Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Wikipedia:Gesichtete Versionen/Anfragen

2017-03-13T18:21:36Z

Plot Spoiler:

{{/Intro}} [[Kategorie:Wikipedia:Gesichtete und geprüfte Versionen]]
 
__Inhaltsverzeichnis__


== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liste_indigener_V%C3%B6lker&diff=review&redirect=no Liste_indigener_Völker] ==

{{Sichten|Liste_indigener_Völker}} -- [[Benutzer:Joerg Bader|Joerg Bader]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Joerg Bader|Diskussion]]) 17:54, 13. Mär. 2017 (CET)

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alles_oder_Nix_Records&diff=review&redirect=no Alles oder Nix Records] ==

{{Sichten|Alles oder Nix Records}} -- [[Benutzer:CaptainOlimar42|CaptainOlimar42]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:CaptainOlimar42|Diskussion]]) 18:45, 13. Mär. 2017 (CET)

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_Bancaire_Priv%C3%A9e&diff=review&redirect=no Union Bancaire Privée] ==

{{Sichten|Union Bancaire Privée}} -- [[Benutzer:Plot Spoiler|Plot Spoiler]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Plot Spoiler|Diskussion]]) 19:21, 13. Mär. 2017 (CET)

Union Bancaire Privée

2017-03-09T22:52:29Z

Plot Spoiler: Mitarbeiterzahl

{{Dieser Artikel|behandelt die schweizerische Privatbank UBP. Weitere Bedeutungen sind unter [[UBP]] aufgeführt.}}

{{Infobox Kreditinstitut
| Name = Union Bancaire Privée (UBP)
| Typ = 
| Logo = [[Datei:Logo Union Bancaire Privée.svg|rahmenlos|hochkant=0.9|Logo]]
| Bild = 
| Land = Schweiz
| Rechtsform = [[Aktiengesellschaft (Schweiz)|Aktiengesellschaft]]
| ISIN =
| ID = 8657
| Gründungsdatum = 1969
| Auflösungsdatum =
| Sitz = [[Genf]]
| Verband = 
| Jahr =
| GeschäftsdatenRef= 
| Bilanzsumme =
| Einlagen =
| Kundenkredite =
| Mitarbeiterzahl = 1'665
| Geschäftsstellen =
| Mitglieder =
| Verwaltungsrat =
| Vorstand =
| Aufsichtsrat =
| Leitung = Guy de Picciotto ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])
| Homepage = [http://www.ubp.com/de www.ubp.com/de]
}}

'''Union Bancaire Privée''' ('''UBP SA''') wurde 1969 von [[Edgar de Picciotto]] gegründet. Die [[Private Bank|Privatbank]] verwaltet Kundenvermögen in Höhe von 118.3 Milliarden [[Schweizer Franken]].<ref name="Erstes">[https://www.ubp.com/de/news/ubp-erzielt-soliden-reingewinn – UBP erzielt soliden Reingewinn von CHF 176,4 Millionen], UBP, 22. Jahr 2017</ref>

UBP ist auf die Vermögensbetreuung für private und institutionelle Kunden spezialisiert. Die Bank hat ihren Hauptsitz in [[Genf]], [[Schweiz]], und beschäftigt 1'665 Mitarbeiter.<ref name="Erstes"/>

== Geschichte ==
Am 11. November 1969 gründete Edgar de Picciotto die Compagnie de Banque et d’Investissements (CBI) in Genf. 1990 übernahm CBI die TDB-American Express Bank, aus der die heutige Union Bancaire Privée hervorging. Mit der Akquisition der Discount Bank and Trust Company im Jahr 2002 fand eine weitere Expansion statt.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/swiss-bank/profile/private-banks Über uns], UBP</ref>

2011 erwarb UBP den Schweizer Ableger der in niederländischem Staatsbesitz befindlichen [[ABN Amro]] Bank, die als wichtiger Player in der Vermögensverwaltung in der Schweiz gilt.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-to-buy-swiss-arm-of-abn-amro/a516408 UBP to buy Swiss arm of ABN Amro], Citywire, 16. August 2011</ref> Mit dem Abschluss je eines Joint Ventures in Hongkong und Taiwan mit TransGlobe baute UBP im selben Jahr ihre Geschäftstätigkeit in Asien aus.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-launches-two-asia-focused-joint-ventures/a513367 UBP launches two Asia focused joint ventures], Citywire, 3. August 2011</ref> 2012 übernahm UBP die in Paris angesiedelte Hedgefonds-Investmentgesellschaft Nexar Capital Group, die über Niederlassungen in London, Jersey und New York verfügt.<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/02/29/ubp-idINL5E8DT9HZ20120229 UBP to buy Paris-based alternatives group Nexar], Reuters, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im Mai 2013 kündigte UBP die Akquisition des internationalen Privatbankgeschäfts der [[Lloyds Banking Group]] an.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-29/lloyds-bank-sells-international-private-banking-business-to-ubp.html Lloyds Sells International Private Banking Business to UBP], Bloomberg News, 29. Mai 2013</ref>

Im Mai 2016 kündigte UBP eine Vereinbarung mit [[Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken|SEB]], einem führenden Finanzdienstleister in den nordischen Staaten, an. Die Bank wird dadurch ihren institutionellen Kunden und Vertreibern von Drittfonds SEBs Palette luxemburgischer Fonds anbieten können.<ref>[https://www.ubp.com/de/news/ubp-erweitert-angebot-im-asset-m – UBP erweitert Angebot im Asset Management], UBP, 10. Mai 2016</ref>

Im Jahr 2017, UBP, gibt eine wichtige Zusammenarbeit mit Partners Group bekannt, einem der grössten globalen Manager von Privatmarktanlagen, zur Erbringung eines neuen innovativen Ansatzes in der Verwaltung von Fixed-Income-Anlagen.<ref>[https://www.ubp.com/de/news/ubp-und-partners-group-kundigen – UBP und Partners Group kündigen Kooperation], UBP, 17. Jahr 2017</ref>

== Geschäftsbereiche ==
=== Private Banking ===
UBP verfügt über 300 Kundenbetreuer in mehreren Ländern und bietet verschiedene Verwaltungsmandate und Beratungsmodelle an.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/en/private-bank/swiss-bank/Publications/UBP-in-brief/template/document.jsp?fileId=52676 Über UBP], UBP, 3. Quartal 2013</ref>

=== Vermögensplanung ===
UBP hat ein Team von Experten aufgebaut, welche auf gewisse Regionen spezialisiert sind, um Vermögen global strukturieren zu können. Das Team lenkt und unterstützt Kunden bei der Aufsetzung von Vermögensstrukturen, die auf die individuellen Bedürfnisse der Kunden zugeschnitten sind. Solche Strukturen werden ausschliesslich über externe Parteien angeboten.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/private-wealth-management/Wealth-and-estate-planning Vermögens- und Nachlassplanung], UBP</ref>

Mit den Dienstleistungen von FOSS Family Office Services Switzerland (FOSS), bietet UBP einen Dienst zur Vermittlung von Multi Family Offices an. FOSS unterstützt vermögende Familien bei der Suche nach einem passenden Multi Family Office in der Schweiz.<ref>[http://www.switzerland-family-office.com/de/ Wir helfen Ihnen das passende Family Office zu finden], FOSS Family Office Services Switzerland</ref>

=== Vermögensverwaltung ===
UBP ist ein umfassender Vermögensverwalter, der eine breite Palette von Investmentlösungen anbietet, die speziell auf die Anforderungen institutioneller Kunden abgestimmt sind. Die Bank bietet ein umfangreiches Angebot in den Bereichen Vermögensallokation, Aktien, Anleihen, Diversifizierungsstrategien und alternative Dach-Hedgefonds.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/institutional-clients/asset-management-company Asset Management], UBP</ref>

=== Alternative Investments ===
UBP hat seit den 1970er Jahren eine Vorreiterrolle im Segment Alternative Investments inne. Im Laufe der Jahre hat die Bank einen kompetenten Hedgefonds-Beratungsservice aufgebaut und verwaltet heute mehrere gepoolte Fonds sowie individuelle Mandate. Die Übernahme von Nexar in 2012 betont ihr kontinuierliches Engagement in dieser Anlageklasse.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/7872-union-bancaire-privee-uebernimmt-nexar Union Bancaire Privée übernimmt Nexar], finews.ch, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im April 2013 kündigte UBP eine Partnerschaft mit Guggenheim Fund Solutions (GFS) an, sich im kompletten Spektrum von Hedgefonds-Strategien auf Managed Accounts spezialisiert hat. Gemeinsam richteten die beiden Gesellschaften eine neue Hedgefonds-Plattform ein.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/11700-ubp-guggenheim-fund-solutions UBP wählt Guggenheim Fund Solutions], finews.ch, 24. April 2013</ref>

=== Vertrieb und Handel ===
Zu den von UBP angebotenen Dienstleistungen gehören: Beratung, strukturierte Produkte, Aktienhandel, Aktien-Arbitrage, Brokerage, Währungs- und Edelmetallhandel, Termingeschäfte, Derivate und Treasury Management. UBP verfügt über mehr als 40 spezialisierte Händler, die mit privaten Vermögensverwaltern zusammenarbeiten.

=== Anlagephilosophie ===
UBP veröffentlicht jedes Jahr ihre Wirtschaftsperspektiven mit einer Zusammenfassung über die wichtigsten makroökonomischen Ereignisse des vergangenen Jahres und ihren anlagepolitischen Empfehlungen für das darauffolgende Jahr.<ref>[http://www.boerse-express.com/pagesfoonds/23296 Privatbank Union Bancaire Privee (UBP) erwartet für 2013, dass Gold die 2000er Hürde nimmt], boerse-express.com, 6. Dezember 2012</ref>

== Finanzen ==
Per 31. Dezember 2016 wies die Bank eine Bilanzsumme von 30,8 Mrd. Franken. Dank einem konservativen Ansatz im Risikomanagement verfügt UBP über eine stabile Finanzbasis und eine solide Bilanz mit einem hohen Liquiditätsbestand. Mit einer Kernkapitalquote (Tier 1) 24.3 % (per 31. Dezember 2016) ist UBP eine der bestkapitalisierten Banken der Schweiz.<ref name="Erstes"/>

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.ubp.com/de Offizielle Website der UBP]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{Coordinate|article=/|NS=46.203084|EW=6.151639|type=landmark|region=CH-GE}}

[[Kategorie:Kreditinstitut (Schweiz)]]
[[Kategorie:Unternehmen (Genf)]]
[[Kategorie:Gegründet 1969]]

Wikipedia:Gesichtete Versionen/Anfragen

2017-02-07T16:57:23Z

Plot Spoiler:

{{/Intro}} [[Kategorie:Wikipedia:Gesichtete und geprüfte Versionen]]
 
__Inhaltsverzeichnis__


== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosenbauer_(Unternehmen)&diff=review&redirect=no Rosenbauer (Unternehmen)] ==

{{Sichten|Rosenbauer (Unternehmen)}} -- [[Benutzer:Rosenbauer|Rosenbauer]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Rosenbauer|Diskussion]]) 15:11, 7. Feb. 2017 (CET)

{{#ifexpr: {{#time:YmdHis|-1 day}} > 20170207152651|== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kernkraftwerk_Grand_Gulf&diff=review&redirect=no Kernkraftwerk Grand Gulf] ==

{{Sichten|Kernkraftwerk Grand Gulf}} -- [[Spezial:Beiträge/2A02:1205:5030:A80:41E2:4C95:497B:6357|2A02:1205:5030:A80:41E2:4C95:497B:6357]] 16:28, 7. Feb. 2017 (CET)|(Eintrag „Kernkraftwerk Grand Gulf“ versteckt)}}

{{#ifexpr: {{#time:YmdHis|-1 day}} > 20170206154518|== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mistrade&diff=review&redirect=no Mistrade] ==

{{Sichten|Mistrade}} -- [[Benutzer:KarlDischler|KarlDischler]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:KarlDischler|Diskussion]]) 16:35, 7. Feb. 2017 (CET) Zitat aus "''Münchener Kommentar zum HGB''" hinzu gefügt|(Eintrag „Mistrade“ versteckt)}}

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_Bancaire_Priv%C3%A9e&diff=review&redirect=no Union Bancaire Privée] ==

{{Sichten|Union Bancaire Privée}} -- [[Benutzer:Plot Spoiler|Plot Spoiler]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Plot Spoiler|Diskussion]]) 17:57, 7. Feb. 2017 (CET)

Union Bancaire Privée

2017-02-05T22:39:29Z

Plot Spoiler: +

{{Dieser Artikel|behandelt die schweizerische Privatbank UBP. Weitere Bedeutungen sind unter [[UBP]] aufgeführt.}}

{{Infobox Kreditinstitut
| Name = Union Bancaire Privée (UBP)
| Typ = 
| Logo = [[Datei:Logo Union Bancaire Privée.svg|rahmenlos|hochkant=0.9|Logo]]
| Bild = 
| Land = Schweiz
| Rechtsform = [[Aktiengesellschaft (Schweiz)|Aktiengesellschaft]]
| ISIN =
| ID = 8657
| Gründungsdatum = 1969
| Auflösungsdatum =
| Sitz = [[Genf]]
| Verband = 
| Jahr =
| GeschäftsdatenRef= 
| Bilanzsumme =
| Einlagen =
| Kundenkredite =
| Mitarbeiterzahl = 1'680
| Geschäftsstellen =
| Mitglieder =
| Verwaltungsrat =
| Vorstand =
| Aufsichtsrat =
| Leitung = Guy de Picciotto ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])
| Homepage = [http://www.ubp.com/de www.ubp.com/de]
}}

'''Union Bancaire Privée''' ('''UBP SA''') wurde 1969 von [[Edgar de Picciotto]] gegründet. Die [[Private Bank|Privatbank]] verwaltet Kundenvermögen in Höhe von 118.3 Milliarden [[Schweizer Franken]].<ref name="Erstes">[https://www.ubp.com/de/news/ubp-erzielt-soliden-reingewinn – UBP erzielt soliden Reingewinn von CHF 176,4 Millionen], UBP, 22. Jahr 2017</ref>

UBP ist auf die Vermögensbetreuung für private und institutionelle Kunden spezialisiert. Die Bank hat ihren Hauptsitz in [[Genf]], [[Schweiz]], und beschäftigt 1'665 Mitarbeiter.<ref name="Erstes"/>

== Geschichte ==
Am 11. November 1969 gründete Edgar de Picciotto die Compagnie de Banque et d’Investissements (CBI) in Genf. 1990 übernahm CBI die TDB-American Express Bank, aus der die heutige Union Bancaire Privée hervorging. Mit der Akquisition der Discount Bank and Trust Company im Jahr 2002 fand eine weitere Expansion statt.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/swiss-bank/profile/private-banks Über uns], UBP</ref>

2011 erwarb UBP den Schweizer Ableger der in niederländischem Staatsbesitz befindlichen [[ABN Amro]] Bank, die als wichtiger Player in der Vermögensverwaltung in der Schweiz gilt.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-to-buy-swiss-arm-of-abn-amro/a516408 UBP to buy Swiss arm of ABN Amro], Citywire, 16. August 2011</ref> Mit dem Abschluss je eines Joint Ventures in Hongkong und Taiwan mit TransGlobe baute UBP im selben Jahr ihre Geschäftstätigkeit in Asien aus.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-launches-two-asia-focused-joint-ventures/a513367 UBP launches two Asia focused joint ventures], Citywire, 3. August 2011</ref> 2012 übernahm UBP die in Paris angesiedelte Hedgefonds-Investmentgesellschaft Nexar Capital Group, die über Niederlassungen in London, Jersey und New York verfügt.<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/02/29/ubp-idINL5E8DT9HZ20120229 UBP to buy Paris-based alternatives group Nexar], Reuters, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im Mai 2013 kündigte UBP die Akquisition des internationalen Privatbankgeschäfts der [[Lloyds Banking Group]] an.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-29/lloyds-bank-sells-international-private-banking-business-to-ubp.html Lloyds Sells International Private Banking Business to UBP], Bloomberg News, 29. Mai 2013</ref>

Im Mai 2016 kündigte UBP eine Vereinbarung mit [[Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken|SEB]], einem führenden Finanzdienstleister in den nordischen Staaten, an. Die Bank wird dadurch ihren institutionellen Kunden und Vertreibern von Drittfonds SEBs Palette luxemburgischer Fonds anbieten können.<ref>[https://www.ubp.com/de/news/ubp-erweitert-angebot-im-asset-m – UBP erweitert Angebot im Asset Management], UBP, 10. Mai 2016</ref>

Im Jahr 2017, UBP, gibt eine wichtige Zusammenarbeit mit Partners Group bekannt, einem der grössten globalen Manager von Privatmarktanlagen, zur Erbringung eines neuen innovativen Ansatzes in der Verwaltung von Fixed-Income-Anlagen.<ref>[https://www.ubp.com/de/news/ubp-und-partners-group-kundigen – UBP und Partners Group kündigen Kooperation], UBP, 17. Jahr 2017</ref>

== Geschäftsbereiche ==
=== Private Banking ===
UBP verfügt über 300 Kundenbetreuer in mehreren Ländern und bietet verschiedene Verwaltungsmandate und Beratungsmodelle an.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/en/private-bank/swiss-bank/Publications/UBP-in-brief/template/document.jsp?fileId=52676 Über UBP], UBP, 3. Quartal 2013</ref>

=== Vermögensplanung ===
UBP hat ein Team von Experten aufgebaut, welche auf gewisse Regionen spezialisiert sind, um Vermögen global strukturieren zu können. Das Team lenkt und unterstützt Kunden bei der Aufsetzung von Vermögensstrukturen, die auf die individuellen Bedürfnisse der Kunden zugeschnitten sind. Solche Strukturen werden ausschliesslich über externe Parteien angeboten.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/private-wealth-management/Wealth-and-estate-planning Vermögens- und Nachlassplanung], UBP</ref>

Mit den Dienstleistungen von FOSS Family Office Services Switzerland (FOSS), bietet UBP einen Dienst zur Vermittlung von Multi Family Offices an. FOSS unterstützt vermögende Familien bei der Suche nach einem passenden Multi Family Office in der Schweiz.<ref>[http://www.switzerland-family-office.com/de/ Wir helfen Ihnen das passende Family Office zu finden], FOSS Family Office Services Switzerland</ref>

=== Vermögensverwaltung ===
UBP ist ein umfassender Vermögensverwalter, der eine breite Palette von Investmentlösungen anbietet, die speziell auf die Anforderungen institutioneller Kunden abgestimmt sind. Die Bank bietet ein umfangreiches Angebot in den Bereichen Vermögensallokation, Aktien, Anleihen, Diversifizierungsstrategien und alternative Dach-Hedgefonds.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/institutional-clients/asset-management-company Asset Management], UBP</ref>

=== Alternative Investments ===
UBP hat seit den 1970er Jahren eine Vorreiterrolle im Segment Alternative Investments inne. Im Laufe der Jahre hat die Bank einen kompetenten Hedgefonds-Beratungsservice aufgebaut und verwaltet heute mehrere gepoolte Fonds sowie individuelle Mandate. Die Übernahme von Nexar in 2012 betont ihr kontinuierliches Engagement in dieser Anlageklasse.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/7872-union-bancaire-privee-uebernimmt-nexar Union Bancaire Privée übernimmt Nexar], finews.ch, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im April 2013 kündigte UBP eine Partnerschaft mit Guggenheim Fund Solutions (GFS) an, sich im kompletten Spektrum von Hedgefonds-Strategien auf Managed Accounts spezialisiert hat. Gemeinsam richteten die beiden Gesellschaften eine neue Hedgefonds-Plattform ein.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/11700-ubp-guggenheim-fund-solutions UBP wählt Guggenheim Fund Solutions], finews.ch, 24. April 2013</ref>

=== Vertrieb und Handel ===
Zu den von UBP angebotenen Dienstleistungen gehören: Beratung, strukturierte Produkte, Aktienhandel, Aktien-Arbitrage, Brokerage, Währungs- und Edelmetallhandel, Termingeschäfte, Derivate und Treasury Management. UBP verfügt über mehr als 40 spezialisierte Händler, die mit privaten Vermögensverwaltern zusammenarbeiten.

=== Anlagephilosophie ===
UBP veröffentlicht jedes Jahr ihre Wirtschaftsperspektiven mit einer Zusammenfassung über die wichtigsten makroökonomischen Ereignisse des vergangenen Jahres und ihren anlagepolitischen Empfehlungen für das darauffolgende Jahr.<ref>[http://www.boerse-express.com/pagesfoonds/23296 Privatbank Union Bancaire Privee (UBP) erwartet für 2013, dass Gold die 2000er Hürde nimmt], boerse-express.com, 6. Dezember 2012</ref>

== Finanzen ==
Per 31. Dezember 2016 wies die Bank eine Bilanzsumme von 30,8 Mrd. Franken. Dank einem konservativen Ansatz im Risikomanagement verfügt UBP über eine stabile Finanzbasis und eine solide Bilanz mit einem hohen Liquiditätsbestand. Mit einer Kernkapitalquote (Tier 1) 24.3 % (per 31. Dezember 2016) ist UBP eine der bestkapitalisierten Banken der Schweiz.<ref name="Erstes"/>

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.ubp.com/de Offizielle Website der UBP]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{Coordinate|article=/|NS=46.203084|EW=6.151639|type=landmark|region=CH-GE}}

[[Kategorie:Kreditinstitut (Schweiz)]]
[[Kategorie:Unternehmen (Genf)]]

Wikipedia:Gesichtete Versionen/Anfragen

2016-11-01T05:07:21Z

Plot Spoiler:

__NICHT_INDIZIEREN__
{{/Intro}}
[[Kategorie:Wikipedia:Gesichtete und geprüfte Versionen]]
 
__Inhaltsverzeichnis__


== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vorlage:Navigationsleiste_Vorst%C3%A4nde_BMW_AG&diff=review&redirect=no Vorlage:Navigationsleiste Vorstände BMW AG] ==

{{Sichten|Vorlage:Navigationsleiste Vorstände BMW AG}} Es geht lediglich um den Vorstandswechsel zum 1.10., ich gehe davon aus, daß der auch in der Vorlage wiedergegeben werden sollte. (Änderung ist von mir.) -- [[Spezial:Beiträge/2001:A61:20E1:2001:E999:207C:8078:D59E|2001:A61:20E1:2001:E999:207C:8078:D59E]] 20:42, 31. Okt. 2016 (CET)

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luise_Brinkmann&diff=review&redirect=no Luise Brinkmann] ==

{{Sichten|Luise Brinkmann}} -- [[Benutzer:Cptastro|Cptastro]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Cptastro|Diskussion]]) 22:02, 31. Okt. 2016 (CET)

{{ers:Sichtungswunsch|Beat Beat Heart} -- [[Benutzer:Cptastro|Cptastro]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Cptastro|Diskussion]]) 22:02, 31. Okt. 2016 (CET)

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zurich_Insurance_Group&diff=review&redirect=no Zurich Insurance Group] ==

{{Sichten|Zurich Insurance Group}} -- [[Benutzer:Zbehy|Zbehy]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Zbehy|Diskussion]]) 03:23, 1. Nov. 2016 (CET)

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_Bancaire_Priv%C3%A9e&diff=review&redirect=no Union Bancaire Privée] ==

{{Sichten|Union Bancaire Privée}} -- [[Benutzer:Plot Spoiler|Plot Spoiler]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Plot Spoiler|Diskussion]]) 06:07, 1. Nov. 2016 (CET)

Union Bancaire Privée

2016-10-25T18:00:23Z

Plot Spoiler: +

{{Dieser Artikel|behandelt die schweizerische Privatbank UBP. Weitere Bedeutungen sind unter [[UBP]] aufgeführt.}}

{{Infobox Kreditinstitut
| Name = Union Bancaire Privée (UBP)
| Typ = 
| Logo = [[Datei:Logo Union Bancaire Privée.svg|rahmenlos|hochkant=0.9|Logo]]
| Bild = 
| Land = Schweiz
| Rechtsform = [[Aktiengesellschaft (Schweiz)|Aktiengesellschaft]]
| ISIN =
| ID = 8657
| Gründungsdatum = 1969
| Auflösungsdatum =
| Sitz = [[Genf]]
| Verband = 
| Jahr =
| GeschäftsdatenRef= 
| Bilanzsumme =
| Einlagen =
| Kundenkredite =
| Mitarbeiterzahl = 1'680
| Geschäftsstellen =
| Mitglieder =
| Verwaltungsrat =
| Vorstand =
| Aufsichtsrat =
| Leitung = Guy de Picciotto ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])
| Homepage = [http://www.ubp.com/de www.ubp.com/de]
}}

'''Union Bancaire Privée''' ('''UBP SA''') wurde 1969 von [[Edgar de Picciotto]] gegründet. Die [[Private Bank|Privatbank]] verwaltet Kundenvermögen in Höhe von 113.5 Milliarden [[Schweizer Franken]].<ref name="Erstes">[https://www.ubp.com/de/news/ubp-steigert-reingewinn-um-13-pr – UBP steigert Reingewinn um 13 Prozent auf 90 Millionen CHF], UBP, 22. Juli 2016</ref>

UBP ist auf die Vermögensbetreuung für private und institutionelle Kunden spezialisiert. Die Bank hat ihren Hauptsitz in [[Genf]], [[Schweiz]], und beschäftigt 1'680 Mitarbeiter.<ref name="Erstes"/>

== Geschichte ==
Am 11. November 1969 gründete Edgar de Picciotto die Compagnie de Banque et d’Investissements (CBI) in Genf. 1990 übernahm CBI die TDB-American Express Bank, aus der die heutige Union Bancaire Privée hervorging. Mit der Akquisition der Discount Bank and Trust Company im Jahr 2002 fand eine weitere Expansion statt.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/swiss-bank/profile/private-banks Über uns], UBP</ref>

2011 erwarb UBP den Schweizer Ableger der in niederländischem Staatsbesitz befindlichen [[ABN Amro]] Bank, die als wichtiger Player in der Vermögensverwaltung in der Schweiz gilt.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-to-buy-swiss-arm-of-abn-amro/a516408 UBP to buy Swiss arm of ABN Amro], Citywire, 16. August 2011</ref> Mit dem Abschluss je eines Joint Ventures in Hongkong und Taiwan mit TransGlobe baute UBP im selben Jahr ihre Geschäftstätigkeit in Asien aus.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-launches-two-asia-focused-joint-ventures/a513367 UBP launches two Asia focused joint ventures], Citywire, 3. August 2011</ref> 2012 übernahm UBP die in Paris angesiedelte Hedgefonds-Investmentgesellschaft Nexar Capital Group, die über Niederlassungen in London, Jersey und New York verfügt.<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/02/29/ubp-idINL5E8DT9HZ20120229 UBP to buy Paris-based alternatives group Nexar], Reuters, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im Mai 2013 kündigte UBP die Akquisition des internationalen Privatbankgeschäfts der [[Lloyds Banking Group]] an.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-29/lloyds-bank-sells-international-private-banking-business-to-ubp.html Lloyds Sells International Private Banking Business to UBP], Bloomberg News, 29. Mai 2013</ref>

Im May 2016 kündigte UBP eine Vereinbarung mit [[Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken|SEB]], einem führenden Finanzdienstleister in den nordischen Staaten, an. Die Bank wird dadurch ihren institutionellen Kunden und Vertreibern von Drittfonds SEBs Palette luxemburgischer Fonds anbieten können.<ref>[https://www.ubp.com/de/news/ubp-erweitert-angebot-im-asset-m – UBP erweitert Angebot im Asset Management], UBP, 10. Mai 2016</ref>

==Geschäftsbereiche==
===Private Banking===
UBP verfügt über 300 Kundenbetreuer in mehreren Ländern und bietet verschiedene Verwaltungsmandate und Beratungsmodelle an.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/en/private-bank/swiss-bank/Publications/UBP-in-brief/template/document.jsp?fileId=52676 Über UBP], UBP, 3. Quartal 2013</ref>

===Vermögensplanung===
UBP hat ein Team von Experten aufgebaut, welche auf gewisse Regionen spezialisiert sind, um Vermögen global strukturieren zu können. Das Team lenkt und unterstützt Kunden bei der Aufsetzung von Vermögensstrukturen, die auf die individuellen Bedürfnisse der Kunden zugeschnitten sind. Solche Strukturen werden ausschliesslich über externe Parteien angeboten.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/private-wealth-management/Wealth-and-estate-planning Vermögens- und Nachlassplanung], UBP</ref>

Mit den Dienstleistungen von FOSS Family Office Services Switzerland (FOSS), bietet UBP einen Dienst zur Vermittlung von Multi Family Offices an. FOSS unterstützt vermögende Familien bei der Suche nach einem passenden Multi Family Office in der Schweiz.<ref>[http://www.switzerland-family-office.com/de/ Wir helfen Ihnen das passende Family Office zu finden], FOSS Family Office Services Switzerland</ref>

===Vermögensverwaltung===
UBP ist ein umfassender Vermögensverwalter, der eine breite Palette von Investmentlösungen anbietet, die speziell auf die Anforderungen institutioneller Kunden abgestimmt sind. Die Bank bietet ein umfangreiches Angebot in den Bereichen Vermögensallokation, Aktien, Anleihen, Diversifizierungsstrategien und alternative Dach-Hedgefonds.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/institutional-clients/asset-management-company Asset Management], UBP</ref>

===Alternative Investments===
UBP hat seit den 1970er Jahren eine Vorreiterrolle im Segment Alternative Investments inne. Im Laufe der Jahre hat die Bank einen kompetenten Hedgefonds-Beratungsservice aufgebaut und verwaltet heute mehrere gepoolte Fonds sowie individuelle Mandate. Die Übernahme von Nexar in 2012 betont ihr kontinuierliches Engagement in dieser Anlageklasse.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/7872-union-bancaire-privee-uebernimmt-nexar Union Bancaire Privée übernimmt Nexar], finews.ch, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im April 2013 kündigte UBP eine Partnerschaft mit Guggenheim Fund Solutions (GFS) an, sich im kompletten Spektrum von Hedgefonds-Strategien auf Managed Accounts spezialisiert hat. Gemeinsam richteten die beiden Gesellschaften eine neue Hedgefonds-Plattform ein.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/11700-ubp-guggenheim-fund-solutions UBP wählt Guggenheim Fund Solutions], finews.ch, 24. April 2013</ref>

===Vertrieb und Handel===
Zu den von UBP angebotenen Dienstleistungen gehören: Beratung, strukturierte Produkte, Aktienhandel, Aktien-Arbitrage, Brokerage, Währungs- und Edelmetallhandel, Termingeschäfte, Derivate und Treasury Management. UBP verfügt über mehr als 40 spezialisierte Händler, die mit privaten Vermögensverwaltern zusammenarbeiten.

===Anlagephilosophie===
UBP veröffentlicht jedes Jahr ihre Wirtschaftsperspektiven mit einer Zusammenfassung über die wichtigsten makroökonomischen Ereignisse des vergangenen Jahres und ihren anlagepolitischen Empfehlungen für das darauffolgende Jahr.<ref>[http://www.boerse-express.com/pagesfoonds/23296 Privatbank Union Bancaire Privee (UBP) erwartet für 2013, dass Gold die 2000er Hürde nimmt], boerse-express.com, 6 Dezember 2012</ref>

== Finanzen ==
Per Ende Juni 2016 wies die Bank eine Bilanzsumme von 28,7 Mrd. Franken, und wies eine Eigenkapitalrendite von 9,6 % aus. Dank einem konservativen Ansatz im Risikomanagement verfügt UBP über eine stabile Finanzbasis und eine solide Bilanz mit einem hohen Liquiditätsbestand. Mit einer Kernkapitalquote (Tier 1) von 22,3 % (per 30. Juni 2016) ist UBP eine der bestkapitalisierten Banken der Schweiz.<ref name="Erstes"/>

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.ubp.com/de Offizielle Website der UBP]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{Coordinate|article=/|NS=46.203084|EW=6.151639|type=landmark|region=CH-GE}}

[[Kategorie:Kreditinstitut (Schweiz)]]
[[Kategorie:Unternehmen (Genf)]]

Linda Sarsour

2016-06-22T19:12:01Z

Plot Spoiler: not WP:RS

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|name=Linda Sarsour
|birth_place=United States
|religion=[[Islam]]
|occupation=Activist, writer
|residence=United States
}}

'''Linda Sarsour''' is the executive director of the Arab American Association of New York.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/09/nyregion/linda-sarsour-is-a-brooklyn-homegirl-in-a-hijab.html|title=Linda Sarsour Is a Brooklyn Homegirl in a Hijab|date=August 9, 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Feuer, Alan|accessdate=April 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/16/ahmed-mohamed-clock-bigotry-american-muslims | title=Ahmed Mohamed is just one example of the bigotry American Muslims face | date=September 16, 2015 | accessdate=September 17, 2015
| work = [[The Guardian]]| author=Sarsour, Linda}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=May 9, 2015|first=Siddhartha|last=Mitter|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/5/9/linda-sarsours-rising-profile-reflects-new-generation-of-muslim-activists.html|title=Linda Sarsour: New Generation of Muslim Activists – Al Jazeera America|publisher=[[Al Jazeera America]]|accessdate=April 10, 2016}}</ref>

Sarsour has been called a "champion of change" by the [[Barack Obama|Obama administration]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/champions/giving-back-to-community/linda-sarsour|title=Linda Sarsour|website=whitehouse.gov|accessdate=April 10, 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Sarsour endorsed Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] for President of the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/dem-primaries/275750-sanders-campaign-drops-spike-lee-produced-ad|title=Sanders campaign releases Spike Lee-produced ad|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|author=Neidig, Harper|date=April 9, 2016|accessdate=April 10, 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.arabamericanny.org/lindasarsour/ Arab American Association of New York]
*[http://www.goodcast.net/linda The Linda Sarsour Show]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarsour, Linda}}
[[Category:American activists]]
[[Category:American Muslims]]
[[Category:American writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American civil rights activists]]
[[Category:New York Democrats]]

Palästinensische Vertreibung aus Lydda und Ramle 1948

2016-03-23T17:26:25Z

Plot Spoiler: Reverted 1 edit by Makeandtoss (talk): Pls discuss... (TW)

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox historical event
| Image_Name = File:YiftachSoldierOperationDanny.png
| Imagesize = 300
| Image_Alt = Photograph
| Image_Caption = An Israeli soldier accepts a cigarette from a Palestinian resident in Lydda after the fall of the city
| AKA = Lydda death march
| Participants = [[Israel Defense Forces]], [[Arab Legion]], Arab residents of [[Lod|Lydda]] and [[Ramle]]
| Location = Lydda, Ramle, and surrounding villages, then part of [[Mandatory Palestine]], now part of [[Israel]]
| Date = July 1948
| Result = 50,000–70,000 residents fled from, or were expelled by, the IDF
| URL =
}}
The '''1948 Palestinian exodus from Lydda and Ramle''' was the expulsion of 50,000–70,000 Palestinian Arabs when [[Israel]]i troops captured the towns in July that year. The military action occurred within the context of the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]]. The two Arab towns, lying outside the area designated for a Jewish state in the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|UN Partition Plan]] of 1947, and inside the area set aside for an Arab state in Palestine,<ref>Roza El-Eini,[https://books.google.com/books?id=1sCRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA436 ''Mandated Landscape: British Imperial Rule in Palestine 1929-1948,''] Routledge 2006 p.436</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA426 ''The Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited''], Cambridge University Press 2004, p. 425.</ref> subsequently were transformed into predominantly Jewish areas in the new State of Israel, known as [[Lod]] and [[Ramla]].<ref>For population figures, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA425 Morris 2004, p. 425], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA434 434]. He writes that, in July 1948 before the invasion, Lydda and Ramle had a population of 50,000–70,000, 20,000 of whom were refugees from Jaffa and the surrounding area (p. 425). All were expelled, except for a few elderly or sick people, some Christians, and some who were retained to work; others managed to sneak back in, so that by mid-October 1948 there were around 2,000 Palestinians living in both towns (p. 434).
*For the name change, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA29 Yacobi 2009, p. 29]. Yacobi writes that Lod was Lydda's biblical name.
*Palestinians called Lydda al-Ludd. Lydda was the Latin form of its name, which it was widely known by. See [https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA801&lpg=PA798 Sharon 1983, p. 798].
*Ramle can also be written as Ramleh; it known as Ramla by the Israelis, and should not be confused with [[Ramallah]], the administrative center of the [[Palestinian National Authority]].</ref>

The exodus, constituting 'the biggest expulsion of the war',<ref>Benny Morris, ''The Palestine Refugee Problem Revisited,'' Cambridge University Press 2004 p.4.</ref> took place at the end of a truce period, when fighting resumed, prompting Israel to try to improve its control over the Jerusalem road and its coastal route which were under pressure from the Jordanian Arab Legion, Egyptian and Palestinian forces. From the Israeli perspective, the conquest of the towns averted an Arab threat to [[Tel Aviv]], thwarted an Arab Legion advance by clogging the roads with refugees, forcing the Arab Legion to assume a logistical burden that would undermine its military capacities, and helped demoralize nearby Arab cities.<ref name="case"/><ref>[[Yitzhak Rabin]],[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gb8sjKSTvFwC&pg=PA383 ''The Rabin Memoirs,''] University of California Press, 1996 p.383:'Allon and I held a consultation. I agreed that it was essential to drive the inhabitants out. We took them on foot toward the Ben Horon road, assuming that the Arab Legion would be obliged to look after them, thereby shouldering logistic difficulties which would burden its fighting capacity, making things easier for us.'</ref> On 10 July, [[Glubb Pasha]] ordered the defending [[Arab Legion]] troops to "make arrangements...for a phony war".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC&pg=PA287 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War, by Benny Morris]</ref> The next day, Ramle surrendered immediately, but the conquest of Lydda took longer and led to an unknown number of deaths; Israeli historian [[Benny Morris]] suggests up to 450 Palestinians and 9–10 Israeli soldiers died.<ref>The death toll in Lydda:
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA426 Morris 2004, p. 426]: '''11 July'''—Six dead and 21 wounded on the Israeli side, and "dozens of Arabs (perhaps as many as 200)".
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA452 Morris 2004, p. 452], footnote 68: Third Battalion intelligence puts the figure at 40 Palestinians dead, but perhaps referring only to the numbers they had killed themselves.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA452 Morris 2004, p. 428]: '''12 July'''—Israeli troops were ordered to shoot at anyone seen on the streets: during that incident, 3–4 Israelis were killed and around a dozen wounded. On the Arab side, 250 dead and many wounded, according to the IDF.</ref>

Once the Israelis were in control of the towns, an expulsion order signed by [[Yitzhak Rabin]] was issued to the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) stating, "1. The inhabitants of Lydda must be expelled quickly without attention to age.…",<ref>{{Cite book
| last = Morris
| first = Benny
| authorlink = Benny Morris
| title = The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949
| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
| series = Cambridge Middle East Library
| year = 1987
| location = Cambridge, United Kingdom
| page = 207
| isbn = 0521338891 }}
</ref>
Ramle's residents were bussed out, while the people of Lydda were forced to walk miles during a summer heat wave to the Arab front lines, where the Arab Legion, [[Jordan|Transjordan]]'s British-led army, tried to provide shelter and supplies.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA432 Morris 2004, pp. 432–434].
*Also see Gilbert 2008, pp. 218–219.</ref> Quite a few of the refugees died from exhaustion and dehydration. Estimates ranged from a handful to a figure of 350 based on hearsay, which is why the events are also referred as the ''Lydda death march''.<ref>For the use of the term "Lydda death march," see, for example, [http://www.google.com/books?id=ro8YAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Lydda+death+march%22&dq=%22Lydda+death+march%22&ei=XJICSou0KaP2yAS1zdHeAg&pgis=1 Fraser 2001], p. 64.
*For the number of refugees who died during the march:
*Morris 1989, pp. 204–211: "Quite a few refugees died – from exhaustion, dehydration and disease."
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=zL_1icJwNP0C&pg=PA177 Morris 2003, p. 177]: "a handful, and perhaps dozens, died of dehydration and exhaustion."
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA433 Morris 2004, p. 433]: "Quite a few refugees died on the road east," attributing a figure of 335 dead to [[Nimr al-Khatib|Muhammad Nimr al Khatib]], who Morris writes was working from hearsay.
*[http://www.palestine-studies.org/enakba/Memoirs/Munayyer,%20The%20Fall%20of%20Lydda.pdf Khalidi 1998], pp. 80–98: 350 dead, citing an estimate from [[Aref al-Aref]].
*[https://books.google.com/books?ei=oa_tTNj_C82NnQfNivn8CQ&ct=result&id=aIJtAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+Politics+of+Denial%3A+Israel+and+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem&q=350#search_anchor Nur Masalha 2003, p. 47] writes that 350 died.
*For the IDF and Ben-Gurion's analysis of the effect of the conquest of the towns and the expulsions, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA433 Morris 2004, pp. 433–434].</ref>

The events in Lydda and Ramle accounted for one-tenth of the overall Arab [[1948 Palestinian exodus|exodus from Palestine]], known in the Arab world as ''al-Nakba'' ("the catastrophe"). Some scholars, including [[Ilan Pappé]], have characterised what occurred at Lydda and Ramle as [[ethnic cleansing]].<ref>For the use of the term "ethnic cleansing," see, for example, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yjeXQVmGrwcC&lpg=PT164&dq=%20ethnic%20cleansing%20lydd&pg=PT155#v=onepage&q&f=false Pappé 2006].
*On whether what occurred in Lydda and Ramle constituted ethnic cleansing:
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC&lpg=PP1&dq=1948%20morris&pg=SA4-PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false Morris 2008, p. 408]: "although an atmosphere of what would later be called ethnic cleansing prevailed during critical months, transfer never became a general or declared Zionist policy. Thus, by war's end, even though much of the country had been 'cleansed' of Arabs, other parts of the country—notably central Galilee—were left with substantial Muslim Arab populations, and towns in the heart of the Jewish coastal strip, Haifa and Jaffa, were left with an Arab minority."
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=v2AICgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA284&dq=lydda%20ramle%20%22ethnic%20cleansing%22&pg=PA156#v=onepage&q&f=false Spangler 2015, p. 156]: "During the ''Nakba'', the 1947 [''sic''] displacement of Palestinians, Rabin had been second in command over Operation Dani, the ethnic cleansing of the Palestinian towns of towns of Lydda and Ramle."
*[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tXMAicS2ar8C&lpg=PA63&dq=lydda%20ramle%20%22ethnic%20cleansing%22&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false Schwartzwald 2012, p. 63]: "The facts do not bear out this contention [of ethnic cleansing]. To be sure, some refugees were forced to flee: fifty thousand were expelled from the strategically located towns of Lydda and Ramle ... But these were the exceptions, not the rule, and ethnic cleansing had nothing to do with it."
*[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O2S_BAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA107&ots=mVybuoiGKF&dq=%22ethnic%20cleansing%22%20lydda%20ramla&pg=PA107#v=onepage&q&f=false Golani and Manna 2011, p. 107]: "The explusion of some 50,000 Palestinians from their homes ... was one of the most visible atrocities stemming from Israel's policy of ethnic cleansing."</ref> Many Jews who came to Israel between 1948 and 1951 settled in the refugees' empty homes, both because of a housing shortage and as a matter of policy to prevent former residents from reclaiming them.<ref>That it was one-tenth of the overall exodus, see [http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], p. 82.
*That most of the immigrants to Lydda and Ramle were from Asia and North Africa, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA427 Golan 2003].
*That refugees were settled in the empty homes to stop them from being reclaimed, see Morris 2008, p. 308, and [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA45 Yacobi 2009, p. 45].</ref>

==Background==

===1948 Palestine War===
Palestine was under [[British Mandate of Palestine|British rule]] from 1917 to 1948. After 30 years of conflict between the country's Jews and Arabs, the British decided to pull out of the area and on 29 November 1947 the United Nations [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|voted to divide it]] into a Jewish and an Arab state, with Lydda and Ramle to form part of the latter.

The proposal was welcomed by Palestine's Jewish community but rejected by the Arabs and [[1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine|civil war]] broke out between the communities triggering the [[1948 Palestinian exodus]], wherein 700,000 Palestinians were expelled from their homes, or fled. The British rule ended on 14 May 1948, the State of Israel [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|declared its independence]].<ref>Morris 2008, p. 37ff.</ref> Arab League intervened and Egypt, Iraq, Syria and Transjordan forces invaded Palestine and engaged Israeli troops. The [[1948 Arab-Israeli war]] started.

===Strategic importance of Lydda and Ramle===
Lydda (Arabic: Al-Ludd اَلْلُدّْ) dates back to at least 5600–5250 BCE. Ramle (ar-Ramlah الرملة), three kilometers away, was founded in the 8th century CE. Both towns were strategically important because they sat at the intersection of Palestine's main north–south and east–west roads. Palestine's main railway junction and its airport (now [[Ben Gurion International Airport]]) were in Lydda, and the main source of Jerusalem's water supply was 15 kilometers away.<ref>For Lydda's age, see Schwartz 1991, p. 39.
*According to Christian legend, Lydda was the birth place and burial ground of [[Saint George]] (ca. 270–303 CE), the patron saint of England; see [https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA801&lpg=PA798 Sharon 1983, p. 799]. Sharon (p. 798) writes that the town may date back to King Thutmos III of Egypt. Also see [https://books.google.com/books?ei=6OLuTOf0IYiynwff9qDYCg&ct=result&id=RltCAAAAIAAJ&dq=saint+george+born+lydda&q=born+at+lydda#search_anchor Gordon 1907, p. 3].
*For Ramle, see [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-111203784.html Golan 2003].</ref> Jewish and Arab fighters had been attacking each other on roads near the towns since hostilities broke out in December 1947. Israeli geographer Arnon Golan writes that Palestinian Arabs had [[Siege of Jerusalem (1948)|blocked Jewish transport to Jerusalem]] at Ramle, forcing the Israelis to build a bypass called the [[Burma Road (Israel)|Burma Road]]. Israel had launched several ground or air attacks on Ramle and Latrun in May 1948, and Israel's prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, developed what Benny Morris calls an obsession with the towns; he wrote in his diary that they had to be destroyed, and on 16 June referred to them during an Israeli cabinet meeting as the "two thorns".<ref>For Golan's article about Ramle being a focal point, see [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-111203784.html Golan 2003].
*For the siege of Jerusalem, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=UcSUgrDsD_sC&pg=PA145 Gelber 2006, p. 145].
*See [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30D1EFD3D54157B93C0A8178DD85F4C8485F9&scp=1&sq=Jerusalem+siege&st=p Schmidt, 12 June 1948] for the temporary lifting of the siege. The siege was also broken by the opening in June of the [[Burma Road (Israel)|Burma Road]].
*For the attacks on Ramle and Lydda, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA424 Morris 2004, p. 424].
*For Ben-Gurion and the two thorns, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA424 Morris 2004, pp. 424–425], and [http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/php/art.php?aid=94940&showEventsBefore=2450729 Segev 2000]. Segev writes that, just after Ben-Gurion's "two thorns" statement to the cabinet, six lines have been erased from the transcript. Segev interprets this to mean that expulsions were discussed.
*For the primary source, see Ben-Gurion 1982, "16 June 1948," p. 525.</ref>
Lydda's local Arab authority, officially subordinated to the Arab Higher Committee, assumed local civic and military powers. The records of Lydda's military command discuss military training, constructing obstacles and trenches, requisitioning vehicles and assembling armored cars armed with machine-guns, and attempts at arms procurement. In April 1948, Lydda had become an arms supply center, and provided military training and security coordination for the neighboring villagers.<ref name="case">{{cite web|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM|title=Myths and historiography of the 1948 Palestine War revisited: the case of Lydda|year=2005|author=Kadish, Alon, and Sela, Avraham}}</ref>

===Operation Dani===
Israel subsequently launched [[Operation Danny]] to secure the Tel Aviv-Jerusalem road and neutralize any threat to Tel Aviv from the Arab Legion, which was stationed in Ramallah and Latrun, with a number of men in Lydda.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA423 Morris 2004, pp. 423–424].</ref> On 7 July the IDF appointed [[Yigal Allon]] to head the operation, and [[Yitzhak Rabin]], who became Israel's prime minister in 1974, as his operations officer; both had served in the [[Palmach]], an elite fighting force of the pre-Israel [[Yishuv|Jewish community]] in Palestine. The operation was carried out between 9 July 1948, the end of the first truce in the Arab-Israeli war, and 18 July, the start of the second truce, a period known in Israeli historiography as the Ten Days. Morris writes that the IDF assembled its largest force ever: the [[Yiftah]] brigade; the [[8th Armored Brigade (Israel)|Eighth Armored Brigade]]'s 82nd and 89th Battalions; three battalions of Kiryati and Alexandroni infantry men; an estimated 6,000 men with around 30 artillery pieces.<ref>Kimche, Jon and David (1960) ''A Clash of Destinies. The Arab-Jewish War and the Founding of the State of Israel.'' Frederick A. Praeger. Library of Congress number 60-6996. Page 225. (number of men).</ref><ref>For the launching of Operation Dani and the forces assembled, see Morris 2008, p. 286.
*For the hiring of Allon and Rabin, see [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70813FC3F5410728DDDAA0A94D8415B898BF1D3&scp=5&sq=&st=p Shipler, ''The New York Times'', 23 October 1979].
*For the period known as the Ten Days, see Morris 2008, p. 273ff.</ref>

===Lydda's defenses===
[[File:St Georges Church Lydda.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Lydda in 1920 with St. George's Church in the background|alt=Ancient buildings, several with domed roofs, a church in the background, and palm trees.]]
In July 1948 Lydda and Ramle had a joint population of 50,000–70,000 Palestinian Arabs, 20,000 of them refugees from [[Jaffa]] and elsewhere.<ref name=Morris2004p425/> Several Palestinian Arab towns had already fallen to Jewish or Israeli advances since April, but Lydda and Ramle had held out. There are differing views as to how well-defended the towns were. In January 1948, [[John Bagot Glubb]], the British commander of Transjordan's Arab Legion, had toured Palestinian Arab towns, including Lydda and Ramle, urging them to prepare to defend themselves. The Legion had distributed barbed wire and as many weapons as could be spared.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zL_1icJwNP0C&pg=PA118 Morris 2003, p. 118].</ref> Lydda had an outer line of defense and prepared positions, an antitank ditch and field artillery as well as a heavily fortified and armed line northeast of central Lydda.<ref name="case"/>

Israeli historians Alon Kadish and [[Avraham Sela]] write that the Arab National Committee—a local emergency Arab authority that answered to the [[Arab Higher Committee]] run by the [[Grand Mufti of Jerusalem]]—had assumed civic and military control of Lydda, and had acquired arms, conducted training, constructed trenches, requisitioned vehicles, and organized medical services. By the time of the Israeli attack, they say the militia in Lydda numbered 1,000 men equipped with rifles, submachine guns, 15 machine guns, five heavy machine guns, 25 anti-tank launchers, six or seven light field-guns, two or three heavy ones, and armored cars with machine guns. The IDF estimated that there was an Arab Legion force of around 200-300 men. Lydda contained several hundred Bedouin volunteers and a large-sized force of the Arab Legion. They argue that the deaths in Lydda occurred during a military battle for the town, not because of a massacre.<ref name=KadishSela>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005].</ref>

[[File:King Abdullah of Jordan and John Glubb Bagot.jpg|right|thumb|210px|alt=photograph|King Abdullah of Jordan (1882–1951) with [[John Bagot Glubb]] (1897–1986), the British commander of the [[Arab Legion]]]]
Against this view, Palestinian historian [[Walid Khalidi]] writes that just 125 Legionnaires from the Fifth Infantry Company were in Lydda—the Arab Legion numbered 6,000 in all—and that the rest of the town's defense consisted of civilian residents acting under the command of a retired Arab Legion sergeant.<ref name=Khalidi>{{Cite web |url=http://www.palestine-studies.org/enakba/Memoirs/Munayyer,%20The%20Fall%20of%20Lydda.pdf |title=The Fall of Lydda |last=Khalidi |first=Walid |year=1998 |page=81 |accessdate=27 August 2012}}</ref> According to Morris, a number of Arab Legion soldiers, including 200–300 Bedouin volunteers, had arrived in Lydda and Ramle in April, and a company-sized force had set itself up in the old British police stations in Lydda and on the Lydda-Ramle road, with armored cars and other weapons. He writes that there were 150 Legionnaires in the town in June, though the Israelis believed there were up to 1,500. An Arab Legion officer was appointed military governor of both towns, signaling the desire of [[Abdullah I of Jordan]] to stake a claim in the parts of Palestine allotted by the UN to a Palestinian Arab state, but Glubb advised him that the Legion was overstretched and could not hold the towns. As a result, Abdullah ordered the Legion to assume a defensive position only, and most of the Legionnaires in Lydda withdrew during the night of 11–12 July.<ref>Morris 2008, pp. 286, 289.
*That the IDF ignored that the Legion was "on a defensive footing," see Gelber 2006, p. 158.</ref>

Kadish and Sela write that the National Committee stopped women and children from leaving, because their departure had acted elsewhere as a catalyst for the men to leave too. They say it was common for Palestinian Arabs to leave their homes under threat of Israeli invasion, in part because they feared atrocities, particularly rape, and in part because of a reluctance to live under Jewish rule. In Lydda's case, they argue, the fears were more particular: a few days before the city fell, a Jew found in Lydda's train station had been publicly executed and his body mutilated by residents, who, according to Kadish and Sela, now feared Jewish reprisals.<ref name=KadishSela/>

==Fall of the cities==

===Air attacks and surrender of Ramle===
[[File:LyddaAirportCapture.png|thumb|left|230px|alt=photograph|The IDF took control of Lydda airport on 10 July.]]
The Israeli air force began bombing the towns on the night of 9–10 July, intending to induce civilian flight, and it seemed to work in Ramle: at 11:30 hours on 10 July, Operation Dani headquarters (Dani HQ) told the IDF that there was a "general and serious flight from Ramla." That afternoon, Dani HQ told one of its brigades to facilitate the flight from Ramle of women, children, and the elderly, but to detain men of military age.<ref name=Morris2004p425>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA425 Morris 2004, p. 425].</ref> On the same day, the IDF took control of Lydda airport.<ref name="gelber">[https://books.google.com/books?id=0_buePy517UC&pg=PA159 Gelber 2006, p. 159].</ref> The Israeli air force dropped leaflets over both towns on 11 July telling residents to surrender.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], p. 86: The leaflets said: "You have no chance of receiving help. We intend to conquer the towns. We have no intention of harming persons or property. [But] whoever attempts to oppose us—will die. He who prefers to live must surrender.</ref> Ramle's community leaders, along with three prominent Arab family representatives, agreed to surrender, after which the Israelis mortared the city and imposed a curfew. ''The New York Times'' reported at the time that the capture of the city was seen as the high point of Israel's brief existence.<ref>Formal surrender discussed in a telephone message from Dani HQ, 12 July 1948, 10:30 am, cited in [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA427 Morris 2004, p. 427].
*For the ''New York Times'' account of the surrender, see [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30713FA385F167B93C1A8178CD85F4C8485F9&scp=1&sq=&st=p Currivan, ''The New York Times'', 12 July 1948].</ref>

Two different images emerged of Ramle under occupation. [[Khalil Wazir]], who later joined the [[PLO]] and became known as Abu Jihad, was evicted from the town with his family, who owned a grocer's store there, when he was 12 years old. He said there was fear of a massacre, as there had been at [[Deir Yassin massacre|Deir Yassin]], and that there were bodies scattered in the streets and between the houses, including the bodies of women and children.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?ei=DjDuTMXIO8SknQfUmOCyCw&ct=result&id=4Qm7AAAAIAAJ&dq=The+Palestinians&q=terribly+frightened#search_anchor Dimbleby and McCullin 1980, pp. 88–89]. He said: "The whole village went to the church. ... I remember the archbishop standing in front of the church. He was holding a white flag. ... Afterwards we came out and the picture will never be erased from my mind. There were bodies scattered on the road and between the houses and the side streets. No one, not even women or children, had been spared if they were out in the street. ..."</ref> Against this, the writer [[Arthur Koestler]] (1905–1983), working for ''The Times'', visited Ramle a few hours after the invasion, and said people were hanging around in the streets as usual. A few hundred young men had been placed in a barbed wire cage, and were being taken in lorries to an internment camp. Women were bringing them food and water, he wrote, arguing with the Jewish guards and seemingly unafraid. He said the prevailing feeling seemed to be relief that the war was over.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=XEqTMSzQYUIC&pg=PA270 Koestler 1949, pp. 270–271]. He wrote: "The Arabs were hanging about in the streets much as usual, except for a few hundred youths of military age who have been put into a barbed wire cage and were taken off in lorries to an internment camp. Their veiled mothers and wives were carrying food and water to the cage, arguing with the Jewish sentries and pulling their sleeves, obviously quite unafraid. ... Groups of Arabs came marching down the main street with their arms above their heads, grinning broadly, without any guards, to give themselves up. The one prevailing feeling among all seemed to be that as far as Ramleh was concerned the war was over, and thank God for it."</ref>

===Moshe Dayan raid on Lydda===
[[File:Mosche Dajan.jpg|right|thumb|130px|alt=photograph|[[Moshe Dayan]] (1915–1981) led a raid on Lydda "blasting at everything that moved."<ref name=Bilby43/>]]
During the afternoon of 11 July, Israel's 89th (armored) Battalion, led by Lt. Col. [[Moshe Dayan]], moved into Lydda. Israeli historian [[Anita Shapira]] writes that the raid was carried out on Dayan's initiative without coordinating it with his commander. Using a column of jeeps led by a [[Marmon-Herrington Armoured Car]] with a cannon—taken from the Arab Legion the day before—he launched the attack in daylight,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=iogKjVDKRW4C&pg=PA225 Shapira 2007, p. 225].</ref> driving through the town from east to west machine-gunning anything that moved, according to Morris, then along the Lydda-Ramle road firing at militia posts until they reached the train station in Ramle.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA426 Morris 2004, p. 426].</ref> Kadish and Sela write that the troops faced heavy fire from the Arab Legion in the police stations in Lydda and on the Lydda-Ramle road and Dayan described "The town's [southern] entrance was awash with Arab combatants ... Hand grenades were thrown from all directions. There was a tremendous confusion."<ref name=KadishSela/> A contemporaneous account from Gene Currivan for ''The New York Times'' also said the firing met with heavy resistance. Dayan's men advanced until the train station where the wounded were treated, and returned to Bet Shemen under continued enemy fire from the police stations. Six of his men were killed and 21 were wounded.<ref name=case/><ref name=Currivan>[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30713FA385F167B93C1A8178CD85F4C8485F9&scp=1&sq=&st=p Currivan, ''The New York Times'', 12 July 1948].</ref>

[[Kenneth Bilby]], a correspondent for the ''New York Herald Tribune'', was in the city at the time. He wrote: "[The Israeli jeep column] raced into Lydda with rifles, Stens, and sub-machine guns blazing. It coursed through the main streets, blasting at everything that moved ... the corpses of Arab men, women, and even children were strewn about the streets in the wake of this ruthlessly brilliant charge."<ref name=Bilby43>[https://books.google.com/books?ei=PSnuTIuAL8TMngfJmYXyCg&ct=result&id=-gkcAAAAMAAJ&dq=New+Star+in+the+Near+East&q=coursed#search_anchor Bilby 1950, p. 43].</ref> The raid lasted 47 minutes, leaving 100–150 Palestinian Arabs dead, according to Dayan's 89th Battalion. The Israeli side lost 6 dead and 21 wounded.<ref>The casualty figures vary widely. The figure from Dayan is cited in [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005].
*There were dozens dead and wounded, "perhaps as many as 200," according to [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA426 Morris 2004, p. 426] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA452 p. 452], footnote 68, citing Kadish, Sela, and Golan 2000, p. 36.
*"[A]bout 40 dead and a large number of wounded," according to Third Battalion intelligence, though it is not clear whether they meant 40 killed by the Third Battalion alone; see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA452 Morris 2004, p. 452], footnote 68.
*Six died and 21 were wounded on the Israeli side, according to [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA426 Morris 2004, p. 426], again citing Kadish, Sela, and Golan 2000, p. 36.</ref> Kadish and Sela write that the high casualty rate was caused by confusion over who Dayan's troops were. The IDF were wearing ''[[keffiyeh]]''s and were led by an armored car seized from the Arab Legion. Residents may have believed the Arab Legion had arrived, only to encounter Dayan's forces shooting at everything as they ran from their homes.<ref name=KadishSela/>

===Surrender and unexpected shooting in Lydda by Arab legionnaires===
[[File:RuinsOfLydda.png|thumb|250px|Ruins of Lydda after Israeli offensive]]
Although no formal surrender was announced in Lydda, people gathered in the streets waving white flags. On the evening of 11 July, 300–400 Israeli soldiers entered the town. Not long afterwards, the Arab Legion forces on the Lydda–Ramle road withdrew, though a small number of Legionnaires remained in the Lydda police station. More Israeli troops arrived at dawn on 12 July. According to a contemporaneous IDF account: "Groups of old and young, women and children streamed down the streets in a great display of submissiveness, bearing white flags, and entered of their own free will the detention compounds we arranged in the mosque and church—Muslims and Christians separately." The buildings soon filled up, and women and children were released, leaving several thousand men inside, including 4,000 in one of the mosque compounds.<ref>For the IDF quote, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA427 Morris 2004, p. 427].
*For the 4,000 in the Great Mosque, see [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005].</ref>

The Israeli government set up a committee to handle the Palestinian Arab refugees and their abandoned property. The committee issued an explicit order that forbade "to destroy, burn or demolish Arab towns and villages, to expel the inhabitants of Arab villages, neighborhoods and towns, or to uproot the Arab population from their place of residence" without having previously received, a specific and direct order from the Minister of Defense. Regulations ordered the sealing off of Arab areas to prevent looting and acts of revenge and stated that captured men were to be treated as POWs with the Red Cross notified. Palestinian Arabs who wished to remain were allowed to do so and the confiscation of their property was prohibited.<ref name="case"/>

The town dignitaries were assembled and after discussion, decided to surrender. Lydda's inhabitants were instructed to leave their weapons on the doorsteps to be collected by soldiers but did not do so. A curfew for that evening was announced over loudspeakers. A delegation of town dignitaries, including Lydda's mayor, left for the police station to prevail upon the Legionnaires there to also surrender. They refused and fired upon the party, killing the mayor and wounding several others. Despite this, the third battalion decided to accept the town's surrender. Israeli historian [[Yoav Gelber]] writes that the Legionnaires still in the police station were panicking, and had been sending frantic messages to their HQ in Ramallah: "Have you no God in your hearts? Don't you feel any compassion? Hasten aid!"<ref name="gelber"/> They were about to surrender, but were told by HQ to wait to be rescued.<ref name="case"/><ref>Gelber 2004, p. 23.</ref>

On 12 July, at 11:30 hours, two or three Arab Legion armored cars entered the city, led by Lt. Hamadallah al-Abdullah from the Jordanian 1st Brigade. The Arab Legion armored cars opened fire on the Israeli soldiers combing the old city which created the impression that the Jordanians had staged counterattack. The exchange of gunfire led residents and Arab fighters to believe the Legion had arrived in force, and those still armed started firing at the Israelis too. Local militia once again renewed hostilities and an Israeli patrol were set upon by a rioting mob in the market place. The Israeli military sustained many casualties, and viewing the renewed resistance as a surrender agreement violation, quickly quelled it, and many civilians died.<ref name="case"/><ref name="AG">{{cite journal | title=Lydda and Ramle: From Palestinian-Arab to Israeli Towns, 1948-67 | journal=Middle Eastern Studies | volume=39|issue = 4 | date=Oct 2003 | author=Arnon Golan | pages=121–139|doi=10.1080/00263200412331301817}}</ref> Kadish and Sela write that, according to the Third Battalion's commander, [[Moshe Kelman]], the Israelis came under heavy fire from "thousands of weapons from every house, roof and window". Morris calls this "nonsense" and argues that only a few dozen townspeople took part in what turned out to be a brief firefight.<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005].
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA453 Morris 2004, footnote 78, p. 453].</ref>

===Massacre in Lydda===
[[File:LyddaDahmashMosque.png|200px|thumb|alt=photograph|An Israeli soldier outside the Dahmash mosque in central Lydda]]
Gelber describes what followed as probably the bloodiest massacre of the Arab–Israeli war. Shapira writes that the Israelis had no experience of governing civilians and panicked.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0_buePy517UC&pg=PA162 Gelber 2006, p. 162].
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=iogKjVDKRW4C&pg=PA227 Shapira 2007, p. 227].
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.palestine-studies.org/enakba/Memoirs/Munayyer,%20The%20Fall%20of%20Lydda.pdf |title=The Fall of Lydda |last=Khalidi |first=Walid |year=1998 |page=81 |accessdate=27 August 2012}} calls it "an orgy of indiscriminate killing."
*[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005] call it "an intense battle where the demarcation between civilians, irregular combatants and regular army units hardly existed."</ref> Kelman ordered troops to shoot at any clear target, including at anyone seen on the streets.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA427 Morris 2004, p. 427].</ref> He said he had no choice; there was no chance of immediate reinforcements, and no way to determine the enemy's main thrust.<ref name=KadishSela/> Israeli soldiers threw grenades into houses they suspected snipers were hiding in. Residents ran out of their homes in panic and were shot. Yeruham Cohen, an IDF intelligence officer, said around 250 died between 11:30 and 14:00 hours.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], p. 87.</ref>

However, Kadish and Sela state that there is no direct first-hand evidence that a massacre took place, other than a few dubious Arab sources. They say that a reconstruction of the battle suggests a "better, albeit more complex, explanation of the Arab losses" which also "casts severe doubt on, if it does not completely refute, the argument for the massacre in the al-'Umari Mosque."<ref name="case"/> This view has been criticised. Quoting from Kadish and Sela's paper, John W. Pool concluded: ""... on the morning of July 12, 1948, ‘The Palmach forces in (Lydda) came under heavy fire from ‘thousands of weapons from every house, roof and window’ sustaining heavy casualties.” These assertions seem to be the foundation for much of the argument advanced in the article. I think that the authors should have furnished much more information about their precise meaning, factual validity, and sources." He continues with "he (Benny Morris) does not say how many townspeople were involved in the fighting but his account certainly suggests a number of Arab gunmen very much smaller than several thousand (noted by Kadish and Sela).<ref>http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4330311?uid=3737952&uid=2134&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21102574460991</ref> James Bowen is also critical. He places a cautionary note on the UCC web site: "... it is based on a book written by the same authors which was published in 2000 by the Israeli Ministry of Defence."<ref>http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/php/art.php?aid=41785</ref>

Palestinian historian [[Aref al-Aref]] placed the death toll at 426, including 179 he said were later killed in one of the mosques, during a confusing incident that sources variously refer to as a massacre or a battle.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA428 Morris 2004, p. 428], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA453 453, footnote 81]. For more casualty figures, see [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005].</ref> Thousands of male Muslim detainees had been taken to two of the mosques the day before. Christian detainees had been taken to the church or a nearby Greek Orthodox monastery, leaving the Muslims in fear of a massacre.<ref>page=93–4.</ref> Morris writes that some of them tried to break out, thinking they were about to be killed, and in response the IDF threw grenades and fired anti-tank rockets into one of the mosque compounds. Kadish and Sela say it was a firefight that broke out between armed militiamen inside the mosque and Israeli soldiers outside and responding to attacks originating from the mosque, the Israelis fired an anti-tank shell into it, then stormed it, killing 30 militia men inside.<ref name="case"/> According to Morris, dozens died, including unarmed men, women and children; an eyewitness published a memoir in 1998 saying he had removed 95 bodies from one of the mosques.<ref>For a discussion about which mosque this happened in, and for the 95 bodies, see [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005], particularly footnote 40.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA428 Morris 2004, p. 428]: "dozens" were shot and killed
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA453 Morris 2004, p. 453], footnote 81, cites Kadish, Sela and Golan's ''The Conquest'', who say it was a battle that took place in the mosque, not a massacre. He adds that Kadish et al acknowledge that women, children, and unarmed older men were among the dead.
*An eyewitness, Fayeq Abu Mana, 20 years old at the time, told an Israeli group in 2003 that he had been involved in removing the bodies; see [http://www.nakbainhebrew.org/en Zochrot 2003].</ref>

When the shooting was over, bodies lay in the streets and houses in Lydda, and on the Lydda–Ramle road; Morris writes that there were hundreds. The Red Cross was due to visit the area, but the new Israeli military governor of Ramle issued an order to have the visit delayed. The visit was rescheduled for 14 July; Dani HQ ordered Israeli troops to remove the bodies by then, but the order seems not to have been carried out. Dr. Klaus Dreyer of the IDF Medical Corps complained on 15 July that there were still corpses lying in and around Lydda, which constituted a health hazard and a "moral and aesthetic issue." He asked that trucks and Arab residents be organized to deal with them.<ref name=Morris2004p434>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA434 Morris 2004, p. 434].</ref>

==Exodus==

===Expulsion orders===
Benny Morris writes that David Ben-Gurion and the IDF were largely left to their own devices to decide how Palestinian Arab residents were to be treated, without the involvement of the Cabinet and other ministers. As a result, their policy was haphazard and circumstantial, depending in part on the location, but also on the religion and ethnicity of the town. The Palestinian Arabs of Western and Lower [[Galilee]], mainly Christian and Druze, were allowed to stay in place, but Lydda and Ramle, mainly Muslim, were almost completely emptied.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA415 Morris 2004, p. 415].</ref> There was no official policy to expel the Palestinian population, he writes, but the idea of [[Transfer Committee|transfer]] was "in the air", and the leadership understood this.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080515210330/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=380986&contrassID=2 Shavit 2004].</ref>

[[File:Yitzhak Rabin (1986) cropped.jpg|thumb|left|130px|alt=photograph|[[Yitzhak Rabin]] (1922–95) signed the expulsion order.<ref name=Morris2004p429/>]]
As the shooting in Lydda continued, a meeting was held on 12 July at Operation Dani headquarters between Ben-Gurion, [[Yigael Yadin]] and Zvi Ayalon, generals in the IDF, and [[Yisrael Galili]], formerly of the [[Haganah]], the pre-IDF army. Also present were Yigal Allon, commanding officer of Operation Dani, and Yitzhak Rabin.<ref name=Shipler1>[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70813FC3F5410728DDDAA0A94D8415B898BF1D3&scp=5&sq=&st=p Shipler, ''The New York Times'', 23 October 1979].</ref> At one point Ben-Gurion, Allon, and Rabin left the room. Rabin has offered two accounts of what happened next. In a 1977 interview with [[Michael Bar-Zohar]], Rabin said Allon asked what was to be done with the residents; in response, Ben-Gurion had waved his hand and said, "''garesh otam''"—"expel them."<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986, p. 90, footnote 31.]</ref> In the manuscript of his memoirs in 1979, Rabin wrote that Ben-Gurion had not spoken, but had only waved his hand, and that Rabin had understand this to mean "drive them out."<ref name=Shipler1/> The expulsion order for Lydda was issued at 13:30 hours on 12 July, signed by Rabin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA429 Morris 2004, p. 429].
*The orders for Lydda were from Dani HQ to Yiftah Brigade HQ and 8th Brigade HQ, and to Kiryati Brigade at around the same time.
*"1. The inhabitants of Lydda must be expelled quickly without attention to age. They should be directed towards Beit Nabala. Yiftah [Brigade HQ] must determined the method and inform Dani HQ and 8th Brigade HQ.
*"2. Implement immediately (Prior 1999, p. 205).
*The IDF archives holds two nearly identical copies of the expulsion order. According to [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA454 Morris 2004, p. 454], footnote 89, Yigal Allon denied in 1979 that there had been such an order, or an expulsion, saying that the order to evacuate the civilian population of Lydda and Ramle came from the Arab Legion.
*A telegram from Kiryati Brigade HQ to Zvi Aurback, its officer in charge of Ramle, read:
*1. In light of the deployment of 42nd Battalion out of Ramle – you must take [over responsibility] for the defence of the town, the transfer of prisoners [to PoW camps] and the emptying of the town of its inhabitants.
*2. You must continue the sorting out of the inhabitants, and send the army-age males to a prisoner of war camp. The old, women and children will be transported by vehicle to al Qubab and will be moved across the lines – [and] from there continue on foot.." (Kiryati HQ to Aurbach, Tel Aviv District HQ (Mishmar) etc., 14:50 hours, 13 July 1948, Haganah Archive, Tel Aviv), cited in [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA429 Morris 2004, p. 429].</ref>

In his memoirs Rabin wrote: "'Driving out' is a term with a harsh ring. Psychologically, this was one of the most difficult actions we undertook. The population of Lod did not leave willingly. There was no way of avoiding the use of force and warning shots in order to make the inhabitants march the 10 to 15 miles to the point where they met up with the legion." An [[Censorship in Israel|Israeli censorship board]] removed this section from his manuscript, but Peretz Kidron, the Israeli journalist who translated the memoirs into English, passed the censored text to David Shipler of ''The New York Times'', who published it on 23 October 1979.<ref name=Shipler1/>

In an interview with ''The New York Times'' two days later, Yigal Allon took issue with Rabin's version of events. "With all my high esteem for Rabin during the war of independence, I was his commander and my knowledge of the facts is therefore more accurate," he told Shipler. "I did not ask the late Ben-Gurion for permission to expel the population of Lydda. I did not receive such permission and did not give such orders." He said the residents left in part because they were told to by the Arab Legion, so the latter could recapture Lydda at a later date, and in part because they were panic-stricken.<ref name=Shipler2>[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B12FE3C5C12728DDDAC0A94D8415B898BF1D3&scp=2&sq=&st=p Shipler, ''The New York Times'', 25 October 1979].
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=iogKjVDKRW4C&pg=PA232 Shapira 2007, p. 232]: Allon gave a lecture on the war in 1950, during which [[Anita Shapira]] writes that he was uncharacteristically frank. He said he blamed the Palestinian exodus on three factors. First, they fled because they were [[Psychological projection|projecting]]: the Arabs imagined that the Jews would do to them what they would do to the Jews if positions were reversed. Second, Arab and British leaders encouraged people to leave their towns so as not to be taken hostage, so they could return to fight another day. Third, there were some cases of expulsion, though these were not the norm. In Lydda and Ramle, the Arab Legion continued to attack Israeli outposts in the hope of reconnecting with their troops in Lydda, he said. When the expulsions started, the attacks died down. To leave the towns' hostile populations in place would be to risk their use by the Legion to coordinate further attacks. Allon said he had no regrets: "War is war." Allon described it elsewhere as a "provoked exodus," rather than an expulsion; see [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005].
*Also see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA454 Morris 2004, p. 454], footnote 89.</ref> Yoav Gelber also takes issue with Rabin's account. He writes that Ben-Gurion was in the habit of expressing his orders clearly, whether verbally or in writing, and would not have issued an order by waving his hand; he adds that there is no record of any meetings before the invasion that indicate expulsion was discussed. He attributes the expulsions to Allon, who he says was known for his [[scorched earth]] policy. Wherever Allon was in charge of Israeli troops, Gelber writes, no Palestinians remained.<ref name=Gelber2006p162>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0_buePy517UC&pg=PA162 Gelber 2006, pp. 162–163].</ref> Whereas traditional historiography in Israel has insisted that Palestinian refugees left their lands under the orders of Arab leaders, some Israeli scholars have challenged this view in recent years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ssfc0005/The%20War%20of%20the%20Israeli%20Historians.html|title=The War of the Israeli Historians|author=[[Avi Shlaim]]|quote=The conventional Zionist account of the 1948 War goes roughly as follows. The conflict between Jews and Arabs in Palestine came to a head following the passage, on 29 November 1947, of the United Nations partition resolution which called for the establishment of two states, one Jewish and one Arab. . . . [H]undreds of thousands of Palestinians fled to the neighbouring Arab states, mainly in response to orders from their leaders and despite Jewish pleas to stay and demonstrate that peaceful co-existence was possible. . . . For many years the standard Zionist account of the causes, character, and course of the Arab-Israeli conflict remained largely unchallenged outside the Arab world. The fortieth anniversary of the establishment of the State of Israel, however, was accompanied by the publication of four books by Israeli scholars who challenged the traditional historiography of the birth of the State of Israel and the first Arab-Israeli war. . . }}</ref>

===Shitrit/Shertok intervention===
The Israeli cabinet reportedly knew nothing about the expulsion plan until [[Bechor Shitrit]], Minister for Minority Affairs, appeared unannounced in Ramle on 12 July. He was shocked when he realized troops were organizing expulsions. He returned to Tel Aviv for a meeting with Foreign Minister [[Moshe Shertok]], who met with Ben Gurion to agree on guidelines for the treatment of the residents, though Morris writes that Ben Gurion apparently failed to tell Shitrit or Shertok that he himself was the source of the expulsion orders. Gelber disagrees with Morris's analysis, arguing that Ben-Gurion's agreement with Shitrit and Shertok is evidence that expulsion was not his intention, rather than evidence of his duplicity, as Morris implies.<ref name=Gelber2006p162/> The men agreed the townspeople should be told that anyone who wanted to leave could do so, but that anyone who stayed was responsible for himself and would not be given food. Women, children, the old, and the sick were not to be forced to leave, and the monasteries and churches must not be damaged, though no mention was made of the mosques. Ben-Gurion passed the order to the IDF General Staff, who passed it to Dani HQ at 23:30 hours on 12 July, ten hours after the expulsion orders were issued; Morris writes that there was an ambiguity in the instruction that women, children and the sick were not to be forced to go: the word "''lalechet''" can mean either "go" or "walk". Satisfied that the order had been passed on, Shertok believed he had managed to avert the expulsions, not realizing that, even as he was discussing them in Tel Aviv, they had already begun.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA430 Morris 2004, p. 430].
*Also see [http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], p. 92.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=0_buePy517UC&pg=PA161 Gelber 2006, pp. 161–162], also says the residents were already on their way out when this order was given.</ref>

===The exodus===
[[File:RefugeesEscortedFromRamlaOperationDanny.jpg|left|thumb|230px|Refugees being escorted from Ramle]]
Thousands of Ramle residents began moving out of the town on foot, or in trucks and buses, between 10 and 12 July. The IDF used its own vehicles and confiscated Arab ones to move them.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA429 Morris 2004, p. 429].
*That the Ramle residents were supplied buses by the Kiryati brigade, see [http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/9780472115419-ch1.pdf Morris 1988].</ref> Morris writes that, by 13 July, the wishes of the IDF and those of the residents in Lydda had dovetailed. Over the past three days, the townspeople had undergone aerial bombardment, ground invasion, had seen grenades thrown into their homes and hundreds of residents killed, had been living under a curfew, had been abandoned by the Arab Legion, and the able-bodied men had been rounded up. Morris writes they had concluded that living under Israeli rule was not sustainable.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA431 Morris 2004, p. 431].</ref> Spiro Munayyer, an eyewitness, wrote that the important thing was to get out of the city.<ref name="Khalidi"/> A deal was reached with an IDF intelligence officer, [[Shmarya Guttman]], normally an archeologist, that the residents would leave in exchange for the release of the prisoners; according to Guttman, he went to the mosque himself and told the men they were free to join their families.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], pp. 93–4. Morris finds Guttman's account subjective and impressionistic (p. 94, footnote 39). Guttman later wrote about Lydda under the pseudonym "Avi-Yiftah".</ref> Town criers and soldiers walked or drove around the town instructing residents where to gather for departure.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA432 Morris 2004, p. 432].</ref>

Notwithstanding that an agreement may have been reached, Morris writes that the troops understood that what followed was an act of deportation, not a voluntary exodus. While the residents were still in the town, IDF radio traffic had already started calling them "refugees" (''plitim'').<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA455 Morris 2004, p. 455], footnote 96.</ref> Operation Dani HQ told the IDF General Staff/Operations at noon on 13 July that "[the troops in Lydda] are busy expelling the inhabitants [''oskim begeirush hatoshavim'']," and told the HQs of Kiryati, 8th and Yiftah brigades at the same time that, "enemy resistance in Ramle and Lydda has ended. The eviction [''pinui'']" of the inhabitants... has begun."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA432 Morris 2004, p. 432]: At 18:15 hours that day, Dani HQ asked Yiftah Brigade: "Has the removal of the population [''hotza'at ha'ochlosiah''] of Lydda been completed?"</ref>

===The march===
[[File:Refugees from Lydda.jpg|left|thumb|280px|alt=photograph||Refugees from Lydda and Ramle after the three-day exodus<ref>Glubb 1957, plate 8, between pp. 159 and 161. The caption says: "Arab refugee women and children from Lydda and Ramle, resting after their arrival in the Arab area."</ref>]]
Lydda's residents began moving out on the morning of 13 July. They were made to walk, perhaps because of their earlier resistance, or simply because there were no vehicles left. They walked six to seven kilometers to [[Beit Nabala]], then 10–12 more to [[Barfiliya]], along dusty roads in temperatures of 30–35°C, carrying their children and portable possessions in carts pulled by animals or on their backs.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], pp. 93–4; see p. 97 for the temperature.</ref> According to Shmarya Guttman, an IDF soldier, warning shots were occasionally fired.<ref name=Morris2004p433>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA433 Morris 2004, pp. 433–4].</ref> Some were stripped of their valuables en route by Israeli soldiers at checkpoints.<ref name=Morris2004p433/> Another IDF soldier described how possessions and people were slowly abandoned as the refugees grew tired or collapsed: "To begin with [jettisoning] utensils and furniture, and in the end, bodies of men, women, and children, scattered along the way."<ref name=Morris2004p433/>

Haj As'ad Hassouneh, described by [[Saleh Abd al-Jawad]] as "a survivor of the death march", shared his recollection in 1996: "The Jews came and they called among the people: "You must go." "Where shall we go?" "Go to Barfilia." ... the spot you were standing on determined what if any family or possession you could get; any to the west of you could not be retrieved. You had to immediately begin walking and it had to be to the east. ... The people were fatigued even before they began their journey or could attempt to reach any destination. No one knew where Barfilia was or its distance from Jordan. ... The people were also fasting due to [[Ramadan]] because they were people of serious belief. There was no water. People began to die of thirst. Some women died and their babies nursed from their dead bodies. Many of the elderly died on the way. ... Many buried their dead in the leaves of corn".<ref name=Jawadp71>{{cite book|title=Israel and the Palestinian Refugees|year=2007|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3540681601|pages=70–71|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bWCN0OUiTJkC&pg=PA70|author=[[Saleh Abd al-Jawad]]|editor=[[Eyal Benvenisti]], Chaim Gans, Sari Hanafi|chapter=Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War}}</ref>

After three days of walking, the refugees were picked up by the Arab Legion and driven to Ramallah.<ref>Morris 2008, p. 291.</ref> Reports vary regarding how many died. Many were elderly people and young children who died from the heat and exhaustion.<ref name =Shipler1/> Morris has written that it was a "handful and perhaps dozens."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zL_1icJwNP0C&pg=PA177 Morris 2003, p. 177].</ref> Glubb wrote that "nobody will ever know how many children died."<ref name=Morris2004p433/> [[Nimr al Khatib]] estimated that 335 died based on hearsay.<ref name=Morris2004p433/> Walid Khalidi gives a figure of 350, citing Palestinian historian Aref al-Aref.<ref>Khalidi, page=80–98.</ref> The expulsions clogged the roads eastward. Morris writes that IDF thinking was simple and cogent. They had just taken two major objectives and were out of steam. The Arab Legion had been expected to counter-attack, but the expulsions thwarted it: the roads were now cluttered, and the Legion was suddenly responsible for the welfare of an additional tens of thousands of people.<ref name=Morris2004p433/>

===Looting of refugees and the towns===
[[File:George Habash.jpg|thumb|130px|alt=photograph|[[George Habash]] (1926–2008) who later led the [[PFLP]], was among those expelled from Lydda.]]
The Sharett-Ben Gurion guidelines to the IDF had specified there was to be no robbery, but numerous sources spoke of widespread looting. ''The Economist'' wrote on 21 August that year: "The Arab refugees were systematically stripped of all their belongings before they were sent on their trek to the frontier. Household belongings, stores, clothing, all had to be left behind."<ref>Pappé 2006, p. 168.</ref> Aharon Cohen, director of Mapam's Arab Department, complained to Yigal Allon months after the deportations that troops had been told to remove jewellery and money from residents so that they would arrive at the Arab Legion without resources, thereby increasing the burden of looking after them. Allon replied that he knew of no such order, but conceded it as a possibility.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], p. 97.</ref>

[[George Habash]], who later founded the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]], was born in Lydda to a Greek Orthodox family. He was in his second year at medical school in Beirut at the time, but returned to Lydda when he heard the Israelis had arrived in Jaffa, and was subsequently one of those expelled. Recalling the events of 1948 in 1990, he said that the Israelis took watches, jewellery, gold, and wallets from the refugees, and that he witnessed a neighbor of his shot and killed because he refused to be searched; he said the man's sister, who also saw what happened, died during the march from the shock, exposure and thirst.<ref name=Brandabur>[http://www.peuplesmonde.com/spip.php?article680 Brandabur 1990]. Habash said: "The Israelis were rounding everyone up and searching us. People were driven from every quarter and subjected to complete and rough body searches. You can’t imagine the savagery with which people were treated. Everything was taken—watches, jewelery, wedding rings, wallets, gold. One young neighbor of ours, a man in his late twenties, not more, Amin Hanhan, had secreted some money in his shirt to care for his family on the journey. The soldier who searched him demanded that he surrender the money and he resisted. He was shot dead in front of us. One of his sisters, a young married woman, also a neighbor of our family, was present: she saw her brother shot dead before her eyes. She was so shocked that, as we made our way toward Birzeit, she died of shock, exposure, and lack of water on the way."</ref>

As the residents left, the sacking of the cities began. The Yiftah brigade commander, Lt. Col. Schmuel "Mula" Cohen, wrote of Lydda that, "the cruelty of the war here reached its zenith."<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], p. 88.</ref> Bechor Sheetrit, the Minister for Minority Affairs, said the army removed 1,800 truckloads of property from Lydda alone. Dov Shafrir was appointed Israel's Custodian of Absentee Property, supposedly charged to protect and redistribute Palestinian property, but his staff were inexperienced and unable to control the situation.<ref>Segev 1986, pp. 69–71</ref> The looting was so extensive that the 3rd Battalion had to be withdrawn from Lydda during the night of 13–14 July, and sent for a day to [[Ben Shemen]] for ''kinus heshbon nefesh'', a conference to encourage soul-searching. Cohen forced them to hand over their loot, which was thrown onto a bonfire and destroyed, but the situation continued when they returned to town. Some were later prosecuted.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA454 Morris 2004, p. 454], footnote 86.</ref>

There were also allegations that Israeli soldiers had raped Palestinian women. Ben-Gurion referred to them in his diary entry for 15 July 1948: "The bitter question has arisen regarding acts of robbery and rape [''o'nes'' ("אונס")] in the conquered towns ..."<ref>Ben-Gurion, Volume 2, p. 589.</ref> Israeli writer [[Amos Kenan]], who served as a platoon commander of the 82d Regiment of the Israeli Army brigade that conquered Lydda told ''The Nation'' on 6 February 1989: "At night, those of us who couldn't restrain ourselves would go into the prison compounds to fuck Arab women. I want very much to assume, and perhaps even can, that those who couldn't restrain themselves did what they thought the Arabs would have done to them had they won the war."<ref name=Kenan>[http://www.thenation.com/archive/four-decades-blood-vengeance Kenan 1989]; [http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/articles/article0059831.html courtesy link].</ref> Kenan said he heard of only one woman who complained. A court-martial was arranged, he said, but in court, the accused ran the back of his hand across his throat, and the woman decided not to proceed.<ref name=Kenan/> The allegations were given little consideration by the Israeli government. Agriculture Minister [[Aharon Zisling]] told the Cabinet on 21 July: "It has been said that there were cases of rape in Ramle. I could forgive acts of rape but I won't forgive other deeds, which appear to me much graver. When a town is entered and rings are forcibly removed from fingers and jewellery from necks—that is a very grave matter."<ref name=Zisling>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986, p. 105].
*See also Segev 1986, pp. 71–72.
*For a discussion of Ben-Gurion's concern, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=dL29_RBATv0C&pg=PA313 Tal 2004, p. 311].</ref>

Stuart Cohen writes that central control over the Jewish fighters was weak. Only Yigal Allon, commander of the IDF, made it standard practice to issue written orders to commanders, including that violations of the laws of war would be punished. Otherwise, trust was placed, and sometimes misplaced, in what Cohen calls intuitive troop decency. He adds that, despite the alleged war crimes, the majority of the IDF behaved with decency and civility.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mVV4i-KbzoAC&pg=PA139 Cohen 2008, p. 139].</ref> Yitzhak Rabin wrote in his memoirs that some refused to take part in the evictions.<ref>[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70813FC3F5410728DDDAA0A94D8415B898BF1D3&scp=5&sq=&st=p Shipler, ''The New York Times'', 23 October 1979]. Rabin wrote: "Great suffering was inflicted upon the men taking part in the eviction action. Soldiers of the Yiftach brigade included youth movement graduates, who had been inculcated with values such as international fraternity and humaneness. The eviction action went beyond the concepts they were used to. There were some fellows who refused to take part in the expulsion action. Prolonged propaganda activities were required after the action, to remove the bitterness of these youth movement groups, and explain why we were obliged to undertake such harsh and cruel action."</ref>

==Aftermath==

===In Ramallah, Amman, and elsewhere===
[[File:Glubb Pasha 1940.jpg|right|thumb|220px|alt=photograph|[[John Bagot Glubb]], the Arab Legion's British commander, was spat on as he drove through the [[West Bank]] for having handed Lydda and Ramle to the Jews.]]
Tens of thousands of Palestinians from Lydda and Ramle poured into Ramallah. For the most part, they had no money, property, food, or water, and represented a health risk, not only to themselves. The Ramallah city council asked King Abdullah to remove them.<ref>IDF Intelligence Service/Arab Department, 21 July 1948, cited in Morris 2008, p. 291.</ref> Some of the refugees reached Amman, the Gaza Strip, Lebanon, and the Upper Galilee, and all over the area there were angry demonstrations against Abdullah and the Arab Legion for their failure to defend the cities. People spat at Glubb, the British commander of the Arab Legion, as he drove through the [[West Bank]], and wives and parents of Arab Legion soldiers tried to break into King Abdullah's palace.<ref name=Morris2008p290>Morris 2008, pp. 290–291.</ref> [[Alec Kirkbride]], the British ambassador in Amman, described one protest in the city on 18 July:

<blockquote>A couple of thousand Palestinian men swept up the hill toward the main [palace] entrance ... screaming abuse and demanding that the lost towns should be reconquered at once ... The King appeared at the top of the main steps of the building; he was a short, dignified figure wearing white robes and headdress. He paused for a moment, surveying the seething mob before, [then walked] down the steps to push his way through the line of guardsmen into the thick of the demonstrators. He went up to a prominent individual, who was shouting at the top of his voice, and dealt him a violent blow to the side of the head with the flat of his hand. The recipient of the blow stopped yelling ... the King could be heard roaring: so, you want to fight the Jews, do you? Very well, there is a recruiting office for the army at the back of my house ... go there and enlist. The rest of you, get the hell down the hillside!" Most of the crowd got the hell down the hillside.<ref>Kirkbride 1976, p. 48, cited in Morris 2008, p. 291.</ref></blockquote>

Morris writes that, during a meeting in Amman on 12–13 July of the Political Committee of the [[Arab League]], delegates—particularly from Syria and Iraq—accused Glubb of serving British, or even Jewish, interests, with his excuses about troop and ammunition shortages. Egyptian journalists said he had handed Lydda and Ramle to the Jews. Perie-Gordon, Britain's acting minister in Amman, told the Foreign Office there was a suspicion that Glubb, on behalf of the British government, had lost Lydda and Ramle deliberately to ensure that Transjordan accept a truce. King Abdullah indicated that he wanted Glubb to leave, without actually asking him to—particularly after Iraqi officers alleged that the entire [[Hashemites|Hashemite]] house was in the pay of the British—but London asked him to stay on. Britain's popularity with the Arabs reached an all-time low.<ref>Morris 2008, pp. 291–292.
*For Perie-Gordon, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=D30D_GzUKfMC&pg=PA208 Abu Nowar 2002, p. 208].</ref> The United Nations Security Council called for a ceasefire to begin no later than 18 July, with sanctions to be levelled against transgressors. The Arabs were outraged: "No justice, no logic, no equity, no understanding, but blind submission to everything that is Zionist," ''Al-Hayat'' responded, though Morris writes that cooler heads in the Arab world were privately pleased that they were required not to fight, given Israel's obvious military superiority.<ref>Morris 2008, p. 295.</ref>

===Situation of the refugees===
Morris writes that the situation of the 400,000 Palestinian Arabs who became refugees that summer—not only those from Lydda and Ramle—was dire, camping in public buildings, abandoned barracks, and under trees.<ref name=Morris2008p309>Morris 2008, p. 309ff.</ref> [[Count Folke Bernadotte]], the United Nations mediator in Palestine, visited a [[Palestinian refugee camps|refugee camp]] in Ramallah and said he had never seen a more ghastly sight.<ref>Sayigh 2007, p. 84.</ref> Morris writes that the Arab governments did little for them, and most of the aid that did reach them came from the West through the Red Cross and Quakers. A new UN body was set up to get things moving, which in December 1949 became the [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East]] (UNRWA), which many of the refugees and their descendants, now standing at four million, still depend on.<ref name=Morris2008p309/> Bernadotte's mediation efforts—which resulted in a proposal to split Palestine between Israel and Jordan, and to hand Lydda and Ramle to King Abdullah—ended on 17 September 1948, when he was assassinated by four Israeli gunmen from [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]], an extremist Zionist faction.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jfouAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HNwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6344,4611106&dq=bernadotte+assassination&hl=en "Bernadotte Murder Stuns Whole World"], ''Ottawa Citizen'', 18 September 1948.</ref>

===Lausanne Conference===
The United Nations convened the [[Lausanne Conference of 1949]] from April to September 1949 in part to resolve the refugee question. On 12 May 1949, the conference achieved its only success when the parties signed the [[Lausanne Protocol]] on the framework for a comprehensive peace, which included territories, refugees, and Jerusalem. Israel agreed in principle to allow the return of all of Palestinian refugees because the Israelis wanted [[United Nations]] membership, which required the settlement of the refugee problem. Once Israel was admitted to the UN, it retreated from the protocol it had signed, because it was completely satisfied with the status quo, and saw no need to make any concessions with regard to the refugees or on boundary questions. Israeli Foreign Minister [[Moshe Sharett]] had hoped for a comprehensive peace settlement at Lausanne, but he was no match for Prime Minister [[David Ben-Gurion]], who saw the armistice agreements that stopped the fighting with the Arab states as sufficient, and put a low priority on a permanent peace treaty.<ref>{{cite book
|last= Pappe
|first= Ilan
|authorlink= Ilan Pappe
|title= The Making of the Arab–Israeli Conflict 1947–1951
|publisher = [[I.B. Tauris]]
|year = 1992
|isbn = 1-85043-819-6}}Chapter 9: The Lausanne Conference.</ref>
On August 3, 1949, the Israeli delegation proposed the repatriation of 100,000 refugees, but not to their former homes, which had been destroyed or given to Jewish refugees from Europe; Israel would specify where the refugees would be relocated and the specific economic activities the refugees would be permitted to engage in. Also, the 100,000 would include 25,000 who had already returned illegally, so the actual total was only 75,000. The Americans felt it too low: they wanted to see 200,000-250,000 refugees taken back. The Arabs considered the Israeli offer was "less than token." When the ‘100,000 plan’ was announced, the reaction of Israeli newspapers and political parties was uniformly negative. Soon after, the Israelis announced their offer had been withdrawn.<ref>{{cite book
|last= Palumbo
|first= Michael
|authorlink= Michael Palumbo
|title= The Palestinian Catastrophe
|pages = 184–189
|publisher = [[Quartet Books]]
|year = 1987
|isbn = 0 7043 0099 0}}</ref>

===Resettlement of the cities===
{{further|Absentees' Property Laws|Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim lands}}
[[File:LodTransferOfControl.png|right|thumb|230px|alt=photograph|Power is handed from the military governor of Lydda, now called Lod, to the first mayor, Pesach Lev, April 1949.]]
On 14 July 1948 the IDF told Ben-Gurion that "not one Arab inhabitant" remained in Ramla or Lod, as they were now called. In fact, several hundred remained, including city workers who maintained essential city services like water service, and workers with expertise with the railroad train yards and the airport, the elderly, the ill and some Christians, and others who return to their homes over the following months. In October 1948 the Israeli military governor of Ramla-Lod reported that 960 Palestinians were living in Ramla, and 1,030 in Lod. Military rule in the towns ended in April 1949.<ref>For "not one inhabitant," and the hundreds remaining, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA434 Morris 2004, p. 434].
*For the numbers in October 1948, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA455 Morris 2004, p. 455], footnote 110.
*For military rule ending, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA39 Yacobi 2009, p. 39].</ref>

Nearly 700,000 Jews [[Aliyah|immigrated to Israel]] between May 1948 and December 1951 from Europe, Asia and Africa, doubling the state's Jewish population; in 1950 Israel passed the [[Law of Return]], offering Jews automatic citizenship.<ref name=Yacobi2009p42>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA42 Yacobi 2009, p. 42].</ref> The immigrants were assigned Palestinian homes—in part because of the inevitable housing shortage, but also as a matter of policy to make it harder for former residents to reclaim them—and could buy refugees' furniture from the Custodian for Absentees' Property.<ref name=MorrisYacobi>Morris 2008, p. 308, for a general discussion of the issue.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA45 Yacobi 2009, p. 45], for specific mention of this in relation to Lydda.</ref> Jewish families were occasionally placed in houses belonging to Palestinians who still lived in Israel, the so-called "[[present absentees]]," regarded as physically present but legally absent, with no legal standing to reclaim their property.<ref name=Yacobi2009p42/> By March 1950 there were 8,600 Jews and 1,300 Palestinian Arabs living in Ramla, and 8,400 Jews and 1,000 Palestinians in Lod. Most of the Jews who settled in the towns were from Asia or North Africa.<ref>For the figures, and that most were from Asia and North Africa, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA427 Golan 2003].
*Also see [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA39 Yacobi 2009, p. 39].</ref>

The Palestinian workers allowed to remain in the cities were confined to ghettos. The military administrator split the region into three zones—Ramla, Lod, and Rakevet, a neighborhood in Lod established by the British for rail workers—and declared the Arab areas within them "closed," with each closed zone run by a committee of three to five members.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA33 Yacobi 2009, p. 33.]</ref> Many of the town's essential workers were Palestinians. The military administrators did satisfy some of their needs, such as building a school, supplying medical aid, allocating them 50 dunams for growing vegetables, and renovating the interior of the Dahmash mosque, but it appears the refugees felt like prisoners; Palestinian train workers, for example, were subject to a curfew from evening until morning, with periodic searches to make sure they had no guns.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA34 Yacobi 2009, p. 34.]</ref> One wrote an open letter in March 1949 to the ''Al Youm'' newspaper on behalf of 460 Muslim and Christian train workers: "Since the occupation, we continued to work and our salaries have still not been paid to this day. Then our work was taken from us and now we are unemployed. The curfew is still valid ... [W]e are not allowed to go to Lod or Ramla, as we are prisoners. No one is allowed to look for a job but with the mediation of the members of the Local Committee ... we are like slaves. I am asking you to cancel the restrictions and to let us live freely in the state of Israel.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA35 Yacobi 2009, pp. 35–36].</ref>

===Artistic reception===
[[File:Ismail Shammout's Where to ....JPG|right|thumb|150px|alt=photograph|[[Ismail Shammout]]'s ''Where to ..?'' (1953)]]
The [[Palestinian art]]ist [[Ismail Shammout]] (1930–2006) was 19 years old when he was expelled from Lydda. He created a series of oil paintings about the march, the best known of which is ''Where to ..?'' (1953), which enjoys iconic status among Palestinians. A life-size image of a man dressed in rags holds a walking stick in one hand, the wrist of a child in the other, a toddler on his shoulder, with a third child behind him, crying and alone. There is a withered tree behind him, and in the distance the skyline of an Arab town with a [[minaret]]. [[Gannit Ankori]] writes that the absent mother is the lost homeland, the children its orphans.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=X_Q6FX0YFVwC&pg=PA48 Ankori 2006, pp. 48–50].
*For the image on Shammout's website: [http://www.shammout.com/oilbig13.htm "Where to ..?"], shammout.com. Retrieved 26 November 2010.</ref>

By November 1948 the IDF had been accused of atrocities in a number of towns and villages, to the point where David Ben-Gurion had to appoint an investigator. Israeli poet [[Natan Alterman]] (1910–1970) wrote about the allegations in his poem ''Al Zot'' ("On This"), published in ''[[Davar]]'' on 19 November 1948, about a soldier on a jeep machine-gunning an Arab, referring to the events in Lydda, according to Morris. Two days later Ben-Gurion sought Alterman's permission for the Defence Ministry to distribute the poem throughout the IDF:<ref>For the atrocities in general, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA486 Morris 2004, p. 486ff]; for reference to the poem and Ben-Gurion writing to Alterman, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA489 p. 489].
*Morris writes that the poem is about Lydda in [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA426 Morris 2004, pp. 426], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA489 489] (on p. 489 he writes it was "apparently" about Lydda), and Morris 2008, p. 473, footnote 85.</ref>

{{Quote box |quoted= |bgcolor=#FFFFF0 |qalign=left |width=370px |align=center
| quote =<poem>Let us sing then also about "delicate incidents"
For which the true name, incidentally, is murder
Let songs be composed about conversations with sympathetic interlocutors
who with collusive chuckles make concessions and grant forgiveness.<ref name=Cohenp140>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mVV4i-KbzoAC&pg=PA140 Cohen 2008, p. 140]</ref>
*[http://www.education.gov.il/tochniyot_Limudim/shira/sh_42.htm ''Al Zot'' in Hebrew], www.education.gov.il, accessed 1 December 2010.</poem>}}

===Four figures after the exodus===
[[File:Bill Clinton, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat at the White House 1993-09-13.jpg|thumb|230px|alt=photograph|[[Yitzhak Rabin]]'s historic handshake with [[Yasser Arafat]] at the White House, 1993]]
Yigal Allon, who led Operation Dani and may have ordered the expulsions, became Israel's deputy prime minister in 1967. He was a member of the war cabinet during the 1967 Arab Israeli [[Six-Day War]], and the architect of the post-war [[Allon Plan]], a proposal to end Israel's occupation of the [[West Bank]]. He died in 1980.<ref>Jewish Agency for Israel.[http://web.archive.org/web/20041210194811/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/allon.html "Allon, Yigal (1918–1980)"]. Retrieved 25 September 2009.</ref>

Yitzhak Rabin, Allon's operations officer, who signed the Lydda expulsion order, became Chief of Staff of the IDF during the Six-Day War, and Israel's prime minister in 1974 and again in 1992. He was assassinated in 1995 by a right-wing Israeli radical opposed to making peace with the PLO.<ref name=Morris2004p429>For his having signed the order, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA429 Morris 2004, p. 429].</ref>

Khalil al-Wazir, the grocer's son expelled from Ramle, became one of the founders of Yasser Arafat's ''[[Fatah]]'' faction within the PLO, and specifically of its armed wing, ''[[Al-Assifa]]''. He organized the PLO's guerrilla warfare and the ''Fatah'' youth movements that helped spark the [[First Intifada]] in 1987. He was assassinated by Israeli commandos in Tunis in 1988.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GkbzYoZtaJMC&pg=PA529 As'ad Abu Khalil 2005, p. 529ff].</ref>

George Habash, the medical student expelled from Lydda, went on to lead one of the best-known of the Palestinian militant groups, the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]. In September 1970 he masterminded the [[Dawson's Field hijackings|hijacking of four passenger jets]] bound for New York, an attack that put the Palestinian cause on the map. The PFLP was also behind the 1972 [[Lod Airport massacre]], in which 27 people died, and the 1976 hijacking of an Air France flight to Entebbe, which famously led to the IDF's [[Operation Entebbe|rescue of the hostages]]. Habash died of a heart attack in Amman in 2008.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/world/middleeast/27habash.html?bl&ex=1201582800&en=a0d7bd56323e1b26&ei=5087%0A Andrews and Kifner, ''The New York Times'', January 27, 2008].
*Habash spoke to [[Robert Fisk]] in 1993 about Lydda: "I will never rest until I can go back. The house is still there and a Jewish family lives in it now. Some of my friends tried to find it and some relatives actually went there and sent me a message that the trees are still standing in the garden, just as they were in 1948. ... It's my right to go directly to my house and live there." See [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/still-dreaming-of-his-homeland-robert-fisk-in-damascus-hears-george-habash-orator-fighter-and-refugee-spell-out-his-terms-for-a-settlement-with-israel-1509518.html Fisk 1993].</ref>

==Historiography==
[[File:Anita Shapira.jpg|left|thumb|150px|alt=photograph|Israeli historian [[Anita Shapira]] argues that the scholars who wrote the early history of 1948 censored themselves, because they saw the 1948 war as the tragic climax of the [[Holocaust]] and the Second World War.<ref name=Shapira1995p12/>]]
Benny Morris argues that Israeli historians from the 1950s throughout the 1970s—who wrote what he calls the "Old History"—were "less than honest" about what had happened in Lydda and Ramle.<ref name=Morris1988>[http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/9780472115419-ch1.pdf Morris 1988].</ref> [[Anita Shapira]] calls them the Palmach generation: historians who had fought in the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]], and who thereafter went to work for the IDF's history branch, where they censored material other scholars had no access to. For them, Shapira writes, the Holocaust and the Second World War—including the experience of Jewish weakness in the face of persecution—made the fight for land between the Arabs and Jews a matter of life and death, the 1948 war the "tragic and heroic climax of all that had preceded it," and Israeli victory an "act of historical justice."<ref name=Shapira1995p12>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/25618678 Shapira 1995], pp. 12–13.</ref>

The IDF's official history of the 1948 war, ''Toldot Milhemet HaKomemiyut'' ("History of the War of Independence"), published in 1959, said that residents of Lydda had violated the terms of their surrender, and left because they were afraid of Israeli retribution. The head of the IDF history branch, Lt. Col Netanel Lorch, wrote in ''The Edge of the Sword'' (1961) that they had requested safe conduct from the IDF; American political scientist [[Ian Lustick]] writes that Lorch admitted in 1997 that he left his post because the censorship made it impossible to write good history.<ref>For Lorch's book, see [http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/9780472115419-ch1.pdf Morris 1988].
*For Lustick, see [http://www.polisci.upenn.edu/faculty/bios/Pubs/survivalreview.pdf Lustick 1997].</ref> Another employee of the history branch, Lt. Col. Elhannan Orren, wrote a detailed history of Operation Dani in 1976 that made no mention of expulsions.<ref name=Morris1988/>

Arab historians published accounts, including [[Aref al-Aref]]'s ''Al Nakba, 1947–1952'' (1956–1960), [[Muhammad Nimr al-Khatib]]'s ''Min Athar al-Nakba'' (1951), and several papers by Walid Khalidi, but Morris writes that they suffered from a lack of archival material; Arab governments have been reluctant to open their archives, and the Israeli archives were at that point still closed.<ref>Morris 2004, pp. 1–2.</ref> The first person in Israel to acknowledge the Lydda and Ramle expulsions, writes Morris, was Yitzhak Rabin in his 1979 memoirs, though that part of his manuscript was removed by government censors.<ref name=Morris1988/> The 30-year rule of [[Israel State Archive|Israel's Archives Law]], passed in 1955, meant that hundreds of thousands of government documents were released throughout the 1980s, and a group calling itself the "New Historians" emerged, most of them born around 1948. They interpreted the history of the war, not in terms of European politics, the Holocaust, and Jewish history, but solely within the context of the Middle East. Shapira writes that they focused on the 700,000 Palestinian Arabs who were uprooted by the war, not on the 6,000 Jews who died during it, and assessed the behavior of the Jewish state as they would that of any other.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/25618678 Shapira 1995], pp. 9, 16–17.</ref> Between 1987 and 1993, four of these historians in particular—Morris himself, [[Simha Flapan]], [[Ilan Pappé]], and [[Avi Shlaim]]—three of them Oxbridge-trained, published a series of books that changed the historiography of the Palestinian exodus. According to Lustick, although it was known in academic circles that the Palestinians had left because of expulsions and intimidation, it was largely unknown to Israeli Jews until Morris's ''The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949'' appeared in 1987.<ref>
[http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/9780472115419-ch1.pdf Morris 1988], and [http://www.polisci.upenn.edu/faculty/bios/Pubs/survivalreview.pdf Lustick 1997], pp. 157–158.
*Simha Flapan (1911–1987) is the exception to the rule that the New Historians were born around 1948.
*The key texts are:
*[[Simha Flapan]]'s ''The Birth of Israel'' (1987)
*[[Benny Morris]]'s ''The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949'' (1987), ''[[1948 and After|1948 and After: Israel and the Palestinians]]'' (1990), and ''[[Israel's Border Wars 1949–1956|Israel's Border Wars, 1949–1956]]'' (1993)
*[[Ilan Pappé]]'s ''Britain and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: 1948–1951'' (1988) and ''The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1947–1951'' (1992)
*[[Avi Shlaim]]'s ''Collusion across the Jordan'' (1988) and ''The Politics of Partition'' (1990)
*Other writers engaged in the "New History," according to Lustick (p. 157), include Uri Bar-Joseph, [[Mordechai Bar-On]], [[Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi]], Motti Golani, [[Uri Milstein]], and [[Tom Segev]].
*That the New Historians focus on the 700,000 uprooted, see [http://www.jstor.org/pss/25618678 Shapira 1995], p. 13.</ref>

Their work is not without its critics, most notably Israeli historian [[Efraim Karsh]], who writes that there was more voluntary Palestinian flight than Morris and the others concede. He acknowledges that there were expulsions, particularly in Lydda, though he argues—as does Morris—that they resulted from decisions made in the heat of battle, and account for a small percentage of the overall exodus.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6RRr_bf1ZhAC&pg=PA160 Karsh 2003, pp. 160–161].
*[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005].</ref> Karsh argues that the New Historians have turned the story of the birth of Israel upside down, making victims of the Arab aggressors, though he acknowledges that the New History is now widely accepted.<ref>[http://www.meforum.org/466/benny-morris-and-the-reign-of-error Karsh 1999].</ref> Ari Shavit devotes a chapter of his book ''My Promised Land'' (2013) to the expulsion, and calls the events “our black box, . . In it lies the dark secret of Zionism.”<ref>Dwight Garner
[http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/20/books/ari-shavits-my-promised-land.html?src=dayp 'Son of Israel, Caught in the Middle,'] [[New York Times]] 20 November 2013.</ref> The positions of Karsh and Morris, though they disagree, contrast in turn with those of Ilan Pappé and Walid Khalidi, who argue not only that there were widespread expulsions, but also that they were not the result of ''ad hoc'' decisions. Rather, they argue, the expulsions were part of a deliberate strategy, known as [[Plan Dalet]] and conceived before Israel's declaration of independence, to transfer the Arab population and seize their land—in Pappé's words, to [[ethnic cleansing|ethnically cleanse]] the country.<ref>*[http://www.scribd.com/doc/19199199/Plan-Dalet-Master-Plan-for-the-Conquest-of-Palestine-by-Walid-Khalidi Khalidi 1961], [http://www.palestine-studies.org/enakba/Khalidi,%20Plan%20Dalet%20Revisited.pdf Khalidi 1988] and [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yjeXQVmGrwcC&lpg=PT164&dq=%20ethnic%20cleansing%20lydd&pg=PT155#v=onepage&q&f=false Pappé 2006].</ref>

==Lod and Ramla today==
[[File:RamleviewS.jpg|left|thumb|180px|alt=photograph|Ramla in 2006]]
{{as of|2013}} around 69,000 people were living in Ramla, which became briefly known around the world in 1962, when former SS officer [[Adolf Eichmann]] was hanged in Ramla prison in May that year.<ref>For the population, see [http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2010/table3.pdf Population figures], Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
*For Eichmann, see [http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/we-have-to-carry-out-the-sentence-1.226299 Weitz 2007].</ref> The population in Lod {{as of|2010|lc=y}} was officially around 45,000 Jews and 20,000 Arabs; its main industry is its airport, renamed Ben Gurion International Airport in 1973.<ref name=Economist>[http://www.economist.com/node/17254422 "Pulled apart"], ''The Economist'', 14 October 2010.</ref> [[Aliyah from Ethiopia|Beth Israel immigrants from Ethiopia]] were housed there in the 1990s, increasing the ethnic tension in the city which, together with the economic deprivation, make the town "the most likely place to explode," according to Arnon Golan, Israeli's foremost expert on ethnically-mixed cities.<ref>Nathan Jeffay, [http://forward.com/articles/14435/ 'Israel’s Mixed Cities on Edge After Riots,'] at [[The Forward]] 23 October 2008.</ref> In 2010 a three-meter-high wall was built to separate the Jewish and Arab neighborhoods.<ref name=Economist/>

[[File:Zochrot at the former Lydda ghetto.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=photograph|Eitan Bronstein of [[Zochrot]] places a sign on the former Lydda ghetto.]]
The Arab community has complained that, when Arabs became a majority in Lod's Ramat Eshkol suburb, the local school was closed rather than turned into an Arab-sector school, and in September 2008 it was re-opened as a [[yeshiva]], a Jewish religious school. The local council acknowledges that it wants Lod to become a more Jewish city. In addition to the Arabs officially registered, a fifth of the overall population are [[Bedouin]], who arrived in Lod in the 1980s when they were moved off land in the Negev, according to Nathan Jeffay.They live in dwellings deemed illegal by Israeli authorities on agricultural land, unregistered and with no municipal services.<ref name=Jeffay>[http://www.forward.com/articles/14435/ Jeffay 2008].</ref>

The refugees are occasionally able to visit their former homes. [[Zochrot]], an Israeli group that researches former Palestinian towns, visited Lod in 2003 and 2005, erecting signs in Hebrew and Arabic depicting its history, including a sign on the wall of the former Arab ghetto. The visits are met with a mixture of interest and hostility.<ref>[http://www.zochrot.org/index.php?id=221 "Remembering Al-Lydd 2005"], [http://www.zochrot.org/index.php?id=364 "Tour and signposting in Al-Lydd (Lod), 2003"].
*Also see [http://www.nakbainhebrew.org/index.php?id=365 "Testimonies on the Nakba of Lod"].
*[http://www.zochrot.org/images/lydda.pdf Booklet about Lydda] in Arabic and Hebrew, Zochrot.
*[http://www.zochrot.org/images/al-Ramle.pdf Booklet about Ramla], also in Arabic and Hebrew, Zochrot, all accessed 28 November 2010.</ref> Father Oudeh Rantisi, a former mayor of Ramallah who was expelled from Lydda in 1948, visited his family's former home for the first time in 1967:

<blockquote>As the bus drew up in front of the house, I saw a young boy playing in the yard. I got off the bus and went over to him. "How long have you lived in this house?" I asked. "I was born here," he replied. "Me too," I said ...<ref>[http://www.ameu.org/printer.asp?iid=64&aid=95 Rantisi and Amash 2000].</ref></blockquote>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
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*Prior, Michael, P. (1999). ''Zionism and the State of Israel: A Moral Inquiry''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-20462-3
*Rantisi, Audeh G. and Amash, Charles (2000). [http://www.ameu.org/uploads/vol33_issue3_2000.pdf "Death March"], ''The Link'', July–August 2000, Vol 33, Issue 3, Americans for Middle East Understanding, accessed 14 December 2010.
*Sa'di, Ahmad H. and [[Lila Abu-Lughod|Abu-Lughod, Lila]] (2007). ''Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the claims of memory''. Columbia University Press.
*Sayigh, Rosemary. ''The Palestinians: From Peasants to Revolutionaries''. Zed Books, 2007.
*Schmidt, Dana Adams (12 June 1948). [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30D1EFD3D54157B93C0A8178DD85F4C8485F9&scp=1&sq=Jerusalem+siege&st=p "Jerusalem Sees Uneasy Truce"], ''The New York Times.
*Schwartz, Joshua J. ''Lod (Lydda), Israel: From its origins through the Byzantine period, 5600 B.C.E.-640 C.E.'' Tempus Reparatum, 1991.
*Schwartzwald, Jack L. ''Nine Lives of Israel: A Nation's History through the Lives of Its Foremost Leaders''. McFarland & Company, 2012.
*[[Tom Segev|Segev, Tom]] (1986). ''1949, The First Israelis''. Henry Holt.
*Segev, Tom (2000). [http://lists.mcgill.ca/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind0005b&L=fofognet&P=3632 "What really happened in the conquest of Lod?"] ''Haaretz'', 12 May 2000, accessed 14 December 2010.
*[[Anita Shapira|Shapira, Anita]] (1995). [http://www.jstor.org/pss/25618678 "Politics and Collective Memory: The Debate over the 'New Historians' in Israel"], ''History and Memory'', Vol 7, no 1, Spring/Summer 1995.
*Shapira, Anita. (2007). ''Yigal Allon, Native Son: A Biography''. University of Pennsylvania Press,
*Sharon, M. (1983). "Ludd" in Bosworth, C.E. et al. ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam''. E.J. Brill.
*Shavit, Avi (2004). [http://web.archive.org/web/20080515210330/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=380986&contrassID=2 "Survival of the fittest," Part 1], [http://web.archive.org/web/20080607060238/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=380984 Part 2], ''Haaretz'', 8 January 2004, accessed 14 December 2010.
*[[David K. Shipler|Shipler, David K.]] (23 October 1979). [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70813FC3F5410728DDDAA0A94D8415B898BF1D3&scp=5&sq=&st=p "Israel Bars Rabin from Relating '48 Eviction of Arabs''], ''The New York Times''.
*Shipler, David (25 October 1979). [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B12FE3C5C12728DDDAC0A94D8415B898BF1D3&scp=2&sq=&st=p "Allon Denies '48 Ouster of Arabs"], ''The New York Times''.
*Spangler, Eve. ''Understanding Israel/Palestine: Race, Nation, and Human Rights in the Conflict''. Sense Publishers, 2015. ISBN 978-94-6300-087-1
*[[David Tal (historian)|Tal, David]] (2004). ''War in Palestine, 1948: Strategy and Diplomacy''. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5275-X
*Weitz, Yechiam (2007). [http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/we-have-to-carry-out-the-sentence-1.226299 "We have to carry out the sentence"], ''Haaretz'', 2 August 2007.
*Yacobi, Haim (2009). ''The Jewish-Arab City: Spatio-politics in a Mixed Community''. Routledge.
*''[[Zochrot]]'' (2003). [http://www.nakbainhebrew.org/index.php?id=365 Testimonies on the Nakba of Lod], 11 January 2003. Also see [http://www.nakbainhebrew.org/index.php?id=364] [http://www.nakbainhebrew.org/index.php?id=221] [http://www.nakbainhebrew.org/index.php?id=349], all accessed 14 December 2010.
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|2}}
*[[Nathan Alterman|Alterman, Nathan]] (1948). [http://www.education.gov.il/tochniyot_Limudim/shira/sh_42.htm "Al Zot"], www.education.gov.il, accessed 23 November 2010. {{he icon}}
*Abdel Jawad, Saleh (2007). ''Israel and the Palestinian refugees.'' Eyāl Benveniśtî, Chaim Gans, Sārī Ḥanafī, ed. Springer.
*[[Aref al-Aref|Aref al-'Aref]] (1959). ''Al-Nakba: Nakbat Filsatin wal-Firdaws al-Mafqud 1947–1952'' [''The Catastrophe: The Catastrophe of Palestine and the Lost Paradise 1947–1952'']. Sidon and Beirut, A1-Maktab al-'Sariyya lil-Tiba'a wal-Nashr.
*[[Moshe Dayan|Dayan, Moshe]] (1976). ''Moshe Dayan: story of my life.'' New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-03076-9.
*El-Asmar, Fouzi (1975). ''To be an Arab in Israel''. Institute for Palestine Studies.
*Guttman, Shmarya ("Avi-Yiftah") (November 1948). "Lydda," ''Mibifnim''.
*Kadish, Alon; [[Avraham Sela|Sela, Avraham]]; and Golan, Arnon (2000). ''The Occupation of Lydda, July 1948''. Tel Aviv: Israel Ministry of Defense and Hagana Historical Archive. {{he icon}}
*[[Efraim Karsh|Karsh, Efraim]] (1997). ''Fabricating Israeli History: The 'New Historians'''. Routledge.
*Karsh, Efraim (2002). ''The Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Palestine War 1948'', Osprey Publishing, 2002.
*Kelman, Moshe (1972). "Ha-Hevdel bein Deir Yasin le-Lod" ["The Difference between Deir Yasin and Lydda"], ''Yedi'ot Aharonot'', 2 May 1972. {{he icon}}
*Khalidi, Walid (1992). "All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948". Institute for Palestine Studies.
*[[Ghassan Kanafani|Kanafani, Ghassan]] (1956). "Paper from Ramleh". "Palestine's Children. Short stories by Ghassan Kanafani". Three Continents Press. ISBN 0-89410-431-4.
*Lorch, Netanel (1997). "A Word from an Old Historian," ''Haaretz'', 23 June 1997.
*Monterescu, Daniel and Rabinowitz, Dan (2007). ''Mixed Towns, Trapped Communities''. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
*Morris, Benny (1986b). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OjuKhNEmFvoC&pg=PA169 "The Causes and Character of the Exodus from Palestine"] in Pappé, Ilan. ''The Israel/Palestine Question''. Routledge, 1999.
*Morris, Benny (1987). ''The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949''. Cambridge University Press.
*Munayyer, Spiro (1997). ''Lydda During the Mandate and Occupation Periods''. Institute for Palestine Studies.
*[[Nur-eldeen Masalha|Masalha, Nur]] (2003). ''The Politics of Denial: Israel and the Palestinian Refugee Problem''. Pluto Press.
*Rantisi, Audeh G. [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1998/1948/362_rnts.htm Would I ever see my home again?], ''Al-Ahram'', accessed 14 December 2010.
*Rantisi, Audeh G. and Beebe, Ralph K. (1990). ''Blessed are the peacemakers: the story of a Palestinian Christian''. Eagle.
{{Refend}}
 
{{nakbaend}}

{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}}
{{Arab-Israeli Conflict}}
{{Israeli-Palestinian Conflict}}
{{Massacres against Palestinians}}

{{Coord|31|56|30.01|N|34|52|41.83|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Exodus From Lydda And Ramle}}
[[Category:1948 Palestinian exodus]]
[[Category:1948 Arab–Israeli War]]
[[Category:Forced marches]]
[[Category:Lod|1948 Palestinian exodus from Lydda and Ramle]]
[[Category:History of Ramla|1948 Palestinian exodus from Lydda and Ramle]]

Philip Giraldi

2016-03-03T17:34:27Z

Plot Spoiler: Reverted 1 edit by 78.171.7.208 (talk) to last revision by KasparBot. (TW)

{{Infobox person
|name = Philip Giraldi
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{{Birth-date and age| 1946 }}
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|alma_mater = [[University of Chicago]], [[University of London]]
|employer =
|occupation = Former [[CIA]] officer, [[columnist]]
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'''Philip Giraldi''' (born c. 1946<ref name="NNDBbio">[http://www.nndb.com/people/862/000133463/ Philip Giraldi], NNDB</ref>) is a former [[counter-terrorism]] specialist and [[military intelligence]] officer of the [[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) and a columnist and television commentator who is the Executive Director of the [[Council for the National Interest]], a group that advocates for more even handed policies by the U.S. government in the [[Middle East]].<ref name="CNIbio">[http://www.cnionline.org/staff/ CNI Foundation Staff list] as of September 2010.</ref>

==Education==
He gained a Bachelor of Arts with Honors from the [[University of Chicago]] and a [[Master of Arts|MA]] and a [[Ph.D]] from the [[University of London]] in [[European History]].<ref name="NNDBbio"/>

==Career==
Giraldi was employed by the CIA for eighteen years working in Turkey, Italy, Germany, and Spain and is fluent in [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[German language|German]], and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].<ref name="CNIbio"/>

Since 1992 Giraldi has consulted for several [[Fortune 500]] corporate clients. President of San Marco International, an international [[security management]] and [[risk assessment]] consulting firm and a partner in Cannistraro Associates, another security consultancy.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/philip-giraldi Huffington Post biography of Philip Giraldi].</ref> Giraldi has written columns on terrorism, intelligence, and security issues for ''[[The American Conservative]]'' magazine, ''[[The Huffington Post]]'', and [[Antiwar.com]] and op-ed pieces for the [[Hearst Corporation|Hearst Newspaper chain]]. He has been interviewed by ''[[Good Morning America]]'', ''[[60 Minutes]]'', [[MSNBC]], [[Fox News Channel]], [[National Public Radio]], the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]], the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]], [[al-Jazeera]], [[al-Arabiya]] and other outlets.<ref name="CNIbio"/> During the 2008 presidential primaries, Giraldi served as a foreign policy adviser to [[Ron Paul]].<ref name="Millard">Rachel Millard, [http://newamericamedia.org/2010/09/mossad-at-the-door.php Mossad at the Door?], [[New America Media]] reprint of Aramica News Report, September 26, 2010.</ref><ref>Ron Paul for President Press release: "Ron Paul Campaign Announces Addition of New Policy Advisors," February 1, 2008</ref>

==Assertions==
In 2004 Giraldi, with his partner [[Vincent Cannistraro]], a retired CIA counterterrorism chief, wrote that Turkish sources had reported that Turkey was concerned by Israel's alleged encouragement of Kurdish ambitions to create an independent state and that Israeli intelligence operations in the area included anti-Syrian and anti-Iranian activity by Kurds. They predicted this might lead to a new alliance among Iran, Syria, and Turkey which have Kurdish minorities.<ref>Seymour M. Hersh, [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/06/28/040628fa_fact#ixzz11porOipbt "Plan B: As June 30th approaches, Israel looks to the Kurds"], ''[[The New Yorker]]'', June 28, 2004.</ref>

In August 2005, Giraldi wrote that US Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] had instructed [[STRATCOM]] to prepare "a contingency plan to be employed in response to another 9/11-type terrorist attack on the United States... [including] a large-scale air assault on Iran employing both conventional and tactical nuclear weapons ... not conditional on Iran actually being involved in the act of terrorism directed against the United States." The reason cited for the attack to use [[mini-nuke]]s is that the targets are ''hardened or are deep underground'' and would not be destroyed by non-nuclear warheads.<ref name="amcongiraldi">Philip Giraldi, [http://www.amconmag.com/2005_08_01/article3.html "Deep Background"], ''[[The American Conservative]]'', August 1, 2005.</ref><ref>Tom Engelhardt, [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/16/opinion/main2486332.shtml "Thelma and Louise Imperialism"], [[CBS]] News, from ''[[The Nation]]'' article "Reckless Bush Putting U.S. On Edge Over Iran", February 17, 2007.</ref>

In 2005 Giraldi also wrote that the Italian Niger/yellowcake documents claiming an [[Iraq]]i interest in purchasing uranium from Niger were forgeries created by former CIA officers and [[Michael Ledeen]]. (See [[Niger uranium forgeries]].) Giraldi also wrote that officials in the [[Office of Special Plans]] working for [[Undersecretary of Defense for Policy]] [[Douglas Feith]] had forged the "[[Habbush letter]]" allegedly written by [[Saddam Hussein]]'s intelligence director regarding shipping the uranium.<ref name="Porter">[[Gareth Porter]], [http://www.commondreams.org/headline/2009/12/28-6 "US Intelligence Found Iran Nuke Document Was Forged"], [[Inter Press Service]], December 28, 2009</ref><ref>Terry M. Neal, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/03/AR2005110301021.html "Questions Remain About the Arguments for War"], ''[[Washington Post]]'', November 3, 2005</ref>

In 2009 Giraldi wrote that unnamed intelligence sources had told him that a document published by ''[[The Times]]'', which allegedly described an Iranian plan to experiment on a "neutron initiator" for an atomic weapon, was in fact a [[Lie#Fabrication|fabrication]], which Giraldi speculated was created by the state of [[Israel]]. He claimed that [[Rupert Murdoch]] publications regularly published false intelligence from the Israeli and sometimes the British government.<ref name="Porter"/><ref>Catherine Philp, [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article6955351.ece Secret document exposes Iran’s nuclear trigger], ''[[The Times]]'', December 14, 2009.</ref> Further disclosures by ''The Times'' undermined the document's veracity.<ref>[[Gareth Porter]], [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/LA07Ak04.html More doubts over Iran's 'nuclear trigger'], ''[[Asia Times]]'', January 7, 2010.</ref>

In August, 2010 Giraldi wrote that unnamed "sources in the counterintelligence community" had told him that agents of Israel's [[Mossad]] intelligence agency were posing as American intelligence agents and visiting Arabs and Muslims in New York and New Jersey. This was allegedly done to help agents gain information about Iran, which they believed would not be forthcoming to known Israeli agents. The Israeli embassy, the [[United States Department of Justice]], and Giraldi all declined to comment for an article on the allegations in the biweekly New York Arab-community newspaper ''[[Aramica]]''.<ref name="Millard"/><ref>Philip Giraldi, [http://www.amconmag.com/blog/mossad-in-america/ "The Mossad in America"], ''[[The American Conservative]]'', August 23, 2010.</ref>

==Founding member of the Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity==

Giraldi is a founding member of the [[Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity]].<ref name=AndyWorthington2015-09-15/>
In September 2015 Giraldi and 27 other members of VIPS steering group wrote a letter to the President challenging a recently published book, that claimed to rebut the report of the [[United States]] [[United States Senate Intelligence Committee|Senate Intelligence Committee]] on the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s use of torture.

==References==
{{reflist|
refs=
<ref name=AndyWorthington2015-09-15>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2015/09/27/28-veterans-of-us-intelligence-fight-back-against-cia-claims-that-the-bush-torture-program-was-useful-and-necessary/
| title = 28 Veterans of US Intelligence Fight Back Against CIA Claims That the Bush Torture Program Was Useful and Necessary
| publisher =
| author = [[Andy Worthington]]
| date = 2015-09-15
| page =
| location =
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150928060211/http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2015/09/27/28-veterans-of-us-intelligence-fight-back-against-cia-claims-that-the-bush-torture-program-was-useful-and-necessary/
| archivedate = 2015-09-28
| deadurl = No
| quote =
}}
</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.theamericanconservative.com/author/philip-giraldi/ Philip Giraldi articles at American Conservative Magazine]
* [http://original.antiwar.com/author/giraldi/ Philip Giraldi articles at Antiwar.com]
* {{C-SPAN|philipgiraldi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Giraldi, Philip}}
[[Category:People of the Central Intelligence Agency]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1940s births]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:American activists]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American male writers]]
[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]]

Jasbir Puar

2016-02-19T18:00:00Z

Plot Spoiler: Added {{linkrot}} tag to article (TW)

{{linkrot|date=February 2016}}
{{notability|Academics|date=February 2016}}
{{primary sources|date=June 2015}}

'''Jasbir K. Puar''' is a US-based [[queer theory|queer theorist]] who is currently an [[associate professor]] in the Department of Women's and Gender Studies at [[Rutgers University]].<ref>http://womens-studies.rutgers.edu/faculty/core-faculty/143-jasbir-puar</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2016}} Puar is author of ''Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times''. Puar is a proponent of divestment from Israel and a board member of the US Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.usacbi.org/advisory-board/ | title = Advisory Board | publisher = US Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2016}}

==Academic career==

Puar has an M.A. in Women's Studies from the [[University of York]] and completed her Ph.D. in Ethnic Studies at [[University of California at Berkeley]] in 1999.<ref>http://asci.researchhub.ssrc.org/jasbir-k-puar/person_view</ref>{{dead link|date=February 2016}}{{Primary source inline|date=February 2016}}

Despite her advocacy for gay rights, Puar criticizes the advance of gay rights in Israel on the grounds that it is allegedly intended to cover up misconduct concerning Palestinians. She accuses Israel of harvesting Palestinian organs, conducting experiments on Palestinians, and stunting the growth of Palestinians.<ref>http://observer.com/2016/02/vassar-jewish-studies-sponsors-demonization-of-israel-again/</ref> As a result, her critics have accused her of engaging in unfounded anti-Semitic [[blood libels]]. <ref>http://legalinsurrection.com/2016/02/vassar-faculty-sponsored-anti-israel-event-erupts-in-controversy/</ref><ref>http://www.wsj.com/articles/majoring-in-anti-semitism-at-vassar-1455751940/</ref><ref>https://www.campusfairness.org/demonizing-israel-sturmer-style-at-vassar/</ref><ref>http://www.frontpagemag.com/fpm/261838/pseudo-scholarship-intersectionality-and-blood-richard-l-cravatts</ref>

===''Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times'' ===
Puar's ''Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times'', published in October 2007, describes connections between contemporary "[[gay rights]]" discourse, the integration of gay people into [[consumerism]], the ascendance of "[[Whiteness studies|whiteness]]", and Western imperialism and the [[war on terrorism]]. Puar argues that traditional [[heteronormativity|heteronormative]] ideologies now find accompaniment from "homonormative" ideologies replicating the same hierarchical ideals concerning maintenance of dominance in terms related to race, class, gender, and nation-state, a set of ideologies she deems "homonationalism".<ref>http://www.outhistory.org/wiki/Jasbir_K._Puar:_Terrorist_Assemblages_:_Homonationalism_in_Queer_Times,_October_2007</ref>{{dead link|date=June 2015}}

Writings by Puar have also appeared in [[The Guardian]].<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/jasbir-puar</ref>

== Theoretical applications ==

=== ''Homonationalist Futurism: “Terrorism” and (Other) Queer Resistance to Empire'' ===
Heike Schotten utilizes Puar's theoretical framework and conflates it with the theories of [[Lee Edelman]] to produce a model for thinking about racialized identities and resistance to the "sexual contures"define or give reference of US Empire. Schotten posits that, when combined, Edelman and Puar's work serves as a crucial resource for "theorizing 'terrorism' and understanding it as an act of political resistance."<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.neu.edu/doi/full/10.1080/07393148.2014.957910|title = Homonationalist Futurism: "Terrorism" and (Other) Queer Resistance to Empire|last = Schotten|first = Heike|date = March 2015|journal = New Political Science|doi = 10.1080/07393148.2014.957910|pmid = |access-date = November 11, 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Pink capitalism]]
* [[Pinkwashing (LGBT)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Puar, Jasbir
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American academic
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Puar, Jasbir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Queer theorists]]
[[Category:Rutgers University faculty]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of York]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]

Jasbir Puar

2016-02-01T16:46:30Z

Plot Spoiler: Added {{peacock}} tag to article (TW)

{{peacock|date=February 2016}}
{{notability|Academics|date=February 2016}}
{{primary sources|date=June 2015}}

'''Jasbir K. Puar''' is a US-based [[queer theory|queer theorist]], presently a core faculty member in the department of Women's & Gender Studies at [[Rutgers University]].<ref>http://womens-studies.rutgers.edu/faculty/core-faculty/143-jasbir-puar</ref> Puar is author of ''Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times''.

==Academic career==

Puar has an M.A. in Women's Studies from the [[University of York]], and completed her Ph.D. in Ethnic Studies at [[University of California at Berkeley]] in 1999.<ref>http://asci.researchhub.ssrc.org/jasbir-k-puar/person_view</ref>

==Writings and views==

==="Queer Times, Queer Assemblages" (2005)===
In this essay, published in 2005, Puar analyzes the [[War on Terror]] as an assemblage of [[racism]], [[nationalism]], [[patriotism]], and [[terrorism]], suggesting that it is "already profoundly [[queer]]." Her focus is on terrorist corporealities in opposition to "normative patriot bodies," and she argues that "discourses of [[counterterrorism]] are intrinsically gendered, raced, sexualized, and nationalized." Through an analysis of the American response to the [[Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse]] in 2004, she contends that contemporary discourses of Muslim sexuality only mask and reproduce an underlying belief in [[American exceptionalism]]. She also rearticulates the body of the [[suicide bomber]] as "a queer assemblage that resists queerness-as-sexual-identity," a force with the power to converge, implode, and rearrange time, space, and body. Finally, Puar focuses on the archetypal Sikh terrorist, turban and all, in order to posit that her examination of queerness as an assemblage calls attention to "[[epistemology]] in tandem with [[ontology]]."<ref>Social Text, Vol. 23, No. 3-4. (Fall-Winter 2005), pp. 121-140</ref>

Puar critiques the deployment of homonationalism in the United States as a justification for violently implementing the doctrine of American exceptionalism embodied in the War on Terror. The United States flaunts its supposedly liberal openness to homosexuality to secure its identity in contradistinction to sexual oppression in Muslim countries. This oppression serves as an excuse for the United States to “liberate” oppressed women and sexual deviants in these countries, simultaneously papering over sexual inequality in the United States. United States exceptionalism and homonationalism are mutually constitutive, blending discourses of American Manifest Destiny, racist foreign policy, and an urge to document the unknown (embodied in the terrorist) and conquer it through queering its identity, hence rendering it manageable and knowable.<ref>Queer Times, Queer Assemblages</ref>{{User-generated inline|date=June 2015}}

==="Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times" (2007)===
Puar's ''Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times'', published in October 2007, describes connections between contemporary "[[gay rights]]" discourse, the integration of gay people into [[consumerism]], the ascendance of "[[Whiteness studies|whiteness]]", and Western imperialism and the [[war on terrorism]]. Puar argues that traditional [[heteronormativity|heteronormative]] ideologies now find accompaniment from "homonormative" ideologies replicating the same hierarchical ideals concerning maintenance of dominance in terms related to race, class, gender, and nation-state, a set of ideologies she deems "homonationalism".<ref>http://www.outhistory.org/wiki/Jasbir_K._Puar:_Terrorist_Assemblages_:_Homonationalism_in_Queer_Times,_October_2007</ref>{{dead link|date=June 2015}}

Writings by Puar have also appeared in [[The Guardian]].<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/jasbir-puar</ref>

== Theoretical Applications ==

=== "Homonationalist Futurism: “Terrorism” and (Other) Queer Resistance to Empire" (2015) ===
Heike Schotten utilizes Puar's theoretical framework and conflates it with the theories of [[Lee Edelman]] to produce a model for thinking about racialized identities and resistance to the "sexual contures" of US Empire. Schotten posits that, when combined, Edelman and Puar's work serves as a crucial resource for "theorizing 'terrorism' and understanding it as an act of political resistance." <ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.neu.edu/doi/full/10.1080/07393148.2014.957910|title = Homonationalist Futurism: "Terrorism" and (Other) Queer Resistance to Empire|last = Schotten|first = Heike|date = March 2015|journal = New Political Science|doi = 10.1080/07393148.2014.957910|pmid = |access-date = November 11, 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Pink capitalism]]
* [[Pinkwashing (LGBT)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Puar, Jasbir
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American academic
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Puar, Jasbir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Queer theorists]]
[[Category:Rutgers University faculty]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of York]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]

Jasbir Puar

2016-02-01T16:45:46Z

Plot Spoiler: Added {{notability}} tag to article (TW)

{{notability|Academics|date=February 2016}}
{{primary sources|date=June 2015}}

'''Jasbir K. Puar''' is a US-based [[queer theory|queer theorist]], presently a core faculty member in the department of Women's & Gender Studies at [[Rutgers University]].<ref>http://womens-studies.rutgers.edu/faculty/core-faculty/143-jasbir-puar</ref> Puar is author of ''Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times''.

==Academic career==

Puar has an M.A. in Women's Studies from the [[University of York]], and completed her Ph.D. in Ethnic Studies at [[University of California at Berkeley]] in 1999.<ref>http://asci.researchhub.ssrc.org/jasbir-k-puar/person_view</ref>

==Writings and views==

==="Queer Times, Queer Assemblages" (2005)===
In this essay, published in 2005, Puar analyzes the [[War on Terror]] as an assemblage of [[racism]], [[nationalism]], [[patriotism]], and [[terrorism]], suggesting that it is "already profoundly [[queer]]." Her focus is on terrorist corporealities in opposition to "normative patriot bodies," and she argues that "discourses of [[counterterrorism]] are intrinsically gendered, raced, sexualized, and nationalized." Through an analysis of the American response to the [[Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse]] in 2004, she contends that contemporary discourses of Muslim sexuality only mask and reproduce an underlying belief in [[American exceptionalism]]. She also rearticulates the body of the [[suicide bomber]] as "a queer assemblage that resists queerness-as-sexual-identity," a force with the power to converge, implode, and rearrange time, space, and body. Finally, Puar focuses on the archetypal Sikh terrorist, turban and all, in order to posit that her examination of queerness as an assemblage calls attention to "[[epistemology]] in tandem with [[ontology]]."<ref>Social Text, Vol. 23, No. 3-4. (Fall-Winter 2005), pp. 121-140</ref>

Puar critiques the deployment of homonationalism in the United States as a justification for violently implementing the doctrine of American exceptionalism embodied in the War on Terror. The United States flaunts its supposedly liberal openness to homosexuality to secure its identity in contradistinction to sexual oppression in Muslim countries. This oppression serves as an excuse for the United States to “liberate” oppressed women and sexual deviants in these countries, simultaneously papering over sexual inequality in the United States. United States exceptionalism and homonationalism are mutually constitutive, blending discourses of American Manifest Destiny, racist foreign policy, and an urge to document the unknown (embodied in the terrorist) and conquer it through queering its identity, hence rendering it manageable and knowable.<ref>Queer Times, Queer Assemblages</ref>{{User-generated inline|date=June 2015}}

==="Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times" (2007)===
Puar's ''Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times'', published in October 2007, describes connections between contemporary "[[gay rights]]" discourse, the integration of gay people into [[consumerism]], the ascendance of "[[Whiteness studies|whiteness]]", and Western imperialism and the [[war on terrorism]]. Puar argues that traditional [[heteronormativity|heteronormative]] ideologies now find accompaniment from "homonormative" ideologies replicating the same hierarchical ideals concerning maintenance of dominance in terms related to race, class, gender, and nation-state, a set of ideologies she deems "homonationalism".<ref>http://www.outhistory.org/wiki/Jasbir_K._Puar:_Terrorist_Assemblages_:_Homonationalism_in_Queer_Times,_October_2007</ref>{{dead link|date=June 2015}}

Writings by Puar have also appeared in [[The Guardian]].<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/jasbir-puar</ref>

== Theoretical Applications ==

=== "Homonationalist Futurism: “Terrorism” and (Other) Queer Resistance to Empire" (2015) ===
Heike Schotten utilizes Puar's theoretical framework and conflates it with the theories of [[Lee Edelman]] to produce a model for thinking about racialized identities and resistance to the "sexual contures" of US Empire. Schotten posits that, when combined, Edelman and Puar's work serves as a crucial resource for "theorizing 'terrorism' and understanding it as an act of political resistance." <ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.neu.edu/doi/full/10.1080/07393148.2014.957910|title = Homonationalist Futurism: "Terrorism" and (Other) Queer Resistance to Empire|last = Schotten|first = Heike|date = March 2015|journal = New Political Science|doi = 10.1080/07393148.2014.957910|pmid = |access-date = November 11, 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Pink capitalism]]
* [[Pinkwashing (LGBT)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Puar, Jasbir
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American academic
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Puar, Jasbir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Queer theorists]]
[[Category:Rutgers University faculty]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of York]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]

Richard Grenell

2015-12-30T14:13:15Z

Plot Spoiler: removed Category:People with cancer; added Category:Cancer survivors using HotCat

{{Infobox person
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'''Richard Grenell''' (born September 18, 1966) is an American media commentator and former diplomat. He is the longest serving U.S. spokesman at the United Nations. Grenell also briefly served as national security spokesman for [[Mitt Romney]] in his 2012 campaign for President of the United States, becoming the first openly gay spokesman for a Republican presidential candidate.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 6, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney’s Appointment of Gay Aide Richard Grenell Signals New Attitude |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/04/romney-appt-of-gay-aide-signals-new-attitude/ |agency=ABC News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=April 24, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney's Gay Spokesman: A Milestone in Republican Politics |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/04/mitt-romneys-gay-spokesman-a-milestone-in-republican-politics/256263/ |newspaper=The Atlantic }}</ref> He resigned after pressure from social conservatives.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rubin |first=Jennifer |date=May 1, 2012 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Richard Grenell hounded from Romney campaign by anti-gay conservatives |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/post/exclusive-richard-grenell-hounded-from-romney-campaign-by-anti-gay-conservatives/2012/05/01/gIQAccGcuT_blog.html |newspaper=The Washington Post }}</ref>

==Career==
In 2001, Grenell was appointed by President [[George W. Bush]] as Director of Communications and Public Diplomacy for the [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|United States Permanent Representative to the United Nations]]. Serving in that role until 2008, Grenell became the longest serving U.S. spokesman at the United Nations, advising four different U.S. Ambassadors. During his tenure, Grenell led communication strategies on such issues as the [[War on Terror]], global peacekeeping operations, Iran and North Korea's nuclear weapons programs, and the UN [[Oil-for-Food Programme|Oil for Food]] corruption scandal.<ref name="bio"/>

Prior to his post at the UN, Grenell was a political adviser to a number of prominent Republicans, including [[George Pataki]] and [[Dave Camp]].<ref>{{cite news |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Richard Grenell, Openly Gay Romney Spokesman, Resigns From Post |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/richard-grenell-openly-gay-romney-spokesman-resigns-from-post/ |agency=ABC News }}</ref>

In 2009, Grenell founded Capitol Media Partners, an international strategic media and public affairs consultancy with offices in Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York, and Washington, D.C.<ref name="bio"/> He is under contract with [[Fox News]] where he is a "Contributor" commenting on foreign affairs and the media.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/archive/richard-grenell/index.html |date= |title=Richard Grenell |publisher=Fox News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 15, 2014 |title=Richard Grenell Re-Signs with Fox News Through Election 2016 |url=http://www.mediaite.com/tv/richard-grenell-re-signs-with-fox-news-through-election-2016/ |agency=Mediaite }}</ref> He has written for the ''Wall Street Journal''<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=November 21, 2011 |title=Obama's Failing Iran Diplomacy |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203611404577044123819688612 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=May 22, 2012 |title=Marriage, Gay Republicans and the Election |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303610504577419973861004532 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref>, CBS News,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=January 30, 2010 |title=Holden Caulfield and Me |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/holden-caulfield-and-me/ |agency=CBS News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=April 18, 2010 |title=Why Yahoo Ought to Follow Google's Lead on China |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-yahoo-ought-to-follow-googles-lead-on-china/ |agency=CBS News }}</ref> CNN,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=December 1, 2009 |title=GOP rescuing Obama's Afghan policy |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/OPINION/12/01/grenell.obama.afghanistan/index.html |agency=CNN }}</ref> ''Politico'',<ref>{{cite news |date= |title=Arena Profile: Richard A. Grenell |url=http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/richard_a_grenell.html |newspaper=Politico }}</ref> ''Huffington Post'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date= |title=Richard Grenell |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-grenell/ |newspaper=The Huffington Post }}</ref> ''Washington Times'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=March 19, 2015 |title=Nigeria on the brink |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/mar/19/richard-grenell-nigeria-brink/ |newspaper=The Washington Times }}</ref>, Newsmax,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=November 19, 2012 |title=Obama Praises Burma, Ignores Strife in Iran, Syria |url=https://www.newsmax.com/TheWire/burma-syria-grenell-obama/2012/11/19/id/464748/ |agency=Newsmax }}</ref> and Al Jazeera.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=December 30, 2009 |title=A year of little change for Obama |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/2009/12/200912301195192887.html |agency=Al Jazeera }}</ref> In 2012, CNN ranked Grenell's social media outreach as one of the top 5,<ref>{{cite news |date=August 31, 2012 |title=CNN's Gut Check for August 31, 2012 |url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/08/31/cnns-gut-check-for-august-31-2012/ |agency=CNN }}</ref> and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named Grenell as one of the Top 10 Political Twitter Feeds of 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 5, 2014 |title=The Best Twitter Feeds of 2014: Richard Grenell |url=http://time.com/84183/richard-grenell-twitter-feeds-follow-2014/ |newspaper=Time }}</ref>

In 2013, Grenell was a signatory to an ''[[amicus curiae]]'' brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the ''[[Hollingsworth v. Perry]]'' case.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 28, 2013 |title=The Pro-Freedom Republicans Are Coming: 131 Sign Gay-Marriage Brief |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/28/the-pro-freedom-republicans-are-coming-131-sign-gay-marriage-brief.html |newspaper=The Daily Beast }}</ref>

==Personal==
Grenell is a registered Republican.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 27, 2008 |title=Gay Bush Appointee Loses Appeal for Fair Treatment |url=http://www.advocate.com/news/2008/09/27/gay-bush-appointee-loses-appeal%C2%A0-fair-treatment |newspaper=The Advocate }}</ref> He received a master's degree in Public Administration from Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government and his [[bachelor's degree]] in Government and Public Administration from [[Evangel University]].<ref name="bio">{{cite web |url=http://richardgrenell.com/about/ |title=About |date= |publisher=richardgrenell.com}}</ref> In June 2013, Grenell revealed that he had been diagnosed with [[non-Hodgkins lymphoma]] and started [[chemotherapy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://richardgrenell.com/joining-the-fight/ |title=Joining the Fight |date=June 10, 2013 |publisher=richardgrenell.com}}</ref> In September 2013, Grenell announced that he was cancer free.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Richard Grenell |user=RichardGrenell |number=384850091195895809 |date=September 30, 2013 |title=I'm officially in remission. #CancerFree @cityofhope }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Richard Grenell at UN Security Council meeting.jpg|Grenell at a UN Security Council meeting in 2004
Image:Richard Grenell briefing reporters.jpg|Grenell briefing reporters
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{Fox News personalities}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Grenell, Richard
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American diplomat
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 18, 1966
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Michigan]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grenell, Richard}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:United States Department of State officials]]
[[Category:LGBT politicians from the United States]]
[[Category:LGBT Christians]]
[[Category:LGBT people from California]]
[[Category:Cancer survivors]]
[[Category:California Republicans]]

Richard Grenell

2015-12-30T14:12:24Z

Plot Spoiler: + gallery

{{Infobox person
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'''Richard Grenell''' (born September 18, 1966) is an American media commentator and former diplomat. He is the longest serving U.S. spokesman at the United Nations. Grenell also briefly served as national security spokesman for [[Mitt Romney]] in his 2012 campaign for President of the United States, becoming the first openly gay spokesman for a Republican presidential candidate.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 6, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney’s Appointment of Gay Aide Richard Grenell Signals New Attitude |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/04/romney-appt-of-gay-aide-signals-new-attitude/ |agency=ABC News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=April 24, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney's Gay Spokesman: A Milestone in Republican Politics |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/04/mitt-romneys-gay-spokesman-a-milestone-in-republican-politics/256263/ |newspaper=The Atlantic }}</ref> He resigned after pressure from social conservatives.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rubin |first=Jennifer |date=May 1, 2012 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Richard Grenell hounded from Romney campaign by anti-gay conservatives |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/post/exclusive-richard-grenell-hounded-from-romney-campaign-by-anti-gay-conservatives/2012/05/01/gIQAccGcuT_blog.html |newspaper=The Washington Post }}</ref>

==Career==
In 2001, Grenell was appointed by President [[George W. Bush]] as Director of Communications and Public Diplomacy for the [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|United States Permanent Representative to the United Nations]]. Serving in that role until 2008, Grenell became the longest serving U.S. spokesman at the United Nations, advising four different U.S. Ambassadors. During his tenure, Grenell led communication strategies on such issues as the [[War on Terror]], global peacekeeping operations, Iran and North Korea's nuclear weapons programs, and the UN [[Oil-for-Food Programme|Oil for Food]] corruption scandal.<ref name="bio"/>

Prior to his post at the UN, Grenell was a political adviser to a number of prominent Republicans, including [[George Pataki]] and [[Dave Camp]].<ref>{{cite news |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Richard Grenell, Openly Gay Romney Spokesman, Resigns From Post |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/richard-grenell-openly-gay-romney-spokesman-resigns-from-post/ |agency=ABC News }}</ref>

In 2009, Grenell founded Capitol Media Partners, an international strategic media and public affairs consultancy with offices in Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York, and Washington, D.C.<ref name="bio"/> He is under contract with [[Fox News]] where he is a "Contributor" commenting on foreign affairs and the media.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/archive/richard-grenell/index.html |date= |title=Richard Grenell |publisher=Fox News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 15, 2014 |title=Richard Grenell Re-Signs with Fox News Through Election 2016 |url=http://www.mediaite.com/tv/richard-grenell-re-signs-with-fox-news-through-election-2016/ |agency=Mediaite }}</ref> He has written for the ''Wall Street Journal''<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=November 21, 2011 |title=Obama's Failing Iran Diplomacy |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203611404577044123819688612 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=May 22, 2012 |title=Marriage, Gay Republicans and the Election |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303610504577419973861004532 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref>, CBS News,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=January 30, 2010 |title=Holden Caulfield and Me |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/holden-caulfield-and-me/ |agency=CBS News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=April 18, 2010 |title=Why Yahoo Ought to Follow Google's Lead on China |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-yahoo-ought-to-follow-googles-lead-on-china/ |agency=CBS News }}</ref> CNN,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=December 1, 2009 |title=GOP rescuing Obama's Afghan policy |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/OPINION/12/01/grenell.obama.afghanistan/index.html |agency=CNN }}</ref> ''Politico'',<ref>{{cite news |date= |title=Arena Profile: Richard A. Grenell |url=http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/richard_a_grenell.html |newspaper=Politico }}</ref> ''Huffington Post'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date= |title=Richard Grenell |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-grenell/ |newspaper=The Huffington Post }}</ref> ''Washington Times'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=March 19, 2015 |title=Nigeria on the brink |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/mar/19/richard-grenell-nigeria-brink/ |newspaper=The Washington Times }}</ref>, Newsmax,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=November 19, 2012 |title=Obama Praises Burma, Ignores Strife in Iran, Syria |url=https://www.newsmax.com/TheWire/burma-syria-grenell-obama/2012/11/19/id/464748/ |agency=Newsmax }}</ref> and Al Jazeera.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=December 30, 2009 |title=A year of little change for Obama |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/2009/12/200912301195192887.html |agency=Al Jazeera }}</ref> In 2012, CNN ranked Grenell's social media outreach as one of the top 5,<ref>{{cite news |date=August 31, 2012 |title=CNN's Gut Check for August 31, 2012 |url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/08/31/cnns-gut-check-for-august-31-2012/ |agency=CNN }}</ref> and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named Grenell as one of the Top 10 Political Twitter Feeds of 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 5, 2014 |title=The Best Twitter Feeds of 2014: Richard Grenell |url=http://time.com/84183/richard-grenell-twitter-feeds-follow-2014/ |newspaper=Time }}</ref>

In 2013, Grenell was a signatory to an ''[[amicus curiae]]'' brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the ''[[Hollingsworth v. Perry]]'' case.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 28, 2013 |title=The Pro-Freedom Republicans Are Coming: 131 Sign Gay-Marriage Brief |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/28/the-pro-freedom-republicans-are-coming-131-sign-gay-marriage-brief.html |newspaper=The Daily Beast }}</ref>

==Personal==
Grenell is a registered Republican.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 27, 2008 |title=Gay Bush Appointee Loses Appeal for Fair Treatment |url=http://www.advocate.com/news/2008/09/27/gay-bush-appointee-loses-appeal%C2%A0-fair-treatment |newspaper=The Advocate }}</ref> He received a master's degree in Public Administration from Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government and his [[bachelor's degree]] in Government and Public Administration from [[Evangel University]].<ref name="bio">{{cite web |url=http://richardgrenell.com/about/ |title=About |date= |publisher=richardgrenell.com}}</ref> In June 2013, Grenell revealed that he had been diagnosed with [[non-Hodgkins lymphoma]] and started [[chemotherapy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://richardgrenell.com/joining-the-fight/ |title=Joining the Fight |date=June 10, 2013 |publisher=richardgrenell.com}}</ref> In September 2013, Grenell announced that he was cancer free.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Richard Grenell |user=RichardGrenell |number=384850091195895809 |date=September 30, 2013 |title=I'm officially in remission. #CancerFree @cityofhope }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Richard Grenell at UN Security Council meeting.jpg|Grenell at a UN Security Council meeting in 2004
Image:Richard Grenell briefing reporters.jpg|Grenell briefing reporters
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{Fox News personalities}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Grenell, Richard
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American diplomat
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 18, 1966
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Michigan]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grenell, Richard}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:United States Department of State officials]]
[[Category:LGBT politicians from the United States]]
[[Category:LGBT Christians]]
[[Category:LGBT people from California]]
[[Category:People with cancer]]
[[Category:California Republicans]]

Richard Grenell

2015-12-29T22:44:18Z

Plot Spoiler: remove duplicate info

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'''Richard Grenell''' (born September 18, 1966) is an American media commentator and former diplomat. He is the longest serving U.S. spokesman at the United Nations. Grenell also briefly served as national security spokesman for [[Mitt Romney]] in his 2012 campaign for President of the United States, becoming the first openly gay spokesman for a Republican presidential candidate.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 6, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney’s Appointment of Gay Aide Richard Grenell Signals New Attitude |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/04/romney-appt-of-gay-aide-signals-new-attitude/ |agency=ABC News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=April 24, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney's Gay Spokesman: A Milestone in Republican Politics |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/04/mitt-romneys-gay-spokesman-a-milestone-in-republican-politics/256263/ |newspaper=The Atlantic }}</ref> He resigned after pressure from social conservatives.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rubin |first=Jennifer |date=May 1, 2012 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Richard Grenell hounded from Romney campaign by anti-gay conservatives |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/post/exclusive-richard-grenell-hounded-from-romney-campaign-by-anti-gay-conservatives/2012/05/01/gIQAccGcuT_blog.html |newspaper=The Washington Post }}</ref>

==Career==
In 2001, Grenell was appointed by President [[George W. Bush]] as Director of Communications and Public Diplomacy for the [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|United States Permanent Representative to the United Nations]]. Serving in that role until 2008, Grenell became the longest serving U.S. spokesman at the United Nations, advising four different U.S. Ambassadors. During his tenure, Grenell led communication strategies on such issues as the [[War on Terror]], global peacekeeping operations, Iran and North Korea's nuclear weapons programs, and the UN [[Oil-for-Food Programme|Oil for Food]] corruption scandal.<ref name="bio"/>

Prior to his post at the UN, Grenell was a political adviser to a number of prominent Republicans, including [[George Pataki]] and [[Dave Camp]].<ref>{{cite news |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Richard Grenell, Openly Gay Romney Spokesman, Resigns From Post |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/richard-grenell-openly-gay-romney-spokesman-resigns-from-post/ |agency=ABC News }}</ref>

In 2009, Grenell founded Capitol Media Partners, an international strategic media and public affairs consultancy with offices in Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York, and Washington, D.C.<ref name="bio"/> He is under contract with [[Fox News]] where he is a "Contributor" commenting on foreign affairs and the media.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/archive/richard-grenell/index.html |date= |title=Richard Grenell |publisher=Fox News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 15, 2014 |title=Richard Grenell Re-Signs with Fox News Through Election 2016 |url=http://www.mediaite.com/tv/richard-grenell-re-signs-with-fox-news-through-election-2016/ |agency=Mediaite }}</ref> He has written for the ''Wall Street Journal''<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=November 21, 2011 |title=Obama's Failing Iran Diplomacy |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203611404577044123819688612 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=May 22, 2012 |title=Marriage, Gay Republicans and the Election |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303610504577419973861004532 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref>, CBS News,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=January 30, 2010 |title=Holden Caulfield and Me |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/holden-caulfield-and-me/ |agency=CBS News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=April 18, 2010 |title=Why Yahoo Ought to Follow Google's Lead on China |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-yahoo-ought-to-follow-googles-lead-on-china/ |agency=CBS News }}</ref> CNN,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=December 1, 2009 |title=GOP rescuing Obama's Afghan policy |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/OPINION/12/01/grenell.obama.afghanistan/index.html |agency=CNN }}</ref> ''Politico'',<ref>{{cite news |date= |title=Arena Profile: Richard A. Grenell |url=http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/richard_a_grenell.html |newspaper=Politico }}</ref> ''Huffington Post'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date= |title=Richard Grenell |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-grenell/ |newspaper=The Huffington Post }}</ref> ''Washington Times'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=March 19, 2015 |title=Nigeria on the brink |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/mar/19/richard-grenell-nigeria-brink/ |newspaper=The Washington Times }}</ref>, Newsmax,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=November 19, 2012 |title=Obama Praises Burma, Ignores Strife in Iran, Syria |url=https://www.newsmax.com/TheWire/burma-syria-grenell-obama/2012/11/19/id/464748/ |agency=Newsmax }}</ref> and Al Jazeera.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=December 30, 2009 |title=A year of little change for Obama |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/2009/12/200912301195192887.html |agency=Al Jazeera }}</ref> In 2012, CNN ranked Grenell's social media outreach as one of the top 5,<ref>{{cite news |date=August 31, 2012 |title=CNN's Gut Check for August 31, 2012 |url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/08/31/cnns-gut-check-for-august-31-2012/ |agency=CNN }}</ref> and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named Grenell as one of the Top 10 Political Twitter Feeds of 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 5, 2014 |title=The Best Twitter Feeds of 2014: Richard Grenell |url=http://time.com/84183/richard-grenell-twitter-feeds-follow-2014/ |newspaper=Time }}</ref>

In 2013, Grenell was a signatory to an ''[[amicus curiae]]'' brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the ''[[Hollingsworth v. Perry]]'' case.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 28, 2013 |title=The Pro-Freedom Republicans Are Coming: 131 Sign Gay-Marriage Brief |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/28/the-pro-freedom-republicans-are-coming-131-sign-gay-marriage-brief.html |newspaper=The Daily Beast }}</ref>

==Personal==
Grenell is a registered Republican.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 27, 2008 |title=Gay Bush Appointee Loses Appeal for Fair Treatment |url=http://www.advocate.com/news/2008/09/27/gay-bush-appointee-loses-appeal%C2%A0-fair-treatment |newspaper=The Advocate }}</ref> He received a master's degree in Public Administration from Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government and his [[bachelor's degree]] in Government and Public Administration from [[Evangel University]].<ref name="bio">{{cite web |url=http://richardgrenell.com/about/ |title=About |date= |publisher=richardgrenell.com}}</ref> In June 2013, Grenell revealed that he had been diagnosed with [[non-Hodgkins lymphoma]] and started [[chemotherapy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://richardgrenell.com/joining-the-fight/ |title=Joining the Fight |date=June 10, 2013 |publisher=richardgrenell.com}}</ref> In September 2013, Grenell announced that he was cancer free.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Richard Grenell |user=RichardGrenell |number=384850091195895809 |date=September 30, 2013 |title=I'm officially in remission. #CancerFree @cityofhope }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{Fox News personalities}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Grenell, Richard
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American diplomat
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 18, 1966
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Michigan]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grenell, Richard}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:United States Department of State officials]]
[[Category:LGBT politicians from the United States]]
[[Category:LGBT Christians]]
[[Category:LGBT people from California]]
[[Category:People with cancer]]
[[Category:California Republicans]]

Richard Grenell

2015-12-29T22:42:22Z

Plot Spoiler: + CNN

{{Infobox person
| name = Richard Grenell
| image = Richard Grenell voting at a UN Security Council meeting.jpg
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'''Richard Grenell''' (born September 18, 1966) is an American media commentator and former diplomat. He is the longest serving U.S. spokesman at the United Nations. Grenell also briefly served as national security spokesman for [[Mitt Romney]] in his 2012 campaign for President of the United States, becoming the first openly gay spokesman for a Republican presidential candidate.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 6, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney’s Appointment of Gay Aide Richard Grenell Signals New Attitude |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/04/romney-appt-of-gay-aide-signals-new-attitude/ |agency=ABC News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=April 24, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney's Gay Spokesman: A Milestone in Republican Politics |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/04/mitt-romneys-gay-spokesman-a-milestone-in-republican-politics/256263/ |newspaper=The Atlantic }}</ref> He resigned after pressure from social conservatives.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rubin |first=Jennifer |date=May 1, 2012 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Richard Grenell hounded from Romney campaign by anti-gay conservatives |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/post/exclusive-richard-grenell-hounded-from-romney-campaign-by-anti-gay-conservatives/2012/05/01/gIQAccGcuT_blog.html |newspaper=The Washington Post }}</ref>

==Career==
In 2001, Grenell was appointed by President [[George W. Bush]] as Director of Communications and Public Diplomacy for the [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|United States Permanent Representative to the United Nations]]. Serving in that role until 2008, Grenell became the longest serving U.S. spokesman at the United Nations, advising four different U.S. Ambassadors. During his tenure, Grenell led communication strategies on such issues as the [[War on Terror]], global peacekeeping operations, Iran and North Korea's nuclear weapons programs, and the UN [[Oil-for-Food Programme|Oil for Food]] corruption scandal.<ref name="bio"/>

Prior to his post at the UN, Grenell was a political adviser to a number of prominent Republicans, including [[George Pataki]] and [[Dave Camp]].<ref>{{cite news |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Richard Grenell, Openly Gay Romney Spokesman, Resigns From Post |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/richard-grenell-openly-gay-romney-spokesman-resigns-from-post/ |agency=ABC News }}</ref>

In 2009, Grenell founded Capitol Media Partners, an international strategic media and public affairs consultancy with offices in Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York, and Washington, D.C.<ref name="bio"/> He is under contract with [[Fox News]] where he is a "Contributor" commenting on foreign affairs and the media.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/archive/richard-grenell/index.html |date= |title=Richard Grenell |publisher=Fox News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 15, 2014 |title=Richard Grenell Re-Signs with Fox News Through Election 2016 |url=http://www.mediaite.com/tv/richard-grenell-re-signs-with-fox-news-through-election-2016/ |agency=Mediaite }}</ref> He has written for the ''Wall Street Journal''<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=November 21, 2011 |title=Obama's Failing Iran Diplomacy |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203611404577044123819688612 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=May 22, 2012 |title=Marriage, Gay Republicans and the Election |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303610504577419973861004532 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref>, CBS News,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=January 30, 2010 |title=Holden Caulfield and Me |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/holden-caulfield-and-me/ |agency=CBS News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=April 18, 2010 |title=Why Yahoo Ought to Follow Google's Lead on China |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-yahoo-ought-to-follow-googles-lead-on-china/ |agency=CBS News }}</ref> CNN,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=December 1, 2009 |title=GOP rescuing Obama's Afghan policy |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/OPINION/12/01/grenell.obama.afghanistan/index.html |agency=CNN }}</ref> ''Politico'',<ref>{{cite news |date= |title=Arena Profile: Richard A. Grenell |url=http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/richard_a_grenell.html |newspaper=Politico }}</ref> ''Huffington Post'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date= |title=Richard Grenell |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-grenell/ |newspaper=The Huffington Post }}</ref> ''Washington Times'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=March 19, 2015 |title=Nigeria on the brink |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/mar/19/richard-grenell-nigeria-brink/ |newspaper=The Washington Times }}</ref>, Newsmax,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=November 19, 2012 |title=Obama Praises Burma, Ignores Strife in Iran, Syria |url=https://www.newsmax.com/TheWire/burma-syria-grenell-obama/2012/11/19/id/464748/ |agency=Newsmax }}</ref> and Al Jazeera.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=December 30, 2009 |title=A year of little change for Obama |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/2009/12/200912301195192887.html |agency=Al Jazeera }}</ref> In 2012, CNN ranked Grenell's social media outreach as one of the top 5 in 2012,<ref>{{cite news |date=August 31, 2012 |title=CNN's Gut Check for August 31, 2012 |url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/08/31/cnns-gut-check-for-august-31-2012/ |agency=CNN }}</ref> and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named Grenell as one of the Top 10 Political Twitter Feeds of 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 5, 2014 |title=The Best Twitter Feeds of 2014: Richard Grenell |url=http://time.com/84183/richard-grenell-twitter-feeds-follow-2014/ |newspaper=Time }}</ref>

In 2013, Grenell was a signatory to an ''[[amicus curiae]]'' brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the ''[[Hollingsworth v. Perry]]'' case.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 28, 2013 |title=The Pro-Freedom Republicans Are Coming: 131 Sign Gay-Marriage Brief |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/28/the-pro-freedom-republicans-are-coming-131-sign-gay-marriage-brief.html |newspaper=The Daily Beast }}</ref>

==Personal==
Grenell is a registered Republican.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 27, 2008 |title=Gay Bush Appointee Loses Appeal for Fair Treatment |url=http://www.advocate.com/news/2008/09/27/gay-bush-appointee-loses-appeal%C2%A0-fair-treatment |newspaper=The Advocate }}</ref> He received a master's degree in Public Administration from Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government and his [[bachelor's degree]] in Government and Public Administration from [[Evangel University]].<ref name="bio">{{cite web |url=http://richardgrenell.com/about/ |title=About |date= |publisher=richardgrenell.com}}</ref> In June 2013, Grenell revealed that he had been diagnosed with [[non-Hodgkins lymphoma]] and started [[chemotherapy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://richardgrenell.com/joining-the-fight/ |title=Joining the Fight |date=June 10, 2013 |publisher=richardgrenell.com}}</ref> In September 2013, Grenell announced that he was cancer free.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Richard Grenell |user=RichardGrenell |number=384850091195895809 |date=September 30, 2013 |title=I'm officially in remission. #CancerFree @cityofhope }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{Fox News personalities}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Grenell, Richard
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American diplomat
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 18, 1966
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Michigan]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grenell, Richard}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:United States Department of State officials]]
[[Category:LGBT politicians from the United States]]
[[Category:LGBT Christians]]
[[Category:LGBT people from California]]
[[Category:People with cancer]]
[[Category:California Republicans]]

Richard Grenell

2015-12-29T22:18:00Z

Plot Spoiler: + img

{{Infobox person
| name = Richard Grenell
| image = Richard Grenell voting at a UN Security Council meeting.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
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| religion = Christian<ref name="WSJoped">{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=May 22, 2012 |title=Marriage, Gay Republicans and the Election |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303610504577419973861004532 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref>
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relations =
| callsign =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Richard Grenell''' (born September 18, 1966) is an American media commentator and former diplomat. He is the longest serving U.S. spokesman at the United Nations. Grenell also briefly served as national security spokesman for [[Mitt Romney]] in his 2012 campaign for President of the United States, becoming the first openly gay spokesman for a Republican presidential candidate.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 6, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney’s Appointment of Gay Aide Richard Grenell Signals New Attitude |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/04/romney-appt-of-gay-aide-signals-new-attitude/ |agency=ABC News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=April 24, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney's Gay Spokesman: A Milestone in Republican Politics |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/04/mitt-romneys-gay-spokesman-a-milestone-in-republican-politics/256263/ |newspaper=The Atlantic }}</ref> He resigned after pressure from social conservatives.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rubin |first=Jennifer |date=May 1, 2012 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Richard Grenell hounded from Romney campaign by anti-gay conservatives |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/post/exclusive-richard-grenell-hounded-from-romney-campaign-by-anti-gay-conservatives/2012/05/01/gIQAccGcuT_blog.html |newspaper=The Washington Post }}</ref>

==Career==
In 2001, Grenell was appointed by President [[George W. Bush]] as Director of Communications and Public Diplomacy for the [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|United States Permanent Representative to the United Nations]]. Serving in that role until 2008, Grenell became the longest serving U.S. spokesman at the United Nations, advising four different U.S. Ambassadors. During his tenure, Grenell led communication strategies on such issues as the [[War on Terror]], global peacekeeping operations, Iran and North Korea's nuclear weapons programs, and the UN [[Oil-for-Food Programme|Oil for Food]] corruption scandal.<ref name="bio"/>

Prior to his post at the UN, Grenell was a political adviser to a number of prominent Republicans, including [[George Pataki]] and [[Dave Camp]].<ref>{{cite news |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Richard Grenell, Openly Gay Romney Spokesman, Resigns From Post |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/richard-grenell-openly-gay-romney-spokesman-resigns-from-post/ |agency=ABC News }}</ref>

In 2009, Grenell founded Capitol Media Partners, an international strategic media and public affairs consultancy with offices in Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York, and Washington, D.C.<ref name="bio"/> He is under contract with [[Fox News]] where he is a "Contributor" commenting on foreign affairs and the media.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/archive/richard-grenell/index.html |date= |title=Richard Grenell |publisher=Fox News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 15, 2014 |title=Richard Grenell Re-Signs with Fox News Through Election 2016 |url=http://www.mediaite.com/tv/richard-grenell-re-signs-with-fox-news-through-election-2016/ |agency=Mediaite }}</ref> He has written for the ''Wall Street Journal''<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=November 21, 2011 |title=Obama's Failing Iran Diplomacy |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203611404577044123819688612 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=May 22, 2012 |title=Marriage, Gay Republicans and the Election |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303610504577419973861004532 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref>, CBS News,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=January 30, 2010 |title=Holden Caulfield and Me |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/holden-caulfield-and-me/ |agency=CBS News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=April 18, 2010 |title=Why Yahoo Ought to Follow Google's Lead on China |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-yahoo-ought-to-follow-googles-lead-on-china/ |agency=CBS News }}</ref> CNN,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=December 1, 2009 |title=GOP rescuing Obama's Afghan policy |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/OPINION/12/01/grenell.obama.afghanistan/index.html |agency=CNN }}</ref> ''Politico'',<ref>{{cite news |date= |title=Arena Profile: Richard A. Grenell |url=http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/richard_a_grenell.html |newspaper=Politico }}</ref> ''Huffington Post'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date= |title=Richard Grenell |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-grenell/ |newspaper=The Huffington Post }}</ref> ''Washington Times'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=March 19, 2015 |title=Nigeria on the brink |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/mar/19/richard-grenell-nigeria-brink/ |newspaper=The Washington Times }}</ref>, Newsmax,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=November 19, 2012 |title=Obama Praises Burma, Ignores Strife in Iran, Syria |url=https://www.newsmax.com/TheWire/burma-syria-grenell-obama/2012/11/19/id/464748/ |agency=Newsmax }}</ref> and Al Jazeera.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=December 30, 2009 |title=A year of little change for Obama |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/2009/12/200912301195192887.html |agency=Al Jazeera }}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named Grenell as one of the Top 10 Political Twitter Feeds of 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 5, 2014 |title=The Best Twitter Feeds of 2014: Richard Grenell |url=http://time.com/84183/richard-grenell-twitter-feeds-follow-2014/ |newspaper=Time }}</ref>

In 2013, Grenell was a signatory to an ''[[amicus curiae]]'' brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the ''[[Hollingsworth v. Perry]]'' case.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 28, 2013 |title=The Pro-Freedom Republicans Are Coming: 131 Sign Gay-Marriage Brief |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/28/the-pro-freedom-republicans-are-coming-131-sign-gay-marriage-brief.html |newspaper=The Daily Beast }}</ref>

==Personal==
Grenell is a registered Republican.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 27, 2008 |title=Gay Bush Appointee Loses Appeal for Fair Treatment |url=http://www.advocate.com/news/2008/09/27/gay-bush-appointee-loses-appeal%C2%A0-fair-treatment |newspaper=The Advocate }}</ref> He received a master's degree in Public Administration from Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government and his [[bachelor's degree]] in Government and Public Administration from [[Evangel University]].<ref name="bio">{{cite web |url=http://richardgrenell.com/about/ |title=About |date= |publisher=richardgrenell.com}}</ref> In June 2013, Grenell revealed that he had been diagnosed with [[non-Hodgkins lymphoma]] and started [[chemotherapy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://richardgrenell.com/joining-the-fight/ |title=Joining the Fight |date=June 10, 2013 |publisher=richardgrenell.com}}</ref> In September 2013, Grenell announced that he was cancer free.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Richard Grenell |user=RichardGrenell |number=384850091195895809 |date=September 30, 2013 |title=I'm officially in remission. #CancerFree @cityofhope }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{Fox News personalities}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Grenell, Richard
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American diplomat
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 18, 1966
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Michigan]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grenell, Richard}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:United States Department of State officials]]
[[Category:LGBT politicians from the United States]]
[[Category:LGBT Christians]]
[[Category:LGBT people from California]]
[[Category:People with cancer]]
[[Category:California Republicans]]

Richard Grenell

2015-12-29T19:31:46Z

Plot Spoiler: /* Personal */ capitalization

{{Infobox person
| name = Richard Grenell
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
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| footnotes =
}}

'''Richard Grenell''' (born September 18, 1966) is an American media commentator and former diplomat. He is the longest serving U.S. spokesman at the United Nations. Grenell also briefly served as national security spokesman for [[Mitt Romney]] in his 2012 campaign for President of the United States, becoming the first openly gay spokesman for a Republican presidential candidate.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 6, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney’s Appointment of Gay Aide Richard Grenell Signals New Attitude |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/04/romney-appt-of-gay-aide-signals-new-attitude/ |agency=ABC News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=April 24, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney's Gay Spokesman: A Milestone in Republican Politics |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/04/mitt-romneys-gay-spokesman-a-milestone-in-republican-politics/256263/ |newspaper=The Atlantic }}</ref> He resigned after pressure from social conservatives.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rubin |first=Jennifer |date=May 1, 2012 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Richard Grenell hounded from Romney campaign by anti-gay conservatives |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/post/exclusive-richard-grenell-hounded-from-romney-campaign-by-anti-gay-conservatives/2012/05/01/gIQAccGcuT_blog.html |newspaper=The Washington Post }}</ref>

==Career==
In 2001, Grenell was appointed by President [[George W. Bush]] as Director of Communications and Public Diplomacy for the [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|United States Permanent Representative to the United Nations]]. Serving in that role until 2008, Grenell became the longest serving U.S. spokesman at the United Nations, advising four different U.S. Ambassadors. During his tenure, Grenell led communication strategies on such issues as the [[War on Terror]], global peacekeeping operations, Iran and North Korea's nuclear weapons programs, and the UN [[Oil-for-Food Programme|Oil for Food]] corruption scandal.<ref name="bio"/>

Prior to his post at the UN, Grenell was a political adviser to a number of prominent Republicans, including [[George Pataki]] and [[Dave Camp]].<ref>{{cite news |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Richard Grenell, Openly Gay Romney Spokesman, Resigns From Post |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/richard-grenell-openly-gay-romney-spokesman-resigns-from-post/ |agency=ABC News }}</ref>

In 2009, Grenell founded Capitol Media Partners, an international strategic media and public affairs consultancy with offices in Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York, and Washington, D.C.<ref name="bio"/> He is under contract with [[Fox News]] where he is a "Contributor" commenting on foreign affairs and the media.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/archive/richard-grenell/index.html |date= |title=Richard Grenell |publisher=Fox News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 15, 2014 |title=Richard Grenell Re-Signs with Fox News Through Election 2016 |url=http://www.mediaite.com/tv/richard-grenell-re-signs-with-fox-news-through-election-2016/ |agency=Mediaite }}</ref> He has written for the ''Wall Street Journal''<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=November 21, 2011 |title=Obama's Failing Iran Diplomacy |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203611404577044123819688612 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=May 22, 2012 |title=Marriage, Gay Republicans and the Election |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303610504577419973861004532 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref>, CBS News,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=January 30, 2010 |title=Holden Caulfield and Me |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/holden-caulfield-and-me/ |agency=CBS News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=April 18, 2010 |title=Why Yahoo Ought to Follow Google's Lead on China |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-yahoo-ought-to-follow-googles-lead-on-china/ |agency=CBS News }}</ref> CNN,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=December 1, 2009 |title=GOP rescuing Obama's Afghan policy |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/OPINION/12/01/grenell.obama.afghanistan/index.html |agency=CNN }}</ref> ''Politico'',<ref>{{cite news |date= |title=Arena Profile: Richard A. Grenell |url=http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/richard_a_grenell.html |newspaper=Politico }}</ref> ''Huffington Post'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date= |title=Richard Grenell |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-grenell/ |newspaper=The Huffington Post }}</ref> ''Washington Times'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=March 19, 2015 |title=Nigeria on the brink |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/mar/19/richard-grenell-nigeria-brink/ |newspaper=The Washington Times }}</ref>, Newsmax,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=November 19, 2012 |title=Obama Praises Burma, Ignores Strife in Iran, Syria |url=https://www.newsmax.com/TheWire/burma-syria-grenell-obama/2012/11/19/id/464748/ |agency=Newsmax }}</ref> and Al Jazeera.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=December 30, 2009 |title=A year of little change for Obama |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/2009/12/200912301195192887.html |agency=Al Jazeera }}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named Grenell as one of the Top 10 Political Twitter Feeds of 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 5, 2014 |title=The Best Twitter Feeds of 2014: Richard Grenell |url=http://time.com/84183/richard-grenell-twitter-feeds-follow-2014/ |newspaper=Time }}</ref>

In 2013, Grenell was a signatory to an ''[[amicus curiae]]'' brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the ''[[Hollingsworth v. Perry]]'' case.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 28, 2013 |title=The Pro-Freedom Republicans Are Coming: 131 Sign Gay-Marriage Brief |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/28/the-pro-freedom-republicans-are-coming-131-sign-gay-marriage-brief.html |newspaper=The Daily Beast }}</ref>

==Personal==
Grenell is a registered Republican.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 27, 2008 |title=Gay Bush Appointee Loses Appeal for Fair Treatment |url=http://www.advocate.com/news/2008/09/27/gay-bush-appointee-loses-appeal%C2%A0-fair-treatment |newspaper=The Advocate }}</ref> He received a master's degree in Public Administration from Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government and his [[bachelor's degree]] in Government and Public Administration from [[Evangel University]].<ref name="bio">{{cite web |url=http://richardgrenell.com/about/ |title=About |date= |publisher=richardgrenell.com}}</ref> In June 2013, Grenell revealed that he had been diagnosed with [[non-Hodgkins lymphoma]] and started [[chemotherapy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://richardgrenell.com/joining-the-fight/ |title=Joining the Fight |date=June 10, 2013 |publisher=richardgrenell.com}}</ref> In September 2013, Grenell announced that he was cancer free.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Richard Grenell |user=RichardGrenell |number=384850091195895809 |date=September 30, 2013 |title=I'm officially in remission. #CancerFree @cityofhope }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{Fox News personalities}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Grenell, Richard
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American diplomat
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 18, 1966
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Michigan]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grenell, Richard}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:United States Department of State officials]]
[[Category:LGBT politicians from the United States]]
[[Category:LGBT Christians]]
[[Category:LGBT people from California]]
[[Category:People with cancer]]
[[Category:California Republicans]]

Richard Grenell

2015-12-29T19:29:41Z

Plot Spoiler: wording

{{Infobox person
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'''Richard Grenell''' (born September 18, 1966) is an American media commentator and former diplomat. He is the longest serving U.S. spokesman at the United Nations. Grenell also briefly served as national security spokesman for [[Mitt Romney]] in his 2012 campaign for President of the United States, becoming the first openly gay spokesman for a Republican presidential candidate.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 6, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney’s Appointment of Gay Aide Richard Grenell Signals New Attitude |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/04/romney-appt-of-gay-aide-signals-new-attitude/ |agency=ABC News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=April 24, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney's Gay Spokesman: A Milestone in Republican Politics |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/04/mitt-romneys-gay-spokesman-a-milestone-in-republican-politics/256263/ |newspaper=The Atlantic }}</ref> He resigned after pressure from social conservatives.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rubin |first=Jennifer |date=May 1, 2012 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Richard Grenell hounded from Romney campaign by anti-gay conservatives |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/post/exclusive-richard-grenell-hounded-from-romney-campaign-by-anti-gay-conservatives/2012/05/01/gIQAccGcuT_blog.html |newspaper=The Washington Post }}</ref>

==Career==
In 2001, Grenell was appointed by President [[George W. Bush]] as Director of Communications and Public Diplomacy for the [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|United States Permanent Representative to the United Nations]]. Serving in that role until 2008, Grenell became the longest serving U.S. spokesman at the United Nations, advising four different U.S. Ambassadors. During his tenure, Grenell led communication strategies on such issues as the [[War on Terror]], global peacekeeping operations, Iran and North Korea's nuclear weapons programs, and the UN [[Oil-for-Food Programme|Oil for Food]] corruption scandal.<ref name="bio"/>

Prior to his post at the UN, Grenell was a political adviser to a number of prominent Republicans, including [[George Pataki]] and [[Dave Camp]].<ref>{{cite news |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Richard Grenell, Openly Gay Romney Spokesman, Resigns From Post |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/richard-grenell-openly-gay-romney-spokesman-resigns-from-post/ |agency=ABC News }}</ref>

In 2009, Grenell founded Capitol Media Partners, an international strategic media and public affairs consultancy with offices in Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York, and Washington, D.C.<ref name="bio"/> He is under contract with [[Fox News]] where he is a "Contributor" commenting on foreign affairs and the media.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/archive/richard-grenell/index.html |date= |title=Richard Grenell |publisher=Fox News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 15, 2014 |title=Richard Grenell Re-Signs with Fox News Through Election 2016 |url=http://www.mediaite.com/tv/richard-grenell-re-signs-with-fox-news-through-election-2016/ |agency=Mediaite }}</ref> He has written for the ''Wall Street Journal''<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=November 21, 2011 |title=Obama's Failing Iran Diplomacy |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203611404577044123819688612 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=May 22, 2012 |title=Marriage, Gay Republicans and the Election |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303610504577419973861004532 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref>, CBS News,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=January 30, 2010 |title=Holden Caulfield and Me |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/holden-caulfield-and-me/ |agency=CBS News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=April 18, 2010 |title=Why Yahoo Ought to Follow Google's Lead on China |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-yahoo-ought-to-follow-googles-lead-on-china/ |agency=CBS News }}</ref> CNN,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=December 1, 2009 |title=GOP rescuing Obama's Afghan policy |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/OPINION/12/01/grenell.obama.afghanistan/index.html |agency=CNN }}</ref> ''Politico'',<ref>{{cite news |date= |title=Arena Profile: Richard A. Grenell |url=http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/richard_a_grenell.html |newspaper=Politico }}</ref> ''Huffington Post'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date= |title=Richard Grenell |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-grenell/ |newspaper=The Huffington Post }}</ref> ''Washington Times'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=March 19, 2015 |title=Nigeria on the brink |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/mar/19/richard-grenell-nigeria-brink/ |newspaper=The Washington Times }}</ref>, Newsmax,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=November 19, 2012 |title=Obama Praises Burma, Ignores Strife in Iran, Syria |url=https://www.newsmax.com/TheWire/burma-syria-grenell-obama/2012/11/19/id/464748/ |agency=Newsmax }}</ref> and Al Jazeera.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=December 30, 2009 |title=A year of little change for Obama |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/2009/12/200912301195192887.html |agency=Al Jazeera }}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named Grenell as one of the Top 10 Political Twitter Feeds of 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 5, 2014 |title=The Best Twitter Feeds of 2014: Richard Grenell |url=http://time.com/84183/richard-grenell-twitter-feeds-follow-2014/ |newspaper=Time }}</ref>

In 2013, Grenell was a signatory to an ''[[amicus curiae]]'' brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the ''[[Hollingsworth v. Perry]]'' case.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 28, 2013 |title=The Pro-Freedom Republicans Are Coming: 131 Sign Gay-Marriage Brief |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/28/the-pro-freedom-republicans-are-coming-131-sign-gay-marriage-brief.html |newspaper=The Daily Beast }}</ref>

==Personal==
Grenell is a registered Republican.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 27, 2008 |title=Gay Bush Appointee Loses Appeal for Fair Treatment |url=http://www.advocate.com/news/2008/09/27/gay-bush-appointee-loses-appeal%C2%A0-fair-treatment |newspaper=The Advocate }}</ref> He received a Master's Degree in Public Administration from Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government and his [[bachelor's degree]] in Government and Public Administration from [[Evangel University]].<ref name="bio">{{cite web |url=http://richardgrenell.com/about/ |title=About |date= |publisher=richardgrenell.com}}</ref> In June 2013, Grenell revealed that he had been diagnosed with [[non-Hodgkins lymphoma]] and started [[chemotherapy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://richardgrenell.com/joining-the-fight/ |title=Joining the Fight |date=June 10, 2013 |publisher=richardgrenell.com}}</ref> In September 2013, Grenell announced that he was cancer free.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Richard Grenell |user=RichardGrenell |number=384850091195895809 |date=September 30, 2013 |title=I'm officially in remission. #CancerFree @cityofhope }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{Fox News personalities}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Grenell, Richard
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American diplomat
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 18, 1966
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Michigan]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grenell, Richard}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:United States Department of State officials]]
[[Category:LGBT politicians from the United States]]
[[Category:LGBT Christians]]
[[Category:LGBT people from California]]
[[Category:People with cancer]]
[[Category:California Republicans]]

Richard Grenell

2015-12-29T19:26:12Z

Plot Spoiler: + Time on Twitter feed

{{Infobox person
| name = Richard Grenell
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
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| years_active =
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| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relations =
| callsign =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Richard Grenell''' (born September 18, 1966) is an American media commentator and former diplomat. He is the longest serving U.S. spokesman at the United Nations and briefly served as national security spokesman for [[Mitt Romney]] in his 2012 campaign for President of the United States.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 6, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney’s Appointment of Gay Aide Richard Grenell Signals New Attitude |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/04/romney-appt-of-gay-aide-signals-new-attitude/ |agency=ABC News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=April 24, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney's Gay Spokesman: A Milestone in Republican Politics |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/04/mitt-romneys-gay-spokesman-a-milestone-in-republican-politics/256263/ |newspaper=The Atlantic }}</ref> He became the first openly gay spokesman for a Republican presidential candidate, after being hired by [[Mitt Romney]]. He resigned after pressure from social conservatives.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rubin |first=Jennifer |date=May 1, 2012 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Richard Grenell hounded from Romney campaign by anti-gay conservatives |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/post/exclusive-richard-grenell-hounded-from-romney-campaign-by-anti-gay-conservatives/2012/05/01/gIQAccGcuT_blog.html |newspaper=The Washington Post }}</ref>

==Career==
In 2001, Grenell was appointed by President [[George W. Bush]] as Director of Communications and Public Diplomacy for the [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|United States Permanent Representative to the United Nations]]. Serving in that role until 2008, Grenell became the longest serving U.S. spokesman at the United Nations, advising four different U.S. Ambassadors. During his tenure, Grenell led communication strategies on such issues as the [[War on Terror]], global peacekeeping operations, Iran and North Korea's nuclear weapons programs, and the UN [[Oil-for-Food Programme|Oil for Food]] corruption scandal.<ref name="bio"/>

Prior to his post at the UN, Grenell was a political adviser to a number of prominent Republicans, including [[George Pataki]] and [[Dave Camp]].<ref>{{cite news |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Richard Grenell, Openly Gay Romney Spokesman, Resigns From Post |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/richard-grenell-openly-gay-romney-spokesman-resigns-from-post/ |agency=ABC News }}</ref>

In 2009, Grenell founded Capitol Media Partners, an international strategic media and public affairs consultancy with offices in Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York, and Washington, D.C.<ref name="bio"/> He is under contract with [[Fox News]] where he is a "Contributor" commenting on foreign affairs and the media.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/archive/richard-grenell/index.html |date= |title=Richard Grenell |publisher=Fox News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 15, 2014 |title=Richard Grenell Re-Signs with Fox News Through Election 2016 |url=http://www.mediaite.com/tv/richard-grenell-re-signs-with-fox-news-through-election-2016/ |agency=Mediaite }}</ref> He has written for the ''Wall Street Journal''<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=November 21, 2011 |title=Obama's Failing Iran Diplomacy |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203611404577044123819688612 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=May 22, 2012 |title=Marriage, Gay Republicans and the Election |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303610504577419973861004532 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref>, CBS News,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=January 30, 2010 |title=Holden Caulfield and Me |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/holden-caulfield-and-me/ |agency=CBS News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=April 18, 2010 |title=Why Yahoo Ought to Follow Google's Lead on China |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-yahoo-ought-to-follow-googles-lead-on-china/ |agency=CBS News }}</ref> CNN,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=December 1, 2009 |title=GOP rescuing Obama's Afghan policy |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/OPINION/12/01/grenell.obama.afghanistan/index.html |agency=CNN }}</ref> ''Politico'',<ref>{{cite news |date= |title=Arena Profile: Richard A. Grenell |url=http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/richard_a_grenell.html |newspaper=Politico }}</ref> ''Huffington Post'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date= |title=Richard Grenell |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-grenell/ |newspaper=The Huffington Post }}</ref> ''Washington Times'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=March 19, 2015 |title=Nigeria on the brink |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/mar/19/richard-grenell-nigeria-brink/ |newspaper=The Washington Times }}</ref>, Newsmax,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=November 19, 2012 |title=Obama Praises Burma, Ignores Strife in Iran, Syria |url=https://www.newsmax.com/TheWire/burma-syria-grenell-obama/2012/11/19/id/464748/ |agency=Newsmax }}</ref> and Al Jazeera.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=December 30, 2009 |title=A year of little change for Obama |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/2009/12/200912301195192887.html |agency=Al Jazeera }}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named Grenell as one of the Top 10 Political Twitter Feeds of 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 5, 2014 |title=The Best Twitter Feeds of 2014: Richard Grenell |url=http://time.com/84183/richard-grenell-twitter-feeds-follow-2014/ |newspaper=Time }}</ref>

In 2013, Grenell was a signatory to an ''[[amicus curiae]]'' brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the ''[[Hollingsworth v. Perry]]'' case.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 28, 2013 |title=The Pro-Freedom Republicans Are Coming: 131 Sign Gay-Marriage Brief |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/28/the-pro-freedom-republicans-are-coming-131-sign-gay-marriage-brief.html |newspaper=The Daily Beast }}</ref>

==Personal==
Grenell is a registered Republican.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 27, 2008 |title=Gay Bush Appointee Loses Appeal for Fair Treatment |url=http://www.advocate.com/news/2008/09/27/gay-bush-appointee-loses-appeal%C2%A0-fair-treatment |newspaper=The Advocate }}</ref> He received a Master's Degree in Public Administration from Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government and his [[bachelor's degree]] in Government and Public Administration from [[Evangel University]].<ref name="bio">{{cite web |url=http://richardgrenell.com/about/ |title=About |date= |publisher=richardgrenell.com}}</ref> In June 2013, Grenell revealed that he had been diagnosed with [[non-Hodgkins lymphoma]] and started [[chemotherapy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://richardgrenell.com/joining-the-fight/ |title=Joining the Fight |date=June 10, 2013 |publisher=richardgrenell.com}}</ref> In September 2013, Grenell announced that he was cancer free.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Richard Grenell |user=RichardGrenell |number=384850091195895809 |date=September 30, 2013 |title=I'm officially in remission. #CancerFree @cityofhope }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{Fox News personalities}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Grenell, Richard
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American diplomat
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 18, 1966
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Michigan]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grenell, Richard}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:United States Department of State officials]]
[[Category:LGBT politicians from the United States]]
[[Category:LGBT Christians]]
[[Category:LGBT people from California]]
[[Category:People with cancer]]
[[Category:California Republicans]]

Richard Grenell

2015-12-29T18:23:41Z

Plot Spoiler: + publications written for

{{Infobox person
| name = Richard Grenell
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| body_discovered =
| death_cause =
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| resting_place_coordinates = 
| residence =
| nationality =
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| citizenship = United States
| other_names =
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| alma_mater =
| employer =
| occupation = National security commentator, former U.S. diplomat
| years_active =
| home_town =
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| religion = Christian<ref name="WSJoped">{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=May 22, 2012 |title=Marriage, Gay Republicans and the Election |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303610504577419973861004532 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref>
| spouse =
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'''Richard Grenell''' (born September 18, 1966) is an American media commentator and former diplomat. He is the longest serving U.S. spokesman at the United Nations and briefly served as national security spokesman for [[Mitt Romney]] in his 2012 campaign for President of the United States.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 6, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney’s Appointment of Gay Aide Richard Grenell Signals New Attitude |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/04/romney-appt-of-gay-aide-signals-new-attitude/ |agency=ABC News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=April 24, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney's Gay Spokesman: A Milestone in Republican Politics |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/04/mitt-romneys-gay-spokesman-a-milestone-in-republican-politics/256263/ |newspaper=The Atlantic }}</ref> He became the first openly gay spokesman for a Republican presidential candidate, after being hired by [[Mitt Romney]]. He resigned after pressure from social conservatives.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rubin |first=Jennifer |date=May 1, 2012 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Richard Grenell hounded from Romney campaign by anti-gay conservatives |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/post/exclusive-richard-grenell-hounded-from-romney-campaign-by-anti-gay-conservatives/2012/05/01/gIQAccGcuT_blog.html |newspaper=The Washington Post }}</ref>

==Career==
In 2001, Grenell was appointed by President [[George W. Bush]] as Director of Communications and Public Diplomacy for the [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|United States Permanent Representative to the United Nations]]. Serving in that role until 2008, Grenell became the longest serving U.S. spokesman at the United Nations, advising four different U.S. Ambassadors. During his tenure, Grenell led communication strategies on such issues as the [[War on Terror]], global peacekeeping operations, Iran and North Korea's nuclear weapons programs, and the UN [[Oil-for-Food Programme|Oil for Food]] corruption scandal.<ref name="bio"/>

Prior to his post at the UN, Grenell was a political adviser to a number of prominent Republicans, including [[George Pataki]] and [[Dave Camp]].<ref>{{cite news |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Richard Grenell, Openly Gay Romney Spokesman, Resigns From Post |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/richard-grenell-openly-gay-romney-spokesman-resigns-from-post/ |agency=ABC News }}</ref>

In 2009, Grenell founded Capitol Media Partners, an international strategic media and public affairs consultancy with offices in Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York, and Washington, D.C.<ref name="bio"/> He is under contract with [[Fox News]] where he is a "Contributor" commenting on foreign affairs and the media.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/archive/richard-grenell/index.html |date= |title=Richard Grenell |publisher=Fox News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 15, 2014 |title=Richard Grenell Re-Signs with Fox News Through Election 2016 |url=http://www.mediaite.com/tv/richard-grenell-re-signs-with-fox-news-through-election-2016/ |agency=Mediaite }}</ref> He has written for the ''Wall Street Journal''<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=November 21, 2011 |title=Obama's Failing Iran Diplomacy |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203611404577044123819688612 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=May 22, 2012 |title=Marriage, Gay Republicans and the Election |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303610504577419973861004532 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref>, CBS News,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=January 30, 2010 |title=Holden Caulfield and Me |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/holden-caulfield-and-me/ |agency=CBS News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=April 18, 2010 |title=Why Yahoo Ought to Follow Google's Lead on China |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-yahoo-ought-to-follow-googles-lead-on-china/ |agency=CBS News }}</ref> CNN,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=December 1, 2009 |title=GOP rescuing Obama's Afghan policy |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/OPINION/12/01/grenell.obama.afghanistan/index.html |agency=CNN }}</ref> ''Politico'',<ref>{{cite news |date= |title=Arena Profile: Richard A. Grenell |url=http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/richard_a_grenell.html |newspaper=Politico }}</ref> ''Huffington Post'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date= |title=Richard Grenell |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-grenell/ |newspaper=The Huffington Post }}</ref> ''Washington Times'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=March 19, 2015 |title=Nigeria on the brink |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/mar/19/richard-grenell-nigeria-brink/ |newspaper=The Washington Times }}</ref>, Newsmax,<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=November 19, 2012 |title=Obama Praises Burma, Ignores Strife in Iran, Syria |url=https://www.newsmax.com/TheWire/burma-syria-grenell-obama/2012/11/19/id/464748/ |agency=Newsmax }}</ref> and Al Jazeera.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grenell |first=Richard |date=December 30, 2009 |title=A year of little change for Obama |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/2009/12/200912301195192887.html |agency=Al Jazeera }}</ref>

In 2013, Grenell was a signatory to an ''[[amicus curiae]]'' brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the ''[[Hollingsworth v. Perry]]'' case.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 28, 2013 |title=The Pro-Freedom Republicans Are Coming: 131 Sign Gay-Marriage Brief |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/28/the-pro-freedom-republicans-are-coming-131-sign-gay-marriage-brief.html |newspaper=The Daily Beast }}</ref>

==Personal==
Grenell is a registered Republican.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 27, 2008 |title=Gay Bush Appointee Loses Appeal for Fair Treatment |url=http://www.advocate.com/news/2008/09/27/gay-bush-appointee-loses-appeal%C2%A0-fair-treatment |newspaper=The Advocate }}</ref>

He received a Master's Degree in Public Administration from Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government and his [[bachelor's degree]] in Government and Public Administration from [[Evangel University]].<ref name="bio">{{cite web |url=http://richardgrenell.com/about/ |title=About |date= |publisher=richardgrenell.com}}</ref> In June 2013, Grenell revealed that he had been diagnosed with [[non-Hodgkins lymphoma]] and started [[chemotherapy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://richardgrenell.com/joining-the-fight/ |title=Joining the Fight |date=June 10, 2013 |publisher=richardgrenell.com}}</ref> In September 2013, Grenell announced that he was cancer free.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Richard Grenell |user=RichardGrenell |number=384850091195895809 |date=September 30, 2013 |title=I'm officially in remission. #CancerFree @cityofhope }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{Fox News personalities}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Grenell, Richard
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American diplomat
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 18, 1966
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Michigan]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grenell, Richard}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:United States Department of State officials]]
[[Category:LGBT politicians from the United States]]
[[Category:LGBT Christians]]
[[Category:LGBT people from California]]
[[Category:People with cancer]]
[[Category:California Republicans]]

Richard Grenell

2015-12-29T17:40:19Z

Plot Spoiler: + role at Fox

{{Infobox person
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'''Richard Grenell''' (born September 18, 1966) is an American media commentator and former diplomat. He is the longest serving U.S. spokesman at the United Nations and briefly served as national security spokesman for [[Mitt Romney]] in his 2012 campaign for President of the United States.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 6, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney’s Appointment of Gay Aide Richard Grenell Signals New Attitude |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/04/romney-appt-of-gay-aide-signals-new-attitude/ |agency=ABC News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=April 24, 2012 |title=Mitt Romney's Gay Spokesman: A Milestone in Republican Politics |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/04/mitt-romneys-gay-spokesman-a-milestone-in-republican-politics/256263/ |newspaper=The Atlantic }}</ref> He became the first openly gay spokesman for a Republican presidential candidate, after being hired by [[Mitt Romney]]. He resigned after pressure from social conservatives.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rubin |first=Jennifer |date=May 1, 2012 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Richard Grenell hounded from Romney campaign by anti-gay conservatives |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/post/exclusive-richard-grenell-hounded-from-romney-campaign-by-anti-gay-conservatives/2012/05/01/gIQAccGcuT_blog.html |newspaper=The Washington Post }}</ref>

==Career==
In 2001, Grenell was appointed by President [[George W. Bush]] as Director of Communications and Public Diplomacy for the [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|United States Permanent Representative to the United Nations]]. Serving in that role until 2008, Grenell became the longest serving U.S. spokesman at the United Nations, advising four different U.S. Ambassadors. During his tenure, Grenell led communication strategies on such issues as the [[War on Terror]], global peacekeeping operations, Iran and North Korea's nuclear weapons programs, and the UN [[Oil-for-Food Programme|Oil for Food]] corruption scandal.<ref name="bio"/>

Prior to his post at the UN, Grenell was a political adviser to a number of prominent Republicans, including [[George Pataki]] and [[Dave Camp]].<ref>{{cite news |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Richard Grenell, Openly Gay Romney Spokesman, Resigns From Post |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/richard-grenell-openly-gay-romney-spokesman-resigns-from-post/ |agency=ABC News }}</ref>

In 2009, Grenell founded Capitol Media Partners, an international strategic media and public affairs consultancy with offices in Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York, and Washington, D.C.<ref name="bio"/> He is under contract with [[Fox News]] where he is a "Contributor" commenting on foreign affairs and the media.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/archive/richard-grenell/index.html |date= |title=Richard Grenell |publisher=Fox News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 15, 2014 |title=Richard Grenell Re-Signs with Fox News Through Election 2016 |url=http://www.mediaite.com/tv/richard-grenell-re-signs-with-fox-news-through-election-2016/ |agency=Mediaite }}</ref>

In 2013, Grenell was a signatory to an ''[[amicus curiae]]'' brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the ''[[Hollingsworth v. Perry]]'' case.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 28, 2013 |title=The Pro-Freedom Republicans Are Coming: 131 Sign Gay-Marriage Brief |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/28/the-pro-freedom-republicans-are-coming-131-sign-gay-marriage-brief.html |newspaper=The Daily Beast }}</ref>

==Personal==
Grenell is a registered Republican.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 27, 2008 |title=Gay Bush Appointee Loses Appeal for Fair Treatment |url=http://www.advocate.com/news/2008/09/27/gay-bush-appointee-loses-appeal%C2%A0-fair-treatment |newspaper=The Advocate }}</ref>

He received a Master's Degree in Public Administration from Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government and his [[bachelor's degree]] in Government and Public Administration from [[Evangel University]].<ref name="bio">{{cite web |url=http://richardgrenell.com/about/ |title=About |date= |publisher=richardgrenell.com}}</ref> In June 2013, Grenell revealed that he had been diagnosed with [[non-Hodgkins lymphoma]] and started [[chemotherapy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://richardgrenell.com/joining-the-fight/ |title=Joining the Fight |date=June 10, 2013 |publisher=richardgrenell.com}}</ref> In September 2013, Grenell announced that he was cancer free.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Richard Grenell |user=RichardGrenell |number=384850091195895809 |date=September 30, 2013 |title=I'm officially in remission. #CancerFree @cityofhope }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{Fox News personalities}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Grenell, Richard
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American diplomat
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 18, 1966
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Michigan]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grenell, Richard}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:United States Department of State officials]]
[[Category:LGBT politicians from the United States]]
[[Category:LGBT Christians]]
[[Category:LGBT people from California]]
[[Category:People with cancer]]
[[Category:California Republicans]]

Richard Grenell

2015-12-29T17:01:02Z

Plot Spoiler: use diff ref template

Richard Grenell

2015-12-29T16:52:12Z

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Richard Grenell

2015-12-29T03:31:40Z

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Richard Grenell

2015-12-29T03:18:46Z

Plot Spoiler: cleanup, update deadlinks

Richard Grenell

2015-12-28T05:34:39Z

Plot Spoiler: cleanup, format refs

Richard Grenell

2015-12-23T22:45:13Z

Plot Spoiler: refine, + ref

Wikipedia:Gesichtete Versionen/Anfragen

2015-10-14T19:28:58Z

Plot Spoiler:

{{/Intro}} [[Kategorie:Wikipedia:Gesichtete und geprüfte Versionen]]
 
__Inhaltsverzeichnis__


== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landessch%C3%BClerrat_Sachsen&diff=review&redirect=no Landesschülerrat Sachsen] ==
{{Sichten|Landesschülerrat Sachsen}} --[[Spezial:Beiträge/37.201.155.211|37.201.155.211]] 21:22, 14. Okt. 2015 (CEST)

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_Bancaire_Priv%C3%A9e&diff=review&redirect=no Union Bancaire Privée] ==
{{Sichten|Union Bancaire Privée}} --[[Benutzer:Plot Spoiler|Plot Spoiler]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Plot Spoiler|Diskussion]]) 21:28, 14. Okt. 2015 (CEST)

Union Bancaire Privée

2015-10-07T03:55:58Z

Plot Spoiler: +

{{Dieser Artikel|behandelt die schweizerische Privatbank UBP. Weitere Bedeutungen sind unter [[UBP]] aufgeführt.}}

{{Infobox Kreditinstitut
| Name = Union Bancaire Privée (UBP)
| Typ = 
| Logo = [[Datei:Logo Union Bancaire Privée.svg|rahmenlos|hochkant=0.9|Logo]]
| Bild = 
| Land = Schweiz
| Rechtsform = [[Aktiengesellschaft (Schweiz)|Aktiengesellschaft]]
| ISIN =
| ID = 8657
| Gründungsdatum = 1969
| Auflösungsdatum =
| Sitz = [[Genf]]
| Verband = 
| Jahr =
| GeschäftsdatenRef= 
| Bilanzsumme =
| Einlagen =
| Kundenkredite =
| Mitarbeiterzahl = 1,300
| Geschäftsstellen =
| Mitglieder =
| Verwaltungsrat =
| Vorstand =
| Aufsichtsrat =
| Leitung = Edgar de Picciotto (VR-Präsident) Guy de Picciotto ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])
| Homepage = [http://www.ubp.com/de www.ubp.com/de]
}}

'''Union Bancaire Privée''' ('''UBP SA''') wurde 1969 von Edgar de Picciotto gegründet. Die [[Private Bank|Privatbank]] verwaltet Kundenvermögen in Höhe von CHF 93.1 Milliarden.<ref name="Erstes">[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/news?containerId=33635 – Union Bancaire Privée erzielt Reingewinn von 79,5 Millionen CHF, trotz starkem Schweizer Franken], UBP, 31. Juli 2015</ref>

UBP ist auf die Vermögensbetreuung für private und institutionelle Kunden spezialisiert. Die Bank hat ihren Hauptsitz in [[Genf]], [[Schweiz]], und beschäftigt 1'300 Mitarbeiter.<ref name="Erstes"/>

==Geschichte==
Am 11. November 1969 gründete Edgar de Picciotto die Compagnie de Banque et d’Investissements (CBI) in Genf. 1990 übernahm CBI die TDB-American Express Bank, aus der die heutige Union Bancaire Privée hervorging. Mit der Akquisition der Discount Bank and Trust Company im Jahr 2002 fand eine weitere Expansion statt.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/swiss-bank/profile/private-banks Über uns], UBP</ref>

2011 erwarb UBP den Schweizer Ableger der in niederländischem Staatsbesitz befindlichen [[ABN Amro]] Bank, die als wichtiger Player in der Vermögensverwaltung in der Schweiz gilt.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-to-buy-swiss-arm-of-abn-amro/a516408 UBP to buy Swiss arm of ABN Amro], Citywire, 16. August 2011</ref> Mit dem Abschluss je eines Joint Ventures in Hongkong und Taiwan mit TransGlobe baute UBP im selben Jahr ihre Geschäftstätigkeit in Asien aus.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-launches-two-asia-focused-joint-ventures/a513367 UBP launches two Asia focused joint ventures], Citywire, 3. August 2011</ref> 2012 übernahm UBP die in Paris angesiedelte Hedgefonds-Investmentgesellschaft Nexar Capital Group, die über Niederlassungen in London, Jersey und New York verfügt.<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/02/29/ubp-idINL5E8DT9HZ20120229 UBP to buy Paris-based alternatives group Nexar], Reuters, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im Mai 2013 kündigte UBP die Akquisition des internationalen Privatbankgeschäfts der [[Lloyds Banking Group]] an.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-29/lloyds-bank-sells-international-private-banking-business-to-ubp.html Lloyds Sells International Private Banking Business to UBP], Bloomberg News, 29. Mai 2013</ref>

==Geschäftsbereiche==
===Private Banking===
UBP verfügt über 300 Kundenbetreuer in mehreren Ländern und bietet verschiedene Verwaltungsmandate und Beratungsmodelle an.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/en/private-bank/swiss-bank/Publications/UBP-in-brief/template/document.jsp?fileId=52676 Über UBP], UBP, 3. Quartal 2013</ref>

===Vermögensplanung===
UBP hat ein Team von Experten aufgebaut, welche auf gewisse Regionen spezialisiert sind, um Vermögen global strukturieren zu können. Das Team lenkt und unterstützt Kunden bei der Aufsetzung von Vermögensstrukturen, die auf die individuellen Bedürfnisse der Kunden zugeschnitten sind. Solche Strukturen werden ausschliesslich über externe Parteien angeboten.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/private-wealth-management/Wealth-and-estate-planning Vermögens- und Nachlassplanung], UBP</ref>

Mit den Dienstleistungen von FOSS Family Office Services Switzerland (FOSS), bietet UBP einen Dienst zur Vermittlung von Multi Family Offices an. FOSS unterstützt vermögende Familien bei der Suche nach einem passenden Multi Family Office in der Schweiz.<ref>[http://www.switzerland-family-office.com/de/ Wir helfen Ihnen das passende Family Office zu finden], FOSS Family Office Services Switzerland</ref>

===Vermögensverwaltung===
UBP ist ein umfassender Vermögensverwalter, der eine breite Palette von Investmentlösungen anbietet, die speziell auf die Anforderungen institutioneller Kunden abgestimmt sind. Die Bank bietet ein umfangreiches Angebot in den Bereichen Vermögensallokation, Aktien, Anleihen, Diversifizierungsstrategien und alternative Dach-Hedgefonds.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/institutional-clients/asset-management-company Asset Management], UBP</ref>

===Alternative Investments===
UBP hat seit den 1970er Jahren eine Vorreiterrolle im Segment Alternative Investments inne. Im Laufe der Jahre hat die Bank einen kompetenten Hedgefonds-Beratungsservice aufgebaut und verwaltet heute mehrere gepoolte Fonds sowie individuelle Mandate. Die Übernahme von Nexar in 2012 betont ihr kontinuierliches Engagement in dieser Anlageklasse.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/7872-union-bancaire-privee-uebernimmt-nexar Union Bancaire Privée übernimmt Nexar], finews.ch, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im April 2013 kündigte UBP eine Partnerschaft mit Guggenheim Fund Solutions (GFS) an, sich im kompletten Spektrum von Hedgefonds-Strategien auf Managed Accounts spezialisiert hat. Gemeinsam richteten die beiden Gesellschaften eine neue Hedgefonds-Plattform ein.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/11700-ubp-guggenheim-fund-solutions UBP wählt Guggenheim Fund Solutions], finews.ch, 24. April 2013</ref>

===Vertrieb und Handel===
Zu den von UBP angebotenen Dienstleistungen gehören: Beratung, strukturierte Produkte, Aktienhandel, Aktien-Arbitrage, Brokerage, , Währungs- und Edelmetallhandel, Termingeschäfte, Derivate und Treasury Management. UBP verfügt über mehr als 40 spezialisierte Händler, die mit privaten Vermögensverwaltern zusammenarbeiten.

===Anlagephilosophie===
UBP veröffentlicht jedes Jahr ihre Wirtschaftsperspektiven mit einer Zusammenfassung über die wichtigsten makroökonomischen Ereignisse des vergangenen Jahres und ihren anlagepolitischen Empfehlungen für das darauffolgende Jahr.<ref>[http://www.boerse-express.com/pagesfoonds/23296 Privatbank Union Bancaire Privee (UBP) erwartet für 2013, dass Gold die 2000er Hürde nimmt], boerse-express.com, 6 Dezember 2012</ref>

== Finanzen ==
Per Ende Juni 2015 wies die Bank eine Bilanzsumme von 19.5 Mrd. CHF, und eine Eigenkapitalrendite von betrug 8,5% aus. Dank einem konservativen Ansatz im Risikomanagement verfügt UBP über eine stabile Finanzbasis und eine solide Bilanz mit einem hohen Liquiditätsbestand. Mit einer Kernkapitalquote (Tier 1) von 30,5% (per 30. Juni 2015) ist UBP eine der bestkapitalisierten Banken der Schweiz.<ref name="Erstes"/>

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.ubp.com/de Offizielle Website der UBP]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{Coordinate|article=/|NS=46.203084|EW=6.151639|type=landmark|region=CH-GE}}

[[Kategorie:Kreditinstitut (Schweiz)]]
[[Kategorie:Unternehmen (Genf)]]

Wikipedia:Gesichtete Versionen/Anfragen

2015-04-26T04:08:15Z

Plot Spoiler:

{{/Intro}} [[Kategorie:Wikipedia:Gesichtete und geprüfte Versionen]]
 
__Inhaltsverzeichnis__


{{#ifexpr: {{#time:YmdHis|-1 day}} > 20150425221555|== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balver_H%C3%B6hle&diff=review&redirect=no Balver Höhle] ==
{{Sichten|Balver Höhle}} --[[Spezial:Beiträge/176.0.82.107|176.0.82.107]] 00:18, 26. Apr. 2015 (CEST)|(Eintrag „Balver Höhle“ versteckt)}}

{{#ifexpr: {{#time:YmdHis|-1 day}} > 20150423171215|== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal Software Radio Peripheral&diff=review&redirect=no Universal Software Radio Peripheral] ==
{{Sichten|Universal Software Radio Peripheral}} Gravierende Fehler in der Vorgängerversion. Bei Rückfragen gerne direkt per Mail an mich, marcus.mueller@ettus.com; Ettus ist der Hersteller der Geräte. --[[Benutzer:Marcusmueller ettus|Marcusmueller ettus]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Marcusmueller ettus|Diskussion]]) 19:35, 23. Apr. 2015 (CEST)|(Eintrag „Universal Software Radio Peripheral“ versteckt)}}

{{#ifexpr: {{#time:YmdHis|-1 day}} > 20150424144933|== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_Bancaire_Priv%C3%A9e&diff=review&redirect=no Union Bancaire Privée] ==
{{Sichten|Union Bancaire Privée}} --[[Benutzer:Plot Spoiler|Plot Spoiler]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Plot Spoiler|Diskussion]]) 17:18, 24. Apr. 2015 (CEST)|(Eintrag „Union Bancaire Privée“ versteckt)}}

{{#ifexpr: {{#time:YmdHis|-1 day}} > 20150424092714|== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farid_Vatanparast&diff=review&redirect=no Farid Vatanparast] ==
{{Sichten|Farid Vatanparast}} --[[Benutzer:Gerhard.rst|Gerhard.rst]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Gerhard.rst|Diskussion]]) 17:35, 24. Apr. 2015 (CEST)|(Eintrag „Farid Vatanparast“ versteckt)}}

{{#ifexpr: {{#time:YmdHis|-1 day}} > 20150424155844|== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logistische_Steuerstelle_4&diff=review&redirect=no Logistische Steuerstelle 4] ==
{{Sichten|Logistische Steuerstelle 4}} --[[Benutzer:Andreas Kirst|Andreas Kirst]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Andreas Kirst|Diskussion]]) 17:59, 24. Apr. 2015 (CEST)|(Eintrag „Logistische Steuerstelle 4“ versteckt)}}

{{subst:Thorsten Lensing}} --[[Spezial:Beiträge/85.178.17.39|85.178.17.39]] 20:19, 24. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umweltbank&diff=review&redirect=no Umweltbank] ==
{{Sichten|Umweltbank}} --[[Benutzer:Simsenetti|Simsenetti]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Simsenetti|Diskussion]]) 12:14, 25. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royston_Maldoom&diff=review&redirect=no Royston Maldoom] ==
{{Sichten|Royston Maldoom}} --[[Spezial:Beiträge/46.5.0.145|46.5.0.145]] 18:00, 25. Apr. 2015 (CEST) Thx!

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Otto&diff=review&redirect=no Siegfried_Otto] ==
{{Sichten|Siegfried_Otto}} --[[Benutzer:Hibiskus100|Hibiskus100]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Hibiskus100|Diskussion]]) 18:33, 25. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ausw%C3%A4rtiger_Ausschuss&diff=review&redirect=no Auswärtiger Ausschuss] ==
{{Sichten|Auswärtiger Ausschuss}} --[[Spezial:Beiträge/89.204.139.192|89.204.139.192]] 19:20, 25. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

{{#ifexpr: {{#time:YmdHis|-1 day}} > 20150425075428|== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vreden&diff=review&redirect=no Vreden] ==
{{Sichten|Vreden}} --[[Spezial:Beiträge/176.0.93.13|176.0.93.13]] 20:22, 25. Apr. 2015 (CEST)--[[Spezial:Beiträge/176.0.93.13|176.0.93.13]] 20:22, 25. Apr. 2015 (CEST)|(Eintrag „Vreden“ versteckt)}}

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krieg_der_Klone&diff=review&redirect=no Krieg der Klone] ==
{{Sichten|Krieg der Klone}} --[[Spezial:Beiträge/79.213.159.131|79.213.159.131]] 20:46, 25. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Delaney&diff=review&redirect=no Matthew Delaney] ==
{{Sichten|Matthew Delaney}} --[[Spezial:Beiträge/79.213.159.131|79.213.159.131]] 20:46, 25. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genossenschaft_Museumsbahn_Emmental&diff=review&redirect=no Genossenschaft Museumsbahn Emmental] ==
{{Sichten|Genossenschaft Museumsbahn Emmental}} --[[Benutzer:Tinu G|Tinu G]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Tinu G|Diskussion]]) 20:51, 25. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verein_Historische_Eisenbahn_Emmental&diff=review&redirect=no Verein Historische Eisenbahn Emmental] ==
{{Sichten|Verein Historische Eisenbahn Emmental}} --[[Benutzer:Tinu G|Tinu G]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Tinu G|Diskussion]]) 20:53, 25. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regionalverkehr_Mittelland&diff=review&redirect=no Regionalverkehr Mittelland] ==
{{Sichten|Regionalverkehr Mittelland}} --[[Benutzer:Tinu G|Tinu G]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Tinu G|Diskussion]]) 20:54, 25. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flo_Rida/Diskografie&diff=review&redirect=no Flo Rida/Diskografie] ==
{{Sichten|Flo Rida/Diskografie}} --[[Spezial:Beiträge/109.90.103.48|109.90.103.48]] 21:26, 25. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artikelname&diff=review&redirect=no Artikelname] ==
{{Sichten|Artikelname}} --[[Spezial:Beiträge/2A02:8108:96C0:1634:20A5:D05D:7AEA:5024|2A02:8108:96C0:1634:20A5:D05D:7AEA:5024]] 22:54, 25. Apr. 2015 (CEST)
„HEADSHOT BAND“

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_Bancaire_Priv%C3%A9e&diff=review&redirect=no Union Bancaire Privée] ==
{{Sichten|Union Bancaire Privée}} --[[Benutzer:Plot Spoiler|Plot Spoiler]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Plot Spoiler|Diskussion]]) 06:08, 26. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

Wikipedia:Gesichtete Versionen/Anfragen

2015-04-24T15:18:33Z

Plot Spoiler:

{{/Intro}} [[Kategorie:Wikipedia:Gesichtete und geprüfte Versionen]]
 
__Inhaltsverzeichnis__

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tv.gusto&diff=review&redirect=no tv.gusto] ==
{{Sichten|tv.gusto}} --[[Benutzer:Egusto|Egusto]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Egusto|Diskussion]]) 11:16, 14. Apr. 2015 (CEST)
== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Meeresforschung&diff=review&redirect=no Deutsche_Gesellschaft_für_Meeresforschung] ==
{{Sichten|Deutsche_Gesellschaft_für_Meeresforschung}} --[[Benutzer:Bokoch|Bokoch]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Bokoch|Diskussion]]) 10:59, 22. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_Sud_Americana_de_Vapores&diff=review&redirect=no Compañía Sud Americana de Vapores] ==
{{Sichten|Compañía Sud Americana de Vapores}} --[[Benutzer:Souris verte1012|Souris verte1012]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Souris verte1012|Diskussion]]) 16:41, 22. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siemens-Technik-Akademie&diff=review&redirect=no Siemens-Technik-Akademie] ==
{{Sichten|Siemens-Technik-Akademie}} --[[Spezial:Beiträge/192.35.17.17|192.35.17.17]] 09:58, 23. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Animal_Protection&diff=review&redirect=no World Animal Protection] ==
{{Sichten|World Animal Protection}} --[[Spezial:Beiträge/94.175.245.108|94.175.245.108]] 11:27, 20. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

{{#ifexpr: {{#time:YmdHis|-1 day}} > 20150423171215|== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal Software Radio Peripheral&diff=review&redirect=no Universal Software Radio Peripheral] ==
{{Sichten|Universal Software Radio Peripheral}} Gravierende Fehler in der Vorgängerversion. Bei Rückfragen gerne direkt per Mail an mich, marcus.mueller@ettus.com; Ettus ist der Hersteller der Geräte. --[[Benutzer:Marcusmueller ettus|Marcusmueller ettus]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Marcusmueller ettus|Diskussion]]) 19:35, 23. Apr. 2015 (CEST)|(Eintrag „Universal Software Radio Peripheral“ versteckt)}}

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navyboot&diff=review&redirect=no Navyboot] ==
{{Sichten|Navyboot}} --[[Benutzer:Navy G&I|Gruber & Ianeselli GmbH]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Navy G&I|Diskussion]]) 15:58, 24. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorsten_Lensing&diff=review&redirect=no Thorsten Lensing] ==
{{Sichten|Thorsten Lensing}} --[[Benutzer:Trittbretterfahrung|Trittbretterfahrung]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Trittbretterfahrung|Diskussion]]) 16:02, 24. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

{{#ifexpr: {{#time:YmdHis|-1 day}} > 20150423192708|== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Levitation_(Technik)&diff=review&redirect=no Levitation (Technik)] ==
{{Sichten|Levitation (Technik)}} --[[Benutzer:Trittbretterfahrung|Trittbretterfahrung]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Trittbretterfahrung|Diskussion]]) 16:03, 24. Apr. 2015 (CEST)|(Eintrag „Levitation (Technik)“ versteckt)}}

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ansa&diff=review&redirect=no Ansa] ==
{{Sichten|Ansa}} --[[Spezial:Beiträge/85.127.166.62|85.127.166.62]] 16:18, 24. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Kuhl&diff=review&redirect=no Johannes Kuhl] ==
{{Sichten|Johannes Kuhl}} --[[Benutzer:Phimonsillips|Phimonsillips]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Phimonsillips|Diskussion]]) 17:05, 24. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

== [//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_Bancaire_Priv%C3%A9e&diff=review&redirect=no Union Bancaire Privée] ==
{{Sichten|Union Bancaire Privée}} --[[Benutzer:Plot Spoiler|Plot Spoiler]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Plot Spoiler|Diskussion]]) 17:18, 24. Apr. 2015 (CEST)

Union Bancaire Privée

2015-04-24T15:15:50Z

Plot Spoiler: +

{{Dieser Artikel|behandelt die schweizerische Privatbank UBP. Weitere Bedeutungen sind unter [[UBP]] aufgeführt.}}

{{Infobox Kreditinstitut
| Name = Union Bancaire Privée (UBP)
| Typ = 
| Logo = [[Datei:Union Bancaire Privée logo.svg|rahmenlos|hochkant=0.9|Logo]]
| Bild = 
| Land = Schweiz
| Rechtsform = [[Aktiengesellschaft (Schweiz)|Aktiengesellschaft]]
| ISIN =
| ID = 8657
| Gründungsdatum = 1969
| Auflösungsdatum =
| Sitz = [[Genf]]
| Verband = 
| Jahr =
| GeschäftsdatenRef= 
| Bilanzsumme =
| Einlagen =
| Kundenkredite =
| Mitarbeiterzahl = 1,300
| Geschäftsstellen =
| Mitglieder =
| Verwaltungsrat =
| Vorstand =
| Aufsichtsrat =
| Leitung = Edgar de Picciotto (VR-Präsident) Guy de Picciotto ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])
| Homepage = [http://www.ubp.com/de www.ubp.com/de]
}}

'''Union Bancaire Privée''' ('''UBP SA''') wurde 1969 von Edgar de Picciotto gegründet. Die [[Private Bank|Privatbank]] verwaltet Kundenvermögen in Höhe von CHF 98.7 Milliarden.<ref name="Erstes">[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/news?containerId=28839 – Union Bancaire Privée steigert Reingewinn um fast 9%], UBP, 31. Dezember 2014</ref>

UBP ist auf die Vermögensbetreuung für private und institutionelle Kunden spezialisiert. Die Bank hat ihren Hauptsitz in [[Genf]], [[Schweiz]], und beschäftigt 1'300 Mitarbeiter.<ref name="Erstes"/>

==Geschichte==
Am 11. November 1969 gründete Edgar de Picciotto die Compagnie de Banque et d’Investissements (CBI) in Genf. 1990 übernahm CBI die TDB-American Express Bank, aus der die heutige Union Bancaire Privée hervorging. Mit der Akquisition der Discount Bank and Trust Company im Jahr 2002 fand eine weitere Expansion statt.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/swiss-bank/profile/private-banks Über uns], UBP</ref>

2011 erwarb UBP den Schweizer Ableger der in niederländischem Staatsbesitz befindlichen [[ABN Amro]] Bank, die als wichtiger Player in der Vermögensverwaltung in der Schweiz gilt.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-to-buy-swiss-arm-of-abn-amro/a516408 UBP to buy Swiss arm of ABN Amro], Citywire, 16. August 2011</ref> Mit dem Abschluss je eines Joint Ventures in Hongkong und Taiwan mit TransGlobe baute UBP im selben Jahr ihre Geschäftstätigkeit in Asien aus.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-launches-two-asia-focused-joint-ventures/a513367 UBP launches two Asia focused joint ventures], Citywire, 3. August 2011</ref> 2012 übernahm UBP die in Paris angesiedelte Hedgefonds-Investmentgesellschaft Nexar Capital Group, die über Niederlassungen in London, Jersey und New York verfügt.<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/02/29/ubp-idINL5E8DT9HZ20120229 UBP to buy Paris-based alternatives group Nexar], Reuters, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im Mai 2013 kündigte UBP die Akquisition des internationalen Privatbankgeschäfts der [[Lloyds Banking Group]] an.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-29/lloyds-bank-sells-international-private-banking-business-to-ubp.html Lloyds Sells International Private Banking Business to UBP], Bloomberg News, 29. Mai 2013</ref>

==Geschäftsbereiche==
===Private Banking===
UBP verfügt über 300 Kundenbetreuer in mehreren Ländern und bietet verschiedene Verwaltungsmandate und Beratungsmodelle an.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/en/private-bank/swiss-bank/Publications/UBP-in-brief/template/document.jsp?fileId=52676 Über UBP], UBP, 3. Quartal 2013</ref>

===Vermögensplanung===
UBP hat ein Team von Experten aufgebaut, welche auf gewisse Regionen spezialisiert sind, um Vermögen global strukturieren zu können. Das Team lenkt und unterstützt Kunden bei der Aufsetzung von Vermögensstrukturen, die auf die individuellen Bedürfnisse der Kunden zugeschnitten sind. Solche Strukturen werden ausschliesslich über externe Parteien angeboten.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/private-wealth-management/Wealth-and-estate-planning Vermögens- und Nachlassplanung], UBP</ref>

Mit den Dienstleistungen von FOSS Family Office Services Switzerland (FOSS), bietet UBP einen Dienst zur Vermittlung von Multi Family Offices an. FOSS unterstützt vermögende Familien bei der Suche nach einem passenden Multi Family Office in der Schweiz.<ref>[http://www.switzerland-family-office.com/de/ Wir helfen Ihnen das passende Family Office zu finden], FOSS Family Office Services Switzerland</ref>

===Vermögensverwaltung===
UBP ist ein umfassender Vermögensverwalter, der eine breite Palette von Investmentlösungen anbietet, die speziell auf die Anforderungen institutioneller Kunden abgestimmt sind. Die Bank bietet ein umfangreiches Angebot in den Bereichen Vermögensallokation, Aktien, Anleihen, Diversifizierungsstrategien und alternative Dach-Hedgefonds.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/institutional-clients/asset-management-company Asset Management], UBP</ref>

Im April 2014 lancierte UBP die Plattform [http://www.ubpperform.com/ ubpperform.com] mit einigen der leistungsstärksten Investmentstrategien der Bank.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/news?containerId=24612 Expertise der UBP ausgezeichnet], UBP, 5. Mai 2014</ref>

===Alternative Investments===
UBP hat seit den 1970er Jahren eine Vorreiterrolle im Segment Alternative Investments inne. Im Laufe der Jahre hat die Bank einen kompetenten Hedgefonds-Beratungsservice aufgebaut und verwaltet heute mehrere gepoolte Fonds sowie individuelle Mandate. Die Übernahme von Nexar in 2012 betont ihr kontinuierliches Engagement in dieser Anlageklasse.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/7872-union-bancaire-privee-uebernimmt-nexar Union Bancaire Privée übernimmt Nexar], finews.ch, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im April 2013 kündigte UBP eine Partnerschaft mit Guggenheim Fund Solutions (GFS) an, sich im kompletten Spektrum von Hedgefonds-Strategien auf Managed Accounts spezialisiert hat. Gemeinsam richteten die beiden Gesellschaften eine neue Hedgefonds-Plattform ein.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/11700-ubp-guggenheim-fund-solutions UBP wählt Guggenheim Fund Solutions], finews.ch, 24. April 2013</ref>

===Vertrieb und Handel===
Zu den von UBP angebotenen Dienstleistungen gehören: Beratung, strukturierte Produkte, Aktienhandel, Aktien-Arbitrage, Brokerage, , Währungs- und Edelmetallhandel, Termingeschäfte, Derivate und Treasury Management. UBP verfügt über mehr als 40 spezialisierte Händler, die mit privaten Vermögensverwaltern zusammenarbeiten.

===Anlagephilosophie===
UBP veröffentlicht jedes Jahr ihre Wirtschaftsperspektiven mit einer Zusammenfassung über die wichtigsten makroökonomischen Ereignisse des vergangenen Jahres und ihren anlagepolitischen Empfehlungen für das darauffolgende Jahr.<ref>[http://www.boerse-express.com/pagesfoonds/23296 Privatbank Union Bancaire Privee (UBP) erwartet für 2013, dass Gold die 2000er Hürde nimmt], boerse-express.com, 6 Dezember 2012</ref>

== Finanzen ==
Per Ende Dezember 2014 wies die Bank eine Bilanzsumme von 20.2 Mrd. CHF, und eine Eigenkapitalrendite von betrug 9,2% aus. Dank einem konservativen Ansatz im Risikomanagement verfügt UBP über eine stabile Finanzbasis und eine solide Bilanz mit einem hohen Liquiditätsbestand. Mit einer Kernkapitalquote (Tier 1) von 29% (per 31. Dezember 2014) ist UBP eine der bestkapitalisierten Banken der Schweiz.<ref name="Erstes"/>

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.ubp.com/de Offizielle Website der UBP]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{Coordinate|article=/|NS=46.203084|EW=6.151639|type=landmark|region=CH-GE}}

[[Kategorie:Kreditinstitut (Schweiz)]]
[[Kategorie:Unternehmen (Genf)]]

Union Bancaire Privée

2015-04-24T14:49:33Z

Plot Spoiler:

{{Dieser Artikel|behandelt die schweizerische Privatbank UBP. Weitere Bedeutungen sind unter [[UBP]] aufgeführt.}}

{{Infobox Kreditinstitut
| Name = Union Bancaire Privée (UBP)
| Typ = 
| Logo = [[Datei:Union Bancaire Privée logo.svg|rahmenlos|hochkant=0.9|Logo]]
| Bild = 
| Land = Schweiz
| Rechtsform = [[Aktiengesellschaft (Schweiz)|Aktiengesellschaft]]
| ISIN =
| ID = 8657
| Gründungsdatum = 1969
| Auflösungsdatum =
| Sitz = [[Genf]]
| Verband = 
| Jahr =
| GeschäftsdatenRef= 
| Bilanzsumme =
| Einlagen =
| Kundenkredite =
| Mitarbeiterzahl = 1,300
| Geschäftsstellen =
| Mitglieder =
| Verwaltungsrat =
| Vorstand =
| Aufsichtsrat =
| Leitung = Edgar de Picciotto (Vorsitzender) Guy de Picciotto ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])
| Homepage = [http://www.ubp.com/de www.ubp.com/de]
}}

'''Union Bancaire Privée''' ('''UBP SA''') wurde 1969 von Edgar de Picciotto gegründet. Die [[Private Bank|Privatbank]] verwaltet Kundenvermögen in Höhe von CHF 98.7 Milliarden.<ref name="Erstes">[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/news?containerId=28839 – Union Bancaire Privée steigert Reingewinn um fast 9%], UBP, 31. Dezember 2014</ref>

UBP ist auf die Vermögensbetreuung für private und institutionelle Kunden spezialisiert. Die Bank hat ihren Hauptsitz in [[Genf]], [[Schweiz]], und beschäftigt 1'300 Mitarbeiter.<ref name="Erstes"/>

==Geschichte==
Am 11. November 1969 gründete Edgar de Picciotto die Compagnie de Banque et d’Investissements (CBI) in Genf. 1990 übernahm CBI die TDB-American Express Bank, in 1990, aus der die heutige Union Bancaire Privée hervorging. Mit der Akquisition der Discount Bank and Trust Company im Jahr 2002 fand eine weitere Expansion statt.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/swiss-bank/profile/private-banks Über uns], UBP</ref>

2011 erwarb UBP den Schweizer Ableger der im niederländischen Staatsbesitz befindlichen [[ABN Amro]] Bank, einer reinen Schweizer Privatbank.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-to-buy-swiss-arm-of-abn-amro/a516408 UBP to buy Swiss arm of ABN Amro], Citywire, 16. August 2011</ref> Mit der Einrichtung je eines Joint Ventures in Hong Kong und Taiwan mit TransGlobe baute UBP im selben Jahr seine Geschäftstätigkeit in Asien aus.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-launches-two-asia-focused-joint-ventures/a513367 UBP launches two Asia focused joint ventures], Citywire, 3. August 2011</ref> 2012 übernahm UBP den in Paris ansässigen [[Dachhedgefonds]] Nexar Capital Group, der über Niederlassungen in London, Jersey und New York verfügt.<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/02/29/ubp-idINL5E8DT9HZ20120229 UBP to buy Paris-based alternatives group Nexar], Reuters, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im Mai 2013 kündigte UBP die Akquisition des internationalen Privatbankgeschäfts der [[Lloyds Banking Group]] an.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-29/lloyds-bank-sells-international-private-banking-business-to-ubp.html Lloyds Sells International Private Banking Business to UBP], Bloomberg News, 29. Mai 2013</ref>

==Geschäftsbereiche==
===Private Banking===
Union Bancaire Privée verfügt über 300 private Vermögensverwalter in mehreren Ländern und bietet verschiedene Verwaltungsmandate und Beratungsmodelle an.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/en/private-bank/swiss-bank/Publications/UBP-in-brief/template/document.jsp?fileId=52676 Über UBP], UBP, 3. Quartal 2013</ref>

===Vermögensplanung===
UBP hat ein Team von Experten aufgebaut, welche auf gewisse Regionen spezialisiert sind, um Vermögen global strukturieren zu können. Das Team lenkt und unterstützt Kunden bei der Aufsetzung von Vermögensstrukturen, die auf die individuellen Bedürfnisse der Kunden zugeschnitten sind. Solche Strukturen werden ausschliesslich über externe Parteien angeboten.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/private-wealth-management/Wealth-and-estate-planning Vermögens- und Nachlassplanung], UBP</ref>

Mit den Dienstleistungen von FOSS Family Office Services Switzerland (FOSS), bietet UBP einen Dienst zur Vermittlung von Multi Family Offices an. FOSS unterstützt vermögende Familien bei der Suche nach einem passenden Multi Family Office in der Schweiz.<ref>[http://www.switzerland-family-office.com/de/ Wir helfen Ihnen das passende Family Office zu finden], FOSS Family Office Services Switzerland</ref>

===Vermögensverwaltung===
UBP ist ein umfassender Vermögensverwalter, der eine breite Palette von Investitionslösungen anbietet, die auf die Anforderungen seiner institutionellen Kunden abgestimmt sind. Die Bank stellt ein umfangreiches Angebot in den Bereichen Vermögensallokation, Aktien, Anleihen, Diversifizierungsstrategien und alternative Dach-Hedgefonds bereit.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/institutional-clients/asset-management-company Asset Management], UBP</ref>

Im April 2014 lancierte UBP die Plattform [http://www.ubpperform.com/ ubpperform.com] mit einigen der leistungsstärksten Investmentstrategien der Bank.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/news?containerId=24612 Expertise der UBP ausgezeichnet], UBP, 5. Mai 2014</ref>

===Alternative Investments===
UBP hat seit den 1970er Jahren eine Vorreiterrolle im Segment Alternative Investment inne. Im Lauf der Jahre hat die Gesellschaft einen kompetenten Hedgefonds-Beratungsservice aufgebaut und verwaltet mehrere gepoolte Fonds und individuell angepasste Mandate. Mit der Übernahme Nexars im Jahr 2012 unterstreichte UBP sein kontinuierliches Engagement in dieser Anlageklasse.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/7872-union-bancaire-privee-uebernimmt-nexar Union Bancaire Privée übernimmt Nexar], finews.ch, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im April 2013 kündigte UBP eine Partnerschaft mit Guggenheim Fund Solutions (GFS) an, einem Anbieter, der sich innerhalb des kompletten Spektrums an Hedgefonds-Strategien auf Managed Accounts spezialisiert hat. Gemeinsam richteten die beiden Gesellschaften eine neue Hedgefonds-Plattform ein.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/11700-ubp-guggenheim-fund-solutions UBP wählt Guggenheim Fund Solutions], finews.ch, 24. April 2013</ref>

===Vertrieb und Handel===
Zu den von UBP angebotenen Dienstleistungen gehören: Beratung, strukturierte Produkte, Aktienhandel und Brokerage, Aktien-Arbitrage, Währungs- und Edelmetallhandel, Forwards und Derivate, Treasury Management und Aktienhandel. UBP verfügt über mehr als 40 spezialisierte Händler, die mit privaten Vermögensverwaltern zusammenarbeiten.

===Anlagephilosophie===
UBP veröffentlicht jedes Jahr einen Jahresausblick mit einer Übersicht über die makroökonomischen Ereignisse des vergangenen Jahres sowie seinen anlagepolitischen Überzeugungen für das bevorstehende Jahr.<ref>[http://www.boerse-express.com/pagesfoonds/23296 Privatbank Union Bancaire Privee (UBP) erwartet für 2013, dass Gold die 2000er Hürde nimmt], boerse-express.com, 6 Dezember 2012</ref>

== Finanzen ==
Die Bilanzsumme beläuft sich auf 20.2 Mrd. CHF, und eine Eigenkapitalrendite von betrug 9,2% aus. Dank einem konservativen Ansatz beim Risikomanagement weist UBP eine stabile Finanzbasis und eine solide Bilanz mit einem hohen Liquiditätsstand auf. Mit einer Kernkapitalquote (Tier 1) von über 29% (per 31. Dezember 2014) ist UBP eine der am besten kapitalisierten Banken der Schweiz.<ref name="Erstes"/>

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.ubp.com/de Offizielle Website der UBP]

== Einzelnachweise ==
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{{Coordinate|article=/|NS=46.203084|EW=6.151639|type=landmark|region=CH-GE}}

[[Kategorie:Kreditinstitut (Schweiz)]]
[[Kategorie:Unternehmen (Genf)]]

Richard A. Falk

2015-04-14T13:04:22Z

Plot Spoiler: Reverted 1 edit by 5.44.196.64 (talk): WP:SYNTH, not suitable sourcing, no guilt by association. (TW)

{{Infobox officeholder
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|name = Richard A. Falk
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|office = [[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967
|term_start = 26 March 2008
|term_end = 2014
|predecessor = [[John Dugard]]
|successor = Makarim Wibisono
|birth_name=Richard Anderson Falk
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|nationality = United States
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|spouse = Hilal Elver
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|profession = [[Professor Emeritus]] of [[International Law]] at [[Princeton University]]
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'''Richard Anderson Falk''' (born November 13, 1930)<ref>[http://americanjewisharchives.org/media/docs/concise/f.pdf American Jewish Archives website], p. 146 of listing of individuals by name.</ref> is an [[United States|American]] [[professor emeritus]] of [[international law]] at [[Princeton University]].<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" > Martin Griffiths,
[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=FU3g49XcKwcC&pg=PT74 ''Fifty Key Thinkers in International Relations,'' ] Routledge 1999 p.74</ref> He is the author or co-author of 20 books and the editor or co-editor of another 20 volumes,<ref>[http://uscpublicdiplomacy.com/index.php/events/events_detail/76/ Dean’s Open Forum, Richard Falk], [[USC Center on Public Diplomacy]], November 4, 2004.</ref> In 2008, the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] (UNHRC) appointed Falk to a six-year term as a [[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] on "the situation of human rights in the [[Palestinian territories]] occupied since 1967."<ref name="UN_Falkappointed">{{cite web|title=Human Rights Council elects Advisory Committee Members and approves a number of Special Procedures mandate holders|publisher=[[United Nations]]|date=March 26, 2008|url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.nsf/2ee9468747556b2d85256cf60060d2a6/0da4ba56ade85249852574190058d462!OpenDocument|accessdate=January 1, 2009|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5dViuhEdA|archivedate=January 1, 2009}}</ref> He has been variously criticized by U.S. ambassador [[Susan Rice]] and [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] [[Ban Ki-moon]] for his positions on Israel and the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref name="JP"/><ref name="TJA"/>

==Early Life and education==
Falk was born into an [[Jewish assimilation|assimilationist]] New York Jewish family which all but repudiated the ethnic side of Jewishness.<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /> Defining himself as "an American Jew", he says that having an outsider status, with a sense of not belonging, may have influenced his later role as a critic of American foreign policy.<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /><ref name="Slouching">Richard Falk, [http://www.tni.org/archives/falk_palestinianholocaust ''Slouching toward a Palestinian Holocaust''], [[Transnational Institute]], June 29, 2007.</ref><ref name=FalkJan2011> Richard Falk, [http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2011/01/15/on-jewish-identity/ On Jewish Identity], Falk blog entry, January 15, 2011:'In my case I have at various times been inspired and enlightened by the practices and wisdom of Christian, Buddhist, Islamic, Hindu, Taoist, and indigenous peoples. And in a more mundane sense, I think that the future of humanity will be greatly enhanced if these various religious and wisdom traditions are ecumenically and inclusively embraced by more and more people throughout the world, providing a thickening societal and civilizational fiber for human solidarity. this sense, I want to say, yes I am Jewish, and proud of it, but I am equally indigenous, Sufi, Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim, and Christian to the extent that I allow myself to participate in their rituals, partake of their sacred texts, and seek and avail myself of the opportunity to sit at the feet of their masters.'</ref> His being Jewish signifies above all for Falk,'to be preoccupied with overcoming injustice and thirsting for justice in the world, and that means being respectful toward other peoples regardless of their nationality or religion, and empathetic in the face of human suffering whoever and wherever victimization is encountered.'<ref name=FalkJan2011 />

Falk obtained a [[Bachelor of Science]] in Economics from the [[Wharton School]], [[University of Pennsylvania]] in 1952 before completing a [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree at [[Yale University]].<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /><ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /><ref name=PRF>{{cite web|title=Profile Richard Falk|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/profile/richard-falk.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=09/02/2013}}</ref> He obtained his [[Doctor of Laws|Doctorate in Law]] (SJD) from [[Harvard University]] in 1962. His early thinking was influenced by readings of [[Karl Marx]], [[Herbert Marcuse]], and [[C. Wright Mills]], and he developed an overriding concern with projects to abolish war and aggression as social institutions.<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" />

===Personal life===
Falk is married to Hilal Elver who holds a SJD from the [[University of California, Los Angeles School of Law]], a PhD from the [[University of Ankara]] School of Law, is a Research Professor and co-director of the Project on Global Climate Change, Human Security, and Democracy housed at the Orfalea Center of the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]], and an editor at the [[Middle East Research and Information Project]].<ref>[http://www.merip.org/author/hilal-elver], Middle East Research and Information Project. Retrieved 21 October 2014.</ref>

===Professional career===
Falk began his teaching career at [[Ohio State University]] and [[Harvard]] expressing his communistic beliefs in the late 1950s.<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /> He moved to [[Princeton University]] in 1961, which became his academic home for over thirty years. He was appointed [[Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy#Albert G. Milbank|Albert G. Milbank]] Professor of International Law and Practice in 1965, a position he currently retains as Emeritus professor.<ref name="fidh.org">[http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/falk_affidavit.pdf Richard Falk affidavit, "On Universal Jurisdiction and the Role of National Courts with Respect to the Criminal Complaint Lodged in Germany Against Donald Rumsfeld and Other United States Government High Officials," 2006]</ref> In 1985 he was made a [[Guggenheim Fellow]].<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /> He retired from teaching in 2001.<ref name="fidh.org"/> Since 2002 he has been a research professor at the Orfalea Center for Global & International Studies at [[University of California, Santa Barbara]]. He currently directs "Global Climate Change, Human Security, and Democracy" project.<ref>[http://www.global.ucsb.edu/orfaleacenter/fellows/Falk.html Richard Falk Profile], Orfalea Center for Global & International Studies at [[University of California, Santa Barbara]].</ref>

Falk is a critic of the [[Westphalian sovereignty|Westphalian system of nation states]], which he argues must be transcended by a more international institution to control the resort to force by nations,<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /> as the world moves towards a global ethos in which states renounce their boundary-obsessed territorialism in exchange for a regime of consensually negotiated aims, in which national leaders must be subject to accountability.<ref>Thomas C. Heller, Abraham D.Sofaer,'Sovereignty: The Practitioners' Perspective,' in Stephen D. Krasner (ed.) [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=tPngD78_p3cC&pg=PT68 ''Problematic Sovereignty: Contested Rules and Political Possibilities,''] Columbia University Press 2001 pp.24-52, p.42.</ref> With regard to specific geopolitical situations, he has published a number of books and essays analyzing the ideological aspects of the American Human Rights Debate,<ref>Richard A. Falk, 'Ideological Patterns in the United States Human Rights Debate, 1945-1978,' in Natalie Kaufman Hevener (ed.) [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=a1Nr6D6P-LsC&pg=PA29 ''The Dynamics of Human Rights in United States Foreign Policy,''] Transaction Publishers (1981) 1983 pp.29-52. </ref> the [[legality of the Vietnam War]] and other [[military operation]]s. With regard to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], he wrote that it is "inescapable that an objective observer would reach the conclusion that this [[Iraq War]] is a [[war of aggression]], and as such, that it amounts to a Crime against Peace of the sort for which surviving German leaders were indicted, prosecuted and punished at the [[Nuremberg trials]] conducted shortly after the [[Second World War]]."<ref>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2008/stories/20030425004002300.htm ''Frontline''], Volume 20, Issue 08, April 12–25, 2003.</ref>

===Activism===
Falk's engagement with politics began at [[Ohio State University]], where in the 1960s as a member of the faculty of law he was a witness to racism targeted at black students. His move to Princeton University, where the teaching of law was linked to politics, international relations and other social sciences allowed Falk to integrate his professional expertise in international law with his ethical and political values. Falk aimed to combine his academic work with political activism in a role he described as a 'citizen-pilgrim'. .<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" />
{{Quote|The essential inquiry of a citizen-pilgrim is to discover how to make desirable, yet unlikely, social movements succeed. The movements against slavery, colonialism, racial discrimination, and patriarchy are some instances. My overriding concern is to foster an abolitionist movement against war and aggression as social institutions, which implies the gradual construction of a new world order that assures basic human needs of all people, that safeguards the environment, that protects the fundamental human rights of all individuals and groups without encroaching upon the precarious resources of cultural diversity, and that works toward the non-violent resolution of intersocietal conflicts..<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" />}}

Falk has written for various publications including ''[[The Nation]]'',<ref name=NationProfile/> ''[[The Huffington Post]]'',<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-falk Richard Falk page] at [[The Huffington Post]] website.</ref> [[Al Jazeera]],<ref>Richard Falk, [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/11/20121186441573728.html Interpreting Obama’s Victory], [[Al Jazeera]], November 9, 2012.</ref> ''[[CounterPunch]]''<ref>Richard Falk and David Krieger, [http://www.counterpunch.org/2002/08/24/no-war-against-iraq/ No War against Iraq], [[CounterPunch]], August 24–26, 2002.</ref> and the ''Palestine Chronicle''.<ref>Richard Falk, [http://palestinechronicle.com/gaza-ceasefire-an-early-assessment/ Gaza Ceasefire: An Early Assessment], the Palestine Chronicle, November 24, 2012.</ref> He is a member of the [[Editorial Board]]s of ''The Nation''<ref name=NationProfile>[http://www.thenation.com/authors/richard-falk# Richard Falk page] at [[The Nation]]</ref> and ''[[The Progressive]]''. He has spoken on college campuses<ref>
*Marwa Farag, [http://www.stanforddaily.com/2012/02/07/un-representative-discusses-middle-east/ UN representative challenges Middle East peace process], [[The Stanford Daily]], February 7, 2012
*[http://www.uctv.tv/shows/Envisioning-a-Different-Future-for-U-S-Relations-with-India-Pakistan-and-Afghanistan-Part-1-How-Did-We-Get-Here-18188 Envisioning a Different Future for U.S. Relations with India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan Part 1 "How Did We Get Here?"], [[UCTV (University of California)|University of California TV]], April 5, 2010</ref> and for organizations.<ref>
*{{cite web|url=http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/ht/d/ContentDetails/i/7143|title=Imagining Israel-Palestine Peace: Why International Law Matters|publisher=Thejerusalemfund.org|date=2009-10-08|accessdate=2010-07-23}}
*[http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2006/02/23_falk_nuclear-precipice.htm At the Nuclear Precipice: Nuclear Weapons and the Abandonment of International Law 2006], International Law Symposium, Public Forum, February 23, 2006.
*[http://www.kirotv.com/events/detail/1685243/ "The Economic, Legal and Moral Costs of War: A Forum on Israel, Palestine and the United States"] [[KIRO-TV]] event announcement, June 2012; Annie Roberts, [http://mondoweiss.net/2012/06/richard-falk-no-issue-confronting-us-needs-more-open-debate-than-moral-and-political-cost-of-ip-policy-going-back-to-uss-liberty.html Richard Falk: No issue needs more open debate than moral and political cost of I/P policy], [[Mondoweiss]], June 11, 2012.</ref>

Falk is Chair of the Board of the [[Nuclear Age Peace Foundation]].<ref>[http://www.wagingpeace.org/menu/resources/speakers-bureau/#falk Richard Falk profile], [[Nuclear Age Peace Foundation]], ''accessed December 23, 2012.''</ref><ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/politics/people/display_person.xml?netid=rfalk&display=All Princeton University] faculty profile.</ref> He is on the advisory board of Faculty for Israeli-Palestinian Peace-USA (FFIPP-USA), a group that describes itself as "working for an end of the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories and just peace";<ref>[http://www.ffipp.org/about_us FFIPP-USA (Faculty for Israeli-Palestinian Peace-USA) "About Us"] web site.</ref> it calls for "international sanctions" against Israel while saying "academics should think carefully before developing research links and exchanges with Israelis [by] ascertaining whether they are part of the military machine or work to sustain the occupation".<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2006/may/24/internationaleducationnews.highereducation], originally published at [[the Guardian newspaper]], The Guardian web site, 24 May 2006.</ref>

Falk is a former advisory board member of the [[Citizens for Global Solutions|World Federalist Institute]] and the [http://www.amwg.org/ American Movement for World Government],<ref>[http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/f/falk_ra.htm Richard A. Falk Papers biography], [[Syracuse University]] website ''accessed June 12, 2013''.</ref> as well as a former fellow at the [[Transnational Institute]].<ref name="Slouching"/> During 1999–2000, Falk worked on the [[Independent International Commission on Kosovo]], an initiative of the [[Prime Minister of Sweden]] [[Göran Persson]].<ref>[http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/thekosovoreport.htm2001 Report on Kosovo], Independent International Commission on Kosovo, 2000, ''accessed December 23, 2012''.</ref> For several years Falk served on the board of [[Human Rights Watch]] [[Santa Barbara, California]], until he was asked to resign.<ref>Anna Sheinman, [http://www.thejc.com/news/world-news/94669/un-expert-palestinian-territories-removed-human-rights-watch-committee-0 UN expert on Palestinian territories removed from Human Rights Watch committee], [[The Jewish Chronicle]], December 19, 2012.</ref>

==Appointments at the United Nations==

===United Nations Human Rights Inquiry Commission for the Palestinian territories===

In 2001 Falk served on a [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (OHCHR) Inquiry Commission for the Palestinian territories<ref>[http://www.globalpolicy.org/security-council/index-of-countries-on-the-security-council-agenda/israel-palestine-and-the-occupied-territories/50404-israelpalestine-conflict-interview-with-richard-falk.html Harpreet Kaur Paul interviewing Richard Falk], [[Global Policy Forum]], June 2, 2011</ref> with [[John Dugard]], a South African based in [[Leiden University]] in the [[Netherlands]], and [[Kamal Hussein]], former [[foreign minister]] of [[Bangladesh]]. Falk stated the two main issues were: "One is evaluating whether the conditions of occupation are such as to give the Palestinians some kind of right of resistance. And if they have that right, then what are the limits to that right?" and "The other issue at stake in this current inquiry is to evaluate how Israel as the occupying power is carrying out its responsibility to protect the society that is subject to its control."<ref name=Dienst>{{cite web|title=Falk evaluates Mideast violence with U.N. team|url=http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pwb/01/0219/3a.shtml|work=Vol. 90, No. 17|publisher=Princeton University|author=Karin Dienst|archivedate=1 July 2001|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20010701212526/http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pwb/01/0219/3a.shtml|date=19 February 2001}}</ref> After its investigation the commission issued a report entitled "Question of the violation of human rights in the occupied Arab territories, including Palestine".<ref name=ECN42001121>{{cite web|title=QUESTION OF THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE OCCUPIED ARAB TERRITORIES, INCLUDING PALESTINE|url=http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/4A5FCB3241D55A7885256A1E006E75AD|work=E/CN.4/2001/121: Report of the human rights inquiry commission established pursuant to Commission resolution S-5/1 of 19 October 2000|publisher=United Nations|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051202025015/http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/TestFrame/19cfafb52ab5fc2bc1256a11005de32c?Opendocument|archivedate=2 December 2005|date=16 March 2001}}</ref>

===United Nations Special Rapporteur on Palestinian human rights===

On March 26, 2008, the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] (UNHRC) appointed Falk to a six-year term as a [[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] on "the situation of human rights in the [[Palestinian Territories|Palestinian territories]] occupied since 1967."<ref name="UN_Falkappointed"/> Falk replaced South African professor [[John Dugard]] who left his post in June 2008 after seven years.<ref name=BBC>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6390755.stm UN envoy hits Israel 'apartheid'], BBC, February 23, 2007</ref> Falk's appointment expired in May 2014.<ref>[http://www.internationallawjournaloflondon.com/interview-with-prof.-richard-falk.html], [[International Law Journal of London]], June 30, 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2014.</ref>

====Response to appointment====

The appointment of Falk was reached through a [[consensus]] decision by the 47 members of the UN's Human Rights Council. Despite attempts from Jewish groups to persuade the EU and Canada to publicly oppose the appointment the EU remained silent, while Canada chose not to oppose the consensus, instead issuing a statement distancing itself from the choice.<ref>[http://www.forward.com/articles/13037 "U.N. Taps American Jewish Critic of Israel as Rights Expert"], ''[[The Forward]]'', April 4, 2008.</ref>

According to a UN press release, then [[Israel]]i Ambassador to the United Nations [[Itzhak Levanon]]<ref>[http://www.eyeontheun.org/assets/attachments/documents/4835_Israel_on_OPT_at_HRC.pdf Statement by H.E. permanent resident Ambassador to the United Nations Itzhak Levanon, March 22, 2007]</ref> strongly criticized the appointment stating that Falk had written in an article that it was not "an irresponsible overstatement to associate the treatment of Palestinians with the criminalized [[Nazi]] record of collective atrocity", arguing that "someone who had publicly and repeatedly stated such views could not possibly be considered independent, impartial or objective".<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/5dViuhEdA Human Rights Council Elects Advisory Committee Members], [[United Nations]] press release, March 26, 2008.</ref>
According to the [[The Jewish Daily Forward]] Falk actually said: "Is it an irresponsible overstatement to associate the treatment of Palestinians with this criminalized Nazi record of collective atrocity? I think not."<ref>[http://www.forward.com/articles/13037 "U.N. Taps American Jewish Critic of Israel as Rights Expert"], ''[[The Forward]]'', April 4, 2008.</ref> Levanon further stated that, "He has taken part in a UN fact-finding mission which determined that [[suicide bombing]]s were a valid method of 'struggle'. He has disturbingly charged Israel with 'genocidal tendencies', and accused it of trying to achieve security through '[[state terrorism]]'. Someone who has publicly and repeatedly stated such views cannot possibly be considered independent, impartial or objective."<ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1206446111162&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull "UNHRC appointment infuriates Israel"], ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', March 26, 2008.</ref> The [[Israeli government]] announced it would deny Falk a visa to Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, at least until the September 2008 meeting of the Human Rights Council.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/972974.html "Israel to bar UN official for comparing Israelis to Nazis"], ''Haaretz'', April 8, 2008.</ref>

The UN press release reported that the Palestinian representative, Mohammad Abu-Koash, said that it was "ironic that Israel which claimed to be representing Jews everywhere was campaigning against a Jewish professor who had been nominated for the post of Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.'" The Palestinian statement went on to refer to Falk as the "author of 54 books on international law", concluding that his appointment was "a victory for good sense and human rights, as he was a highly qualified rapporteur."<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/5dViuhEdA Human Rights Council Elects Advisory Committee Members], [[United Nations]] press release, March 26, 2008.</ref>

Former [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]], [[John R. Bolton|John Bolton]], criticized Falk's appointment to the United Nations Human Rights Council, stating that "This is exactly why we voted against the new human rights council", and that "He was picked for a reason, and the reason is not to have an objective assessment — the objective is to find more ammunition to go after Israel."<ref name=Lake>Eli Lake, [http://www.nysun.com/news/foreign/un-official-calls-study-neocons-role-911 "U.N. Official Calls for Study Of Neocons' Role in 9/11"], ''[[The New York Sun]]'', April 10, 2008</ref>

===UN Investigations and reports===

====2008====
In May 2008 Israel refused to admit Falk to gather information for a report. The [[National Lawyers Guild]] urged Israel to permit Falk entry, stating "Falk made no claims any different from those made by John Dugard, the man he was to replace, in several reports on conditions in the Occupied Territories."<ref name=CommonDreams>[http://www.commondreams.org/news2008/0423-05.htm Press Release: National Lawyers Guild Urges Israel to Permit Richard Falk to Enter Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories], ''[[Common Dreams]]'', April 23, 2008.</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] issued a statement asking Israel to reverse its expulsion of Falk from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.<ref>[http://www.hrw.org/news/2008/12/17/israel-reverse-expulsion-human-rights-rapporteur Israel: Reverse Expulsion of Human Rights Rapporteur], [[Human Rights Watch]] website,
December 17, 2008, accessed December 19, 2012.</ref> In a July 2008 interview Falk stated the constraints would ''"limit my exposure to the direct realities. But I think it's quite possible to perform this role without that exposure. Barring my entry complicates my task but doesn't make it undoable."''<ref>Linda Mamoun, [http://www.alternet.org/module/printversion/91225 "Israel Bars UN Human Rights Watchdog From Occupied Territories"], [[Alternet]] reprint of [[The Nation]] article, posted on July 11, 2008.</ref>

In June 2008, Falk proposed to the Human Rights Council that his mandate to investigate violations of international humanitarian law in the Palestinian territories be extended to include possible Palestinian infringements. He stated his goal was to "insulate" the Council, which is dominated by Islamic and African states, usually supported by [[China]], [[Cuba]] and [[Russia]], "from those who contend that its work is tainted by partisan politics".<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/993320.html "UN official who compared Israel to Nazis turns the spotlight on Palestinians"], ''[[Haaretz]]'', June 16, 2008.</ref>

On December 9, 2008, the United Nations released a statement by Falk in his official capacity as "Special Rapporteur" noting that [[United Nations Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]], General Assembly President [[Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann|Miguel D’Escoto]] and UN High Commissioner for Human Rights [[Navi Pillay]], among other top officials, have expressed concern for the "desperate plight" of civilians in [[Gaza City|Gaza]]. Falk said: "And still Israel maintains its Gaza siege in its full fury, allowing only barely enough food and fuel to enter to stave off mass famine and disease." He outlined steps that must be taken to avoid a "humanitarian catastrophe"<ref>[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=29228&Cr=Palestin&Cr1= "Urgent action needed to alleviate desperate plight of Gaza's civilians – UN rights expert"], [[United Nations]] News Center, December 9, 2009.</ref> These included implementing the "responsibility to protect" a civilian population from collective punishment and a determination of "whether the Israeli civilian leaders and military commanders responsible for the Gaza siege should be indicted and prosecuted for violations of international criminal law", which ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' wrote would go before the [[International Court of Justice]] at [[The Hague]].<ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1228728146806&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull "Human Rights & Wrongs"], ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', December 10, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/ASAZ-7M6DZ2?OpenDocument "Gaza: Silence is not an option"], statement by the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights on Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, issued December 9, 2008.</ref>

On December 14 Falk landed at [[Ben Gurion Airport]] with staff members from the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on an official visit, planning to travel to the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] to prepare a report on Israel's compliance with human rights standards and international humanitarian law.<ref name=FalkDec2008>[http://www.palestine-pmc.com/details.asp?cat=4&id=3930 Richard A.Falk, "My Expulsion from Israel", 22 December 2008]</ref><ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3638881,00.html "Israel denies entry to UN rights investigator"], [[Reuters]], reproduced at [[YNET]], December 15, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=29309&Cr=descoto&Cr1=Israel "UN Assembly President calls stories he tried to stop Israel speaking ‘malicious lie’"], [[United Nations]] News Center, December 15, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1228728204503&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull "UNHRC rapporteur denied entry to Israel"], ''The Jerusalem Post'', December 16, 2008.</ref> In an interview Falk stated the Israeli government distorts his real views and that he saw the expulsion as an "insidious pattern of trying to shift the attention from their objections to the person."<ref>[http://www.democracynow.org/2008/12/17/days_after_calling_israeli_blockade_of "Days After Calling Israeli Blockade of Gaza 'A Crime Against Humanity', UN Human Rights Investigator Richard Falk Detained, Expelled from Israel"], ''[[Democracy Now]]'', December 17, 2008.</ref> Pillay called Israel's detention and expulsion of Falk as "unprecedented and deeply regrettable".<ref>[http://www.isria.info/RESTRICTED/D/2008/DECEMBER_18/diplo_17december2008_21.htm UN: Daily Press Briefing], [[United Nations]], December 16, 2008.</ref> As of March 2011 Falk was still denied entry into and effectively banned from Israel.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4045623,00.html UN official: Israel engaging in ethnic cleansing], [[Reuters]], March 21, 2011.</ref>

On December 27, 2008 Falk issued a statement condemning the [[December 2008 Gaza Strip airstrikes|December 2008 Israel strikes on Gaza]] as "war crimes" because he claims they included collective punishment, targeting of civilians and a disproportionate military response to Hamas rocket attacks on Israel, which also targeted civilians. He stated that Israel had ignored Hamas' diplomatic initiatives to re-establish the ceasefire which expired December 26 and condemned nations which provided Israel military support and participated in the siege of Gaza.<ref>Richard Falk, [http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/F1EC67EF7A498A30C125752D005D17F7 Statement by Prof. Richard Falk, United Nations Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories], [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]], December 27, 2008.</ref> In a ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'' article Falk reaffirmed that he had "called on the International Criminal Court" to investigate Israeli leaders responsible for possible violations of international criminal law.<ref>Richard Falk, [http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/editorial/outlook/6186137.html "Bring light — and censure — to brutal Israeli attacks; World needs to see the victims and carnage in Gaza"], ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'', December 29, 2008.</ref>

====2009====
In March 2009, Falk stated that [[Gaza War (2008–09)|Israel's offensive in Gaza]] constituted a war crime of the "greatest magnitude". He called for an independent group to be set up to investigate the war crimes committed on both sides.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1072481.html UN envoy: Gaza op seems to be war crime of greatest magnitude] ''Haaretz'', March 19, 2009</ref> The British government responded to Falk's report by stating that "the report of the UN Human Rights Council's Special Rapporteur is unbalanced and contributes little."<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090429/wl_mideast_afp/mideastconflictunisraelrightsbritain AFP: Britain raps 'unbalanced' UN rights Gaza report] ''AFP'', March 30, 2009</ref> In October 2009 Falk endorsed the [[United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict]] (also known as the "Goldstone Report") as "an historic contribution to the Palestinian struggle for justice, an impeccable documentation of a crucial chapter in their victimization under occupation".<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Falk |url=http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article10788.shtml |title=ei: The Goldstone report and the battle for legitimacy |publisher=Electronicintifada.net |date= |accessdate=17 October 2009}}</ref>

====2010====
In his August 10, 2010 UN Special Rapporteur report Falk detailed the accusation that Israel was practicing a policy of [[Crime of Apartheid|apartheid]] in the Palestinian territories:<blockquote>"Among the salient apartheid features of the Israeli occupation are the following: preferential citizenship, visitation and residence laws and practices that prevent Palestinians who reside in the West Bank or Gaza from reclaiming their property or from acquiring Israeli citizenship, as contrasted to a Jewish right of return that entitles Jews anywhere in the world with no prior tie to Israel to visit, reside and become Israeli citizens; differential laws in the West Bank and East Jerusalem favouring Jewish settlers who are subject to Israeli civilian law and constitutional protection, as opposed to Palestinian residents, who are governed by military administration; dual and discriminatory arrangements for movement in the West Bank and to and from Jerusalem; discriminatory policies on land ownership, tenure and use; extensive burdening of Palestinian movement, including checkpoints applying differential limitations on Palestinians and on Israeli settlers, and onerous permit and identification requirements imposed only on Palestinians; punitive house demolitions, expulsions and restrictions on entry and exit from all three parts of the Occupied Palestinian Territories."<ref>[http://www.middleeastmonitor.org.uk/downloads/other_reports/report-of-the-special-rapporteur-on-the-situation-of-human-rights-in-the-palestinian-territories-occupied-since-1967.pdf Richard Falk: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, August 30, 2010] retrieved December 19, 2010.</ref><ref>C. Gouridasan Nair, [http://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/article793269.ece Full text of the interview with Richard Falk, U.N. Rapporteur on Human Rights in the Israeli-Occupied Territories of Palestine], [[The Hindu]], September 24, 2010.</ref></blockquote>

====2011====
In 2011 Falk spoke to the UN Human Rights Council and stated that Israeli policies in [[Jerusalem]] amounted to "ethnic cleansing" against the Palestinian population. He urged the Council to ask the [[International Court of Justice]] to investigate Israel for acts of "colonialism, apartheid, and ethnic cleansing inconsistent with international humanitarian law" committed during its occupation of the Palestinian territories.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4045623,00.html UN official: Israel engaging in ethnic cleansing], YnetNews.com, March 21, 2011.</ref>

====2012====
Falk's report to the UN Human Rights Council focused on Israel’s treatment of Palestinian prisoners and recommended that The International Court of Justice at the Hague should be asked to issue an advisory opinion on Israel’s treatment of prisoners, an opinion which might also cover Israel’s "prolonged occupation" of Palestinian territory. His report also asked the Human Rights Council to censure Israel because of its use of administrative detention, take "emergency notice" of Israeli legislative attempts to legalize West Bank settlements, and to increase attention on Israel’s refusal to cooperate with his work. He stated that Israeli military retaliation for rocket fire from Gaza was not justified. The US Ambassador to the UN Human Rights Council said the US "continues to be deeply troubled by this council’s biased and disproportionate focus on Israel."<ref>Tovah Lazaroff, [http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=276072 Int'l court must act on Palestinian prisoner issue'], Jerusalem Post, July 3, 2012.</ref>

In Falk's report to the U.N. General Assembly he recommended that "businesses highlighted in the report – as well as the many other businesses that are profiting from the Israeli settlement enterprise – should be boycotted until they bring their operations into line with international human rights and humanitarian law and standards." He specifically named the United States' [[Caterpillar Inc.]], [[Hewlett-Packard]] and [[Motorola]]; Israel's [[Ahava]], [[Elbit Systems]] and [[Mehadrin]]; [[Sweden]]'s [[Volvo Group]] and [[Assa Abloy]] ; [[France]]'s [[Veolia Environment]]; [[United Kingdom]]'s [[G4S]], [[Belgium]]'s [[Dexia Group]], [[Netherlands]]' [[Riwal Holding Group]] and [[Mexico]]'s [[Cemex]].<ref>Wayne Schoenfeld, [http://forward.com/articles/164986/richard-falk-calls-for-corporate-israel-boycott/#ixzz2APbfkSvl Richard Falk Calls for Corporate Israel Boycott; U.N. Official Backs Calls To Shun Occupation-Backing Firms], [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]], October 25, 2012.</ref> At a news conference Falk said: "The focus on business activities is partly an expression of frustration about the inability to obtain compliance with these fundamental legal obligations of Israel and the ineffectiveness of the U.N. efforts to condemn settlement expansion." He also stated "The whole issue of Palestinian self-determination is at risk here."<ref>Michelle Nichols, [http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/25/us-palestinians-israel-un-idUSBRE89O1II20121025 U.N. expert calls for boycott of companies in Jewish settlements] [[Reuters]], October 25, 2012.</ref>

The report drew criticism from the United States Ambassador to the UN, Susan Rice, who called it "irresponsible and unacceptable",<ref name="JP"/><ref name="TJA">{{cite web | url=http://forward.com/articles/165007/us-rejects-call-for-boycott-by-un-rapporteur-falk/ | title='U.S. Rejects Call for Boycott by UN Rapporteur Falk' | publisher=The Forward | date=October 26, 2012}}</ref> and the Canadian foreign ministry which called it "biased and disgraceful" and called on Falk to withdraw his "offensive" report or resign from his UN post.<ref name="CBC"/>
The Israeli Mission to the UN stated that "while he [Falk] spends pages and pages attacking Israel, Falk fails to mention even once the horrific human rights violations and ongoing [[terrorist attacks]] by [[Hamas]]."<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/m/rich/politics/story/2012/10/25/un-israel-palestine-rapporteur-boycott.html Canada CBC Press on Rapporteur Boycott]</ref>
Caterpillar Inc. called the report inaccurate and misleading, reflecting his "personal and negative opinions toward Israel". Hewlett Packard said that Falk was "far from an independent and unbiased expert in this matter."<ref name="JP">{{cite web | url=http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=289355 | title=Falk: Firms tied to settlements may face charges | publisher=Jerusalem Post | accessdate=October 26, 2012}}</ref>
Several countries, including Egypt and Iran, called the report fair and balanced.<ref name="CBC">{{cite web | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/10/25/un-israel-palestine-rapporteur-boycott.html?cmp=rss | title=Canada, Israel call for UN rapporteur's resignation | publisher=CBC News | accessdate=October 26, 2012}}</ref>

In December Falk visited the region and the Gaza Strip with the "initial purpose assessing the overall impact of Israel’s prolonged occupation and blockade" against Gaza. However, after Israel's November seven day "[[Operation Pillar of Defense]]" military actions against Hamas, Falk claimed "there arose an urgent need to investigate Israel’s seemingly deliberate attacks against civilian targets." After visiting Palestinian survivors of military attacks, Falk stated that "some attacks killed and harmed civilians in a grossly disproportionate manner and thus appear to violate international law." He called today on Israel "to abide by and fully implement the cease fire agreement" and called on the international agreement to make sure it did so.<ref>[http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12867&LangID=E Israel must deliver on cease-fire agreement in the Gaza Strip – UN Special Rapporteur], [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] press release, December 5, 2012.</ref>

====2013====
Richard Falk's annual report, delivered to the UN Human Rights council on June 9, 2013, called for an international investigation into Israeli treatment of Palestinian prisoners. The report criticised the use of arbitrary detention, torture and coerced confessions stating that, "The treatment of thousands of Palestinians detained or imprisoned by Israel continues to be extremely worrisome". Falk said that Israel currently holds 5,000 Palestinians in custody and has imprisoned 750,000 since the start of the occupation. Falk also criticized and called for an end to Israel's blockade of Gaza, saying that it amounted to the "collective punishment of 1.75 million Palestinians." He argued that viability of Gaza was at stake, "With 70 percent of the population dependent on international aid for survival and 90 percent of the water unfit for human consumption, drastic and urgent changes are urgently required if Palestinians in Gaza are to have their most basic rights protected."<ref name=AFP2013>{{cite news|title=UN expert wants probe of Israeli detention of Palestinians|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/world/2013/06/10/UN-expert-wants-probe-of-Israeli-detention-of-Palestinians.html|accessdate=11/06/2013|newspaper=AFP|date=10/06/2013}}</ref><ref name=Reuters2013>{{cite news|title=UN rights envoy: Gaza's viability at stake|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4390665,00.html|accessdate=11/6/2013|newspaper=Reuters|date=06/10/2013}}</ref>

Falk also called for the Red Cross or a commission of international law experts to establish a convention to address the specific issues related to situations of prolonged occupation. He said that "Forty-six years ago today Israel's occupation of Palestine began. Six days of war has turned into 46 years of occupation", concluding, "Forty-six years of denying Palestinians their most basic rights has not achieved peace, Israel’s continuous annexation of Palestinian resources and territory."<ref name=AFP2013/><ref name=Reuters2013/> Additionally, Falk wrote that the commission to investigation [[UN Watch]] which he accused of conducting "a smear campaign" by issuing "a series of defamatory attacks demeaning his character, repeatedly distorting his views on potentially inflammatory issues."<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=603459&utm_medium=twitter&utm_source=twitterfeed UN expert under fire ahead of Palestinian rights report], [[Ma'an News Agency]], June 10, 2013.</ref><ref name=TL2013>Tovah Lazaroff, [http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/EU-slams-Falks-Israel-report-as-biased-at-UNHRC-session-316090 EU slams Falk’s Israel report as biased at UNHRC session], Jerusalem Post, June 10, 2013.</ref>

Many countries speaking at the session thanked Falk for his work and challenged Israel for refusing to cooperate with his human rights mission in the Palestinian territories.<ref name=TL2013/> The Palestinian delegation praised the report and called for its speedy implementation. The [[European Union]] agreed that Israel's settlements and separation barrier were "illegal under international law and constitute an obstacle to peace," but also criticised parts of the report.<ref name=AFP2013/> The European representative said "The EU continues to regret the unbalanced mandate of the Special Rapporteur and is also concerned that parts of the report include political considerations. In the past, the EU emphasized that future reports should be based on a more factual and legal analysis, and we regret to see no genuine progress in that direction. The council needs to be provided with accurate, factual information and solid allegations to fulfill its role and address the human rights situation in occupied Palestinian territory." The United States Ambassador to the UNHRC, [[Eileen Donahoe]], called for Falk's resignation, saying "Falk's attack on [[UN Watch]] threatens the independent voice of civil society at the UN. NGO work is particularly important in the field of human rights. Mr. Falk's most recent statement – which he dramatically and recklessly included in an official UN document – is characteristic of previous reprehensible comments and actions he has made during his tenure as a special rapporteur. His views and behavior, both official and unofficial, are offensive and provocative and do nothing to advance peace in the Middle East or to further the protection and promotion of human rights. We again call for his resignation."<ref name=TL2013/>

==Notable opinions==

===Nuremberg Defense of violent protesters===
In October, 1973, Falk defended [[Karleton Armstrong]], who pleaded guilty to [[Sterling Hall bombing|bombing the University of Wisconsin Army Mathematics Research Center]], which killed a researcher working there and injured another four people. ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that Falk "appealed for full amnesty for all resistors, including those who use violent tactics to oppose the war in Vietnam." The ''Times'' further reported that Falk, "cited the [[Nuremberg Trials]] as precedent for defense assertions that private American citizens had 'a right, and perhaps a duty' to actively oppose the war by any means".<ref>"Ex-Senator Aids Bomber's Defense", ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 20, 1973.</ref> According to Ronald Christenson, political science professor at [[Gustavus Adolphus College]], Falk "invoked the Nuremberg precedent to argue that there is a right of individuals to stop crime 'even by creating a lesser crime'".<ref>Christenson, Ronald, ''Political Trials: Gordian Knots in the Law'', Transaction Publishers, 1999, [http://books.google.com/books?id=nV2a3E-S6LAC&pg=PA172&dq=Political+Trials:+Gordian+Knots+in+the+Law+Falk p. 172], ISBN 978-0-7658-0473-0</ref><ref>Hentoff, Nat, ''The Nat Hentoff Reader,'' Da Capo Press, 2001, [http://books.google.com/books?id=0A6RJlFY2XcC&pg=PA255&dq=The+Nat+Hentoff+Reader+Richard+Falk&ei=bR37ScTuN5WQyATbsdg0 p. 255], ISBN 978-0-306-81084-8</ref>

===Ayatollah Khomeini in 1979===
In early 1979, when Falk was a professor of International Law at Princeton, he visited [[Iranian Revolution]] leader [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] at his home in exile in France.<ref name=Walter>[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=%22The+rise+and+fall+of+leftist+radicalism+in+America%22+%22richard+falk%22+khomeini&btnG=Search+Books&safe=active "The rise and fall of leftist radicalism in America"], Edward Walter, p. 153</ref> In a February 1979 ''[[New York Times]]'' op-ed, after Khomeini had returned to Iran, Falk wrote, "The depiction of him as fanatical, reactionary and the bearer of crude prejudices seems certainly and happily false."<ref name=Lake/> Falk wrote that Khomeini's "entourage was uniformly composed of moderate, progressive individuals,"<ref name=Sick>Gary Sick, ''All fall down: America's fateful encounter in Iran'', I.B.Tauris, 1985, [http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=All+fall+down%3A+America%27s+fateful+encounter+in+Iran+By+Gary+Sick+%22richard+falk%22+khomeini&btnG=Search+Books&safe=active p. 166].</ref> and that "having created a new model of popular revolution based, for the most part, on nonviolent tactics, Iran may yet provide us with a desperately-needed model of humane governance for a third-world country."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/gloview021511.pdf|title=Trusting Khomeini|date=February 16, 1979|publisher=New York Times|format=pdf |accessdate=March 26, 2011}}</ref> By the end of 1979 Khomeini had become [[Supreme Leader of Iran]] and began removing moderates from his circles, arresting and even killing political opponents, and supporting students who [[Iran hostage crisis|took over the U.S. embassy]] in Tehran, holding American hostages for 444 days. Falk was criticized for having supported Khomeini.<ref name=Sick/><ref>Edward Walter, ''The rise and fall of leftist radicalism in America'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992, [http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=%22The+rise+and+fall+of+leftist+radicalism+in+America%22+%22richard+falk%22+khomeini&btnG=Search+Books&safe=active p. 153].</ref> Falk later changed his opinion of Khomeini's regime, calling it "the most terroristic since Hitler."<ref name=Sick/>

===9/11 and the Bush administration===
In 2004, Falk wrote the preface to [[David Ray Griffin]]'s book ''[[The New Pearl Harbor|The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11]]'' which maintains that the [[George W. Bush]] administration was complicit in the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref>David Ray Griffin, ''The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11'', ''Interlink'', 2005.</ref> In that preface he argued: "There have been questions raised here and there and allegations of official complicity made almost from the day of the attacks, especially in Europe, but no one until Griffin has had the patience, the fortitude, the courage, and the intelligence to put the pieces together in a single coherent account."<ref name=Lake/> Falk also wrote a chapter for Griffin's 2006 book, ''9/11 and American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out''.<ref>David Ray Griffin, ''9/11 and American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out'', Olive Branch Press, 2006.</ref>

In November 2008, Falk wrote in ''[[The Journal (student newspaper)|The Journal]]'', a student publication in [[Edinburgh, Scotland]]: "It is not paranoid under such circumstances to assume that the established elites of the American governmental structure have something to hide and much to explain... The persisting inability to resolve this fundamental controversy about 9/11 subtly taints the legitimacy of the American government. It can only be removed by a willingness, however belated, to reconstruct the truth of that day, and to reveal the story behind its prolonged suppression."<ref>[http://jta.org/news/article/2008/11/11/1000905/falk-boosts-9-11-truth "U.N. official boosts 9/11 conspiracy theorists"], ''[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]'', November 11, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.journal-online.co.uk/article/5056-911-more-than-meets-the-eye 9/11: More than meets the eye] by Richard Falk, ''[[The Journal (student newspaper)|The Journal]]'', November 9, 2008.</ref>

In 2004 Falk signed a statement released by the organization [[9/11 Truth movement#9/11 Truth|9/11 Truth]] that calls for a new investigation into the September 11 attacks. Falk confirmed his support for the statement in 2009.<ref name="salon-petition">{{cite journal|last=Rossmeier|first=Vincent|journal=Salon|title=Would you still sign the 9/11 Truth petition?|date=September 11, 2009|url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2009/09/11/truth_petition|accessdate=September 11, 2009}}</ref> In 2008 Falk called for an official commission to further study these issues, including the role [[neoconservatives]] may have played in the attacks, saying "It is possibly true that especially the neoconservatives thought there was a situation in the country and in the world where something had to happen to wake up the American people. Whether they are innocent about the contention that they made that something happen or not, I don't think we can answer definitively at this point."<ref name=Lake/>

In January 2011 [[Susan Rice]], the [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]], suggested that Falk should be removed from his U.N. posts after he wrote on his blog about the "eerie silence of the mainstream media, unwilling to acknowledge the well-evidenced doubts about the official version of the events: an al Qaeda operation with no foreknowledge by government officials."<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39997331/ns/world_news MSNBC coverage of Falk's 9/11 comments]</ref><ref>Richard Falk, [http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/tag/al-qaeda/ Al Queda], Richard Falk blog, September 19, 2011.</ref> United Nations secretary-general [[Ban Ki-moon]] likewise condemned Falk's blog posting,<ref name="JerusalemPost25Jan2011">{{cite news|title=Falk's 9-11 remarks are 'condemned' by UN sec.-gen|url=http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=205192|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=25 January 2011}}</ref><ref>Tovah Lazaroff,[http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=205563&R=R4 'Ban slams Falk’s 9/11 statements,'] at [[The Jerusalem Post]], January 27, 2011.</ref> calling it "inflammatory rhetoric" which was "preposterous" and "an affront to the memory of the more than 3,000 people who died in that tragic terrorist attack." Ki-moon stated that only the U.N. Human Rights Council could remove its appointees from office.<ref name="VoiceOfAmericaNews25Jan2011">{{cite news|title=UN Chief Condemns Investigator on Palestine|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/UN-Chief-Condemns-Investigator-on-Palestine-114590359.html|newspaper=Voice of America News|date=25 January 2011}}</ref>

===Israeli-Palestinian conflict===
In a 2002 op-ed in ''[[The Nation]]'', Falk was highly critical of [[Operation Defensive Shield]], describing it as "state-sponsored terrorism". He wrote that the view of an "overwhelming majority" of the UN Security Council, and a UN Human Rights Commission inquiry he was a part of, was that suicide bombings took place only after the Palestinians "ran out of military options", and suicide attacks appeared as the only way to inflict sufficient harm on Israel so that "the struggle could go on". The UN inquiries found that Israel was responsible for the escalation of violence, and that their military response against the Palestinians constituted a violation of international law. Falk referred to the [[Passover massacre]] as "horrifying", stating that Israel's response was "equally horrifying".<ref name="n2002-04-11">{{cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/ending-death-dance|title=Ending the Death Dance |last=Falk|first=Richard|date=2002-04-11|publisher=The Nation|accessdate=13 May 2011}}</ref>

In 2002 Falk wrote on Princeton Divestment's website that "to divest from companies profiting from business with Israel at this time is to express solidarity with victims of massive crimes against humanity and to call upon Israel to respect U.N. authority and the elemental rules of international law by withdrawing from occupied Palestinian territory."<ref>Ben August, [http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2002/10/10/5683/Campaign for divestment spurs University debate], [[The Daily Princetonian]], October 10, 2002.</ref>

In a June 2007 article, "Slouching toward a Palestinian Holocaust", Falk compared some Israeli policies with regard to the Palestinians to the [[Nazism|Nazi]] record of [[collective punishment]], warning that Israel may be planning a Holocaust in the same way [[Nazi Germany]] did. Identifying himself as a [[American Jews|Jewish American]], Falk stated that his use of the term 'Holocaust' "represents a rather desperate appeal to the governments of the world and to international public opinion to act urgently to prevent these current [Israeli] [[genocidal]] tendencies from culminating in a collective tragedy [for the Palestinians]". Falk also stated that "the comparison should ''not'' be viewed as literal, but... that a pattern of [[criminality]] associated with Israeli policies in [[Gaza City|Gaza]] has actually been supported by the leading democracies of the 21st century." Falk argued that Western and Arab states were associated in a "pattern of criminality" akin to states which let Hitler oppress German Jews in the 1930s. He also denied that [[Hamas]] was a terrorist organization and that it was always ready to work with other Palestinian groups towards "acceptance of Israel's existence", called Israel's [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan|disengagement from Gaza]] a "sham" in which 300 Gazans were killed since Israel's "supposed physical departure", and stated that Israel's blockade of the Gaza Strip had brought Gaza to "the brink of collective starvation, imposing a "sub-human existence on a people" through "collective punishment, and that Israeli policies were "indeed genocidal".<ref name="Slouching"/> In late December 2009, Falk again criticized Israel's blockade, and called for Israel to be threatened with economic sanctions if the blockade was not lifted.<ref>[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=33334#.UQQDeWc1CSo UN expert urges Israel to end Gaza blockade as anniversary of campaign looms], United Nations News Service, December 23, 2009.</ref>

In April 2008 Falk compared Israeli actions in Gaza to those of the [[Nazi]]s and responded to criticism of his statements saying, "If this kind of situation had existed for instance in the manner in which China was dealing with [[Tibet]] or the [[Sudan]]ese government was dealing with [[Darfur]], I think there would be no reluctance to make that comparison." He attributed the reluctance to criticise Israel's policies to the sensitive history of the Jewish people, as well as the state's ability to "avoid having (its) policies held up to international law and morality".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7335875.stm "UN expert stands by Nazi comments"], [[BBC]], April 8, 2008</ref>

In December 2012, when asked explicitly about the "neutrality" of groups like [[Amnesty International]] and Human Rights Watch, Falk said in an interview "there is no doubt that the private-funding base of these leading human rights NGOs leads to some biasing of their agendas". However, he commented that "in reaction to criticism there has been more self-criticism directed at American patterns of abuse, and a greater willingness to report critically on Israel" by such NGOs.<ref>Cihan Aksan and Jon Bailes, [http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/12/14/the-future-of-international-law-and-human-rights/ An Interview With Richard Falk; The Future of International Law and Human Rights], [[CounterPunch]], December 14–16, 2012 edition.</ref>

===2011 intervention in Libya===
During the [[2011 Libyan civil war]], Falk published an op-ed in [[Al Jazeera]] against the proposals for [[2011 military intervention in Libya|military intervention]]. Falk wrote that military intervention was illegal under international law, and that "the Gaddafi government, however distasteful on humanitarian grounds, remains the lawful diplomatic representative of a sovereign state". Falk also wrote that any intervention would be pro-insurgency rather than counter-insurgency, and criticized politicians who supported intervention, arguing that "it seems that many of the Republicans focused on the deficit although cutting public expenditures punishes the poor at a time of widespread unemployment and home foreclosures would not mind ponying up countless billions to finance acts of war in Libya".<ref>Richard Falk, [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/03/201138143448786661.html Kicking the intervention habit], [[Al Jazeera]], March 10, 2011.</ref>

In a Falk blog entry published in [[Today's Zaman]], Falk argued that unlike protests in other countries, the Libyan opposition was reliant on military force "almost from the start", and that violent political reaction from within to Gaddafi’s regime was fully justified as an "expression of Libyan self-determination". He also wrote that the intervention was not to protect civilians from attack, but to ensure a rebel victory and the defeat of Gaddafi.<ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=1570585DBEB1FEFE5849DCF9419D0275?newsId=239496 Gaddafi, moral interventionism, Libya, and the Arab Revolutionary Movement], [[Today's Zaman]], March 29, 2011; originally published as [http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2011/03/20/qaddafi-moral-interventionism-libya-and-the-arab-revolutionary-moment/ Richard Falk blog entry], March 20, 2011.</ref>

===Boston Marathon Bombings===
In a posting on his personal blog called "A Commentary on the Marathon Murders", reprinted in [[Al-Jazeera]], Falk wrote regarding the [[Boston Marathon bombings]], which he called "horrific bombings". He also wrote that "the American global domination project is bound to generate all kinds of resistance in the post-colonial world" and that "the United States has been fortunate not to experience worse [[Blowback (intelligence)|blowbacks]]". He contrasted the critical response to the bombings from callers to a [[PBS]] program with that of US politicians and the mainstream media among whom he said self-scrutiny remained "taboo" and that American politicians did not "have the courage to connect some of these dots." He also criticized American policy towards Iran’s nuclear program and friendship with Israel, writing more attacks are likely "if there is no disposition to rethink US relations to others in the world, starting with the Middle East."<ref>Aaron Kalman,[http://www.timesofisrael.com/un-official-says-us-had-boston-attack-coming/ UN official says US had Boston attack coming], [[The Times of Israel]], April 23, 2013.</ref><ref>Richard A. Falk, [http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2013/04/19/a-commentary-on-the-marathon-murders/ "A Commentary on the Marathon Murders"], Richard Falk blog, April 19, 2013; reprinted in part as [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/04/201341864010806370.html "Collective self-reflection in the wake of a national tragedy"] at [[Al Jazeera]], April 19, 2013; reprinted at [http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2013/04/21/a-commentary-on-the-marathon-murders/ here, with the original title] by ''[[Foreign Policy Journal]]'', April 21, 2013.</ref>

Falk continued and mounted a critique of US foreign policy describing the [[Iraq War]] and [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan War]] as "unlawful wars" which had "devastated two countries, seemingly beyond foreseeable recovery, while adding nothing to American security". He said that while the failure and expense of these wars meant that this kind of intervention was no longer the centerpiece of American policy, "[t]he war drums are beating at this moment in relation to both North Korea and Iran, and as long as Tel Aviv has the compliant ear of the American political establishment, those who wish for peace and justice in the world should not rest easy."

Canadian [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)|Foreign Minister]] [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]] sharply criticized Falk, stating that “Once again, United Nations official Richard Falk has spewed more mean-spirited, anti-Semitic rhetoric, this time blaming the attacks in Boston on President Obama and the State of Israel. The United Nations should be ashamed to even be associated with such an individual.” The [[United Kingdom]], in a statement by its UN mission, noted that this was "the third time we have had cause to express our concerns about Mr. Falk’s anti-Semitic remarks. It is important to the U.K. that special rapporteurs uphold the highest standards in their work and we have twice previously made clear that remarks by Mr. Falk were unacceptable." United Nations Secretary General [[Ban Ki-moon]] rejected Falk’s statements, saying that they undermined the credibility and work of the UN.<ref name="news.nationalpost.com">[http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/04/24/canada-lambasts-un-official-for-saying-boston-bombings-caused-by-american-global-domination-project/ Canada lambasts UN official for saying Boston bombings caused by ‘American global domination project’], ''Canadian Press'' (reprinted in the ''[[National Post]]'', April 24, 2013.</ref> [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]] [[Susan Rice]] wrote that she was "Outraged by Richard Falk's highly offensive Boston comments", that "Someone who spews such vitriol has no place at the UN", and that it was "Past time for him to go.".<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/ajc-urges-removal-of-un-s-richard-falk-for-controversial-boston-comments-1.517377 AJC urges removal of UN's Richard Falk for controversial Boston comments] by ''[[Reuters]]'' (reprinted by ''[[Haaretz]]''), April 24, 2013.</ref>

Falk's statements were also criticized by numerous publications and advocacy groups, including the ''[[New York Daily News]]'', the ''[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]'' (JTA), ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', Sohrab Ahmari of the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', [[UN Watch]], the [[Anti-Defamation League]] and the [[American Jewish Committee]].<ref>[http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/united-nations/adl-denounces-uns-richard-falk-boston-tel-aviv.html ADL Denounces U.N.’s Richard Falk for Attempting to Blame the Boston Terror Attack “on Tel Aviv”], ADL 23-04-2013</ref><ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/beneath-contempt-article-1.1326653 United Nations Jew-basher Richard Falk blames Boston Marathon attack on Israel], New York Daily News 25-04-2013</ref><ref>[http://www.jta.org/news/article/2013/04/23/3124931/un-official-blames-boston-marathon-bombing-on-tel-aviv U.N. official pins blame for Boston Marathon bombing on ‘Tel Aviv’], ''[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]'', April 23, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.jpost.com/International/UNs-Falk-ties-Boston-bombs-to-Obamas-Israel-trip-310832 UN's Falk ties Boston bombs to Obama's Israel trip] by Lauren Izso, ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', April 23, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/04/23/watchdog-group-blasts-un-official-for-blaming-boston-bombings-on-american/ UN official blames Boston Marathon bombings on American 'domination'], ''[[Fox News]]'', April 23, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.thejc.com/news/world-news/106337/us-israel-ties-factor-boston-bombing-says-un-man US-Israel ties factor in Boston bombing, says UN man] by Zoe Winograd, ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'', April 23, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324874204578441033895673750.html What the Falk?], Wall Street Journal 23-04-2013</ref> [[Scott McConnell]] responded to the criticism in ''[[The American Conservative]]'': "Amazing for its viciousness and rank dishonesty is the campaign waged against UN special rapporteur for human rights in occupied Palestine Richard Falk for making some pretty straightforward “blowback” points in the aftermath of the Boston terrorist attack." He went on to describe how, in his view, "a well-funded neocon group called UN Watch and its various media allies had ginned up an intense public relations campaign, based on falsifying the meaning of his piece, using ellipses to distort its sentences, to claim that Falk had said that the Boston victims somehow deserved their fate."<ref name=SM2013>{{cite news|last=McConnell|first=Scott|title=Smearing Richard Falk|url=http://www.theamericanconservative.com/smearing-richard-falk/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=smearing-richard-falk|accessdate=2013-04-28|newspaper=The American Conservative|date=2013-04-26}}</ref>

Jeremy R. Hammond, who had reprinted Falk's article in his online journal, stated that the accusations arose from distortions in the original accusations made by what he called the 'Zionist organization UN Watch', affirming that nowhere in the article does Falk justify the Boston terror attack, as was claimed, and that nowhere did he blame Israel for the attack. He draws a long list of news reports which he argues picked up the UN Watch document's claims and parroted them 'to manufacture a sensational headline,' and attack an 'honourable man'.<ref>[http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2013/04/26/the-demonization-of-richard-falk/view-all/ 'The Demonization of Richard Falk,'] Foreign Policy Journal, April 26, 2013.</ref>

[[West Chester University]] historian Lawrence Davidson argued in defence of Falk's statement that:- <blockquote> looked at from outside of the self-justifying perspective of the United States government, everything Richard Falk says is accurate. However, from the inside of the official government worldview, Falk is a heretic and his message dangerous verbal poison. Therefore, the reaction of those dedicated to customary policies and alliances has been shrill.<ref>Lawrence Davidson,[http://www.counterpunch.org/in-praise-of-richard-falk 'In praise of Richard Falk,'] [[CounterPunch|Counterpunch]] 6 May 2013 </ref></blockquote>

==Accusations of antisemitism==

On June 29, 2011 Richard Falk posted on his blog an entry regarding the [[International Criminal Court]]’s indictment of [[Muammar Gaddafi]] for crimes against humanity which included a cartoon image of a dog with a [[Yarmulke|Jewish head-covering]] and a sweater with the letters "USA"; it was urinating on [[Lady Justice]] while devouring bloody human bones.<ref name=underfire>[http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=228448 UN's Richard Falk under fire for ‘anti-Semitic’ cartoon], Jerusalem Post 08-07-2011</ref> [[UN Watch]], which is affiliated with the [[American Jewish Committee]]<ref name="AJC Office and Departments ">{{cite web|url=http://www.ajc.org/site/c.ijITI2PHKoG/b.789095/k.5F96/Offices_and_Departments.htm |title=ACJ Office and Departments |work=ACJ |accessdate=19 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="ACJ Activities in Europe">{{cite web|url=http://www.ajc.org/site/c.ijITI2PHKoG/b.835975/k.D5ED/Europe.htm |title=ACJ Activities in Europe |work=ACJ |accessdate=19 March 2012}}</ref> contacted UN High Commissioner for Human Rights [[Navi Pillay]] regarding the cartoon. Falk acknowledged on July 6 that the cartoon was antisemitic and apologized for posting it, adding that "we must also make peace with nature, and treat animals with as much respect as possible." <ref name="underfire"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Bauder|first=Sarah|title=Jewish groups urge UN investigator to quit|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4093287,00.html|accessdate=11 July 2011|newspaper=[[Ynetnews]]|date=10 July 2011|agency=[[Shalom Life]]|quote=The Anti-Defamation League called on the UN top human rights official to publicly condemn Falk.}}</ref><ref>[http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2011/07/06/apology-for-unintentionally-posting-anti-semitic-cartoon-in-qaddafi-arrest-warrant-blog/ Apology for Unintentionally Posting Anti-Semitic Cartoon in Qaddafi Arrest Warrant Blog July 6th], Richard Falk blog, July 6, 2012.</ref>

[[Abraham H. Foxman]] of the [[Anti-Defamation League]] called on Falk to resign as U.N. Rapporteur for the Palestinian territories saying that "This cartoon is blatantly anti-Semitic and conveys the message that Jews and Americans care little about what is just and moral" and that "the message of hatred in this cartoon nonetheless directly contravenes the principles of the Human Rights Council and of the United Nations itself."<ref name=h20110708>{{cite news|title=ADL calls on UN human rights chief to condemn Richard Falk for anti-Semitic cartoon|url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/adl-calls-on-un-human-rights-chief-to-condemn-richard-falk-for-anti-semitic-cartoon-1.372190|accessdate=15 July 2011|newspaper=Haaretz|date=8 July 2011}}</ref> [[United States]] envoy to the UN [[Joseph M. Torsella]] said the posting of the cartoon was "shameful and outrageous" and "an embarrassment to the United Nations", and called on him to resign.<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=228618 US, Jewish groups demand Falk resign over blog entry], Jerusalem Post 2011-07-10</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Evans|first=Robert|title=U.S. urges U.N. sleuth resign over blog cartoon|url=http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFLDE7670S520110708?sp=true|accessdate=9 October 2011|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|date=8 July 2011|agency=[[Reuters]]|location=[[Geneva]]|quote=The United States said on Friday it has called on the U.N. human rights investigator for the Palestinian territories to resign after he published a cartoon on his blog which he later withdrew as 'anti-semitic.'}}</ref> US Representative [[Ileana Ros-Lehtinen]], chairwoman of the [[US House of Representatives]] [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|Committee on Foreign Affairs]] also called on Falk to resign.<ref name=Pillay>[http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id=229422 Pillay says Falk's cartoon was anti-Semitic, objectionable], Jerusalem Post 2011-07-14</ref> British Prime Minister, [[David Cameron]], instructed the UK's concerns Permanent Representative to express concerns regarding the cartoon and said that he would "continue to closely watch any further actions or comments Mr Falk may make."<ref>[http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/56303/pm-condemns-un-advisers-antisemitic-cartoon PM condemns UN adviser's 'antisemitic' cartoon], [[The Jewish Chronicle]], October 12, 2011, ''accessed October 26, 2012''.</ref>

[[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] [[Navi Pillay]] "acknowledged the cartoon was antisemitic and objectionable." She did not call for Falk’s resignation because of his public apologies and the fact he had swiftly removed the image from his website.<ref name=Pillay/>

In July 2012, in discussing why he was drawn to the "Palestinian struggle", Falk wrote on his blog, "I formed a well-evidence belief that the U.S. Government and the organized Jewish community were responsible for the massive and enduring confiscation of Palestinian land and rights."<ref name=ForWhat>Richard A. Falk, [http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2012/07/20/for-what/ For What?], on his personal blog, July 20, 2012.</ref> UN Watch, accused Falk of "promoting racist remarks," as well as [[anti-Semitism]], "by attempting to blame Jewish communities everywhere for alleged crimes against Palestinians."<ref name="Falk UN Watch Organized">{{cite web | url=http://blog.unwatch.org/index.php/2012/07/24/u-n-s-richard-falk-accuses-the-organized-jewish-community-of-crimes-against-palestinians/ | title=U.N.’s Richard Falk accuses "the organized Jewish community" of crimes against Palestinians | publisher=UN Watch | date=July 24, 2012 | accessdate=July 25, 2012}}</ref> Falk later responded, writing "I have often opposed policies including those of the US and Israel but to conflate such stands with racism is [part of] a wide-ranging and frequently repeated denunciation of my views and activities."<ref name=ForWhat/><ref>[http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/70440/anti-israel-un-official Anti-Israel UN official], [[The Jewish Chronicle]], July 26, 2012.</ref>

In December 2012, UN Watch published an open letter to [[Human Rights Watch]] critical of Falk. Falk was asked to resign from the Santa Monica group’s board and his name was removed from their website, supposedly because his working for the United Nations was contrary to HRW policy.<ref>[http://www.jta.org/news/article/2012/12/18/3114871/richard-falk-removed-from-human-rights-watch-committee Richard Falk removed from Human Rights Watch committee], [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]], December 18, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/human-rights-watch-boots-un-palestinian-rights-official-from-one-of-its-panels/ Human Rights Watch boots UN Palestinian rights official from one of its panels], [[The Times of Israel]], December 19, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.unwatch.org/cms.asp?id=3665777&campaign_id=63111 Official Wording of UN Watch Letter to Human Rights Watch. UNwatch.org]</ref> Later that month, in response to a UN Watch press release criticizing Falk, 40 representatives of major international human rights organisations worldwide signed a letter to Human Rights Watch urging the group to "clarify that he was not 'expelled' as an enemy of human rights' as UN Watch claimed".<ref name=Bennis>[[Phyllis Bennis]], [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/01/20131781532514238.html Human Rights Watch: Time to stand with human rights defenders], [[Al Jazeera]], January 9, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.nlg.org/news/letter-regarding-attacks-uns-palestine-rapporteur Letter to Kenneth Roth, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch], from various human rights groups, December 27, 2012, at [[National Lawyers Guild]] website.</ref> [[Phyllis Bennis]], a signer of the letter, wrote that Human Rights Watch replied on January 1, 2013, stating that the UN Watch letter was filled with "inaccuracies and falsehoods" and repeating Human Rights Watch's statement it was complying with its longstanding policy.<ref name=Bennis/><ref>[http://blog.unwatch.org/index.php/2012/12/18/human-rights-watch-expels-top-u-n-official-richard-falk/#more-3023 Human Rights Watch Expels Top U.N. Official Richard Falk], UN Watch website blog, December 18, 2012.</ref>

In response to Falk's comments regarding the [[Boston Marathon bombings]], the British mission to the United Nations stated that “[this is] the third time we have had cause to express our concerns about Mr. Falk’s anti-Semitic remarks. It is important to the U.K. that special rapporteurs uphold the highest standards in their work and we have twice previously made clear that remarks by Mr. Falk were unacceptable.”<ref name="news.nationalpost.com"/>

==Published works==
* ''Palestine: The Legitimacy of Hope'', Just World Books, 2014 [http://justworldbooks.com/palestine-the-legitimacy-of-hope/]
* ''Essays on Espionage and International Law'' with Quincy Wright, Julius Stone, Roland J. Stanger; Ohio State University Press, 1962
* ''Security in Disarmament'', Editor with Richard J. Barnet, Princeton University Press, 1965
* ''Toward a Theory of War Prevention'', with Saul H. Mendlovitz, Transaction Publishers, 1966
* ''Strategy of World Order (Volumes I to IV)'', edited with Saul H. Mendlovitz, World Law Fund, 1966–67
* ''Legal Order In A Violent World,'' Princeton University Press, 1968
* ''International Law And Organization,'' Editor with Wolfram F. Hanrieder, Lippincott, 1968.
* ''The Six Legal Dimensions of the Vietnam War'', Princeton University Press, 1968
* ''In the Name of America-The Conduct of the War in Vietnam by the Armed Forces of the U.S.'', editor with Seymour Melman, E.P. Dutton, 1968
* ''The Vietnam war and international law,'' edited by Richard A. Falk with Wolfram F. Hanrieder; J. B. Lippincott, 1968.
* ''A Global Approach to National Policy,'' Harvard University Press, 1975.
* ''Crimes of War: A Legal, Political-Documentary, and Psychological Inquiry into the Responsibility of Leaders, Citizens, and Soldiers for Criminal Acts in Wars'' with Gabriel Kolko, Robert Jay Lifton; Random House, 1971
* ''The United Nations and a Just World Order'' with Samuel S. Kim, Saul H. Mendlovitz; Westview Press, 1991
* ''This Endangered Planet,'' Random House, 1971
* ''Regional Politics and World Order'' with Saul H. Mendlovitz, W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd, 1973.
* ''A Study of Future Worlds'', Free Press, 1975
* ''The Vietnam War and International Law'', Editor, Princeton University Press, 1976
* ''Human Rights and State Sovereignty'', Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1981
* ''International Law: A Contemporary Perspective (Studies on a Just World Order, No 2)'' with Friedrich Kratochwil, Saul H. Mendlovitz; Westview Press, 1985
* ''Revolutionaries and Functionaries,'' Dutton Adult, 1988
* ''The Promise of World Order: Essays in Normative International Relations'', Temple University Press, 1988
* ''Explorations at the Edge of Time: The Prospects for World Order'', Temple University Press, 1993.
* ''On Humane Governance: Toward a New Global Politics – The World Order Models Project Report of the Global Civilization Initiative'', Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995
* ''Indefensible Weapons: The Political and Psychological Case Against Nuclearism'' with Robert Jay Lifton, House of Anansi Press, 1998
* ''Predatory Globalization: A Critique,'' Polity, 1999
* ''Human Rights Horizons: The Pursuit of Justice in a Globalizing World,'' Routledge, 2001
* ''Reframing the International: Law, Culture, Politics,'' Routledge, 2002
* ''Unlocking the Middle East: The Writings of Richard Falk,'' Jean Allain, Editor; Olive Branch Press, 2002.
* ''In Pursuit of the Right to Self-Determination Collected Papers of the First International'', Editor with D. Kly, Clarity Press, 2001
* ''Religion and Humane Global Governance,'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2001
* ''The Great Terror War'', Interlink Publishing Group, 2002
* ''The Declining World Order: America's Imperial Geopolitics'', Routledge, 2004
* ''[[The New Pearl Harbor]]: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9-11'' by [[David Ray Griffin]], (Foreword), Interlink Books, 2004
* ''The Record of the Paper: How the New York Times Misreports US Foreign Policy'' with [[Howard Friel]], Verso, 2004
* ''Crimes of War: Iraq'' with Irene Gendzier, Robert Jay Lifton; Nation Books, 2006
* ''Foundations of Restoration Ecology: The Science and Practice of Ecological Restoration (The Science and Practice of Ecological Restoration Series)'' with Richard J. Hobbs, Donald A. Falk, Margaret Palmer, and Joy Zedler; Island Press, 2006
* ''The Costs of War: International Law, the UN, and World Order after Iraq'', Routledge, 2007
* ''Israel-Palestine on Record: How the New York Times Misreports Conflict in the Middle East'' with Howard Friel, Verso, 2007
* ''Achieving Human Rights'', Routledge, 2008
* ''International Law and the Third World: Reshaping Justice (Routledge-Cavendish Research in International Law)'', Editor, Routledge, July 29, 2008
* ''Can Humanitarian Intervention be Humanitarian? [[International Policy Digest]], Author, August 5, 2011
* ''Syria: Geopolitical Mentoring versus Rehab for Addicted Geopolitical Leaders [[International Policy Digest]], Author, August 19, 2011
* ''Rethinking Afghanistan After a Decade [[International Policy Digest]], Author, September 19, 2011
* ''Opening the Other Eye: Charles Taylor and Selective Criminal Accountability [[International Policy Digest]], Author, April 27, 2012
* ''How to Save a Stumbling 'Economic Europe' [[International Policy Digest]], Author, June 11, 2012
* ''The Path to Zero: Dialogues on Nuclear Dangers,'' with David A. Krieger, Paradigm Publishers 2012
* ''Reflections on Teju Cole's Open City [[International Policy Digest]], Author, February 21, 2013

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
*Richard Falk in conversation with [[Jeff Halper]] and [[Phillip Adams]], [http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/latenightlive/rethinking-foreign-occupation/4963588 'Rethinking foreign occupation,'] at [[Late Night Live]], [[Australian Broadcasting Commission|ABC]] 18 September 2013.
*[http://www.ohchr.org/EN/countries/MENARegion/Pages/PSIndex.aspx United Nations website page on Occupied Palestinian Territory], including work of Richard Falk.
*[http://www.democracynow.org/2008/12/17/days_after_calling_israeli_blockade_of Democracy Now interview with Richard Falk], December 17, 2008.
*[http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/f/falk_ra.htm Richard A. Falk Papers] at Syracuse University
*[[Transnational Institute|The Transnational Institute of Policy Studies]] (TNI). [http://www.tni.org/article/israeli-crimes-against-humanity-gaza Israeli crimes against humanity in Gaza]. Richard Falk interviewed by Michael Slate. January 20, 2009.
* [http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/ht/display/ContentDetails/i/7089/pid/3584 "Imagining Israel-Palestine Peace: Why International Law Matters"] Richard Falk 2009 speech at [[The Palestine Center]].
*[http://www.stateofnature.org/internationalLawAndHuman.html Interview with Richard Falk from ''Weapon of the Strong: Conversations on US State Terrorism'' (Pluto Press)], November, 2012.

{{United Nations Special Rapporteurs}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=31996109}}

{{Persondata
| NAME =Falk, Richard A.
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Law professor
| DATE OF BIRTH = November 13, 1930
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Falk, Richard A.}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American academics]]
[[Category:American foreign policy writers]]
[[Category:American legal writers]]
[[Category:American human rights activists]]
[[Category:Jewish human rights activists]]
[[Category:American anti-war activists]]
[[Category:American anti–nuclear weapons activists]]
[[Category:Jewish American writers]]
[[Category:International law scholars]]
[[Category:United Nations Special Rapporteurs]]
[[Category:Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
[[Category:Writers on the Middle East]]
[[Category:World federalists]]
[[Category:9/11 conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]

Wikipedia:Gesichtete Versionen/Anfragen

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Palästinensische Vertreibung aus Lydda und Ramle 1948

2015-04-10T16:14:30Z

Plot Spoiler: Reverted 1 edit by 130.235.34.121 (talk): Childish. (TW)

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox historical event
| Image_Name = File:YiftachSoldierOperationDanny.png
| Imagesize = 300
| Image_Alt = Photograph
| Image_Caption = An Israeli soldier accepts a cigarette from a Palestinian resident in Lydda after the fall of the city
| AKA = Lydda death march
| Participants = [[Israel Defense Forces]], [[Arab Legion]], Arab residents of [[Lod|Lydda]] and [[Ramle]]
| Location = Lydda, Ramle, and surrounding villages, then part of [[Mandatory Palestine]], now part of [[Israel]]
| Date = July 1948
| Result = 50,000–70,000 residents fled from, or were expelled by, the IDF
| URL =
}}
The '''1948 Palestinian exodus from Lydda and Ramle''' was the expulsion of 50,000–70,000 Palestinian Arabs when [[Israel]]i troops captured the towns in July that year. The military action occurred within the context of the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]]. The two Arab towns, lying outside the area designated for a Jewish state in the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|UN Partition Plan]] of 1947, and inside the area set aside for an Arab state in Palestine,<ref>Roza El-Eini,[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=1sCRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA436 ''Mandated Landscape: British Imperial Rule in Palestine 1929-1948,''] Routledge 2006 p.436</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA426 ''The Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited''], Cambridge University Press 2004, p. 425.</ref> subsequently were transformed into predominantly Jewish areas in the new State of Israel, known as [[Lod]] and [[Ramla]].<ref>For population figures, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA425 Morris 2004, p. 425], [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA434 434]. He writes that, in July 1948 before the invasion, Lydda and Ramle had a population of 50,000–70,000, 20,000 of whom were refugees from Jaffa and the surrounding area (p. 425). All were expelled, except for a few elderly or sick people, some Christians, and some who were retained to work; others managed to sneak back in, so that by mid-October 1948 there were around 2,000 Palestinians living in both towns (p. 434).
*For the name change, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA29 Yacobi 2009, p. 29]. Yacobi writes that Lod was Lydda's biblical name.
*Palestinians called Lydda al-Ludd. Lydda was the Latin form of its name, which it was widely known by. See [http://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA801&lpg=PA798 Sharon 1983, p. 798].
*Ramle can also be written as Ramleh; it known as Ramla by the Israelis, and should not be confused with [[Ramallah]], the administrative center of the [[Palestinian National Authority]].</ref>

The ethnic cleansing,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine|author=Ilan Pappe|page=156|year=2006|isbn=9781851685554|publisher=Oneworld Publications Limited}}</ref> constituting 'the biggest expulsion of the war',<ref>Benny Morris, ''The Palestine Refugee Problem Revisited,'' Cambridge University Press 2004 p.4.</ref> took place at the end of a truce period, when fighting resumed, prompting Israel to try to improve its control over the Jerusalem road and its coastal route which were under pressure from the Jordanian Arab Legion, Egyptian and Palestinian forces. From the Israeli perspective, the conquest of the towns averted an Arab threat to [[Tel Aviv]], thwarted an Arab Legion advance by clogging the roads with refugees, forcing the Arab Legion to assume a logistical burden that would undermine its military capacities, and helped demoralize nearby Arab cities.<ref name="case"/><ref>[[Yitzhak Rabin]],[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Gb8sjKSTvFwC&pg=PA383 ''The Rabin Memoirs,''] University of California Press, 1996 p.383:'Allon and I held a consultation. I agreed that it was essential to drive the inhabitants out. We took them on foot toward the Ben Horon road, assuming that the Arab Legion would be obliged to look after them, thereby shouldering logistic difficulties which would burden its fighting capacity, making things easier for us.'</ref> On 10 July, [[Glubb Pasha]] ordered the defending [[Arab Legion]] troops to "make arrangements...for a phony war".<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC&pg=PA287 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War, by Benny Morris]</ref> The next day, Ramle surrendered immediately, but the conquest of Lydda took longer and led to an unknown number of deaths; Israeli historian [[Benny Morris]] suggests up to 450 Palestinians and 9–10 Israeli soldiers died.<ref>The death toll in Lydda:
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA426 Morris 2004, p. 426]: '''11 July'''—Six dead and 21 wounded on the Israeli side, and "dozens of Arabs (perhaps as many as 200)".
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA452 Morris 2004, p. 452], footnote 68: Third Battalion intelligence puts the figure at 40 Palestinians dead, but perhaps referring only to the numbers they had killed themselves.
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA452 Morris 2004, p. 428]: '''12 July'''—Israeli troops were ordered to shoot at anyone seen on the streets: during that incident, 3–4 Israelis were killed and around a dozen wounded. On the Arab side, 250 dead and many wounded, according to the IDF.</ref> Once the Israelis were in control of the towns, an expulsion order signed by [[Yitzhak Rabin]] was issued to the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) stating, "1. The inhabitants of Lydda must be expelled quickly without attention to age.…",<ref>{{Cite book
| last = Morris
| first = Benny
| authorlink = Benny Morris
| title = The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949
| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
| series = Cambridge Middle East Library
| year = 1987
| location = Cambridge, United Kingdom
| page = 207
| isbn = 0521338891 }}
</ref>
Ramle's residents were bussed out, while the people of Lydda were forced to walk miles during a summer heat wave to the Arab front lines, where the Arab Legion, [[Jordan|Transjordan]]'s British-led army, tried to provide shelter and supplies.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA432 Morris 2004, pp. 432–434].
*Also see Gilbert 2008, pp. 218–219.</ref> Quite a few of the refugees died from exhaustion and dehydration. Estimates ranged from a handful to a figure of 350 based on hearsay, which is why the events are also referred as the ''Lydda death march''.<ref>For the use of the term "Lydda death march," see, for example, [http://www.google.com/books?id=ro8YAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Lydda+death+march%22&dq=%22Lydda+death+march%22&ei=XJICSou0KaP2yAS1zdHeAg&pgis=1 Fraser 2001], p. 64.
*For the number of refugees who died during the march:
*Morris 1989, pp. 204–211: "Quite a few refugees died – from exhaustion, dehydration and disease."
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=zL_1icJwNP0C&pg=PA177 Morris 2003, p. 177]: "a handful, and perhaps dozens, died of dehydration and exhaustion."
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA433 Morris 2004, p. 433]: "Quite a few refugees died on the road east," attributing a figure of 335 dead to [[Nimr al-Khatib|Muhammad Nimr al Khatib]], who Morris writes was working from hearsay.
*[http://www.palestine-studies.org/enakba/Memoirs/Munayyer,%20The%20Fall%20of%20Lydda.pdf Khalidi 1998], pp. 80–98: 350 dead, citing an estimate from [[Aref al-Aref]].
*[http://books.google.com/books?ei=oa_tTNj_C82NnQfNivn8CQ&ct=result&id=aIJtAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+Politics+of+Denial%3A+Israel+and+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem&q=350#search_anchor Nur Masalha 2003, p. 47] writes that 350 died.
*For the IDF and Ben-Gurion's analysis of the effect of the conquest of the towns and the expulsions, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA433 Morris 2004, pp. 433–434].</ref>

The events in Lydda and Ramle accounted for one-tenth of the overall Arab [[1948 Palestinian exodus|exodus from Palestine]], known in the Arab world as ''al-Nakba'' ("the catastrophe"). Many Jews who came to Israel between 1948 and 1951 settled in the refugees' empty homes, both because of a housing shortage and as a matter of policy to prevent former residents from reclaiming them. One of the key issues of the [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]] is whether the refugees and their descendants ought to have either compensation for their loses or the [[Palestinian right of return|right of return]], a concession many Israelis object to as a threat to the nation's Jewish identity.<ref>That it was one-tenth of the overall exodus, see [http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], p. 82.
*That most of the immigrants to Lydda and Ramle were from Asia and North Africa, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA427 Golan 2003].
*That refugees were settled in the empty homes to stop them from being reclaimed, see Morris 2008, p. 308, and [http://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA45 Yacobi 2009, p. 45].</ref>

==Background==

===1948 Palestine War===
Palestine was under [[British Mandate of Palestine|British rule]] from 1917 to 1948. After 30 years of conflict between the country's Jews and Arabs, the British decided to pull out of the area and on 29 November 1947 the United Nations [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|voted to divide it]] into a Jewish and an Arab state, with Lydda and Ramle to form part of the latter.

The proposal was welcomed by Palestine's Jewish community but rejected by the Arabs and [[1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine|civil war]] broke out between the communities triggering the [[1948 Palestinian exodus]], wherein 700,000 Palestinians were expelled from their homes, or fled. The British rule ended on 14 May 1948, the State of Israel [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|declared its independence]].<ref>Morris 2008, p. 37ff.</ref> Arab League intervened and Egypt, Iraq, Syria and Transjordan forces invaded Palestine and engaged Israeli troops. The [[1948 Arab-Israeli war]] started.

===Strategic importance of Lydda and Ramle===
Lydda (Arabic: Al-Ludd اَلْلُدّْ) dates back to at least 5600–5250 BCE. Ramle (ar-Ramlah الرملة), three kilometers away, was founded in the 8th century CE. Both towns were strategically important because they sat at the intersection of Palestine's main north–south and east–west roads. Palestine's main railway junction and its airport (now [[Ben Gurion International Airport]]) were in Lydda, and the main source of Jerusalem's water supply was 15 kilometers away.<ref>For Lydda's age, see Schwartz 1991, p. 39.
*According to Christian legend, Lydda was the birth place and burial ground of [[Saint George]] (ca. 270–303 CE), the patron saint of England; see [http://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA801&lpg=PA798 Sharon 1983, p. 799]. Sharon (p. 798) writes that the town may date back to King Thutmos III of Egypt. Also see [http://books.google.com/books?ei=6OLuTOf0IYiynwff9qDYCg&ct=result&id=RltCAAAAIAAJ&dq=saint+george+born+lydda&q=born+at+lydda#search_anchor Gordon 1907, p. 3].
*For Ramle, see [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-111203784.html Golan 2003].</ref> Jewish and Arab fighters had been attacking each other on roads near the towns since hostilities broke out in December 1947. Israeli geographer Arnon Golan writes that the Arabs had [[Siege of Jerusalem (1948)|blocked Jewish transport to Jerusalem]] at Ramle, forcing the Israelis to build a bypass called the [[Burma Road (Israel)|Burma Road]]. Israel had launched several ground or air attacks on Ramle and Latrun in May 1948, and Israel's prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, developed what Benny Morris calls an obsession with the towns; he wrote in his diary that they had to be destroyed, and on 16 June referred to them during an Israeli cabinet meeting as the "two thorns".<ref>For Golan's article about Ramle being a focal point, see [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-111203784.html Golan 2003].
*For the siege of Jerusalem, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=UcSUgrDsD_sC&pg=PA145 Gelber 2006, p. 145].
*See [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30D1EFD3D54157B93C0A8178DD85F4C8485F9&scp=1&sq=Jerusalem+siege&st=p Schmidt, 12 June 1948] for the temporary lifting of the siege. The siege was also broken by the opening in June of the [[Burma Road (Israel)|Burma Road]].
*For the attacks on Ramle and Lydda, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA424 Morris 2004, p. 424].
*For Ben-Gurion and the two thorns, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA424 Morris 2004, pp. 424–425], and [http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/php/art.php?aid=94940&showEventsBefore=2450729 Segev 2000]. Segev writes that, just after Ben-Gurion's "two thorns" statement to the cabinet, six lines have been erased from the transcript. Segev interprets this to mean that expulsions were discussed.
*For the primary source, see Ben-Gurion 1982, "16 June 1948," p. 525.</ref>
Lydda's local Arab authority that was officially subordinated to the Arab Higher Committee assumed local civic and military powers. The records of Lydda's military command discuss military training, constructing obstacles and trenches, requisitioning vehicles and assembling armored cars armed with machine-guns, and attempts at arms procurement. In April 1948, Lydda had become an arms supply center, and a provided military training and security coordination for the neighboring villagers.<ref name="case">{{cite web|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM|title=Myths and historiography of the 1948 Palestine War revisited: the case of Lydda|year=2005|author=Kadish, Alon, and Sela, Avraham}}</ref>

===Operation Dani===
Israel subsequently launched [[Operation Danny]] to secure the Tel Aviv-Jerusalem road and neutralize any threat to Tel Aviv from the Arab Legion, which was stationed in Ramallah and Latrun, with a number of men in Lydda.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA423 Morris 2004, pp. 423–424].</ref> On 7 July the IDF appointed [[Yigal Allon]] to head the operation, and [[Yitzhak Rabin]], who became Israel's prime minister in 1974, as his operations officer; both had served in the [[Palmach]], an elite fighting force of the pre-Israel [[Yishuv|Jewish community]] in Palestine. The operation was carried out between 9 July 1948, the end of the first truce in the Arab-Israeli war, and 18 July, the start of the second truce, a period known in Israeli historiography as the Ten Days. Morris writes that the IDF assembled its largest force ever: the [[Yiftah]] brigade; the [[8th Armored Brigade (Israel)|Eighth Armored Brigade]]'s 82nd and 89th Battalions; three battalions of Kiryati and Alexandroni infantry men; an estimated 6,000 men with around 30 artillery pieces.<ref>Kimche, Jon and David (1960) ''A Clash of Destinies. The Arab-Jewish War and the Founding of the State of Israel.'' Frederick A. Praeger. Library of Congress number 60-6996. Page 225. (number of men).</ref><ref>For the launching of Operation Dani and the forces assembled, see Morris 2008, p. 286.
*For the hiring of Allon and Rabin, see [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70813FC3F5410728DDDAA0A94D8415B898BF1D3&scp=5&sq=&st=p Shipler, ''The New York Times'', 23 October 1979].
*For the period known as the Ten Days, see Morris 2008, p. 273ff.</ref>

===Lydda's defenses===
[[File:St Georges Church Lydda.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Lydda in 1920 with St. George's Church in the background|alt=Ancient buildings, several with domed roofs, a church in the background, and palm trees.]]
In July 1948 Lydda and Ramle had a joint population of 50,000–70,000 Arabs, 20,000 of them refugees from [[Jaffa]] and elsewhere.<ref name=Morris2004p425/> Several Arab towns had already fallen to Jewish or Israeli advances since April, but Lydda and Ramle had held out. There are differing views as to how well-defended the towns were. In January 1948, [[John Bagot Glubb]], the British commander of Transjordan's Arab Legion, had toured Arab towns, including Lydda and Ramle, urging them to prepare to defend themselves. The Legion had distributed barbed wire and as many weapons as could be spared.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=zL_1icJwNP0C&pg=PA118 Morris 2003, p. 118].</ref> Lydda had an outer line of defense and prepared positions, an antitank ditch and field artillery as well as a heavily fortified and armed line northeast of central Lydda.<ref name="case"/>

Israeli historians Alon Kadish and [[Avraham Sela]] write that the Arab National Committee—a local emergency Arab authority that answered to the [[Arab Higher Committee]] run by the [[Grand Mufti of Jerusalem]]—had assumed civic and military control of Lydda, and had acquired arms, conducted training, constructed trenches, requisitioned vehicles, and organized medical services. By the time of the Israeli attack, they say the militia in Lydda numbered 1,000 men equipped with rifles, submachine guns, 15 machine guns, five heavy machine guns, 25 anti-tank launchers, six or seven light field-guns, two or three heavy ones, and armored cars with machine guns. The IDF estimated that there was an Arab Legion force of around 200-300 men. Lydda contained several hundred Bedouin volunteers and a large-sized force of the Arab Legion. They argue that the deaths in Lydda occurred during a military battle for the town, not because of a massacre.<ref name=KadishSela>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005].</ref>

[[File:King Abdullah of Jordan and John Glubb Bagot.jpg|right|thumb|210px|alt=photograph|King Abdullah of Jordan (1882–1951) with [[John Bagot Glubb]] (1897–1986), the British commander of the [[Arab Legion]]]]
Against this view, Palestinian historian [[Walid Khalidi]] writes that just 125 Legionnaires from the Fifth Infantry Company were in Lydda—the Arab Legion numbered 6,000 in all—and that the rest of the town's defense consisted of civilian residents acting under the command of a retired Arab Legion sergeant.<ref name=Khalidi>{{Cite web |url=http://www.palestine-studies.org/enakba/Memoirs/Munayyer,%20The%20Fall%20of%20Lydda.pdf |title=The Fall of Lydda |last=Khalidi |first=Walid |year=1998 |page=81 |accessdate=27 August 2012}}</ref> According to Morris, a number of Arab Legion soldiers, including 200–300 Bedouin volunteers, had arrived in Lydda and Ramle in April, and a company-sized force had set itself up in the old British police stations in Lydda and on the Lydda-Ramle road, with armored cars and other weapons. He writes that there were 150 Legionnaires in the town in June, though the Israelis believed there were up to 1,500. An Arab Legion officer was appointed military governor of both towns, signaling the desire of [[Abdullah I of Jordan]] to stake a claim in the parts of Palestine allotted by the UN to an Arab-Palestinian state, but Glubb advised him that the Legion was overstretched and could not hold the towns. As a result, Abdullah ordered the Legion to assume a defensive position only, and most of the Legionnaires in Lydda withdrew during the night of 11–12 July.<ref>Morris 2008, pp. 286, 289.
*That the IDF ignored that the Legion was "on a defensive footing," see Gelber 2006, p. 158.</ref>

Kadish and Sela write that the National Committee stopped women and children from leaving, because their departure had acted elsewhere as a catalyst for the men to leave too. They say it was common for Arabs to leave their homes under threat of Israeli invasion, in part because they feared atrocities, particularly rape, and in part because of a reluctance to live under Jewish rule. In Lydda's case, they argue, the fears were more particular: a few days before the city fell, a Jew found in Lydda's train station had been publicly executed and his body mutilated by residents, who, according to Kadish and Sela, now feared Jewish reprisals.<ref name=KadishSela/>

==Fall of the cities==

===Air attacks and surrender of Ramle===
[[File:LyddaAirportCapture.png|thumb|left|230px|alt=photograph|The IDF took control of Lydda airport on 10 July.]]
The Israeli air force began bombing the towns on the night of 9–10 July, intending to induce civilian flight, and it seemed to work in Ramle: at 11:30 hours on 10 July, Operation Dani headquarters (Dani HQ) told the IDF that there was a "general and serious flight from Ramla." That afternoon, Dani HQ told one of its brigades to facilitate the flight from Ramle of women, children, and the elderly, but to detain men of military age.<ref name=Morris2004p425>[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA425 Morris 2004, p. 425].</ref> On the same day, the IDF took control of Lydda airport.<ref name="gelber">[http://books.google.com/books?id=0_buePy517UC&pg=PA159 Gelber 2006, p. 159].</ref> The Israeli air force dropped leaflets over both towns on 11 July telling residents to surrender.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], p. 86: The leaflets said: "You have no chance of receiving help. We intend to conquer the towns. We have no intention of harming persons or property. [But] whoever attempts to oppose us—will die. He who prefers to live must surrender.</ref> Ramle's community leaders, along with three prominent Arab family representatives, agreed to surrender, after which the Israelis mortared the city and imposed a curfew. ''The New York Times'' reported at the time that the capture of the city was seen as the high point of Israel's brief existence.<ref>Formal surrender discussed in a telephone message from Dani HQ, 12 July 1948, 10:30 am, cited in [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA427 Morris 2004, p. 427].
*For the ''New York Times'' account of the surrender, see [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30713FA385F167B93C1A8178CD85F4C8485F9&scp=1&sq=&st=p Currivan, ''The New York Times'', 12 July 1948].</ref>

Two different images emerged of Ramle under occupation. [[Khalil Wazir]], who later joined the [[PLO]] and became known as Abu Jihad, was evicted from the town with his family, who owned a grocer's store there, when he was 12 years old. He said there was fear of a massacre, as there had been at [[Deir Yassin massacre|Deir Yassin]], and that there were bodies scattered in the streets and between the houses, including the bodies of women and children.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?ei=DjDuTMXIO8SknQfUmOCyCw&ct=result&id=4Qm7AAAAIAAJ&dq=The+Palestinians&q=terribly+frightened#search_anchor Dimbleby and McCullin 1980, pp. 88–89]. He said: "The whole village went to the church. ... I remember the archbishop standing in front of the church. He was holding a white flag. ... Afterwards we came out and the picture will never be erased from my mind. There were bodies scattered on the road and between the houses and the side streets. No one, not even women or children, had been spared if they were out in the street. ..."</ref> Against this, the writer [[Arthur Koestler]] (1905–1983), working for ''The Times'', visited Ramle a few hours after the invasion, and said people were hanging around in the streets as usual. A few hundred young men had been placed in a barbed wire cage, and were being taken in lorries to an internment camp. Women were bringing them food and water, he wrote, arguing with the Jewish guards and seemingly unafraid. He said the prevailing feeling seemed to be relief that the war was over.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=XEqTMSzQYUIC&pg=PA270 Koestler 1949, pp. 270–271]. He wrote: "The Arabs were hanging about in the streets much as usual, except for a few hundred youths of military age who have been put into a barbed wire cage and were taken off in lorries to an internment camp. Their veiled mothers and wives were carrying food and water to the cage, arguing with the Jewish sentries and pulling their sleeves, obviously quite unafraid. ... Groups of Arabs came marching down the main street with their arms above their heads, grinning broadly, without any guards, to give themselves up. The one prevailing feeling among all seemed to be that as far as Ramleh was concerned the war was over, and thank God for it."</ref>

===Moshe Dayan raid on Lydda===
[[File:Mosche Dajan.jpg|right|thumb|130px|alt=photograph|[[Moshe Dayan]] (1915–1981) led a raid on Lydda "blasting at everything that moved."<ref name=Bilby43/>]]
During the afternoon of 11 July, Israel's 89th (armored) Battalion, led by Lt. Col. [[Moshe Dayan]], moved into Lydda. Israeli historian [[Anita Shapira]] writes that the raid was carried out on Dayan's initiative without coordinating it with his commander. Using a column of jeeps led by a [[Marmon-Herrington Armoured Car]] with a cannon—taken from the Arab Legion the day before—he launched the attack in daylight,<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=iogKjVDKRW4C&pg=PA225 Shapira 2007, p. 225].</ref> driving through the town from east to west machine-gunning anything that moved, according to Morris, then along the Lydda-Ramle road firing at militia posts until they reached the train station in Ramle.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA426 Morris 2004, p. 426].</ref> Kadish and Sela write that the troops faced heavy fire from the Arab Legion in the police stations in Lydda and on the Lydda-Ramle road and Dayan described "The town's [southern] entrance was awash with Arab combatants ... Hand grenades were thrown from all directions. There was a tremendous confusion."<ref name=KadishSela/> A contemporaneous account from Gene Currivan for ''The New York Times'' also said the firing met with heavy resistance. Dayan's men advanced until the train station where the wounded were treated, and returned to Bet Shemen under continued enemy fire from the police stations. Six of his men were killed and 21 were wounded.<ref name=case/><ref name=Currivan>[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30713FA385F167B93C1A8178CD85F4C8485F9&scp=1&sq=&st=p Currivan, ''The New York Times'', 12 July 1948].</ref>

[[Kenneth Bilby]], a correspondent for the ''New York Herald Tribune'' was in the city at the time. He wrote: "[The Israeli jeep column] raced into Lydda with rifles, Stens, and sub-machine guns blazing. It coursed through the main streets, blasting at everything that moved ... the corpses of Arab men, women, and even children were strewn about the streets in the wake of this ruthlessly brilliant charge."<ref name=Bilby43>[http://books.google.com/books?ei=PSnuTIuAL8TMngfJmYXyCg&ct=result&id=-gkcAAAAMAAJ&dq=New+Star+in+the+Near+East&q=coursed#search_anchor Bilby 1950, p. 43].</ref> The raid lasted 47 minutes, leaving 100–150 Arabs dead, according to Dayan's 89th Battalion. Six died and 21 were wounded on the Israeli side.<ref>The casualty figures vary widely. The figure from Dayan is cited in [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005].
*There were dozens dead and wounded, "perhaps as many as 200," according to [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA426 Morris 2004, p. 426] and [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA452 p. 452], footnote 68, citing Kadish, Sela, and Golan 2000, p. 36.
*"[A]bout 40 dead and a large number of wounded," according to Third Battalion intelligence, though it is not clear whether they meant 40 killed by the Third Battalion alone; see [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA452 Morris 2004, p. 452], footnote 68.
*Six died and 21 were wounded on the Israeli side, according to [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA426 Morris 2004, p. 426], again citing Kadish, Sela, and Golan 2000, p. 36.</ref> Kadish and Sela write that the high casualty rate was caused by confusion over who Dayan's troops were. The IDF were wearing ''[[keffiyeh]]''s and were led by an armored car seized from the Arab Legion. Residents may have believed the Arab Legion had arrived, only to encounter Dayan's forces shooting at everything as they ran from their homes.<ref name=KadishSela/>

===Surrender and unexpected shooting in Lydda by Arab legionnaires===
[[File:RuinsOfLydda.png|thumb|250px|Ruins of Lydda after Israeli offensive]]
Although no formal surrender was announced in Lydda, people gathered in the streets waving white flags. On the evening of 11 July, 300–400 Israeli soldiers entered the town. Not long afterwards, the Arab Legion forces on the Lydda–Ramle road withdrew, though a small number of Legionnaires remained in the Lydda police station. More Israeli troops arrived at dawn on 12 July. According to a contemporaneous IDF account: "Groups of old and young, women and children streamed down the streets in a great display of submissiveness, bearing white flags, and entered of their own free will the detention compounds we arranged in the mosque and church—Muslims and Christians separately." The buildings soon filled up, and women and children were released, leaving several thousand men inside, including 4,000 in one of the mosque compounds.<ref>For the IDF quote, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA427 Morris 2004, p. 427].
*For the 4,000 in the Great Mosque, see [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005].</ref>

The Israeli government set up a committee to handle the Arab refugees and their abandoned property. The committee issued an explicit order that forbade "to destroy, burn or demolish Arab towns and villages, to expel the inhabitants of Arab villages, neighborhoods and towns, or to uproot the Arab population from their place of residence" without having previously received, a specific and direct order from the Minister of Defense. Regulations ordered the sealing off of Arab areas to prevent looting and acts of revenge and stated that captured men were to be treated as POWs with the Red Cross notified. Arabs who wished to remain were allowed to do so and the confiscation of their property was prohibited.<ref name="case"/>

The town dignitaries were assembled and after discussion, decided to surrender. Lydda's inhabitants were instructed to leave their weapons on the doorsteps to be collected by soldiers but did not do so. A curfew for that evening was announced over loudspeakers. A delegation of town dignitaries, including Lydda's mayor, left for the police station to prevail upon the Legionnaires there to also surrender. They refused and fired upon the party, killing the mayor and wounding several others. Despite this, the third battalion decided to accept the town's surrender. Israeli historian [[Yoav Gelber]] writes that the Legionnaires still in the police station were panicking, and had been sending frantic messages to their HQ in Ramallah: "Have you no God in your hearts? Don't you feel any compassion? Hasten aid!"<ref name="gelber"/> They were about to surrender, but were told by HQ to wait to be rescued.<ref name="case"/><ref>Gelber 2004, p. 23.</ref>

On 12 July, at 11:30 hours, two or three Arab Legion armored cars entered the city, led by Lt. Hamadallah al-Abdullah from the Jordanian 1st Brigade. The Arab Legion armored cars opened fire on the Israeli soldiers combing the old city which created the impression that the Jordanians had staged counterattack. The exchange of gunfire led residents and Arab fighters to believe the Legion had arrived in force, and those still armed started firing at the Israelis too. Local militia once again renewed hostilities and an Israeli patrol were set upon by a rioting mob in the market place. The Israeli military sustained many casualties, and viewing the renewed resistance as a surrender agreement violation, quickly quelled it, and many civilians died.<ref name="case"/><ref name="AG">{{cite journal | title=Lydda and Ramle: From Palestinian-Arab to Israeli Towns, 1948-67 | journal=Middle Eastern Studies, | volume=39|issue = 4 | date=Oct 2003 | author=Arnon Golan | pages=121–139|doi=10.1080/00263200412331301817}}</ref> Kadish and Sela write that, according to the Third Battalion's commander, [[Moshe Kelman]], the Israelis came under heavy fire from "thousands of weapons from every house, roof and window". Morris calls this "nonsense" and argues that only a few dozen townspeople took part in what turned out to be a brief firefight.<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005].
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA453 Morris 2004, footnote 78, p. 453].</ref>

===Massacre in Lydda===
[[File:LyddaDahmashMosque.png|200px|thumb|alt=photograph|An Israeli soldier outside the Dahmash mosque in central Lydda]]
Gelber describes what followed as probably the bloodiest massacre of the Arab–Israeli war. Shapira writes that the Israelis had no experience of governing civilians and panicked.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=0_buePy517UC&pg=PA162 Gelber 2006, p. 162].
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=iogKjVDKRW4C&pg=PA227 Shapira 2007, p. 227].
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.palestine-studies.org/enakba/Memoirs/Munayyer,%20The%20Fall%20of%20Lydda.pdf |title=The Fall of Lydda |last=Khalidi |first=Walid |year=1998 |page=81 |accessdate=27 August 2012}} calls it "an orgy of indiscriminate killing."
*[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005] call it "an intense battle where the demarcation between civilians, irregular combatants and regular army units hardly existed."</ref> Kelman ordered troops to shoot at any clear target, including at anyone seen on the streets.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA427 Morris 2004, p. 427].</ref> He said he had no choice; there was no chance of immediate reinforcements, and no way to determine the enemy's main thrust.<ref name=KadishSela/> Israeli soldiers threw grenades into houses they suspected snipers were hiding in. Residents ran out of their homes in panic and were shot. Yeruham Cohen, an IDF intelligence officer, said around 250 died between 11:30 and 14:00 hours.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], p. 87.</ref>

However, Kadish and Sela state that there is no direct first-hand evidence that a massacre took place, other than a few dubious Arab sources. They say that a reconstruction of the battle suggests a "better, albeit more complex, explanation of the Arab losses" which also "casts severe doubt on, if it does not completely refute, the argument for the massacre in the al-'Umari Mosque."<ref name="case"/> This view has been criticised. Quoting from Kadish and Sela's paper, John W. Pool concluded: ""... on the morning of July 12, 1948, ‘The Palmach forces in (Lydda) came under heavy fire from ‘thousands of weapons from every house, roof and window’ sustaining heavy casualties.” These assertions seem to be the foundation for much of the argument advanced in the article. I think that the authors should have furnished much more information about their precise meaning, factual validity, and sources." He continues with "he (Benny Morris) does not say how many townspeople were involved in the fighting but his account certainly suggests a number of Arab gunmen very much smaller than several thousand (noted by Kadish and Sela).<ref>http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4330311?uid=3737952&uid=2134&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21102574460991</ref> James Bowen is also critical. He places a cautionary note on the UCC web site: "... it is based on a book written by the same authors which was published in 2000 by the Israeli Ministry of Defence."<ref>http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/php/art.php?aid=41785</ref>

Palestinian historian [[Aref al-Aref]] placed the death toll at 426, including 179 he said were later killed in one of the mosques, during a confusing incident that sources variously refer to as a massacre or a battle.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA428 Morris 2004, p. 428], [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA453 453, footnote 81]. For more casualty figures, see [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005].</ref> Thousands of male Muslim detainees had been taken to two of the mosques the day before. Christian detainees had been taken to the church or a nearby Greek Orthodox monastery, leaving the Muslims in fear of a massacre.<ref name="Khalidi">page=93–4.</ref> Morris writes that some of them tried to break out, thinking they were about to be killed, and in response the IDF threw grenades and fired anti-tank rockets into one of the mosque compounds. Kadish and Sela say it was a firefight that broke out between armed militiamen inside the mosque and Israeli soldiers outside and responding to attacks originating from the mosque, the Israelis fired an anti-tank shell into it, then stormed it, killing 30 militia men inside.<ref name="case"/> According to Morris, dozens died, including unarmed men, women and children; an eyewitness published a memoir in 1998 saying he had removed 95 bodies from one of the mosques.<ref>For a discussion about which mosque this happened in, and for the 95 bodies, see [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005], particularly footnote 40.
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA428 Morris 2004, p. 428]: "dozens" were shot and killed
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA453 Morris 2004, p. 453], footnote 81, cites Kadish, Sela and Golan's ''The Conquest'', who say it was a battle that took place in the mosque, not a massacre. He adds that Kadish et al acknowledge that women, children, and unarmed older men were among the dead.
*An eyewitness, Fayeq Abu Mana, 20 years old at the time, told an Israeli group in 2003 that he had been involved in removing the bodies; see [http://www.nakbainhebrew.org/en Zochrot 2003].</ref>

When the shooting was over, bodies lay in the streets and houses in Lydda, and on the Lydda–Ramle road; Morris writes that there were hundreds. The Red Cross was due to visit the area, but the new Israeli military governor of Ramle issued an order to have the visit delayed. The visit was rescheduled for 14 July; Dani HQ ordered Israeli troops to remove the bodies by then, but the order seems not to have been carried out. Dr. Klaus Dreyer of the IDF Medical Corps complained on 15 July that there were still corpses lying in and around Lydda, which constituted a health hazard and a "moral and aesthetic issue." He asked that trucks and Arab residents be organized to deal with them.<ref name=Morris2004p434>[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA434 Morris 2004, p. 434].</ref>

==Exodus==

===Expulsion orders===
Benny Morris writes that David Ben-Gurion and the IDF were largely left to their own devices to decide how Arab residents were to be treated, without the involvement of the Cabinet and other ministers. As a result, their policy was haphazard and circumstantial, depending in part on the location, but also on the religion and ethnicity of the town. The Arabs of Western and Lower [[Galilee]], mainly Christian and Druze, were allowed to stay in place, but Lydda and Ramle, mainly Muslim, were almost completely emptied.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA415 Morris 2004, p. 415].</ref> There was no official policy to expel the Palestinian population, he writes, but the idea of [[Transfer Committee|transfer]] was "in the air", and the leadership understood this.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080515210330/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=380986&contrassID=2 Shavit 2004].</ref>

[[File:Yitzhak Rabin (1986) cropped.jpg|thumb|left|130px|alt=photograph|[[Yitzhak Rabin]] (1922–95) signed the expulsion order.<ref name=Morris2004p429/>]]
As the shooting in Lydda continued, a meeting was held on 12 July at Operation Dani headquarters between Ben-Gurion, [[Yigael Yadin]] and Zvi Ayalon, generals in the IDF, and [[Yisrael Galili]], formerly of the [[Haganah]], the pre-IDF army. Also present were Yigal Allon, commanding officer of Operation Dani, and Yitzhak Rabin.<ref name=Shipler1>[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70813FC3F5410728DDDAA0A94D8415B898BF1D3&scp=5&sq=&st=p Shipler, ''The New York Times'', 23 October 1979].</ref> At one point Ben-Gurion, Allon, and Rabin left the room. Rabin has offered two accounts of what happened next. In a 1977 interview with [[Michael Bar-Zohar]], Rabin said Allon asked what was to be done with the residents; in response, Ben-Gurion had waved his hand and said, "''garesh otam''"—"expel them."<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986, p. 90, footnote 31.]</ref> In the manuscript of his memoirs in 1979, Rabin wrote that Ben-Gurion had not spoken, but had only waved his hand, and that Rabin had understand this to mean "drive them out."<ref name=Shipler1/> The expulsion order for Lydda was issued at 13:30 hours on 12 July, signed by Rabin.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA429 Morris 2004, p. 429].
*The orders for Lydda were from Dani HQ to Yiftah Brigade HQ and 8th Brigade HQ, and to Kiryati Brigade at around the same time.
*"1. The inhabitants of Lydda must be expelled quickly without attention to age. They should be directed towards Beit Nabala. Yiftah [Brigade HQ] must determined the method and inform Dani HQ and 8th Brigade HQ.
*"2. Implement immediately (Prior 1999, p. 205).
*The IDF archives holds two nearly identical copies of the expulsion order. According to [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA454 Morris 2004, p. 454], footnote 89, Yigal Allon denied in 1979 that there had been such an order, or an expulsion, saying that the order to evacuate the civilian population of Lydda and Ramle came from the Arab Legion.
*A telegram from Kiryati Brigade HQ to Zvi Aurback, its officer in charge of Ramle, read:
*1. In light of the deployment of 42nd Battalion out of Ramle – you must take [over responsibility] for the defence of the town, the transfer of prisoners [to PoW camps] and the emptying of the town of its inhabitants.
*2. You must continue the sorting out of the inhabitants, and send the army-age males to a prisoner of war camp. The old, women and children will be transported by vehicle to al Qubab and will be moved across the lines – [and] from there continue on foot.." (Kiryati HQ to Aurbach, Tel Aviv District HQ (Mishmar) etc., 14:50 hours, 13 July 1948, Haganah Archive, Tel Aviv), cited in [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA429 Morris 2004, p. 429].</ref>

In his memoirs Rabin wrote: "'Driving out' is a term with a harsh ring. Psychologically, this was one of the most difficult actions we undertook. The population of Lod did not leave willingly. There was no way of avoiding the use of force and warning shots in order to make the inhabitants march the 10 to 15 miles to the point where they met up with the legion." An [[Censorship in Israel|Israeli censorship board]] removed this section from his manuscript, but Peretz Kidron, the Israeli journalist who translated the memoirs into English, passed the censored text to David Shipler of ''The New York Times'', who published it on 23 October 1979.<ref name=Shipler1/>

In an interview with ''The New York Times'' two days later, Yigal Allon took issue with Rabin's version of events. "With all my high esteem for Rabin during the war of independence, I was his commander and my knowledge of the facts is therefore more accurate," he told Shipler. "I did not ask the late Ben-Gurion for permission to expel the population of Lydda. I did not receive such permission and did not give such orders." He said the residents left in part because they were told to by the Arab Legion, so the latter could recapture Lydda at a later date, and in part because they were panic-stricken.<ref name=Shipler2>[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B12FE3C5C12728DDDAC0A94D8415B898BF1D3&scp=2&sq=&st=p Shipler, ''The New York Times'', 25 October 1979].
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=iogKjVDKRW4C&pg=PA232 Shapira 2007, p. 232]: Allon gave a lecture on the war in 1950, during which [[Anita Shapira]] writes that he was uncharacteristically frank. He said he blamed the Palestinian exodus on three factors. First, they fled because they were [[Psychological projection|projecting]]: the Arabs imagined that the Jews would do to them what they would do to the Jews if positions were reversed. Second, Arab and British leaders encouraged people to leave their towns so as not to be taken hostage, so they could return to fight another day. Third, there were some cases of expulsion, though these were not the norm. In Lydda and Ramle, the Arab Legion continued to attack Israeli outposts in the hope of reconnecting with their troops in Lydda, he said. When the expulsions started, the attacks died down. To leave the towns' hostile populations in place would be to risk their use by the Legion to coordinate further attacks. Allon said he had no regrets: "War is war." Allon described it elsewhere as a "provoked exodus," rather than an expulsion; see [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005].
*Also see [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA454 Morris 2004, p. 454], footnote 89.</ref> Yoav Gelber also takes issue with Rabin's account. He writes that Ben-Gurion was in the habit of expressing his orders clearly, whether verbally or in writing, and would not have issued an order by waving his hand; he adds that there is no record of any meetings before the invasion that indicate expulsion was discussed. He attributes the expulsions to Allon, who he says was known for his [[scorched earth]] policy. Wherever Allon was in charge of Israeli troops, Gelber writes, no Palestinians remained.<ref name=Gelber2006p162>[http://books.google.com/books?id=0_buePy517UC&pg=PA162 Gelber 2006, pp. 162–163].</ref> Whereas traditional historiography in Israel has insisted that Palestinian refugees left their lands under the orders of Arab leaders, some Israeli scholars have challenged this view in recent years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ssfc0005/The%20War%20of%20the%20Israeli%20Historians.html|title=The War of the Israeli Historians|author=[[Avi Shlaim]]|quote=The conventional Zionist account of the 1948 War goes roughly as follows. The conflict between Jews and Arabs in Palestine came to a head following the passage, on 29 November 1947, of the United Nations partition resolution which called for the establishment of two states, one Jewish and one Arab. . . . [H]undreds of thousands of Palestinians fled to the neighbouring Arab states, mainly in response to orders from their leaders and despite Jewish pleas to stay and demonstrate that peaceful co-existence was possible. . . . For many years the standard Zionist account of the causes, character, and course of the Arab-Israeli conflict remained largely unchallenged outside the Arab world. The fortieth anniversary of the establishment of the State of Israel, however, was accompanied by the publication of four books by Israeli scholars who challenged the traditional historiography of the birth of the State of Israel and the first Arab-Israeli war. . . }}</ref>

===Shitrit/Shertok intervention===
The Israeli cabinet reportedly knew nothing about the expulsion plan until [[Bechor Shitrit]], Minister for Minority Affairs, appeared unannounced in Ramle on 12 July. He was shocked when he realized troops were organizing expulsions. He returned to Tel Aviv for a meeting with Foreign Minister [[Moshe Shertok]], who met with Ben Gurion to agree on guidelines for the treatment of the residents, though Morris writes that Ben Gurion apparently failed to tell Shitrit or Shertok that he himself was the source of the expulsion orders. Gelber disagrees with Morris's analysis, arguing that Ben-Gurion's agreement with Shitrit and Shertok is evidence that expulsion was not his intention, rather than evidence of his duplicity, as Morris implies.<ref name=Gelber2006p162/> The men agreed the townspeople should be told that anyone who wanted to leave could do so, but that anyone who stayed was responsible for himself and would not be given food. Women, children, the old, and the sick were not to be forced to leave, and the monasteries and churches must not be damaged, though no mention was made of the mosques. Ben-Gurion passed the order to the IDF General Staff, who passed it to Dani HQ at 23:30 hours on 12 July, ten hours after the expulsion orders were issued; Morris writes that there was an ambiguity in the instruction that women, children and the sick were not to be forced to go: the word "''lalechet''" can mean either "go" or "walk". Satisfied that the order had been passed on, Shertok believed he had managed to avert the expulsions, not realizing that, even as he was discussing them in Tel Aviv, they had already begun.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA430 Morris 2004, p. 430].
*Also see [http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], p. 92.
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=0_buePy517UC&pg=PA161 Gelber 2006, pp. 161–162], also says the residents were already on their way out when this order was given.</ref>

===The exodus===
[[File:RefugeesEscortedFromRamlaOperationDanny.jpg|left|thumb|230px|Refugees being escorted from Ramle]]
Thousands of Ramle residents began moving out of the town on foot, or in trucks and buses, between 10 and 12 July. The IDF used its own vehicles and confiscated Arab ones to move them.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA429 Morris 2004, p. 429].
*That the Ramle residents were supplied buses by the Kiryati brigade, see [http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/9780472115419-ch1.pdf Morris 1988].</ref> Morris writes that, by 13 July, the wishes of the IDF and those of the residents in Lydda had dovetailed. Over the past three days, the townspeople had undergone aerial bombardment, ground invasion, had seen grenades thrown into their homes and hundreds of residents killed, had been living under a curfew, had been abandoned by the Arab Legion, and the able-bodied men had been rounded up. Morris writes they had concluded that living under Israeli rule was not sustainable.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA431 Morris 2004, p. 431].</ref> Spiro Munayyer, an eyewitness, wrote that the important thing was to get out of the city.<ref name="Khalidi"/> A deal was reached with an IDF intelligence officer, [[Shmarya Guttman]], normally an archeologist, that the residents would leave in exchange for the release of the prisoners; according to Guttman, he went to the mosque himself and told the men they were free to join their families.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], pp. 93–4. Morris finds Guttman's account subjective and impressionistic (p. 94, footnote 39). Guttman later wrote about Lydda under the pseudonym "Avi-Yiftah".</ref> Town criers and soldiers walked or drove around the town instructing residents where to gather for departure.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA432 Morris 2004, p. 432].</ref>

Notwithstanding that an agreement may have been reached, Morris writes that the troops understood that what followed was an act of deportation, not a voluntary exodus. While the residents were still in the town, IDF radio traffic had already started calling them "refugees" (''plitim'').<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA455 Morris 2004, p. 455], footnote 96.</ref> Operation Dani HQ told the IDF General Staff/Operations at noon on 13 July that "[the troops in Lydda] are busy expelling the inhabitants [''oskim begeirush hatoshavim'']," and told the HQs of Kiryati, 8th and Yiftah brigades at the same time that, "enemy resistance in Ramle and Lydda has ended. The eviction [''pinui'']" of the inhabitants... has begun."<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA432 Morris 2004, p. 432]: At 18:15 hours that day, Dani HQ asked Yiftah Brigade: "Has the removal of the population [''hotza'at ha'ochlosiah''] of Lydda been completed?"</ref>

===The march===
[[File:Refugees from Lydda.jpg|left|thumb|280px|alt=photograph||Refugees from Lydda and Ramle after the three-day exodus<ref>Glubb 1957, plate 8, between pp. 159 and 161. The caption says: "Arab refugee women and children from Lydda and Ramle, resting after their arrival in the Arab area."</ref>]]
Lydda's residents began moving out on the morning of 13 July. They were made to walk, perhaps because of their earlier resistance, or simply because there were no vehicles left. They walked six to seven kilometers to [[Beit Nabala]], then 10–12 more to [[Barfiliya]], along dusty roads in temperatures of 30–35°C, carrying their children and portable possessions in carts pulled by animals or on their backs.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], pp. 93–4; see p. 97 for the temperature.</ref> According to Shmarya Guttman, an IDF soldier, warning shots were occasionally fired.<ref name=Morris2004p433>[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA433 Morris 2004, pp. 433–4].</ref> Some were stripped of their valuables en route by Israeli soldiers at checkpoints.<ref name=Morris2004p433/> Another IDF soldier described how possessions and people were slowly abandoned as the refugees grew tired or collapsed: "To begin with [jettisoning] utensils and furniture, and in the end, bodies of men, women, and children, scattered along the way."<ref name=Morris2004p433/>

Haj As'ad Hassouneh, described by [[Saleh Abd al-Jawad]] as "a survivor of the death march", shared his recollection in 1996: "The Jews came and they called among the people: "You must go." "Where shall we go?" "Go to Barfilia." ... the spot you were standing on determined what if any family or possession you could get; any to the west of you could not be retrieved. You had to immediately begin walking and it had to be to the east. ... The people were fatigued even before they began their journey or could attempt to reach any destination. No one knew where Barfilia was or its distance from Jordan. ... The people were also fasting due to [[Ramadan]] because they were people of serious belief. There was no water. People began to die of thirst. Some women died and their babies nursed from their dead bodies. Many of the elderly died on the way. ... Many buried their dead in the leaves of corn".<ref name=Jawadp71>{{cite book|title=Israel and the Palestinian Refugees|year=2007|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3540681601|pages=70–71|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bWCN0OUiTJkC&pg=PA70|author=[[Saleh Abd al-Jawad]]|editor=[[Eyal Benvenisti]], Chaim Gans, Sari Hanafi|chapter=Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War}}</ref>

After three days of walking, the refugees were picked up by the Arab Legion and driven to Ramallah.<ref>Morris 2008, p. 291.</ref> Reports vary regarding how many died. Many were elderly people and young children who died from the heat and exhaustion.<ref name =Shipler1/> Morris has written that it was a "handful and perhaps dozens."<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=zL_1icJwNP0C&pg=PA177 Morris 2003, p. 177].</ref> Glubb wrote that "nobody will ever know how many children died."<ref name=Morris2004p433/> [[Nimr al Khatib]] estimated that 335 died based on hearsay.<ref name=Morris2004p433/> Walid Khalidi gives a figure of 350, citing Palestinian historian Aref al-Aref.<ref name="Khalidi">page=80–98.</ref> The expulsions clogged the roads eastward. Morris writes that IDF thinking was simple and cogent. They had just taken two major objectives and were out of steam. The Arab Legion had been expected to counter-attack, but the expulsions thwarted it: the roads were now cluttered, and the Legion was suddenly responsible for the welfare of an additional tens of thousands of people.<ref name=Morris2004p433/>

===Looting of refugees and the towns===
[[File:George Habash.jpg|thumb|130px|alt=photograph|[[George Habash]] (1926–2008) who later led the [[PFLP]], was among those expelled from Lydda.]]
The Sharett-Ben Gurion guidelines to the IDF had specified there was to be no robbery, but numerous sources spoke of widespread looting. ''The Economist'' wrote on 21 August that year: "The Arab refugees were systematically stripped of all their belongings before they were sent on their trek to the frontier. Household belongings, stores, clothing, all had to be left behind."<ref>Pappé 2006, p. 168.</ref> Aharon Cohen, director of Mapam's Arab Department, complained to Yigal Allon months after the deportations that troops had been told to remove jewellery and money from residents so that they would arrive at the Arab Legion without resources, thereby increasing the burden of looking after them. Allon replied that he knew of no such order, but conceded it as a possibility.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], p. 97.</ref>

[[George Habash]], who later founded the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]], was born in Lydda to a Greek Orthodox family. He was in his second year at medical school in Beirut at the time, but returned to Lydda when he heard the Israelis had arrived in Jaffa, and was subsequently one of those expelled. Recalling the events of 1948 in 1990, he said that the Israelis took watches, jewellery, gold, and wallets from the refugees, and that he witnessed a neighbor of his shot and killed because he refused to be searched; he said the man's sister, who also saw what happened, died during the march from the shock, exposure and thirst.<ref name=Brandabur>[http://www.peuplesmonde.com/spip.php?article680 Brandabur 1990]. Habash said: "The Israelis were rounding everyone up and searching us. People were driven from every quarter and subjected to complete and rough body searches. You can’t imagine the savagery with which people were treated. Everything was taken—watches, jewelery, wedding rings, wallets, gold. One young neighbor of ours, a man in his late twenties, not more, Amin Hanhan, had secreted some money in his shirt to care for his family on the journey. The soldier who searched him demanded that he surrender the money and he resisted. He was shot dead in front of us. One of his sisters, a young married woman, also a neighbor of our family, was present: she saw her brother shot dead before her eyes. She was so shocked that, as we made our way toward Birzeit, she died of shock, exposure, and lack of water on the way."</ref>

As the residents left, the sacking of the cities began. The Yiftah brigade commander, Lt. Col. Schmuel "Mula" Cohen, wrote of Lydda that, "the cruelty of the war here reached its zenith."<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], p. 88.</ref> Bechor Sheetrit, the Minister for Minority Affairs, said the army removed 1,800 truckloads of property from Lydda alone. Dov Shafrir was appointed Israel's Custodian of Absentee Property, supposedly charged to protect and redistribute Palestinian property, but his staff were inexperienced and unable to control the situation.<ref>Segev 1986, pp. 69–71</ref> The looting was so extensive that the 3rd Battalion had to be withdrawn from Lydda during the night of 13–14 July, and sent for a day to [[Ben Shemen]] for ''kinus heshbon nefesh'', a conference to encourage soul-searching. Cohen forced them to hand over their loot, which was thrown onto a bonfire and destroyed, but the situation continued when they returned to town. Some were later prosecuted.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA454 Morris 2004, p. 454], footnote 86.</ref>

There were also allegations that Israeli soldiers had raped Palestinian women. Ben-Gurion referred to them in his diary entry for 15 July 1948: "The bitter question has arisen regarding acts of robbery and rape [''o'nes'' ("אונס")] in the conquered towns ..."<ref>Ben-Gurion, Volume 2, p. 589.</ref> Israeli writer [[Amos Kenan]], who served as a platoon commander of the 82d Regiment of the Israeli Army brigade that conquered Lydda told ''The Nation'' on 6 February 1989: "At night, those of us who couldn't restrain ourselves would go into the prison compounds to fuck Arab women. I want very much to assume, and perhaps even can, that those who couldn't restrain themselves did what they thought the Arabs would have done to them had they won the war."<ref name=Kenan>[http://www.thenation.com/archive/four-decades-blood-vengeance Kenan 1989]; [http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/articles/article0059831.html courtesy link].</ref> Kenan said he heard of only one woman who complained. A court-martial was arranged, he said, but in court, the accused ran the back of his hand across his throat, and the woman decided not to proceed.<ref name=Kenan/> The allegations were given little consideration by the Israeli government. Agriculture Minister [[Aharon Zisling]] told the Cabinet on 21 July: "It has been said that there were cases of rape in Ramle. I could forgive acts of rape but I won't forgive other deeds, which appear to me much graver. When a town is entered and rings are forcibly removed from fingers and jewellery from necks—that is a very grave matter."<ref name=Zisling>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986, p. 105].
*See also Segev 1986, pp. 71–72.
*For a discussion of Ben-Gurion's concern, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=dL29_RBATv0C&pg=PA313 Tal 2004, p. 311].</ref>

Stuart Cohen writes that central control over the Jewish fighters was weak. Only Yigal Allon, commander of the IDF, made it standard practice to issue written orders to commanders, including that violations of the laws of war would be punished. Otherwise, trust was placed, and sometimes misplaced, in what Cohen calls intuitive troop decency. He adds that, despite the alleged war crimes, the majority of the IDF behaved with decency and civility.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=mVV4i-KbzoAC&pg=PA139 Cohen 2008, p. 139].</ref> Yitzhak Rabin wrote in his memoirs that some refused to take part in the evictions.<ref>[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70813FC3F5410728DDDAA0A94D8415B898BF1D3&scp=5&sq=&st=p Shipler, ''The New York Times'', 23 October 1979]. Rabin wrote: "Great suffering was inflicted upon the men taking part in the eviction action. Soldiers of the Yiftach brigade included youth movement graduates, who had been inculcated with values such as international fraternity and humaneness. The eviction action went beyond the concepts they were used to. There were some fellows who refused to take part in the expulsion action. Prolonged propaganda activities were required after the action, to remove the bitterness of these youth movement groups, and explain why we were obliged to undertake such harsh and cruel action."</ref>

==Aftermath==

===In Ramallah, Amman, and elsewhere===
[[File:Glubb Pasha 1940.jpg|right|thumb|220px|alt=photograph|[[John Bagot Glubb]], the Arab Legion's British commander, was spat on as he drove through the [[West Bank]] for having handed Lydda and Ramle to the Jews.]]
Tens of thousands of Palestinians from Lydda and Ramle poured into Ramallah. For the most part, they had no money, property, food, or water, and represented a health risk, not only to themselves. The Ramallah city council asked King Abdullah to remove them.<ref>IDF Intelligence Service/Arab Department, 21 July 1948, cited in Morris 2008, p. 291.</ref> Some of the refugees reached Amman, the Gaza Strip, Lebanon, and the Upper Galilee, and all over the area there were angry demonstrations against Abdullah and the Arab Legion for their failure to defend the cities. People spat at Glubb, the British commander of the Arab Legion, as he drove through the [[West Bank]], and wives and parents of Arab Legion soldiers tried to break into King Abdullah's palace.<ref name=Morris2008p290>Morris 2008, pp. 290–291.</ref> [[Alec Kirkbride]], the British ambassador in Amman, described one protest in the city on 18 July:

<blockquote>A couple of thousand Palestinian men swept up the hill toward the main [palace] entrance ... screaming abuse and demanding that the lost towns should be reconquered at once ... The King appeared at the top of the main steps of the building; he was a short, dignified figure wearing white robes and headdress. He paused for a moment, surveying the seething mob before, [then walked] down the steps to push his way through the line of guardsmen into the thick of the demonstrators. He went up to a prominent individual, who was shouting at the top of his voice, and dealt him a violent blow to the side of the head with the flat of his hand. The recipient of the blow stopped yelling ... the King could be heard roaring: so, you want to fight the Jews, do you? Very well, there is a recruiting office for the army at the back of my house ... go there and enlist. The rest of you, get the hell down the hillside!" Most of the crowd got the hell down the hillside.<ref>Kirkbride 1976, p. 48, cited in Morris 2008, p. 291.</ref></blockquote>

Morris writes that, during a meeting in Amman on 12–13 July of the Political Committee of the [[Arab League]], delegates—particularly from Syria and Iraq—accused Glubb of serving British, or even Jewish, interests, with his excuses about troop and ammunition shortages. Egyptian journalists said he had handed Lydda and Ramle to the Jews. Perie-Gordon, Britain's acting minister in Amman, told the Foreign Office there was a suspicion that Glubb, on behalf of the British government, had lost Lydda and Ramle deliberately to ensure that Transjordan accept a truce. King Abdullah indicated that he wanted Glubb to leave, without actually asking him to—particularly after Iraqi officers alleged that the entire [[Hashemite]] house was in the pay of the British—but London asked him to stay on. Britain's popularity with the Arabs reached an all-time low.<ref>Morris 2008, pp. 291–292.
*For Perie-Gordon, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=D30D_GzUKfMC&pg=PA208 Abu Nowar 2002, p. 208].</ref> The United Nations Security Council called for a ceasefire to begin no later than 18 July, with sanctions to be levelled against transgressors. The Arabs were outraged: "No justice, no logic, no equity, no understanding, but blind submission to everything that is Zionist," ''Al-Hayat'' responded, though Morris writes that cooler heads in the Arab world were privately pleased that they were required not to fight, given Israel's obvious military superiority.<ref>Morris 2008, p. 295.</ref>

===Situation of the refugees===
Morris writes that the situation of the 400,000 Arabs who became refugees that summer—not only those from Lydda and Ramle—was dire, camping in public buildings, abandoned barracks, and under trees.<ref name=Morris2008p309>Morris 2008, p. 309ff.</ref> [[Count Folke Bernadotte]], the United Nations mediator in Palestine, visited a [[Palestinian refugee camps|refugee camp]] in Ramallah and said he had never seen a more ghastly sight.<ref>Sayigh 2007, p. 84.</ref> Morris writes that the Arab governments did little for them, and most of the aid that did reach them came from the West through the Red Cross and Quakers. A new UN body was set up to get things moving, which in December 1949 became the [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East]] (UNRWA), which many of the refugees and their descendants, now standing at four million, still depend on.<ref name=Morris2008p309/> Bernadotte's mediation efforts—which resulted in a proposal to split Palestine between Israel and Jordan, and to hand Lydda and Ramle to King Abdullah—ended on 17 September 1948, when he was assassinated by four Israeli gunmen from [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]], an extremist Zionist faction.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jfouAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HNwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6344,4611106&dq=bernadotte+assassination&hl=en "Bernadotte Murder Stuns Whole World"], ''Ottawa Citizen'', 18 September 1948.</ref>

===Lausanne Conference===
The United Nations convened the [[Lausanne Conference of 1949]] from April to September 1949 in part to resolve the refugee question. On 12 May 1949, the conference achieved its only success when the parties signed the [[Lausanne Protocol]] on the framework for a comprehensive peace, which included territories, refugees, and Jerusalem. Israel agreed in principle to allow the return of all of Palestinian refugees because the Israelis wanted [[United Nations]] membership, which required the settlement of the refugee problem. Once Israel was admitted to the UN, it retreated from the protocol it had signed, because it was completely satisfied with the status quo, and saw no need to make any concessions with regard to the refugees or on boundary questions. Israeli Foreign Minister [[Moshe Sharett]] had hoped for a comprehensive peace settlement at Lausanne, but he was no match for Prime Minister [[David Ben-Gurion]], who saw the armistice agreements that stopped the fighting with the Arab states as sufficient, and put a low priority on a permanent peace treaty.<ref>{{cite book
|last= Pappe
|first= Ilan
|authorlink= Ilan Pappe
|title= The Making of the Arab–Israeli Conflict 1947–1951
|publisher = [[I.B. Tauris]]
|year = 1992
|isbn = 1-85043-819-6}}Chapter 9: The Lausanne Conference.</ref>
On August 3, 1949, the Israeli delegation proposed the repatriation of 100,000 refugees, but not to their former homes, which had been destroyed or given to Jewish refugees from Europe; Israel would specify where the refugees would be relocated and the specific economic activities the refugees would be permitted to engage in. Also, the 100,000 would include 25,000 who had already returned illegally, so the actual total was only 75,000. The Americans felt it too low: they wanted to see 200,000-250,000 refugees taken back. The Arabs considered the Israeli offer was "less than token." When the ‘100,000 plan’ was announced, the reaction of Israeli newspapers and political parties was uniformly negative. Soon after, the Israelis announced their offer had been withdrawn.<ref>{{cite book
|last= Palumbo
|first= Michael
|authorlink= Michael Palumbo
|title= The Palestinian Catastrophe
|pages = 184–189
|publisher = [[Quartet Books]]
|year = 1987
|isbn = 0 7043 0099 0}}</ref>

===Resettlement of the cities===
{{further|Absentees' Property Laws|Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim lands}}
[[File:LodTransferOfControl.png|right|thumb|230px|alt=photograph|Power is handed from the military governor of Lydda, now called Lod, to the first mayor, Pesach Lev, April 1949.]]
On 14 July 1948 the IDF told Ben-Gurion that "not one Arab inhabitant" remained in Ramla or Lod, as they were now called. In fact, several hundred remained, including the elderly, the ill and some Christians, and others managed to sneak back in over the following months. In October 1948 the Israeli military governor of Ramla-Lod reported that 960 Palestinians were living in Ramla, and 1,030 in Lod. Military rule in the towns ended in April 1949.<ref>For "not one inhabitant," and the hundreds remaining, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA434 Morris 2004, p. 434].
*For the numbers in October 1948, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA455 Morris 2004, p. 455], footnote 110.
*For military rule ending, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA39 Yacobi 2009, p. 39].</ref>

Nearly 700,000 Jews [[Aliyah|immigrated to Israel]] between May 1948 and December 1951 from Europe, Asia and Africa, doubling the state's Jewish population; in 1950 Israel passed the [[Law of Return]], offering Jews automatic citizenship.<ref name=Yacobi2009p42>[http://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA42 Yacobi 2009, p. 42].</ref> The immigrants were assigned Palestinian homes—in part because of the inevitable housing shortage, but also as a matter of policy to make it harder for former residents to reclaim them—and could buy refugees' furniture from the Custodian for Absentees' Property.<ref name=MorrisYacobi>Morris 2008, p. 308, for a general discussion of the issue.
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA45 Yacobi 2009, p. 45], for specific mention of this in relation to Lydda.</ref> Jewish families were occasionally placed in houses belonging to Palestinians who still lived in Israel, the so-called "[[present absentees]]," regarded as physically present but legally absent, with no legal standing to reclaim their property.<ref name=Yacobi2009p42/> By March 1950 there were 8,600 Jews and 1,300 Palestinian Arabs living in Ramla, and 8,400 Jews and 1,000 Palestinians in Lod. Most of the Jews who settled in the towns were from Asia or North Africa.<ref>For the figures, and that most were from Asia and North Africa, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA427 Golan 2003].
*Also see [http://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA39 Yacobi 2009, p. 39].</ref>

The Palestinian workers allowed to remain in the cities were confined to ghettos. The military administrator split the region into three zones—Ramla, Lod, and Rakevet, a neighborhood in Lod established by the British for rail workers—and declared the Arab areas within them "closed," with each closed zone run by a committee of three to five members.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA33 Yacobi 2009, p. 33.]</ref> Many of the town's essential workers were Palestinians. The military administrators did satisfy some of their needs, such as building a school, supplying medical aid, allocating them 50 dunams for growing vegetables, and renovating the interior of the Dahmash mosque, but it appears the refugees felt like prisoners; Palestinian train workers, for example, were subject to a curfew from evening until morning, with periodic searches to make sure they had no guns.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA34 Yacobi 2009, p. 34.]</ref> One wrote an open letter in March 1949 to the ''Al Youm'' newspaper on behalf of 460 Muslim and Christian train workers: "Since the occupation, we continued to work and our salaries have still not been paid to this day. Then our work was taken from us and now we are unemployed. The curfew is still valid ... [W]e are not allowed to go to Lod or Ramla, as we are prisoners. No one is allowed to look for a job but with the mediation of the members of the Local Committee ... we are like slaves. I am asking you to cancel the restrictions and to let us live freely in the state of Israel.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA35 Yacobi 2009, pp. 35–36].</ref>

===Artistic reception===
[[File:Ismail Shammout's Where to ....JPG|right|thumb|150px|alt=photograph|[[Ismail Shammout]]'s ''Where to ..?'' (1953)]]
The [[Palestinian art]]ist [[Ismail Shammout]] (1930–2006) was 19 years old when he was expelled from Lydda. He created a series of oil paintings about the march, the best known of which is ''Where to ..?'' (1953), which enjoys iconic status among Palestinians. A life-size image of a man dressed in rags holds a walking stick in one hand, the wrist of a child in the other, a toddler on his shoulder, with a third child behind him, crying and alone. There is a withered tree behind him, and in the distance the skyline of an Arab town with a [[minaret]]. [[Gannit Ankori]] writes that the absent mother is the lost homeland, the children its orphans.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=X_Q6FX0YFVwC&pg=PA48 Ankori 2006, pp. 48–50].
*For the image on Shammout's website: [http://www.shammout.com/oilbig13.htm "Where to ..?"], shammout.com. Retrieved 26 November 2010.</ref>

By November 1948 the IDF had been accused of atrocities in a number of towns and villages, to the point where David Ben-Gurion had to appoint an investigator. Israeli poet [[Natan Alterman]] (1910–1970) wrote about the allegations in his poem ''Al Zot'' ("On This"), published in ''[[Davar]]'' on 19 November 1948, about a soldier on a jeep machine-gunning an Arab, referring to the events in Lydda, according to Morris. Two days later Ben-Gurion sought Alterman's permission for the Defence Ministry to distribute the poem throughout the IDF:<ref>For the atrocities in general, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA486 Morris 2004, p. 486ff]; for reference to the poem and Ben-Gurion writing to Alterman, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA489 p. 489].
*Morris writes that the poem is about Lydda in [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA426 Morris 2004, pp. 426], [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA489 489] (on p. 489 he writes it was "apparently" about Lydda), and Morris 2008, p. 473, footnote 85.</ref>

{{Quote box |quoted= |bgcolor=#FFFFF0 |qalign=left |width=370px |align=center
| quote =<poem>Let us sing then also about "delicate incidents"
For which the true name, incidentally, is murder
Let songs be composed about conversations with sympathetic interlocutors
who with collusive chuckles make concessions and grant forgiveness.<ref name=Cohenp140>[http://books.google.com/books?id=mVV4i-KbzoAC&pg=PA140 Cohen 2008, p. 140]</ref>
*[http://www.education.gov.il/tochniyot_Limudim/shira/sh_42.htm ''Al Zot'' in Hebrew], www.education.gov.il, accessed 1 December 2010.</poem>}}

===Four figures after the exodus===
[[File:Bill Clinton, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat at the White House 1993-09-13.jpg|thumb|230px|alt=photograph|[[Yitzhak Rabin]]'s historic handshake with [[Yasser Arafat]] at the White House, 1993]]
Yigal Allon, who led Operation Dani and may have ordered the expulsions, became Israel's deputy prime minister in 1967. He was a member of the war cabinet during the 1967 Arab Israeli [[Six-Day War]], and the architect of the post-war [[Allon Plan]], a proposal to end Israel's occupation of the [[West Bank]]. He died in 1980.<ref>Jewish Agency for Israel.[http://web.archive.org/web/20041210194811/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/allon.html "Allon, Yigal (1918–1980)"]. Retrieved 25 September 2009.</ref>

Yitzhak Rabin, Allon's operations officer, who signed the Lydda expulsion order, became Chief of Staff of the IDF during the Six-Day War, and Israel's prime minister in 1974 and again in 1992. He was assassinated in 1995 by a right-wing Israeli radical opposed to making peace with the PLO.<ref name=Morris2004p429>For his having signed the order, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA429 Morris 2004, p. 429].</ref>

Khalil al-Wazir, the grocer's son expelled from Ramle, became one of the founders of Yasser Arafat's ''[[Fatah]]'' faction within the PLO, and specifically of its armed wing, ''[[Al-Assifa]]''. He organized the PLO's guerrilla warfare and the ''Fatah'' youth movements that helped spark the [[First Intifada]] in 1987. He was assassinated by Israeli commandos in Tunis in 1988.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=GkbzYoZtaJMC&pg=PA529 As'ad Abu Khalil 2005, p. 529ff].</ref>

George Habash, the medical student expelled from Lydda, went on to lead one of the best-known of the Palestinian militant groups, the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]. In September 1970 he masterminded the [[Dawson's Field hijackings|hijacking of four passenger jets]] bound for New York, an attack that put the Palestinian cause on the map. The PFLP was also behind the 1972 [[Lod Airport massacre]], in which 27 people died, and the 1976 hijacking of an Air France flight to Entebbe, which famously led to the IDF's [[Operation Entebbe|rescue of the hostages]]. Habash died of a heart attack in Amman in 2008.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/world/middleeast/27habash.html?bl&ex=1201582800&en=a0d7bd56323e1b26&ei=5087%0A Andrews and Kifner, ''The New York Times'', January 27, 2008].
*Habash spoke to [[Robert Fisk]] in 1993 about Lydda: "I will never rest until I can go back. The house is still there and a Jewish family lives in it now. Some of my friends tried to find it and some relatives actually went there and sent me a message that the trees are still standing in the garden, just as they were in 1948. ... It's my right to go directly to my house and live there." See [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/still-dreaming-of-his-homeland-robert-fisk-in-damascus-hears-george-habash-orator-fighter-and-refugee-spell-out-his-terms-for-a-settlement-with-israel-1509518.html Fisk 1993].</ref>

==Historiography==
[[File:Anita Shapira.jpg|left|thumb|150px|alt=photograph|Israeli historian [[Anita Shapira]] argues that the scholars who wrote the early history of 1948 censored themselves, because they saw the 1948 war as the tragic climax of the [[Holocaust]] and the Second World War.<ref name=Shapira1995p12/>]]
Benny Morris argues that Israeli historians from the 1950s throughout the 1970s—who wrote what he calls the "Old History"—were "less than honest" about what had happened in Lydda and Ramle.<ref name=Morris1988>[http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/9780472115419-ch1.pdf Morris 1988].</ref> [[Anita Shapira]] calls them the Palmach generation: historians who had fought in the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]], and who thereafter went to work for the IDF's history branch, where they censored material other scholars had no access to. For them, Shapira writes, the Holocaust and the Second World War—including the experience of Jewish weakness in the face of persecution—made the fight for land between the Arabs and Jews a matter of life and death, the 1948 war the "tragic and heroic climax of all that had preceded it," and Israeli victory an "act of historical justice."<ref name=Shapira1995p12>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/25618678 Shapira 1995], pp. 12–13.</ref>

The IDF's official history of the 1948 war, ''Toldot Milhemet HaKomemiyut'' ("History of the War of Independence"), published in 1959, said that residents of Lydda had violated the terms of their surrender, and left because they were afraid of Israeli retribution. The head of the IDF history branch, Lt. Col Netanel Lorch, wrote in ''The Edge of the Sword'' (1961) that they had requested safe conduct from the IDF; American political scientist [[Ian Lustick]] writes that Lorch admitted in 1997 that he left his post because the censorship made it impossible to write good history.<ref>For Lorch's book, see [http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/9780472115419-ch1.pdf Morris 1988].
*For Lustick, see [http://www.polisci.upenn.edu/faculty/bios/Pubs/survivalreview.pdf Lustick 1997].</ref> Another employee of the history branch, Lt. Col. Elhannan Orren, wrote a detailed history of Operation Dani in 1976 that made no mention of expulsions.<ref name=Morris1988/>

Arab historians published accounts, including [[Aref al-Aref]]'s ''Al Nakba, 1947–1952'' (1956–1960), [[Muhammad Nimr al-Khatib]]'s ''Min Athar al-Nakba'' (1951), and several papers by Walid Khalidi, but Morris writes that they suffered from a lack of archival material; Arab governments have been reluctant to open their archives, and the Israeli archives were at that point still closed.<ref>Morris 2004, pp. 1–2.</ref> The first person in Israel to acknowledge the Lydda and Ramle expulsions, writes Morris, was Yitzhak Rabin in his 1979 memoirs, though that part of his manuscript was removed by government censors.<ref name=Morris1988/> The 30-year rule of [[Israel State Archive|Israel's Archives Law]], passed in 1955, meant that hundreds of thousands of government documents were released throughout the 1980s, and a group calling itself the "New Historians" emerged, most of them born around 1948. They interpreted the history of the war, not in terms of European politics, the Holocaust, and Jewish history, but solely within the context of the Middle East. Shapira writes that they focused on the 700,000 Arabs who were uprooted by the war, not on the 6,000 Jews who died during it, and assessed the behavior of the Jewish state as they would that of any other.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/25618678 Shapira 1995], pp. 9, 16–17.</ref> Between 1987 and 1993, four of these historians in particular—Morris himself, [[Simha Flapan]], [[Ilan Pappé]], and [[Avi Shlaim]]—three of them Oxbridge-trained, published a series of books that changed the historiography of the Palestinian exodus. According to Lustick, although it was known in academic circles that the Palestinians had left because of expulsions and intimidation, it was largely unknown to Israeli Jews until Morris's ''The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949'' appeared in 1987.<ref>
[http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/9780472115419-ch1.pdf Morris 1988], and [http://www.polisci.upenn.edu/faculty/bios/Pubs/survivalreview.pdf Lustick 1997], pp. 157–158.
*Simha Flapan (1911–1987) is the exception to the rule that the New Historians were born around 1948.
*The key texts are:
*[[Simha Flapan]]'s ''The Birth of Israel'' (1987)
*[[Benny Morris]]'s ''The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949'' (1987), ''[[1948 and After|1948 and After: Israel and the Palestinians]]'' (1990), and ''[[Israel's Border Wars 1949–1956|Israel's Border Wars, 1949–1956]]'' (1993)
*[[Ilan Pappé]]'s ''Britain and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: 1948–1951'' (1988) and ''The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1947–1951'' (1992)
*[[Avi Shlaim]]'s ''Collusion across the Jordan'' (1988) and ''The Politics of Partition'' (1990)
*Other writers engaged in the "New History," according to Lustick (p. 157), include Uri Bar-Joseph, [[Mordechai Bar-On]], [[Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi]], Motti Golani, [[Uri Milstein]], and [[Tom Segev]].
*That the New Historians focus on the 700,000 uprooted, see [http://www.jstor.org/pss/25618678 Shapira 1995], p. 13.</ref>

Their work is not without its critics, most notably Israeli historian [[Efraim Karsh]], who writes that there was more voluntary Palestinian flight than Morris and the others concede. He acknowledges that there were expulsions, particularly in Lydda, though he argues—as does Morris—that they resulted from decisions made in the heat of battle, and account for a small percentage of the overall exodus.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=6RRr_bf1ZhAC&pg=PA160 Karsh 2003, pp. 160–161].
*[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005].</ref> Karsh argues that the New Historians have turned the story of the birth of Israel upside down, making victims of the Arab aggressors, though he acknowledges that the New History is now widely accepted.<ref>[http://www.meforum.org/466/benny-morris-and-the-reign-of-error Karsh 1999].</ref> Ari Shavit devotes a chapter of his book ''My Promised Land'' (2013) to the expulsion, and calls the events “our black box, . . In it lies the dark secret of Zionism.”<ref>Dwight Garner
[http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/20/books/ari-shavits-my-promised-land.html?src=dayp 'Son of Israel, Caught in the Middle,'] [[New York Times]] 20 November 2013.</ref> The positions of Karsh and Morris, though they disagree, contrast in turn with those of Ilan Pappé and Walid Khalidi, who argue not only that there were widespread expulsions, but also that they were not the result of ''ad hoc'' decisions. Rather, they argue, the expulsions were part of a deliberate strategy, known as [[Plan Dalet]] and conceived before Israel's declaration of independence, to transfer the Arab population and seize their land.<ref>*[http://www.scribd.com/doc/19199199/Plan-Dalet-Master-Plan-for-the-Conquest-of-Palestine-by-Walid-Khalidi Khalidi 1961], and [http://www.palestine-studies.org/enakba/Khalidi,%20Plan%20Dalet%20Revisited.pdf Khalidi 1988].</ref>

==Lod and Ramla today==
[[File:RamleviewS.jpg|left|thumb|180px|alt=photograph|Ramla in 2006]]
{{as of|2009}} around 66,000 people were living in Ramla, which became briefly known around the world in 1962, when former SS officer [[Adolf Eichmann]] was hanged in Ramla prison in May that year.<ref>For the population, see [http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2010/table3.pdf Population figures], Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
*For Eichmann, see [http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/we-have-to-carry-out-the-sentence-1.226299 Weitz 2007].</ref> The population in Lod {{as of|2010|lc=y}} was officially around 45,000 Jews and 20,000 Arabs; its main industry is its airport, renamed Ben Gurion International Airport in 1973.<ref name=Economist>[http://www.economist.com/node/17254422 "Pulled apart"], ''The Economist'', 14 October 2010.</ref> [[Aliyah from Ethiopia|Beth Israel immigrants from Ethiopia]] were housed there in the 1990s, increasing the ethnic tension in the city which, together with the economic deprivation, make the town "the most likely place to explode," according to Arnon Golan, Israeli's foremost expert on ethnically-mixed cities.<ref>Nathan Jeffay, [http://forward.com/articles/14435/ 'Israel’s Mixed Cities on Edge After Riots,'] at [[The Forward]] 23 October 2008.</ref> In 2010 a three-meter-high wall was built to separate the Jewish and Arab neighborhoods.<ref name=Economist/>

[[File:Zochrot at the former Lydda ghetto.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=photograph|Eitan Bronstein of [[Zochrot]] places a sign on the former Lydda ghetto.]]
The Arab community has complained that, when Arabs became a majority in Lod's Ramat Eshkol suburb, the local school was closed rather than turned into an Arab-sector school, and in September 2008 it was re-opened as a [[yeshiva]], a Jewish religious school. The local council acknowledges that it wants Lod to become a more Jewish city. In addition to the Arabs officially registered, a fifth of the overall population are [[Bedouin]], who arrived in Lod in the 1980s when they were moved off land in the Negev, according to Nathan Jeffay.They live in dwellings deemed illegal by Israeli authorities on agricultural land, unregistered and with no municipal services.<ref name=Jeffay>[http://www.forward.com/articles/14435/ Jeffay 2008].</ref>

The refugees are occasionally able to visit their former homes. [[Zochrot]], an Israeli group that researches former Palestinian towns, visited Lod in 2003 and 2005, erecting signs in Hebrew and Arabic depicting its history, including a sign on the wall of the former Arab ghetto. The visits are met with a mixture of interest and hostility.<ref>[http://www.zochrot.org/index.php?id=221 "Remembering Al-Lydd 2005"], [http://www.zochrot.org/index.php?id=364 "Tour and signposting in Al-Lydd (Lod), 2003"].
*Also see [http://www.nakbainhebrew.org/index.php?id=365 "Testimonies on the Nakba of Lod"].
*[http://www.zochrot.org/images/lydda.pdf Booklet about Lydda] in Arabic and Hebrew, Zochrot.
*[http://www.zochrot.org/images/al-Ramle.pdf Booklet about Ramla], also in Arabic and Hebrew, Zochrot, all accessed 28 November 2010.</ref> Father Oudeh Rantisi, a former mayor of Ramallah who was expelled from Lydda in 1948, visited his family's former home for the first time in 1967:

<blockquote>As the bus drew up in front of the house, I saw a young boy playing in the yard. I got off the bus and went over to him. "How long have you lived in this house?" I asked. "I was born here," he replied. "Me too," I said ...<ref>[http://www.ameu.org/printer.asp?iid=64&aid=95 Rantisi and Amash 2000].</ref></blockquote>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|2}}
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*''[[Zochrot]]'' (2003). [http://www.nakbainhebrew.org/index.php?id=365 Testimonies on the Nakba of Lod], 11 January 2003. Also see [http://www.nakbainhebrew.org/index.php?id=364] [http://www.nakbainhebrew.org/index.php?id=221] [http://www.nakbainhebrew.org/index.php?id=349], all accessed 14 December 2010.
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|2}}
*[[Nathan Alterman|Alterman, Nathan]] (1948). [http://www.education.gov.il/tochniyot_Limudim/shira/sh_42.htm "Al Zot"], www.education.gov.il, accessed 23 November 2010. {{he icon}}
*Abdel Jawad, Saleh (2007). ''Israel and the Palestinian refugees.'' Eyāl Benveniśtî, Chaim Gans, Sārī Ḥanafī, ed. Springer.
*[[Aref al-Aref|Aref al-'Aref]] (1959). ''Al-Nakba: Nakbat Filsatin wal-Firdaws al-Mafqud 1947–1952'' [''The Catastrophe: The Catastrophe of Palestine and the Lost Paradise 1947–1952'']. Sidon and Beirut, A1-Maktab al-'Sariyya lil-Tiba'a wal-Nashr.
*[[Moshe Dayan|Dayan, Moshe]] (1976). ''Moshe Dayan: story of my life.'' New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-03076-9.
*El-Asmar, Fouzi (1975). ''To be an Arab in Israel''. Institute for Palestine Studies.
*Guttman, Shmarya ("Avi-Yiftah") (November 1948). "Lydda," ''Mibifnim''.
*Kadish, Alon; [[Avraham Sela|Sela, Avraham]]; and Golan, Arnon (2000). ''The Occupation of Lydda, July 1948''. Tel Aviv: Israel Ministry of Defense and Hagana Historical Archive. {{he icon}}
*[[Efraim Karsh|Karsh, Efraim]] (1997). ''Fabricating Israeli History: The 'New Historians'''. Routledge.
*Karsh, Efraim (2002). ''The Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Palestine War 1948'', Osprey Publishing, 2002.
*Kelman, Moshe (1972). "Ha-Hevdel bein Deir Yasin le-Lod" ["The Difference between Deir Yasin and Lydda"], ''Yedi'ot Aharonot'', 2 May 1972. {{he icon}}
*Khalidi, Walid (1992). "All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948". Institute for Palestine Studies.
*[[Ghassan Kanafani|Kanafani, Ghassan]] (1956). "Paper from Ramleh". "Palestine's Children. Short stories by Ghassan Kanafani". Three Continents Press. ISBN 0-89410-431-4.
*Lorch, Netanel (1997). "A Word from an Old Historian," ''Haaretz'', 23 June 1997.
*Monterescu, Daniel and Rabinowitz, Dan (2007). ''Mixed Towns, Trapped Communities''. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
*Morris, Benny (1986b). [http://books.google.com/books?id=OjuKhNEmFvoC&pg=PA169 "The Causes and Character of the Exodus from Palestine"] in Pappé, Ilan. ''The Israel/Palestine Question''. Routledge, 1999.
*Morris, Benny (1987). ''The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949''. Cambridge University Press.
*Munayyer, Spiro (1997). ''Lydda During the Mandate and Occupation Periods''. Institute for Palestine Studies.
*[[Nur-eldeen Masalha|Masalha, Nur]] (2003). ''The Politics of Denial: Israel and the Palestinian Refugee Problem''. Pluto Press.
*Rantisi, Audeh G. [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1998/1948/362_rnts.htm Would I ever see my home again?], ''Al-Ahram'', accessed 14 December 2010.
*Rantisi, Audeh G. and Beebe, Ralph K. (1990). ''Blessed are the peacemakers: the story of a Palestinian Christian''. Eagle.
{{Refend}}
 
{{nakbaend}}
{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}}
{{Arab-Israeli Conflict}}
{{Israeli-Palestinian Conflict}}
{{Coord|31|56|30.01|N|34|52|41.83|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Exodus From Lydda And Ramle}}
[[Category:1948 Palestinian exodus]]
[[Category:1948 Arab–Israeli War]]
[[Category:Forced marches]]
[[Category:Lod]]
[[Category:Ramla]]

Union Bancaire Privée

2015-03-24T19:43:00Z

Plot Spoiler: ref

{{Dieser Artikel|behandelt die schweizerische Privatbank UBP. Weitere Bedeutungen sind unter [[UBP]] aufgeführt.}}

{{Infobox Kreditinstitut
| Name = Union Bancaire Privée (UBP)
| Typ = 
| Logo = [[Datei:Union Bancaire Privée logo.svg|rahmenlos|hochkant=0.9|Logo]]
| Bild = 
| Land = Schweiz
| Rechtsform = [[Aktiengesellschaft (Schweiz)|Aktiengesellschaft]]
| ISIN =
| ID = 8657
| Gründungsdatum = 1969
| Auflösungsdatum =
| Sitz = [[Genf]]
| Verband = 
| Jahr =
| GeschäftsdatenRef= 
| Bilanzsumme =
| Einlagen =
| Kundenkredite =
| Mitarbeiterzahl = 1,300
| Geschäftsstellen =
| Mitglieder =
| Verwaltungsrat =
| Vorstand =
| Aufsichtsrat =
| Leitung = Edgar de Picciotto (Vorsitzender) Guy de Picciotto ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])
| Homepage = [http://www.ubp.com/de www.ubp.com/de]
}}

'''Union Bancaire Privée''' ('''UBP SA''') wurde 1969 von Edgar de Picciotto gegründet. Die [[Private Bank|Privatbank]] verwaltet Kundenvermögen in Höhe von CHF 98.7 Milliarden.<ref name="Erstes">[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/news?containerId=28839 – Union Bancaire Privée steigert Reingewinn um fast 9%], UBP, 31. Dezember 2014</ref>

UBP ist auf die Vermögensbetreuung für private und institutionelle Kunden spezialisiert. Die Bank hat ihren Hauptsitz in [[Genf]], [[Schweiz]], und beschäftigt 1'300 Mitarbeiter.<ref name="Erstes"/>

==Geschichte==
Am 11. November 1969 gründete Edgar de Picciotto die Compagnie de Banque et d’Investissements (CBI) in Genf. 1990 übernahm CBI die TDB-American Express Bank, in 1990, aus der die heutige Union Bancaire Privée hervorging. Mit der Akquisition der Discount Bank and Trust Company im Jahr 2002 fand eine weitere Expansion statt.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/swiss-bank/profile/private-banks Über uns], UBP</ref>

2011 erwarb UBP den Schweizer Ableger der im niederländischen Staatsbesitz befindlichen [[ABN Amro]] Bank, einer reinen Schweizer Privatbank.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-to-buy-swiss-arm-of-abn-amro/a516408 UBP to buy Swiss arm of ABN Amro], Citywire, 16. August 2011</ref> Mit der Einrichtung je eines Joint Ventures in Hong Kong und Taiwan mit TransGlobe baute UBP im selben Jahr seine Geschäftstätigkeit in Asien aus.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-launches-two-asia-focused-joint-ventures/a513367 UBP launches two Asia focused joint ventures], Citywire, 3. August 2011</ref> 2012 übernahm UBP den in Paris ansässigen [[Dachhedgefonds]] Nexar Capital Group, der über Niederlassungen in London, Jersey und New York verfügt.<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/02/29/ubp-idINL5E8DT9HZ20120229 UBP to buy Paris-based alternatives group Nexar], Reuters, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im Mai 2013 kündigte UBP die Akquisition des internationalen Privatbankgeschäfts der [[Lloyds Banking Group]] an.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-29/lloyds-bank-sells-international-private-banking-business-to-ubp.html Lloyds Sells International Private Banking Business to UBP], Bloomberg News, 29. Mai 2013</ref>

==Geschäftsbereiche==
===Private Banking===
Union Bancaire Privée verfügt über 300 private Vermögensverwalter in mehreren Ländern und bietet verschiedene Verwaltungsmandate und Beratungsmodelle an.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/en/private-bank/swiss-bank/Publications/UBP-in-brief/template/document.jsp?fileId=52676 Über UBP], UBP, 3. Quartal 2013</ref>

==Vermögensplanung==
UBP hat ein Team von Experten aufgebaut, welche auf gewisse Regionen spezialisiert sind, um Vermögen global strukturieren zu können. Das Team lenkt und unterstützt Kunden bei der Aufsetzung von Vermögensstrukturen, die auf die individuellen Bedürfnisse der Kunden zugeschnitten sind. Solche Strukturen werden ausschliesslich über externe Parteien angeboten.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/private-wealth-management/Wealth-and-estate-planning Vermögens- und Nachlassplanung], UBP</ref>

Mit den Dienstleistungen von FOSS Family Office Services Switzerland (FOSS), bietet UBP einen Dienst zur Vermittlung von Multi Family Offices an. FOSS unterstützt vermögende Familien bei der Suche nach einem passenden Multi Family Office in der Schweiz.<ref>[http://www.switzerland-family-office.com/de/ Wir helfen Ihnen das passende Family Office zu finden], FOSS Family Office Services Switzerland</ref>

===Vermögensverwaltung===
UBP ist ein umfassender Vermögensverwalter, der eine breite Palette von Investitionslösungen anbietet, die auf die Anforderungen seiner institutionellen Kunden abgestimmt sind. Die Bank stellt ein umfangreiches Angebot in den Bereichen Vermögensallokation, Aktien, Anleihen, Diversifizierungsstrategien und alternative Dach-Hedgefonds bereit.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/institutional-clients/asset-management-company Asset Management], UBP</ref>

Im April 2014 lancierte UBP die Plattform [http://www.ubpperform.com/ ubpperform.com] mit einigen der leistungsstärksten Investmentstrategien der Bank.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/news?containerId=24612 Expertise der UBP ausgezeichnet], UBP, 5. Mai 2014</ref>

===Alternative Investments===
UBP hat seit den 1970er Jahren eine Vorreiterrolle im Segment Alternative Investment inne. Im Lauf der Jahre hat die Gesellschaft einen kompetenten Hedgefonds-Beratungsservice aufgebaut und verwaltet mehrere gepoolte Fonds und individuell angepasste Mandate. Mit der Übernahme Nexars im Jahr 2012 unterstreichte UBP sein kontinuierliches Engagement in dieser Anlageklasse.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/7872-union-bancaire-privee-uebernimmt-nexar Union Bancaire Privée übernimmt Nexar], finews.ch, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im April 2013 kündigte UBP eine Partnerschaft mit Guggenheim Fund Solutions (GFS) an, einem Anbieter, der sich innerhalb des kompletten Spektrums an Hedgefonds-Strategien auf Managed Accounts spezialisiert hat. Gemeinsam richteten die beiden Gesellschaften eine neue Hedgefonds-Plattform ein.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/11700-ubp-guggenheim-fund-solutions UBP wählt Guggenheim Fund Solutions], finews.ch, 24. April 2013</ref>

===Vertrieb und Handel===
Zu den von UBP angebotenen Dienstleistungen gehören: Beratung, strukturierte Produkte, Aktienhandel und Brokerage, Aktien-Arbitrage, Währungs- und Edelmetallhandel, Forwards und Derivate, Treasury Management und Aktienhandel. UBP verfügt über mehr als 40 spezialisierte Händler, die mit privaten Vermögensverwaltern zusammenarbeiten.

===Anlagephilosophie===
UBP veröffentlicht jedes Jahr einen Jahresausblick mit einer Übersicht über die makroökonomischen Ereignisse des vergangenen Jahres sowie seinen anlagepolitischen Überzeugungen für das bevorstehende Jahr.<ref>[http://www.boerse-express.com/pagesfoonds/23296 Privatbank Union Bancaire Privee (UBP) erwartet für 2013, dass Gold die 2000er Hürde nimmt], boerse-express.com, 6 Dezember 2012</ref>

== Finanzen ==
Die Bilanzsumme beläuft sich auf 20.2 Mrd. CHF, und eine Eigenkapitalrendite von betrug 9,2% aus. Dank einem konservativen Ansatz beim Risikomanagement weist UBP eine stabile Finanzbasis und eine solide Bilanz mit einem hohen Liquiditätsstand auf. Mit einer Kernkapitalquote (Tier 1) von über 29% (per 31. Dezember 2014) ist UBP eine der am besten kapitalisierten Banken der Schweiz.<ref name="Erstes"/>

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.ubp.com/de Offizielle Website der UBP]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{Coordinate|article=/|NS=46.203084|EW=6.151639|type=landmark|region=CH-GE}}

[[Kategorie:Kreditinstitut (Schweiz)]]
[[Kategorie:Unternehmen (Genf)]]

Union Bancaire Privée

2015-03-15T05:08:05Z

Plot Spoiler: + Vermögensplanung

{{Dieser Artikel|behandelt die schweizerische Privatbank UBP. Weitere Bedeutungen sind unter [[UBP]] aufgeführt.}}

{{Infobox Kreditinstitut
| Name = Union Bancaire Privée (UBP)
| Typ = 
| Logo = [[Datei:Union Bancaire Privée logo.svg|rahmenlos|hochkant=0.9|Logo]]
| Bild = 
| Land = Schweiz
| Rechtsform = [[Aktiengesellschaft (Schweiz)|Aktiengesellschaft]]
| ISIN =
| ID = 8657
| Gründungsdatum = 1969
| Auflösungsdatum =
| Sitz = [[Genf]]
| Verband = 
| Jahr =
| GeschäftsdatenRef= 
| Bilanzsumme =
| Einlagen =
| Kundenkredite =
| Mitarbeiterzahl = 1,300
| Geschäftsstellen =
| Mitglieder =
| Verwaltungsrat =
| Vorstand =
| Aufsichtsrat =
| Leitung = Edgar de Picciotto (Vorsitzender) Guy de Picciotto ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])
| Homepage = [http://www.ubp.com/de www.ubp.com/de]
}}

'''Union Bancaire Privée''' ('''UBP SA''') wurde 1969 von Edgar de Picciotto gegründet. Die [[Private Bank|Privatbank]] verwaltet Kundenvermögen in Höhe von CHF 98.7 Milliarden.<ref name="Erstes">[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/news?containerId=28839 – Union Bancaire Privée steigert Reingewinn um fast 9%], UBP, 31. Dezember 2014</ref>

UBP ist auf die Vermögensbetreuung für private und institutionelle Kunden spezialisiert. Die Bank hat ihren Hauptsitz in [[Genf]], [[Schweiz]], und beschäftigt 1'300 Mitarbeiter.<ref name="Erstes"/>

==Geschichte==
Am 11. November 1969 gründete Edgar de Picciotto die Compagnie de Banque et d’Investissements (CBI) in Genf. 1990 übernahm CBI die TDB-American Express Bank, in 1990, aus der die heutige Union Bancaire Privée hervorging. Mit der Akquisition der Discount Bank and Trust Company im Jahr 2002 fand eine weitere Expansion statt.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/swiss-bank/profile/private-banks Über uns], UBP</ref>

2011 erwarb UBP den Schweizer Ableger der im niederländischen Staatsbesitz befindlichen [[ABN Amro]] Bank, einer reinen Schweizer Privatbank.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-to-buy-swiss-arm-of-abn-amro/a516408 UBP to buy Swiss arm of ABN Amro], Citywire, 16. August 2011</ref> Mit der Einrichtung je eines Joint Ventures in Hong Kong und Taiwan mit TransGlobe baute UBP im selben Jahr seine Geschäftstätigkeit in Asien aus.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-launches-two-asia-focused-joint-ventures/a513367 UBP launches two Asia focused joint ventures], Citywire, 3. August 2011</ref> 2012 übernahm UBP den in Paris ansässigen [[Dachhedgefonds]] Nexar Capital Group, der über Niederlassungen in London, Jersey und New York verfügt.<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/02/29/ubp-idINL5E8DT9HZ20120229 UBP to buy Paris-based alternatives group Nexar], Reuters, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im Mai 2013 kündigte UBP die Akquisition des internationalen Privatbankgeschäfts der [[Lloyds Banking Group]] an.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-29/lloyds-bank-sells-international-private-banking-business-to-ubp.html Lloyds Sells International Private Banking Business to UBP], Bloomberg News, 29. Mai 2013</ref>

==Geschäftsbereiche==
===Private Banking===
Union Bancaire Privée verfügt über 300 private Vermögensverwalter in mehreren Ländern und bietet verschiedene Verwaltungsmandate und Beratungsmodelle an.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/en/private-bank/swiss-bank/Publications/UBP-in-brief/template/document.jsp?fileId=52676 Über UBP], UBP, 3. Quartal 2013</ref>

==Vermögensplanung==
UBP hat ein Team von Experten aufgebaut, welche auf gewisse Regionen spezialisiert sind, um Vermögen global strukturieren zu können. Das Team lenkt und unterstützt Kunden bei der Aufsetzung von Vermögensstrukturen, die auf die individuellen Bedürfnisse der Kunden zugeschnitten sind. Solche Strukturen werden ausschliesslich über externe Parteien angeboten.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/private-wealth-management/Wealth-and-estate-planning Vermögens- und Nachlassplanung], UBP</ref>

Mit den Dienstleistungen von FOSS Family Office Services Switzerland (FOSS), bietet UBP einen Dienst zur Vermittlung von Multi Family Offices an. FOSS unterstützt vermögende Familien bei der Suche nach einem passenden Multi Family Office in der Schweiz.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/15120-ubp-union-bancaire-privee-foss-family-office UBP fasst Fuss im Family Office Bereich], finews.ch, 22. April 2014</ref>

===Vermögensverwaltung===
UBP ist ein umfassender Vermögensverwalter, der eine breite Palette von Investitionslösungen anbietet, die auf die Anforderungen seiner institutionellen Kunden abgestimmt sind. Die Bank stellt ein umfangreiches Angebot in den Bereichen Vermögensallokation, Aktien, Anleihen, Diversifizierungsstrategien und alternative Dach-Hedgefonds bereit.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/institutional-clients/asset-management-company Asset Management], UBP</ref>

Im April 2014 lancierte UBP die Plattform [http://www.ubpperform.com/ ubpperform.com] mit einigen der leistungsstärksten Investmentstrategien der Bank.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/news?containerId=24612 Expertise der UBP ausgezeichnet], UBP, 5. Mai 2014</ref>

===Alternative Investments===
UBP hat seit den 1970er Jahren eine Vorreiterrolle im Segment Alternative Investment inne. Im Lauf der Jahre hat die Gesellschaft einen kompetenten Hedgefonds-Beratungsservice aufgebaut und verwaltet mehrere gepoolte Fonds und individuell angepasste Mandate. Mit der Übernahme Nexars im Jahr 2012 unterstreichte UBP sein kontinuierliches Engagement in dieser Anlageklasse.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/7872-union-bancaire-privee-uebernimmt-nexar Union Bancaire Privée übernimmt Nexar], finews.ch, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im April 2013 kündigte UBP eine Partnerschaft mit Guggenheim Fund Solutions (GFS) an, einem Anbieter, der sich innerhalb des kompletten Spektrums an Hedgefonds-Strategien auf Managed Accounts spezialisiert hat. Gemeinsam richteten die beiden Gesellschaften eine neue Hedgefonds-Plattform ein.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/11700-ubp-guggenheim-fund-solutions UBP wählt Guggenheim Fund Solutions], finews.ch, 24. April 2013</ref>

===Vertrieb und Handel===
Zu den von UBP angebotenen Dienstleistungen gehören: Beratung, strukturierte Produkte, Aktienhandel und Brokerage, Aktien-Arbitrage, Währungs- und Edelmetallhandel, Forwards und Derivate, Treasury Management und Aktienhandel. UBP verfügt über mehr als 40 spezialisierte Händler, die mit privaten Vermögensverwaltern zusammenarbeiten.

===Anlagephilosophie===
UBP veröffentlicht jedes Jahr einen Jahresausblick mit einer Übersicht über die makroökonomischen Ereignisse des vergangenen Jahres sowie seinen anlagepolitischen Überzeugungen für das bevorstehende Jahr.<ref>[http://www.boerse-express.com/pagesfoonds/23296 Privatbank Union Bancaire Privee (UBP) erwartet für 2013, dass Gold die 2000er Hürde nimmt], boerse-express.com, 6 Dezember 2012</ref>

== Finanzen ==
Die Bilanzsumme beläuft sich auf 20.2 Mrd. CHF, und eine Eigenkapitalrendite von betrug 9,2% aus. Dank einem konservativen Ansatz beim Risikomanagement weist UBP eine stabile Finanzbasis und eine solide Bilanz mit einem hohen Liquiditätsstand auf. Mit einer Kernkapitalquote (Tier 1) von über 29% (per 31. Dezember 2014) ist UBP eine der am besten kapitalisierten Banken der Schweiz.<ref name="Erstes"/>

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.ubp.com/de Offizielle Website der UBP]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{Coordinate|article=/|NS=46.203084|EW=6.151639|type=landmark|region=CH-GE}}

[[Kategorie:Kreditinstitut (Schweiz)]]
[[Kategorie:Unternehmen (Genf)]]

Union Bancaire Privée

2015-03-15T05:05:23Z

Plot Spoiler: Begriffsklärungshinweis

{{Dieser Artikel|behandelt die schweizerische Privatbank UBP. Weitere Bedeutungen sind unter [[UBP]] aufgeführt.}}

{{Infobox Kreditinstitut
| Name = Union Bancaire Privée (UBP)
| Typ = 
| Logo = [[Datei:Union Bancaire Privée logo.svg|rahmenlos|hochkant=0.9|Logo]]
| Bild = 
| Land = Schweiz
| Rechtsform = [[Aktiengesellschaft (Schweiz)|Aktiengesellschaft]]
| ISIN =
| ID = 8657
| Gründungsdatum = 1969
| Auflösungsdatum =
| Sitz = [[Genf]]
| Verband = 
| Jahr =
| GeschäftsdatenRef= 
| Bilanzsumme =
| Einlagen =
| Kundenkredite =
| Mitarbeiterzahl = 1,300
| Geschäftsstellen =
| Mitglieder =
| Verwaltungsrat =
| Vorstand =
| Aufsichtsrat =
| Leitung = Edgar de Picciotto (Vorsitzender) Guy de Picciotto ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])
| Homepage = [http://www.ubp.com/de www.ubp.com/de]
}}

'''Union Bancaire Privée''' ('''UBP SA''') wurde 1969 von Edgar de Picciotto gegründet. Die [[Private Bank|Privatbank]] verwaltet Kundenvermögen in Höhe von CHF 98.7 Milliarden.<ref name="Erstes">[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/news?containerId=28839 – Union Bancaire Privée steigert Reingewinn um fast 9%], UBP, 31. Dezember 2014</ref>

UBP ist auf die Vermögensbetreuung für private und institutionelle Kunden spezialisiert. Die Bank hat ihren Hauptsitz in [[Genf]], [[Schweiz]], und beschäftigt 1'300 Mitarbeiter.<ref name="Erstes"/>

==Geschichte==
Am 11. November 1969 gründete Edgar de Picciotto die Compagnie de Banque et d’Investissements (CBI) in Genf. 1990 übernahm CBI die TDB-American Express Bank, in 1990, aus der die heutige Union Bancaire Privée hervorging. Mit der Akquisition der Discount Bank and Trust Company im Jahr 2002 fand eine weitere Expansion statt.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/swiss-bank/profile/private-banks Über uns], UBP</ref>

2011 erwarb UBP den Schweizer Ableger der im niederländischen Staatsbesitz befindlichen [[ABN Amro]] Bank, einer reinen Schweizer Privatbank.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-to-buy-swiss-arm-of-abn-amro/a516408 UBP to buy Swiss arm of ABN Amro], Citywire, 16. August 2011</ref> Mit der Einrichtung je eines Joint Ventures in Hong Kong und Taiwan mit TransGlobe baute UBP im selben Jahr seine Geschäftstätigkeit in Asien aus.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-launches-two-asia-focused-joint-ventures/a513367 UBP launches two Asia focused joint ventures], Citywire, 3. August 2011</ref> 2012 übernahm UBP den in Paris ansässigen [[Dachhedgefonds]] Nexar Capital Group, der über Niederlassungen in London, Jersey und New York verfügt.<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/02/29/ubp-idINL5E8DT9HZ20120229 UBP to buy Paris-based alternatives group Nexar], Reuters, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im Mai 2013 kündigte UBP die Akquisition des internationalen Privatbankgeschäfts der [[Lloyds Banking Group]] an.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-29/lloyds-bank-sells-international-private-banking-business-to-ubp.html Lloyds Sells International Private Banking Business to UBP], Bloomberg News, 29. Mai 2013</ref>

==Geschäftsbereiche==
===Private Banking===
Union Bancaire Privée verfügt über 300 private Vermögensverwalter in mehreren Ländern und bietet verschiedene Verwaltungsmandate und Beratungsmodelle an.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/en/private-bank/swiss-bank/Publications/UBP-in-brief/template/document.jsp?fileId=52676 Über UBP], UBP, 3. Quartal 2013</ref>

==Vermögensplanung==
UBP hat ein Team von Experten aufgebaut, welche auf gewisse Regionen spezialisiert sind, um Vermögen global strukturieren zu können. Das Team lenkt und unterstützt Kunden bei der Aufsetzung von Vermögensstrukturen, die auf die individuellen Bedürfnisse der Kunden zugeschnitten sind. Solche Strukturen werden ausschliesslich über externe Parteien angeboten1.

Mit den Dienstleistungen von FOSS Family Office Services Switzerland (FOSS), bietet UBP einen Dienst zur Vermittlung von Multi Family Offices an. FOSS unterstützt vermögende Familien bei der Suche nach einem passenden Multi Family Office in der Schweiz2.

===Vermögensverwaltung===
UBP ist ein umfassender Vermögensverwalter, der eine breite Palette von Investitionslösungen anbietet, die auf die Anforderungen seiner institutionellen Kunden abgestimmt sind. Die Bank stellt ein umfangreiches Angebot in den Bereichen Vermögensallokation, Aktien, Anleihen, Diversifizierungsstrategien und alternative Dach-Hedgefonds bereit.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/institutional-clients/asset-management-company Asset Management], UBP</ref>

Im April 2014 lancierte UBP die Plattform [http://www.ubpperform.com/ ubpperform.com] mit einigen der leistungsstärksten Investmentstrategien der Bank.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/news?containerId=24612 Expertise der UBP ausgezeichnet], UBP, 5. Mai 2014</ref>

===Alternative Investments===
UBP hat seit den 1970er Jahren eine Vorreiterrolle im Segment Alternative Investment inne. Im Lauf der Jahre hat die Gesellschaft einen kompetenten Hedgefonds-Beratungsservice aufgebaut und verwaltet mehrere gepoolte Fonds und individuell angepasste Mandate. Mit der Übernahme Nexars im Jahr 2012 unterstreichte UBP sein kontinuierliches Engagement in dieser Anlageklasse.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/7872-union-bancaire-privee-uebernimmt-nexar Union Bancaire Privée übernimmt Nexar], finews.ch, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im April 2013 kündigte UBP eine Partnerschaft mit Guggenheim Fund Solutions (GFS) an, einem Anbieter, der sich innerhalb des kompletten Spektrums an Hedgefonds-Strategien auf Managed Accounts spezialisiert hat. Gemeinsam richteten die beiden Gesellschaften eine neue Hedgefonds-Plattform ein.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/11700-ubp-guggenheim-fund-solutions UBP wählt Guggenheim Fund Solutions], finews.ch, 24. April 2013</ref>

===Vertrieb und Handel===
Zu den von UBP angebotenen Dienstleistungen gehören: Beratung, strukturierte Produkte, Aktienhandel und Brokerage, Aktien-Arbitrage, Währungs- und Edelmetallhandel, Forwards und Derivate, Treasury Management und Aktienhandel. UBP verfügt über mehr als 40 spezialisierte Händler, die mit privaten Vermögensverwaltern zusammenarbeiten.

===Anlagephilosophie===
UBP veröffentlicht jedes Jahr einen Jahresausblick mit einer Übersicht über die makroökonomischen Ereignisse des vergangenen Jahres sowie seinen anlagepolitischen Überzeugungen für das bevorstehende Jahr.<ref>[http://www.boerse-express.com/pagesfoonds/23296 Privatbank Union Bancaire Privee (UBP) erwartet für 2013, dass Gold die 2000er Hürde nimmt], boerse-express.com, 6 Dezember 2012</ref>

== Finanzen ==
Die Bilanzsumme beläuft sich auf 20.2 Mrd. CHF, und eine Eigenkapitalrendite von betrug 9,2% aus. Dank einem konservativen Ansatz beim Risikomanagement weist UBP eine stabile Finanzbasis und eine solide Bilanz mit einem hohen Liquiditätsstand auf. Mit einer Kernkapitalquote (Tier 1) von über 29% (per 31. Dezember 2014) ist UBP eine der am besten kapitalisierten Banken der Schweiz.<ref name="Erstes"/>

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.ubp.com/de Offizielle Website der UBP]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{Coordinate|article=/|NS=46.203084|EW=6.151639|type=landmark|region=CH-GE}}

[[Kategorie:Kreditinstitut (Schweiz)]]
[[Kategorie:Unternehmen (Genf)]]

Union Bancaire Privée

2015-03-15T04:57:19Z

Plot Spoiler: +

{{Dieser Artikel|behandelt die schweizerische Privatbank UBP. Für die nordzypriotische Nationale Einheitspartei siehe [[Ulusal Birlik Partisi]] (''UBP'').}}

{{Infobox Kreditinstitut
| Name = Union Bancaire Privée (UBP)
| Typ = 
| Logo = [[Datei:Union Bancaire Privée logo.svg|rahmenlos|hochkant=0.9|Logo]]
| Bild = 
| Land = Schweiz
| Rechtsform = [[Aktiengesellschaft (Schweiz)|Aktiengesellschaft]]
| ISIN =
| ID = 8657
| Gründungsdatum = 1969
| Auflösungsdatum =
| Sitz = [[Genf]]
| Verband = 
| Jahr =
| GeschäftsdatenRef= 
| Bilanzsumme =
| Einlagen =
| Kundenkredite =
| Mitarbeiterzahl = 1,300
| Geschäftsstellen =
| Mitglieder =
| Verwaltungsrat =
| Vorstand =
| Aufsichtsrat =
| Leitung = Edgar de Picciotto (Vorsitzender) Guy de Picciotto ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])
| Homepage = [http://www.ubp.com/de www.ubp.com/de]
}}

'''Union Bancaire Privée''' ('''UBP SA''') wurde 1969 von Edgar de Picciotto gegründet. Die [[Private Bank|Privatbank]] verwaltet Kundenvermögen in Höhe von CHF 98.7 Milliarden.<ref name="Erstes">[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/news?containerId=28839 – Union Bancaire Privée steigert Reingewinn um fast 9%], UBP, 31. Dezember 2014</ref>

UBP ist auf die Vermögensbetreuung für private und institutionelle Kunden spezialisiert. Die Bank hat ihren Hauptsitz in [[Genf]], [[Schweiz]], und beschäftigt 1'300 Mitarbeiter.<ref name="Erstes"/>

==Geschichte==
Am 11. November 1969 gründete Edgar de Picciotto die Compagnie de Banque et d’Investissements (CBI) in Genf. 1990 übernahm CBI die TDB-American Express Bank, in 1990, aus der die heutige Union Bancaire Privée hervorging. Mit der Akquisition der Discount Bank and Trust Company im Jahr 2002 fand eine weitere Expansion statt.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/swiss-bank/profile/private-banks Über uns], UBP</ref>

2011 erwarb UBP den Schweizer Ableger der im niederländischen Staatsbesitz befindlichen [[ABN Amro]] Bank, einer reinen Schweizer Privatbank.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-to-buy-swiss-arm-of-abn-amro/a516408 UBP to buy Swiss arm of ABN Amro], Citywire, 16. August 2011</ref> Mit der Einrichtung je eines Joint Ventures in Hong Kong und Taiwan mit TransGlobe baute UBP im selben Jahr seine Geschäftstätigkeit in Asien aus.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-launches-two-asia-focused-joint-ventures/a513367 UBP launches two Asia focused joint ventures], Citywire, 3. August 2011</ref> 2012 übernahm UBP den in Paris ansässigen [[Dachhedgefonds]] Nexar Capital Group, der über Niederlassungen in London, Jersey und New York verfügt.<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/02/29/ubp-idINL5E8DT9HZ20120229 UBP to buy Paris-based alternatives group Nexar], Reuters, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im Mai 2013 kündigte UBP die Akquisition des internationalen Privatbankgeschäfts der [[Lloyds Banking Group]] an.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-29/lloyds-bank-sells-international-private-banking-business-to-ubp.html Lloyds Sells International Private Banking Business to UBP], Bloomberg News, 29. Mai 2013</ref>

==Geschäftsbereiche==
===Private Banking===
Union Bancaire Privée verfügt über 300 private Vermögensverwalter in mehreren Ländern und bietet verschiedene Verwaltungsmandate und Beratungsmodelle an.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/en/private-bank/swiss-bank/Publications/UBP-in-brief/template/document.jsp?fileId=52676 Über UBP], UBP, 3. Quartal 2013</ref>

===Vermögensverwaltung===
UBP ist ein umfassender Vermögensverwalter, der eine breite Palette von Investitionslösungen anbietet, die auf die Anforderungen seiner institutionellen Kunden abgestimmt sind. Die Bank stellt ein umfangreiches Angebot in den Bereichen Vermögensallokation, Aktien, Anleihen, Diversifizierungsstrategien und alternative Dach-Hedgefonds bereit.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/institutional-clients/asset-management-company Asset Management], UBP</ref>

Im April 2014 lancierte UBP die Plattform [http://www.ubpperform.com/ ubpperform.com] mit einigen der leistungsstärksten Investmentstrategien der Bank.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/news?containerId=24612 Expertise der UBP ausgezeichnet], UBP, 5. Mai 2014</ref>

===Alternative Investments===
UBP hat seit den 1970er Jahren eine Vorreiterrolle im Segment Alternative Investment inne. Im Lauf der Jahre hat die Gesellschaft einen kompetenten Hedgefonds-Beratungsservice aufgebaut und verwaltet mehrere gepoolte Fonds und individuell angepasste Mandate. Mit der Übernahme Nexars im Jahr 2012 unterstreichte UBP sein kontinuierliches Engagement in dieser Anlageklasse.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/7872-union-bancaire-privee-uebernimmt-nexar Union Bancaire Privée übernimmt Nexar], finews.ch, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im April 2013 kündigte UBP eine Partnerschaft mit Guggenheim Fund Solutions (GFS) an, einem Anbieter, der sich innerhalb des kompletten Spektrums an Hedgefonds-Strategien auf Managed Accounts spezialisiert hat. Gemeinsam richteten die beiden Gesellschaften eine neue Hedgefonds-Plattform ein.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/11700-ubp-guggenheim-fund-solutions UBP wählt Guggenheim Fund Solutions], finews.ch, 24. April 2013</ref>

===Vertrieb und Handel===
Zu den von UBP angebotenen Dienstleistungen gehören: Beratung, strukturierte Produkte, Aktienhandel und Brokerage, Aktien-Arbitrage, Währungs- und Edelmetallhandel, Forwards und Derivate, Treasury Management und Aktienhandel. UBP verfügt über mehr als 40 spezialisierte Händler, die mit privaten Vermögensverwaltern zusammenarbeiten.

===Anlagephilosophie===
UBP veröffentlicht jedes Jahr einen Jahresausblick mit einer Übersicht über die makroökonomischen Ereignisse des vergangenen Jahres sowie seinen anlagepolitischen Überzeugungen für das bevorstehende Jahr.<ref>[http://www.boerse-express.com/pagesfoonds/23296 Privatbank Union Bancaire Privee (UBP) erwartet für 2013, dass Gold die 2000er Hürde nimmt], boerse-express.com, 6 Dezember 2012</ref>

== Finanzen ==
Die Bilanzsumme beläuft sich auf 20.2 Mrd. CHF, und eine Eigenkapitalrendite von betrug 9,2% aus. Dank einem konservativen Ansatz beim Risikomanagement weist UBP eine stabile Finanzbasis und eine solide Bilanz mit einem hohen Liquiditätsstand auf. Mit einer Kernkapitalquote (Tier 1) von über 29% (per 31. Dezember 2014) ist UBP eine der am besten kapitalisierten Banken der Schweiz.<ref name="Erstes"/>

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.ubp.com/de Offizielle Website der UBP]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{Coordinate|article=/|NS=46.203084|EW=6.151639|type=landmark|region=CH-GE}}

[[Kategorie:Kreditinstitut (Schweiz)]]
[[Kategorie:Unternehmen (Genf)]]

Geiselnahme an der Porte de Vincennes

2015-01-13T22:03:49Z

Plot Spoiler: /* Victims */ refine

{{Merge from |Amedy Coulibaly|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
|title = kosher supermarket hostage crisis
|image =
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption =
|map =
|map_size =
|map_alt =
|map_caption=
|partof = the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|2015 ''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting]]
|location = [[Hypercacher]] kosher supermarket in [[Porte de Vincennes]], Paris, France
|target = Jewish supermarket patrons
|coordinates = {{coord|48.846963|N|2.415386|E|region:FR_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|date = {{Start date|2015|01|09|df=yes}} 13:00 [[Central European Time|CET]] –{{End date|2015|01|09|df=yes}} 17:30 [[Central European Time|CET]]
|timezone = [[UTC+01:00]]
|type = Hostage taking, terrorism
|fatalities = 5 (including 1 perpetrator)
|injuries = 9
|perps =
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant2.svg}} [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (suspected)<ref>{{cite web | title = Charlie Hebdo attack: the Kouachi brothers and the network of French Islamists with links to Islamic State | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11334249/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-the-Kouachi-brothers-and-the-network-of-French-Islamists-with-links-to-Islamic-State.html | date = 8 January 2015 | accessdate = 9 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="dailymail1">{{cite web | title = Yemen branch of al-Qaeda claim they directed attack on office of Charlie Hebdo as kosher grocery store killer said he was fighting for the Islamic State and wanted to kill Jews| url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2903970/Yemen-branch-al-Qaeda-claim-directed-attack-office-Charlie-Hebdo-kosher-grocery-store-killer-said-fighting-Islamic-State-wanted-kill-Jews.html | date = 9 January 2015 | accessdate = 9 January 2015}}</ref>
|perpetrators=[[Amedy Coulibaly]],<ref name="lemonde.fr">[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2015/01/09/fusillade-de-montrouge-suspect-identifie-deux-nouvelles-interpellations_4552503_3224.html Le suspect de Montrouge, Amedy Coulibaly, était bien le tireur de Vincennes], ''Le Monde''</ref> [[Amedy Coulibaly#Girlfriend|Hayat Boumeddiene]]{{dubious|date=January 2015}}
|weapons = Two [[AKS-74U]] [[assault rifle]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2015-01-07/paris-killings-show-rise-of-banned-weapons-of-war-in-france.html|title=Paris Killings Show Rise of Banned French ‘Weapons of War’|author=Helene Fouquet|date=7 January 2015|work=Bloomberg}}</ref>
|numpart =
|motive = 
}}

The '''Porte de Vincennes hostage crisis''' occurred at a [[Hypercacher]] [[Kosher foods|kosher]] supermarket in [[Porte de Vincennes]] in the wake of the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting]] two days earlier. The main perpetrator, [[Amedy Coulibaly]], was an acquaintance of Saïd and Chérif Kouachi, the perpetrators of the previous attack. Four hostages were [[Murder|murdered]] by Coulibaly, before the assailant himself was killed by police.

==Hostage-taking==
On 9 January, Amedy Coulibaly, armed with two [[AKS-74U]] [[assault rifle]]s, entered and attacked a [[Hypercacher]] [[kosher foods|kosher food]] supermarket at [[Porte de Vincennes]] in east Paris. He killed four people, all of whom were [[Jews]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jta.org/2015/01/10/news-opinion/world/auto-draft-4|title=alert bibi coming|work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|accessdate=11 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4613514,00.html|title=Four victims of terror attack on kosher supermarket named|work=ynet}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/paris-shootings-hostages-killed-jewish-supermarket-named-1482809|title=Paris shootings: Hostages killed at Jewish supermarket named|work=International Business Times UK}}</ref> and took several hostages.<ref name="BBClive">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-30722098|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: Manhunt – live reporting|publisher=BBC News|date=9 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/world/1.636178|title=Paris shooting updates / Charlie Hebdo attackers take hostage after car chase|date=9 January 2015|work=Haaretz}}</ref> Some media outlets claimed he had a female accomplice, speculated to be his wife, [[Amedy Coulibaly#Hayat Boumeddiene|Hayat Boumeddiene]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.midilibre.fr/2015/01/09/prise-d-otages-dans-une-epicerie-casher-par-un-homme-arme-porte-de-vincennes,1108461.php|title=DIRECT – Porte de Vincennes: plusieurs otages, au moins deux morts|publisher=MidiLibre.fr}}</ref>

It was later confirmed that Coulibaly was also the gunman in a shooting in [[Montrouge]] that occurred the previous day; the shooting left a female [[Municipal Police (France)|Municipal Police]] officer, Clarissa Jean-Philippe, dead.<ref name="lemonde.fr"/> A witness stated, "People were buying things when a man came in with a rifle and started shooting in all directions. I ran out. The shooting continued for several seconds."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-attacks-armed-gunman-takes-hostage-in-kosher-grocery-shop-in-east-of-city-9967968.html|title=Paris attacks: Gunman and four hostages killed at kosher grocery shop as police launch assault|date=9 January 2015|work=The Independent|accessdate=9 January 2015}}</ref>

In an interview with [[BFMTV]] during the standoff, Coulibaly stated that he targeted the Jews at the Kosher grocery to defend Muslims, notably Palestinians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2015/jan/09/charlie-hebdo-manhunt-kouachi-terrorist-links-live-updates#block-54b04e67e4b0461a99f13aea|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: French officials establish link between gunmen in both attacks — live|author=Matthew Weaver|work=the Guardian|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/09/us-france-shooting-idUSKBN0KG0Y120150109|title=French forces kill newspaper attack suspects, hostages die in second siege|work=Reuters|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> Thanks to a mobile phone line that was unintentionally left open, Amedy Coulibaly's dialogue with his hostages was recorded and transcribed by [[RTL (French radio)]].<ref name="rtlmobile">[[http://www.rtl.fr/actu/societe-faits-divers/document-rtl-quand-coulibaly-essaye-de-se-justifier-devant-ses-otages-a-l-epicerie-casher-7776161788 ''Quand Coulibaly essaye de se justifier devant ses otages à l'épicerie casher'' by Jean-Alphonse Richard. RTL, 10 January 2015]</ref> Coulibaly said his action was revenge for the Syrian government action and against the Western coalition actions in Mali, Iraq, and Afghanistan.<ref name="rtlmobile"/>

Yohan Cohen, aged 22, and Yoav Hattab, aged 21, have been hailed as heroes by their fellow hostages, having been murdered while seeking to overcome Amedy Coulibaly and free the remaining hostages in the store.{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} Coulibaly reportedly abandoned one of his rifles on a counter-top in the store as he entered after it had jammed.{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} After Coulibaly proceeded to threaten a customer with a small child at the beginning of the attack, Cohen, an employee, attempted to grab the abandoned rifle with the help of Hattab and take down Coulibaly.{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} When the malfunctioning gun jammed on Cohen at that moment, Coulibaly shot Cohen in the head, and then proceeded to shoot Hattab.{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} It is suspected{{By whom|date=January 2015}} that the remaining victims of the attack, Francois-Michel Saada and Philippe Braham, immediately sought to resist Coulibaly, as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2903950/First-chilling-image-shows-murdered-hostage-dramatic-standoff-ends-deaths-terororist-four-captives.html|title=The chief rabbi's son, shop worker saving for his marriage, teacher and pensioner: Faces of kosher deli hostages killed by Jew-hating jihadist|work=Daily Mail|accessdate=9 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4613614,00.html|title=Kosher supermarket attack victims to be laid to rest in Israel|work=ynet news|accessdate=11 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fr.news.yahoo.com/porte-vincennes-yohan-cohen-20-ans-mort-voulant-235557480.html|title=Porte de Vincennes : Yohan Cohen, "mort en voulant sauver un enfant"|work=Yahoo France|accessdate=11 January 2015}}</ref>

Lassana Bathily, a [[Mali]]an born and [[Islam in France|Muslim]]<ref name =ThisMuslimClerk>{{cite web|url=http://dailycaller.com/2015/01/10/this-muslim-clerk-at-the-paris-kosher-store-risked-his-life-to-save-jewish-shoppers/|title=This Muslim Clerk At The Paris Kosher Store Risked His Life To Save Jewish Shoppers|date=10 Jan 2015|work=The Daily Caller}}</ref><ref name=Muslimstoreworker>{{cite news|title=Paris attacks: Muslim store worker Lassana Bathily hailed as hero|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/paris-attacks-muslim-store-worker-lassana-bathily-hailed-as-hero-1.2897075}}</ref> shop assistant to whom Yohan Cohen referred as a "friend" in his personal Facebook page, has also been hailed as a hero in the hostage crisis for hiding people from the gunman and assisting police after his escape.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/10/paris-supermarket-kosher-hero-attack Lassana Bathily: the Paris kosher supermarket hero] The Guardian, 11 Jan 2015</ref> During the hostage crisis, Bathily helped hide hostages in a cold-storage container in the basement.<ref name =ThisMuslimClerk/> When Coulibaly opened fire in the store, killing Cohen, Hattab, Saada, and Braham and taking hostages, Bathily led fifteen people into the downstairs cold storage room for safety. Bathily was then able to escape alone by slipping out of the store using elevator equipment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/paris-terror-sieges-hostages-survived-by-hiding-20150110-12ll7a.html|title=Paris terror sieges: hostages survived by hiding|date=10 January 2015|work=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>

Coulibaly was reportedly in contact with the Kouachi brothers as the sieges progressed, and told police that he would kill hostages if the brothers were harmed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/paris-shooting-armed-man-takes-hostages-in-paris-kosher-store-20150109-12ldgt.html|title=Paris shooting: Armed man takes hostages in Paris kosher store|date=9 January 2015|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|accessdate=9 January 2015}}</ref> Nearby schools were placed under lock-down and local Jewish businesses were shut down as a precaution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/paris-magazine-attack/hostages-seized-kosher-supermarket-porte-de-vincennes-paris-cops-n282836|title=Hostages Seized at Kosher Supermarket in Porte de Vincennes: Paris Cops|date=9 January 2015|work=[[NBC News]]|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref>

==Police intervention==
Police stormed the grocery store and shot Coulibaly. At least four explosions were heard.<ref>[http://heavy.com/news/2015/01/amedy-coulibaly-dead-killed-jewish-hostage-france/ Amedy Coulibaly Dead: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know],'</ref><ref name="Paris Terror Attack: 4 Hostages Killed Before Police Staged Final Assault">{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/charlie-hebdo-attack-suspects-dead-hostage-safe-french/story?id=28105639|title=Paris Terror Attack: 4 Hostages Killed Before Police Staged Final Assault|author=ABC News|work=ABC News|accessdate=11 January 2015}}</ref> Fifteen hostages were rescued.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/report-suspect-in-2nd-france-cop-killing-in-hostage-situation/|title=Paris hostage situation ends with gunman dead|date=9 January 2015|publisher=[[CBS News]]|accessdate=9 January 2015}}</ref> Several people, including two police officers, were wounded during the incident.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/who-amedy-coulibaly-paris-kosher-deli-gunman-once-worked-coca-cola-was-close-kouachi-1779242|title=Who Is Amedy Coulibaly? Paris Kosher Deli Gunman Once Worked For Coca-Cola, Was Close With Kouachi Brothers|date=9 January 2015|work=International Business Times}}</ref> French President [[François Hollande]] and a prosecutor later confirmed the deaths of four people, all of which occurred before the siege began.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2015/01/09/prise-d-otages-dans-une-epicerie-casher-a-la-sortie-de-paris_1176953|title=Quatre otages tués à Paris dans une supérette casher|date=9 January 2015|work=Libération}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2015/jan/09/charlie-hebdo-manhunt-kouachi-terrorist-links-live-updates|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: French officials establish link between gunmen in both attacks — live|author=Matthew Weaver|work=the Guardian|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> Explosives tied to a detonator were later found around the store.<ref name="Paris Terror Attack: 4 Hostages Killed Before Police Staged Final Assault"/> Bathily provided information about the store to assist police.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/10/supermarket-employee-hid-customers-during-paris-attack/21554777/ Supermarket employee hid customers during Paris attack] USA Today, 10 Jan 2015</ref>
<gallery class=center heights=300px widths=225px caption="The Hypercacher supermarket, the day after the hostage-taking and attack" heights="180px">
File:Hyper Cacher porte de Vincennes attentat 6.jpg
File:Hyper Cacher porte de Vincennes attentat 5.jpg
File:Hyper Cacher porte de Vincennes attentat 10.jpg
</gallery>
{{wide image|Hyper Cacher porte de Vincennes attentat 8.jpg|800px}}

== Victims ==
[[File:Funeral of the 4 murdered in Hypercacher in Paris (1).jpg|300px|thumbnail|Funeral in Jerusalem, Israel of the four Jewish murder victims]]
* Yoav Hattab, 21, college student; son of the Chief Rabbi of [[History of the Jews in Tunisia|Tunis]].<ref name="jddquietaient">[http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Qui-etaient-les-quatre-juifs-tues-a-la-porte-de-Vincennes-711684 Qui étaient les quatre juifs tués à la porte de Vincennes?], ''Le Journal du Dimanche'', January 11, 2015</ref>
* Philippe Braham, 45, IT sales executive, and the brother of the Rabbi of the Synagogue de Pantin, serving a suburb of Paris.<ref name="jddquietaient"/>
* Yohan Cohen, 22, college student.<ref name="jddquietaient"/>
* François-Michel Saada, 64, retiree.<ref name="jddquietaient"/>

They were given the [[Legion of Honour]] by the Republic of France posthumously.<ref name="europe1">[http://www.europe1.fr/international/israel-une-ceremonie-d-etat-pour-les-victimes-juives-des-attentats-2342569 Jérusalem : pour Royal, "l'antisémitisme n'a pas sa place en France"], ''[[Europe 1]]'', January 13, 2015</ref>

They were buried at the [[Givat Shaul]] cemetery in [[Jerusalem]], [[Israel]] on January 13, 2015.<ref name="timesofisraeljonathan">Jonathan Beck, [http://www.timesofisrael.com/we-wanted-you-to-come-here-alive-laments-president-as-4-paris-victims-buried/ ‘We wanted you to come here alive,’ laments president as four Paris victims buried], ''[[The Times of Israel]]'', January 13, 2015</ref> The funeral was attended by thousands, some holding signs reading "Je suis juif" or "Je suis Israelien", with pictures of the four deceased.<ref name="worldjewishcongressfuneral">[http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/15582/thousands_attend_funeral_in_jerusalem_for_victims_of_paris_supermarket_attack Thousands attend funeral in Jerusalem for victims of Paris supermarket attack], [[World Jewish Congress]], January 13, 2015</ref> During the ceremony, Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], Israeli President [[Reuven Rivlin]] and French Ecology Minister [[Ségolène Royal]] gave brief speeches.<ref name="timesofisraeljonathan"/><ref name="worldjewishcongressfuneral"/> Royal said, “Anti-Semitism has no place in France,” said Royal. “I want to assure you of the unfailing determination of the French government to fight against all forms and acts of anti-Semitism.”<ref name="europe1"/><ref name="worldjewishcongressfuneral"/><ref name="timesofisraeljonathan"/><ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/no-place-in-france-for-anti-semistism-french-minister-segolene-royal-tells-mourners/articleshow/45871711.cms No place in France for anti-Semistism, French minister Segolene Royal tells mourners], ''[[The Economic Times]]'', January 13, 2015</ref>

==Reactions==
President [[François Hollande]] described the event as a "terrifying act of anti-Semitism."<ref>{{cite news |first=Liz |last=Alderman |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/world/europe/french-muslims-worry-about-backlash-after-charlie-hebdo-attack.html |title=After Terrorist Attacks, Many French Muslims Wonder: What Now? |newspaper= The New York Times |date= January 10, 2015}}</ref> Israel's Foreign Affairs Minister [[Avigdor Lieberman]] issued a statement, saying the attacks "[were] not just against the French people or French Jews, they're against the entire free world. This is another attempt by the dark forces of radical Islam to unleash horror and terror on the West. The entire international community must stand strong and determined in the face of this terror."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/third-shooting-paris-hostage-taken-kosher-grocery-shop-298082|title=Gunman 'Neutralized' At Kosher Supermarket Siege|date=9 January 2015|work=[[Newsweek]]|accessdate=9 January 2015}}</ref>

A [[Hamas]]-linked publication praised the attacks in Paris, and hailed those responsible as "martyrs".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/189749|title=Hamas-Linked Publication Praises 'Heroic' Paris Terrorists|date=10 January 2015|work=[[Israel National News]]}}</ref>

British novelist [[J. K. Rowling]] called Lassana Bathily, who is Muslim, "courageous and compassionate".<ref>{{cite news|title=JK Rowling attacks Rupert Murdoch for tweet blaming all Muslims for Charlie Hebdo Paris attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/jk-rowling-attacks-rupert-murdoch-tweet-blaming-all-muslims-charlie-hebdo-paris-attacks-1482912}}</ref> Israeli Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, expressed his "appreciation" for Bathily's actions.<ref name=Muslimstoreworker/>

The manager of the kosher supermarket, who was shot in the arm during the attack, has announced he would make [[aliyah]].<ref>[http://www.jta.org/2015/01/12/news-opinion/world/manager-of-attacked-paris-kosher-market-says-he-will-leave-for-israel Manager of attacked Paris kosher market says he will leave for Israel], ''[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]'', January 12, 2015</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of hostage crises]]

'''Similar incidents:'''
*[[Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting]]
*[[Strasbourg Cathedral bombing plot]]
*[[Toulouse and Montauban shootings]]

'''General:'''
* [[Antisemitism in 21st-century France]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{commonscat-inline|Porte de Vincennes hostage crisis}}
*[http://www.prefecturedepolice.interieur.gouv.fr/Nous-connaitre/Actualites/Evenements/Actualite-vigipirate-en-alerte-attentat-et-appel-a-temoins French Police wanted poster featuring Coulibaly and Boumeddiene]

{{Charlie Hebdo shooting}}

[[Category:Attacks in 2015]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in France in 2015]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 in France]]
[[Category:Islamist terrorism in France]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in France]]
[[Category:21st century in Paris]]
[[Category:Murder in France]]
[[Category:Massacres in France]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in France]]
[[Category:Antisemitic attacks and incidents]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in France]]
[[Category:Islam and antisemitism]]
[[Category:Hostage taking]]
[[Category:Charlie Hebdo shooting]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Paris]]

Geiselnahme an der Porte de Vincennes

2015-01-13T17:39:48Z

Plot Spoiler: /* Reactions */ this detail isn't necessary and off-topic

{{Merge from |Amedy Coulibaly|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
|title = kosher supermarket hostage crisis
|image =
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption =
|map =
|map_size =
|map_alt =
|map_caption=
|partof = the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|2015 ''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting]]
|location = [[Hypercacher]] kosher supermarket in [[Porte de Vincennes]], Paris, France
|target = Jewish supermarket patrons
|coordinates = {{coord|48.846963|N|2.415386|E|region:FR_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|date = {{Start date|2015|01|09|df=yes}} 13:00 [[Central European Time|CET]] –{{End date|2015|01|09|df=yes}} 17:30 [[Central European Time|CET]]
|timezone = [[UTC+01:00]]
|type = Hostage taking, terrorism
|fatalities = 5 (including 1 perpetrator)
|injuries = 9
|perps =
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant2.svg}} [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (suspected)<ref>{{cite web | title = Charlie Hebdo attack: the Kouachi brothers and the network of French Islamists with links to Islamic State | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11334249/Charlie-Hebdo-attack-the-Kouachi-brothers-and-the-network-of-French-Islamists-with-links-to-Islamic-State.html | date = 8 January 2015 | accessdate = 9 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="dailymail1">{{cite web | title = Yemen branch of al-Qaeda claim they directed attack on office of Charlie Hebdo as kosher grocery store killer said he was fighting for the Islamic State and wanted to kill Jews| url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2903970/Yemen-branch-al-Qaeda-claim-directed-attack-office-Charlie-Hebdo-kosher-grocery-store-killer-said-fighting-Islamic-State-wanted-kill-Jews.html | date = 9 January 2015 | accessdate = 9 January 2015}}</ref>
|perpetrators=[[Amedy Coulibaly]],<ref name="lemonde.fr">[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2015/01/09/fusillade-de-montrouge-suspect-identifie-deux-nouvelles-interpellations_4552503_3224.html Le suspect de Montrouge, Amedy Coulibaly, était bien le tireur de Vincennes], ''Le Monde''</ref> [[Amedy Coulibaly#Girlfriend|Hayat Boumeddiene]]{{dubious|date=January 2015}}
|weapons = Two [[AKS-74U]] [[assault rifle]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2015-01-07/paris-killings-show-rise-of-banned-weapons-of-war-in-france.html|title=Paris Killings Show Rise of Banned French ‘Weapons of War’|author=Helene Fouquet|date=7 January 2015|work=Bloomberg}}</ref>
|numpart =
|motive = 
}}

The '''Porte de Vincennes hostage crisis''' occurred at a [[Hypercacher]] [[Kosher foods|kosher]] supermarket in [[Porte de Vincennes]] in the wake of the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting]] two days earlier. The main perpetrator, [[Amedy Coulibaly]], was an acquaintance of Saïd and Chérif Kouachi, the perpetrators of the previous attack. Four hostages were [[Murder|murdered]] by Coulibaly, before the assailant himself was killed by police.

==Hostage-taking==
On 9 January, Amedy Coulibaly, armed with two [[AKS-74U]] [[assault rifle]]s, entered and attacked a [[Hypercacher]] [[kosher foods|kosher food]] supermarket at [[Porte de Vincennes]] in east Paris. He killed four people, all of whom were [[Jews]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jta.org/2015/01/10/news-opinion/world/auto-draft-4|title=alert bibi coming|work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|accessdate=11 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4613514,00.html|title=Four victims of terror attack on kosher supermarket named|work=ynet}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/paris-shootings-hostages-killed-jewish-supermarket-named-1482809|title=Paris shootings: Hostages killed at Jewish supermarket named|work=International Business Times UK}}</ref> and took several hostages.<ref name="BBClive">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-30722098|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: Manhunt – live reporting|publisher=BBC News|date=9 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/world/1.636178|title=Paris shooting updates / Charlie Hebdo attackers take hostage after car chase|date=9 January 2015|work=Haaretz}}</ref> Some media outlets claimed he had a female accomplice, speculated to be his wife, [[Amedy Coulibaly#Hayat Boumeddiene|Hayat Boumeddiene]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.midilibre.fr/2015/01/09/prise-d-otages-dans-une-epicerie-casher-par-un-homme-arme-porte-de-vincennes,1108461.php|title=DIRECT – Porte de Vincennes: plusieurs otages, au moins deux morts|publisher=MidiLibre.fr}}</ref>

It was later confirmed that Coulibaly was also the gunman in a shooting in [[Montrouge]] that occurred the previous day; the shooting left a female [[Municipal Police (France)|Municipal Police]] officer, Clarissa Jean-Philippe, dead.<ref name="lemonde.fr"/> A witness stated, "People were buying things when a man came in with a rifle and started shooting in all directions. I ran out. The shooting continued for several seconds."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-attacks-armed-gunman-takes-hostage-in-kosher-grocery-shop-in-east-of-city-9967968.html|title=Paris attacks: Gunman and four hostages killed at kosher grocery shop as police launch assault|date=9 January 2015|work=The Independent|accessdate=9 January 2015}}</ref>

In an interview with [[BFMTV]] during the standoff, Coulibaly stated that he targeted the Jews at the Kosher grocery to defend Muslims, notably Palestinians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2015/jan/09/charlie-hebdo-manhunt-kouachi-terrorist-links-live-updates#block-54b04e67e4b0461a99f13aea|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: French officials establish link between gunmen in both attacks — live|author=Matthew Weaver|work=the Guardian|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/09/us-france-shooting-idUSKBN0KG0Y120150109|title=French forces kill newspaper attack suspects, hostages die in second siege|work=Reuters|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> Thanks to a mobile phone line that was unintentionally left open, Amedy Coulibaly's dialogue with his hostages was recorded and transcribed by [[RTL (French radio)]].<ref name="rtlmobile">[[http://www.rtl.fr/actu/societe-faits-divers/document-rtl-quand-coulibaly-essaye-de-se-justifier-devant-ses-otages-a-l-epicerie-casher-7776161788 ''Quand Coulibaly essaye de se justifier devant ses otages à l'épicerie casher'' by Jean-Alphonse Richard. RTL, 10 January 2015]</ref> Coulibaly said his action was revenge for the Syrian government action and against the Western coalition actions in Mali, Iraq, and Afghanistan.<ref name="rtlmobile"/>

Yohan Cohen, aged 22, and Yoav Hattab, aged 21, have been hailed as heroes by their fellow hostages, having been murdered while seeking to overcome Amedy Coulibaly and free the remaining hostages in the store.{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} Coulibaly reportedly abandoned one of his rifles on a counter-top in the store as he entered after it had jammed.{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} After Coulibaly proceeded to threaten a customer with a small child at the beginning of the attack, Cohen, an employee, attempted to grab the abandoned rifle with the help of Hattab and take down Coulibaly.{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} When the malfunctioning gun jammed on Cohen at that moment, Coulibaly shot Cohen in the head, and then proceeded to shoot Hattab.{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} It is suspected{{By whom|date=January 2015}} that the remaining victims of the attack, Francois-Michel Saada and Philippe Braham, immediately sought to resist Coulibaly, as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2903950/First-chilling-image-shows-murdered-hostage-dramatic-standoff-ends-deaths-terororist-four-captives.html|title=The chief rabbi's son, shop worker saving for his marriage, teacher and pensioner: Faces of kosher deli hostages killed by Jew-hating jihadist|work=Daily Mail|accessdate=9 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4613614,00.html|title=Kosher supermarket attack victims to be laid to rest in Israel|work=ynet news|accessdate=11 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fr.news.yahoo.com/porte-vincennes-yohan-cohen-20-ans-mort-voulant-235557480.html|title=Porte de Vincennes : Yohan Cohen, "mort en voulant sauver un enfant"|work=Yahoo France|accessdate=11 January 2015}}</ref>

Lassana Bathily, a [[Mali]]an born and [[Islam in France|Muslim]]<ref name =ThisMuslimClerk>{{cite web|url=http://dailycaller.com/2015/01/10/this-muslim-clerk-at-the-paris-kosher-store-risked-his-life-to-save-jewish-shoppers/|title=This Muslim Clerk At The Paris Kosher Store Risked His Life To Save Jewish Shoppers|date=10 Jan 2015|work=The Daily Caller}}</ref><ref name=Muslimstoreworker>{{cite news|title=Paris attacks: Muslim store worker Lassana Bathily hailed as hero|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/paris-attacks-muslim-store-worker-lassana-bathily-hailed-as-hero-1.2897075}}</ref> shop assistant to whom Yohan Cohen referred as a "friend" in his personal Facebook page, has also been hailed as a hero in the hostage crisis for hiding people from the gunman and assisting police after his escape.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/10/paris-supermarket-kosher-hero-attack Lassana Bathily: the Paris kosher supermarket hero] The Guardian, 11 Jan 2015</ref> During the hostage crisis, Bathily helped to hide hostages in a cold-storage container in the basement.<ref name =ThisMuslimClerk/> When Coulibaly opened fire in the store, killing Cohen, Hattab, Saada, and Braham and taking hostages, Bathily led fifteen people into the downstairs cold storage room for safety. Bathily was then able to escape alone by slipping out of the store using elevator equipment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/paris-terror-sieges-hostages-survived-by-hiding-20150110-12ll7a.html|title=Paris terror sieges: hostages survived by hiding|date=10 January 2015|work=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>

Coulibaly was reportedly in contact with the Kouachi brothers as the sieges progressed, and told police that he would kill hostages if the brothers were harmed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/paris-shooting-armed-man-takes-hostages-in-paris-kosher-store-20150109-12ldgt.html|title=Paris shooting: Armed man takes hostages in Paris kosher store|date=9 January 2015|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|accessdate=9 January 2015}}</ref> Nearby schools were placed under lock-down and local Jewish businesses were shut down as a precaution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/paris-magazine-attack/hostages-seized-kosher-supermarket-porte-de-vincennes-paris-cops-n282836|title=Hostages Seized at Kosher Supermarket in Porte de Vincennes: Paris Cops|date=9 January 2015|work=[[NBC News]]|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref>

==Police intervention==
Police stormed the grocery store and shot Coulibaly. At least four explosions were heard.<ref>[http://heavy.com/news/2015/01/amedy-coulibaly-dead-killed-jewish-hostage-france/ Amedy Coulibaly Dead: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know],'</ref><ref name="Paris Terror Attack: 4 Hostages Killed Before Police Staged Final Assault">{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/charlie-hebdo-attack-suspects-dead-hostage-safe-french/story?id=28105639|title=Paris Terror Attack: 4 Hostages Killed Before Police Staged Final Assault|author=ABC News|work=ABC News|accessdate=11 January 2015}}</ref> Fifteen hostages were rescued.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/report-suspect-in-2nd-france-cop-killing-in-hostage-situation/|title=Paris hostage situation ends with gunman dead|date=9 January 2015|publisher=[[CBS News]]|accessdate=9 January 2015}}</ref> Several people, including two police officers, were wounded during the incident.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/who-amedy-coulibaly-paris-kosher-deli-gunman-once-worked-coca-cola-was-close-kouachi-1779242|title=Who Is Amedy Coulibaly? Paris Kosher Deli Gunman Once Worked For Coca-Cola, Was Close With Kouachi Brothers|date=9 January 2015|work=International Business Times}}</ref> French President [[François Hollande]] and a prosecutor later confirmed the deaths of four people, all of which occurred before the siege began.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2015/01/09/prise-d-otages-dans-une-epicerie-casher-a-la-sortie-de-paris_1176953|title=Quatre otages tués à Paris dans une supérette casher|date=9 January 2015|work=Libération}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2015/jan/09/charlie-hebdo-manhunt-kouachi-terrorist-links-live-updates|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: French officials establish link between gunmen in both attacks — live|author=Matthew Weaver|work=the Guardian|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> Explosives tied to a detonator were later found around the store.<ref name="Paris Terror Attack: 4 Hostages Killed Before Police Staged Final Assault"/> Bathily provided information about the store to assist police.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/10/supermarket-employee-hid-customers-during-paris-attack/21554777/ Supermarket employee hid customers during Paris attack] USA Today, 10 Jan 2015</ref>
<gallery class=center heights=300px widths=225px caption="The Hypercacher supermarket, the day after the hostage-taking and attack" heights="180px">
File:Hyper Cacher porte de Vincennes attentat 6.jpg
File:Hyper Cacher porte de Vincennes attentat 5.jpg
File:Hyper Cacher porte de Vincennes attentat 10.jpg
</gallery>
{{wide image|Hyper Cacher porte de Vincennes attentat 8.jpg|800px}}

== Victims ==
* Yoav Hattab, 21, college student; son of the Chief Rabbi of [[History of the Jews in Tunisia|Tunis]].<ref name="jddquietaient">[http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Qui-etaient-les-quatre-juifs-tues-a-la-porte-de-Vincennes-711684 Qui étaient les quatre juifs tués à la porte de Vincennes?], ''Le Journal du Dimanche'', January 11, 2015</ref>
* Philippe Braham, 45, IT sales executive, and the brother of the Rabbi of the Synagogue de Pantin, serving a suburb of Paris.<ref name="jddquietaient"/>
* Yohan Cohen, 22, college student.<ref name="jddquietaient"/>
* François-Michel Saada, 64, retiree.<ref name="jddquietaient"/>

They were given the [[Legion of Honour]] by the Republic of France posthumously.<ref name="europe1">[http://www.europe1.fr/international/israel-une-ceremonie-d-etat-pour-les-victimes-juives-des-attentats-2342569 Jérusalem : pour Royal, "l'antisémitisme n'a pas sa place en France"], ''[[Europe 1]]'', January 13, 2015</ref>

They were buried at the [[Givat Shaul]] cemetery in [[Jerusalem]], [[Israel]] on January 13, 2015.<ref name="timesofisraeljonathan">Jonathan Beck, [http://www.timesofisrael.com/we-wanted-you-to-come-here-alive-laments-president-as-4-paris-victims-buried/ ‘We wanted you to come here alive,’ laments president as four Paris victims buried], ''[[The Times of Israel]]'', January 13, 2015</ref> The funeral was attended by thousands, some holding signs reading "Je suis juif" or "Je suis Israelien", with pictures of the four deceased.<ref name="worldjewishcongressfuneral">[http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/15582/thousands_attend_funeral_in_jerusalem_for_victims_of_paris_supermarket_attack Thousands attend funeral in Jerusalem for victims of Paris supermarket attack], [[World Jewish Congress]], January 13, 2015</ref> During the ceremony, Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], Israeli President [[Reuven Rivlin]] and French Ecology Minister [[Ségolène Royal]] gave brief speeches.<ref name="timesofisraeljonathan"/><ref name="worldjewishcongressfuneral"/> Royal said, “Anti-Semitism has no place in France,” said Royal. “I want to assure you of the unfailing determination of the French government to fight against all forms and acts of anti-Semitism.”<ref name="europe1"/><ref name="worldjewishcongressfuneral"/><ref name="timesofisraeljonathan"/><ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/no-place-in-france-for-anti-semistism-french-minister-segolene-royal-tells-mourners/articleshow/45871711.cms No place in France for anti-Semistism, French minister Segolene Royal tells mourners], ''[[The Economic Times]]'', January 13, 2015</ref>

==Reactions==
President [[François Hollande]] described the event as a "terrifying act of anti-Semitism."<ref>{{cite news |first=Liz |last=Alderman |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/world/europe/french-muslims-worry-about-backlash-after-charlie-hebdo-attack.html |title=After Terrorist Attacks, Many French Muslims Wonder: What Now? |newspaper= The New York Times |date= January 10, 2015}}</ref> Israel's Foreign Affairs Minister [[Avigdor Lieberman]] issued a statement, saying the attacks "[were] not just against the French people or French Jews, they're against the entire free world. This is another attempt by the dark forces of radical Islam to unleash horror and terror on the West. The entire international community must stand strong and determined in the face of this terror."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/third-shooting-paris-hostage-taken-kosher-grocery-shop-298082|title=Gunman 'Neutralized' At Kosher Supermarket Siege|date=9 January 2015|work=[[Newsweek]]|accessdate=9 January 2015}}</ref>

A [[Hamas]]-linked publication praised the attacks in Paris, and hailed those responsible as "martyrs".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/189749|title=Hamas-Linked Publication Praises 'Heroic' Paris Terrorists|date=10 January 2015|work=[[Israel National News]]}}</ref>

Children's author [[J. K. Rowling]] called Lassana Bathily "courageous and compassionate".<ref>{{cite news|title=JK Rowling attacks Rupert Murdoch for tweet blaming all Muslims for Charlie Hebdo Paris attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/jk-rowling-attacks-rupert-murdoch-tweet-blaming-all-muslims-charlie-hebdo-paris-attacks-1482912}}</ref> Israeli Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, expressed his "appreciation" for Bathily's actions.<ref name=Muslimstoreworker/>

The manager of the kosher supermarket, who was shot in the arm during the attack, has announced he would make [[aliyah]].<ref>[http://www.jta.org/2015/01/12/news-opinion/world/manager-of-attacked-paris-kosher-market-says-he-will-leave-for-israel Manager of attacked Paris kosher market says he will leave for Israel], ''[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]'', January 12, 2015</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of hostage crises]]

'''Similar incidents:'''
*[[Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting]]
*[[Strasbourg Cathedral bombing plot]]
*[[Toulouse and Montauban shootings]]

'''General:'''
* [[Antisemitism in 21st-century France]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Porte de Vincennes hostage crisis}}
*[http://www.prefecturedepolice.interieur.gouv.fr/Nous-connaitre/Actualites/Evenements/Actualite-vigipirate-en-alerte-attentat-et-appel-a-temoins French Police wanted poster featuring Coulibaly and Boumeddiene]

{{Charlie Hebdo shooting}}

[[Category:Attacks in 2015]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in France in 2015]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 in France]]
[[Category:Islamist terrorism in France]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in France]]
[[Category:21st century in Paris]]
[[Category:Murder in France]]
[[Category:Massacres in France]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in France]]
[[Category:Antisemitic attacks and incidents]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in France]]
[[Category:Islam and antisemitism]]
[[Category:Hostage taking]]
[[Category:Charlie Hebdo shooting]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Paris]]

Richard A. Falk

2014-11-28T05:16:05Z

Plot Spoiler: not current office holder

{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix =
|name = Richard A. Falk
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|honorific-suffix =
|image =
|imagesize =
|smallimage = 
|alt =
|caption =
|office = [[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967
|term_start = 26 March 2008
|term_end = 2014
|predecessor = [[John Dugard]]
|successor = Makarim Wibisono
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1930|11|13}}
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|restingplace =
|restingplacecoordinates =
|birthname =
|citizenship =
|nationality = United States
|party =
|otherparty = 
|spouse = Hilal Elver
|partner = 
|relations =
|children =
|residence =
|alma_mater =
|occupation =
|profession = [[Professor Emeritus]] of [[International Law]] at [[Princeton University]]
|religion = Ecumenicalism , Judaism<ref name=FalkJan2011> Richard Falk, [http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2011/01/15/on-jewish-identity/ On Jewish Identity], Falk blog entry, January 15, 2011:'In my case I have at various times been inspired and enlightened by the practices and wisdom of Christian, Buddhist, Islamic, Hindu, Taoist, and indigenous peoples. And in a more mundane sense, I think that the future of humanity will be greatly enhanced if these various religious and wisdom traditions are ecumenically and inclusively embraced by more and more people throughout the world, providing a thickening societal and civilizational fiber for human solidarity. this sense, I want to say, yes I am Jewish, and proud of it, but I am equally indigenous, Sufi, Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim, and Christian to the extent that I allow myself to participate in their rituals, partake of their sacred texts, and seek and avail myself of the opportunity to sit at the feet of their masters.'</ref>
|signature =
|signature_alt =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Richard Anderson Falk''' (born November 13, 1930)<ref>[http://americanjewisharchives.org/media/docs/concise/f.pdf American Jewish Archives website], p. 146 of listing of individuals by name.</ref> is an [[United States|American]] [[professor emeritus]] of [[international law]] at [[Princeton University]].<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" > Martin Griffiths,
[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=FU3g49XcKwcC&pg=PT74 ''Fifty Key Thinkers in International Relations,'' ] Routledge 1999 p.74</ref> He is the author or co-author of 20 books and the editor or co-editor of another 20 volumes,<ref>[http://uscpublicdiplomacy.com/index.php/events/events_detail/76/ Dean’s Open Forum, Richard Falk], [[USC Center on Public Diplomacy]], November 4, 2004.</ref> In 2008, the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] (UNHRC) appointed Falk to a six-year term as a [[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] on "the situation of human rights in the [[Palestinian territories]] occupied since 1967."<ref name="UN_Falkappointed">{{cite web|title=Human Rights Council elects Advisory Committee Members and approves a number of Special Procedures mandate holders|publisher=[[United Nations]]|date=March 26, 2008|url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.nsf/2ee9468747556b2d85256cf60060d2a6/0da4ba56ade85249852574190058d462!OpenDocument|accessdate=January 1, 2009|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5dViuhEdA|archivedate=January 1, 2009}}</ref> He has been variously criticized by U.S. ambassador [[Susan Rice]] and [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] [[Ban Ki-moon]] for his outspoken positions on Israel and the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref name="JP"/><ref name="TJA"/>

==Early Life and education==
Falk was born into an [[Jewish assimilation|assimilationist]] New York Jewish family which all but repudiated the ethnic side of Jewishness.<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /> Defining himself as "an American Jew", he says that having an outsider status, with a sense of not belonging, may have influenced his later role as a critic of American foreign policy.<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /><ref name="Slouching">Richard Falk, [http://www.tni.org/archives/falk_palestinianholocaust ''Slouching toward a Palestinian Holocaust''], [[Transnational Institute]], June 29, 2007.</ref><ref name=FalkJan2011/> His being Jewish signifies above all for Falk,'to be preoccupied with overcoming injustice and thirsting for justice in the world, and that means being respectful toward other peoples regardless of their nationality or religion, and empathetic in the face of human suffering whoever and wherever victimization is encountered.'<ref name=FalkJan2011 />

Falk obtained a [[Bachelor of Science]] in Economics from the [[Wharton School]], [[University of Pennsylvania]] in 1952 before completing a [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree at [[Yale University]].<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /><ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /><ref name=PRF>{{cite web|title=Profile Richard Falk|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/profile/richard-falk.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=09/02/2013}}</ref>He obtained his [[Doctor of Laws|Doctorate in Law]] (SJD) from [[Harvard University]] in 1962. His early thinking was influenced by readings of [[Karl Marx]], [[Herbert Marcuse]], and [[C. Wright Mills]], and he developed an overriding concern with projects to abolish war and aggression as social institutions.<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" />

===Personal Life===
Falk is married to Hilal Elver who holds a SJD from the [[University of California, Los Angeles School of Law]], a PhD from the [[University of Ankara]] School of Law, is a Research Professor and co-director of the Project on Global Climate Change, Human Security, and Democracy housed at the Orfalea Center of the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]], and an editor at the [[Middle East Research and Information Project]].<ref>[http://www.merip.org/author/hilal-elver], Middle East Research and Information Project. Retrieved 21 October 2014.</ref>

===Professional career===
Falk began his teaching career at [[Ohio State University]] and [[Harvard]] in the late 1950s.<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /> He moved to [[Princeton University]] in 1961, which became his academic home for over thirty years. He was appointed [[Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy#Albert G. Milbank|Albert G. Milbank]] Professor of International Law and Practice in 1965, a position he currently retains as Emeritus professor.<ref name="fidh.org">[http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/falk_affidavit.pdf Richard Falk affidavit, "On Universal Jurisdiction and the Role of National Courts with Respect to the Criminal Complaint Lodged in Germany Against Donald Rumsfeld and Other United States Government High Officials," 2006]</ref> In 1985 he was made a [[Guggenheim Fellow]].<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /> He retired from teaching in 2001.<ref name="fidh.org"/> Since 2002 he has been a research professor at the Orfalea Center for Global & International Studies at [[University of California, Santa Barbara]]. He currently directs "Global Climate Change, Human Security, and Democracy" project.<ref>[http://www.global.ucsb.edu/orfaleacenter/fellows/Falk.html Richard Falk Profile], Orfalea Center for Global & International Studies at [[University of California, Santa Barbara]].</ref>

Falk is a critic of the [[Westphalian sovereignty|Westphalian system of nation states]], which he argues must be transcended by a more international institution to control the resort to force by nations,<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /> as the world moves towards a global ethos in which states renounce their boundary-obsessed territorialism in exchange for a regime of consensually negotiated aims, in which national leaders must be subject to accountability.<ref>Thomas C. Heller, Abraham D.Sofaer,'Sovereignty: The Practitioners' Perspective,' in Stephen D. Krasner (ed.) [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=tPngD78_p3cC&pg=PT68 ''Problematic Sovereignty: Contested Rules and Political Possibilities,''] Columbia University Press 2001 pp.24-52, p.42.</ref> With regard to specific geopolitical situations, he has published a number of books and essays analyzing the ideological aspects of the American Human Rights Debate,<ref>Richard A. Falk, 'Ideological Patterns in the United States Human Rights Debate, 1945-1978,' in Natalie Kaufman Hevener (ed.) [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=a1Nr6D6P-LsC&pg=PA29 ''The Dynamics of Human Rights in United States Foreign Policy,''] Transaction Publishers (1981) 1983 pp.29-52. </ref> the [[legality of the Vietnam War]] and other [[military operation]]s. With regard to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], he wrote that it is "inescapable that an objective observer would reach the conclusion that this [[Iraq War]] is a [[war of aggression]], and as such, that it amounts to a Crime against Peace of the sort for which surviving German leaders were indicted, prosecuted and punished at the [[Nuremberg trials]] conducted shortly after the [[Second World War]]."<ref>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2008/stories/20030425004002300.htm ''Frontline''], Volume 20, Issue 08, April 12–25, 2003.</ref>

===Activism===
Falk's engagement with politics began at [[Ohio State University]], where in the 1960s as a member of the faculty of law he was a witness to racism targeted at black students. His move to Princeton University, where the teaching of law was linked to politics, international relations and other social sciences allowed Falk to integrate his professional expertise in international law with his ethical and political values. Falk aimed to combine his academic work with political activism in a role he described as a 'citizen-pilgrim'. .<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" />
{{Quote|The essential inquiry of a citizen-pilgrim is to discover how to make desirable, yet unlikely, social movements succeed. The movements against slavery, colonialism, racial discrimination, and patriarchy are some instances. My overriding concern is to foster an abolitionist movement against war and aggression as social institutions, which implies the gradual construction of a new world order that assures basic human needs of all people, that safeguards the environment, that protects the fundamental human rights of all individuals and groups without encroaching upon the precarious resources of cultural diversity, and that works toward the non-violent resolution of intersocietal conflicts..<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" />}}

Falk has written for various publications including ''[[The Nation]]'',<ref name=NationProfile/> ''[[The Huffington Post]]'',<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-falk Richard Falk page] at [[The Huffington Post]] website.</ref> [[Al Jazeera]],<ref>Richard Falk, [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/11/20121186441573728.html Interpreting Obama’s Victory], [[Al Jazeera]], November 9, 2012.</ref> ''[[CounterPunch]]''<ref>Richard Falk and David Krieger, [http://www.counterpunch.org/2002/08/24/no-war-against-iraq/ No War against Iraq], [[CounterPunch]], August 24–26, 2002.</ref> and the ''Palestine Chronicle''.<ref>Richard Falk, [http://palestinechronicle.com/gaza-ceasefire-an-early-assessment/ Gaza Ceasefire: An Early Assessment], the Palestine Chronicle, November 24, 2012.</ref> He is a member of the [[Editorial Board]]s of ''The Nation''<ref name=NationProfile>[http://www.thenation.com/authors/richard-falk# Richard Falk page] at [[The Nation]]</ref> and ''[[The Progressive]]''. He has spoken on college campuses<ref>
*Marwa Farag, [http://www.stanforddaily.com/2012/02/07/un-representative-discusses-middle-east/ UN representative challenges Middle East peace process], [[The Stanford Daily]], February 7, 2012
*[http://www.uctv.tv/shows/Envisioning-a-Different-Future-for-U-S-Relations-with-India-Pakistan-and-Afghanistan-Part-1-How-Did-We-Get-Here-18188 Envisioning a Different Future for U.S. Relations with India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan Part 1 "How Did We Get Here?"], [[UCTV (University of California)|University of California TV]], April 5, 2010</ref> and for organizations.<ref>
*{{cite web|url=http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/ht/d/ContentDetails/i/7143|title=Imagining Israel-Palestine Peace: Why International Law Matters|publisher=Thejerusalemfund.org|date=2009-10-08|accessdate=2010-07-23}}
*[http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2006/02/23_falk_nuclear-precipice.htm At the Nuclear Precipice: Nuclear Weapons and the Abandonment of International Law 2006], International Law Symposium, Public Forum, February 23, 2006.
*[http://www.kirotv.com/events/detail/1685243/ "The Economic, Legal and Moral Costs of War: A Forum on Israel, Palestine and the United States"] [[KIRO-TV]] event announcement, June 2012; Annie Roberts, [http://mondoweiss.net/2012/06/richard-falk-no-issue-confronting-us-needs-more-open-debate-than-moral-and-political-cost-of-ip-policy-going-back-to-uss-liberty.html Richard Falk: No issue needs more open debate than moral and political cost of I/P policy], [[Mondoweiss]], June 11, 2012.</ref>

Falk is Chair of the Board of the [[Nuclear Age Peace Foundation]].<ref>[http://www.wagingpeace.org/menu/resources/speakers-bureau/#falk Richard Falk profile], [[Nuclear Age Peace Foundation]], ''accessed December 23, 2012.''</ref><ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/politics/people/display_person.xml?netid=rfalk&display=All Princeton University] faculty profile.</ref> He is on the advisory board of Faculty for Israeli-Palestinian Peace-USA (FFIPP-USA), a group that describes itself as "working for an end of the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories and just peace";<ref>[http://www.ffipp.org/about_us FFIPP-USA (Faculty for Israeli-Palestinian Peace-USA) "About Us"] web site.</ref> it calls for "international sanctions" against Israel while saying "academics should think carefully before developing research links and exchanges with Israelis [by] ascertaining whether they are part of the military machine or work to sustain the occupation".<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2006/may/24/internationaleducationnews.highereducation], originally published at [[the Guardian newspaper]], The Guardian web site, 24 May 2006.</ref>

Falk is a former advisory board member of the [[Citizens for Global Solutions|World Federalist Institute]] and the [http://www.amwg.org/ American Movement for World Government],<ref>[http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/f/falk_ra.htm Richard A. Falk Papers biography], [[Syracuse University]] website ''accessed June 12, 2013''.</ref> as well as a former fellow at the [[Transnational Institute]].<ref name="Slouching"/> During 1999–2000, Falk worked on the [[Independent International Commission on Kosovo]], an initiative of the [[Prime Minister of Sweden]] [[Göran Persson]].<ref>[http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/thekosovoreport.htm2001 Report on Kosovo], Independent International Commission on Kosovo, 2000, ''accessed December 23, 2012''.</ref> For several years Falk served on the board of [[Human Rights Watch]] [[Santa Barbara, California]], until he was asked to resign.<ref>Anna Sheinman, [http://www.thejc.com/news/world-news/94669/un-expert-palestinian-territories-removed-human-rights-watch-committee-0 UN expert on Palestinian territories removed from Human Rights Watch committee], [[The Jewish Chronicle]], December 19, 2012.</ref>

==Appointments at the United Nations==

===United Nations Human Rights Inquiry Commission for the Palestinian territories===

In 2001 Falk served on a [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (OHCHR) Inquiry Commission for the Palestinian territories<ref>[http://www.globalpolicy.org/security-council/index-of-countries-on-the-security-council-agenda/israel-palestine-and-the-occupied-territories/50404-israelpalestine-conflict-interview-with-richard-falk.html Harpreet Kaur Paul interviewing Richard Falk], [[Global Policy Forum]], June 2, 2011</ref> with [[John Dugard]], a South African based in [[Leiden University]] in the [[Netherlands]], and [[Kamal Hussein]], former [[foreign minister]] of [[Bangladesh]]. Falk stated the two main issues were: "One is evaluating whether the conditions of occupation are such as to give the Palestinians some kind of right of resistance. And if they have that right, then what are the limits to that right?" and "The other issue at stake in this current inquiry is to evaluate how Israel as the occupying power is carrying out its responsibility to protect the society that is subject to its control."<ref name=Dienst>{{cite web|title=Falk evaluates Mideast violence with U.N. team|url=http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pwb/01/0219/3a.shtml|work=Vol. 90, No. 17|publisher=Princeton University|author=Karin Dienst|archivedate=1 July 2001|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20010701212526/http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pwb/01/0219/3a.shtml|date=19 February 2001}}</ref> After its investigation the commission issued a report entitled "Question of the violation of human rights in the occupied Arab territories, including Palestine".<ref name=ECN42001121>{{cite web|title=QUESTION OF THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE OCCUPIED ARAB TERRITORIES, INCLUDING PALESTINE|url=http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/4A5FCB3241D55A7885256A1E006E75AD|work=E/CN.4/2001/121: Report of the human rights inquiry commission established pursuant to Commission resolution S-5/1 of 19 October 2000|publisher=United Nations|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051202025015/http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/TestFrame/19cfafb52ab5fc2bc1256a11005de32c?Opendocument|archivedate=2 December 2005|date=16 March 2001}}</ref>

===United Nations Special Rapporteur on Palestinian human rights===

On March 26, 2008, the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] (UNHRC) appointed Falk to a six-year term as a [[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] on "the situation of human rights in the [[Palestinian Territories|Palestinian territories]] occupied since 1967."<ref name="UN_Falkappointed"/> Falk replaced South African professor [[John Dugard]] who left his post in June 2008 after seven years.<ref name=BBC>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6390755.stm UN envoy hits Israel 'apartheid'], BBC, February 23, 2007</ref> Falk's appointment expired in May 2014.<ref>[http://www.internationallawjournaloflondon.com/interview-with-prof.-richard-falk.html], [[International Law Journal of London]], June 30, 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2014.</ref>

====Response to appointment====

The appointment of Falk was reached through a [[consensus]] decision by the 47 members of the UN's Human Rights Council. Despite attempts from Jewish groups to persuade the EU and Canada to publicly oppose the appointment the EU remained silent, while Canada chose not to oppose the consensus, instead issuing a statement distancing itself from the choice.<ref>[http://www.forward.com/articles/13037 "U.N. Taps American Jewish Critic of Israel as Rights Expert"], ''[[The Forward]]'', April 4, 2008.</ref>

According to a UN press release, then [[Israel]]i Ambassador to the United Nations [[Itzhak Levanon]]<ref>[http://www.eyeontheun.org/assets/attachments/documents/4835_Israel_on_OPT_at_HRC.pdf Statement by H.E. permanent resident Ambassador to the United Nations Itzhak Levanon, March 22, 2007]</ref> strongly criticized the appointment stating that Falk had written in an article that it was not "an irresponsible overstatement to associate the treatment of Palestinians with the criminalized [[Nazi]] record of collective atrocity", arguing that "someone who had publicly and repeatedly stated such views could not possibly be considered independent, impartial or objective".<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/5dViuhEdA Human Rights Council Elects Advisory Committee Members], [[United Nations]] press release, March 26, 2008.</ref>
According to the [[The Jewish Daily Forward]] Falk actually said: "Is it an irresponsible overstatement to associate the treatment of Palestinians with this criminalized Nazi record of collective atrocity? I think not."<ref>[http://www.forward.com/articles/13037 "U.N. Taps American Jewish Critic of Israel as Rights Expert"], ''[[The Forward]]'', April 4, 2008.</ref> Levanon further stated that, "He has taken part in a UN fact-finding mission which determined that [[suicide bombing]]s were a valid method of 'struggle'. He has disturbingly charged Israel with 'genocidal tendencies', and accused it of trying to achieve security through '[[state terrorism]]'. Someone who has publicly and repeatedly stated such views cannot possibly be considered independent, impartial or objective."<ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1206446111162&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull "UNHRC appointment infuriates Israel"], ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', March 26, 2008.</ref> The [[Israeli government]] announced it would deny Falk a visa to Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, at least until the September 2008 meeting of the Human Rights Council.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/972974.html "Israel to bar UN official for comparing Israelis to Nazis"], ''Haaretz'', April 8, 2008.</ref>

The UN press release reported that the Palestinian representative, Mohammad Abu-Koash, said that it was "ironic that Israel which claimed to be representing Jews everywhere was campaigning against a Jewish professor who had been nominated for the post of Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.'" The Palestinian statement went on to refer to Falk as the "author of 54 books on international law", concluding that his appointment was "a victory for good sense and human rights, as he was a highly qualified rapporteur."<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/5dViuhEdA Human Rights Council Elects Advisory Committee Members], [[United Nations]] press release, March 26, 2008.</ref>

Former [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]], [[John R. Bolton|John Bolton]], criticized Falk's appointment to the United Nations Human Rights Council, stating that "This is exactly why we voted against the new human rights council", and that "He was picked for a reason, and the reason is not to have an objective assessment — the objective is to find more ammunition to go after Israel."<ref name=Lake>Eli Lake, [http://www.nysun.com/news/foreign/un-official-calls-study-neocons-role-911 "U.N. Official Calls for Study Of Neocons' Role in 9/11"], ''[[The New York Sun]]'', April 10, 2008</ref>

===UN Investigations and reports===

====2008====
In May 2008 Israel refused to admit Falk to gather information for a report. The [[National Lawyers Guild]] urged Israel to permit Falk entry, stating "Falk made no claims any different from those made by John Dugard, the man he was to replace, in several reports on conditions in the Occupied Territories."<ref name=CommonDreams>[http://www.commondreams.org/news2008/0423-05.htm Press Release: National Lawyers Guild Urges Israel to Permit Richard Falk to Enter Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories], ''[[Common Dreams]]'', April 23, 2008.</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] issued a statement asking Israel to reverse its expulsion of Falk from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.<ref>[http://www.hrw.org/news/2008/12/17/israel-reverse-expulsion-human-rights-rapporteur Israel: Reverse Expulsion of Human Rights Rapporteur], [[Human Rights Watch]] website,
December 17, 2008, accessed December 19, 2012.</ref> In a July 2008 interview Falk stated the constraints would ''"limit my exposure to the direct realities. But I think it's quite possible to perform this role without that exposure. Barring my entry complicates my task but doesn't make it undoable."''<ref>Linda Mamoun, [http://www.alternet.org/module/printversion/91225 "Israel Bars UN Human Rights Watchdog From Occupied Territories"], [[Alternet]] reprint of [[The Nation]] article, posted on July 11, 2008.</ref>

In June 2008, Falk proposed to the Human Rights Council that his mandate to investigate violations of international humanitarian law in the Palestinian territories be extended to include possible Palestinian infringements. He stated his goal was to "insulate" the Council, which is dominated by Islamic and African states, usually supported by [[China]], [[Cuba]] and [[Russia]], "from those who contend that its work is tainted by partisan politics".<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/993320.html "UN official who compared Israel to Nazis turns the spotlight on Palestinians"], ''[[Haaretz]]'', June 16, 2008.</ref>

On December 9, 2008, the United Nations released a statement by Falk in his official capacity as "Special Rapporteur" noting that [[United Nations Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]], General Assembly President [[Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann|Miguel D’Escoto]] and UN High Commissioner for Human Rights [[Navi Pillay]], among other top officials, have expressed concern for the "desperate plight" of civilians in [[Gaza City|Gaza]]. Falk said: "And still Israel maintains its Gaza siege in its full fury, allowing only barely enough food and fuel to enter to stave off mass famine and disease." He outlined steps that must be taken to avoid a "humanitarian catastrophe"<ref>[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=29228&Cr=Palestin&Cr1= "Urgent action needed to alleviate desperate plight of Gaza's civilians – UN rights expert"], [[United Nations]] News Center, December 9, 2009.</ref> These included implementing the "responsibility to protect" a civilian population from collective punishment and a determination of "whether the Israeli civilian leaders and military commanders responsible for the Gaza siege should be indicted and prosecuted for violations of international criminal law", which ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' wrote would go before the [[International Court of Justice]] at [[The Hague]].<ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1228728146806&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull "Human Rights & Wrongs"], ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', December 10, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/ASAZ-7M6DZ2?OpenDocument "Gaza: Silence is not an option"], statement by the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights on Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, issued December 9, 2008.</ref>

On December 14 Falk landed at [[Ben Gurion Airport]] with staff members from the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on an official visit, planning to travel to the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] to prepare a report on Israel's compliance with human rights standards and international humanitarian law.<ref name=FalkDec2008>[http://www.palestine-pmc.com/details.asp?cat=4&id=3930 Richard A.Falk, "My Expulsion from Israel", 22 December 2008]</ref><ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3638881,00.html "Israel denies entry to UN rights investigator"], [[Reuters]], reproduced at [[YNET]], December 15, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=29309&Cr=descoto&Cr1=Israel "UN Assembly President calls stories he tried to stop Israel speaking ‘malicious lie’"], [[United Nations]] News Center, December 15, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1228728204503&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull "UNHRC rapporteur denied entry to Israel"], ''The Jerusalem Post'', December 16, 2008.</ref> In an interview Falk stated the Israeli government distorts his real views and that he saw the expulsion as an "insidious pattern of trying to shift the attention from their objections to the person."<ref>[http://www.democracynow.org/2008/12/17/days_after_calling_israeli_blockade_of "Days After Calling Israeli Blockade of Gaza 'A Crime Against Humanity', UN Human Rights Investigator Richard Falk Detained, Expelled from Israel"], ''[[Democracy Now]]'', December 17, 2008.</ref> Pillay called Israel's detention and expulsion of Falk as "unprecedented and deeply regrettable".<ref>[http://www.isria.info/RESTRICTED/D/2008/DECEMBER_18/diplo_17december2008_21.htm UN: Daily Press Briefing], [[United Nations]], December 16, 2008.</ref> As of March 2011 Falk was still denied entry into and effectively banned from Israel.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4045623,00.html UN official: Israel engaging in ethnic cleansing], [[Reuters]], March 21, 2011.</ref>

On December 27, 2008 Falk issued a statement condemning the [[December 2008 Gaza Strip airstrikes|December 2008 Israel strikes on Gaza]] as "war crimes" because he claims they included collective punishment, targeting of civilians and a disproportionate military response to Hamas rocket attacks on Israel, which also targeted civilians. He stated that Israel had ignored Hamas' diplomatic initiatives to re-establish the ceasefire which expired December 26 and condemned nations which provided Israel military support and participated in the siege of Gaza.<ref>Richard Falk, [http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/F1EC67EF7A498A30C125752D005D17F7 Statement by Prof. Richard Falk, United Nations Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories], [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]], December 27, 2008.</ref> In a ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'' article Falk reaffirmed that he had "called on the International Criminal Court" to investigate Israeli leaders responsible for possible violations of international criminal law.<ref>Richard Falk, [http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/editorial/outlook/6186137.html "Bring light — and censure — to brutal Israeli attacks; World needs to see the victims and carnage in Gaza"], ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'', December 29, 2008.</ref>

====2009====
In March 2009, Falk stated that [[Gaza War (2008–09)|Israel's offensive in Gaza]] constituted a war crime of the "greatest magnitude". He called for an independent group to be set up to investigate the war crimes committed on both sides.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1072481.html UN envoy: Gaza op seems to be war crime of greatest magnitude] ''Haaretz'', March 19, 2009</ref> The British government responded to Falk's report by stating that "the report of the UN Human Rights Council's Special Rapporteur is unbalanced and contributes little."<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090429/wl_mideast_afp/mideastconflictunisraelrightsbritain AFP: Britain raps 'unbalanced' UN rights Gaza report] ''AFP'', March 30, 2009</ref> In October 2009 Falk endorsed the [[United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict]] (also known as the "Goldstone Report") as "an historic contribution to the Palestinian struggle for justice, an impeccable documentation of a crucial chapter in their victimization under occupation".<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Falk |url=http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article10788.shtml |title=ei: The Goldstone report and the battle for legitimacy |publisher=Electronicintifada.net |date= |accessdate=17 October 2009}}</ref>

====2010====
In his August 10, 2010 UN Special Rapporteur report Falk detailed the accusation that Israel was practicing a policy of [[Crime of Apartheid|apartheid]] in the Palestinian territories:<blockquote>"Among the salient apartheid features of the Israeli occupation are the following: preferential citizenship, visitation and residence laws and practices that prevent Palestinians who reside in the West Bank or Gaza from reclaiming their property or from acquiring Israeli citizenship, as contrasted to a Jewish right of return that entitles Jews anywhere in the world with no prior tie to Israel to visit, reside and become Israeli citizens; differential laws in the West Bank and East Jerusalem favouring Jewish settlers who are subject to Israeli civilian law and constitutional protection, as opposed to Palestinian residents, who are governed by military administration; dual and discriminatory arrangements for movement in the West Bank and to and from Jerusalem; discriminatory policies on land ownership, tenure and use; extensive burdening of Palestinian movement, including checkpoints applying differential limitations on Palestinians and on Israeli settlers, and onerous permit and identification requirements imposed only on Palestinians; punitive house demolitions, expulsions and restrictions on entry and exit from all three parts of the Occupied Palestinian Territories."<ref>[http://www.middleeastmonitor.org.uk/downloads/other_reports/report-of-the-special-rapporteur-on-the-situation-of-human-rights-in-the-palestinian-territories-occupied-since-1967.pdf Richard Falk: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, August 30, 2010] retrieved December 19, 2010.</ref><ref>C. Gouridasan Nair, [http://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/article793269.ece Full text of the interview with Richard Falk, U.N. Rapporteur on Human Rights in the Israeli-Occupied Territories of Palestine], [[The Hindu]], September 24, 2010.</ref></blockquote>

====2011====
In 2011 Falk spoke to the UN Human Rights Council and stated that Israeli policies in [[Jerusalem]] amounted to "ethnic cleansing" against the Palestinian population. He urged the Council to ask the [[International Court of Justice]] to investigate Israel for acts of "colonialism, apartheid, and ethnic cleansing inconsistent with international humanitarian law" committed during its occupation of the Palestinian territories.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4045623,00.html UN official: Israel engaging in ethnic cleansing], YnetNews.com, March 21, 2011.</ref>

====2012====
In Falk's report to the UN Human Rights Council focused on Israel’s treatment of Palestinian prisoners he recommended that The International Court of Justice at the Hague should be asked to issue an advisory opinion on Israel’s treatment of prisoners, an opinion which might also cover Israel’s "prolonged occupation" of Palestinian territory. His report also asked the Human Rights Council to censure Israel because of its use of administrative detention, take "emergency notice" of Israeli legislative attempts to legalize West Bank settlements, and to increased attention on Israel’s refusal to cooperate with his work. He stated that Israeli military retaliation for rocket fire from Gaza was not justified. The US Ambassador to the UN Human Rights Council said the US "continues to be deeply troubled by this council’s biased and disproportionate focus on Israel."<ref>Tovah Lazaroff, [http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=276072 Int'l court must act on Palestinian prisoner issue'], Jerusalem Post, July 3, 2012.</ref>

In Falk's report to the U.N. General Assembly he recommended that "businesses highlighted in the report – as well as the many other businesses that are profiting from the Israeli settlement enterprise – should be boycotted until they bring their operations into line with international human rights and humanitarian law and standards." He specifically named the United States' [[Caterpillar Inc.]], [[Hewlett-Packard]] and [[Motorola]]; Israel's [[Ahava]], [[Elbit Systems]] and [[Mehadrin]]; [[Sweden]]'s [[Volvo Group]] and [[Assa Abloy]] ; [[France]]'s [[Veolia Environment]]; [[United Kingdom]]'s [[G4S]], [[Belgium]]'s [[Dexia Group]], [[Netherlands]]' [[Riwal Holding Group]] and [[Mexico]]'s [[Cemex]].<ref>Wayne Schoenfeld, [http://forward.com/articles/164986/richard-falk-calls-for-corporate-israel-boycott/#ixzz2APbfkSvl Richard Falk Calls for Corporate Israel Boycott; U.N. Official Backs Calls To Shun Occupation-Backing Firms], [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]], October 25, 2012.</ref> At a news conference Falk said: "The focus on business activities is partly an expression of frustration about the inability to obtain compliance with these fundamental legal obligations of Israel and the ineffectiveness of the U.N. efforts to condemn settlement expansion." He also stated "The whole issue of Palestinian self-determination is at risk here."<ref>Michelle Nichols, [http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/25/us-palestinians-israel-un-idUSBRE89O1II20121025 U.N. expert calls for boycott of companies in Jewish settlements] [[Reuters]], October 25, 2012.</ref>

The report drew criticism from the United States Ambassador to the UN, Susan Rice, who called it "irresponsible and unacceptable",<ref name="JP"/><ref name="TJA">{{cite web | url=http://forward.com/articles/165007/us-rejects-call-for-boycott-by-un-rapporteur-falk/ | title='U.S. Rejects Call for Boycott by UN Rapporteur Falk' | publisher=The Forward | date=October 26, 2012}}</ref> and the Canadian foreign ministry which called it "biased and disgraceful" and called on Falk to withdraw his "offensive" report or resign from his UN post.<ref name="CBC"/>
The Israeli Mission to the UN stated that "while he [Falk] spends pages and pages attacking Israel, Falk fails to mention even once the horrific human rights violations and ongoing [[terrorist attacks]] by [[Hamas]]."<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/m/rich/politics/story/2012/10/25/un-israel-palestine-rapporteur-boycott.html Canada CBC Press on Rapporteur Boycott]</ref>
Caterpillar Inc. called the report inaccurate and misleading, reflecting his "personal and negative opinions toward Israel". Hewlett Packard said that Falk was "far from an independent and unbiased expert in this matter."<ref name="JP">{{cite web | url=http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=289355 | title=Falk: Firms tied to settlements may face charges | publisher=Jerusalem Post | accessdate=October 26, 2012}}</ref>
Several countries, including Egypt and Iran, called the report fair and balanced.<ref name="CBC">{{cite web | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/10/25/un-israel-palestine-rapporteur-boycott.html?cmp=rss | title=Canada, Israel call for UN rapporteur's resignation | publisher=CBC News | accessdate=October 26, 2012}}</ref>

In December Falk visited the region and the Gaza Strip with the "initial purpose assessing the overall impact of Israel’s prolonged occupation and blockade" against Gaza. However, after Israel's November seven day "[[Operation Pillar of Defense]]" military actions against Hamas, Falk claimed "there arose an urgent need to investigate Israel’s seemingly deliberate attacks against civilian targets." After visiting Palestinian survivors of military attacks, Falk stated that "some attacks killed and harmed civilians in a grossly disproportionate manner and thus appear to violate international law." He called today on Israel "to abide by and fully implement the cease fire agreement" and called on the international agreement to make sure it did so.<ref>[http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12867&LangID=E Israel must deliver on cease-fire agreement in the Gaza Strip – UN Special Rapporteur], [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] press release, December 5, 2012.</ref>

====2013====
Richard Falk's annual report, delivered to the UN Human Rights council on June 9, 2013, called for an international investigation into Israeli treatment of Palestinian prisoners. The report criticised the use of arbitrary detention, torture and coerced confessions stating that, "The treatment of thousands of Palestinians detained or imprisoned by Israel continues to be extremely worrisome". Falk said that Israel currently holds 5,000 Palestinians in custody and has imprisoned 750,000 since the start of the occupation. Falk also criticized and called for an end to Israel's blockade of Gaza, saying that it amounted to the "collective punishment of 1.75 million Palestinians." He argued that viability of Gaza was at stake, "With 70 percent of the population dependent on international aid for survival and 90 percent of the water unfit for human consumption, drastic and urgent changes are urgently required if Palestinians in Gaza are to have their most basic rights protected."<ref name=AFP2013>{{cite news|title=UN expert wants probe of Israeli detention of Palestinians|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/world/2013/06/10/UN-expert-wants-probe-of-Israeli-detention-of-Palestinians.html|accessdate=11/06/2013|newspaper=AFP|date=10/06/2013}}</ref><ref name=Reuters2013>{{cite news|title=UN rights envoy: Gaza's viability at stake|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4390665,00.html|accessdate=11/6/2013|newspaper=Reuters|date=06/10/2013}}</ref>

Falk also called for the Red Cross or a commission of international law experts to establish a convention to address the specific issues related to situations of prolonged occupation. He said that "Forty-six years ago today Israel's occupation of Palestine began. Six days of war has turned into 46 years of occupation", concluding, "Forty-six years of denying Palestinians their most basic rights has not achieved peace, Israel’s continuous annexation of Palestinian resources and territory."<ref name=AFP2013/><ref name=Reuters2013/> Additionally, Falk wrote that the commission to investigation [[UN Watch]] which he accused of conducting "a smear campaign" by issuing "a series of defamatory attacks demeaning his character, repeatedly distorting his views on potentially inflammatory issues."<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=603459&utm_medium=twitter&utm_source=twitterfeed UN expert under fire ahead of Palestinian rights report], [[Ma'an News Agency]], June 10, 2013.</ref><ref name=TL2013>Tovah Lazaroff, [http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/EU-slams-Falks-Israel-report-as-biased-at-UNHRC-session-316090 EU slams Falk’s Israel report as biased at UNHRC session], Jerusalem Post, June 10, 2013.</ref>

Many countries speaking at the session thanked Falk for his work and challenged Israel for refusing to cooperate with his human rights mission in the Palestinian territories.<ref name=TL2013/> The Palestinian delegation praised the report and called for its speedy implementation. The [[European Union]] agreed that Israel's settlements and separation barrier were "illegal under international law and constitute an obstacle to peace," but also criticised parts of the report.<ref name=AFP2013/> The European representative said "The EU continues to regret the unbalanced mandate of the Special Rapporteur and is also concerned that parts of the report include political considerations. In the past, the EU emphasized that future reports should be based on a more factual and legal analysis, and we regret to see no genuine progress in that direction. The council needs to be provided with accurate, factual information and solid allegations to fulfill its role and address the human rights situation in occupied Palestinian territory." The United States Ambassador to the UNHRC, [[Eileen Donahoe]], called for Falk's resignation, saying "Falk's attack on [[UN Watch]] threatens the independent voice of civil society at the UN. NGO work is particularly important in the field of human rights. Mr. Falk's most recent statement – which he dramatically and recklessly included in an official UN document – is characteristic of previous reprehensible comments and actions he has made during his tenure as a special rapporteur. His views and behavior, both official and unofficial, are offensive and provocative and do nothing to advance peace in the Middle East or to further the protection and promotion of human rights. We again call for his resignation."<ref name=TL2013/>

==Notable opinions==

===Nuremberg Defense of violent protesters===
In October, 1973, Falk defended [[Karleton Armstrong]], who pleaded guilty to [[Sterling Hall bombing|bombing the University of Wisconsin Army Mathematics Research Center]], which killed a researcher working there and injured another four people. ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that Falk "appealed for full amnesty for all resistors, including those who use violent tactics to oppose the war in Vietnam." The ''Times'' further reported that Falk, "cited the [[Nuremberg Trials]] as precedent for defense assertions that private American citizens had 'a right, and perhaps a duty' to actively oppose the war by any means".<ref>"Ex-Senator Aids Bomber's Defense", ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 20, 1973.</ref> According to Ronald Christenson, political science professor at [[Gustavus Adolphus College]], Falk "invoked the Nuremberg precedent to argue that there is a right of individuals to stop crime 'even by creating a lesser crime'".<ref>Christenson, Ronald, ''Political Trials: Gordian Knots in the Law'', Transaction Publishers, 1999, [http://books.google.com/books?id=nV2a3E-S6LAC&pg=PA172&dq=Political+Trials:+Gordian+Knots+in+the+Law+Falk p. 172], ISBN 978-0-7658-0473-0</ref><ref>Hentoff, Nat, ''The Nat Hentoff Reader,'' Da Capo Press, 2001, [http://books.google.com/books?id=0A6RJlFY2XcC&pg=PA255&dq=The+Nat+Hentoff+Reader+Richard+Falk&ei=bR37ScTuN5WQyATbsdg0 p. 255], ISBN 978-0-306-81084-8</ref>

===Ayatollah Khomeini in 1979===
In early 1979, when Falk was a professor of International Law at Princeton, he visited [[Iranian Revolution]] leader [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] at his home in exile in France.<ref name=Walter>[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=%22The+rise+and+fall+of+leftist+radicalism+in+America%22+%22richard+falk%22+khomeini&btnG=Search+Books&safe=active "The rise and fall of leftist radicalism in America"], Edward Walter, p. 153</ref> In a February 1979 ''[[New York Times]]'' op-ed, after Khomeini had returned to Iran, Falk wrote, "The depiction of him as fanatical, reactionary and the bearer of crude prejudices seems certainly and happily false."<ref name=Lake/> Falk wrote that Khomeini's "entourage was uniformly composed of moderate, progressive individuals,"<ref name=Sick>Gary Sick, ''All fall down: America's fateful encounter in Iran'', I.B.Tauris, 1985, [http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=All+fall+down%3A+America%27s+fateful+encounter+in+Iran+By+Gary+Sick+%22richard+falk%22+khomeini&btnG=Search+Books&safe=active p. 166].</ref> and that "having created a new model of popular revolution based, for the most part, on nonviolent tactics, Iran may yet provide us with a desperately-needed model of humane governance for a third-world country."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/gloview021511.pdf|title=Trusting Khomeini|date=February 16, 1979|publisher=New York Times|format=pdf |accessdate=March 26, 2011}}</ref> By the end of 1979 Khomeini had become [[Supreme Leader of Iran]] and began removing moderates from his circles, arresting and even killing political opponents, and supporting students who [[Iran hostage crisis|took over the U.S. embassy]] in Tehran, holding American hostages for 444 days. Falk was criticized for having supported Khomeini.<ref name=Sick/><ref>Edward Walter, ''The rise and fall of leftist radicalism in America'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992, [http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=%22The+rise+and+fall+of+leftist+radicalism+in+America%22+%22richard+falk%22+khomeini&btnG=Search+Books&safe=active p. 153].</ref> Falk later changed his opinion of Khomeini's regime, calling it "the most terroristic since Hitler."<ref name=Sick/>

===9/11 and the Bush administration===
In 2004, Falk wrote the preface to [[David Ray Griffin]]'s book ''[[The New Pearl Harbor|The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11]]'' which maintains that the [[George W. Bush]] administration was complicit in the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref>David Ray Griffin, ''The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11'', ''Interlink'', 2005.</ref> In that preface he argued: "There have been questions raised here and there and allegations of official complicity made almost from the day of the attacks, especially in Europe, but no one until Griffin has had the patience, the fortitude, the courage, and the intelligence to put the pieces together in a single coherent account."<ref name=Lake/> Falk also wrote a chapter for Griffin's 2006 book, ''9/11 and American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out''.<ref>David Ray Griffin, ''9/11 and American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out'', Olive Branch Press, 2006.</ref>

In November 2008, Falk wrote in ''[[The Journal (student newspaper)|The Journal]]'', a student publication in [[Edinburgh, Scotland]]: "It is not paranoid under such circumstances to assume that the established elites of the American governmental structure have something to hide and much to explain... The persisting inability to resolve this fundamental controversy about 9/11 subtly taints the legitimacy of the American government. It can only be removed by a willingness, however belated, to reconstruct the truth of that day, and to reveal the story behind its prolonged suppression."<ref>[http://jta.org/news/article/2008/11/11/1000905/falk-boosts-9-11-truth "U.N. official boosts 9/11 conspiracy theorists"], ''[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]'', November 11, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.journal-online.co.uk/article/5056-911-more-than-meets-the-eye 9/11: More than meets the eye] by Richard Falk, ''[[The Journal (student newspaper)|The Journal]]'', November 9, 2008.</ref>

In 2004 Falk signed a statement released by the organization [[9/11 Truth movement#9/11 Truth|9/11 Truth]] that calls for a new investigation into the September 11 attacks. Falk confirmed his support for the statement in 2009.<ref name="salon-petition">{{cite journal|last=Rossmeier|first=Vincent|journal=Salon|title=Would you still sign the 9/11 Truth petition?|date=September 11, 2009|url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2009/09/11/truth_petition|accessdate=September 11, 2009}}</ref> In 2008 Falk called for an official commission to further study these issues, including the role [[neoconservatives]] may have played in the attacks, saying "It is possibly true that especially the neoconservatives thought there was a situation in the country and in the world where something had to happen to wake up the American people. Whether they are innocent about the contention that they made that something happen or not, I don't think we can answer definitively at this point."<ref name=Lake/>

In January 2011 [[Susan Rice]], the [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]], suggested that Falk should be removed from his U.N. posts after he wrote on his blog about the "eerie silence of the mainstream media, unwilling to acknowledge the well-evidenced doubts about the official version of the events: an al Qaeda operation with no foreknowledge by government officials."<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39997331/ns/world_news MSNBC coverage of Falk's 9/11 comments]</ref><ref>Richard Falk, [http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/tag/al-qaeda/ Al Queda], Richard Falk blog, September 19, 2011.</ref> United Nations secretary-general [[Ban Ki-moon]] likewise condemned Falk's blog posting,<ref name="JerusalemPost25Jan2011">{{cite news|title=Falk's 9-11 remarks are 'condemned' by UN sec.-gen|url=http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=205192|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=25 January 2011}}</ref><ref>Tovah Lazaroff,[http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=205563&R=R4 'Ban slams Falk’s 9/11 statements,'] at [[The Jerusalem Post]], January 27, 2011.</ref> calling it "inflammatory rhetoric" which was "preposterous" and "an affront to the memory of the more than 3,000 people who died in that tragic terrorist attack." Ki-moon stated that only the U.N. Human Rights Council could remove its appointees from office.<ref name="VoiceOfAmericaNews25Jan2011">{{cite news|title=UN Chief Condemns Investigator on Palestine|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/UN-Chief-Condemns-Investigator-on-Palestine-114590359.html|newspaper=Voice of America News|date=25 January 2011}}</ref>

===Israeli-Palestinian conflict===
In a 2002 op-ed in ''[[The Nation]]'', Falk was highly critical of [[Operation Defensive Shield]], describing it as "state-sponsored terrorism". He wrote that the view of an "overwhelming majority" of the UN Security Council, and a UN Human Rights Commission inquiry he was a part of, was that suicide bombings took place only after the Palestinians "ran out of military options", and suicide attacks appeared as the only way to inflict sufficient harm on Israel so that "the struggle could go on". The UN inquiries found that Israel was responsible for the escalation of violence, and that their military response against the Palestinians constituted a violation of international law. Falk referred to the [[Passover massacre]] as "horrifying", stating that Israel's response was "equally horrifying".<ref name="n2002-04-11">{{cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/ending-death-dance|title=Ending the Death Dance |last=Falk|first=Richard|date=2002-04-11|publisher=The Nation|accessdate=13 May 2011}}</ref>

In 2002 Falk wrote on Princeton Divestment's website that "to divest from companies profiting from business with Israel at this time is to express solidarity with victims of massive crimes against humanity and to call upon Israel to respect U.N. authority and the elemental rules of international law by withdrawing from occupied Palestinian territory."<ref>Ben August, [http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2002/10/10/5683/Campaign for divestment spurs University debate], [[The Daily Princetonian]], October 10, 2002.</ref>

In a June 2007 article, "Slouching toward a Palestinian Holocaust", Falk compared some Israeli policies with regard to the Palestinians to the [[Nazism|Nazi]] record of [[collective punishment]], warning that Israel may be planning a Holocaust in the same way [[Nazi Germany]] did. Identifying himself as a [[American Jews|Jewish American]], Falk stated that his use of the term 'Holocaust' "represents a rather desperate appeal to the governments of the world and to international public opinion to act urgently to prevent these current [Israeli] [[genocidal]] tendencies from culminating in a collective tragedy [for the Palestinians]". Falk also stated that "the comparison should ''not'' be viewed as literal, but... that a pattern of [[criminality]] associated with Israeli policies in [[Gaza City|Gaza]] has actually been supported by the leading democracies of the 21st century." Falk argued that Western and Arab states were associated in a "pattern of criminality" akin to states which let Hitler oppress German Jews in the 1930s. He also denied that [[Hamas]] was a terrorist organization and that it was always ready to work with other Palestinian groups towards "acceptance of Israel's existence", called Israel's [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan|disengagement from Gaza]] a "sham" in which 300 Gazans were killed since Israel's "supposed physical departure", and stated that Israel's blockade of the Gaza Strip had brought Gaza to "the brink of collective starvation, imposing a "sub-human existence on a people" through "collective punishment, and that Israeli policies were "indeed genocidal".<ref name="Slouching"/> In late December 2009, Falk again criticized Israel's blockade, and called for Israel to be threatened with economic sanctions if the blockade was not lifted.<ref>[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=33334#.UQQDeWc1CSo UN expert urges Israel to end Gaza blockade as anniversary of campaign looms], United Nations News Service, December 23, 2009.</ref>

In April 2008 Falk compared Israeli actions in Gaza to those of the [[Nazi]]s and responded to criticism of his statements saying, "If this kind of situation had existed for instance in the manner in which China was dealing with [[Tibet]] or the [[Sudan]]ese government was dealing with [[Darfur]], I think there would be no reluctance to make that comparison." He attributed the reluctance to criticise Israel's policies to the sensitive history of the Jewish people, as well as the state's ability to "avoid having (its) policies held up to international law and morality".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7335875.stm "UN expert stands by Nazi comments"], [[BBC]], April 8, 2008</ref>

In December 2012, when asked explicitly about the "neutrality" of groups like [[Amnesty International]] and Human Rights Watch, Falk said in an interview "there is no doubt that the private-funding base of these leading human rights NGOs leads to some biasing of their agendas". However, he commented that "in reaction to criticism there has been more self-criticism directed at American patterns of abuse, and a greater willingness to report critically on Israel" by such NGOs.<ref>Cihan Aksan and Jon Bailes, [http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/12/14/the-future-of-international-law-and-human-rights/ An Interview With Richard Falk; The Future of International Law and Human Rights], [[CounterPunch]], December 14–16, 2012 edition.</ref>

===2011 intervention in Libya===
During the [[2011 Libyan civil war]], Falk published an op-ed in [[Al Jazeera]] against the proposals for [[2011 military intervention in Libya|military intervention]]. Falk wrote that military intervention was illegal under international law, and that "the Gaddafi government, however distasteful on humanitarian grounds, remains the lawful diplomatic representative of a sovereign state". Falk also wrote that any intervention would be pro-insurgency rather than counter-insurgency, and criticized politicians who supported intervention, arguing that "it seems that many of the Republicans focused on the deficit although cutting public expenditures punishes the poor at a time of widespread unemployment and home foreclosures would not mind ponying up countless billions to finance acts of war in Libya".<ref>Richard Falk, [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/03/201138143448786661.html Kicking the intervention habit], [[Al Jazeera]], March 10, 2011.</ref>

In a Falk blog entry published in [[Today's Zaman]], Falk argued that unlike protests in other countries, the Libyan opposition was reliant on military force "almost from the start", and that violent political reaction from within to Gaddafi’s regime was fully justified as an "expression of Libyan self-determination". He also wrote that the intervention was not to protect civilians from attack, but to ensure a rebel victory and the defeat of Gaddafi.<ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=1570585DBEB1FEFE5849DCF9419D0275?newsId=239496 Gaddafi, moral interventionism, Libya, and the Arab Revolutionary Movement], [[Today's Zaman]], March 29, 2011; originally published as [http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2011/03/20/qaddafi-moral-interventionism-libya-and-the-arab-revolutionary-moment/ Richard Falk blog entry], March 20, 2011.</ref>

===Boston Marathon Bombings===
In a posting on his personal blog called "A Commentary on the Marathon Murders", reprinted in [[Al-Jazeera]], Falk wrote regarding the [[Boston Marathon bombings]], which he called "horrific bombings". He also wrote that "the American global domination project is bound to generate all kinds of resistance in the post-colonial world" and that "the United States has been fortunate not to experience worse [[Blowback (intelligence)|blowbacks]]". He contrasted the critical response to the bombings from callers to a [[PBS]] program with that of US politicians and the mainstream media among whom he said self-scrutiny remained "taboo" and that American politicians did not "have the courage to connect some of these dots." He also criticized American policy towards Iran’s nuclear program and friendship with Israel, writing more attacks are likely "if there is no disposition to rethink US relations to others in the world, starting with the Middle East."<ref>Aaron Kalman,[http://www.timesofisrael.com/un-official-says-us-had-boston-attack-coming/ UN official says US had Boston attack coming], [[The Times of Israel]], April 23, 2013.</ref><ref>Richard A. Falk, [http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2013/04/19/a-commentary-on-the-marathon-murders/ "A Commentary on the Marathon Murders"], Richard Falk blog, April 19, 2013; reprinted in part as [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/04/201341864010806370.html "Collective self-reflection in the wake of a national tragedy"] at [[Al Jazeera]], April 19, 2013; reprinted at [http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2013/04/21/a-commentary-on-the-marathon-murders/ here, with the original title] by ''[[Foreign Policy Journal]]'', April 21, 2013.</ref>

Falk continued and mounted a critique of US foreign policy describing the [[Iraq War]] and [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan War]] as "unlawful wars" which had "devastated two countries, seemingly beyond foreseeable recovery, while adding nothing to American security". He said that while the failure and expense of these wars meant that this kind of intervention was no longer the centerpiece of American policy, "[t]he war drums are beating at this moment in relation to both North Korea and Iran, and as long as Tel Aviv has the compliant ear of the American political establishment, those who wish for peace and justice in the world should not rest easy."

Canadian [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)|Foreign Minister]] [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]] sharply criticized Falk, stating that “Once again, United Nations official Richard Falk has spewed more mean-spirited, anti-Semitic rhetoric, this time blaming the attacks in Boston on President Obama and the State of Israel. The United Nations should be ashamed to even be associated with such an individual.” The [[United Kingdom]], in a statement by its UN mission, noted that this was "the third time we have had cause to express our concerns about Mr. Falk’s anti-Semitic remarks. It is important to the U.K. that special rapporteurs uphold the highest standards in their work and we have twice previously made clear that remarks by Mr. Falk were unacceptable." United Nations Secretary General [[Ban Ki-moon]] rejected Falk’s statements, saying that they undermined the credibility and work of the UN.<ref name="news.nationalpost.com">[http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/04/24/canada-lambasts-un-official-for-saying-boston-bombings-caused-by-american-global-domination-project/ Canada lambasts UN official for saying Boston bombings caused by ‘American global domination project’], ''Canadian Press'' (reprinted in the ''[[National Post]]'', April 24, 2013.</ref> [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]] [[Susan Rice]] wrote that she was "Outraged by Richard Falk's highly offensive Boston comments", that "Someone who spews such vitriol has no place at the UN", and that it was "Past time for him to go.".<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/ajc-urges-removal-of-un-s-richard-falk-for-controversial-boston-comments-1.517377 AJC urges removal of UN's Richard Falk for controversial Boston comments] by ''[[Reuters]]'' (reprinted by ''[[Haaretz]]''), April 24, 2013.</ref>

Falk's statements were also criticized by numerous publications and advocacy groups, including the ''[[New York Daily News]]'', the ''[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]'' (JTA), ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', Sohrab Ahmari of the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', [[UN Watch]], the [[Anti-Defamation League]] and the [[American Jewish Committee]].<ref>[http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/united-nations/adl-denounces-uns-richard-falk-boston-tel-aviv.html ADL Denounces U.N.’s Richard Falk for Attempting to Blame the Boston Terror Attack “on Tel Aviv”], ADL 23-04-2013</ref><ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/beneath-contempt-article-1.1326653 United Nations Jew-basher Richard Falk blames Boston Marathon attack on Israel], New York Daily News 25-04-2013</ref><ref>[http://www.jta.org/news/article/2013/04/23/3124931/un-official-blames-boston-marathon-bombing-on-tel-aviv U.N. official pins blame for Boston Marathon bombing on ‘Tel Aviv’], ''[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]'', April 23, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.jpost.com/International/UNs-Falk-ties-Boston-bombs-to-Obamas-Israel-trip-310832 UN's Falk ties Boston bombs to Obama's Israel trip] by Lauren Izso, ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', April 23, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/04/23/watchdog-group-blasts-un-official-for-blaming-boston-bombings-on-american/ UN official blames Boston Marathon bombings on American 'domination'], ''[[Fox News]]'', April 23, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.thejc.com/news/world-news/106337/us-israel-ties-factor-boston-bombing-says-un-man US-Israel ties factor in Boston bombing, says UN man] by Zoe Winograd, ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'', April 23, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324874204578441033895673750.html What the Falk?], Wall Street Journal 23-04-2013</ref> [[Scott McConnell]] responded to the criticism in ''[[The American Conservative]]'': "Amazing for its viciousness and rank dishonesty is the campaign waged against UN special rapporteur for human rights in occupied Palestine Richard Falk for making some pretty straightforward “blowback” points in the aftermath of the Boston terrorist attack." He went on to describe how, in his view, "a well-funded neocon group called UN Watch and its various media allies had ginned up an intense public relations campaign, based on falsifying the meaning of his piece, using ellipses to distort its sentences, to claim that Falk had said that the Boston victims somehow deserved their fate."<ref name=SM2013>{{cite news|last=McConnell|first=Scott|title=Smearing Richard Falk|url=http://www.theamericanconservative.com/smearing-richard-falk/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=smearing-richard-falk|accessdate=2013-04-28|newspaper=The American Conservative|date=2013-04-26}}</ref>

Jeremy R. Hammond, who had reprinted Falk's article in his online journal, stated that the accusations arose from distortions in the original accusations made by what he called the 'Zionist organization UN Watch', affirming that nowhere in the article does Falk justify the Boston terror attack, as was claimed, and that nowhere did he blame Israel for the attack. He draws a long list of news reports which he argues picked up the UN Watch document's claims and parroted them 'to manufacture a sensational headline,' and attack an 'honourable man'.<ref>[http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2013/04/26/the-demonization-of-richard-falk/view-all/ 'The Demonization of Richard Falk,'] Foreign Policy Journal, April 26, 2013.</ref> �
[[West Chester University]] historian Lawrence Davidson argued in defence of Falk's statement that:- <blockquote> looked at from outside of the self-justifying perspective of the United States government, everything Richard Falk says is accurate. However, from the inside of the official government worldview, Falk is a heretic and his message dangerous verbal poison. Therefore, the reaction of those dedicated to customary policies and alliances has been shrill.<ref>Lawrence Davidson,[http://www.counterpunch.org/in-praise-of-richard-falk 'In praise of Richard Falk,'] [[Counterpunch]] 6 May 2013 </ref></blockquote>

==Accusations of antisemitism==

On June 29, 2011 Richard Falk posted on his blog an entry regarding the [[International Criminal Court]]’s indictment of [[Muammar Gaddafi]] for crimes against humanity which included a cartoon image of a dog with a [[Yarmulke|Jewish head-covering]] and a sweater with the letters "USA"; it was urinating on [[Lady Justice]] while devouring bloody human bones.<ref name=underfire>[http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=228448 UN's Richard Falk under fire for ‘anti-Semitic’ cartoon], Jerusalem Post 08-07-2011</ref> [[UN Watch]], which is affiliated with the [[American Jewish Committee]]<ref name="AJC Office and Departments ">{{cite web|url=http://www.ajc.org/site/c.ijITI2PHKoG/b.789095/k.5F96/Offices_and_Departments.htm |title=ACJ Office and Departments |work=ACJ |accessdate=19 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="ACJ Activities in Europe">{{cite web|url=http://www.ajc.org/site/c.ijITI2PHKoG/b.835975/k.D5ED/Europe.htm |title=ACJ Activities in Europe |work=ACJ |accessdate=19 March 2012}}</ref> contacted UN High Commissioner for Human Rights [[Navi Pillay]] regarding the cartoon. Falk acknowledged on July 6 that the cartoon was antisemitic and apologized for posting it, adding that "we must also make peace with nature, and treat animals with as much respect as possible." <ref name="underfire"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Bauder|first=Sarah|title=Jewish groups urge UN investigator to quit|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4093287,00.html|accessdate=11 July 2011|newspaper=[[Ynetnews]]|date=10 July 2011|agency=[[Shalom Life]]|quote=The Anti-Defamation League called on the UN top human rights official to publicly condemn Falk.}}</ref><ref>[http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2011/07/06/apology-for-unintentionally-posting-anti-semitic-cartoon-in-qaddafi-arrest-warrant-blog/ Apology for Unintentionally Posting Anti-Semitic Cartoon in Qaddafi Arrest Warrant Blog July 6th], Richard Falk blog, July 6, 2012.</ref>

[[Abraham H. Foxman]] of the [[Anti-Defamation League]] called on Falk to resign as U.N. Rapporteur for the Palestinian territories saying that "This cartoon is blatantly anti-Semitic and conveys the message that Jews and Americans care little about what is just and moral" and that "the message of hatred in this cartoon nonetheless directly contravenes the principles of the Human Rights Council and of the United Nations itself."<ref name=h20110708>{{cite news|title=ADL calls on UN human rights chief to condemn Richard Falk for anti-Semitic cartoon|url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/adl-calls-on-un-human-rights-chief-to-condemn-richard-falk-for-anti-semitic-cartoon-1.372190|accessdate=15 July 2011|newspaper=Haaretz|date=8 July 2011}}</ref> [[United States]] envoy to the UN [[Joseph M. Torsella]] said the posting of the cartoon was "shameful and outrageous" and "an embarrassment to the United Nations", and called on him to resign.<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=228618 US, Jewish groups demand Falk resign over blog entry], Jerusalem Post 2011-07-10</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Evans|first=Robert|title=U.S. urges U.N. sleuth resign over blog cartoon|url=http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFLDE7670S520110708?sp=true|accessdate=9 October 2011|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|date=8 July 2011|agency=[[Reuters]]|location=[[Geneva]]|quote=The United States said on Friday it has called on the U.N. human rights investigator for the Palestinian territories to resign after he published a cartoon on his blog which he later withdrew as 'anti-semitic.'}}</ref> US Representative [[Ileana Ros-Lehtinen]], chairwoman of the [[US House of Representatives]] [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|Committee on Foreign Affairs]] also called on Falk to resign.<ref name=Pillay>[http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id=229422 Pillay says Falk's cartoon was anti-Semitic, objectionable], Jerusalem Post 2011-07-14</ref> British Prime Minister, [[David Cameron]], instructed the UK's concerns Permanent Representative to express concerns regarding the cartoon and said that he would "continue to closely watch any further actions or comments Mr Falk may make."<ref>[http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/56303/pm-condemns-un-advisers-antisemitic-cartoon PM condemns UN adviser's 'antisemitic' cartoon], [[The Jewish Chronicle]], October 12, 2011, ''accessed October 26, 2012''.</ref>

[[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] [[Navi Pillay]] "acknowledged the cartoon was antisemitic and objectionable." She did not call for Falk’s resignation because of his public apologies and the fact he had swiftly removed the image from his website.<ref name=Pillay/>

In July 2012, in discussing why he was drawn to the "Palestinian struggle", Falk wrote on his blog, "I formed a well-evidence belief that the U.S. Government and the organized Jewish community were responsible for the massive and enduring confiscation of Palestinian land and rights."<ref name=ForWhat>Richard A. Falk, [http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2012/07/20/for-what/ For What?], on his personal blog, July 20, 2012.</ref> UN Watch, accused Falk of "promoting racist remarks," as well as [[anti-Semitism]], "by attempting to blame Jewish communities everywhere for alleged crimes against Palestinians."<ref name="Falk UN Watch Organized">{{cite web | url=http://blog.unwatch.org/index.php/2012/07/24/u-n-s-richard-falk-accuses-the-organized-jewish-community-of-crimes-against-palestinians/ | title=U.N.’s Richard Falk accuses "the organized Jewish community" of crimes against Palestinians | publisher=UN Watch | date=July 24, 2012 | accessdate=July 25, 2012}}</ref> Falk later responded, writing "I have often opposed policies including those of the US and Israel but to conflate such stands with racism is [part of] a wide-ranging and frequently repeated denunciation of my views and activities."<ref name=ForWhat/><ref>[http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/70440/anti-israel-un-official Anti-Israel UN official], [[The Jewish Chronicle]], July 26, 2012.</ref>

In December 2012, UN Watch published an open letter to [[Human Rights Watch]] critical of Falk. Falk was asked to resign from the Santa Monica group’s board and his name was removed from their website, supposedly because his working for the United Nations was contrary to HRW policy.<ref>[http://www.jta.org/news/article/2012/12/18/3114871/richard-falk-removed-from-human-rights-watch-committee Richard Falk removed from Human Rights Watch committee], [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]], December 18, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/human-rights-watch-boots-un-palestinian-rights-official-from-one-of-its-panels/ Human Rights Watch boots UN Palestinian rights official from one of its panels], [[The Times of Israel]], December 19, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.unwatch.org/cms.asp?id=3665777&campaign_id=63111 Official Wording of UN Watch Letter to Human Rights Watch. UNwatch.org]</ref> Later that month, in response to a UN Watch press release criticizing Falk, 40 representatives of major international human rights organisations worldwide signed a letter to Human Rights Watch urging the group to "clarify that he was not 'expelled' as an enemy of human rights' as UN Watch claimed".<ref name=Bennis>[[Phyllis Bennis]], [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/01/20131781532514238.html Human Rights Watch: Time to stand with human rights defenders], [[Al Jazeera]], January 9, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.nlg.org/news/letter-regarding-attacks-uns-palestine-rapporteur Letter to Kenneth Roth, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch], from various human rights groups, December 27, 2012, at [[National Lawyers Guild]] website.</ref> [[Phyllis Bennis]], a signer of the letter, wrote that Human Rights Watch replied on January 1, 2013, stating that the UN Watch letter was filled with "inaccuracies and falsehoods" and repeating Human Rights Watch's statement it was complying with its longstanding policy.<ref name=Bennis/><ref>[http://blog.unwatch.org/index.php/2012/12/18/human-rights-watch-expels-top-u-n-official-richard-falk/#more-3023 Human Rights Watch Expels Top U.N. Official Richard Falk], UN Watch website blog, December 18, 2012.</ref>

In response to Falk's comments regarding the [[Boston Marathon bombings]], the British mission to the United Nations stated that “[this is] the third time we have had cause to express our concerns about Mr. Falk’s anti-Semitic remarks. It is important to the U.K. that special rapporteurs uphold the highest standards in their work and we have twice previously made clear that remarks by Mr. Falk were unacceptable.”<ref name="news.nationalpost.com"/>

==Published works==
* ''Essays on Espionage and International Law'' with Quincy Wright, Julius Stone, Roland J. Stanger; Ohio State University Press, 1962
* ''Security in Disarmament'', Editor with Richard J. Barnet, Princeton University Press, 1965
* ''Toward a Theory of War Prevention'', with Saul H. Mendlovitz, Transaction Publishers, 1966
* ''Strategy of World Order (Volumes I to IV)'', edited with Saul H. Mendlovitz, World Law Fund, 1966–67
* ''Legal Order In A Violent World,'' Princeton University Press, 1968
* ''International Law And Organization,'' Editor with Wolfram F. Hanrieder, Lippincott, 1968.
* ''The Six Legal Dimensions of the Vietnam War'', Princeton University Press, 1968
* ''In the Name of America-The Conduct of the War in Vietnam by the Armed Forces of the U.S.'', editor with Seymour Melman, E.P. Dutton, 1968
* ''The Vietnam war and international law,'' edited by Richard A. Falk with Wolfram F. Hanrieder; J. B. Lippincott, 1968.
* ''A Global Approach to National Policy,'' Harvard University Press, 1975.
* ''Crimes of War: A Legal, Political-Documentary, and Psychological Inquiry into the Responsibility of Leaders, Citizens, and Soldiers for Criminal Acts in Wars'' with Gabriel Kolko, Robert Jay Lifton; Random House, 1971
* ''The United Nations and a Just World Order'' with Samuel S. Kim, Saul H. Mendlovitz; Westview Press, 1991
* ''This Endangered Planet,'' Random House, 1971
* ''Regional Politics and World Order'' with Saul H. Mendlovitz, W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd, 1973.
* ''A Study of Future Worlds'', Free Press, 1975
* ''The Vietnam War and International Law'', Editor, Princeton University Press, 1976
* ''Human Rights and State Sovereignty'', Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1981
* ''International Law: A Contemporary Perspective (Studies on a Just World Order, No 2)'' with Friedrich Kratochwil, Saul H. Mendlovitz; Westview Press, 1985
* ''Revolutionaries and Functionaries,'' Dutton Adult, 1988
* ''The Promise of World Order: Essays in Normative International Relations'', Temple University Press, 1988
* ''Explorations at the Edge of Time: The Prospects for World Order'', Temple University Press, 1993.
* ''On Humane Governance: Toward a New Global Politics – The World Order Models Project Report of the Global Civilization Initiative'', Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995
* ''Indefensible Weapons: The Political and Psychological Case Against Nuclearism'' with Robert Jay Lifton, House of Anansi Press, 1998
* ''Predatory Globalization: A Critique,'' Polity, 1999
* ''Human Rights Horizons: The Pursuit of Justice in a Globalizing World,'' Routledge, 2001
* ''Reframing the International: Law, Culture, Politics,'' Routledge, 2002
* ''Unlocking the Middle East: The Writings of Richard Falk,'' Jean Allain, Editor; Olive Branch Press, 2002.
* ''In Pursuit of the Right to Self-Determination Collected Papers of the First International'', Editor with D. Kly, Clarity Press, 2001
* ''Religion and Humane Global Governance,'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2001
* ''The Great Terror War'', Interlink Publishing Group, 2002
* ''The Declining World Order: America's Imperial Geopolitics'', Routledge, 2004
* ''[[The New Pearl Harbor]]: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9-11'' by [[David Ray Griffin]], (Foreword), Interlink Books, 2004
* ''The Record of the Paper: How the New York Times Misreports US Foreign Policy'' with [[Howard Friel]], Verso, 2004
* ''Crimes of War: Iraq'' with Irene Gendzier, Robert Jay Lifton; Nation Books, 2006
* ''Foundations of Restoration Ecology: The Science and Practice of Ecological Restoration (The Science and Practice of Ecological Restoration Series)'' with Richard J. Hobbs, Donald A. Falk, Margaret Palmer, and Joy Zedler; Island Press, 2006
* ''The Costs of War: International Law, the UN, and World Order after Iraq'', Routledge, 2007
* ''Israel-Palestine on Record: How the New York Times Misreports Conflict in the Middle East'' with Howard Friel, Verso, 2007
* ''Achieving Human Rights'', Routledge, 2008
* ''International Law and the Third World: Reshaping Justice (Routledge-Cavendish Research in International Law)'', Editor, Routledge, July 29, 2008
* ''Can Humanitarian Intervention be Humanitarian? [[International Policy Digest]], Author, August 5, 2011
* ''Syria: Geopolitical Mentoring versus Rehab for Addicted Geopolitical Leaders [[International Policy Digest]], Author, August 19, 2011
* ''Rethinking Afghanistan After a Decade [[International Policy Digest]], Author, September 19, 2011
* ''Opening the Other Eye: Charles Taylor and Selective Criminal Accountability [[International Policy Digest]], Author, April 27, 2012
* ''How to Save a Stumbling 'Economic Europe' [[International Policy Digest]], Author, June 11, 2012
* ''The Path to Zero: Dialogues on Nuclear Dangers,'' with David A. Krieger, Paradigm Publishers 2012
* ''Reflections on Teju Cole's Open City [[International Policy Digest]], Author, February 21, 2013

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=35eme}}

==External links==
*Richard Falk in conversation with [[Jeff Halper]] and [[Phillip Adams]], [http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/latenightlive/rethinking-foreign-occupation/4963588 'Rethinking foreign occupation,'] at [[Late Night Live]], [[Australian Broadcasting Commission|ABC]] 18 September 2013.
*[http://www.ohchr.org/EN/countries/MENARegion/Pages/PSIndex.aspx United Nations website page on Occupied Palestinian Territory], including work of Richard Falk.
*[http://www.democracynow.org/2008/12/17/days_after_calling_israeli_blockade_of Democracy Now interview with Richard Falk], December 17, 2008.
*[http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/f/falk_ra.htm Richard A. Falk Papers] at Syracuse University
*[[Transnational Institute|The Transnational Institute of Policy Studies]] (TNI). [http://www.tni.org/article/israeli-crimes-against-humanity-gaza Israeli crimes against humanity in Gaza]. Richard Falk interviewed by Michael Slate. January 20, 2009.
* [http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/ht/display/ContentDetails/i/7089/pid/3584 "Imagining Israel-Palestine Peace: Why International Law Matters"] Richard Falk 2009 speech at [[The Palestine Center]].
*[http://www.stateofnature.org/internationalLawAndHuman.html Interview with Richard Falk from ''Weapon of the Strong: Conversations on US State Terrorism'' (Pluto Press)], November, 2012.

{{United Nations Special Rapporteurs}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=31996109}}

{{Persondata
| NAME =Falk, Richard A.
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Law professor
| DATE OF BIRTH = November 13, 1930
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
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| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Falk, Richard A.}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American academics]]
[[Category:American foreign policy writers]]
[[Category:American legal writers]]
[[Category:American human rights activists]]
[[Category:Jewish human rights activists]]
[[Category:American anti-war activists]]
[[Category:American anti–nuclear weapons activists]]
[[Category:Jewish American writers]]
[[Category:International law scholars]]
[[Category:United Nations Special Rapporteurs]]
[[Category:Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
[[Category:Writers on the Middle East]]
[[Category:World federalists]]
[[Category:9/11 conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]

Richard A. Falk

2014-11-28T05:05:05Z

Plot Spoiler: WP:peacock that does not belong in lede

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|office = [[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967|term_start = 26 March 2008
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|predecessor = [[John Dugard]]
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|profession = [[Professor Emeritus]] of [[International Law]] at [[Princeton University]]
|religion = Ecumenicalism , Judaism<ref name=FalkJan2011> Richard Falk, [http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2011/01/15/on-jewish-identity/ On Jewish Identity], Falk blog entry, January 15, 2011:'In my case I have at various times been inspired and enlightened by the practices and wisdom of Christian, Buddhist, Islamic, Hindu, Taoist, and indigenous peoples. And in a more mundane sense, I think that the future of humanity will be greatly enhanced if these various religious and wisdom traditions are ecumenically and inclusively embraced by more and more people throughout the world, providing a thickening societal and civilizational fiber for human solidarity. this sense, I want to say, yes I am Jewish, and proud of it, but I am equally indigenous, Sufi, Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim, and Christian to the extent that I allow myself to participate in their rituals, partake of their sacred texts, and seek and avail myself of the opportunity to sit at the feet of their masters.'</ref>
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'''Richard Anderson Falk''' (born November 13, 1930)<ref>[http://americanjewisharchives.org/media/docs/concise/f.pdf American Jewish Archives website], p. 146 of listing of individuals by name.</ref> is an [[United States|American]] [[professor emeritus]] of [[international law]] at [[Princeton University]].<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" > Martin Griffiths,
[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=FU3g49XcKwcC&pg=PT74 ''Fifty Key Thinkers in International Relations,'' ] Routledge 1999 p.74</ref> He is the author or co-author of 20 books and the editor or co-editor of another 20 volumes,<ref>[http://uscpublicdiplomacy.com/index.php/events/events_detail/76/ Dean’s Open Forum, Richard Falk], [[USC Center on Public Diplomacy]], November 4, 2004.</ref> In 2008, the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] (UNHRC) appointed Falk to a six-year term as a [[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] on "the situation of human rights in the [[Palestinian territories]] occupied since 1967."<ref name="UN_Falkappointed">{{cite web|title=Human Rights Council elects Advisory Committee Members and approves a number of Special Procedures mandate holders|publisher=[[United Nations]]|date=March 26, 2008|url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.nsf/2ee9468747556b2d85256cf60060d2a6/0da4ba56ade85249852574190058d462!OpenDocument|accessdate=January 1, 2009|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5dViuhEdA|archivedate=January 1, 2009}}</ref> He has been variously criticized by U.S. ambassador [[Susan Rice]] and [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] [[Ban Ki-moon]] for his outspoken positions on Israel and the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref name="JP"/><ref name="TJA"/>

==Early Life and education==
Falk was born into an [[Jewish assimilation|assimilationist]] New York Jewish family which all but repudiated the ethnic side of Jewishness.<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /> Defining himself as "an American Jew", he says that having an outsider status, with a sense of not belonging, may have influenced his later role as a critic of American foreign policy.<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /><ref name="Slouching">Richard Falk, [http://www.tni.org/archives/falk_palestinianholocaust ''Slouching toward a Palestinian Holocaust''], [[Transnational Institute]], June 29, 2007.</ref><ref name=FalkJan2011/> His being Jewish signifies above all for Falk,'to be preoccupied with overcoming injustice and thirsting for justice in the world, and that means being respectful toward other peoples regardless of their nationality or religion, and empathetic in the face of human suffering whoever and wherever victimization is encountered.'<ref name=FalkJan2011 />

Falk obtained a [[Bachelor of Science]] in Economics from the [[Wharton School]], [[University of Pennsylvania]] in 1952 before completing a [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree at [[Yale University]].<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /><ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /><ref name=PRF>{{cite web|title=Profile Richard Falk|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/profile/richard-falk.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=09/02/2013}}</ref>He obtained his [[Doctor of Laws|Doctorate in Law]] (SJD) from [[Harvard University]] in 1962. His early thinking was influenced by readings of [[Karl Marx]], [[Herbert Marcuse]], and [[C. Wright Mills]], and he developed an overriding concern with projects to abolish war and aggression as social institutions.<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" />

===Personal Life===
Falk is married to Hilal Elver who holds a SJD from the [[University of California, Los Angeles School of Law]], a PhD from the [[University of Ankara]] School of Law, is a Research Professor and co-director of the Project on Global Climate Change, Human Security, and Democracy housed at the Orfalea Center of the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]], and an editor at the [[Middle East Research and Information Project]].<ref>[http://www.merip.org/author/hilal-elver], Middle East Research and Information Project. Retrieved 21 October 2014.</ref>

===Professional career===
Falk began his teaching career at [[Ohio State University]] and [[Harvard]] in the late 1950s.<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /> He moved to [[Princeton University]] in 1961, which became his academic home for over thirty years. He was appointed [[Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy#Albert G. Milbank|Albert G. Milbank]] Professor of International Law and Practice in 1965, a position he currently retains as Emeritus professor.<ref name="fidh.org">[http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/falk_affidavit.pdf Richard Falk affidavit, "On Universal Jurisdiction and the Role of National Courts with Respect to the Criminal Complaint Lodged in Germany Against Donald Rumsfeld and Other United States Government High Officials," 2006]</ref> In 1985 he was made a [[Guggenheim Fellow]].<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /> He retired from teaching in 2001.<ref name="fidh.org"/> Since 2002 he has been a research professor at the Orfalea Center for Global & International Studies at [[University of California, Santa Barbara]]. He currently directs "Global Climate Change, Human Security, and Democracy" project.<ref>[http://www.global.ucsb.edu/orfaleacenter/fellows/Falk.html Richard Falk Profile], Orfalea Center for Global & International Studies at [[University of California, Santa Barbara]].</ref>

Falk is a critic of the [[Westphalian sovereignty|Westphalian system of nation states]], which he argues must be transcended by a more international institution to control the resort to force by nations,<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /> as the world moves towards a global ethos in which states renounce their boundary-obsessed territorialism in exchange for a regime of consensually negotiated aims, in which national leaders must be subject to accountability.<ref>Thomas C. Heller, Abraham D.Sofaer,'Sovereignty: The Practitioners' Perspective,' in Stephen D. Krasner (ed.) [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=tPngD78_p3cC&pg=PT68 ''Problematic Sovereignty: Contested Rules and Political Possibilities,''] Columbia University Press 2001 pp.24-52, p.42.</ref> With regard to specific geopolitical situations, he has published a number of books and essays analyzing the ideological aspects of the American Human Rights Debate,<ref>Richard A. Falk, 'Ideological Patterns in the United States Human Rights Debate, 1945-1978,' in Natalie Kaufman Hevener (ed.) [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=a1Nr6D6P-LsC&pg=PA29 ''The Dynamics of Human Rights in United States Foreign Policy,''] Transaction Publishers (1981) 1983 pp.29-52. </ref> the [[legality of the Vietnam War]] and other [[military operation]]s. With regard to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], he wrote that it is "inescapable that an objective observer would reach the conclusion that this [[Iraq War]] is a [[war of aggression]], and as such, that it amounts to a Crime against Peace of the sort for which surviving German leaders were indicted, prosecuted and punished at the [[Nuremberg trials]] conducted shortly after the [[Second World War]]."<ref>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2008/stories/20030425004002300.htm ''Frontline''], Volume 20, Issue 08, April 12–25, 2003.</ref>

===Activism===
Falk's engagement with politics began at [[Ohio State University]], where in the 1960s as a member of the faculty of law he was a witness to racism targeted at black students. His move to Princeton University, where the teaching of law was linked to politics, international relations and other social sciences allowed Falk to integrate his professional expertise in international law with his ethical and political values. Falk aimed to combine his academic work with political activism in a role he described as a 'citizen-pilgrim'. .<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" />
{{Quote|The essential inquiry of a citizen-pilgrim is to discover how to make desirable, yet unlikely, social movements succeed. The movements against slavery, colonialism, racial discrimination, and patriarchy are some instances. My overriding concern is to foster an abolitionist movement against war and aggression as social institutions, which implies the gradual construction of a new world order that assures basic human needs of all people, that safeguards the environment, that protects the fundamental human rights of all individuals and groups without encroaching upon the precarious resources of cultural diversity, and that works toward the non-violent resolution of intersocietal conflicts..<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" />}}

Falk has written for various publications including ''[[The Nation]]'',<ref name=NationProfile/> ''[[The Huffington Post]]'',<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-falk Richard Falk page] at [[The Huffington Post]] website.</ref> [[Al Jazeera]],<ref>Richard Falk, [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/11/20121186441573728.html Interpreting Obama’s Victory], [[Al Jazeera]], November 9, 2012.</ref> ''[[CounterPunch]]''<ref>Richard Falk and David Krieger, [http://www.counterpunch.org/2002/08/24/no-war-against-iraq/ No War against Iraq], [[CounterPunch]], August 24–26, 2002.</ref> and the ''Palestine Chronicle''.<ref>Richard Falk, [http://palestinechronicle.com/gaza-ceasefire-an-early-assessment/ Gaza Ceasefire: An Early Assessment], the Palestine Chronicle, November 24, 2012.</ref> He is a member of the [[Editorial Board]]s of ''The Nation''<ref name=NationProfile>[http://www.thenation.com/authors/richard-falk# Richard Falk page] at [[The Nation]]</ref> and ''[[The Progressive]]''. He has spoken on college campuses<ref>
*Marwa Farag, [http://www.stanforddaily.com/2012/02/07/un-representative-discusses-middle-east/ UN representative challenges Middle East peace process], [[The Stanford Daily]], February 7, 2012
*[http://www.uctv.tv/shows/Envisioning-a-Different-Future-for-U-S-Relations-with-India-Pakistan-and-Afghanistan-Part-1-How-Did-We-Get-Here-18188 Envisioning a Different Future for U.S. Relations with India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan Part 1 "How Did We Get Here?"], [[UCTV (University of California)|University of California TV]], April 5, 2010</ref> and for organizations.<ref>
*{{cite web|url=http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/ht/d/ContentDetails/i/7143|title=Imagining Israel-Palestine Peace: Why International Law Matters|publisher=Thejerusalemfund.org|date=2009-10-08|accessdate=2010-07-23}}
*[http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2006/02/23_falk_nuclear-precipice.htm At the Nuclear Precipice: Nuclear Weapons and the Abandonment of International Law 2006], International Law Symposium, Public Forum, February 23, 2006.
*[http://www.kirotv.com/events/detail/1685243/ "The Economic, Legal and Moral Costs of War: A Forum on Israel, Palestine and the United States"] [[KIRO-TV]] event announcement, June 2012; Annie Roberts, [http://mondoweiss.net/2012/06/richard-falk-no-issue-confronting-us-needs-more-open-debate-than-moral-and-political-cost-of-ip-policy-going-back-to-uss-liberty.html Richard Falk: No issue needs more open debate than moral and political cost of I/P policy], [[Mondoweiss]], June 11, 2012.</ref>

Falk is Chair of the Board of the [[Nuclear Age Peace Foundation]].<ref>[http://www.wagingpeace.org/menu/resources/speakers-bureau/#falk Richard Falk profile], [[Nuclear Age Peace Foundation]], ''accessed December 23, 2012.''</ref><ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/politics/people/display_person.xml?netid=rfalk&display=All Princeton University] faculty profile.</ref> He is on the advisory board of Faculty for Israeli-Palestinian Peace-USA (FFIPP-USA), a group that describes itself as "working for an end of the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories and just peace";<ref>[http://www.ffipp.org/about_us FFIPP-USA (Faculty for Israeli-Palestinian Peace-USA) "About Us"] web site.</ref> it calls for "international sanctions" against Israel while saying "academics should think carefully before developing research links and exchanges with Israelis [by] ascertaining whether they are part of the military machine or work to sustain the occupation".<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2006/may/24/internationaleducationnews.highereducation], originally published at [[the Guardian newspaper]], The Guardian web site, 24 May 2006.</ref>

Falk is a former advisory board member of the [[Citizens for Global Solutions|World Federalist Institute]] and the [http://www.amwg.org/ American Movement for World Government],<ref>[http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/f/falk_ra.htm Richard A. Falk Papers biography], [[Syracuse University]] website ''accessed June 12, 2013''.</ref> as well as a former fellow at the [[Transnational Institute]].<ref name="Slouching"/> During 1999–2000, Falk worked on the [[Independent International Commission on Kosovo]], an initiative of the [[Prime Minister of Sweden]] [[Göran Persson]].<ref>[http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/thekosovoreport.htm2001 Report on Kosovo], Independent International Commission on Kosovo, 2000, ''accessed December 23, 2012''.</ref> For several years Falk served on the board of [[Human Rights Watch]] [[Santa Barbara, California]], until he was asked to resign.<ref>Anna Sheinman, [http://www.thejc.com/news/world-news/94669/un-expert-palestinian-territories-removed-human-rights-watch-committee-0 UN expert on Palestinian territories removed from Human Rights Watch committee], [[The Jewish Chronicle]], December 19, 2012.</ref>

==Appointments at the United Nations==

===United Nations Human Rights Inquiry Commission for the Palestinian territories===

In 2001 Falk served on a [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (OHCHR) Inquiry Commission for the Palestinian territories<ref>[http://www.globalpolicy.org/security-council/index-of-countries-on-the-security-council-agenda/israel-palestine-and-the-occupied-territories/50404-israelpalestine-conflict-interview-with-richard-falk.html Harpreet Kaur Paul interviewing Richard Falk], [[Global Policy Forum]], June 2, 2011</ref> with [[John Dugard]], a South African based in [[Leiden University]] in the [[Netherlands]], and [[Kamal Hussein]], former [[foreign minister]] of [[Bangladesh]]. Falk stated the two main issues were: "One is evaluating whether the conditions of occupation are such as to give the Palestinians some kind of right of resistance. And if they have that right, then what are the limits to that right?" and "The other issue at stake in this current inquiry is to evaluate how Israel as the occupying power is carrying out its responsibility to protect the society that is subject to its control."<ref name=Dienst>{{cite web|title=Falk evaluates Mideast violence with U.N. team|url=http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pwb/01/0219/3a.shtml|work=Vol. 90, No. 17|publisher=Princeton University|author=Karin Dienst|archivedate=1 July 2001|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20010701212526/http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pwb/01/0219/3a.shtml|date=19 February 2001}}</ref> After its investigation the commission issued a report entitled "Question of the violation of human rights in the occupied Arab territories, including Palestine".<ref name=ECN42001121>{{cite web|title=QUESTION OF THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE OCCUPIED ARAB TERRITORIES, INCLUDING PALESTINE|url=http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/4A5FCB3241D55A7885256A1E006E75AD|work=E/CN.4/2001/121: Report of the human rights inquiry commission established pursuant to Commission resolution S-5/1 of 19 October 2000|publisher=United Nations|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051202025015/http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/TestFrame/19cfafb52ab5fc2bc1256a11005de32c?Opendocument|archivedate=2 December 2005|date=16 March 2001}}</ref>

===United Nations Special Rapporteur on Palestinian human rights===

On March 26, 2008, the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] (UNHRC) appointed Falk to a six-year term as a [[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] on "the situation of human rights in the [[Palestinian Territories|Palestinian territories]] occupied since 1967."<ref name="UN_Falkappointed"/> Falk replaced South African professor [[John Dugard]] who left his post in June 2008 after seven years.<ref name=BBC>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6390755.stm UN envoy hits Israel 'apartheid'], BBC, February 23, 2007</ref> Falk's appointment expired in May 2014.<ref>[http://www.internationallawjournaloflondon.com/interview-with-prof.-richard-falk.html], [[International Law Journal of London]], June 30, 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2014.</ref>

====Response to appointment====

The appointment of Falk was reached through a [[consensus]] decision by the 47 members of the UN's Human Rights Council. Despite attempts from Jewish groups to persuade the EU and Canada to publicly oppose the appointment the EU remained silent, while Canada chose not to oppose the consensus, instead issuing a statement distancing itself from the choice.<ref>[http://www.forward.com/articles/13037 "U.N. Taps American Jewish Critic of Israel as Rights Expert"], ''[[The Forward]]'', April 4, 2008.</ref>

According to a UN press release, then [[Israel]]i Ambassador to the United Nations [[Itzhak Levanon]]<ref>[http://www.eyeontheun.org/assets/attachments/documents/4835_Israel_on_OPT_at_HRC.pdf Statement by H.E. permanent resident Ambassador to the United Nations Itzhak Levanon, March 22, 2007]</ref> strongly criticized the appointment stating that Falk had written in an article that it was not "an irresponsible overstatement to associate the treatment of Palestinians with the criminalized [[Nazi]] record of collective atrocity", arguing that "someone who had publicly and repeatedly stated such views could not possibly be considered independent, impartial or objective".<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/5dViuhEdA Human Rights Council Elects Advisory Committee Members], [[United Nations]] press release, March 26, 2008.</ref>
According to the [[The Jewish Daily Forward]] Falk actually said: "Is it an irresponsible overstatement to associate the treatment of Palestinians with this criminalized Nazi record of collective atrocity? I think not."<ref>[http://www.forward.com/articles/13037 "U.N. Taps American Jewish Critic of Israel as Rights Expert"], ''[[The Forward]]'', April 4, 2008.</ref> Levanon further stated that, "He has taken part in a UN fact-finding mission which determined that [[suicide bombing]]s were a valid method of 'struggle'. He has disturbingly charged Israel with 'genocidal tendencies', and accused it of trying to achieve security through '[[state terrorism]]'. Someone who has publicly and repeatedly stated such views cannot possibly be considered independent, impartial or objective."<ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1206446111162&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull "UNHRC appointment infuriates Israel"], ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', March 26, 2008.</ref> The [[Israeli government]] announced it would deny Falk a visa to Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, at least until the September 2008 meeting of the Human Rights Council.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/972974.html "Israel to bar UN official for comparing Israelis to Nazis"], ''Haaretz'', April 8, 2008.</ref>

The UN press release reported that the Palestinian representative, Mohammad Abu-Koash, said that it was "ironic that Israel which claimed to be representing Jews everywhere was campaigning against a Jewish professor who had been nominated for the post of Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.'" The Palestinian statement went on to refer to Falk as the "author of 54 books on international law", concluding that his appointment was "a victory for good sense and human rights, as he was a highly qualified rapporteur."<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/5dViuhEdA Human Rights Council Elects Advisory Committee Members], [[United Nations]] press release, March 26, 2008.</ref>

Former [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]], [[John R. Bolton|John Bolton]], criticized Falk's appointment to the United Nations Human Rights Council, stating that "This is exactly why we voted against the new human rights council", and that "He was picked for a reason, and the reason is not to have an objective assessment — the objective is to find more ammunition to go after Israel."<ref name=Lake>Eli Lake, [http://www.nysun.com/news/foreign/un-official-calls-study-neocons-role-911 "U.N. Official Calls for Study Of Neocons' Role in 9/11"], ''[[The New York Sun]]'', April 10, 2008</ref>

===UN Investigations and reports===

====2008====
In May 2008 Israel refused to admit Falk to gather information for a report. The [[National Lawyers Guild]] urged Israel to permit Falk entry, stating "Falk made no claims any different from those made by John Dugard, the man he was to replace, in several reports on conditions in the Occupied Territories."<ref name=CommonDreams>[http://www.commondreams.org/news2008/0423-05.htm Press Release: National Lawyers Guild Urges Israel to Permit Richard Falk to Enter Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories], ''[[Common Dreams]]'', April 23, 2008.</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] issued a statement asking Israel to reverse its expulsion of Falk from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.<ref>[http://www.hrw.org/news/2008/12/17/israel-reverse-expulsion-human-rights-rapporteur Israel: Reverse Expulsion of Human Rights Rapporteur], [[Human Rights Watch]] website,
December 17, 2008, accessed December 19, 2012.</ref> In a July 2008 interview Falk stated the constraints would ''"limit my exposure to the direct realities. But I think it's quite possible to perform this role without that exposure. Barring my entry complicates my task but doesn't make it undoable."''<ref>Linda Mamoun, [http://www.alternet.org/module/printversion/91225 "Israel Bars UN Human Rights Watchdog From Occupied Territories"], [[Alternet]] reprint of [[The Nation]] article, posted on July 11, 2008.</ref>

In June 2008, Falk proposed to the Human Rights Council that his mandate to investigate violations of international humanitarian law in the Palestinian territories be extended to include possible Palestinian infringements. He stated his goal was to "insulate" the Council, which is dominated by Islamic and African states, usually supported by [[China]], [[Cuba]] and [[Russia]], "from those who contend that its work is tainted by partisan politics".<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/993320.html "UN official who compared Israel to Nazis turns the spotlight on Palestinians"], ''[[Haaretz]]'', June 16, 2008.</ref>

On December 9, 2008, the United Nations released a statement by Falk in his official capacity as "Special Rapporteur" noting that [[United Nations Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]], General Assembly President [[Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann|Miguel D’Escoto]] and UN High Commissioner for Human Rights [[Navi Pillay]], among other top officials, have expressed concern for the "desperate plight" of civilians in [[Gaza City|Gaza]]. Falk said: "And still Israel maintains its Gaza siege in its full fury, allowing only barely enough food and fuel to enter to stave off mass famine and disease." He outlined steps that must be taken to avoid a "humanitarian catastrophe"<ref>[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=29228&Cr=Palestin&Cr1= "Urgent action needed to alleviate desperate plight of Gaza's civilians – UN rights expert"], [[United Nations]] News Center, December 9, 2009.</ref> These included implementing the "responsibility to protect" a civilian population from collective punishment and a determination of "whether the Israeli civilian leaders and military commanders responsible for the Gaza siege should be indicted and prosecuted for violations of international criminal law", which ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' wrote would go before the [[International Court of Justice]] at [[The Hague]].<ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1228728146806&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull "Human Rights & Wrongs"], ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', December 10, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/ASAZ-7M6DZ2?OpenDocument "Gaza: Silence is not an option"], statement by the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights on Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, issued December 9, 2008.</ref>

On December 14 Falk landed at [[Ben Gurion Airport]] with staff members from the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on an official visit, planning to travel to the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] to prepare a report on Israel's compliance with human rights standards and international humanitarian law.<ref name=FalkDec2008>[http://www.palestine-pmc.com/details.asp?cat=4&id=3930 Richard A.Falk, "My Expulsion from Israel", 22 December 2008]</ref><ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3638881,00.html "Israel denies entry to UN rights investigator"], [[Reuters]], reproduced at [[YNET]], December 15, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=29309&Cr=descoto&Cr1=Israel "UN Assembly President calls stories he tried to stop Israel speaking ‘malicious lie’"], [[United Nations]] News Center, December 15, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1228728204503&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull "UNHRC rapporteur denied entry to Israel"], ''The Jerusalem Post'', December 16, 2008.</ref> In an interview Falk stated the Israeli government distorts his real views and that he saw the expulsion as an "insidious pattern of trying to shift the attention from their objections to the person."<ref>[http://www.democracynow.org/2008/12/17/days_after_calling_israeli_blockade_of "Days After Calling Israeli Blockade of Gaza 'A Crime Against Humanity', UN Human Rights Investigator Richard Falk Detained, Expelled from Israel"], ''[[Democracy Now]]'', December 17, 2008.</ref> Pillay called Israel's detention and expulsion of Falk as "unprecedented and deeply regrettable".<ref>[http://www.isria.info/RESTRICTED/D/2008/DECEMBER_18/diplo_17december2008_21.htm UN: Daily Press Briefing], [[United Nations]], December 16, 2008.</ref> As of March 2011 Falk was still denied entry into and effectively banned from Israel.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4045623,00.html UN official: Israel engaging in ethnic cleansing], [[Reuters]], March 21, 2011.</ref>

On December 27, 2008 Falk issued a statement condemning the [[December 2008 Gaza Strip airstrikes|December 2008 Israel strikes on Gaza]] as "war crimes" because he claims they included collective punishment, targeting of civilians and a disproportionate military response to Hamas rocket attacks on Israel, which also targeted civilians. He stated that Israel had ignored Hamas' diplomatic initiatives to re-establish the ceasefire which expired December 26 and condemned nations which provided Israel military support and participated in the siege of Gaza.<ref>Richard Falk, [http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/F1EC67EF7A498A30C125752D005D17F7 Statement by Prof. Richard Falk, United Nations Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories], [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]], December 27, 2008.</ref> In a ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'' article Falk reaffirmed that he had "called on the International Criminal Court" to investigate Israeli leaders responsible for possible violations of international criminal law.<ref>Richard Falk, [http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/editorial/outlook/6186137.html "Bring light — and censure — to brutal Israeli attacks; World needs to see the victims and carnage in Gaza"], ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'', December 29, 2008.</ref>

====2009====
In March 2009, Falk stated that [[Gaza War (2008–09)|Israel's offensive in Gaza]] constituted a war crime of the "greatest magnitude". He called for an independent group to be set up to investigate the war crimes committed on both sides.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1072481.html UN envoy: Gaza op seems to be war crime of greatest magnitude] ''Haaretz'', March 19, 2009</ref> The British government responded to Falk's report by stating that "the report of the UN Human Rights Council's Special Rapporteur is unbalanced and contributes little."<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090429/wl_mideast_afp/mideastconflictunisraelrightsbritain AFP: Britain raps 'unbalanced' UN rights Gaza report] ''AFP'', March 30, 2009</ref> In October 2009 Falk endorsed the [[United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict]] (also known as the "Goldstone Report") as "an historic contribution to the Palestinian struggle for justice, an impeccable documentation of a crucial chapter in their victimization under occupation".<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Falk |url=http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article10788.shtml |title=ei: The Goldstone report and the battle for legitimacy |publisher=Electronicintifada.net |date= |accessdate=17 October 2009}}</ref>

====2010====
In his August 10, 2010 UN Special Rapporteur report Falk detailed the accusation that Israel was practicing a policy of [[Crime of Apartheid|apartheid]] in the Palestinian territories:<blockquote>"Among the salient apartheid features of the Israeli occupation are the following: preferential citizenship, visitation and residence laws and practices that prevent Palestinians who reside in the West Bank or Gaza from reclaiming their property or from acquiring Israeli citizenship, as contrasted to a Jewish right of return that entitles Jews anywhere in the world with no prior tie to Israel to visit, reside and become Israeli citizens; differential laws in the West Bank and East Jerusalem favouring Jewish settlers who are subject to Israeli civilian law and constitutional protection, as opposed to Palestinian residents, who are governed by military administration; dual and discriminatory arrangements for movement in the West Bank and to and from Jerusalem; discriminatory policies on land ownership, tenure and use; extensive burdening of Palestinian movement, including checkpoints applying differential limitations on Palestinians and on Israeli settlers, and onerous permit and identification requirements imposed only on Palestinians; punitive house demolitions, expulsions and restrictions on entry and exit from all three parts of the Occupied Palestinian Territories."<ref>[http://www.middleeastmonitor.org.uk/downloads/other_reports/report-of-the-special-rapporteur-on-the-situation-of-human-rights-in-the-palestinian-territories-occupied-since-1967.pdf Richard Falk: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, August 30, 2010] retrieved December 19, 2010.</ref><ref>C. Gouridasan Nair, [http://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/article793269.ece Full text of the interview with Richard Falk, U.N. Rapporteur on Human Rights in the Israeli-Occupied Territories of Palestine], [[The Hindu]], September 24, 2010.</ref></blockquote>

====2011====
In 2011 Falk spoke to the UN Human Rights Council and stated that Israeli policies in [[Jerusalem]] amounted to "ethnic cleansing" against the Palestinian population. He urged the Council to ask the [[International Court of Justice]] to investigate Israel for acts of "colonialism, apartheid, and ethnic cleansing inconsistent with international humanitarian law" committed during its occupation of the Palestinian territories.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4045623,00.html UN official: Israel engaging in ethnic cleansing], YnetNews.com, March 21, 2011.</ref>

====2012====
In Falk's report to the UN Human Rights Council focused on Israel’s treatment of Palestinian prisoners he recommended that The International Court of Justice at the Hague should be asked to issue an advisory opinion on Israel’s treatment of prisoners, an opinion which might also cover Israel’s "prolonged occupation" of Palestinian territory. His report also asked the Human Rights Council to censure Israel because of its use of administrative detention, take "emergency notice" of Israeli legislative attempts to legalize West Bank settlements, and to increased attention on Israel’s refusal to cooperate with his work. He stated that Israeli military retaliation for rocket fire from Gaza was not justified. The US Ambassador to the UN Human Rights Council said the US "continues to be deeply troubled by this council’s biased and disproportionate focus on Israel."<ref>Tovah Lazaroff, [http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=276072 Int'l court must act on Palestinian prisoner issue'], Jerusalem Post, July 3, 2012.</ref>

In Falk's report to the U.N. General Assembly he recommended that "businesses highlighted in the report – as well as the many other businesses that are profiting from the Israeli settlement enterprise – should be boycotted until they bring their operations into line with international human rights and humanitarian law and standards." He specifically named the United States' [[Caterpillar Inc.]], [[Hewlett-Packard]] and [[Motorola]]; Israel's [[Ahava]], [[Elbit Systems]] and [[Mehadrin]]; [[Sweden]]'s [[Volvo Group]] and [[Assa Abloy]] ; [[France]]'s [[Veolia Environment]]; [[United Kingdom]]'s [[G4S]], [[Belgium]]'s [[Dexia Group]], [[Netherlands]]' [[Riwal Holding Group]] and [[Mexico]]'s [[Cemex]].<ref>Wayne Schoenfeld, [http://forward.com/articles/164986/richard-falk-calls-for-corporate-israel-boycott/#ixzz2APbfkSvl Richard Falk Calls for Corporate Israel Boycott; U.N. Official Backs Calls To Shun Occupation-Backing Firms], [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]], October 25, 2012.</ref> At a news conference Falk said: "The focus on business activities is partly an expression of frustration about the inability to obtain compliance with these fundamental legal obligations of Israel and the ineffectiveness of the U.N. efforts to condemn settlement expansion." He also stated "The whole issue of Palestinian self-determination is at risk here."<ref>Michelle Nichols, [http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/25/us-palestinians-israel-un-idUSBRE89O1II20121025 U.N. expert calls for boycott of companies in Jewish settlements] [[Reuters]], October 25, 2012.</ref>

The report drew criticism from the United States Ambassador to the UN, Susan Rice, who called it "irresponsible and unacceptable",<ref name="JP"/><ref name="TJA">{{cite web | url=http://forward.com/articles/165007/us-rejects-call-for-boycott-by-un-rapporteur-falk/ | title='U.S. Rejects Call for Boycott by UN Rapporteur Falk' | publisher=The Forward | date=October 26, 2012}}</ref> and the Canadian foreign ministry which called it "biased and disgraceful" and called on Falk to withdraw his "offensive" report or resign from his UN post.<ref name="CBC"/>
The Israeli Mission to the UN stated that "while he [Falk] spends pages and pages attacking Israel, Falk fails to mention even once the horrific human rights violations and ongoing [[terrorist attacks]] by [[Hamas]]."<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/m/rich/politics/story/2012/10/25/un-israel-palestine-rapporteur-boycott.html Canada CBC Press on Rapporteur Boycott]</ref>
Caterpillar Inc. called the report inaccurate and misleading, reflecting his "personal and negative opinions toward Israel". Hewlett Packard said that Falk was "far from an independent and unbiased expert in this matter."<ref name="JP">{{cite web | url=http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=289355 | title=Falk: Firms tied to settlements may face charges | publisher=Jerusalem Post | accessdate=October 26, 2012}}</ref>
Several countries, including Egypt and Iran, called the report fair and balanced.<ref name="CBC">{{cite web | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/10/25/un-israel-palestine-rapporteur-boycott.html?cmp=rss | title=Canada, Israel call for UN rapporteur's resignation | publisher=CBC News | accessdate=October 26, 2012}}</ref>

In December Falk visited the region and the Gaza Strip with the "initial purpose assessing the overall impact of Israel’s prolonged occupation and blockade" against Gaza. However, after Israel's November seven day "[[Operation Pillar of Defense]]" military actions against Hamas, Falk claimed "there arose an urgent need to investigate Israel’s seemingly deliberate attacks against civilian targets." After visiting Palestinian survivors of military attacks, Falk stated that "some attacks killed and harmed civilians in a grossly disproportionate manner and thus appear to violate international law." He called today on Israel "to abide by and fully implement the cease fire agreement" and called on the international agreement to make sure it did so.<ref>[http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12867&LangID=E Israel must deliver on cease-fire agreement in the Gaza Strip – UN Special Rapporteur], [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] press release, December 5, 2012.</ref>

====2013====
Richard Falk's annual report, delivered to the UN Human Rights council on June 9, 2013, called for an international investigation into Israeli treatment of Palestinian prisoners. The report criticised the use of arbitrary detention, torture and coerced confessions stating that, "The treatment of thousands of Palestinians detained or imprisoned by Israel continues to be extremely worrisome". Falk said that Israel currently holds 5,000 Palestinians in custody and has imprisoned 750,000 since the start of the occupation. Falk also criticized and called for an end to Israel's blockade of Gaza, saying that it amounted to the "collective punishment of 1.75 million Palestinians." He argued that viability of Gaza was at stake, "With 70 percent of the population dependent on international aid for survival and 90 percent of the water unfit for human consumption, drastic and urgent changes are urgently required if Palestinians in Gaza are to have their most basic rights protected."<ref name=AFP2013>{{cite news|title=UN expert wants probe of Israeli detention of Palestinians|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/world/2013/06/10/UN-expert-wants-probe-of-Israeli-detention-of-Palestinians.html|accessdate=11/06/2013|newspaper=AFP|date=10/06/2013}}</ref><ref name=Reuters2013>{{cite news|title=UN rights envoy: Gaza's viability at stake|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4390665,00.html|accessdate=11/6/2013|newspaper=Reuters|date=06/10/2013}}</ref>

Falk also called for the Red Cross or a commission of international law experts to establish a convention to address the specific issues related to situations of prolonged occupation. He said that "Forty-six years ago today Israel's occupation of Palestine began. Six days of war has turned into 46 years of occupation", concluding, "Forty-six years of denying Palestinians their most basic rights has not achieved peace, Israel’s continuous annexation of Palestinian resources and territory."<ref name=AFP2013/><ref name=Reuters2013/> Additionally, Falk wrote that the commission to investigation [[UN Watch]] which he accused of conducting "a smear campaign" by issuing "a series of defamatory attacks demeaning his character, repeatedly distorting his views on potentially inflammatory issues."<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=603459&utm_medium=twitter&utm_source=twitterfeed UN expert under fire ahead of Palestinian rights report], [[Ma'an News Agency]], June 10, 2013.</ref><ref name=TL2013>Tovah Lazaroff, [http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/EU-slams-Falks-Israel-report-as-biased-at-UNHRC-session-316090 EU slams Falk’s Israel report as biased at UNHRC session], Jerusalem Post, June 10, 2013.</ref>

Many countries speaking at the session thanked Falk for his work and challenged Israel for refusing to cooperate with his human rights mission in the Palestinian territories.<ref name=TL2013/> The Palestinian delegation praised the report and called for its speedy implementation. The [[European Union]] agreed that Israel's settlements and separation barrier were "illegal under international law and constitute an obstacle to peace," but also criticised parts of the report.<ref name=AFP2013/> The European representative said "The EU continues to regret the unbalanced mandate of the Special Rapporteur and is also concerned that parts of the report include political considerations. In the past, the EU emphasized that future reports should be based on a more factual and legal analysis, and we regret to see no genuine progress in that direction. The council needs to be provided with accurate, factual information and solid allegations to fulfill its role and address the human rights situation in occupied Palestinian territory." The United States Ambassador to the UNHRC, [[Eileen Donahoe]], called for Falk's resignation, saying "Falk's attack on [[UN Watch]] threatens the independent voice of civil society at the UN. NGO work is particularly important in the field of human rights. Mr. Falk's most recent statement – which he dramatically and recklessly included in an official UN document – is characteristic of previous reprehensible comments and actions he has made during his tenure as a special rapporteur. His views and behavior, both official and unofficial, are offensive and provocative and do nothing to advance peace in the Middle East or to further the protection and promotion of human rights. We again call for his resignation."<ref name=TL2013/>

==Notable opinions==

===Nuremberg Defense of violent protesters===
In October, 1973, Falk defended [[Karleton Armstrong]], who pleaded guilty to [[Sterling Hall bombing|bombing the University of Wisconsin Army Mathematics Research Center]], which killed a researcher working there and injured another four people. ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that Falk "appealed for full amnesty for all resistors, including those who use violent tactics to oppose the war in Vietnam." The ''Times'' further reported that Falk, "cited the [[Nuremberg Trials]] as precedent for defense assertions that private American citizens had 'a right, and perhaps a duty' to actively oppose the war by any means".<ref>"Ex-Senator Aids Bomber's Defense", ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 20, 1973.</ref> According to Ronald Christenson, political science professor at [[Gustavus Adolphus College]], Falk "invoked the Nuremberg precedent to argue that there is a right of individuals to stop crime 'even by creating a lesser crime'".<ref>Christenson, Ronald, ''Political Trials: Gordian Knots in the Law'', Transaction Publishers, 1999, [http://books.google.com/books?id=nV2a3E-S6LAC&pg=PA172&dq=Political+Trials:+Gordian+Knots+in+the+Law+Falk p. 172], ISBN 978-0-7658-0473-0</ref><ref>Hentoff, Nat, ''The Nat Hentoff Reader,'' Da Capo Press, 2001, [http://books.google.com/books?id=0A6RJlFY2XcC&pg=PA255&dq=The+Nat+Hentoff+Reader+Richard+Falk&ei=bR37ScTuN5WQyATbsdg0 p. 255], ISBN 978-0-306-81084-8</ref>

===Ayatollah Khomeini in 1979===
In early 1979, when Falk was a professor of International Law at Princeton, he visited [[Iranian Revolution]] leader [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] at his home in exile in France.<ref name=Walter>[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=%22The+rise+and+fall+of+leftist+radicalism+in+America%22+%22richard+falk%22+khomeini&btnG=Search+Books&safe=active "The rise and fall of leftist radicalism in America"], Edward Walter, p. 153</ref> In a February 1979 ''[[New York Times]]'' op-ed, after Khomeini had returned to Iran, Falk wrote, "The depiction of him as fanatical, reactionary and the bearer of crude prejudices seems certainly and happily false."<ref name=Lake/> Falk wrote that Khomeini's "entourage was uniformly composed of moderate, progressive individuals,"<ref name=Sick>Gary Sick, ''All fall down: America's fateful encounter in Iran'', I.B.Tauris, 1985, [http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=All+fall+down%3A+America%27s+fateful+encounter+in+Iran+By+Gary+Sick+%22richard+falk%22+khomeini&btnG=Search+Books&safe=active p. 166].</ref> and that "having created a new model of popular revolution based, for the most part, on nonviolent tactics, Iran may yet provide us with a desperately-needed model of humane governance for a third-world country."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/gloview021511.pdf|title=Trusting Khomeini|date=February 16, 1979|publisher=New York Times|format=pdf |accessdate=March 26, 2011}}</ref> By the end of 1979 Khomeini had become [[Supreme Leader of Iran]] and began removing moderates from his circles, arresting and even killing political opponents, and supporting students who [[Iran hostage crisis|took over the U.S. embassy]] in Tehran, holding American hostages for 444 days. Falk was criticized for having supported Khomeini.<ref name=Sick/><ref>Edward Walter, ''The rise and fall of leftist radicalism in America'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992, [http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=%22The+rise+and+fall+of+leftist+radicalism+in+America%22+%22richard+falk%22+khomeini&btnG=Search+Books&safe=active p. 153].</ref> Falk later changed his opinion of Khomeini's regime, calling it "the most terroristic since Hitler."<ref name=Sick/>

===9/11 and the Bush administration===
In 2004, Falk wrote the preface to [[David Ray Griffin]]'s book ''[[The New Pearl Harbor|The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11]]'' which maintains that the [[George W. Bush]] administration was complicit in the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref>David Ray Griffin, ''The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11'', ''Interlink'', 2005.</ref> In that preface he argued: "There have been questions raised here and there and allegations of official complicity made almost from the day of the attacks, especially in Europe, but no one until Griffin has had the patience, the fortitude, the courage, and the intelligence to put the pieces together in a single coherent account."<ref name=Lake/> Falk also wrote a chapter for Griffin's 2006 book, ''9/11 and American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out''.<ref>David Ray Griffin, ''9/11 and American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out'', Olive Branch Press, 2006.</ref>

In November 2008, Falk wrote in ''[[The Journal (student newspaper)|The Journal]]'', a student publication in [[Edinburgh, Scotland]]: "It is not paranoid under such circumstances to assume that the established elites of the American governmental structure have something to hide and much to explain... The persisting inability to resolve this fundamental controversy about 9/11 subtly taints the legitimacy of the American government. It can only be removed by a willingness, however belated, to reconstruct the truth of that day, and to reveal the story behind its prolonged suppression."<ref>[http://jta.org/news/article/2008/11/11/1000905/falk-boosts-9-11-truth "U.N. official boosts 9/11 conspiracy theorists"], ''[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]'', November 11, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.journal-online.co.uk/article/5056-911-more-than-meets-the-eye 9/11: More than meets the eye] by Richard Falk, ''[[The Journal (student newspaper)|The Journal]]'', November 9, 2008.</ref>

In 2004 Falk signed a statement released by the organization [[9/11 Truth movement#9/11 Truth|9/11 Truth]] that calls for a new investigation into the September 11 attacks. Falk confirmed his support for the statement in 2009.<ref name="salon-petition">{{cite journal|last=Rossmeier|first=Vincent|journal=Salon|title=Would you still sign the 9/11 Truth petition?|date=September 11, 2009|url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2009/09/11/truth_petition|accessdate=September 11, 2009}}</ref> In 2008 Falk called for an official commission to further study these issues, including the role [[neoconservatives]] may have played in the attacks, saying "It is possibly true that especially the neoconservatives thought there was a situation in the country and in the world where something had to happen to wake up the American people. Whether they are innocent about the contention that they made that something happen or not, I don't think we can answer definitively at this point."<ref name=Lake/>

In January 2011 [[Susan Rice]], the [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]], suggested that Falk should be removed from his U.N. posts after he wrote on his blog about the "eerie silence of the mainstream media, unwilling to acknowledge the well-evidenced doubts about the official version of the events: an al Qaeda operation with no foreknowledge by government officials."<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39997331/ns/world_news MSNBC coverage of Falk's 9/11 comments]</ref><ref>Richard Falk, [http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/tag/al-qaeda/ Al Queda], Richard Falk blog, September 19, 2011.</ref> United Nations secretary-general [[Ban Ki-moon]] likewise condemned Falk's blog posting,<ref name="JerusalemPost25Jan2011">{{cite news|title=Falk's 9-11 remarks are 'condemned' by UN sec.-gen|url=http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=205192|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=25 January 2011}}</ref><ref>Tovah Lazaroff,[http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=205563&R=R4 'Ban slams Falk’s 9/11 statements,'] at [[The Jerusalem Post]], January 27, 2011.</ref> calling it "inflammatory rhetoric" which was "preposterous" and "an affront to the memory of the more than 3,000 people who died in that tragic terrorist attack." Ki-moon stated that only the U.N. Human Rights Council could remove its appointees from office.<ref name="VoiceOfAmericaNews25Jan2011">{{cite news|title=UN Chief Condemns Investigator on Palestine|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/UN-Chief-Condemns-Investigator-on-Palestine-114590359.html|newspaper=Voice of America News|date=25 January 2011}}</ref>

===Israeli-Palestinian conflict===
In a 2002 op-ed in ''[[The Nation]]'', Falk was highly critical of [[Operation Defensive Shield]], describing it as "state-sponsored terrorism". He wrote that the view of an "overwhelming majority" of the UN Security Council, and a UN Human Rights Commission inquiry he was a part of, was that suicide bombings took place only after the Palestinians "ran out of military options", and suicide attacks appeared as the only way to inflict sufficient harm on Israel so that "the struggle could go on". The UN inquiries found that Israel was responsible for the escalation of violence, and that their military response against the Palestinians constituted a violation of international law. Falk referred to the [[Passover massacre]] as "horrifying", stating that Israel's response was "equally horrifying".<ref name="n2002-04-11">{{cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/ending-death-dance|title=Ending the Death Dance |last=Falk|first=Richard|date=2002-04-11|publisher=The Nation|accessdate=13 May 2011}}</ref>

In 2002 Falk wrote on Princeton Divestment's website that "to divest from companies profiting from business with Israel at this time is to express solidarity with victims of massive crimes against humanity and to call upon Israel to respect U.N. authority and the elemental rules of international law by withdrawing from occupied Palestinian territory."<ref>Ben August, [http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2002/10/10/5683/Campaign for divestment spurs University debate], [[The Daily Princetonian]], October 10, 2002.</ref>

In a June 2007 article, "Slouching toward a Palestinian Holocaust", Falk compared some Israeli policies with regard to the Palestinians to the [[Nazism|Nazi]] record of [[collective punishment]], warning that Israel may be planning a Holocaust in the same way [[Nazi Germany]] did. Identifying himself as a [[American Jews|Jewish American]], Falk stated that his use of the term 'Holocaust' "represents a rather desperate appeal to the governments of the world and to international public opinion to act urgently to prevent these current [Israeli] [[genocidal]] tendencies from culminating in a collective tragedy [for the Palestinians]". Falk also stated that "the comparison should ''not'' be viewed as literal, but... that a pattern of [[criminality]] associated with Israeli policies in [[Gaza City|Gaza]] has actually been supported by the leading democracies of the 21st century." Falk argued that Western and Arab states were associated in a "pattern of criminality" akin to states which let Hitler oppress German Jews in the 1930s. He also denied that [[Hamas]] was a terrorist organization and that it was always ready to work with other Palestinian groups towards "acceptance of Israel's existence", called Israel's [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan|disengagement from Gaza]] a "sham" in which 300 Gazans were killed since Israel's "supposed physical departure", and stated that Israel's blockade of the Gaza Strip had brought Gaza to "the brink of collective starvation, imposing a "sub-human existence on a people" through "collective punishment, and that Israeli policies were "indeed genocidal".<ref name="Slouching"/> In late December 2009, Falk again criticized Israel's blockade, and called for Israel to be threatened with economic sanctions if the blockade was not lifted.<ref>[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=33334#.UQQDeWc1CSo UN expert urges Israel to end Gaza blockade as anniversary of campaign looms], United Nations News Service, December 23, 2009.</ref>

In April 2008 Falk compared Israeli actions in Gaza to those of the [[Nazi]]s and responded to criticism of his statements saying, "If this kind of situation had existed for instance in the manner in which China was dealing with [[Tibet]] or the [[Sudan]]ese government was dealing with [[Darfur]], I think there would be no reluctance to make that comparison." He attributed the reluctance to criticise Israel's policies to the sensitive history of the Jewish people, as well as the state's ability to "avoid having (its) policies held up to international law and morality".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7335875.stm "UN expert stands by Nazi comments"], [[BBC]], April 8, 2008</ref>

In December 2012, when asked explicitly about the "neutrality" of groups like [[Amnesty International]] and Human Rights Watch, Falk said in an interview "there is no doubt that the private-funding base of these leading human rights NGOs leads to some biasing of their agendas". However, he commented that "in reaction to criticism there has been more self-criticism directed at American patterns of abuse, and a greater willingness to report critically on Israel" by such NGOs.<ref>Cihan Aksan and Jon Bailes, [http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/12/14/the-future-of-international-law-and-human-rights/ An Interview With Richard Falk; The Future of International Law and Human Rights], [[CounterPunch]], December 14–16, 2012 edition.</ref>

===2011 intervention in Libya===
During the [[2011 Libyan civil war]], Falk published an op-ed in [[Al Jazeera]] against the proposals for [[2011 military intervention in Libya|military intervention]]. Falk wrote that military intervention was illegal under international law, and that "the Gaddafi government, however distasteful on humanitarian grounds, remains the lawful diplomatic representative of a sovereign state". Falk also wrote that any intervention would be pro-insurgency rather than counter-insurgency, and criticized politicians who supported intervention, arguing that "it seems that many of the Republicans focused on the deficit although cutting public expenditures punishes the poor at a time of widespread unemployment and home foreclosures would not mind ponying up countless billions to finance acts of war in Libya".<ref>Richard Falk, [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/03/201138143448786661.html Kicking the intervention habit], [[Al Jazeera]], March 10, 2011.</ref>

In a Falk blog entry published in [[Today's Zaman]], Falk argued that unlike protests in other countries, the Libyan opposition was reliant on military force "almost from the start", and that violent political reaction from within to Gaddafi’s regime was fully justified as an "expression of Libyan self-determination". He also wrote that the intervention was not to protect civilians from attack, but to ensure a rebel victory and the defeat of Gaddafi.<ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=1570585DBEB1FEFE5849DCF9419D0275?newsId=239496 Gaddafi, moral interventionism, Libya, and the Arab Revolutionary Movement], [[Today's Zaman]], March 29, 2011; originally published as [http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2011/03/20/qaddafi-moral-interventionism-libya-and-the-arab-revolutionary-moment/ Richard Falk blog entry], March 20, 2011.</ref>

===Boston Marathon Bombings===
In a posting on his personal blog called "A Commentary on the Marathon Murders", reprinted in [[Al-Jazeera]], Falk wrote regarding the [[Boston Marathon bombings]], which he called "horrific bombings". He also wrote that "the American global domination project is bound to generate all kinds of resistance in the post-colonial world" and that "the United States has been fortunate not to experience worse [[Blowback (intelligence)|blowbacks]]". He contrasted the critical response to the bombings from callers to a [[PBS]] program with that of US politicians and the mainstream media among whom he said self-scrutiny remained "taboo" and that American politicians did not "have the courage to connect some of these dots." He also criticized American policy towards Iran’s nuclear program and friendship with Israel, writing more attacks are likely "if there is no disposition to rethink US relations to others in the world, starting with the Middle East."<ref>Aaron Kalman,[http://www.timesofisrael.com/un-official-says-us-had-boston-attack-coming/ UN official says US had Boston attack coming], [[The Times of Israel]], April 23, 2013.</ref><ref>Richard A. Falk, [http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2013/04/19/a-commentary-on-the-marathon-murders/ "A Commentary on the Marathon Murders"], Richard Falk blog, April 19, 2013; reprinted in part as [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/04/201341864010806370.html "Collective self-reflection in the wake of a national tragedy"] at [[Al Jazeera]], April 19, 2013; reprinted at [http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2013/04/21/a-commentary-on-the-marathon-murders/ here, with the original title] by ''[[Foreign Policy Journal]]'', April 21, 2013.</ref>

Falk continued and mounted a critique of US foreign policy describing the [[Iraq War]] and [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan War]] as "unlawful wars" which had "devastated two countries, seemingly beyond foreseeable recovery, while adding nothing to American security". He said that while the failure and expense of these wars meant that this kind of intervention was no longer the centerpiece of American policy, "[t]he war drums are beating at this moment in relation to both North Korea and Iran, and as long as Tel Aviv has the compliant ear of the American political establishment, those who wish for peace and justice in the world should not rest easy."

Canadian [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)|Foreign Minister]] [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]] sharply criticized Falk, stating that “Once again, United Nations official Richard Falk has spewed more mean-spirited, anti-Semitic rhetoric, this time blaming the attacks in Boston on President Obama and the State of Israel. The United Nations should be ashamed to even be associated with such an individual.” The [[United Kingdom]], in a statement by its UN mission, noted that this was "the third time we have had cause to express our concerns about Mr. Falk’s anti-Semitic remarks. It is important to the U.K. that special rapporteurs uphold the highest standards in their work and we have twice previously made clear that remarks by Mr. Falk were unacceptable." United Nations Secretary General [[Ban Ki-moon]] rejected Falk’s statements, saying that they undermined the credibility and work of the UN.<ref name="news.nationalpost.com">[http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/04/24/canada-lambasts-un-official-for-saying-boston-bombings-caused-by-american-global-domination-project/ Canada lambasts UN official for saying Boston bombings caused by ‘American global domination project’], ''Canadian Press'' (reprinted in the ''[[National Post]]'', April 24, 2013.</ref> [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]] [[Susan Rice]] wrote that she was "Outraged by Richard Falk's highly offensive Boston comments", that "Someone who spews such vitriol has no place at the UN", and that it was "Past time for him to go.".<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/ajc-urges-removal-of-un-s-richard-falk-for-controversial-boston-comments-1.517377 AJC urges removal of UN's Richard Falk for controversial Boston comments] by ''[[Reuters]]'' (reprinted by ''[[Haaretz]]''), April 24, 2013.</ref>

Falk's statements were also criticized by numerous publications and advocacy groups, including the ''[[New York Daily News]]'', the ''[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]'' (JTA), ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', Sohrab Ahmari of the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', [[UN Watch]], the [[Anti-Defamation League]] and the [[American Jewish Committee]].<ref>[http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/united-nations/adl-denounces-uns-richard-falk-boston-tel-aviv.html ADL Denounces U.N.’s Richard Falk for Attempting to Blame the Boston Terror Attack “on Tel Aviv”], ADL 23-04-2013</ref><ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/beneath-contempt-article-1.1326653 United Nations Jew-basher Richard Falk blames Boston Marathon attack on Israel], New York Daily News 25-04-2013</ref><ref>[http://www.jta.org/news/article/2013/04/23/3124931/un-official-blames-boston-marathon-bombing-on-tel-aviv U.N. official pins blame for Boston Marathon bombing on ‘Tel Aviv’], ''[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]'', April 23, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.jpost.com/International/UNs-Falk-ties-Boston-bombs-to-Obamas-Israel-trip-310832 UN's Falk ties Boston bombs to Obama's Israel trip] by Lauren Izso, ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', April 23, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/04/23/watchdog-group-blasts-un-official-for-blaming-boston-bombings-on-american/ UN official blames Boston Marathon bombings on American 'domination'], ''[[Fox News]]'', April 23, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.thejc.com/news/world-news/106337/us-israel-ties-factor-boston-bombing-says-un-man US-Israel ties factor in Boston bombing, says UN man] by Zoe Winograd, ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'', April 23, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324874204578441033895673750.html What the Falk?], Wall Street Journal 23-04-2013</ref> [[Scott McConnell]] responded to the criticism in ''[[The American Conservative]]'': "Amazing for its viciousness and rank dishonesty is the campaign waged against UN special rapporteur for human rights in occupied Palestine Richard Falk for making some pretty straightforward “blowback” points in the aftermath of the Boston terrorist attack." He went on to describe how, in his view, "a well-funded neocon group called UN Watch and its various media allies had ginned up an intense public relations campaign, based on falsifying the meaning of his piece, using ellipses to distort its sentences, to claim that Falk had said that the Boston victims somehow deserved their fate."<ref name=SM2013>{{cite news|last=McConnell|first=Scott|title=Smearing Richard Falk|url=http://www.theamericanconservative.com/smearing-richard-falk/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=smearing-richard-falk|accessdate=2013-04-28|newspaper=The American Conservative|date=2013-04-26}}</ref>

Jeremy R. Hammond, who had reprinted Falk's article in his online journal, stated that the accusations arose from distortions in the original accusations made by what he called the 'Zionist organization UN Watch', affirming that nowhere in the article does Falk justify the Boston terror attack, as was claimed, and that nowhere did he blame Israel for the attack. He draws a long list of news reports which he argues picked up the UN Watch document's claims and parroted them 'to manufacture a sensational headline,' and attack an 'honourable man'.<ref>[http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2013/04/26/the-demonization-of-richard-falk/view-all/ 'The Demonization of Richard Falk,'] Foreign Policy Journal, April 26, 2013.</ref> �
[[West Chester University]] historian Lawrence Davidson argued in defence of Falk's statement that:- <blockquote> looked at from outside of the self-justifying perspective of the United States government, everything Richard Falk says is accurate. However, from the inside of the official government worldview, Falk is a heretic and his message dangerous verbal poison. Therefore, the reaction of those dedicated to customary policies and alliances has been shrill.<ref>Lawrence Davidson,[http://www.counterpunch.org/in-praise-of-richard-falk 'In praise of Richard Falk,'] [[Counterpunch]] 6 May 2013 </ref></blockquote>

==Accusations of antisemitism==

On June 29, 2011 Richard Falk posted on his blog an entry regarding the [[International Criminal Court]]’s indictment of [[Muammar Gaddafi]] for crimes against humanity which included a cartoon image of a dog with a [[Yarmulke|Jewish head-covering]] and a sweater with the letters "USA"; it was urinating on [[Lady Justice]] while devouring bloody human bones.<ref name=underfire>[http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=228448 UN's Richard Falk under fire for ‘anti-Semitic’ cartoon], Jerusalem Post 08-07-2011</ref> [[UN Watch]], which is affiliated with the [[American Jewish Committee]]<ref name="AJC Office and Departments ">{{cite web|url=http://www.ajc.org/site/c.ijITI2PHKoG/b.789095/k.5F96/Offices_and_Departments.htm |title=ACJ Office and Departments |work=ACJ |accessdate=19 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="ACJ Activities in Europe">{{cite web|url=http://www.ajc.org/site/c.ijITI2PHKoG/b.835975/k.D5ED/Europe.htm |title=ACJ Activities in Europe |work=ACJ |accessdate=19 March 2012}}</ref> contacted UN High Commissioner for Human Rights [[Navi Pillay]] regarding the cartoon. Falk acknowledged on July 6 that the cartoon was antisemitic and apologized for posting it, adding that "we must also make peace with nature, and treat animals with as much respect as possible." <ref name="underfire"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Bauder|first=Sarah|title=Jewish groups urge UN investigator to quit|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4093287,00.html|accessdate=11 July 2011|newspaper=[[Ynetnews]]|date=10 July 2011|agency=[[Shalom Life]]|quote=The Anti-Defamation League called on the UN top human rights official to publicly condemn Falk.}}</ref><ref>[http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2011/07/06/apology-for-unintentionally-posting-anti-semitic-cartoon-in-qaddafi-arrest-warrant-blog/ Apology for Unintentionally Posting Anti-Semitic Cartoon in Qaddafi Arrest Warrant Blog July 6th], Richard Falk blog, July 6, 2012.</ref>

[[Abraham H. Foxman]] of the [[Anti-Defamation League]] called on Falk to resign as U.N. Rapporteur for the Palestinian territories saying that "This cartoon is blatantly anti-Semitic and conveys the message that Jews and Americans care little about what is just and moral" and that "the message of hatred in this cartoon nonetheless directly contravenes the principles of the Human Rights Council and of the United Nations itself."<ref name=h20110708>{{cite news|title=ADL calls on UN human rights chief to condemn Richard Falk for anti-Semitic cartoon|url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/adl-calls-on-un-human-rights-chief-to-condemn-richard-falk-for-anti-semitic-cartoon-1.372190|accessdate=15 July 2011|newspaper=Haaretz|date=8 July 2011}}</ref> [[United States]] envoy to the UN [[Joseph M. Torsella]] said the posting of the cartoon was "shameful and outrageous" and "an embarrassment to the United Nations", and called on him to resign.<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=228618 US, Jewish groups demand Falk resign over blog entry], Jerusalem Post 2011-07-10</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Evans|first=Robert|title=U.S. urges U.N. sleuth resign over blog cartoon|url=http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFLDE7670S520110708?sp=true|accessdate=9 October 2011|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|date=8 July 2011|agency=[[Reuters]]|location=[[Geneva]]|quote=The United States said on Friday it has called on the U.N. human rights investigator for the Palestinian territories to resign after he published a cartoon on his blog which he later withdrew as 'anti-semitic.'}}</ref> US Representative [[Ileana Ros-Lehtinen]], chairwoman of the [[US House of Representatives]] [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|Committee on Foreign Affairs]] also called on Falk to resign.<ref name=Pillay>[http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id=229422 Pillay says Falk's cartoon was anti-Semitic, objectionable], Jerusalem Post 2011-07-14</ref> British Prime Minister, [[David Cameron]], instructed the UK's concerns Permanent Representative to express concerns regarding the cartoon and said that he would "continue to closely watch any further actions or comments Mr Falk may make."<ref>[http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/56303/pm-condemns-un-advisers-antisemitic-cartoon PM condemns UN adviser's 'antisemitic' cartoon], [[The Jewish Chronicle]], October 12, 2011, ''accessed October 26, 2012''.</ref>

[[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] [[Navi Pillay]] "acknowledged the cartoon was antisemitic and objectionable." She did not call for Falk’s resignation because of his public apologies and the fact he had swiftly removed the image from his website.<ref name=Pillay/>

In July 2012, in discussing why he was drawn to the "Palestinian struggle", Falk wrote on his blog, "I formed a well-evidence belief that the U.S. Government and the organized Jewish community were responsible for the massive and enduring confiscation of Palestinian land and rights."<ref name=ForWhat>Richard A. Falk, [http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2012/07/20/for-what/ For What?], on his personal blog, July 20, 2012.</ref> UN Watch, accused Falk of "promoting racist remarks," as well as [[anti-Semitism]], "by attempting to blame Jewish communities everywhere for alleged crimes against Palestinians."<ref name="Falk UN Watch Organized">{{cite web | url=http://blog.unwatch.org/index.php/2012/07/24/u-n-s-richard-falk-accuses-the-organized-jewish-community-of-crimes-against-palestinians/ | title=U.N.’s Richard Falk accuses "the organized Jewish community" of crimes against Palestinians | publisher=UN Watch | date=July 24, 2012 | accessdate=July 25, 2012}}</ref> Falk later responded, writing "I have often opposed policies including those of the US and Israel but to conflate such stands with racism is [part of] a wide-ranging and frequently repeated denunciation of my views and activities."<ref name=ForWhat/><ref>[http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/70440/anti-israel-un-official Anti-Israel UN official], [[The Jewish Chronicle]], July 26, 2012.</ref>

In December 2012, UN Watch published an open letter to [[Human Rights Watch]] critical of Falk. Falk was asked to resign from the Santa Monica group’s board and his name was removed from their website, supposedly because his working for the United Nations was contrary to HRW policy.<ref>[http://www.jta.org/news/article/2012/12/18/3114871/richard-falk-removed-from-human-rights-watch-committee Richard Falk removed from Human Rights Watch committee], [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]], December 18, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/human-rights-watch-boots-un-palestinian-rights-official-from-one-of-its-panels/ Human Rights Watch boots UN Palestinian rights official from one of its panels], [[The Times of Israel]], December 19, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.unwatch.org/cms.asp?id=3665777&campaign_id=63111 Official Wording of UN Watch Letter to Human Rights Watch. UNwatch.org]</ref> Later that month, in response to a UN Watch press release criticizing Falk, 40 representatives of major international human rights organisations worldwide signed a letter to Human Rights Watch urging the group to "clarify that he was not 'expelled' as an enemy of human rights' as UN Watch claimed".<ref name=Bennis>[[Phyllis Bennis]], [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/01/20131781532514238.html Human Rights Watch: Time to stand with human rights defenders], [[Al Jazeera]], January 9, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.nlg.org/news/letter-regarding-attacks-uns-palestine-rapporteur Letter to Kenneth Roth, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch], from various human rights groups, December 27, 2012, at [[National Lawyers Guild]] website.</ref> [[Phyllis Bennis]], a signer of the letter, wrote that Human Rights Watch replied on January 1, 2013, stating that the UN Watch letter was filled with "inaccuracies and falsehoods" and repeating Human Rights Watch's statement it was complying with its longstanding policy.<ref name=Bennis/><ref>[http://blog.unwatch.org/index.php/2012/12/18/human-rights-watch-expels-top-u-n-official-richard-falk/#more-3023 Human Rights Watch Expels Top U.N. Official Richard Falk], UN Watch website blog, December 18, 2012.</ref>

In response to Falk's comments regarding the [[Boston Marathon bombings]], the British mission to the United Nations stated that “[this is] the third time we have had cause to express our concerns about Mr. Falk’s anti-Semitic remarks. It is important to the U.K. that special rapporteurs uphold the highest standards in their work and we have twice previously made clear that remarks by Mr. Falk were unacceptable.”<ref name="news.nationalpost.com"/>

==Published works==
* ''Essays on Espionage and International Law'' with Quincy Wright, Julius Stone, Roland J. Stanger; Ohio State University Press, 1962
* ''Security in Disarmament'', Editor with Richard J. Barnet, Princeton University Press, 1965
* ''Toward a Theory of War Prevention'', with Saul H. Mendlovitz, Transaction Publishers, 1966
* ''Strategy of World Order (Volumes I to IV)'', edited with Saul H. Mendlovitz, World Law Fund, 1966–67
* ''Legal Order In A Violent World,'' Princeton University Press, 1968
* ''International Law And Organization,'' Editor with Wolfram F. Hanrieder, Lippincott, 1968.
* ''The Six Legal Dimensions of the Vietnam War'', Princeton University Press, 1968
* ''In the Name of America-The Conduct of the War in Vietnam by the Armed Forces of the U.S.'', editor with Seymour Melman, E.P. Dutton, 1968
* ''The Vietnam war and international law,'' edited by Richard A. Falk with Wolfram F. Hanrieder; J. B. Lippincott, 1968.
* ''A Global Approach to National Policy,'' Harvard University Press, 1975.
* ''Crimes of War: A Legal, Political-Documentary, and Psychological Inquiry into the Responsibility of Leaders, Citizens, and Soldiers for Criminal Acts in Wars'' with Gabriel Kolko, Robert Jay Lifton; Random House, 1971
* ''The United Nations and a Just World Order'' with Samuel S. Kim, Saul H. Mendlovitz; Westview Press, 1991
* ''This Endangered Planet,'' Random House, 1971
* ''Regional Politics and World Order'' with Saul H. Mendlovitz, W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd, 1973.
* ''A Study of Future Worlds'', Free Press, 1975
* ''The Vietnam War and International Law'', Editor, Princeton University Press, 1976
* ''Human Rights and State Sovereignty'', Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1981
* ''International Law: A Contemporary Perspective (Studies on a Just World Order, No 2)'' with Friedrich Kratochwil, Saul H. Mendlovitz; Westview Press, 1985
* ''Revolutionaries and Functionaries,'' Dutton Adult, 1988
* ''The Promise of World Order: Essays in Normative International Relations'', Temple University Press, 1988
* ''Explorations at the Edge of Time: The Prospects for World Order'', Temple University Press, 1993.
* ''On Humane Governance: Toward a New Global Politics – The World Order Models Project Report of the Global Civilization Initiative'', Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995
* ''Indefensible Weapons: The Political and Psychological Case Against Nuclearism'' with Robert Jay Lifton, House of Anansi Press, 1998
* ''Predatory Globalization: A Critique,'' Polity, 1999
* ''Human Rights Horizons: The Pursuit of Justice in a Globalizing World,'' Routledge, 2001
* ''Reframing the International: Law, Culture, Politics,'' Routledge, 2002
* ''Unlocking the Middle East: The Writings of Richard Falk,'' Jean Allain, Editor; Olive Branch Press, 2002.
* ''In Pursuit of the Right to Self-Determination Collected Papers of the First International'', Editor with D. Kly, Clarity Press, 2001
* ''Religion and Humane Global Governance,'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2001
* ''The Great Terror War'', Interlink Publishing Group, 2002
* ''The Declining World Order: America's Imperial Geopolitics'', Routledge, 2004
* ''[[The New Pearl Harbor]]: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9-11'' by [[David Ray Griffin]], (Foreword), Interlink Books, 2004
* ''The Record of the Paper: How the New York Times Misreports US Foreign Policy'' with [[Howard Friel]], Verso, 2004
* ''Crimes of War: Iraq'' with Irene Gendzier, Robert Jay Lifton; Nation Books, 2006
* ''Foundations of Restoration Ecology: The Science and Practice of Ecological Restoration (The Science and Practice of Ecological Restoration Series)'' with Richard J. Hobbs, Donald A. Falk, Margaret Palmer, and Joy Zedler; Island Press, 2006
* ''The Costs of War: International Law, the UN, and World Order after Iraq'', Routledge, 2007
* ''Israel-Palestine on Record: How the New York Times Misreports Conflict in the Middle East'' with Howard Friel, Verso, 2007
* ''Achieving Human Rights'', Routledge, 2008
* ''International Law and the Third World: Reshaping Justice (Routledge-Cavendish Research in International Law)'', Editor, Routledge, July 29, 2008
* ''Can Humanitarian Intervention be Humanitarian? [[International Policy Digest]], Author, August 5, 2011
* ''Syria: Geopolitical Mentoring versus Rehab for Addicted Geopolitical Leaders [[International Policy Digest]], Author, August 19, 2011
* ''Rethinking Afghanistan After a Decade [[International Policy Digest]], Author, September 19, 2011
* ''Opening the Other Eye: Charles Taylor and Selective Criminal Accountability [[International Policy Digest]], Author, April 27, 2012
* ''How to Save a Stumbling 'Economic Europe' [[International Policy Digest]], Author, June 11, 2012
* ''The Path to Zero: Dialogues on Nuclear Dangers,'' with David A. Krieger, Paradigm Publishers 2012
* ''Reflections on Teju Cole's Open City [[International Policy Digest]], Author, February 21, 2013

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=35eme}}

==External links==
*Richard Falk in conversation with [[Jeff Halper]] and [[Phillip Adams]], [http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/latenightlive/rethinking-foreign-occupation/4963588 'Rethinking foreign occupation,'] at [[Late Night Live]], [[Australian Broadcasting Commission|ABC]] 18 September 2013.
*[http://www.ohchr.org/EN/countries/MENARegion/Pages/PSIndex.aspx United Nations website page on Occupied Palestinian Territory], including work of Richard Falk.
*[http://www.democracynow.org/2008/12/17/days_after_calling_israeli_blockade_of Democracy Now interview with Richard Falk], December 17, 2008.
*[http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/f/falk_ra.htm Richard A. Falk Papers] at Syracuse University
*[[Transnational Institute|The Transnational Institute of Policy Studies]] (TNI). [http://www.tni.org/article/israeli-crimes-against-humanity-gaza Israeli crimes against humanity in Gaza]. Richard Falk interviewed by Michael Slate. January 20, 2009.
* [http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/ht/display/ContentDetails/i/7089/pid/3584 "Imagining Israel-Palestine Peace: Why International Law Matters"] Richard Falk 2009 speech at [[The Palestine Center]].
*[http://www.stateofnature.org/internationalLawAndHuman.html Interview with Richard Falk from ''Weapon of the Strong: Conversations on US State Terrorism'' (Pluto Press)], November, 2012.

{{United Nations Special Rapporteurs}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=31996109}}

{{Persondata
| NAME =Falk, Richard A.
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Law professor
| DATE OF BIRTH = November 13, 1930
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Falk, Richard A.}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American academics]]
[[Category:American foreign policy writers]]
[[Category:American legal writers]]
[[Category:American human rights activists]]
[[Category:Jewish human rights activists]]
[[Category:American anti-war activists]]
[[Category:American anti–nuclear weapons activists]]
[[Category:Jewish American writers]]
[[Category:International law scholars]]
[[Category:United Nations Special Rapporteurs]]
[[Category:Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
[[Category:Writers on the Middle East]]
[[Category:World federalists]]
[[Category:9/11 conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]

Union Bancaire Privée

2014-09-05T15:33:55Z

Plot Spoiler: Aktualisierung

{{Dieser Artikel|behandelt die schweizerische Privatbank UBP. Für die nordzypriotische Nationale Einheitspartei siehe [[Ulusal Birlik Partisi]] (''UBP'').}}

{{Infobox Kreditinstitut
| Name = Union Bancaire Privée (UBP)
| Typ = 
| Logo = [[Datei:Union Bancaire Privée logo.svg|rahmenlos|hochkant=0.9|Logo]]
| Bild = 
| Land = Schweiz
| Rechtsform = [[Aktiengesellschaft (Schweiz)|Aktiengesellschaft]]
| ISIN =
| ID = 8657
| Gründungsdatum = 1969
| Auflösungsdatum =
| Sitz = [[Genf]]
| Verband = 
| Jahr =
| GeschäftsdatenRef= 
| Bilanzsumme =
| Einlagen =
| Kundenkredite =
| Mitarbeiterzahl = 1,350
| Geschäftsstellen =
| Mitglieder =
| Verwaltungsrat =
| Vorstand =
| Aufsichtsrat =
| Leitung = Edgar de Picciotto (Vorsitzender) Guy de Picciotto ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])
| Homepage = [http://www.ubp.com/de www.ubp.com/de]
}}

'''Union Bancaire Privée''' ('''UBP SA''') wurde 1969 von Edgar de Picciotto gegründet. Sie ist eine der bestkapitalisierten Privatbanken und verwaltet als Major Player der Schweizer Vermögensverwaltungsbranche Kundenvermögen in Höhe von USD 94,8 Milliarden.<ref name="Erstes">[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/news?containerId=26934 Union Bancaire Privée – Steigerung der verwalteten Kundengelder um 8%], UBP, 24. Juli 2014</ref>

UBP ist auf die Vermögensbetreuung für private und institutionelle Kunden spezialisiert – Performance und Innovation stehen dabei stets im Vordergrund. Die Bank hat ihren Hauptsitz in [[Genf]], [[Schweiz]], und beschäftigt 1'350 Mitarbeiter.<ref name="Erstes"/>

==Geschichte==
Am 11. November 1969 gründete Edgar de Picciotto die Compagnie de Banque et d’Investissements (CBI) in Genf. 1990 übernahm CBI die TDB-American Express Bank, in 1990, aus der die heutige Union Bancaire Privée hervorging. Mit der Akquisition der Discount Bank and Trust Company im Jahr 2002 fand eine weitere Expansion statt.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/swiss-bank/profile/private-banks Über uns], UBP</ref>

2011 erwarb UBP den Schweizer Ableger der im niederländischen Staatsbesitz befindlichen [[ABN Amro]] Bank, einer reinen Schweizer Privatbank.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-to-buy-swiss-arm-of-abn-amro/a516408 UBP to buy Swiss arm of ABN Amro], Citywire, 16. August 2011</ref> Mit der Einrichtung je eines Joint Ventures in Hong Kong und Taiwan mit TransGlobe baute UBP im selben Jahr seine Geschäftstätigkeit in Asien aus.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-launches-two-asia-focused-joint-ventures/a513367 UBP launches two Asia focused joint ventures], Citywire, 3. August 2011</ref> 2012 übernahm UBP den in Paris ansässigen [[Dachhedgefonds]] Nexar Capital Group, der über Niederlassungen in London, Jersey und New York verfügt.<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/02/29/ubp-idINL5E8DT9HZ20120229 UBP to buy Paris-based alternatives group Nexar], Reuters, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im Mai 2013 kündigte UBP die Akquisition des internationalen Privatbankgeschäfts der [[Lloyds Banking Group]] an.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-29/lloyds-bank-sells-international-private-banking-business-to-ubp.html Lloyds Sells International Private Banking Business to UBP], Bloomberg News, 29. Mai 2013</ref>

==Geschäftsbereiche==
===Private Banking===
Union Bancaire Privée verfügt über 300 private Vermögensverwalter in mehreren Ländern und bietet verschiedene Verwaltungsmandate und Beratungsmodelle an.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/en/private-bank/swiss-bank/Publications/UBP-in-brief/template/document.jsp?fileId=52676 Über UBP], UBP, 3. Quartal 2013</ref>

===Vermögensverwaltung===
UBP ist ein umfassender Vermögensverwalter, der eine breite Palette von Investitionslösungen anbietet, die auf die Anforderungen seiner institutionellen Kunden abgestimmt sind. Die Bank stellt ein umfangreiches Angebot in den Bereichen Vermögensallokation, Aktien, Anleihen, Diversifizierungsstrategien und alternative Dach-Hedgefonds bereit.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/institutional-clients/asset-management-company Asset Management], UBP</ref>

Im April 2014 lancierte UBP die Plattform [http://www.ubpperform.com/ ubpperform.com] mit einigen der leistungsstärksten Investmentstrategien der Bank.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/news?containerId=24612 Expertise der UBP ausgezeichnet], UBP, 5. Mai 2014</ref>

===Alternative Investments===
UBP hat seit den 1970er Jahren eine Vorreiterrolle im Segment Alternative Investment inne. Im Lauf der Jahre hat die Gesellschaft einen kompetenten Hedgefonds-Beratungsservice aufgebaut und verwaltet mehrere gepoolte Fonds und individuell angepasste Mandate. Mit der Übernahme Nexars im Jahr 2012 unterstreichte UBP sein kontinuierliches Engagement in dieser Anlageklasse.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/7872-union-bancaire-privee-uebernimmt-nexar Union Bancaire Privée übernimmt Nexar], finews.ch, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im April 2013 kündigte UBP eine Partnerschaft mit Guggenheim Fund Solutions (GFS) an, einem Anbieter, der sich innerhalb des kompletten Spektrums an Hedgefonds-Strategien auf Managed Accounts spezialisiert hat. Gemeinsam richteten die beiden Gesellschaften eine neue Hedgefonds-Plattform ein.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/11700-ubp-guggenheim-fund-solutions UBP wählt Guggenheim Fund Solutions], finews.ch, 24. April 2013</ref>

===Vertrieb und Handel===
Zu den von UBP angebotenen Dienstleistungen gehören: Beratung, strukturierte Produkte, Aktienhandel und Brokerage, Aktien-Arbitrage, Währungs- und Edelmetallhandel, Forwards und Derivate, Treasury Management und Aktienhandel. UBP verfügt über mehr als 40 spezialisierte Händler, die mit privaten Vermögensverwaltern zusammenarbeiten.

===Anlagephilosophie===
UBP veröffentlicht jedes Jahr einen Jahresausblick mit einer Übersicht über die makroökonomischen Ereignisse des vergangenen Jahres sowie seinen anlagepolitischen Überzeugungen für das bevorstehende Jahr.<ref>[http://www.boerse-express.com/pagesfoonds/23296 Privatbank Union Bancaire Privee (UBP) erwartet für 2013, dass Gold die 2000er Hürde nimmt], boerse-express.com, 6 Dezember 2012</ref>

== Finanzen ==
Die Bilanzsumme beläuft sich auf 18,5 Mrd. CHF (20,8 Mrd. USD), und die Rendite auf das Eigenkapital für das Geschäftsjahr 2012 betrug 10,2%. Dank einem konservativen Ansatz beim Risikomanagement weist UBP eine stabile Finanzbasis und eine solide Bilanz mit einem hohen Liquiditätsstand auf. Mit einer Kernkapitalquote (Tier 1) von über 28% (per 30. Juni 2014) ist UBP eine der am besten kapitalisierten Banken der Schweiz.<ref name="Erstes"/>

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.ubp.com/de Offizielle Website der UBP]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{Coordinate|article=/|NS=46.203084|EW=6.151639|type=landmark|region=CH-GE}}

[[Kategorie:Kreditinstitut (Schweiz)]]
[[Kategorie:Unternehmen (Genf)]]

Electronic Intifada

2014-08-03T03:13:17Z

Plot Spoiler: alleges

{{Infobox Website
| name = The Electronic Intifada
| logo = [[Image:The Electronic Intifada logo.jpg]]
| screenshot =
| caption =
| url = http://www.electronicintifada.net/
| commercial =
| type = Pro-Palestinian
| language = English
| registration =
| owner =
| author =
| launch date =
| current status =
| revenue =
}}
'''The Electronic Intifada''' ('''EI''') is a not-for-profit, independent online publication which covers the [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]] from a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] perspective, "aimed at combating the pro-Israeli, pro-American spin" that it alleges exists in [[mainstream media]] accounts.<ref name="brown"/>

==History==
''EI'' was founded in February 2001<ref>[http://electronicintifada.net/content/about-electronic-intifada/10159 About The Electronic Intifada]</ref> by [[Ali Abunimah]], an American citizen of Palestinian descent, and a lecturer and a researcher in social policy at the [[University of Chicago]]; [[Arjan El Fassed]], human rights activist based in the Netherlands; Laurie King, an anthropologist and former coordinator of the International Campaign for Justice for the Victims of [[Sabra and Shatila massacre|Sabra and Shatila]] and the managing editor of the [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] in Washington; and [[Nigel Parry]], currently an eclectic Internet consultant, writer and musician based in Pittsburgh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://middleeast.about.com/od/e/g/electronic-intifada.htm |title=About: Electronic Intifada |publisher=Middleeast.about.com |date=2010-06-17 |accessdate=2012-01-21}}</ref>

According to their website, Electronic Intifada is mainly funded by its readers with additional funds provided by private foundations. It does not receive funds from any governments or political parties. In 2010 it received $130,000 in donations from individuals and $83,000 from private foundations.<ref name=ei-whopays>{{cite web|title=About The Electronic Intifada - Who pays for The Electronic Intifada?|url=http://electronicintifada.net/content/about-electronic-intifada/10159#Who pays for The Electronic Intifada?|publisher=The Electronic Intifada}}</ref>

==Reception==
Hannah Brown of ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' calls ''EI'' "one of the most elaborate" sites of those that give a "Palestinian perspective of the news", going on to describe ''EI'' as "very professional, user-friendly and well written," and added that it "is adorned by photos, such as a picture of a lone, small Palestinian boy aiming a stone at an Israeli tank."<ref name="brown">Hannah Brown, "[http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/208068391.html?dids=208068391:208068391&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+27%2C+2002&author=Hannah+Brown&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=24&desc=Virtual+war Virtual war]", ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', September 27, 2002</ref>

Gil Sedan, a [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] reporter, described ''EI'' as a "cyberpropaganda" site which "may contribute to a better understanding of the Palestinian cause," but also said that it "is too biased to be of much use to mainstream publications."<ref>Gil Sedan, [http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/16379/edition_id/321/format/html/displaystory.html "Mideast cease-fire doesn't extend into cyberspace"], June 29, 2001</ref>

Political journalist and editor of the generally left-wing magazine ''[[CounterPunch]]'' [[Alexander Cockburn]] stated "there are a number of excellent news outlets for those who want unjaundiced reporting.... The Electronic Intifada...is trusted."<ref>[http://www.thenation.com/doc/20001211/cockburn Alexander Cockburn, "Torture Them", ''[[The Nation]]'', December 11, 2000]</ref>

[[Gerald M. Steinberg]], head of the pro-Israel [[NGO Monitor]], described Electronic Intifada as "an explicitly pro-Palestinian political and ideological Web site".<ref>[http://www.thejewishweek.com/top/editletcontent.php3?artid=4055&print=yes "Human Rights Watch needs watching"], Gerald M. Steinberg, ''The Jewish Week'', March 25, 2005</ref> that hosts "anti-Israel propaganda."<ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1154525949034&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull "Ken Roth's blood libel], ''Jerusalem Post'', August 26, 2006</ref>

''[[NRC Handelsblad]]'', a Dutch major mainstream newspaper, recommended The Electronic Intifada to its readers in 2006 at the height of the war on Lebanon. NRC wrote, "The Electronic Intifada (EI), a news site in English, reports from a Palestinian perspective, but as impartial as possible. EI is often faster than the established media."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vorige.nrc.nl/krant/article1705279.ece |title=e-Intifada :: archief nrc.nl |publisher=Vorige.nrc.nl |date=2006-07-25 |accessdate=2012-01-21}}</ref>

==ICCO financial support==
[[NGO Monitor]] criticized the Dutch [[Interchurch Organisation for Development Cooperation]] (ICCO) for providing financial support to Electronic Intifada which NGO Monitor accused of being [[antisemitic]] and frequently comparing "Israeli policies with those of the Nazi regime."<ref name="jp2010-11-26">{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=196852|title=Dutch will look into NGO funding of anti-Semitic website|publisher=2010-11-26|language=The Jerusalem Post|accessdate=25 January 2011}}</ref> Marinus Verweij, chairman of ICCO’s executive board said "The EI reports frequently about the violations of human rights and international humanitarian law by the State of Israel. In no way is the EI anti-Israel or anti-Semitic."<ref name="jp2010-11-26"/> He described Electronic Intifada as "an important source of information from the occupied Palestinian territories" frequently used by newspapers such as ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and the ''[[Financial Times]]''.<ref name="jp2010-11-26"/> Dutch Foreign Ministry spokesman Ward Bezemer stated that whether ICCO had promoted anti-semitism, a criminal offence, is to be determined by the Public Prosecutor on the basis of Dutch law. On November 26, 2010 Dutch Foreign Minister Uri Rosenthal who is Jewish and has an Israeli wife, said "I will look into the matter personally. If it appears that the government subsidized NGO ICCO does fund Electronic Intifada, it will have a serious problem with me."<ref name="jp2010-11-26"/> Rosenthal later told IKON radio that "anti-semitism is not the issue" but "my concern about calls to contribute to boycotts and embargoes".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikonrtv.nl/daw/uitzending.asp?lIntItem=3&lIntEntityId=266 |title=Rel rond Israël, IKON RTV, De Andere Wereld |publisher=Ikonrtv.nl |date= |accessdate=2012-01-21}}</ref>

The Electronic Intifada responded to NGO Monitor's statements regarding ICCO's financial support. The Electronic Intifada wrote: "NGO Monitor is an extreme right-wing group with close ties to the Israeli government, military, West Bank settlers, a man convicted of misleading the US Congress, and to notoriously Islamophobic individuals and organizations in the United States."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article11651.shtml |title=Why NGO Monitor is attacking |publisher=The Electronic Intifada |date=2010-11-30 |accessdate=2012-01-21}}</ref>

EI co-founder MP Arjan El-Fassed, who also wrote for the website Al-Awda, told major Dutch newspaper ''[[De Volkskrant]]'' that the fuss created by NGO Monitor was related to one quote from an interview with the Jewish [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] survivor and anti-Zionist [[Hajo Meyer]] in June 2009. Meyer told EI: 'I can write up an endless list of similarities between Nazi Germany and Israel.'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article10568.shtml |title=Auschwitz survivor: "I can identify with Palestinian youth" |publisher=The Electronic Intifada |date=2009-06-01 |accessdate=2012-01-21}}</ref>

In the same article, the Director of the Centre for Information and Documentation Israel (CIDI), Ronnie Naftaniel, asserted that The Electronic Intifada is not an anti-Semitic website. He did, however, state that, while everybody should be free to express their opinion, the Dutch government should not indirectly fund a website that regularly calls for a boycott of Israel.<ref>{{cite web|author=Van onze verslaggeefster Laura de Jong |url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2808/Israelisch-Palestijns-conflict/article/detail/1067615/2010/12/02/Ophef-rond-The-Electronic-Intifada-over-een-citaat.dhtml |title='Ophef rond The Electronic Intifada over één citaat' - Israëlisch-Palestijns conflict - VK |language=nl |publisher=Volkskrant.nl |date= |accessdate=2012-01-21}}</ref>

On January 14, 2011, ICCO decided not change its policy even after a discussion held with the Dutch foreign minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icco.nl/en/news/news-overview/news-item/en/2372/icco-will-not-change-policy-after-discussion-with-dutch-foreign-minister |title=ICCO will not change policy after discussion with Dutch foreign minister |publisher=Icco.nl |date=2011-01-14 |accessdate=2012-01-21}}</ref> In response to ICCO's decision, the ''[[Jerusalem Post]]'' reports that Dutch Foreign Minister Uri Rosenthal “will monitor ICCO’s activities. He will consider this as a minus when he makes up the balance when ICCO applies again in new a subsidies-round,” said Ward Bezemer, a spokesman for Rosenthal."<ref>{{cite web|last=Mcquaid |first=Elwood |url=http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=204794 |title=Dutch FM mulls slashing funding for anti-Israel charity |publisher=Jpost.com |date=2011-01-22 |accessdate=2012-01-21}}</ref>

Partos, a national umbrella for more than a hundred Dutch civil society organizations in the international development cooperation sector, strongly condemned Rosenthal's threats to ICCO's funding. "Rosenthal's position vis-à-vis ICCO creates a dangerous precedent for the future. Development organisation will have to continue to fight for an independent voice in the debate. Partos will, as branch representative, stand tall for that."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.partos.nl/index.php?page=_&articleId=1287 |title=Partos: A free society needs a free civil society (translation of "Vrije samenleving heeft vrij maatschappelijk middenveld nodig") |publisher=Partos.nl |date= |accessdate=2012-01-21}}</ref>

In April 2011, Professor of International Cooperation Studies Paul Hoebink argued that Foreign Minister Uri Rosenthal has no say in Dutch government funding to ICCO because Minister Ben Knapen holds the portfolio. In addition, ICCO's contribution to The Electronic Intifada is paid with ICCO's own funds. Professor of International Law Nico Schrijver considers Rosenthal's threat to cut government funding if ICCO continues its financial support to The Electronic Intifada as a very worrying muzzling."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viceversaonline.nl/2011/04/minister-rosenthal-heeft-geen-poot-om-op-te-staan/ |title=Minister Rosenthal heeft geen poot om op te staan |publisher=Viceversaonline.nl |date=2011-04-07 |accessdate=2012-02-03}}</ref>

==CAMERA and Wikipedia==

In an April 2008 article on Electronic Intifada, e-mails sent between [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America]] (CAMERA) members were published.<ref name="CAMERA and Wikipedia">{{cite web|title=EI exclusive: a pro-Israel group's plan to rewrite history on Wikipedia|url=http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article9474.shtml|publisher=Electronic Intifada|accessdate=27 June 2010}}</ref> The stated purpose of the group was "help[ing] us keep Israel-related entries on Wikipedia from becoming tainted by anti-Israel editors".<ref name=BostGlobe>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/articles/2008/05/03/war_of_the_virtual_wiki_worlds/|title=War of the virtual Wiki-worlds|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|accessdate=2008-05-04|date=2008-05-03|last=Beam|first=Alex|quote=In what was probably not a very smart idea, Gilead Ini, a senior research analyst for CAMERA, put out an e-mail call for 10 volunteers "to help us keep Israel-related entries on Wikipedia from becoming tainted by anti-Israel editors." [...] More than 50 sympathizers answered the call, and Ini put his campaign into motion. In follow-up e-mails to his recruits, Ini emphasized the secrecy of the campaign: "There is no need to advertise the fact that we have these group discussions," he wrote. "Anti-Israel editors will seize on anything to try to discredit people who attempt to challenge their problematic assertions, and will be all too happy to pretend, and announce, that a 'Zionist' cabal . . . is trying to hijack Wikipedia." [...] Someone leaked four weeks' worth of communications from within Ini's organization, and the quotes weren't pretty. Describing the Wiki-campaign, a member of Ini's corps writes: "We will go to war after we have built an army, equiped [sic] it, trained." There is also some back-and-forth about the need to become Wikipedia administrators, to better influence the encyclopedia's articles.|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5eI81uvfP|archivedate=2009-02-01}}</ref><ref name="CAMERA and Wikipedia" /><ref name=McElroy>Damien, McElroy. "[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1934857/Israeli-battles-rage-on-Wikipedia.html Israeli battles rage on Wikipedia]" ''The Telegraph'', May 07, 2008</ref> Five Wikipedia editors involved in a CAMERA campaign were sanctioned by Wikipedia administrators, who wrote that the project's open nature "is fundamentally incompatible with the creation of a private group to surreptitiously coordinate editing by ideologically like-minded individuals".<ref name=BostGlobe/>

==See also==
*[[International Middle East Media Center]]
*[[Palestine News Network]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.electronicintifada.net/ }}

[[Category:Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
[[Category:Asian political websites]]
[[Category:Palestinian non-governmental organizations]]

Union Bancaire Privée

2014-06-12T14:28:13Z

Plot Spoiler: +

{{Dieser Artikel|behandelt die schweizerische Privatbank UBP. Für die nordzypriotische Nationale Einheitspartei siehe [[Ulusal Birlik Partisi]] (''UBP'').}}

{{Infobox Kreditinstitut
| Name = Union Bancaire Privée (UBP)
| Typ = 
| Logo = [[Datei:Union Bancaire Privée logo.svg|rahmenlos|hochkant=0.9|Logo]]
| Bild = 
| Land = Schweiz
| Rechtsform = [[Aktiengesellschaft (Schweiz)|Aktiengesellschaft]]
| ISIN =
| ID = 8657
| Gründungsdatum = 1969
| Auflösungsdatum =
| Sitz = [[Genf]]
| Verband = 
| Jahr =
| GeschäftsdatenRef= 
| Bilanzsumme =
| Einlagen =
| Kundenkredite =
| Mitarbeiterzahl = 1,250
| Geschäftsstellen =
| Mitglieder =
| Verwaltungsrat =
| Vorstand =
| Aufsichtsrat =
| Leitung = Edgar de Picciotto (Vorsitzender) Guy de Picciotto ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])
| Homepage = [http://www.ubp.com/de www.ubp.com/de]
}}

'''Union Bancaire Privée''' ('''UBP SA''') wurde 1969 von Edgar de Picciotto gegründet. Sie ist eine der bestkapitalisierten Privatbanken und verwaltet als Major Player der Schweizer Vermögensverwaltungsbranche Kundenvermögen in Höhe von USD 85.7 Milliarden.<ref name="Erstes">[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/news?containerId=17659 Erstes Halbjahr 2013: Union Bancaire Privée erhöht Reingewinn um 10%], UBP, 30. Juli 2013</ref>

UBP ist auf die Vermögensbetreuung für private und institutionelle Kunden spezialisiert – Performance und Innovation stehen dabei stets im Vordergrund. Die Bank hat ihren Hauptsitz in [[Genf]], [[Schweiz]], und beschäftigt 1'250 Mitarbeiter.<ref name="Erstes"/>

==Geschichte==
Am 11. November 1969 gründete Edgar de Picciotto die Compagnie de Banque et d’Investissements (CBI) in Genf. 1990 übernahm CBI die TDB-American Express Bank, in 1990, aus der die heutige Union Bancaire Privée hervorging. Mit der Akquisition der Discount Bank and Trust Company im Jahr 2002 fand eine weitere Expansion statt.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/swiss-bank/profile/private-banks Über uns], UBP</ref>

2011 erwarb UBP den Schweizer Ableger der im niederländischen Staatsbesitz befindlichen [[ABN Amro]] Bank, einer reinen Schweizer Privatbank.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-to-buy-swiss-arm-of-abn-amro/a516408 UBP to buy Swiss arm of ABN Amro], Citywire, 16. August 2011</ref> Mit der Einrichtung je eines Joint Ventures in Hong Kong und Taiwan mit TransGlobe baute UBP im selben Jahr seine Geschäftstätigkeit in Asien aus.<ref>[http://citywire.co.uk/global/ubp-launches-two-asia-focused-joint-ventures/a513367 UBP launches two Asia focused joint ventures], Citywire, 3. August 2011</ref> 2012 übernahm UBP den in Paris ansässigen [[Dachhedgefonds]] Nexar Capital Group, der über Niederlassungen in London, Jersey und New York verfügt.<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/02/29/ubp-idINL5E8DT9HZ20120229 UBP to buy Paris-based alternatives group Nexar], Reuters, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im Mai 2013 kündigte UBP die Akquisition des internationalen Privatbankgeschäfts der [[Lloyds Banking Group]] an.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-29/lloyds-bank-sells-international-private-banking-business-to-ubp.html Lloyds Sells International Private Banking Business to UBP], Bloomberg News, 29. Mai 2013</ref>

==Geschäftsbereiche==
===Private Banking===
Union Bancaire Privée verfügt über 300 private Vermögensverwalter in mehreren Ländern und bietet verschiedene Verwaltungsmandate und Beratungsmodelle an.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/en/private-bank/swiss-bank/Publications/UBP-in-brief/template/document.jsp?fileId=52676 Über UBP], UBP, 3. Quartal 2013</ref>

===Vermögensverwaltung===
UBP ist ein umfassender Vermögensverwalter, der eine breite Palette von Investitionslösungen anbietet, die auf die Anforderungen seiner institutionellen Kunden abgestimmt sind. Die Bank stellt ein umfangreiches Angebot in den Bereichen Vermögensallokation, Aktien, Anleihen, Diversifizierungsstrategien und alternative Dach-Hedgefonds bereit.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/institutional-clients/asset-management-company Asset Management], UBP</ref>

Im April 2014 lancierte UBP die Plattform [http://www.ubpperform.com/ ubpperform.com] mit einigen der leistungsstärksten Investmentstrategien der Bank.<ref>[http://www.ubp.com/de/private-bank/news?containerId=24612 Expertise der UBP ausgezeichnet], UBP, 5. Mai 2014</ref>

===Alternative Investments===
UBP hat seit den 1970er Jahren eine Vorreiterrolle im Segment Alternative Investment inne. Im Lauf der Jahre hat die Gesellschaft einen kompetenten Hedgefonds-Beratungsservice aufgebaut und verwaltet mehrere gepoolte Fonds und individuell angepasste Mandate. Mit der Übernahme Nexars im Jahr 2012 unterstreichte UBP sein kontinuierliches Engagement in dieser Anlageklasse.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/7872-union-bancaire-privee-uebernimmt-nexar Union Bancaire Privée übernimmt Nexar], finews.ch, 29. Februar 2012</ref>

Im April 2013 kündigte UBP eine Partnerschaft mit Guggenheim Fund Solutions (GFS) an, einem Anbieter, der sich innerhalb des kompletten Spektrums an Hedgefonds-Strategien auf Managed Accounts spezialisiert hat. Gemeinsam richteten die beiden Gesellschaften eine neue Hedgefonds-Plattform ein.<ref>[http://www.finews.ch/news/banken/11700-ubp-guggenheim-fund-solutions UBP wählt Guggenheim Fund Solutions], finews.ch, 24. April 2013</ref>

===Vertrieb und Handel===
Zu den von UBP angebotenen Dienstleistungen gehören: Beratung, strukturierte Produkte, Aktienhandel und Brokerage, Aktien-Arbitrage, Währungs- und Edelmetallhandel, Forwards und Derivate, Treasury Management und Aktienhandel. UBP verfügt über mehr als 40 spezialisierte Händler, die mit privaten Vermögensverwaltern zusammenarbeiten.

===Anlagephilosophie===
UBP veröffentlicht jedes Jahr einen Jahresausblick mit einer Übersicht über die makroökonomischen Ereignisse des vergangenen Jahres sowie seinen anlagepolitischen Überzeugungen für das bevorstehende Jahr.<ref>[http://www.boerse-express.com/pagesfoonds/23296 Privatbank Union Bancaire Privee (UBP) erwartet für 2013, dass Gold die 2000er Hürde nimmt], boerse-express.com, 6 Dezember 2012</ref>

== Finanzen ==
Die Bilanzsumme beläuft sich auf 18,8 Mrd. CHF (19.9 Mrd. USD), und die Rendite auf das Eigenkapital für das Geschäftsjahr 2012 betrug 10,2%. Dank einem konservativen Ansatz beim Risikomanagement weist UBP eine stabile Finanzbasis und eine solide Bilanz mit einem hohen Liquiditätsstand auf. Mit einer Kernkapitalquote (Tier 1) von über 30% (per 30. Juni 2013) ist UBP eine der am besten kapitalisierten Banken der Schweiz.<ref name="Erstes"/>

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.ubp.com/de Offizielle Website der UBP]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{Coordinate|article=/|NS=46.203084|EW=6.151639|type=landmark|region=CH-GE}}

[[Kategorie:Kreditinstitut (Schweiz)]]
[[Kategorie:Unternehmen (Genf)]]

Richard A. Falk

2014-05-20T01:22:31Z

Plot Spoiler: Reverted 1 edit by 198.233.82.74 (talk): Why was this removed? (TW)

{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix = Richard A. Falk
|name =
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|honorific-suffix =
|image =
|imagesize =
|smallimage = 
|alt =
|caption =
|office = [[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967|term_start = 26 March 2008
|term_end =
|predecessor = [[John Dugard]]
|successor =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1930|11|13}}
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|restingplace =
|restingplacecoordinates =
|birthname =
|citizenship =
|nationality = United States
|party =
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|spouse =
|partner = 
|relations =
|children =
|residence =
|alma_mater =
|occupation =
|profession = [[Professor Emeritus]] of [[International Law]] at [[Princeton University]]
|religion = Ecumenicalism , Judaism<ref name=FalkJan2011> Richard Falk, [http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2011/01/15/on-jewish-identity/ On Jewish Identity], Falk blog entry, January 15, 2011:'In my case I have at various times been inspired and enlightened by the practices and wisdom of Christian, Buddhist, Islamic, Hindu, Taoist, and indigenous peoples. And in a more mundane sense, I think that the future of humanity will be greatly enhanced if these various religious and wisdom traditions are ecumenically and inclusively embraced by more and more people throughout the world, providing a thickening societal and civilizational fiber for human solidarity. this sense, I want to say, yes I am Jewish, and proud of it, but I am equally indigenous, Sufi, Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim, and Christian to the extent that I allow myself to participate in their rituals, partake of their sacred texts, and seek and avail myself of the opportunity to sit at the feet of their masters.'</ref>
|signature =
|signature_alt =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Richard Anderson Falk''' (born November 13, 1930)<ref>[http://americanjewisharchives.org/media/docs/concise/f.pdf American Jewish Archives website], p. 146 of listing of individuals by name.</ref> is an [[United States|American]] [[professor emeritus]] of [[international law]] at [[Princeton University]], and has been described as 'a critical analyst of the role of international law in global politics'.<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" > Martin Griffiths,
[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=FU3g49XcKwcC&pg=PT74 ''Fifty Key Thinkers in International Relations,'' ] Routledge 1999 p.74</ref> He is the author or co-author of 20 books and the editor or co-editor of another 20 volumes,<ref>[http://uscpublicdiplomacy.com/index.php/events/events_detail/76/ Dean’s Open Forum, Richard Falk], [[USC Center on Public Diplomacy]], November 4, 2004.</ref> In 2008, the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] (UNHRC) appointed Falk to a six-year term as a [[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] on "the situation of human rights in the [[Palestinian territories]] occupied since 1967."<ref name="UN_Falkappointed">{{cite web|title=Human Rights Council elects Advisory Committee Members and approves a number of Special Procedures mandate holders|publisher=[[United Nations]]|date=March 26, 2008|url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.nsf/2ee9468747556b2d85256cf60060d2a6/0da4ba56ade85249852574190058d462!OpenDocument|accessdate=January 1, 2009|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5dViuhEdA|archivedate=January 1, 2009}}</ref> He has been variously criticized by U.S. ambassador [[Susan Rice]] and [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] [[Ban Ki-moon]] for his outspoken positions on Israel and the [[September 11 attacks]].

==Early Life and education==
Falk was born into an [[Jewish assimilation|assimilationist]] New York Jewish family which all but repudiated the ethnic side of Jewishness.<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /> Defining himself as "an American Jew", he says that having an outsider status, with a sense of not belonging, may have influenced his later role as a critic of American foreign policy.<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /><ref name="Slouching">Richard Falk, [http://www.tni.org/archives/falk_palestinianholocaust ''Slouching toward a Palestinian Holocaust''], [[Transnational Institute]], June 29, 2007.</ref><ref name=FalkJan2011/> His being Jewish signifies above all for Falk,'to be preoccupied with overcoming injustice and thirsting for justice in the world, and that means being respectful toward other peoples regardless of their nationality or religion, and empathetic in the face of human suffering whoever and wherever victimization is encountered.'<ref name=FalkJan2011 />

Falk obtained a [[Bachelor of Science]] in Economics from the [[Wharton School]], [[University of Pennsylvania]] in 1952 before completing a [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree at [[Yale University]].<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /><ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /><ref name=PRF>{{cite web|title=Profile Richard Falk|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/profile/richard-falk.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=09/02/2013}}</ref>He obtained his [[Doctor of Laws|Doctorate in Law]] (SJD) from [[Harvard University]] in 1962. His early thinking was influenced by readings of [[Karl Marx]], [[Herbert Marcuse]], and [[C. Wright Mills]], and he developed an overriding concern with projects to abolish war and aggression as social institutions.<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" />

===Professional career===
Falk began his teaching career at [[Ohio State University]] and [[Harvard]] in the late 1950s.<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /> He moved to [[Princeton University]] in 1961, which became his academic home for over thirty years. He was appointed [[Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy#Albert G. Milbank|Albert G. Milbank]] Professor of International Law and Practice in 1965, a position he currently retains as Emeritus professor.<ref name="fidh.org">[http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/falk_affidavit.pdf Richard Falk affidavit, "On Universal Jurisdiction and the Role of National Courts with Respect to the Criminal Complaint Lodged in Germany Against Donald Rumsfeld and Other United States Government High Officials," 2006]</ref> In 1985 he was made a [[Guggenheim Fellow]].<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /> He retired from teaching in 2001.<ref name="fidh.org"/> Since 2002 he has been a research professor at the Orfalea Center for Global & International Studies at [[University of California, Santa Barbara]]. He currently directs "Global Climate Change, Human Security, and Democracy" project.<ref>[http://www.global.ucsb.edu/orfaleacenter/fellows/Falk.html Richard Falk Profile], Orfalea Center for Global & International Studies at [[University of California, Santa Barbara]].</ref>

Falk is a critic of the [[Westphalian sovereignty|Westphalian system of nation states]], which he agues must be transcended by a more international institution to control the resort to force by nations,<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" /> as the world moves towards a global ethos in which states renounce their boundary-obsessed territorialism in exchange for a regime of consensually negotiated aims, in which national leaders must be subject to accountability.<ref>Thomas C. Heller, Abraham D.Sofaer,'Sovereignty: The Practitioners' Perspective,' in Stephen D. Krasner (ed.) [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=tPngD78_p3cC&pg=PT68 ''Problematic Sovereignty: Contested Rules and Political Possibilities,''] Columbia University Press 2001 pp.24-52, p.42.</ref> With regard to specific geopolitical situations, he has published a number of books and essays analyzing the ideological aspects of the American Human Rights Debate,<ref>Richard A. Falk, 'Ideological Patterns in the United States Human Rights Debate, 1945-1978,' in Natalie Kaufman Hevener (ed.) [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=a1Nr6D6P-LsC&pg=PA29 ''The Dynamics of Human Rights in United States Foreign Policy,''] Transaction Publishers (1981) 1983 pp.29-52. </ref> the [[legality of the Vietnam War]] and other [[military operation]]s. With regard to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], he wrote that it is "inescapable that an objective observer would reach the conclusion that this [[Iraq War]] is a [[war of aggression]], and as such, that it amounts to a Crime against Peace of the sort for which surviving German leaders were indicted, prosecuted and punished at the [[Nuremberg trials]] conducted shortly after the [[Second World War]]."<ref>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2008/stories/20030425004002300.htm ''Frontline''], Volume 20, Issue 08, April 12–25, 2003.</ref>

===Activism===
Falk's engagement with politics began at [[Ohio State University]], where in the 1960s as a member of the faculty of law he was a witness to racism targeted at black students. His move to Princeton University, where the teaching of law was linked to politics, international relations and other social sciences allowed Falk to integrate his professional expertise in international law with his ethical and political values. Falk aimed to combine his academic work with political activism in a role he described as a 'citizen-pilgrim'. .<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" />
{{Quote|The essential inquiry of a citizen-pilgrim is to discover how to make desirable, yet unlikely, social movements succeed. The movements against slavery, colonialism, racial discrimination, and patriarchy are some instances. My overriding concern is to foster an abolitionist movement against war and aggression as social institutions, which implies the gradual construction of a new world order that assures basic human needs of all people, that safeguards the environment, that protects the fundamental human rights of all individuals and groups without encroaching upon the precarious resources of cultural diversity, and that works toward the non-violent resolution of intersocietal conflicts..<ref name="Griffiths 74-76" />}}

Falk has written for various publications including ''[[The Nation]]'',<ref name=NationProfile/> ''[[The Huffington Post]]'',<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-falk Richard Falk page] at [[The Huffington Post]] website.</ref> [[Al Jazeera]],<ref>Richard Falk, [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/11/20121186441573728.html Interpreting Obama’s Victory], [[Al Jazeera]], November 9, 2012.</ref> ''[[CounterPunch]]''<ref>Richard Falk and David Krieger, [http://www.counterpunch.org/2002/08/24/no-war-against-iraq/ No War against Iraq], [[CounterPunch]], August 24–26, 2002.</ref> and the ''Palestine Chronicle''.<ref>Richard Falk, [http://palestinechronicle.com/gaza-ceasefire-an-early-assessment/ Gaza Ceasefire: An Early Assessment], the Palestine Chronicle, November 24, 2012.</ref> He is a member of the [[Editorial Board]]s of ''The Nation''<ref name=NationProfile>[http://www.thenation.com/authors/richard-falk# Richard Falk page] at [[The Nation]]</ref> and ''[[The Progressive]]''. He has spoken on college campuses<ref>
*Marwa Farag, [http://www.stanforddaily.com/2012/02/07/un-representative-discusses-middle-east/ UN representative challenges Middle East peace process], [[The Stanford Daily]], February 7, 2012
*[http://www.uctv.tv/shows/Envisioning-a-Different-Future-for-U-S-Relations-with-India-Pakistan-and-Afghanistan-Part-1-How-Did-We-Get-Here-18188 Envisioning a Different Future for U.S. Relations with India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan Part 1 "How Did We Get Here?"], [[UCTV (University of California)|University of California TV]], April 5, 2010</ref> and for organizations.<ref>
*{{cite web|url=http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/ht/d/ContentDetails/i/7143|title=Imagining Israel-Palestine Peace: Why International Law Matters|publisher=Thejerusalemfund.org|date=2009-10-08|accessdate=2010-07-23}}
*[http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2006/02/23_falk_nuclear-precipice.htm At the Nuclear Precipice: Nuclear Weapons and the Abandonment of International Law 2006], International Law Symposium, Public Forum, February 23, 2006.
*[http://www.kirotv.com/events/detail/1685243/ "The Economic, Legal and Moral Costs of War: A Forum on Israel, Palestine and the United States"] [[KIRO-TV]] event announcement, June 2012; Annie Roberts, [http://mondoweiss.net/2012/06/richard-falk-no-issue-confronting-us-needs-more-open-debate-than-moral-and-political-cost-of-ip-policy-going-back-to-uss-liberty.html Richard Falk: No issue needs more open debate than moral and political cost of I/P policy], [[Mondoweiss]], June 11, 2012.</ref>

Falk is Chair of the Board of the [[Nuclear Age Peace Foundation]].<ref>[http://www.wagingpeace.org/menu/resources/speakers-bureau/#falk Richard Falk profile], [[Nuclear Age Peace Foundation]], ''accessed December 23, 2012.''</ref><ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/politics/people/display_person.xml?netid=rfalk&display=All Princeton University] faculty profile.</ref> He is on the advisory board of Faculty for Israeli-Palestinian Peace-USA (FFIPP-USA), a group that describes itself as "working for an end of the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories and just peace";<ref>[http://www.ffipp.org/about_us FFIPP-USA (Faculty for Israeli-Palestinian Peace-USA) "About Us"] web site.</ref> it calls for "international sanctions" against Israel while saying "academics should think carefully before developing research links and exchanges with Israelis [by] ascertaining whether they are part of the military machine or work to sustain the occupation".<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2006/may/24/internationaleducationnews.highereducation], originally published at [[the Guardian newspaper]], The Guardian web site, 24 May 2006.</ref>

Falk is a former advisory board member of the [[Citizens for Global Solutions|World Federalist Institute]] and the [http://www.amwg.org/ American Movement for World Government],<ref>[http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/f/falk_ra.htm Richard A. Falk Papers biography], [[Syracuse University]] website ''accessed June 12, 2013''.</ref> as well as a former fellow at the [[Transnational Institute]].<ref name="Slouching"/> During 1999–2000, Falk worked on the [[Independent International Commission on Kosovo]], an initiative of the [[Prime Minister of Sweden]] [[Göran Persson]].<ref>[http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/thekosovoreport.htm2001 Report on Kosovo], Independent International Commission on Kosovo, 2000, ''accessed December 23, 2012''.</ref> For several years Falk served on the board of [[Human Rights Watch]] [[Santa Barbara, California]], until he was asked to resign.<ref>Anna Sheinman, [http://www.thejc.com/news/world-news/94669/un-expert-palestinian-territories-removed-human-rights-watch-committee-0 UN expert on Palestinian territories removed from Human Rights Watch committee], [[The Jewish Chronicle]], December 19, 2012.</ref>

==Appointments at the United Nations==

===United Nations Human Rights Inquiry Commission for the Palestinian territories===

In 2001 Falk served on a [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (OHCHR) Inquiry Commission for the Palestinian territories<ref>[http://www.globalpolicy.org/security-council/index-of-countries-on-the-security-council-agenda/israel-palestine-and-the-occupied-territories/50404-israelpalestine-conflict-interview-with-richard-falk.html Harpreet Kaur Paul interviewing Richard Falk], [[Global Policy Forum]], June 2, 2011</ref> with [[John Dugard]], a South African based in [[Leiden University]] in the [[Netherlands]], and [[Kamal Hussein]], former [[foreign minister]] of [[Bangladesh]]. Falk stated the two main issues were: "One is evaluating whether the conditions of occupation are such as to give the Palestinians some kind of right of resistance. And if they have that right, then what are the limits to that right?" and "The other issue at stake in this current inquiry is to evaluate how Israel as the occupying power is carrying out its responsibility to protect the society that is subject to its control."<ref name=Dienst>{{cite web|title=Falk evaluates Mideast violence with U.N. team|url=http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pwb/01/0219/3a.shtml|work=Vol. 90, No. 17|publisher=Princeton University|author=Karin Dienst|archivedate=1 July 2001|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20010701212526/http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pwb/01/0219/3a.shtml|date=19 February 2001}}</ref> After its investigation the commission issued a report entitled "Question of the violation of human rights in the occupied Arab territories, including Palestine".<ref name=ECN42001121>{{cite web|title=QUESTION OF THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE OCCUPIED ARAB TERRITORIES, INCLUDING PALESTINE|url=http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/4A5FCB3241D55A7885256A1E006E75AD|work=E/CN.4/2001/121: Report of the human rights inquiry commission established pursuant to Commission resolution S-5/1 of 19 October 2000|publisher=United Nations|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051202025015/http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/TestFrame/19cfafb52ab5fc2bc1256a11005de32c?Opendocument|archivedate=2 December 2005|date=16 March 2001}}</ref>

===United Nations Special Rapporteur on Palestinian human rights===

On March 26, 2008, the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] (UNHRC) appointed Falk to a six-year term as a [[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] on "the situation of human rights in the [[Palestinian Territories|Palestinian territories]] occupied since 1967."<ref name="UN_Falkappointed"/> Falk replaced South African professor [[John Dugard]] who left his post in June 2008 after seven years.<ref name=BBC>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6390755.stm UN envoy hits Israel 'apartheid'], BBC, February 23, 2007</ref>

====Response to appointment====

The appointment of Falk was reached through a [[consensus]] decision by the 47 members of the UN's Human Rights Council. Despite attempts from Jewish groups to persuade the EU and Canada to publicly oppose the appointment the EU remained silent, while Canada chose not to oppose the consensus, instead issuing a statement distancing itself from the choice.<ref>[http://www.forward.com/articles/13037 "U.N. Taps American Jewish Critic of Israel as Rights Expert"], ''[[The Forward]]'', April 4, 2008.</ref>

According to a UN press release, then [[Israel]]i Ambassador to the United Nations Itzhak Levanon<ref>[http://www.eyeontheun.org/assets/attachments/documents/4835_Israel_on_OPT_at_HRC.pdf Statement by H.E. permanent resident Ambassador to the United Nations Itzhak Levanon, March 22, 2007]</ref> strongly criticized the appointment stating that Falk had written in an article that it was not "an irresponsible overstatement to associate the treatment of Palestinians with the criminalized [[Nazi]] record of collective atrocity", [[Yitzhak Levanon]] argued that "someone who had publicly and repeatedly stated such views could not possibly be considered independent, impartial or objective".<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/5dViuhEdA Human Rights Council Elects Advisory Committee Members], [[United Nations]] press release, March 26, 2008. Falk actually said: "Is it an irresponsible overstatement to associate the treatment of Palestinians with this criminalized Nazi record of collective atrocity? I think not." As quoted in [http://www.forward.com/articles/13037 "U.N. Taps American Jewish Critic of Israel as Rights Expert"], ''[[The Forward]]'', April 4, 2008.</ref> [[Yitzhak Levanon]] further stated that, "He has taken part in a UN fact-finding mission which determined that [[suicide bombing]]s were a valid method of 'struggle'. He has disturbingly charged Israel with 'genocidal tendencies', and accused it of trying to achieve security through '[[state terrorism]]'. Someone who has publicly and repeatedly stated such views cannot possibly be considered independent, impartial or objective."<ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1206446111162&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull "UNHRC appointment infuriates Israel"], ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', March 26, 2008.</ref> The [[Israeli government]] announced it would deny Falk a visa to Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, at least until the September 2008 meeting of the Human Rights Council.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/972974.html "Israel to bar UN official for comparing Israelis to Nazis"], ''Haaretz'', April 8, 2008.</ref>

The UN press release reported that the Palestinian representative, Mohammad Abu-Koash, said that it was "ironic that Israel which claimed to be representing Jews everywhere was campaigning against a Jewish professor who had been nominated for the post of Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.'" The Palestinian statement went on to refer to Falk as the "author of 54 books on international law", concluding that his appointment was "a victory for good sense and human rights, as he was a highly qualified rapporteur."<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/5dViuhEdA Human Rights Council Elects Advisory Committee Members], [[United Nations]] press release, March 26, 2008.</ref>

Former [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]], [[John R. Bolton|John Bolton]], criticized Falk's appointment to the United Nations Human Rights Council, stating that "This is exactly why we voted against the new human rights council", and that "He was picked for a reason, and the reason is not to have an objective assessment — the objective is to find more ammunition to go after Israel."<ref name=Lake>Eli Lake, [http://www.nysun.com/news/foreign/un-official-calls-study-neocons-role-911 "U.N. Official Calls for Study Of Neocons' Role in 9/11"], ''[[The New York Sun]]'', April 10, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,369122,00.html "Critics Demand Resignation of U.N. Official Who Wants Probe of 9/11 'Inside Job' Theories"], Joseph Abrams, [[Fox News]], July 15, 2008 (retrieved on November 12, 2008)</ref>

===UN Investigations and reports===

====2008====
In May 2008 Israel refused to admit Falk to gather information for a report. The [[National Lawyers Guild]] urged Israel to permit Falk entry, stating "Falk made no claims any different from those made by John Dugard, the man he was to replace, in several reports on conditions in the Occupied Territories."<ref name=CommonDreams>[http://www.commondreams.org/news2008/0423-05.htm Press Release: National Lawyers Guild Urges Israel to Permit Richard Falk to Enter Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories], ''[[Common Dreams]]'', April 23, 2008.</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] issued a statement asking Israel to reverse its expulsion of Falk from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.<ref>[http://www.hrw.org/news/2008/12/17/israel-reverse-expulsion-human-rights-rapporteur Israel: Reverse Expulsion of Human Rights Rapporteur], [[Human Rights Watch]] website,
December 17, 2008, accessed December 19, 2012.</ref> In a July 2008 interview Falk stated the constraints would ''"limit my exposure to the direct realities. But I think it's quite possible to perform this role without that exposure. Barring my entry complicates my task but doesn't make it undoable."''<ref>Linda Mamoun, [http://www.alternet.org/module/printversion/91225 "Israel Bars UN Human Rights Watchdog From Occupied Territories"], [[Alternet]] reprint of [[The Nation]] article, posted on July 11, 2008.</ref>

In June 2008, Falk proposed to the Human Rights Council that his mandate to investigate violations of international humanitarian law in the Palestinian territories be extended to include possible Palestinian infringements. He stated his goal was to "insulate" the Council, which is dominated by Islamic and African states, usually supported by [[China]], [[Cuba]] and [[Russia]], "from those who contend that its work is tainted by partisan politics".<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/993320.html "UN official who compared Israel to Nazis turns the spotlight on Palestinians"], ''[[Haaretz]]'', June 16, 2008.</ref>

On December 9, 2008, the United Nations released a statement by Falk in his official capacity as "Special Rapporteur" noting that [[United Nations Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]], General Assembly President [[Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann|Miguel D’Escoto]] and UN High Commissioner for Human Rights [[Navi Pillay]], among other top officials, have expressed concern for the "desperate plight" of civilians in [[Gaza City|Gaza]]. Falk said: "And still Israel maintains its Gaza siege in its full fury, allowing only barely enough food and fuel to enter to stave off mass famine and disease." He outlined steps that must be taken to avoid a "humanitarian catastrophe"<ref>[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=29228&Cr=Palestin&Cr1= "Urgent action needed to alleviate desperate plight of Gaza's civilians – UN rights expert"], [[United Nations]] News Center, December 9, 2009.</ref> These included implementing the "responsibility to protect" a civilian population from collective punishment and a determination of "whether the Israeli civilian leaders and military commanders responsible for the Gaza siege should be indicted and prosecuted for violations of international criminal law", which ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' wrote would go before the [[International Court of Justice]] at [[The Hague]].<ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1228728146806&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull "Human Rights & Wrongs"], ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', December 10, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/ASAZ-7M6DZ2?OpenDocument "Gaza: Silence is not an option"], statement by the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights on Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, issued December 9, 2008.</ref>

On December 14 Falk landed at [[Ben Gurion Airport]] with staff members from the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on an official visit, planning to travel to the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] to prepare a report on Israel's compliance with human rights standards and international humanitarian law.<ref name=FalkDec2008>[http://www.palestine-pmc.com/details.asp?cat=4&id=3930 Richard A.Falk, "My Expulsion from Israel", 22 December 2008]</ref><ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3638881,00.html "Israel denies entry to UN rights investigator"], [[Reuters]], reproduced at [[YNET]], December 15, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=29309&Cr=descoto&Cr1=Israel "UN Assembly President calls stories he tried to stop Israel speaking ‘malicious lie’"], [[United Nations]] News Center, December 15, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1228728204503&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull "UNHRC rapporteur denied entry to Israel"], ''The Jerusalem Post'', December 16, 2008.</ref> In an interview Falk stated the Israeli government distorts his real views and that he saw the expulsion as an "insidious pattern of trying to shift the attention from their objections to the person."<ref>[http://www.democracynow.org/2008/12/17/days_after_calling_israeli_blockade_of "Days After Calling Israeli Blockade of Gaza 'A Crime Against Humanity', UN Human Rights Investigator Richard Falk Detained, Expelled from Israel"], ''[[Democracy Now]]'', December 17, 2008.</ref> Pillay called Israel's detention and expulsion of Falk as "unprecedented and deeply regrettable".<ref>[http://www.isria.info/RESTRICTED/D/2008/DECEMBER_18/diplo_17december2008_21.htm UN: Daily Press Briefing], [[United Nations]], December 16, 2008.</ref> As of March 2011 Falk was still denied entry into and effectively banned from Israel.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4045623,00.html UN official: Israel engaging in ethnic cleansing], [[Reuters]], March 21, 2011.</ref>

On December 27, 2008 Falk issued a statement condemning the [[December 2008 Gaza Strip airstrikes|December 2008 Israel strikes on Gaza]] as "war crimes" because he claims they included collective punishment, targeting of civilians and a disproportionate military response to Hamas rocket attacks on Israel, which also targeted civilians. He stated that Israel had ignored Hamas' diplomatic initiatives to re-establish the ceasefire which expired December 26 and condemned nations which provided Israel military support and participated in the siege of Gaza.<ref>Richard Falk, [http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/F1EC67EF7A498A30C125752D005D17F7 Statement by Prof. Richard Falk, United Nations Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories], [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]], December 27, 2008.</ref> In a ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'' article Falk reaffirmed that he had "called on the International Criminal Court" to investigate Israeli leaders responsible for possible violations of international criminal law.<ref>Richard Falk, [http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/editorial/outlook/6186137.html "Bring light — and censure — to brutal Israeli attacks; World needs to see the victims and carnage in Gaza"], ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'', December 29, 2008.</ref>

====2009====
In March 2009, Falk stated that [[Gaza War|Israel's offensive in Gaza]] constituted a war crime of the "greatest magnitude". He called for an independent group to be set up to investigate the war crimes committed on both sides.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1072481.html UN envoy: Gaza op seems to be war crime of greatest magnitude] ''Haaretz'', March 19, 2009</ref> The British government responded to Falk's report by stating that "the report of the UN Human Rights Council's Special Rapporteur is unbalanced and contributes little."<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090429/wl_mideast_afp/mideastconflictunisraelrightsbritain AFP: Britain raps 'unbalanced' UN rights Gaza report] ''AFP'', March 30, 2009</ref> In October 2009 Falk endorsed the [[United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict]] (also known as the "Goldstone Report") as "an historic contribution to the Palestinian struggle for justice, an impeccable documentation of a crucial chapter in their victimization under occupation".<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Falk |url=http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article10788.shtml |title=ei: The Goldstone report and the battle for legitimacy |publisher=Electronicintifada.net |date= |accessdate=17 October 2009}}</ref>

====2010====
In his August 10, 2010 UN Special Rapporteur report Falk detailed the accusation that Israel was practicing a policy of [[Crime of Apartheid|apartheid]] in the Palestinian territories:<blockquote>"Among the salient apartheid features of the Israeli occupation are the following: preferential citizenship, visitation and residence laws and practices that prevent Palestinians who reside in the West Bank or Gaza from reclaiming their property or from acquiring Israeli citizenship, as contrasted to a Jewish right of return that entitles Jews anywhere in the world with no prior tie to Israel to visit, reside and become Israeli citizens; differential laws in the West Bank and East Jerusalem favouring Jewish settlers who are subject to Israeli civilian law and constitutional protection, as opposed to Palestinian residents, who are governed by military administration; dual and discriminatory arrangements for movement in the West Bank and to and from Jerusalem; discriminatory policies on land ownership, tenure and use; extensive burdening of Palestinian movement, including checkpoints applying differential limitations on Palestinians and on Israeli settlers, and onerous permit and identification requirements imposed only on Palestinians; punitive house demolitions, expulsions and restrictions on entry and exit from all three parts of the Occupied Palestinian Territories."<ref>[http://www.middleeastmonitor.org.uk/downloads/other_reports/report-of-the-special-rapporteur-on-the-situation-of-human-rights-in-the-palestinian-territories-occupied-since-1967.pdf Richard Falk: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, August 30, 2010] retrieved December 19, 2010.</ref><ref>C. Gouridasan Nair, [http://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/article793269.ece Full text of the interview with Richard Falk, U.N. Rapporteur on Human Rights in the Israeli-Occupied Territories of Palestine], [[The Hindu]], September 24, 2010.</ref></blockquote>

====2011====
In 2011 Falk spoke to the UN Human Rights Council and stated that Israeli policies in [[Jerusalem]] amounted to "ethnic cleansing" against the Palestinian population. He urged the Council to ask the [[International Court of Justice]] to investigate Israel for acts of "colonialism, apartheid, and ethnic cleansing inconsistent with international humanitarian law" committed during its occupation of the Palestinian territories.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4045623,00.html UN official: Israel engaging in ethnic cleansing], YnetNews.com, March 21, 2011.</ref>

====2012====
In Falk's report to the UN Human Rights Council focused on Israel’s treatment of Palestinian prisoners he recommended that The International Court of Justice at the Hague should be asked to issue an advisory opinion on Israel’s treatment of prisoners, an opinion which might also cover Israel’s "prolonged occupation" of Palestinian territory. His report also asked the Human Rights Council to censure Israel because of its use of administrative detention, take "emergency notice" of Israeli legislative attempts to legalize West Bank settlements, and to increased attention on Israel’s refusal to cooperate with his work. He stated that Israeli military retaliation for rocket fire from Gaza was not justified. The US Ambassador to the UN Human Rights Council said the US "continues to be deeply troubled by this council’s biased and disproportionate focus on Israel."<ref>Tovah Lazaroff, [http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=276072 Int'l court must act on Palestinian prisoner issue'], Jerusalem Post, July 3, 2012.</ref>

In Falk's report to the U.N. General Assembly he recommended that "businesses highlighted in the report – as well as the many other businesses that are profiting from the Israeli settlement enterprise – should be boycotted until they bring their operations into line with international human rights and humanitarian law and standards." He specifically named the United States' [[Caterpillar Inc.]], [[Hewlett-Packard]] and [[Motorola]]; Israel's [[Ahava]], [[Elbit Systems]] and [[Mehadrin]]; [[Sweden]]'s [[Volvo Group]] and [[Assa Abloy]] ; [[France]]'s [[Veolia Environment]]; [[United Kingdom]]'s [[G4S]], [[Belgium]]'s [[Dexia Group]], [[Netherlands]]' [[Riwal Holding Group]] and [[Mexico]]'s [[Cemex]].<ref>Wayne Schoenfeld, [http://forward.com/articles/164986/richard-falk-calls-for-corporate-israel-boycott/#ixzz2APbfkSvl Richard Falk Calls for Corporate Israel Boycott; U.N. Official Backs Calls To Shun Occupation-Backing Firms], [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]], October 25, 2012.</ref> At a news conference Falk said: "The focus on business activities is partly an expression of frustration about the inability to obtain compliance with these fundamental legal obligations of Israel and the ineffectiveness of the U.N. efforts to condemn settlement expansion." He also stated "The whole issue of Palestinian self-determination is at risk here."<ref>Michelle Nichols, [http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/25/us-palestinians-israel-un-idUSBRE89O1II20121025 U.N. expert calls for boycott of companies in Jewish settlements] [[Reuters]], October 25, 2012.</ref>

The report drew criticism from the United States Ambassador to the UN, Susan Rice, who called it "irresponsible and unacceptable"<ref name="JP"/><ref>[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]], [http://forward.com/articles/165007/us-rejects-call-for-boycott-by-un-rapporteur-falk/ 'U.S. Rejects Call for Boycott by UN Rapporteur Falk,'] [[The Forward]], October 26, 2012.</ref> and the Canadian foreign ministry which called it "biased and disgraceful" and called on Falk to withdraw his "offensive" report or resign from his UN post.<ref name="CBC"/>
The Israeli Mission to the UN stated that "while he [Falk] spends pages and pages attacking Israel, Falk fails to mention even once the horrific human rights violations and ongoing [[terrorist attacks]] by [[Hamas]]."<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/m/rich/politics/story/2012/10/25/un-israel-palestine-rapporteur-boycott.html Canada CBC Press on Rapporteur Boycott]</ref>
Caterpillar Inc. called the report inaccurate and misleading, reflecting his "personal and negative opinions toward Israel". Hewlett Packard said that Falk was "far from an independent and unbiased expert in this matter." <ref name="JP">{{cite web | url=http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=289355 | title=Falk: Firms tied to settlements may face charges | publisher=Jerusalem Post | accessdate=October 26, 2012}}</ref>
Several countries, including Egypt and Iran, called the report fair and balanced.<ref name="CBC">{{cite web | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/10/25/un-israel-palestine-rapporteur-boycott.html?cmp=rss | title=Canada, Israel call for UN rapporteur's resignation | publisher=CBC News | accessdate=October 26, 2012}}</ref>

In December Falk visited the region and the Gaza Strip with the "initial purpose assessing the overall impact of Israel’s prolonged occupation and blockade" against Gaza. However, after Israel's November seven day "[[Operation Pillar of Defense]]" military actions against Hamas, Falk claimed "there arose an urgent need to investigate Israel’s seemingly deliberate attacks against civilian targets." After visiting Palestinian survivors of military attacks, Falk stated that "some attacks killed and harmed civilians in a grossly disproportionate manner and thus appear to violate international law." He called today on Israel "to abide by and fully implement the cease fire agreement" and called on the international agreement to make sure it did so.<ref>[http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12867&LangID=E Israel must deliver on cease-fire agreement in the Gaza Strip – UN Special Rapporteur], [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] press release, December 5, 2012.</ref>

====2013====
Richard Falk's annual report, delivered to the UN Human Rights council on June 9, 2013, called for an international investigation into Israeli treatment of Palestinian prisoners. The report criticised the use of arbitrary detention, torture and coerced confessions stating that, "The treatment of thousands of Palestinians detained or imprisoned by Israel continues to be extremely worrisome". Falk said that Israel currently holds 5,000 Palestinians in custody and has imprisoned 750,000 since the start of the occupation. Falk also criticized and called for an end to Israel's blockade of Gaza, saying that it amounted to the "collective punishment of 1.75 million Palestinians." He argued that viability of Gaza was at stake, "With 70 percent of the population dependent on international aid for survival and 90 percent of the water unfit for human consumption, drastic and urgent changes are urgently required if Palestinians in Gaza are to have their most basic rights protected."<ref name=AFP2013>{{cite news|title=UN expert wants probe of Israeli detention of Palestinians|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/world/2013/06/10/UN-expert-wants-probe-of-Israeli-detention-of-Palestinians.html|accessdate=11/06/2013|newspaper=AFP|date=10/06/2013}}</ref><ref name=Reuters2013>{{cite news|title=UN rights envoy: Gaza's viability at stake|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4390665,00.html|accessdate=11/6/2013|newspaper=Reuters|date=06/10/2013}}</ref>

Falk also called for the Red Cross or a commission of international law experts to establish a convention to address the specific issues related to situations of prolonged occupation. He said that "Forty-six years ago today Israel's occupation of Palestine began. Six days of war has turned into 46 years of occupation", concluding, "Forty-six years of denying Palestinians their most basic rights has not achieved peace, Israel’s continuous annexation of Palestinian resources and territory."<ref name=AFP2013/><ref name=Reuters2013/> Additionally, Falk wrote that the commission to investigation [[UN Watch]] which he accused of conducting "a smear campaign" by issuing "a series of defamatory attacks demeaning his character, repeatedly distorting his views on potentially inflammatory issues."<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=603459&utm_medium=twitter&utm_source=twitterfeed UN expert under fire ahead of Palestinian rights report], [[Ma'an News Agency]], June 10, 2013.</ref><ref name=TL2013>Tovah Lazaroff, [http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/EU-slams-Falks-Israel-report-as-biased-at-UNHRC-session-316090 EU slams Falk’s Israel report as biased at UNHRC session], Jerusalem Post, June 10, 2013.</ref>

Many countries speaking at the session thanked Falk for his work and challenged Israel for refusing to cooperate with his human rights mission in the Palestinian territories.<ref name=TL2013/> The Palestinian delegation praised the report and called for its speedy implementation. The [[European Union]] agreed that Israel's settlements and separation barrier were "illegal under international law and constitute an obstacle to peace," but also criticised parts of the report.<ref name=AFP2013/> The European representative said "The EU continues to regret the unbalanced mandate of the Special Rapporteur and is also concerned that parts of the report include political considerations. In the past, the EU emphasized that future reports should be based on a more factual and legal analysis, and we regret to see no genuine progress in that direction. The council needs to be provided with accurate, factual information and solid allegations to fulfill its role and address the human rights situation in occupied Palestinian territory." The United States Ambassador to the UNHRC, [[Eileen Donahoe]], called for Falk's resignation, saying "Falk's attack on [[UN Watch]] threatens the independent voice of civil society at the UN. NGO work is particularly important in the field of human rights. Mr. Falk's most recent statement – which he dramatically and recklessly included in an official UN document – is characteristic of previous reprehensible comments and actions he has made during his tenure as a special rapporteur. His views and behavior, both official and unofficial, are offensive and provocative and do nothing to advance peace in the Middle East or to further the protection and promotion of human rights. We again call for his resignation."<ref name=TL2013/>

==Notable opinions==

===Nuremberg Defense of violent protesters===
In October, 1973, Falk defended [[Karleton Armstrong]], who pleaded guilty to [[Sterling Hall bombing|bombing the University of Wisconsin Army Mathematics Research Center]], which killed a researcher working there and injured another four people. ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that Falk "appealed for full amnesty for all resistors, including those who use violent tactics to oppose the war in Vietnam." The ''Times'' further reported that Falk, "cited the [[Nuremberg Trials]] as precedent for defense assertions that private American citizens had 'a right, and perhaps a duty' to actively oppose the war by any means".<ref>"Ex-Senator Aids Bomber's Defense", ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 20, 1973.</ref> According to Ronald Christenson, political science professor at [[Gustavus Adolphus College]], Falk "invoked the Nuremberg precedent to argue that there is a right of individuals to stop crime 'even by creating a lesser crime'".<ref>Christenson, Ronald, ''Political Trials: Gordian Knots in the Law'', Transaction Publishers, 1999, [http://books.google.com/books?id=nV2a3E-S6LAC&pg=PA172&dq=Political+Trials:+Gordian+Knots+in+the+Law+Falk p. 172], ISBN 978-0-7658-0473-0</ref><ref>Hentoff, Nat, ''The Nat Hentoff Reader,'' Da Capo Press, 2001, [http://books.google.com/books?id=0A6RJlFY2XcC&pg=PA255&dq=The+Nat+Hentoff+Reader+Richard+Falk&ei=bR37ScTuN5WQyATbsdg0 p. 255], ISBN 978-0-306-81084-8</ref>

===Ayatollah Khomeini in 1979===
In early 1979, when Falk was a professor of International Law at Princeton, he visited [[Iranian Revolution]] leader [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] at his home in exile in France.<ref name=Walter>[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=%22The+rise+and+fall+of+leftist+radicalism+in+America%22+%22richard+falk%22+khomeini&btnG=Search+Books&safe=active "The rise and fall of leftist radicalism in America"], Edward Walter, p. 153</ref> In a February 1979 ''[[New York Times]]'' op-ed, after Khomeini had returned to Iran, Falk wrote, "The depiction of him as fanatical, reactionary and the bearer of crude prejudices seems certainly and happily false."<ref name=Lake/> Falk wrote that Khomeini's "entourage was uniformly composed of moderate, progressive individuals,"<ref name=Sick>Gary Sick, ''All fall down: America's fateful encounter in Iran'', I.B.Tauris, 1985, [http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=All+fall+down%3A+America%27s+fateful+encounter+in+Iran+By+Gary+Sick+%22richard+falk%22+khomeini&btnG=Search+Books&safe=active p. 166].</ref> and that "having created a new model of popular revolution based, for the most part, on nonviolent tactics, Iran may yet provide us with a desperately-needed model of humane governance for a third-world country."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/gloview021511.pdf|title=Trusting Khomeini|date=February 16, 1979|publisher=New York Times|format={{PDFlink||80.4 KB}} |accessdate=March 26, 2011}}</ref> By the end of 1979 Khomeini had become [[Supreme Leader of Iran]] and began removing moderates from his circles, arresting and even killing political opponents, and supporting students who [[Iran hostage crisis|took over the U.S. embassy]] in Tehran, holding American hostages for 444 days. Falk was criticized for having supported Khomeini.<ref name=Sick/><ref>Edward Walter, ''The rise and fall of leftist radicalism in America'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992, [http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=%22The+rise+and+fall+of+leftist+radicalism+in+America%22+%22richard+falk%22+khomeini&btnG=Search+Books&safe=active p. 153].</ref> Falk later changed his opinion of Khomeini's regime, calling it "the most terroristic since Hitler."<ref name=Sick/>

===9/11 and the Bush administration===
In 2004, Falk wrote the preface to [[David Ray Griffin]]'s book ''[[The New Pearl Harbor|The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11]]'' which maintains that the [[George W. Bush]] administration was complicit in the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref>David Ray Griffin, ''The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11'', ''Interlink'', 2005.</ref> In that preface he argued: "There have been questions raised here and there and allegations of official complicity made almost from the day of the attacks, especially in Europe, but no one until Griffin has had the patience, the fortitude, the courage, and the intelligence to put the pieces together in a single coherent account."<ref name=Lake/> Falk also wrote a chapter for Griffin's 2006 book, ''9/11 and American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out''.<ref>David Ray Griffin, ''9/11 and American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out'', Olive Branch Press, 2006.</ref>

In November 2008, Falk wrote in ''[[The Journal (student newspaper)|The Journal]]'', a student publication in [[Edinburgh, Scotland]]: "It is not paranoid under such circumstances to assume that the established elites of the American governmental structure have something to hide and much to explain... The persisting inability to resolve this fundamental controversy about 9/11 subtly taints the legitimacy of the American government. It can only be removed by a willingness, however belated, to reconstruct the truth of that day, and to reveal the story behind its prolonged suppression."<ref>[http://jta.org/news/article/2008/11/11/1000905/falk-boosts-9-11-truth "U.N. official boosts 9/11 conspiracy theorists"], ''[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]'', November 11, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.journal-online.co.uk/article/5056-911-more-than-meets-the-eye 9/11: More than meets the eye] by Richard Falk, ''[[The Journal (student newspaper)|The Journal]]'', November 9, 2008.</ref>

In 2004 Falk signed a statement released by the organization [[9/11 Truth movement#9/11 Truth|9/11 Truth]] that calls for a new investigation into the September 11 attacks. Falk confirmed his support for the statement in 2009.<ref name="salon-petition">{{cite journal|last=Rossmeier|first=Vincent|journal=Salon|title=Would you still sign the 9/11 Truth petition?|date=September 11, 2009|url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2009/09/11/truth_petition|accessdate=September 11, 2009}}</ref> In 2008 Falk called for an official commission to further study these issues, including the role [[neoconservatives]] may have played in the attacks, saying "It is possibly true that especially the neoconservatives thought there was a situation in the country and in the world where something had to happen to wake up the American people. Whether they are innocent about the contention that they made that something happen or not, I don't think we can answer definitively at this point."<ref name=Lake/>

In January 2011 [[Susan Rice]], the [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]], suggested that Falk should be removed from his U.N. posts after he wrote on his blog about the "eerie silence of the mainstream media, unwilling to acknowledge the well-evidenced doubts about the official version of the events: an al Qaeda operation with no foreknowledge by government officials."<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39997331/ns/world_news MSNBC coverage of Falk's 9/11 comments]</ref><ref>Richard Falk, [http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/tag/al-qaeda/ Al Queda], Richard Falk blog, September 19, 2011.</ref> United Nations secretary-general [[Ban Ki-moon]] likewise condemned Falk's blog posting,<ref name="JerusalemPost25Jan2011">{{cite news|title=Falk's 9-11 remarks are 'condemned' by UN sec.-gen|url=http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=205192|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=25 January 2011}}</ref><ref>Tovah Lazaroff,[http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=205563&R=R4 'Ban slams Falk’s 9/11 statements,'] at [[The Jerusalem Post]], January 27, 2011.</ref> calling it "inflammatory rhetoric" which was "preposterous" and "an affront to the memory of the more than 3,000 people who died in that tragic terrorist attack." Ki-moon stated that only the U.N. Human Rights Council could remove its appointees from office.<ref name="VoiceOfAmericaNews25Jan2011">{{cite news|title=UN Chief Condemns Investigator on Palestine|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/UN-Chief-Condemns-Investigator-on-Palestine-114590359.html|newspaper=Voice of America News|date=25 January 2011}}</ref>

===Israeli-Palestinian conflict===
In a 2002 op-ed in ''[[The Nation]]'', Falk was highly critical of [[Operation Defensive Shield]], describing it as "state-sponsored terrorism". He wrote that the view of an "overwhelming majority" of the UN Security Council, and a UN Human Rights Commission inquiry he was a part of, was that suicide bombings took place only after the Palestinians "ran out of military options", and suicide attacks appeared as the only way to inflict sufficient harm on Israel so that "the struggle could go on". The UN inquiries found that Israel was responsible for the escalation of violence, and that their military response against the Palestinians constituted a violation of international law. Falk referred to the [[Passover massacre]] as "horrifying", stating that Israel's response was "equally horrifying".<ref name="n2002-04-11">{{cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/ending-death-dance|title=Ending the Death Dance |last=Falk|first=Richard|date=2002-04-11|publisher=The Nation|accessdate=13 May 2011}}</ref>

In 2002 Falk wrote on Princeton Divestment's website that "to divest from companies profiting from business with Israel at this time is to express solidarity with victims of massive crimes against humanity and to call upon Israel to respect U.N. authority and the elemental rules of international law by withdrawing from occupied Palestinian territory."<ref>Ben August, [http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2002/10/10/5683/Campaign for divestment spurs University debate], [[The Daily Princetonian]], October 10, 2002.</ref>

In a June 2007 article, "Slouching toward a Palestinian Holocaust", Falk compared some Israeli policies with regard to the Palestinians to the [[Nazism|Nazi]] record of [[collective punishment]], warning that Israel may be planning a Holocaust in the same way [[Nazi Germany]] did. Identifying himself as a [[American Jews|Jewish American]], Falk stated that his use of the term 'Holocaust' "represents a rather desperate appeal to the governments of the world and to international public opinion to act urgently to prevent these current [Israeli] [[genocidal]] tendencies from culminating in a collective tragedy [for the Palestinians]". Falk also stated that "the comparison should ''not'' be viewed as literal, but... that a pattern of [[criminality]] associated with Israeli policies in [[Gaza City|Gaza]] has actually been supported by the leading democracies of the 21st century." Falk argued that Western and Arab states were associated in a "pattern of criminality" akin to states which let Hitler oppress German Jews in the 1930s. He also denied that [[Hamas]] was a terrorist organization and that it was always ready to work with other Palestinian groups towards "acceptance of Israel's existence", called Israel's [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan|disengagement from Gaza]] a "sham" in which 300 Gazans were killed since Israel's "supposed physical departure", and stated that Israel's blockade of the Gaza Strip had brought Gaza to "the brink of collective starvation, imposing a "sub-human existence on a people" through "collective punishment, and that Israeli policies were "indeed genocidal".<ref name="Slouching"/> In late December 2009, Falk again criticized Israel's blockade, and called for Israel to be threatened with economic sanctions if the blockade was not lifted.<ref>[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=33334#.UQQDeWc1CSo UN expert urges Israel to end Gaza blockade as anniversary of campaign looms], United Nations News Service, December 23, 2009.</ref>

In April 2008 Falk compared Israeli actions in Gaza to those of the [[Nazi]]s and responded to criticism of his statements saying, "If this kind of situation had existed for instance in the manner in which China was dealing with [[Tibet]] or the [[Sudan]]ese government was dealing with [[Darfur]], I think there would be no reluctance to make that comparison." He attributed the reluctance to criticise Israel's policies to the sensitive history of the Jewish people, as well as the state's ability to "avoid having (its) policies held up to international law and morality".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7335875.stm "UN expert stands by Nazi comments"], [[BBC]], April 8, 2008</ref>

In December 2012, when asked explicitly about the "neutrality" of groups like [[Amnesty International]] and Human Rights Watch, Falk said in an interview "there is no doubt that the private-funding base of these leading human rights NGOs leads to some biasing of their agendas". However, he commented that "in reaction to criticism there has been more self-criticism directed at American patterns of abuse, and a greater willingness to report critically on Israel" by such NGOs.<ref>Cihan Aksan and Jon Bailes, [http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/12/14/the-future-of-international-law-and-human-rights/ An Interview With Richard Falk; The Future of International Law and Human Rights], [[CounterPunch]], December 14–16, 2012 edition.</ref>

===2011 intervention in Libya===
During the [[2011 Libyan civil war]], Falk published an op-ed in [[Al Jazeera]] against the proposals for [[2011 military intervention in Libya|military intervention]]. Falk wrote that military intervention was illegal under international law, and that "the Gaddafi government, however distasteful on humanitarian grounds, remains the lawful diplomatic representative of a sovereign state". Falk also wrote that any intervention would be pro-insurgency rather than counter-insurgency, and criticized politicians who supported intervention, arguing that "it seems that many of the Republicans focused on the deficit although cutting public expenditures punishes the poor at a time of widespread unemployment and home foreclosures would not mind ponying up countless billions to finance acts of war in Libya".<ref>Richard Falk, [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/03/201138143448786661.html Kicking the intervention habit], [[Al Jazeera]], March 10, 2011.</ref>

In a Falk blog entry published in [[Today's Zaman]], Falk argued that unlike protests in other countries, the Libyan opposition was reliant on military force "almost from the start", and that violent political reaction from within to Gaddafi’s regime was fully justified as an "expression of Libyan self-determination". He also wrote that the intervention was not to protect civilians from attack, but to ensure a rebel victory and the defeat of Gaddafi.<ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=1570585DBEB1FEFE5849DCF9419D0275?newsId=239496 Gaddafi, moral interventionism, Libya, and the Arab Revolutionary Movement], [[Today's Zaman]], March 29, 2011; originally published as [http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2011/03/20/qaddafi-moral-interventionism-libya-and-the-arab-revolutionary-moment/ Richard Falk blog entry], March 20, 2011.</ref>

===Boston Marathon Bombings===
In a posting on his personal blog called "A Commentary on the Marathon Murders", reprinted in part on [[Al Jazeera]]'s website, Falk wrote regarding the [[Boston Marathon bombings]], which he called "horrific bombings". He also wrote that "the American global domination project is bound to generate all kinds of resistance in the post-colonial world" and that "the United States has been fortunate not to experience worse [[Blowback (intelligence)|blowbacks]]". He contrasted the critical response to the bombings from callers to a [[PBS]] program with that of US politicians and the mainstream media among whom he said self-scrutiny remained "taboo" and that American politicians did not "have the courage to connect some of these dots." He also criticized American policy towards Iran’s nuclear program and friendship with Israel, writing more attacks are likely "if there is no disposition to rethink US relations to others in the world, starting with the Middle East."<ref>Aaron Kalman,[http://www.timesofisrael.com/un-official-says-us-had-boston-attack-coming/ UN official says US had Boston attack coming], [[The Times of Israel]], April 23, 2013.</ref><ref>Richard A. Falk, [http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2013/04/19/a-commentary-on-the-marathon-murders/ "A Commentary on the Marathon Murders"], Richard Falk blog, April 19, 2013; reprinted in part as [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/04/201341864010806370.html "Collective self-reflection in the wake of a national tragedy"] at [[Al Jazeera]], April 19, 2013; reprinted at [http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2013/04/21/a-commentary-on-the-marathon-murders/ here, with the original title] by ''[[Foreign Policy Journal]]'', April 21, 2013.</ref>

Falk continued and mounted a critique of US foreign policy describing the [[Iraq War]] and [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan War]] as "unlawful wars" which had "devastated two countries, seemingly beyond foreseeable recovery, while adding nothing to American security". He said that while the failure and expense of these wars meant that this kind of intervention was no longer the centerpiece of American policy, "[t]he war drums are beating at this moment in relation to both North Korea and Iran, and as long as Tel Aviv has the compliant ear of the American political establishment, those who wish for peace and justice in the world should not rest easy."

Canadian [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)|Foreign Minister]] [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]] sharply criticized Falk, stating that “Once again, United Nations official Richard Falk has spewed more mean-spirited, anti-Semitic rhetoric, this time blaming the attacks in Boston on President Obama and the State of Israel. The United Nations should be ashamed to even be associated with such an individual.” The [[United Kingdom]], in a statement by its UN mission, noted that this was "the third time we have had cause to express our concerns about Mr. Falk’s anti-Semitic remarks. It is important to the U.K. that special rapporteurs uphold the highest standards in their work and we have twice previously made clear that remarks by Mr. Falk were unacceptable." United Nations Secretary General [[Ban Ki-moon]] rejected Falk’s statements, saying that they undermined the credibility and work of the UN.<ref name="news.nationalpost.com">[http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/04/24/canada-lambasts-un-official-for-saying-boston-bombings-caused-by-american-global-domination-project/ Canada lambasts UN official for saying Boston bombings caused by ‘American global domination project’], ''Canadian Press'' (reprinted in the ''[[National Post]]'', April 24, 2013.</ref> [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]] [[Susan Rice]] wrote that she was "Outraged by Richard Falk's highly offensive Boston comments", that "Someone who spews such vitriol has no place at the UN", and that it was "Past time for him to go.".<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/ajc-urges-removal-of-un-s-richard-falk-for-controversial-boston-comments-1.517377 AJC urges removal of UN's Richard Falk for controversial Boston comments] by ''[[Reuters]]'' (reprinted by ''[[Haaretz]]''), April 24, 2013.</ref>

Falk's statements were also criticized by numerous publications and advocacy groups, including the ''[[New York Daily News]]'', the ''[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]'' (JTA), ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', Sohrab Ahmari of the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', [[UN Watch]], the [[Anti-Defamation League]] and the [[American Jewish Committee]].<ref>[http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/united-nations/adl-denounces-uns-richard-falk-boston-tel-aviv.html ADL Denounces U.N.’s Richard Falk for Attempting to Blame the Boston Terror Attack “on Tel Aviv”], ADL 23-04-2013</ref><ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/beneath-contempt-article-1.1326653 United Nations Jew-basher Richard Falk blames Boston Marathon attack on Israel], New York Daily News 25-04-2013</ref><ref>[http://www.jta.org/news/article/2013/04/23/3124931/un-official-blames-boston-marathon-bombing-on-tel-aviv U.N. official pins blame for Boston Marathon bombing on ‘Tel Aviv’], ''[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]'', April 23, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.jpost.com/International/UNs-Falk-ties-Boston-bombs-to-Obamas-Israel-trip-310832 UN's Falk ties Boston bombs to Obama's Israel trip] by Lauren Izso, ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', April 23, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/04/23/watchdog-group-blasts-un-official-for-blaming-boston-bombings-on-american/ UN official blames Boston Marathon bombings on American 'domination'], ''[[Fox News]]'', April 23, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.thejc.com/news/world-news/106337/us-israel-ties-factor-boston-bombing-says-un-man US-Israel ties factor in Boston bombing, says UN man] by Zoe Winograd, ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'', April 23, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324874204578441033895673750.html What the Falk?], Wall Street Journal 23-04-2013</ref> [[Scott McConnell]] responded to the criticism in ''[[The American Conservative]]'': "Amazing for its viciousness and rank dishonesty is the campaign waged against UN special rapporteur for human rights in occupied Palestine Richard Falk for making some pretty straightforward “blowback” points in the aftermath of the Boston terrorist attack." He went on to describe how, in his view, "a well-funded neocon group called UN Watch and its various media allies had ginned up an intense public relations campaign, based on falsifying the meaning of his piece, using ellipses to distort its sentences, to claim that Falk had said that the Boston victims somehow deserved their fate."<ref name=SM2013>{{cite news|last=McConnell|first=Scott|title=Smearing Richard Falk|url=http://www.theamericanconservative.com/smearing-richard-falk/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=smearing-richard-falk|accessdate=2013-04-28|newspaper=The American Conservative|date=2013-04-26}}</ref>

==Accusations of antisemitism==

On June 29, 2011 Richard Falk posted on his blog an entry regarding the [[International Criminal Court]]’s indictment of [[Muammar Gaddafi]] for crimes against humanity which included a cartoon image of a dog with a [[Yarmulke|Jewish head-covering]] and a sweater with the letters "USA"; it was urinating on [[Lady Justice]] while devouring bloody human bones.<ref name=underfire>[http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=228448 UN's Richard Falk under fire for ‘anti-Semitic’ cartoon], Jerusalem Post 08-07-2011</ref> [[UN Watch]], which is affiliated with the [[American Jewish Committee]]<ref name="AJC Office and Departments ">{{cite web|url=http://www.ajc.org/site/c.ijITI2PHKoG/b.789095/k.5F96/Offices_and_Departments.htm |title=ACJ Office and Departments |work=ACJ |accessdate=19 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="ACJ Activities in Europe">{{cite web|url=http://www.ajc.org/site/c.ijITI2PHKoG/b.835975/k.D5ED/Europe.htm |title=ACJ Activities in Europe |work=ACJ |accessdate=19 March 2012}}</ref> contacted UN High Commissioner for Human Rights [[Navi Pillay]] regarding the cartoon. Falk acknowledged on July 6 that the cartoon was antisemitic and apologized for posting it, adding that "we must also make peace with nature, and treat animals with as much respect as possible." <ref name="underfire"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Bauder|first=Sarah|title=Jewish groups urge UN investigator to quit|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4093287,00.html|accessdate=11 July 2011|newspaper=[[Ynetnews]]|date=10 July 2011|agency=[[Shalom Life]]|quote=The Anti-Defamation League called on the UN top human rights official to publicly condemn Falk.}}</ref><ref>[http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2011/07/06/apology-for-unintentionally-posting-anti-semitic-cartoon-in-qaddafi-arrest-warrant-blog/ Apology for Unintentionally Posting Anti-Semitic Cartoon in Qaddafi Arrest Warrant Blog July 6th], Richard Falk blog, July 6, 2012.</ref>

[[Abraham H. Foxman]] of the [[Anti-Defamation League]] called on Falk to resign as U.N. Rapporteur for the Palestinian territories saying that "This cartoon is blatantly anti-Semitic and conveys the message that Jews and Americans care little about what is just and moral" and that "the message of hatred in this cartoon nonetheless directly contravenes the principles of the Human Rights Council and of the United Nations itself."<ref name=h20110708>{{cite news|title=ADL calls on UN human rights chief to condemn Richard Falk for anti-Semitic cartoon|url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/adl-calls-on-un-human-rights-chief-to-condemn-richard-falk-for-anti-semitic-cartoon-1.372190|accessdate=15 July 2011|newspaper=Haaretz|date=8 July 2011}}</ref> [[United States]] envoy to the UN [[Joseph M. Torsella]] said the posting of the cartoon was "shameful and outrageous" and "an embarrassment to the United Nations", and called on him to resign.<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=228618 US, Jewish groups demand Falk resign over blog entry], Jerusalem Post 2011-07-10</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Evans|first=Robert|title=U.S. urges U.N. sleuth resign over blog cartoon|url=http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFLDE7670S520110708?sp=true|accessdate=9 October 2011|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|date=8 July 2011|agency=[[Reuters]]|location=[[Geneva]]|quote=The United States said on Friday it has called on the U.N. human rights investigator for the Palestinian territories to resign after he published a cartoon on his blog which he later withdrew as 'anti-semitic.'}}</ref> US Representative [[Ileana Ros-Lehtinen]], chairwoman of the [[US House of Representatives]] [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|Committee on Foreign Affairs]] also called on Falk to resign.<ref name=Pillay>[http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id=229422 Pillay says Falk's cartoon was anti-Semitic, objectionable], Jerusalem Post 2011-07-14</ref> British Prime Minister, [[David Cameron]], instructed the UK's concerns Permanent Representative to express concerns regarding the cartoon and said that he would "continue to closely watch any further actions or comments Mr Falk may make."<ref>[http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/56303/pm-condemns-un-advisers-antisemitic-cartoon PM condemns UN adviser's 'antisemitic' cartoon], [[The Jewish Chronicle]], October 12, 2011, ''accessed October 26, 2012''.</ref>

[[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] [[Navi Pillay]] "acknowledged the cartoon was antisemitic and objectionable." She did not call for Falk’s resignation because of his public apologies and the fact he had swiftly removed the image from his website.<ref name=Pillay/>

In July 2012, in discussing why he was drawn to the "Palestinian struggle", Falk wrote on his blog, "I formed a well-evidence belief that the U.S. Government and the organized Jewish community were responsible for the massive and enduring confiscation of Palestinian land and rights."<ref name=ForWhat>Richard A. Falk, [http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2012/07/20/for-what/ For What?], on his personal blog, July 20, 2012.</ref> UN Watch, accused Falk of "promoting racist remarks," as well as [[anti-Semitism]], "by attempting to blame Jewish communities everywhere for alleged crimes against Palestinians."<ref name="Falk UN Watch Organized">{{cite web | url=http://blog.unwatch.org/index.php/2012/07/24/u-n-s-richard-falk-accuses-the-organized-jewish-community-of-crimes-against-palestinians/ | title=U.N.’s Richard Falk accuses "the organized Jewish community" of crimes against Palestinians | publisher=UN Watch | date=July 24, 2012 | accessdate=July 25, 2012}}</ref> Falk later responded, writing "I have often opposed policies including those of the US and Israel but to conflate such stands with racism is [part of] a wide-ranging and frequently repeated denunciation of my views and activities."<ref name=ForWhat/><ref>[http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/70440/anti-israel-un-official Anti-Israel UN official], [[The Jewish Chronicle]], July 26, 2012.</ref>

In December 2012, UN Watch published an open letter to [[Human Rights Watch]] critical of Falk. Falk was asked to resign from the Santa Monica group’s board and his name was removed from their website, supposedly because his working for the United Nations was contrary to HRW policy.<ref>[http://www.jta.org/news/article/2012/12/18/3114871/richard-falk-removed-from-human-rights-watch-committee Richard Falk removed from Human Rights Watch committee], [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]], December 18, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/human-rights-watch-boots-un-palestinian-rights-official-from-one-of-its-panels/ Human Rights Watch boots UN Palestinian rights official from one of its panels], [[The Times of Israel]], December 19, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.unwatch.org/cms.asp?id=3665777&campaign_id=63111 Official Wording of UN Watch Letter to Human Rights Watch. UNwatch.org]</ref> Later that month, in response to a UN Watch press release criticizing Falk, 40 representatives of major international human rights organisations worldwide signed a letter to Human Rights Watch urging the group to "clarify that he was not 'expelled' as an enemy of human rights' as UN Watch claimed".<ref name=Bennis>[[Phyllis Bennis]], [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/01/20131781532514238.html Human Rights Watch: Time to stand with human rights defenders], [[Al Jazeera]], January 9, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.nlg.org/news/letter-regarding-attacks-uns-palestine-rapporteur Letter to Kenneth Roth, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch], from various human rights groups, December 27, 2012, at [[National Lawyers Guild]] website.</ref> [[Phyllis Bennis]], a signer of the letter, wrote that Human Rights Watch replied on January 1, 2013, stating that the UN Watch letter was filled with "inaccuracies and falsehoods" and repeating Human Rights Watch's statement it was complying with its longstanding policy.<ref name=Bennis/><ref>[http://blog.unwatch.org/index.php/2012/12/18/human-rights-watch-expels-top-u-n-official-richard-falk/#more-3023 Human Rights Watch Expels Top U.N. Official Richard Falk], UN Watch website blog, December 18, 2012.</ref>

In response to Falk's comments regarding the [[Boston Marathon bombings]], the British mission to the United Nations stated that “[this is] the third time we have had cause to express our concerns about Mr. Falk’s anti-Semitic remarks. It is important to the U.K. that special rapporteurs uphold the highest standards in their work and we have twice previously made clear that remarks by Mr. Falk were unacceptable.”<ref name="news.nationalpost.com"/>

==Published works==
* ''Essays on Espionage and International Law'' with Quincy Wright, Julius Stone, Roland J. Stanger; Ohio State University Press, 1962
* ''Security in Disarmament'', Editor with Richard J. Barnet, Princeton University Press, 1965
* ''Toward a Theory of War Prevention'', with Saul H. Mendlovitz, Transaction Publishers, 1966
* ''Strategy of World Order (Volumes I to IV)'', edited with Saul H. Mendlovitz, World Law Fund, 1966–67
* ''Legal Order In A Violent World,'' Princeton University Press, 1968
* ''International Law And Organization,'' Editor with Wolfram F. Hanrieder, Lippincott, 1968.
* ''The Six Legal Dimensions of the Vietnam War'', Princeton University Press, 1968
* ''In the Name of America-The Conduct of the War in Vietnam by the Armed Forces of the U.S.'', editor with Seymour Melman, E.P. Dutton, 1968
* ''The Vietnam war and international law,'' edited by Richard A. Falk with Wolfram F. Hanrieder; J. B. Lippincott, 1968.
* ''A Global Approach to National Policy,'' Harvard University Press, 1975.
* ''Crimes of War: A Legal, Political-Documentary, and Psychological Inquiry into the Responsibility of Leaders, Citizens, and Soldiers for Criminal Acts in Wars'' with Gabriel Kolko, Robert Jay Lifton; Random House, 1971
* ''The United Nations and a Just World Order'' with Samuel S. Kim, Saul H. Mendlovitz; Westview Press, 1991
* ''This Endangered Planet,'' Random House, 1971
* ''Regional Politics and World Order'' with Saul H. Mendlovitz, W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd, 1973.
* ''A Study of Future Worlds'', Free Press, 1975
* ''The Vietnam War and International Law'', Editor, Pinceton University Press, 1976
* ''Human Rights and State Sovereignty'', Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1981
* ''International Law: A Contemporary Perspective (Studies on a Just World Order, No 2)'' with Friedrich Kratochwil, Saul H. Mendlovitz; Westview Press, 1985
* ''Revolutionaries and Functionaries,'' Dutton Adult, 1988
* ''The Promise of World Order: Essays in Normative International Relations'', Temple University Press, 1988
* ''Explorations at the Edge of Time: The Prospects for World Order'', Temple University Press, 1993.
* ''On Humane Governance: Toward a New Global Politics – The World Order Models Project Report of the Global Civilization Initiative'', Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995
* ''Indefensible Weapons: The Political and Psychological Case Against Nuclearism'' with Robert Jay Lifton, House of Anansi Press, 1998
* ''Predatory Globalization: A Critique,'' Polity, 1999
* ''Human Rights Horizons: The Pursuit of Justice in a Globalizing World,'' Routledge, 2001
* ''Reframing the International: Law, Culture, Politics,'' Routledge, 2002
* ''Unlocking the Middle East: The Writings of Richard Falk,'' Jean Allain, Editor; Olive Branch Press, 2002.
* ''In Pursuit of the Right to Self-Determination Collected Papers of the First International'', Editor with D. Kly, Clarity Press, 2001
* ''Religion and Humane Global Governance,'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2001
* ''The Great Terror War'', Interlink Publishing Group, 2002
* ''The Declining World Order: America's Imperial Geopolitics'', Routledge, 2004
* ''[[The New Pearl Harbor]]: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9-11'' by [[David Ray Griffin]], (Foreword), Interlink Books, 2004
* ''The Record of the Paper: How the New York Times Misreports US Foreign Policy'' with [[Howard Friel]], Verso, 2004
* ''Crimes of War: Iraq'' with Irene Gendzier, Robert Jay Lifton; Nation Books, 2006
* ''Foundations of Restoration Ecology: The Science and Practice of Ecological Restoration (The Science and Practice of Ecological Restoration Series)'' with Richard J. Hobbs, Donald A. Falk, Margaret Palmer, and Joy Zedler; Island Press, 2006
* ''The Costs of War: International Law, the UN, and World Order after Iraq'', Routledge, 2007
* ''Israel-Palestine on Record: How the New York Times Misreports Conflict in the Middle East'' with Howard Friel, Verso, 2007
* ''Achieving Human Rights'', Routledge, 2008
* ''International Law and the Third World: Reshaping Justice (Routledge-Cavendish Research in International Law)'', Editor, Routledge, July 29, 2008
* ''Can Humanitarian Intervention be Humanitarian? [[International Policy Digest]], Author, August 5, 2011
* ''Syria: Geopolitical Mentoring versus Rehab for Addicted Geopolitical Leaders [[International Policy Digest]], Author, August 19, 2011
* ''Rethinking Afghanistan After a Decade [[International Policy Digest]], Author, September 19, 2011
* ''Opening the Other Eye: Charles Taylor and Selective Criminal Accountability [[International Policy Digest]], Author, April 27, 2012
* ''How to Save a Stumbling 'Economic Europe' [[International Policy Digest]], Author, June 11, 2012
* ''The Path to Zero: Dialogues on Nuclear Dangers,'' with David A. Krieger, Paradigm Publishers 2012
* ''Reflections on Teju Cole's Open City [[International Policy Digest]], Author, February 21, 2013

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=35em}}

==External links==
*Richard Falk in conversation with [[Jeff Halper]] and [[Phillip Adams]], [http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/latenightlive/rethinking-foreign-occupation/4963588 'Rethinking foreign occupation,'] at [[Late Night Live]], [[Australian Broadcasting Commission|ABC]] 18 September 2013.
*[http://www.ohchr.org/EN/countries/MENARegion/Pages/PSIndex.aspx United Nations website page on Occupied Palestinian Territory], including work of Richard Falk.
*[http://www.democracynow.org/2008/12/17/days_after_calling_israeli_blockade_of Democracy Now interview with Richard Falk], December 17, 2008.
*[http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/f/falk_ra.htm Richard A. Falk Papers] at Syracuse University
*[[Transnational Institute|The Transnational Institute of Policy Studies]] (TNI). [http://www.tni.org/article/israeli-crimes-against-humanity-gaza Israeli crimes against humanity in Gaza]. Richard Falk interviewed by Michael Slate. January 20, 2009.
* [http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/ht/display/ContentDetails/i/7089/pid/3584 "Imagining Israel-Palestine Peace: Why International Law Matters"] Richard Falk 2009 speech at [[The Palestine Center]].
*[http://www.stateofnature.org/internationalLawAndHuman.html Interview with Richard Falk from ''Weapon of the Strong: Conversations on US State Terrorism'' (Pluto Press)], November, 2012.

{{United Nations Special Rapporteurs}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=31996109}}

{{Persondata
| NAME =Falk, Richard A.
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Law professor
| DATE OF BIRTH = November 13, 1930
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Falk, Richard A.}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American academics]]
[[Category:American foreign policy writers]]
[[Category:American legal writers]]
[[Category:American human rights activists]]
[[Category:Jewish human rights activists]]
[[Category:American anti-war activists]]
[[Category:American anti–nuclear weapons activists]]
[[Category:Jewish American writers]]
[[Category:International law scholars]]
[[Category:United Nations Special Rapporteurs]]
[[Category:Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
[[Category:Writers on the Middle East]]
[[Category:World federalists]]
[[Category:9/11 conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]

Yossi Klein Halevi

2014-05-09T00:07:57Z

Plot Spoiler: + American-born

[[File:Yossi Headshot.jpg|thumb|Yossi Klein Halevi, 2012]]
'''Yossi Klein Halevi''' (born 1953) is an American-born [[Israelis|Israeli]] [[author]] and [[journalist]].

==Biography==
Halevi was born and raised in [[Borough Park, Brooklyn]] in [[New York]] in a [[Jewish]] family. His father was a Hungarian-born Holocaust survivor. He completed a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in [[Jewish Studies]] in [[Brooklyn College]] in 1978, and completed his [[Master of Arts (postgraduate)|MA]] in Journalism at [[Northwestern University]]. In 1982, he moved to Israel with his wife Sarah (née Lynn Rintoul).<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/08/opinion/08iht-edhalevi.1.20013320.html No choice but to fight, [[New York Times]]]</ref>

==Journalistic and literary career==
He worked as a senior writer for the bi-weekly magazine ''[[The Jerusalem Report]]'' from its founding until 2002. Halevi wrote a column for ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', and wrote regularly on Israeli issues for the op-ed page of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', and occasionally for the ''[[New York Times]]'' and ''[[Washington Post]]''. His first book, ''Memoirs of a Jewish Extremist'', was published in 1995. In it, he tells of his youthful attraction to, and subsequent break with, the militant Rabbi [[Meir Kahane]].

In 2001 he published ''At the Entrance to the Garden of Eden: A Jew's Search for God with Christians and Muslims in the Holy Land''. The book tells of his spiritual journey as a religious Jew into the worlds of Christianity and Islam in Israel. Halevi joined the prayers and meditations in mosques and [[monastery|monasteries]], in an attempt to experience the devotional lives of his non-Jewish neighbors and to create a religious language of reconciliation among the three [[monotheism|monotheistic]] faiths.

Halevi is a Fellow at the [[Shalom Hartman Institute]], a Jerusalem-based research institute and educational center. He is Israel correspondent and contributing editor of ''[[The New Republic]]''.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/02/opinion/02Halevi.html?_r=1 Israel, Alone Again? New York Times]</ref> He is a lecturer on American and Canadian campuses, focusing on politics and culture in Israel. In the fall of 2013, he began teaching at the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America|Jewish Theological Seminary]] in New York.<ref name="haaretz">[http://www.haaretz.com/mobile/.premium-1.553443 Yossi Klein Halevi: I am looking for the vanished Israel] haaretz.com</ref>

Halevi's book ''Like Dreamers: The Story of the Israeli Paratroopers who Reunited Jerusalem and Divided A Nation '' was released by [[HarperCollins]] in October 2013.<ref name="haaretz"/>

==Political activism==
Halevi has been active in Middle East reconciliation efforts, and serves as chairman of Open House, an Arab-Jewish educational project in the working class town of [[Ramle]]. He was a founder and board member of the now-defunct Israeli-Palestinian Media Forum, which brought together Israeli and Palestinian journalists.

==Religious Identity==
Halevi and his wife Sarah broke with the [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] community because of Orthodoxy's attitudes towards women. They decided that they would not raise their daughter "as a second-class Jew" and instead began frequenting the [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] synagogue in their neighborhood.<ref>http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/iengage/point-counter-point-yossi-klein-halevi-5</ref>

==Film==
In 1985, the documentary film ''Kaddish'', produced by Steve Brand, which focuses on his relationship with his father, a [[Holocaust]] survivor, was released. The ''[[Village Voice]]'' called it one of the best ten films of the year.

==Published works==
* ''Memoirs of a Jewish Extremist'', New York-Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1995. ISBN 978-0-316-49860-9
* {{cite book| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BQoLcpu5BHAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Yossi+Klein+Halevi&hl=en&ei=50AGTo-qKIrx0gHsh6nkCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false| title=At the Entrance to the Garden of Eden: A Jew's Search for God with Christians and Muslims in the Holy Land| publisher= Morrow| place= New York| year= 2001| isbn=}}; HarperCollins, 2002, ISBN 978-0-06-050582-0
* ''Am Eingang zum Garten Eden: Suche nach Hoffnung mit den Religionen im Heiligen Land'', ISBN 978-3-8306-7371-2, EOS-Verlag, St. Ottilien, 2009.
* ''בפתח גן העדן'', ISBN 965-07-1539-8, Shalom Hartman Institute, Keter, Jerusalem, Israel, 2007.
*''Like Dreamers: The Story of the Israeli Paratroopers who Reunited Jerusalem and Divided a Nation'', HarperCollins, 2013

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.lukeford.net/profiles/profiles/yossi_halevi.htm About Halevi]
* Yossi Klein Halevi, [http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0704/halevi_palestinian_rejectionism.php3 The pattern of Palestinian rejectionism], Jewish World Review, 12/7/2004
* Yossi Klein Halevi, [http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0404/kabbalah_centre.php3 Kabbalah goes Hollywood], Jewish World Review, 30/4/2004 * {{cite web|url=http://www.thetower.org/article/utopian-dreamers-and-the-israeli-spirit/|title=Of Utopian Dreamers and the Israeli Spirit|last=David Hazony|year=2013|publisher=The Tower Magazine|accessdate=24 November 2013}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Halevi, Yossi Klein
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Israeli writer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1953
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Halevi, Yossi Klein}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American emigrants to Israel]]
[[Category:Israeli journalists]]
[[Category:Israeli memoirists]]
[[Category:Israeli novelists]]
[[Category:Jewish novelists]]
[[Category:Brooklyn College alumni]]
[[Category:Medill School of Journalism alumni]]