Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi

2009-12-14T10:55:56Z

Polysynaptic: quotation

[[Image:World-Map-Ismail-Hakki-Erzurumi-1756.png|thumb|right|275px|World map from the ''Marifetname'' of İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi]]
'''İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi''' (18 May 1703 – 22 June 1780) was a Turkish and [[Sufi]] philosopher<ref>Bayman, Henry (2001) ''The Station of No Station: Open Secrets of the Sufis'' North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, CA;</ref> and [[encyclopedist]]. In 1756 he published his work ''Marifetname'' (''Book of Gnosis'') which was a compilation and commentary on astronomy, mathematics, anatomy, psychology, philosophy, and Islamic mysticism.<ref>[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Turkey/treasures_en.xml Treasures of the national library of Turkey, Millî Kütüphane, Turkey];</ref> It is famous for containing the first treatment of post-Copernican astronomy by a Muslim scholar (''[[Ulema|'ālim]]'').<ref>''Marifetname'', Bulāq: 1257 a.h., pp. 144 - 152.</ref>

{{quote|Between plants and animals there is sponge, and, between animals and humans there is monkey.|[[İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi|İbrahim Hakkı of Erzurum]]|''Marifetname''}}

==Theology==
Core to Erzurumi's philosophy is that self-examination is absolutely necessary as part of the process of discovery of Allah: ''"Allah has revealed in His Divine Books, and has sent His prophets as guides to help lead us back to heedfulness. Only those who are able to wake up and rediscover that which is holy within themselves, can come close to our Creator, which is perfection."'' He is widely quoted for saying, "If we take a step towards Allah, He will come running to meet us."<ref>[http://www.crescentlife.com/spirituality/seven_levels.htm ''Seven Levels of Being'' by Shaikh [[Tosun Bayrak|Tosun Bayrak al-Jerrahi]]];</ref><ref>[http://www.islam4schools.com/Being%20Muslim.htm ''Being Muslim'' Hassan]</ref> Which is derived from a [[Hadith Qudsi|hadith qudsi]].<ref>Hadith Qudsi 15. On the authority of Abu Hurayrah, who said that the Prophet, Allah bless him and give him peace, said: Allah the Almighty said: "I am as My servant thinks I am. I am with him when he makes mention of Me. If he makes mention of Me to himself, I make mention of him to Myself; and if he makes mention of Me in an assembly, I make mention of him in an assembly better than it. And if he draws near to Me an arm's length, I draw near to him a fathom's length. And if he comes to Me walking, I go to him at speed." It was related by [[al-Bukhari]] (also by Muslim, at-Tirmidhi and Ibn-Majah). [http://sacredhadith.com/hadith-qudsi-15/ "Forty Hadith Qudsi" Sacred Hadith]</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://www.sufism.20m.com/ibrahimhakki.htm İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi] (in Turkish)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Erzurumi, Ibrahim Hakki}}
[[Category:Encyclopedists]]
[[Category:Turkish non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Turkish scientists]]
[[Category:Turkish philosophers]]
[[Category:Turkish Sufis]]
[[Category:Mysticism]]
[[Category:Muslim philosophers]]
[[Category:1703 births]]
[[Category:1780 deaths]]

[[nl:İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi]]
[[tr:Erzurumlu İbrahim Hakkı]]

İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi

2008-12-05T03:47:16Z

Polysynaptic:

[[Image:World-Map-Ismail-Hakki-Erzurumi-1756.png|thumb|right|275px|World map from the ''Marifetname'' of İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi]]
'''İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi''' (1703 - 1780), Turkish and [[Sufi]] philosopher<ref>Bayman, Henry (2001) ''The Station of No Station: Open Secrets of the Sufis'' North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, CA;</ref> and [[encyclopedist]]. In 1756 he published his work ''Marifetname'' (''Book of Gnosis'') which was a compilation and commentary on astronomy, mathematics, anatomy, psychology, philosophy, and Islamic mysticism.<ref>[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Turkey/treasures_en.xml Treasures of the national library of Turkey, Millî Kütüphane, Turkey];</ref> It is famous for containing the first treatment of post-Copernican astronomy by an'' 'ālim''.<ref>''Marifetname'', Bulāq: 1257 a.h., pp. 144 - 152.</ref>

==Theology==
Core to Erzurumi's philosophy is that self-examination is absolutely necessary as part of the process of discovery of Allah: ''"Allah has revealed in His Divine Books, and has sent His prophets as guides to help lead us back to heedfulness. Only those who are able to wake up and rediscover that which is holy within themselves, can come close to our Creator, which is perfection."'' He is widely quoted for saying, "If we take a step towards Allah, He will come running to meet us."<ref>[http://www.crescentlife.com/spirituality/seven_levels.htm ''Seven Levels of Being'' by Shaikh [[Tosun Bayrak|Tosun Bayrak al-Jerrahi]]];</ref><ref>[http://www.islam4schools.com/Being%20Muslim.htm ''Being Muslim'' Hassan]</ref> Which is derived from a [[Hadith Qudsi|hadith qudsi]].<ref>Hadith Qudsi 15. On the authority of Abu Hurayrah, who said that the Prophet, Allah bless him and give him peace, said: Allah the Almighty said: "I am as My servant thinks I am. I am with him when he makes mention of Me. If he makes mention of Me to himself, I make mention of him to Myself; and if he makes mention of Me in an assembly, I make mention of him in an assembly better than it. And if he draws near to Me an arm's length, I draw near to him a fathom's length. And if he comes to Me walking, I go to him at speed." It was related by [[al-Bukhari]] (also by Muslim, at-Tirmidhi and Ibn-Majah). [http://sacredhadith.com/hadith-qudsi-15/ "Forty Hadith Qudsi" Sacred Hadith]</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://www.sufism.20m.com/ibrahimhakki.htm İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi] (in Turkish)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Erzurumi, İbrahim Hakkı}}

[[Category:Encyclopedists]]
[[Category:Turkish non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Turkish scientists]]
[[Category:Turkish philosophers]]
[[Category:Turkish Sufis]]
[[Category:Mysticism]]
[[Category:Muslim philosophers]]
[[Category:1703 births]]
[[Category:1780 deaths]]

[[nl:İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi]]
[[tr:Erzurumlu İbrahim Hakkı]]

Fenârî-Îsâ-Moschee

2008-12-02T01:25:54Z

Polysynaptic:

[[Image:FeneriIsaCamiiInIstanbul20070102 1.jpg|right|300px|thumb|The southern view of the Mosque, formerly the ''Church of St. John the Baptist'', as of 2007.]]
{{coord|41|0|55.37|N|28|56|38.40|E|type:landmark|display=title}}

'''Fenâri Îsâ Mosque''' (full name in {{lang-tr|Molla Fenâri Îsâ Câmîsi}}; {{lang-el| ''Eκκλησία του Λίβος''}}), is a [[mosque]] in [[Istanbul]], made of two former [[Eastern Orthodox]] churches.

==Location==
The complex is located in the [[Fatih]] district of [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]], along the ''Vatan Caddesi'' Avenue, in a modern context.

==History==
=== Byzantine period ===
[[Image:North Church Constantinople.JPG|thumb|Byzantine remains from the North Church (kept in the Istanbul Archaeological Museums).]]

In 908, the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] Admiral [[Konstantinos Lips]],<ref>Krautheimer, p. 409. "The name of the founder has been found in an inscription on the cornice of the apse."</ref> who later perished in 917 fighting against [[Simeon I of Bulgaria|Simeon I]]'s [[Bulgaria]],<ref>Van Millingen, p. 127.</ref> inaugurated a [[nunnery]] in the presence of the Emperor [[Leo VI the Wise]]<ref name="mw126">Müller-Wiener, p. 126.</ref> dedicated to the [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Virgin]] [[Theotokos]] ("Immaculate Mother of God") in a place called "Merdosangaris" ({{lang-el|Μερδοσαγγάρης}}),<ref>Janin, p. 361. "This [[toponym]] has a [[Iran|Persian]] etymology ("Merd-il-sachra"), and is composed of the two [[Middle Persian|Persian]] words ''Merdo'' (meaning "man"), and ''sachra'' (meaning "solitude"): "Man of solitude"."</ref> in the valley of the Lycus (a river of Constantinople).<ref name="mw126">Müller-Wiener, p. 126.</ref> This establishment, which according to its [[Typicon]] hosted a total of 50 women<ref>Krautheimer, p. 409.</ref> also a ''Xenon'' ("hospital") with 15 beds attached,<ref name="mw126">Müller-Wiener, p. 126</ref> was known also after his name (''Monē tou Livos''), and became one of the largest of [[Constantinople]]. The church was built on the remains of another shrine of the sixth century,<ref name="gul258">Gülersoy, p. 258.</ref> and using the tombstones of an ancient Roman cemetery<ref name="mw126">Müller-Wiener, p. 126.</ref> and hosted the [[relics]] of [[Saint Irene]]. The church was generally known as "North Church".

After the [[Fourth Crusade|Latin invasion]] and the restoration of the Byzantine Empire, between 1286 and 1304, Empress [[Theodora Doukaina Vatatzina|Theodora]], widow of Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]], erected another church dedicated to [[St. John the Baptist]] ({{lang-el|''Eκκλησία του Αγίου Ιωάννου Προδρόμου του Λίβος''}})<ref>Krautheimer, p. 436. "This church was added to the thirty five ones dedicated to this Saint, which existed in Constantinople in the tenth century!</ref> south of the first church. Several exponents of the imperial dynasty of the [[Palaiologos]] were buried there besides Theodora: her son Konstantinos, Empress [[Eirene of Montferrat|Eirene]] of [[Monferrato|Montferrat]] and her husband Emperor [[Andronikos II Palaiologos|Andronikos II]].<ref name="gul258">Gülersoy, p. 258.</ref> This church is generally known as the "South Church".

During the fourteenth century an [[Narthex|esonarthex]] and a ''parekklesion''<ref>The ''parekklesion'' is a [[chapel]] leaning to the side of the church or of the narthex.</ref> were added to this church. The habit of burying members of the imperial family in the complex continued also in the fifteenth century with [[Anna of Moscow|Anna]], first wife of Emperor [[John VIII Palaiologos]], in 1417.<ref>Müller-Wiener, p. 127. Freely says that Anna was buried in the dead of night to avoid creating a public panic due to rumors of the Bubonic plague.</ref> The church was possibly used as a cemetery also after 1453.<ref name="mw127">Müller-Wiener, p. 127.</ref>

=== Ottoman period ===
In 1497-1498, shortly after the [[Fall of Constantinople]] and under the reign of Sultan [[Beyazid II]], the south church was converted into a ''mescit'' (a small mosque) by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] dignitary Fenarizade Alâeddin Ali ben Yusuf Effendi, ''Kadıasker''<ref>The ''Kadıasker'' ("Soldier-Judge") was the supreme military magistrate, and was one of the most important figures in the [[State organisation of the Ottoman Empire]].</ref> of [[Rumeli]], and nephew of [[Molla Şemseddin Fenari]],<ref name="mw126">Müller-Wiener, p. 126.</ref> whose family belonged to the religious class of the [[ulema]]. He built a [[minaret]] in the southeast angle, and a [[mihrab]] in the [[apse]].<ref name="mw127">Müller-Wiener, p. 127.</ref> Since one of the head preachers of the [[madrasah]] was named ''Îsâ'' ("Jesus" in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]]), his name was added to that of the mosque. The edifice burned down in 1633, was restored in 1636 by [[Grand Vizier]] Bayram Pasha, who upgraded the building to ''cami'' ("mosque") and converted the north church into a [[Khanqah|Tekke]] (a [[dervish]] lodge). In this occasion the columns of the north church were substituted with piers, the two domes were renovated, and the mosaic decoration was removed.<ref name="mw127">Müller-Wiener, p. 127.</ref> After another fire in 1782,<ref name="mw128">Müller-Wiener, p. 128</ref> the complex was restored again in 1847/48. In this occasion also the columns of the south church were substituted with piers, and the [[balustrade]] [[parapet]]s of the narthex were removed too.<ref name="mw128">Müller-Wiener, p. 128</ref> The building burned once more in 1918,<ref name="ey80">Eyice, p. 80.</ref> and was abandoned. During excavations performed in 1929, twenty-two [[sarcophagi]] have been found.<ref name="ey80">Eyice, p. 80.</ref> The complex has been thoroughly restored between the 1970s and 1980s by the Byzantine Society of America, and since then serves again as a mosque.<ref name="mw128">Müller-Wiener, p. 128.</ref>

==Architecture and decoration==
[[Image:Dscn0489.jpg|thumb|Interior of the North Church.]]

===North church===
The ''north church'' has an unusual [[quincuncial]] plan, and was one of the first shrines in Constantinople to adopt this plan, whose prototype is possibly the ''[[Nea Ekklesia]]'' ("New Church"), erected in Constantinople in the year 880, of which no remains are extant.<ref>Krautheimer, p. 388.</ref>

The dimensions of the north church are small: the ''[[naos]]'' is 13 meters long and 9.5 meters wide, and was sized according to the population living in the monastery at that time. The [[masonry]] of the northern church was erected by alternating courses of bricks and small rough stone blocks. In this technique, which is typical of the Byzantine architecture of the tenth century,<ref name="kr405">Krautheimer, p. 405.</ref> the bricks sink in a thick bed of [[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]].

This edifice has three high [[apse]]s: the central one is polygonal, and is flanked by the other two, which served as ''pastophoria'',<ref>The ''pastophorium '' is a room, usually near the apse, which served as ''diakonikon'' or ''prothesis''.</ref> ''[[prothesis (altar)|prothesis]]'' and ''[[diaconicon|diakonikon]]''.

The apses are interrupted by triple and single [[lancet window]]s. The walls of the central arms of the ''naos'' cross have two orders of windows: the lower order has triple lancet windows, the higher semicircular windows. Two long ''parekklesia'', each one ended by a low apse, flanks the ''presbytery'' of the ''naos''. The angular and central bays are very slender. At the four edges of the building are four small roof chapels, each surmounted by a [[cupola]].

The remainders of the original decoration of this church are the bases of three of the four columns of the central bay, and many original decorating elements, which survive on the pillars of the windows and on the frame of the dome. The decoration consisted originally in marble panels and coloured tiles: the vaults were decorated with [[Mosaic#Byzantine_mosaics|mosaic]]. Only spurs of it are now visible.<ref name="kr405">Krautheimer, p. 405.</ref>

As a whole, the north church presents strong analogies with the [[Bodrum Mosque]] (the church of ''Myrelaion'').<ref>Krautheimer, p. 404.</ref>

===South church===
The ''south church'' is a square room surmounted by a dome, and surrounded by two ''deambulatoria'',<ref>A ''deambulatorium'' is an aisle which encircles the central part of a church.</ref> an ''esonarthex'' and a ''parekklesion'' (added later). The north deambulatorium is the south parekklesion of the north church. This multiplication of spaces around the central part of the church is typical of the late Palaiologian architecture: the reason of that was the need for more space for tombs, monuments erected to benefactors of the church, etc.<ref>Krautheimer, p. 457.</ref> The central room is divided from the aisles by a triple arcade. During the mass the believers were confined in the deambulatoria, which were shallow and dark, and could barely see what happened in the central part of the church.

[[Image:FeneriIsaCamiiInIstanbul20070102 2.jpg|thumb|The Dome of the ''Church of St. John the Baptist''.]]

The masonry is composed of alternated courses of bricks and stone, typical of the late Byzantine architecture in Constantinople.

The lush decoration of the south and of the main apses (the latter is heptagonal), is made of a triple order of [[Niche (architecture)|niche]]s, the middle order being alternated with triple windows. The bricks are arranged to form patterns like arches, hooks, [[Meander (art)|Greek fret]]s, [[sun cross]]es, [[swastika]]s and fans.<ref>Krautheimer, p. 467.</ref> Between these patterns are white and dark red bands, alternating one course of stone with two to five of bricks. This is the first appearance of this most important decorating aspect of the Palaiologian architecture in Constantinople.

The church has an exonarthex surmounted by a gallery, which was extended to reach also the north church. The ''parekklesion'' was erected alongside the southern side of the south church, and was connected with the esonarthex, so that the room surrounds the whole complex on the west and south side. Several marble [[sarcophagus|sarcophagi]] are placed within it.

As a whole, this complex represents a notable example of the middle and late [[Byzantine Architecture]] in Constantinople.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book
| last=Van Millingen
| first= Alexander
| title=Byzantine Churches of Constantinople
| publisher=MacMillan & Co
| location = London
| year=1912
}}
*{{cite book
| last=Janin
| first= Raymond
| title=Constantinople Byzantine
| publisher=Institut Français d'Etudes Byzantines
| location=Paris
| year=1950
}}
*{{cite book
| last=Eyice
| first= Semavi
| title=Istanbul. Petite Guide a travers les Monuments Byzantins et Turcs
| publisher=Istanbul Matbaası
| location=Istanbul
| year=1955
}}
*{{cite book
| last=Gülersoy
| first= Çelik
| title=A guide to Istanbul
| publisher=Istanbul Kitaplığı
| location=Istanbul
| year=1976
| oclc = 3849706
}}

*{{cite book
| last=Mathews
| first= Thomas F.
| title=The Byzantine Churches of Istanbul: A Photographic Survey
| publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press
| location = University Park
| year=1976
| isbn=0-271-01210-2
}}

*{{cite book
| last=Müller-Wiener
| first= Wolfgang
| title=Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul bis zum Beginn d. 17 Jh
| publisher=Wasmuth
| location=Tübingen
| year=1977
| isbn = 9783803010223
}}

*{{cite book
| last=Krautheimer
| first= Richard
| title=Architettura paleocristiana e bizantina
| publisher=Einaudi
| location=Turin
| year=1986
| isbn = 88-06-59261-0
}}

*{{cite book
| last = Freely
| first = John
| year = 2000
| title = Blue Guide Istanbul
| publisher = W. W. Norton & Company
| location =
| id = ISBN 0393320146
}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat-inline}}
* [http://www.byzantium1200.com/c-lipsos.html Byzantium 1200 - Lips Monastery]

{{Mosques in Turkey}}
{{Churches-Mosques in Istanbul}}

[[Category:10th century architecture]]
[[Category:900s architecture]]
[[Category:Mosques in Istanbul]]
[[Category:Byzantine sacred architecture]]
[[Category:Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques]]

[[mk:Џамија Фенари Иса]]
[[ru:Монастырь Липса]]
[[tr:Fenari İsa Camisi]]