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Alasdair Graham

2006-10-18T02:18:02Z

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[[Image:Alasdair_Bernard_Graham.jpg|thumb|150px|Hon. Alasdair Bernard Graham{{replacethisimage}}]]
'''Alasdair Bernard Graham''', [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada|PC]] (born [[May 21]] [[1929]]) is a [[Canada|Canadian]] politician, journalist and businessman.

Graham attempted to win a [[Legislative seat|seat]] in the [[Canadian House of Commons]] in the [[Canadian federal election, 1958|1958 election]] from [[Nova Scotia]], but was defeated in the attempt. In [[1972]], he was appointed to the [[Canadian Senate]] by [[Pierre Trudeau]].

In [[1995]], he became deputy government leader in the Senate, and was promoted to [[Leader of the Government in the Canadian Senate]] in [[1997]], joining the [[Canadian Cabinet]] as Nova Scotia's sole representative. The [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]] had lost all of its seats in the province in the [[Canadian federal election, 1997|1997 election]]. He served in Cabinet until [[1999]] when Chretien replaced him with [[Bernard Boudreau]] in the hope that appointing Boudreau to the Senate would help him win a seat in the [[Canadian federal election, 2000|2000 election]].

Graham retired from the Senate in [[2004]] upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75.

== External links ==
*[http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/key/bio.asp?lang=E&query=331&s=M Political biography from the Library of Parliament]

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[[Category:1929 births|Graham, Alasdair Bernard]]
[[Category:Historical Members of the Canadian Senate|Graham, Alasdair Bernard]]
[[Category:Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada|Graham, Alasdair Bernard]]
[[Category:Living people|Graham, Alasdair Bernard]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic politicians|Graham, Alasdair Bernard]]

Ripley (Ohio)

2006-10-16T13:07:33Z

PoccilScript: Image replacement: Image at :Image:Ripley_ohio_main_street_2005.jpg is now available on Wikimedia Commons as Commons:Image:RipleyOH_MainSt.jpg.

[[Image:RipleyOH_MainSt.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Main Street ends at the [[Ohio River]] in Ripley, Ohio]]
'''Ripley''' is a village in [[Brown County, Ohio|Brown County]], [[Ohio]], 50 miles southeast of [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]], along the [[Ohio River]]. The population was 1,745 at the 2000 census.

==History==
Colonel James Poage, a veteran of the [[American Revolution]], arrived in the free state of [[Ohio]] from [[Staunton, Virginia]] in [[1804]] to claim the 1000 acres (4 km²) he had been granted in what was then the Virginia Military District. Poage was among a large group of veterans who received land grants beyond the Ohio for their service and freed their slaves when they settled there. Poage and his family laid out the town of Staunton in [[1812]]; it was renamed in [[1816]] to honor an American officer in the [[War of 1812]], General [[Eleazar Wheelock Ripley]].

The proximity of the river and of the slave state of [[Kentucky]] on the opposite shore led to Ripley's role as an early stop on the [[Underground railroad]], a network of citizens sympathetic to slaves escaping north to freedom. A number of prominent [[Abolitionism|abolitionists]] lived in the town in the 1800s, mainly on Front Street near the river, including [[John Rankin (abolitionist)|Reverend John Rankin]], former slave [[John Parker (abolitionist)|John Parker]], Thomas McCague, Thomas Collins and Dr. Alexander Campbell.

Rankin moved from Kentucky to Ripley in [[1822]] and later built a house (now a [[National Historic Landmark]]) on Liberty Hill overlooking the town, the river and the Kentucky shore. There he was able to signal escaping slaves with a lantern on a flagpole [http://dbs.ohiohistory.org/africanam/page.cfm?ID=4626] and provide them shelter. A slave woman that crossed the frozen river to Ripley and stayed in his house in [[1838]] became the model for the character Eliza in [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]]'s landmark book, ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]''. Rankin was the minister at the Ripley Presbyterian Church for twenty-four years.

==Geography==
[[Image:OHMap-doton-Ripley.png|right|Location of Ripley, Ohio]]

Ripley is located at {{coor dms|38|44|22|N|83|50|28|W|city}} (38.739416, -83.841102){{GR|1}}. The town is surrounded by steep, rolling hills on the northeast, Red Oak Creek on the southeast, and the Ohio River on the southwest.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the village has a total area of 2.8 [[km²]] (1.1 [[square mile|mi²]]). 2.6 km² (1.0 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it (5.56%) is water.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 1,745 people, 745 households, and 467 families residing in the village. The [[population density]] was 667.1/km² (1,722.2/mi²). There were 896 housing units at an average density of 342.5/km² (884.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the village was 91.69% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 6.65% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.06% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.17% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.17% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.26% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.69% of the population.

There were 745 households out of which 28.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.0% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 16.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.2% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the village the population was spread out with 24.9% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 17.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 83.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.8 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $30,000, and the median income for a family was $39,330. Males had a median income of $29,318 versus $20,977 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the village was $15,268. About 11.7% of families and 15.5% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 21.9% of those under age 18 and 15.7% of those age 65 or over. The village celebrates an annual "Tobacco Festival" to celebrate tobacco, the primary source of income in the area for decades.

== See also ==
* [[Underground Railroad]]
* [[List of Underground Railroad sites]]
* [[Abolitionism]]
* [[John Parker (abolitionist)|John Parker]]
* [[John Rankin (abolitionist)|Reverend John Rankin]]
* [[List of cities and towns along the Ohio River]]

==External links==
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|38.739416|-83.841102}}

[[Category:Villages in Ohio]]
[[Category:Brown County, Ohio]]

[[ja:リプリー (オハイオ州)]]

Lincoln’s Inn Fields Theatre

2006-09-19T08:47:32Z

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[[Image:William_Davenant.jpg|thumb|right|[[William Davenant]] had Lisle's Tennis Court converted into a [[theatre]] in 1661. His troupe continued to performed there after his death in 1688, until 1671.]]
'''Lisle's Tennis Court''' was a building off Portugal Street in [[Lincoln's Inn Fields]] in [[London]]. Originally built as a [[real tennis]] court, it was used as a [[playhouse]] during two periods, 1661–1674 and 1695–1705. During the early period, the theatre was called "the Duke's Playhouse", or "the Opera". The building was demolished and replaced by a purpose-built theatre for a third period, 1714–1728. The tennis court theatre was the first public playhouse in London to feature the moveable [[scenery]] that would become a standard feature of [[Restoration theatre]]s.

== The Duke's Company ==
The building was constructed as a real tennis court in 1656.<ref>Hartnoll. Portions [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1O79:LincolnsInnFieldsTheatre/Lincolns+Inn+Fields+Theatre+.html?refid=ency_botnm available online.]</ref> [[Tudor Style architecture|Tudor-style]] real tennis courts were long, high-ceiling buildings, with galleries for spectators; their dimensions — about 75 by 30 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]] — are similar to the earlier theatres, and much larger than a modern tennis court.<ref>Styan p. 238.</ref>

After the [[English Restoration]] in 1660, [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] granted [[Letters Patent]] to two companies to perform "legitimate drama" in London: the [[Duke's Company]], led by [[William Davenant]], and the [[King's Company]], led by [[Thomas Killigrew]]. Both companies briefly performed in the theatrical spaces that had survived the [[English Interregnum|interregnum]] and [[English Civil War|civil war]] (including the [[Cockpit Theatre|Cockpit]] and [[Salisbury Court Theatre|Salisbury Court]]), but scrambled to quickly acquire facilities that were more to current tastes. Killigrew and Davenant both chose a solution that had been used in [[France]]: converting tennis courts into theatres.

Killigrew's theatre on Vere Street ([[Gibbon's Tennis Court]]) opened first, in November 1660. Davenant apparently spent more time in his remodeling: Lincoln's Inn Fields opened on [[28 June]] [[1661]], with the first "moveable" or "changeable" [[theatrical scenery|scenery]] used on the British public stage, and the first [[proscenium arch]]. [[Stage (theatre)#Proscenium stage|Wings]] or shutters ran in grooves and could be smoothly and mechanically changed between or even within acts. The production was a revamped version of Davenant's own five-year-old opera ''[[The Siege of Rhodes]]''.<ref>Pepys first records attending "the Opera" on its fourth day of opening, to watch the second half of ''[[The Siege of Rhodes]]'', attended by King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] and his great aunt, [[Elizabeth of Bohemia]]: [http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/07/02/index.php The Diary of Samuel Pepys], Tuesday [[2 July]] [[1661]].</ref> The result was such a sensation that it brought Charles II to a public theatre for the first time.<ref>Milhous p. 19.</ref> The competing King's Company suddenly found itself playing to empty houses, as diarist and devoted playgoer [[Samuel Pepys]] notes on [[4 July]]:

<blockquote>I went to the theatre [in Vere Street] and there I saw ''Claracilla'' (the first time I ever saw it), well acted. But strange to see this house, that use to be so thronged, now empty since the opera begun—and so will continue for a while I believe.<ref>[http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/07/04/index.php The Diary of Samuel Pepys], Thursday [[4 July]] [[1661]].</ref></blockquote>

''The Siege of Rhodes'' "continued acting 12 days without interruption with great applause" according to the prompter [[John Downes (17th-century prompter)|John Downes]] in his "historical review of the stage" ''[[Roscius Anglicanus]]'' (1708). This was a remarkable run for the limited potential audience of the time. More acclaimed productions by the Duke's Company "with scenes" followed at Lincoln's Inn Fields in the course of 1661 (including ''[[Hamlet]]'' and ''[[Twelfth Night]]''), all highly admired by Pepys.<ref>Milhous p. 19; Pepys records seeing Davenant's ''[[The Wits]]'', on Thursday [[15 August]] [[1661]],[http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/08/15/index.php] and on two other occasions in the next 8 days [http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/08/17/index.php][http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/08/23/index.php]; ''[[Hamlet, Prince of Denmark]]'' on Saturday [[24 August]] [[1661]];[http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/08/24/index.php]; ''[[Twelfth Night]]'' on Wednesday [[11 September]] [[1661]] [http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/09/11/index.php]; and Davenant's ''[[Love and Honour]]'' three times in 4 days in October[http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/10/21/index.php][http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/10/23/index.php][http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/10/25/index.php]; ''[[The Bondman]]'' by [[Philip Massinger]] twice in November,[http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/11/04/index.php][http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/11/25/index.php], ''The Siege of Rhodes''[http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/11/15/index.php] and ''Hamlet''[http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/12/05/index.php] one further time each, and finishing the year with ''[[Cutter of Coleman Street]]'' by [[Abraham Cowley]] on Monday [[16 December]] [[1661]], having passed his first negative review, of ''[[The Mad Lover]]'', on Monday [[2 December]] [[1661]] [http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/12/02/index.php].</ref>
The King's Company was forced to abandon their own, technically unsophisticated tennis-court theatre and commission the construction of a new theatre in Bridges Street, where the [[Theatre Royal, Drury Lane|Theatre Royal]] opened in 1663.

Prince [[Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Cosimo III of Tuscany]] visited the Lisle theatre in 1669, and his official diarist left us this account:
<blockquote>[The pit] is surrounded within by separate compartments in which there are several degrees [steps] of seating for the greater comfort of the ladies and gentlemen who, according to the liberal custom of the country, share the same boxes. Down below [in the pit] there remains a broad space for other members of the audience. The scenery is entirely changeable, with various transformations and lovely perspectives. Before the play begins, to render the waiting less annoying and inconvenient, there are very graceful instrumental pieces to be heard, with the result that many go early just to enjoy this part of the entertainment.<ref>Langhans p. 16. It was once believed that Cosimo III attended the [[Theatre Royal, Drury Lane|Theatre Royal]] in Bridges Street, not the theatre in [[Lincoln's Inn Fields]].</ref></blockquote>

[[Image:Thomas Betterton.gif|thumb|right|[[Thomas Betterton]] painted by Sir [[Godfrey Kneller]].]]

Davenant died in 1668 and the Duke's Company, now under [[Thomas Betterton]], performed out of Lincoln's Inns Fields until 1671, when they relocated to the elaborate new [[Dorset Garden Theatre]]. In 1672, the theatre in Bridges Street burnt down, and the King's Company temporarily occupied the recently-vacated Lincoln's Inn Field, until their new theatre opened in 1674.

== Betterton and Rich ==

The building was converted back to a tennis court and remained one for almost 20 years. During that time, the Duke's Company subsumed the King's Company to form the [[United Company]], performing out of [[Drury Lane]]. Betterton was forced out as the head of the company in 1688, staying on as an actor (and filling a day-to-day managerial role) while a succession of leaders embezzled funds and cut costs by cutting actors' salaries. Under [[Christopher Rich]], the United Company split. Betterton left with a band of actors and a newly-issued license to perform, and from 1695 to 1705 his company performed back at Lincoln's Inn Fields, refurbishing the abandoned theatre. The New Theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields opened in April 1695 with [[William Congreve (playwright)|William Congreve]]'s ''[[Love for Love]]''.<ref>Donohue p. 7.</ref> It was later the first venue for Congreve's plays ''[[The Mourning Bride]]'' (1697) and ''[[The Way of the World]]'' (1700).

The building went unused as a theatre from 1705 until it was demolished in 1714 or shortly before, in preparation to build a new theatre. The man behind the new construction was none other than Christopher Rich, who after 16 years had been pushed out of Drury lane. Rich died in 1714, but his son [[John Rich (producer)|John Rich]] led a company at the theatre until 1728. On [[29 January]] [[1728]], Rich's theatre hosted the first, very successful, production of [[John Gay]]'s ''[[The Beggar's Opera]]'' (making "Rich gay and Gay rich"). The theatre was finally abandoned in December 1732, when the company moved to the new [[Covent Garden Theatre]], built by Rich using the capital generated by ''The Beggar's Opera''.[http://instruct.uwo.ca/english/234e/site/bckgrnds/maps/lndnmprstrtnthtrs.html]

The old building was used as a barracks, an auction room, a warehouse for china, and was finally demolished in 1848 to make room for an extension to the neighbouring premises of the [[Royal College of Surgeons]].[http://world-theatres.com/London%20Theatres.html][http://www.coventgarden.uk.com/portugal.html]
<div style="clear:both"/>

== References ==
* Donohue, Joseph ed. (2004). ''The Cambridge History of British Theatre: Volume 2, 1660 to 1885''. Cambridge University Press. [http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521650682&ss=exc Excerpt online].
* Hartnoll, Phyllis; Found, Peter (1996). "Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre" ''The Consise Oxford Companion to the Theatre. Oxford University Press.
* Langhans, Edward (2001). "The Post-1660 Theatres as Performance Spaces". Owen, Sue ''A Companion to Restoration Drama''. Oxford: Blackwell.
* Milhous, Judith (1979). ''Thomas Betterton and the Management of Lincoln's Inn Fields 1695–1708''. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press.
* Spiers, Rupert (2002). [http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/english/murray/Restoration/Theatres/ThTennis.html Indoor Tennis Courts] from the [http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/english/murray/Restoration/Front.html Restoration Theatres] site. Retrieved 14 August, 2006.
* Styan, John (1996). ''The English Stage: A History of Drama and Performance''. Cambridge University Press.

== Notes ==
<references/>

[[Category:Former theatres of London]]

Hollywood Road (Hongkong)

2006-09-07T03:21:46Z

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[[Image:HK 59 Hollywood Road n Peel Street WahTung.JPG|180px|thumb|No65 Hollywood, the national father had always visited here in 1880s~1890s]]
[[Image:Hollywood Road 2.JPG|thumb|right|180px|Hollywood Road]]
[[Image:Hollywood.JPG|thumb|180px|A road sign of Hollywood Road]]
[[image:Hollywood_Road_HK.jpg|thumb|180px|A traditional rice dealer on the road.]]
[[Image:Hollywood1.JPG|thumb|180px|Galleries along Hollywood Road]]

[[Image:PoliceStation.jpg|thumb|180px|Central Police Station]]
'''Hollywood Road''' ({{Cantonese-tijyp|t=荷李活道, sometimes written 荷里活道|i=hɔ11 leɪ33 wʊt22 dəʊ22|j=ho4 lei3 wut6 dou6|y=hòh lei wuht douh|p=Hélǐhuó Dào}}) is a road in [[Central, Hong Kong]].

Hollywood Road is renowned for its presence in various [[Hollywood]] [[Film|movie]]s, the first pictures of [[Hong Kong]] available to an international audience.

Hollywood Road is filled with trinket and antique shops of all sorts: from [[China|Chinese]] furniture to porcelain ware, from [[Buddha]] [[sculpture]]s to [[Tibet]]an rugs, from Japanese [[netsuke]]s to [[Coromandel]] screens, from [[Ming dynasty]] ceramic horsemen and kitsch [[Mao Zedong|Maoist]] memorabilia. The street runs between [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] and [[Sheung Wan]], with [[Wyndham Street]], [[Ladder Street]], [[Upper Lascar Row]], and [[Old Bailey Street]] in the vicinity.

Hollywood Road was the second road to be built when the colony of Hong Kong was founded, after [[Queen's Road Central]]. It was the first to be completed. The Man Mo Temple was a place for trial in very early years.

==Brief history==

More than 100 years ago, Hollywood Road was rather close to the coastline, compared to the current position of [[Bonham Strand]]. It was the first road to be constructed in the crown colony, predating the development of the film industry in Hollywood, California. In those days, foreign merchants and sailors would put up the antiques and artefacts they "collected" from China for sale here on their way back to Europe. This is how Hollywood Road began its role as an antique market. In early [[1960s]] there was a celebrated Hollywood movie called ''[[The World of Suzie Wong]]'' whose shooting was taken part in Hollywood Road. An old wood-built building was re-constructed as a bar for the movie scene.

===Union Church===

There was a [[Union Church]] in the street founded in [[1844]] by the [[Reverend James Legge]], a [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[missionary]] who had been sent to Hong Kong in [[1843]] by the [[London Missionary Society]]. The first Union Church was built in 1845 on Hollywood Road above Central. Every Sunday an English language service was held in the morning and a Chinese language service in the afternoon. The Church was later relocated to a new site on [[Staunton Street]].

===Man Mo Temple===
[[Man Mo Temple]] or Man Mo Miu (文武廟) is a commonly sort of temple worshipping the Man Tai (文帝), [[Pau Kung]] and Mo Tai (武帝), [[Kwan Yu]], to pray for good results in examinations in China. The one on the Hollywood Road was built in [[1847]]. It has been managed by [[Tung Wah Group of Hospitals]] since [[1908]].

===Central Police Station===
{{main|Central Police Station}}

Central Police Station was the first police station in Hong Kong. The oldest structure within the compound is a barrack block built in [[1864]]. It is a three-storey building constructed alongside Victoria Prison (see below). A storey was later added to the mass in [[1905]]. In [[1919]], Headquarters Block facing Hollywood Road was constructed. Subsequently in [[1925]], the two-storey Stable Block was constructed at the northwest end of the procession ground and later used as a munitions store. The Police Station accompanied by the former Central Magistracy and Victoria Prison form a group of historical architecture representing law and order in Hong Kong.

==Origin of the name==
Some people think that the road was [[street name|named]] after the box-office success of the illustrious movieland flick, ''The World of Suzie Wong''. In fact the road was put up early in [[1844]], at least forty years before the more famous [[Hollywood]] in [[California]] was settled. The name of the street orginates from the "[[holly]] wood" grown around the area.

==See also==
{{commons|Category:Hollywood Road|Hollywood Road}}
*[[Central-Mid-levels escalator]]
*[[Soho, Hong Kong|Soho]]

[[Category:Central, Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Sheung Wan]]
[[Category:Mid-levels]]
[[Category:Roads in Hong Kong]]

[[zh:荷李活道]]

Kathedralbasilika St. Joseph

2006-09-02T18:42:55Z

PoccilScript: Image replacement: Image at :Image:San_Jose_Basilica.JPG is now available on Wikimedia Commons as Commons:Image:San_Jose_Basilica.jpg.

[[Image:San_Jose_Basilica.jpg|thumb|350px|Exterior view of Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph]]
The '''Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph''' is a large [[Roman Catholic]] church located in [[Downtown San Jose]]. The [[minor basilica]] is the [[cathedral]] for the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose in California]]. The basilica is named for [[Saint Joseph]], [[patron saint]] of the [[universal church]].

The original St. Joseph's [[Church]] was built on the site of the current basilica in [[1803]], and was the first non-[[Spanish Missions of California|mission]] [[parish]] built in California. The original [[adobe]] structure was damaged by [[earthquake]]s in [[1818]] and [[1822]], and a new adobe church was built from [[1835]] to [[1846]]. The second church was severely damaged by an earthquake in 1868, and work on the third church began in [[1869]]. The third church was destroyed by fire in [[1875]], and a temporary fourth church was built a few blocks away while the fifth and current church was being constructed. The fifth church was dedicated by [[Joseph Alemany]], [[Roman Catholic Archbishop of San Francisco|Archbishop of San Francisco]], in [[1877]] while construction continued. The current [[portico]] was completed in [[1884]], and the large [[dome]] was finished in [[1885]].

In [[1981]], a major renovation project was begun at the church, which was to become the [[cathedral]] for the new [[Roman Catholic Bishop of San Jose, California|Roman Catholic Bishop of San Jose]]. In [[1985]], the church was elevated to a cathedral, pending completion of the restoration in [[1990]]. The cathedral was made a minor basilica by [[Pope John Paul II]] in [[1997]].

The Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph is listed as a California and [[National Historical Landmark]].

==External link==
* [http://www.stjosephcathedral.org Official site]

[[Category:Basilica churches in North America|Joseph]]
[[Category:Churches in California]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals of the United States|Joseph]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose in California]]
[[Category:San Jose, California]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks of the United States]]
[[Category:Registered Historic Places in California]]