_frontal_feminism_author_j_1.php Liberal Oasis interview]
*[http://alternet.org/story/50843/ Alternet Interview]
*[http://nymag.com/arts/books/features/31256/ NY Magazine]
*[http://www.guernicamag.com/ Guernica Magazine]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Valenti, Jessica}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:American bloggers]]
[[Category:American feminist writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:New York writers]]
[[Category:Stuyvesant High School alumni]]

Man Man

2008-04-22T13:32:38Z

Prashanthns: Reverted edits by 64.251.54.66 (talk) to last version by Prashanthns

{{Infobox musical artist 
| Name = Man Man
| Img
| Img_capt =
| Img_size = 
| Landscape =
| Background = group_or_band
| Birth_name =
| Alias =
| Born =
| Died =
| Origin = [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| Instrument =
| Genre = [[Experimental rock]]
| Occupation =
| Years_active = 2003–present
| Label = [[Anti- ]]
| Associated_acts =
| URL = [http://www.wearemanman.com www.wearemanman.com]
| Current_members = Honus Honus (Ryan Kattner) Pow Pow ([[Christopher Powell]]) Alejandro "Cougar" Borg (Russell Higbee) Sergei Sogay (Christopher Shar) Chang Wang ([http://www.dufalabrothers.com Billy Dufala])
| Past_members =
| Notable_instruments =
}}
'''Man Man''' is a band from [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Their musical style has been described as Viking-vaudeville, Manic Gypsy Jazz. Man Man is known for their exuberant live performances. When performing, the members of the band dress in white outfits and wear war paint. The band uses pseudonyms - the frontman is Honus Honus, and its other members are Sergei Sogay, Pow Pow, Critter Crat (formerly known as "Cougar"), and Chang Wang. Prior to settling on Man Man, the band was named Gamelon and briefly Magic Blood.

During 2007 Man Man opened up for [[Modest Mouse]] to on several shows during their U.S tour, gaining a lot of public attention. Not long afterward, [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] began airing a series of commercials starring [[Rainn Wilson]] with Man Man's "10 lb Mustache" as the background music. That song along with "Feathers" and "Engwish Bwudd" were featured in season 3, episode 8 of the TV show [[Weeds (TV series)|Weeds]].

Man Man is known for their multi instrumental style that centers on the piano playing of lead singer Honus Honus accompanied by the singing and wide variety of other instruments played by the rest of the band. On recordings, Honus usually plays a [[honky tonk]] style piano but during the live shows he uses a [[Rhodes Piano]]. Other instruments played by the rest of the band include a [[Clavinet]], [[MicroKorg]], [[Sousaphone]], [[Saxophone]], [[Trumpet]], [[French Horn]], [[Flute]], [[Drum Set]], [[Euphonium]], [[Fender Jazz Bass]], [[Danelectro|Danelectro Guitar]], [[Xylophone]], [[Marimba]], [[Melodica]] and various percussive instruments including pots and pans and toy noise makers and horns.

The 2006 album ''[[Six Demon Bag]]'''s title is a reference to a line in the film ''[[Big Trouble in Little China]]''

Man Man has recently finished their third studio album, titled [[Rabbit Habits]], and will embark on a North American tour in March 2008, with [[Yeasayer]] and [[The Extraordinaires]] splitting dates.

==Discography==
'''Studio albums'''
*([[2004]]) ''[[The Man In a Blue Turban With a Face]]''
*([[2006]]) ''[[Six Demon Bag]]''
*([[2008]]) ''[[Rabbit Habits]]''

==External links==
* [http://www.wearemanman.com/ Official Site]
*[http://radio.utdallas.edu/blog/?p=36 Lengthy Interview with RadioUTD]
* [http://tinymixtapes.com/Man-Man,2782 Interview with Tiny Mix Tapes' Chris Ruen]
* [http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/feature/36529/Interview_Interview_Man_Man Interview with Pitchfork Media 05/22/06]
* [http://www.whymepodcast.org/2006/04/whyme_049.html WHYME Podcast #49: Interview with Honus Honus of Man Man]
* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5515829 NPR Broadcast of the June 30, 2006 concert in Washington, DC]
* [http://tinymixtapes.com/Man-Man-to-Tour-Every-Word-In-This Tiny Mix Tapes] article on current tour.
* [http://www.musicsucks.net/2007/11/13/interview-honus-honus-of-man-man/ Interview with Honus Honus of Man Man at MusicSucks.net]

{{Man Man}}

[[Category:American rock music groups|Man Man]]
[[Category:Philadelphia musical groups]]
[[Category:2000s music groups|Man Man]]

[[fi:Man Man]]
[[fr:Man Man]]

Man Man

2008-04-22T13:31:09Z

Prashanthns: Reverted edits by 64.251.54.66 (talk) to last version by 9Nak

Charles Francis Adams III

2008-04-22T12:37:28Z

Prashanthns: Reverted 1 edit by Mirage-EP to last version by 71.91.52.30

{{Otherpeople|Charles Francis Adams}}{{Infobox US Cabinet official
| name=Charles Francis Adams III
| image=CFAdamsIII.jpg
| order=44th
| title=[[United States Secretary of the Navy]]
| term_start=[[March 5]], [[1929]]
| term_end=[[March 4]], [[1933]]
| predecessor=[[Curtis D. Wilbur]]
| successor=[[Claude A. Swanson]]
| birth_date=[[August 2]], [[1866]]
| birth_place=[[Quincy, Massachusetts]], [[United States|USA]]
| death_date={{death date and age|1954|6|10|1866|8|2}}
| death_place=[[Boston, Massachusetts]], [[United States|USA]]
| party=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| spouse=Frances Lovering Adams
| profession=[[Politician]], [[Lawyer]], [[Yacht|Yachtsman]]
| religion=
}}

'''Charles Francis Adams III''' ([[August 2]], [[1866]] – [[June 10]], [[1954]]) was the [[United States]] [[Secretary of the Navy]] under [[Herbert Hoover]] and well-known as a [[yachtsman]].

A scion of the [[Adams political family|Adams family]] that gave the country two presidents, Charles Francis was born in [[Quincy, Massachusetts]]. Adams' father was [[Charles Francis Adams Jr.]], his grandfather was [[Charles Francis Adams, Sr.]], his great-grandfather was [[John Quincy Adams]] and his great-great-grandfather was [[John Adams]]. He was also the great-great-grandson of [[Benjamin Williams Crowninshield]], who preceded him as U.S. Secretary of the Navy.

Adams graduated cum laude from [[Harvard College]] in [[1888]] and from [[Harvard Law School]] in [[1892]]. He was first a [[lawyer]], then went into business. He married Frances Lovering, the daughter of [[U.S. Representative]] [[William C. Lovering]], in [[1899]]. They had one son, [[Charles Francis Adams IV|Charles]], and one daughter, Catherine.

Adams served as mayor of [[Quincy, Massachusetts]] from [[1896]] to [[1897]]. In [[1920]], he skippered the [[America's Cup]] defender ''[[Resolute (yacht)|Resolute]]'' and soon became known as the "Dean of American Helmsmen".

As Secretary of the Navy, from 1929 to 1933, he vigorously promoted public understanding of the Navy's indispensable role in international affairs, and worked strenuously to maintain naval strength and efficiency during a period of severe economic depression. He served at the [[London Naval Conference]] in [[1930]] where he successfully maintained the principle of United States naval parity with [[United Kingdom|Britain]].
He died in 1954 and is interred in [[Mount Wollaston Cemetery]] in Quincy, Norfolk County, Massachusetts next to his father, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., and his grandfather, Charles Francis Adams, Sr.

[[Image:Adams-Longworth.jpg|thumb|220px|Adams with [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] [[Nicholas Longworth]] on the [[White House]] lawn, [[June 27]], [[1929]].]]
The [[Charles Francis Adams Memorial Trophy]] for [[yacht racing]] was established in his memory, and the Navy destroyer [[USS Charles F. Adams (DDG-2)|USS ''Charles F. Adams'']] was named after him.

==Trivia==
*His son, [[Charles Francis Adams IV]], was a prominent businessman and first president of [[Raytheon Company]].
*His daughter, Catherine Adams, married the son of [[J. P. Morgan]], [[Henry Sturgis Morgan]]; one of the founders of [[Morgan Stanley]].
*Once while eating lunch in the Navy Building cafeteria, a motion picture cameraman asked Adams to write something while they filmed him. He pulled out a pen, thought, and, jokingly, proceeded to write "This is hell... this is hell... this is hell..."

==Sources==
*{{DANFS}}

==External links==
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7501193 Charles Francis Adams III] at [[Find A Grave]]
*[http://www.nndb.com/people/208/000134803/ Charles Francis Adams III] at [[NNDB]]

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| title=[[United States Secretary of the Navy]]
| before=[[Curtis D. Wilbur]]
| after=[[Claude A. Swanson]]
| years=[[March 5]], [[1929]] – [[March 4]], [[1933]]
}}
{{end box}}
{{USSecNavy}}

[[Category:1866 births|Adams, Charles Francis]]
[[Category:1954 deaths|Adams, Charles Francis]]
[[Category:Adams family|Adams, Charles Francis III]]
[[Category:American sailboat racers|Adams, Charles Francis]]
[[Category:Americans of English descent|Adams, Charles Francis]]
[[Category:Americans with Huguenot ancestry|Adams, Charles Francis]]
[[Category:Crowninshield family|Adams, Charles Francis]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni|Adams, Charles Francis]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni|Adams, Charles Francis]]
[[Category:Massachusetts lawyers|Adams, Charles Francis]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in Massachusetts|Adams, Charles Francis]]
[[Category:United States Secretaries of the Navy|Adams, Charles Francis]]
[[Category:People from Quincy, Massachusetts]]

[[ja:チャールズ・フランシス・アダムズ (3世)]]