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Tsechu

2013-11-17T01:15:09Z

Plasticspork: Fix HTML lists

{{double image|right|Dance of the Black Hats with Drums, Paro Tsechu 4.jpg|180|Dance of the Black Hats with Drums, Paro Tsechu 5.jpg|180|Left: Dance of the Black Hats with Drums. Right: Paro Tsechu festival of dances}}
'''Tsechu''' (literally "day ten") are annual religious [[Bhutan]]ese festivals held in each district or [[dzongkhag]] of Bhutan on the tenth day of a month of the [[lunar calendar|lunar]] [[Tibetan calendar]]. The month depends on the place, but usually is around the time of October. Tsechus are [[religious festival]]s of [[Drukpa Lineage|Drukpa]] Buddhism. The [[Thimphu]] tsechu and tha [[Paro, Bhutan|Paro]] tsechu are among the biggest of the tsechus in terms of participation and audience. Tsechus are large social gatherings, which perform the function of social bonding among people of remote and spread-out villages. Large markets also congregate at the fair locations, leading to brisk commerce.<ref name="dr">[http://portal.unesco.org/culture/fr/file_download.php/93012f1857c2e04571e63ffeeaf409d2dobson.pdf Dancing on the demon's back: the dramnyen dance and song of Bhutan], by Elaine Dobson, John Blacking Symposium: Music
Culture and Society, Callaway Centre, University of Western Australia, July 2003</ref>

==Tsechu traditions==

The focal point of the tsechus are the sacred [[Cham Dance]]s, which are banned in neighbouring [[Tibet]].{{Fact|date=August 2008}} These costumed, masked dances typically are [[moral]] vignettes, or based on incidents from the life of the 9th century [[Nyingmapa]] teacher [[Padmasambhava]] and other saints.<ref name = "dr"/>

Most tsechus also feature the unfurling of a [[thongdrel]] (or [[thangka]]) - a large [[tapestry]] typically depicting a seated [[Guru Rinpoche]] surrounded by holy beings, the mere viewing of which is said to cleanse the viewer of sin. The thongdrel is unrolled before dawn and rolled up by morning.

Because tsechus depend on the availability of masked dancers, registered dancers are subject to fine if they refuse to perform during festivals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/reluctant-mask-dancers/ |title=Reluctant Mask Dancers |publisher=Bhutan Observer online |first=Gembo |last=Namgyal |date=2010-10-28 |accessdate=2012-01-28}}</ref>

==History of Tsechus==
[[Image:Tsechu cham.jpg|thumb|Masked dancers at the [[Phodrang]] tsechu]]
Padmasambhava, the great [[Nyingmapa]] scholar, visited Tibet and Bhutan in the 8th century and 9th century. He used to convert opponents of [[Buddhism]] by performing rites, reciting [[mantra]]s and finally performing a dance of subjugation to conquer local spirits and gods. He visited Bhutan to aid the dying king [[Sindhu Raja]]. Padmasambhava performed a series of such dances in the [[Bumthang valley]] to restore the health of the king. The grateful king helped spread Buddhism in Bhutan. Padmasambhava organized the first tsechu in [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]], where the eight manifestations of [[Guru Rinpoche]] (Padmasambhava being the human form) were presented through eight forms of dances. These became the Chams depicting the glory of Padmasambhava.

==Schedule==
[[File:Guru Rinpoche Gomkora.jpg|thumb|[[Thongdrel]] unfolded at the Gomkora Tsechu 2013]]
The dance schedule for each day of the four-day festival is set out and generally consists of the following dances.
* On the first day, the performances cover: Dance of the Four Stags (Sha Tsam); Dance of the Three kinds of Ging (Pelage Gingsum); Dance of the Heroes (Pacham), Dance of the Stags and Hounds (Shawo Shachi) and Dance with Guitar (Dranyeo Cham)
* On the second day the dances performed are: The Black Hat Dance (Shana), Dance of the 21 black hats with drums (Sha nga ngacham), Dance of the Noblemen and the Ladies (Pholeg Moleg), Dance of the Drums from Dramitse (Dramitse Ngacham), Dance of the Noblemen and the Ladies (Pholeg Moleg) and Dance of the Stag and Hounds (Shawa Shachi)
* On the third day, the dances performed are: Dance of the Lords of the Cremation Grounds (Durdag), Dance of the Terrifying Deities (Tungam) and Dance of the Rakshas and the Judgement of the Dead (Ragsha Mangcham)
* On the last day of the festival, the dances performed cover: Dance of Tamshing in Bumthang, Dance of the Lords of the Cremation grounds (the same dance as day 3), Dance of the Ging and Tsoling (Ging Dang Tsoling) and Dance of the Eight Manifestations of Guru Rinpoche (Guru Tshen Gye).

The last day of the four-day festival also marks the unfurling of the ''[[Thongdrel]]'', a very large scroll painting or [[thangka]], which is unfurled with intense religious fervour, early in the morning. This painting measuring {{convert|30|m|ft}}×{{convert|45|m|ft}} has the images of Padmasambhava at the centre flanked by his two consorts and also his eight incarnations. Devotees who gather to witness this occasion offer obeisance in front of the ''Thongdrel'' seeking blessings. Folk dances are performed on the occasion. Before sunrise, the painting is rolled up and kept in the Dzong before it is displayed again one year later.<ref name="Palin, p. 269-270">Palin, pp. 269–270</ref>

==List of tsechus==
Below is a list of major tsechus in Bhutan, along with their 2011 dates. Dates in other years will vary.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:50%;"
|+ Bhutan tsechu dates (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.windhorsetours.com/festivals/festival_dates.php?country=bhutan |title=Festival Dates |publisher=Windhorse Tours, Treks & Expeditions online |accessdate=2011-07-26}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" width="30%" | Date
! scope="col" width="35%" | Tsechu
! scope="col" width="35%" | Location
|-
| data-sort-value="01" | January 02–04 || Trongsa Tsechu || [[Trongsa District|Trongsa]]
|-
| data-sort-value="01" | January 02–04 || Lhuntse Tsechu || [[Lhuntse District|Lhuntse]]
|-
| data-sort-value="01" | January 02–04 || Pemagatshel Tsechu || [[Pemagatshel District|Pemagatshel]]
|-
| data-sort-value="01" | January 09 || Shingkhar Metochodpa || [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="01" | January 09–13 || Nabji Lhakhang Drup || [[Trongsa District|Trongsa]]
|-
| data-sort-value="02" | February 10–15 || Punakha Dromache & Tshechu || [[Punakha District|Punakha]]
|-
| data-sort-value="02" | February 17–21 || Tangsibi Mani || [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="02" | February 18 || Chorten Kora || [[Trashiyangtse District|Trashiyangtse]]
|-
| data-sort-value="02" | February 18 || Tharpaling Thongdrol || [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="02" | February 19–21 || Buli Mani Chumey || [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="02" | February–March (''1st month, 7th day'') || Trashiyangtse Tsechu || [[Trashiyangtse District|Trashiyangtse]]
|-
| data-sort-value="03" | March 04 || Chorten Kora (2nd) || [[Trashiyangtse District|Trashiyangtse]]
|-
| data-sort-value="03" | March 13–15 || Gomkora || [[Trashigang District|Trashigang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="03" | March 13–15 || Talo Tsechu || [[Talo]], [[Punakha District|Punakha]]
|-
| data-sort-value="03" | March 13–16 || Zhemgang Tsechu || [[Zhemgang District|Zhemgang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="03" | March 15–19 || Paro Tshechu || [[Paro District|Paro]]
|-
| data-sort-value="03" | March 17–19 || Chhukha Tshechu || [[Chukha District|Chukha]]
|-
| data-sort-value="04" | April 01–03 || Gaden Chodpa || [[Ura Gewog|Ura]], [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="05" | May 12–14 || Domkhar Festival || [[Chhume Gewog|Chhume]], [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="05" | May 14–18 || Ura Yakchoe || [[Ura Gewog|Ura]], [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="06" | June 19–21 || Padsel–Ling Kuchod || [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="06" | June || Laya Bumkhosa Festival (Bongkor) || [[Laya Gewog|Laya]]
|-
| data-sort-value="07" | July 08–10 || Nimalung Tshechu || [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="07" | July 09–10 ''does not move'' || Alpine || [[Ha, Bhutan|Ha]], [[Haa District|Haa]]
|-
| data-sort-value="07" | July 10 || Kurjey Tshechu || [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="07" | July 29 || Gangte Kurim || [[Gangte Gewog|Gangte]], [[Wangdue Phodrang District|Wangdue Phodrang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="10" | October 01–05 || Thimphu Drupchen || [[Thimphu District|Thimphu]]
|-
| data-sort-value="10" | October 04–06 || Wangdue Tsechu || [[Wangdue Phodrang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="10" | October 04–06 || Gangte Drubchen & Tsechu || [[Gangte Gewog|Gangte]], [[Wangdue Phodrang District|Wangdue Phodrang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="10" | October 06–08 || Tamshingphala Choepa || [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="10" | October 06–08 || Gasa Tsechu || [[Gasa District|District Gasa]]
|-
| data-sort-value="10" | October 06–08 || Thimphu Tshechu || [[Thimphu District|Thimphu]]
|-
| data-sort-value="10" | October 10–12 || Thangbi Mani || [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="11" | November 01–05 || Shingkhar Rabney || [[Ura Gewog|Ura]], [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="11" | November 03–06 || Jakar Tsechu || [[Jakar]], [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="11" | November 10–14 || Jambay Lakhang Drup || [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="11" | November 11–13 || Prakhar Duchoed || [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="11" | November 12 ''does not move'' || Black Necked Crane Festival || [[Gangte Gewog|Gangte]], [[Wangdue Phodrang District|Wangdue Phodrang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="11" | November 22–25 || Sumdrang Kangsol || [[Ura Gewog|Ura]], [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="12" | December 02–05 || Trashigang Tsechu || [[Trashigang District|Trashigang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="12" | December 02–05 || Mongar Tsechu || [[Mongar District|Mongar]]
|-
| data-sort-value="12" | December 03–04 || Tang Namkha Rabney Tang || [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="12" | December 10 || Singye Cham, Jambay Lhakhang || [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="12" | December 10–12 || Nalakhar Tsechu || [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]]
|-
| data-sort-value="12" | December 10–13 || Chojam Rabney Tang || [[Bumthang District|Bumthang]]
|}

==In popular culture==
The Bhutanese film [[Travellers and Magicians]] is set among a group of travellers, most of whom are going to the Thimphu tsechu.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Buddhist festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in Bhutan]]

Rebecca Belmore

2013-11-16T22:15:23Z

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'''Rebecca Belmore''' (born 1960) is an [[Anishinaabe]]-[[Canada|Canadian]] artist based in [[Vancouver]]. Her work addresses history, voice and voicelessness, place, and identity through the media of sculpture, [[Installation art|installation]], video and [[performance]].

==Life==
Belmore was born on March 22, 1960 in Upsala, Ontario, Canada and currently resides in Vancouver, BC. Author Jessica Bradley describes Belmore's adolescence as difficult, due to "the custom ingrained through the [Canadian] government imposed assimilation, she was sent to attend high school in Thunder Bay and billeted with a non-Native family." Bradley adds that as a result of her experience as an adolescent, notions of displacement and cultural loss are "reformed into acts or objects of reparation and protest [within her various works]."

==Work==
"Although at its most effective, Belmore's aesthetic is taut, reductive, and unsentimental", writes Charlotte Townsend-Gault, "it becomes evident that for her there is no sharp divide between [[aesthetics]] and ethics." Belmore's major projects have resulted from her response to specific sites and circumstances offered to her. This is the way she prefers to work.<ref>[http://www.belkin-gallery.ubc.ca/belmore/main.htm belkin-gallery.ubc.ca]</ref>

==Exhibitions==
{{BLP unsourced section|date=April 2010}}
Belmore has produced installations and performances internationally since 1987, including Creation or Death, We Will Win, at the Havana Biennial, Havana, Cuba (1991) and Vigil, at the Aboriginal Arts Festival, Vancouver B.C. (2003). She represented Canada at the Sydney Biennale, in Australia in 1998, in a group exhibition format. In 2004, Belmore received the VIVA Award from the Jack and Doris Shadbolt Foundation and completed a residency with MAWA (Mentoring Artist's for Women's Art) in Winnipeg, Manitoba the same year.

Her exhibition ''The Named and the Unnamed'' was organized by the [[Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery]], [[University of British Columbia]] (curated by Scott Watson and Charlotte Townsend Gault). ''The Named and the Unnamed'' was also shown at the Art Gallery of Ontario, Confederation Centre, and the Kamloops Art Gallery. ''Vigil'' is a performance-based video installation.

She represented Canada at the 2005 [[Venice Biennale]], where she exhibited the video-based installation ''Fountain''. Belmore was the first Aboriginal woman to represent Canada at the Biennale.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

== Honours ==
* [[Royal Canadian Academy of Arts]]<ref name=RCA1880>{{cite web|title=Members since 1880|url=http://www.rca-arc.ca/en/about_members/since1880.asp|publisher=Royal Canadian Academy of Arts|accessdate=11 September 2013}}</ref>
==Bibliography==
*Belmore, Rebecca. Fountain., ABC Art Books, Canada, 2005.
*Blondeau, Lori, et al. “On the Fightin’ Side of Me: Lori Blondeau and Lynne Bell in conversation with Rebecca
Belmore”, Fuse Magazine, Vol. 28, No. 1. pp. 25–34.
*Bradley, Jessica. “Rebecca Belmore: Art and the Object of Performance.” In Caught in the Act:An Anthology of Performance Art by Canadian Women. Tanya Mars and Johanna Householder, eds. Toronto: YYZ Books, 2004.
*Enright, Robert. “The Poetics of History: An Interview with Rebecca Belmore”, Border Crossings, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2005.
*Burgess, Marilyn. “The Imagined Geographies of Rebecca Belmore”, Parachute, No. 93, Jan/Feb/March, 1999. pp. 12–20.
*Fisher, Barbara. 33 Pieces. Mississuaga: Blackwood Gallery, 2001.
*Hill, Richard William. “It’s Very Interesting if it Works: In Conversation with Rebecca Belmore and James Luna”,
Fuse Magazine, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2001. pp. 28–33.
“Built on Running Water: Rebecca Belmore’s Fountain.” Fuse Magazine. Vol. 29, No. 1, 2006. pp. 49–51.
*Martin, Lee-Anne. “The Waters of Venice: Rebecca Belmore at the 51st Biennale.” In Canadian Art, vol. 22, 2005.
*Townsend-Gault, Charlotte. Rebecca Belmore: the Named and the Unnamed. Vancouver: Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery, 2002.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*Fado Performance Inc., Interview [http://www.performanceart.ca/time3x/belmore/interview.html]
*Urban Shaman [http://www.urbanshaman.org/gallery/archive/Rebecca_Belmore/index.htm]
*http://www.belkin.ubc.ca/past/RebeccaBelmore
*http://rebeccabelmore.com/home.html

{{Authority control|VIAF=96613913}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Belmore, Rebecca
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Canadian artist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1960
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Belmore, Rebecca}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian contemporary artists]]
[[Category:Artists from Ontario]]
[[Category:First Nations filmmakers]]
[[Category:Artists from British Columbia]]
[[Category:Canadian multimedia artists]]
[[Category:Canadian women artists]]
[[Category:First Nations installation artists]]
[[Category:First Nations sculptors]]
[[Category:First Nations performance artists]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts]]
[[Category:1960 births]]

New Nambu M60

2013-11-16T20:41:18Z

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{{Infobox Weapon
|name=New Nambu M60
|image=
|caption=New Nambu M60 77 mm Barrel Model
|origin=[[Japan]]
|type=[[Revolver]]

|is_ranged=Yes

|service=1960–Present
|used_by=[[Law enforcement in Japan|Japanese Police Forces]] [[Japan Coast Guard]]<ref>{{Cite book
|last=Jones
|first=Richard
|year=2007
|title=Jane's Infantry Weapons 2007-2008
|publisher=Jane's Information Group
|page=289
|isbn=0-7106-2801-3}}</ref>

|designer=[[Minebea]] (Formerly ''Shin-Chuō Industries'')
|design_date=1951
|manufacturer=[[Minebea]]
|production_date=1960–1999
|number=
|variants=51 mm Barrel 77 mm Barrel Sakura

|weight=685 g 850 g (Sakura)
|length=198 mm 300 mm (Sakura)
|part_length=51 mm 77 mm 153 mm (Sakura)

|cartridge=[[.38 Special]] (9.1×29mmR)
|caliber=[[.38]] (9mm)
|action=[[Trigger_(firearms)#Double-action/single-action|Double-action/single-action]]
|velocity=
|range=50 m
|max_range=
|feed=5-Round swing out [[Cylinder (firearms)|cylinder]]
|sights=
* Fixed open Patridge
* Adjustable rear open Patridge (Sakura)
}}

The '''[[Minebea]] "New Nambu" M60''' is a double-action police revolver chambered in [[.38 Special]] based upon [[Smith & Wesson]]-style designs.<ref>{{Cite book
|last=Hogg
|first=Ian
|year=1989
|title=Jane's Infantry Weapons 1989-90
|edition=15th
|publisher=Jane's Information Group
|page=17
|isbn=0-7106-0889-6}}</ref> Approximately 133,400 have been produced since 1961.{{Ref label|reference1|1}} It is one of the standard firearms carried by [[Law enforcement in Japan|law enforcement personnel in Japan]]. A sport-use intended variant equipped with weighted longer barrel, adjustable rear sight, and adjustable competition grip called the ''New Nambu M60 Sakura'' was considered for production, but the product never went past its prototype phase.<ref>[http://ameblo.jp/tatsutoti/entry-10878936777.html ニューナンブM60サクラ]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{firearms-stub}}
[[Category:Revolvers]]
[[Category:Revolvers of Japan]]
[[Category:Police weapons]]

John List (Massenmörder)

2013-11-13T02:55:22Z

Plasticspork: Fix HTML lists

{{About|the mass murderer|the economist of the University of Chicago|John A. List}}
{{Infobox murderer
| name = John List
| image = Small ListMug.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Mugshot of John List, c.2005
| birthname = John Emil List
| occupation = Accountant
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1925|09|17}}
| birth_place = [[Bay City, Michigan]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2008|03|21|1925|09|17}}
| death_place = [[Trenton, New Jersey]]
| cause = Pneumonia
| penalty = Five consecutive life terms
| parents = John Frederick List, father, 1859–1944 and Alma List, mother, 1887–1971
| spouse = Helen List 1926–1971, (m. 1952–1971, her death) Delores (Miller) Clark, (m. 1985-?)
| date = November 9, 1971
| time =
| targets = Wife, mother, and children
| locations = [[Westfield, New Jersey]]
| fatalities = 5; bullet wounds to head and body
| weapons =
* [[9mm|9 mm]] [[Steyr 1912|Steyr handgun]],
* [[.22 LR|.22 caliber]] [[revolver]]
}}
'''John Emil List''' (September 17, 1925 – March 21, 2008), sometimes labeled the '''Bogeyman of Westfield''',<ref>Di Ionno, M (March 25, 2008). The bogeyman of Westfield, a ghost story that won't end. [http://blog.nj.com/njv_mark_diionno/2008/03/the_bogeyman_of_westfield_a_gh.html ''Star Ledger'' archive]. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</ref> was a convicted multiple [[murder]]er and long-time fugitive. On November 9, 1971, he killed his wife, mother, and three children in their home in [[Westfield, New Jersey]], and then disappeared. He had planned the murders so meticulously that nearly a month passed before anyone noticed that anything was amiss. A fugitive from justice for nearly 18 years who assumed a new identity and remarried, List was finally apprehended on June 1, 1989, after the story of his murders was broadcast on the television program ''[[America's Most Wanted]]''. List was found guilty of [[first degree murder]] and sentenced in 1990 to five consecutive terms of [[life imprisonment]]. He died in 2008.

==Personal background==
Born in [[Bay City, Michigan|Bay City]], [[Michigan]], List was the only child of [[German American]] parents, John Frederick List (1859–1944) and Alma Maria Barbara Florence List (1887–1971). He was a devout [[Lutheran]] and taught [[Sunday school]]. He served in the [[U.S. Army]] during [[World War II]] and later was given an [[ROTC]] commission as a [[Second Lieutenant]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ryzuk|first=Mary S.|year=1990|title=Thou Shalt Not Kill|publisher=Popular Library|isbn=0-445-21043-5|page=101}}</ref> He attended the [[University of Michigan]] in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]], where he earned a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[business administration]] and a [[master's degree]] in [[accounting]]. List met his wife, Helen, in 1951, and they married shortly after.

==Murders==
On November 9, 1971 List methodically killed his entire family: his wife, Helen, 45; his mother, Alma, 84; and his children — Patricia, 16, John, Jr., 15, and Frederick, 13. The murder weapons were his own [[9mm]] [[Steyr 1912]] [[Semi-automatic pistol|semi-automatic handgun]]<ref>Benford TB and Johnson JP (2000): ''Righteous Carnage: The List Murders'', p. 117.</ref> and his father's [[.22 caliber]] [[revolver]].<ref>Benford TB and Johnson JP (2000): ''Righteous Carnage: The List Murders'', p. 285.</ref> He first shot his wife in the back of the head and his mother above the left eye while his children were at school. When Patricia and Frederick came home they were each shot in the back of the head. After making himself lunch, List drove to his bank to close his own and his mother's bank accounts, and then to his elder son's school to watch him play in a [[soccer]] game. After driving John, Jr. home he shot him once in the back of the head, then at least ten more times when the body began twitching.<ref name="NYT20081228">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/28/magazine/28List-t.html |title=Wanted: A Killer Disappears Into Another Life |publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' |date=December 28, 2008 | first=Elizabeth | last=McCracken | accessdate=May 6, 2010}}</ref>

List placed the bodies of his wife and children on sleeping bags in the ballroom of their 19-room [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] home. He left his mother's body in her apartment in the attic. In a five-page letter to his pastor, found on the desk in his study, he wrote that he saw too much evil in the world, and that he had ended the lives of his family to save their souls. He then cleaned up the various crime scenes, turned on all the lights, tuned the radio to a religious station, and departed.<ref name="NYT20081228"/>

The murders were not discovered for nearly a month, due in part to the family's reclusiveness and refusal to socialize, and in part to notes sent by List to the children's schools and part-time jobs stating that the family would be in [[North Carolina]] for several weeks, staying with Helen's mother. He also stopped the family's milk, mail and newspaper deliveries.<ref name="NYT20081228"/> Finally, neighbors noticed that lights inside the mansion — which had been illuminated day and night for weeks, with no apparent activity within — were burning out one by one, and called police.<ref>Ramsland, K: John List. [http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/family/list/1.html Crime Library]. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</ref>

The case became the second most notorious crime in New Jersey history, after the kidnapping and murder of the [[Lindbergh Baby]]. A nationwide manhunt was launched. The family car was found parked at [[Kennedy Airport]], but there was no evidence that List had boarded a flight.<ref name="NYT20081228"/> Police investigated hundreds of leads without results.<ref>''Notorious'', television series, Episode: "To Save Their Souls", 2005</ref> Alma was flown to [[Frankenmuth, Michigan]] and interred at the Saint Lorenz Lutheran Cemetery. Helen and her three children were buried at [[Fairview Cemetery (Westfield, New Jersey)|Fairview Cemetery]] in Westfield.<ref>Ramsland, K: John List. [http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/family/list/11.html Crime Library archive]. Retrieved 27 September 2013.</ref>

On May 21, 1989 List's case was broadcast on the television program ''[[America's Most Wanted]]'', which at the time had been on the air less than a year.<ref>Notorious AMW Fugitive John List Dead at 82 (24 March 2008). [http://www.amw.com/features/feature_story_detail.cfm?id=2613 amw.com archive]. Retrieved 27 September 2013.</ref> The presentation included an [[Age progression|age-progressed]] clay [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] sculpted by [[forensic]] artist [[Frank Bender]], which turned out to bear a close resemblance to List's actual appearance.<ref>Fox, M (30 July 2011): Frank Bender, ‘Recomposer’ of Faces of the Dead, Dies at 70. [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/31/us/31bender.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 ''New York Times'' archive]. Retrieved 29 September 2013.</ref> List was located and arrested less than two weeks after the episode was broadcast.

==Relocation, arrest, and trial==

List settled in [[Denver, Colorado]] in early 1972, and resumed working as an accountant under the name Robert Peter Clark. He later said that he chose the name because it had belonged to one of his college classmates, although the real Bob Clark later claimed that he had never known List.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Death Sentence: The Inside Story of the John List Murders Joe Sharkey, Signet, 305 pp., ISBN 0-451-16947-6}}</ref> In the early 1980s he moved to [[Midlothian, Virginia]], and in 1985 married divorcee Delores Miller.

On June 1, 1989 he was arrested at a [[Richmond, Virginia]] accounting firm after a neighbor viewed the ''America's Most Wanted'' broadcast, recognized the profile, and alerted authorities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fbi.gov/richmond/about-us/history-1/history |title=FBI Richmond Division History |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |accessdate=19 December 2011}}</ref><ref>Ryzuk, pp.396-399</ref> He was [[extradition|extradited]] to [[Union County, New Jersey]] in late 1989. He continued to stand by his alias for several months; but finally, faced with irrefutable evidence — including the matching of his [[fingerprint]]s with List's military records, and with evidence found at the crime scene — he confessed his true identity on February 16, 1990.<ref>Ryzuk, p.452</ref>

On April 12, 1990 List was convicted of five counts of [[first degree murder]], and on May 1 was sentenced to five consecutive terms of [[life imprisonment]]. (The [[death penalty]] was not an option in New Jersey at the time.) At his sentencing hearing, he denied direct responsibility for his actions: "I feel that because of my mental state at the time, I was unaccountable for what happened. I ask all affected by this for their forgiveness, understanding and prayer."<ref>Associated Press (May 20, 1990). Judge Sentences Family Killer to Life in Prison. [http://articles.latimes.com/1990-05-02/news/mn-174_1_life-sentences ''Los Angeles Times'' archive]. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</ref> He filed an appeal of his convictions on grounds that his judgment had been impaired by [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] due to military service in [[World War II]] and [[Korean War|Korea]]. He also contended that the letter he left behind at the crime scene — essentially his confession — was a confidential communication to his pastor, and therefore inadmissible as evidence. Both arguments were unsuccessful.<ref>Stout, D (March 25, 2008). John E. List, 82, Killer of 5 Family Members, Dies. [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/25/nyregion/25list1.html ''NY Times'' archive]. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</ref>

List later expressed a degree of remorse for his crimes: "I wish I had never done what I did," he said. "I've regretted my action and prayed for forgiveness ever since."<ref>List and Goodrich (2006): ''Collateral Damage: The John List Story'', p. 80.</ref> In a 2002 interview with [[Connie Chung]], when asked why he had not taken his own life, he said he believed that [[suicide]] would have barred him from [[Heaven]], where he hoped to be reunited with his family.<ref name="NYT_19830325"/>

==Motive==
List faced a grave financial crisis in 1971. He had lost his job as an accountant, and hid his unemployment from his family by sitting at the local bus station each day. He owed $11,000 on his mortgage and was skimming from his mother's bank accounts.<ref name="NYT20081228"/> He was also dealing with his wife's [[syphilis#tertiary|tertiary syphilis]], contracted from her first husband and concealed from List for 18 years, which had "transformed her from an attractive young woman to an unkempt and paranoid recluse," according to testimony.<ref>[http://www.goleader.com/list/ The List Murders Stun Westfield In 1971] By Kathy Halverson, February 17, 2001 For The Westfield Leader and The Times. Accessed June 28, 2007</ref><ref name="NYT19900407">{{Cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0DE1630F934A35757C0A966958260 |title=Slaying Suspect Saw 2 Choices, Doctor Testifies |publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' |date=April 7, 1990 | first=Joseph F. | last=Sullivan | accessdate=May 6, 2010}}</ref>

A court-appointed psychiatrist testified that List, who carried a diagnosis of [[obsessive-compulsive personality disorder]], saw only two solutions to his problems: accept [[Social programs in the United States#Welfare|welfare]], or kill his family and send their souls to heaven.<ref name="NYT19900407"/> Welfare was an unacceptable option, he reasoned, because it would expose the family to ridicule and violate his [[authoritarian]] father's teachings regarding the care and protection of family members.<ref name="NYT19900407"/>

==Death==
List died from complications of [[pneumonia]] at age 82 on March 21, 2008, while in prison custody at a [[Trenton, New Jersey]] hospital.<ref name="NYT_19830325">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/25/nyregion/25list1.html?em&ex=1206590400&en=54ef92d43724f8e2&ei=5087%0A |title=John E. List, 82, Killer of 5 Family Members, Dies |publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' |date=March 25, 2008 | first=David | last=Stout | accessdate=May 6, 2010}}</ref> In reporting his death the [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] ''[[Star-Ledger]]'' referred to him as "the bogeyman of Westfield".<ref>[http://blog.nj.com/njv_mark_diionno/2008/03/the_bogeyman_of_westfield_a_gh.html "The bogeyman of Westfield, a ghost story that won't end" by Mark Di Ionno, The Star Ledger]</ref> His body was not immediately claimed,<ref name="BayCity">{{Cite news|url=http://www.mybaycity.com/scripts/Article_View.cfm?ArticleID=2465&NewspaperID=0 |title=Killer John List's Body Lies Unclaimed in New Jersey Morgue |publisher=mybaycity.com |date=March 27, 2008}}</ref> though he was later buried next to his mother in [[Frankenmuth, Michigan]].<ref>[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=25511539 John Emil List (1925-2008) - Find a Grave]</ref>

==Home arson==
The List home was destroyed by [[arson]] ten months after the murders, a crime which remains unsolved. Destroyed along with the home was the ballroom's [[stained glass]] skylight, rumored to be a signed [[Louis Comfort Tiffany|Tiffany]] original worth over $100,000.<ref name="NYT20081228"/>

==In popular culture==
* In 2008 [[John Walsh]], the host of ''America's Most Wanted'', donated Bender’s bust of List to a forensic science exhibit at the privately owned [[National Museum of Crime & Punishment]] in [[Washington, DC]].
* The 1987 film ''[[The Stepfather (1987 film)|The Stepfather]]'' and the [[The Stepfather (2009 film)|2009 remake]] were loosely based on the List case.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ryan|first=Desmond|title=How Profitable Sequels Succeed: They Just Bring 'em Back Alive|url=http://articles.philly.com/1989-12-03/entertainment/26158069_1_stepfather-mortal-coil-predator-ii|accessdate=19 April 2013|newspaper=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=December 3, 1989}}</ref>
* [[Robert Blake (actor)|Robert Blake]] portrayed List in the 1993 film ''[[Judgment Day: The John List Story]]''.
* List's crimes and disappearance were an inspiration for the character of [[Keyser Söze]] in the 1995 film ''[[The Usual Suspects]]''.<ref name="DVDcom">''The Usual Suspects'' DVD commentary featuring [[Bryan Singer]] and [[Christopher McQuarrie]], [2000]. Retrieved 27 September 2002</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Books==
* ''Righteous Carnage: The List Murders'' Timothy B. Benford and James P. Johnson, iUniverse, 332 pp., ISBN 0-595-00720-1
* ''Death Sentence: The Inside Story of the John List Murders'' Joe Sharkey, Signet, 305 pp., ISBN 0-451-16947-6
* ''Collateral Damage: The John List Story '' John E. List and Austin Goodrich, iUniverse, Inc., 130pp., ISBN 0-595-39536-8
* ''Thou Shalt Not Kill'' Mary S. Ryzuk, Warner Books, 509pp., ISBN 0-445-21043-5

==External links==
{{Portal|New Jersey|Biography|Crime}}
* [http://www.goleader.com/list/ Newspaper articles on John List]
* [http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/family/list/1.html John List, famous murder - The Crime Library]
* {{Find a Grave|25511539|name=John Emil List}}
* {{IMDb title|0401220|American Justice Episode #169: To Save Their Souls}}
{{Stepfather series}}
{{Authority control|VIAF=23760246}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = List, John
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 17, 1925
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Bay City, Michigan]]
| DATE OF DEATH = March 21, 2008
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Trenton, New Jersey]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:List, John}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century criminals]]
[[Category:America's Most Wanted]]
[[Category:American Lutherans]]
[[Category:American mass murderers]]
[[Category:American military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:American murderers of children]]
[[Category:American people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American people who died in prison custody]]
[[Category:American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:Criminals from Michigan]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia]]
[[Category:Familicides]]
[[Category:Filicides]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Matricides]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by New Jersey]]
[[Category:People from Bay City, Michigan]]
[[Category:People from Westfield, New Jersey]]
[[Category:People with personality disorders]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by New Jersey]]
[[Category:Prisoners who died in New Jersey detention]]
[[Category:United States Army soldiers]]
[[Category:University of Michigan alumni]]
[[Category:People extradited within the United States]]
[[Category:20th-century American criminals]]

DDoS-Angriffe auf Dyn

2013-11-11T19:14:25Z

Plasticspork: Fix HTML lists

{{Infobox company
| name = Dyn
| predecessor = {{ubl|Dynamic Network Services Inc|DynDNS}}
| logo = [[Image:Dyn_logo_%28black_text%29.svg|200px|DynDNS Logo]]
| type = [[Corporation]]
| foundation =  1998
| location = [[Manchester, New Hampshire]]
| industry = Internet IaaS
| products =
* [[Dynamic DNS|Dynamic]], static, and recursive DNS
* [[Domain name registrar|Domain name registration]]
* Internet content filtering
* Email delivery
* Network monitoring
* [[URL redirection]]
| homepage = {{ubl|[http://dyn.com dyn.com]|[http://dyn.com/dns/ Dyn Managed DNS]|[http://dyn.com/email/ Dyn Email Delivery]}}
}}
'''Dyn''' (aka Dyn Inc) is an [[infrastructure as a service]] company that provides [[Internet]] [[Domain Name System|DNS]] and email delivery services for commercial and private users.

It originally provided a free [[dynamic DNS]] service, which allowed users to have a subdomain that points to a computer with regularly changing [[IP address]]es, such as those served by many consumer-level [[Internet service provider]]s. An update client installed on the user's computer, or built into a networked device such as a router or webcam, keeps the hostname up to date with its current IP address. The company also provides a content filtering service called Internet Guide.

Dyn offers paid domain registrations, recursive DNS, [[email forwarding]] and redirection, network monitoring and [[URL redirection]]. Its corporate headquarters are in [[Manchester, NH, USA]], with locations in Brighton, UK, and San Francisco, CA, USA.

== History ==

* Dyn was started in 1998 as a free service.
* It became a Massachusetts [[limited liability company]] on October 24, 2001.<ref>{{cite web| title = Dynamic Network Services, LLC Summary Screen | url = http://corp.sec.state.ma.us/corp/corpsearch/CorpSearchSummary.asp?ReadFromDB=True&UpdateAllowed=&FEIN=043580472 | accessdate = 2006-11-30}}</ref>
* In July, 2003, the company reorganized into a [[Delaware corporation]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Delaware Division of Corporations Entity Search | url = https://sos-res.state.de.us/tin/GINameSearch.jsp | accessdate = 2006-11-30 | quote = File Number 3685450}}</ref>
* {{As of|2013}}, it had over 2000 enterprise customers using the globally dispersed IP [[Anycast DNS]] network and SaaS-based failover, load balancing, geo traffic management and CDN Management services.
* In November 2011, Dyn reduced the number of free hostnames provided from five to one (but only after signing up for a free trial), except for existing users with active hostnames.
* In May 2013, Dyn discontinued the creation of free accounts.
* In July 2013, Dyn discontinued the free use of update clients to meet the 30 day login requirement (which keeps the account active). Users must now login to their account via a web browser at least once every 30 days or the account is terminated. Or, they can upgrade to Dyn Pro for $25 for the first year.

== Financials ==

* In October 2012, Dyn completed a Series A round of venture capital funding totaling [[US$]] 38 million from North Bridge Venture Partners. Prior to the investment from North Bridge, the company had been self funded.<ref>{{cite web|last=Alspach|first=Kyle|title=Dyn raises $38M in VC, gets Jason Calacanis on its board|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/startups/2012/10/dyn-jason-calcanis-north-bridge-board.html|publisher=[[Boston Business Journal]]|accessdate=October 2, 2012|date=Oct 2, 2012}}</ref>

== Acquisitions ==

* Dyn acquired three companies during 2010: [[EveryDNS]],<ref>[http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2010/01/07/dyn-inc-buys-everydns/ Dyn Inc. Buys EveryDNS] Xconomy, January 7, 2010</ref> EditDNS,<ref>[http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Dyn-Inc-Acquires-EditDNS-and-iw-2477027455.html?x=0 Dyn Inc. Acquires EditDNS and Launches DynECT] Dyn Inc Press Release, August 31, 2010</ref> and SendLabs.<ref>[http://www.nhbr.com/businessnewsstatenews/905237-257/dyn-inc.-acquires-sendlabs.html Dyn Inc. acquires SendLabs] New Hampshire Business Review. January 13, 2011</ref>

* In September 2012, Dyn acquired the SEO/SEM & Ecommerce Development parts of Incutio LTD.<ref>[http://dyn.com/dyn-acquires-ecommerce-development-arm-incutio-ltd-dns-email-delivery/ Dyn Acquires SEO/SEM & Ecommerce Development arm of Incutio LTD]</ref> They also acquired long time DNS provider TZO.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/dyn-acquires-longtime-dns-provider-tzo-121223986.html Dyn Acquires Long Time DNS Provider TZO]</ref>

* On January 2, 2013, Dyn acquired Web performance monitoring company Verelo.<ref>[http://www.circleid.com/posts/20130102_dyn_acquires_website_monitoring_startup_verelo/ Dyn Acquires Website Monitoring Startup Verelo]</ref>

* On May 13, 2013, Dyn acquired mobile dashboard app startup Trendslide.<ref>[http://www.circleid.com/posts/20130513_dyn_acquires_mobile_dashboard_app_trendslide/ Dyn Acquires Mobile Dashboard App Trendslide]</ref>

== Customers ==
Dyn provides managed DNS and email delivery services to over 4 million active users worldwide with over 13 million served since the company's incorporation in 2001. Major customers include [[Twitter]], [[Netflix]], [[Pandora]], [[Zappos]], [[CNBC]], [[Etsy]], [[Box (service)|Box]] and [[StumbleUpon]].

== Third-party usage ==

The DynDNS update API<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dyn.com/support/developers/api/ |title=DNS Update API |publisher=Dyn |date= |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref> was released in 1998 as an open system, to allow control by third-party developers. It has been used by [[Netgear]],<ref>[http://kbserver.netgear.com/kb_web_files/n101279.asp What is dynamic DNS (DDNS)?] Netgear</ref> [[OpenDNS]], [[Norton DNS]],<ref name="NortonDNS">{{cite web|title=Norton DNS Public Beta FAQ|url=http://www.nortondns.com/faq/|publisher=Symantec|accessdate=2010-06-07}}</ref> and [[No-IP]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://noip.com |title=No-IP |publisher=No-IP.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

A number of router manufacturers have adopted the API to include update capabilities in their devices, including [[Linksys]], [[Netgear]], [[D-Link]], [[Cisco]], [[Draytek]], [[Sonicwall]], [[Belkin]], [[TP-Link]], and [[Acorp]].

In May 2004 the company started providing DNS services for [[top-level domain]]s, starting with the [[.cx]] TLD.
The company also provides DNS for several other TLDs: [[Christmas Islands]] ([[.cx]]), [[Mauritius]] ([[.mu]]), [[Solomon Islands]] ([[.sb]]), as well as of the [[Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste]] ([[.tl]]).

== Awards ==
* In April 2006, Dyn received a "Best Buy" rating and a perfect 10 out of 10 rating on Overall Value, Performance, and Ease of Use from the Consumer Guide.<ref>{{cite press release | title = DynDNS Receives "Best Buy" Ranking From Consumer Guide | publisher = Dynamic Network Services, Inc. | date = 2006-04-13 | url = http://www.dyndns.com/news/releases/archives/dyndns_receives_best_buy_ranking_from_consumer_guide.html | accessdate = 2006-11-30 }}</ref>
* In January 2007, Dyn was named "One of Business NH Magazine's Best Company to Work For in NH".<ref>{{cite press release | title = DynDNS Named One of Business NH Magazine's Best Company to Work For in NH | publisher = Dynamic Network Services, Inc. | date = 2007-01-04 | url = http://www.dyndns.com/news/releases/dyndns_named_one_of_business_nh_magazines_best_company_to_work_for_in_nh.html | accessdate = 2007-01-04 }}</ref>
* In September 2007, Dyn was ranked 73rd in the US among the "Top Companies in Telecommunications" and 11th overall in New Hampshire by trade publication Inc., thanks to a 208.7% growth rate since 2003.<ref>{{cite press release | title = Dynamic Network Services Incorporated Reports 208.7% Growth | publisher = Dynamic Network Services, Inc. | date = 2007-09-07 | url = http://www.prweb.com/releases/2007/09/prweb551453.htm | accessdate = 2007-09-07 }}</ref>
* Also in September 2007, Dyn was listed on the [[Inc. (magazine)]] Inc. 5000 list, an add-on to the Inc. 500 list, which is for companies that have seen stellar growth during the past several years.<ref>{{cite press release | title = Dynamic Network Services Named to Inc. 5000 List | publisher = Dynamic Network Services, Inc. | date = 2007-09-12 | url = http://www.tmcnet.com/news/2007/09/12/2933295.htm | accessdate = 2007-09-12 }}</ref>
* In December 2007, Dyn was rated the number one small business to work for in NH by Business New Hampshire magazine.<ref name="businessnhmagazine1">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessnhmagazine.com/ |title=businessnhmagazine.com |publisher=businessnhmagazine.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | title = Dynamic Network Services selected as Best Small Company to Work for in New Hampshire | publisher = Dynamic Network Services, Inc. | date = 2007-12-05 | url = http://www.dyndns.com/news/releases/best_company_work_for_nh.html | accessdate = 2007-12-05 }}</ref>
* In December 2008, Dyn was rated as the number two best business to work for in NH by Business New Hampshire magazine.<ref name="businessnhmagazine1"/>
* In December 2009, Dyn was rated as the number two Best Small Company to work for in NH by Business New Hampshire magazine.<ref name="businessnhmagazine1"/>
* In December 2010, Dyn was named the number one Best Small Company to work for in NH by Business New Hampshire magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://millyardcommunications.com/index.php?src=news&srctype=detail&category=News&refno=2025 |title=BusinessNH Magazine |publisher=Millyardcommunications.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref> and will be entering the "Hall of Fame" in 2011.
* In May 2011, Dyn was selected as one of 50 Winning Workplaces by [[Inc. (magazine)]] and Winning Workplaces, an award for the top small businesses in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dyn.com/inc-magazine-recognizes-dyn-as-2011-top-small-company-award-winner/ |title=Inc. Magazine Recognizes Dyn As 2011 Top Small Company Award Winner | Dyn Blog |publisher=Dyn.com |date=2011-05-23 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>
* In August 2011, [[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]] announced that Dyn made its Inc. 5000 list in the 1538th slot, a yearly ranking of the top U.S. based private companies. It was Dyn's second time on the list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dyn.com/dyn-earns-spot-on-inc-5000-list/ |title=Dyn Earns Spot on Inc. 5000 List | Dyn Blog |publisher=Dyn.com |date=2011-08-23 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>
* In December 2011, Dyn was elected to the Best Companies to Work in NH Hall of Fame by Business New Hampshire Magazine.
* In April 2012, Dyn was named to WorldBlu List of Most Democratic Workplaces 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dyn.com/worldblu-names-dyn-a-top-democratic-workplace/|title=WorldBlu Names Dyn A Top Democratic Workplace |publisher=Dyn.com |date=2012-04-10 |accessdate=2012-11-04}}</ref>
* In August 2012, Dyn made the [[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]] 5000 list for the third time, jumping 378 spots to #1160.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dyn.com/dyn-makes-inc-5000-list-third-time-award/ |title=Dyn Makes Inc. 5000 List For Third Time, Jumps 400+ Spots; Dyn Blog |publisher=Dyn.com |date=2012-08-22 |accessdate=2012-11-04}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|New Hampshire|Companies|Internet}}
* [[DNS hosting service]]
* [[Domain name system]]
* [[Dynamic DNS]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://dyn.com/ }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dyn}}
[[Category:Companies established in 1998]]
[[Category:Alternative Internet DNS services]]
[[Category:Dynamic DNS]]
[[Category:Internet companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies based in Manchester, New Hampshire]]

Charlemagne-Gebäude

2011-04-29T04:32:47Z

Plasticspork: format

{{Infobox building
| name = Charlemagne
| native_name=
| image = Charlemagne building.jpg
| caption = Seen from the [[Berlaymont]]
| former_names =
| building_type = Offices
| architectural_style =
| structural_system =
| location = [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]]
| owner = [[European Commission]]
| current_tenants =
| landlord =
| coordinates = {{coord|50.84365|N|4.38031|E|display=inline,title|type:landmark_region:BE}}
| start_date = 1967
| completion_date =
| demolition_date =
| height =
| diameter =
| other_dimensions =
| floor_count = 15
| room_count = 3 conference rooms
| floor_area =
| main_contractor =
| architect = Jacques Cuisinier
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| awards =
}}

The '''[[Charlemagne]] building''' is a [[high-rise]] in the [[Brussels_and_the_European_Union#Quarter|European Quarter]] of [[Brussels]] ([[Belgium]]), which houses the Directorate-General for Trade, the Directorate-General for External Relations and the Directorate General for Enlargement of the [[European Commission]].

The building has 3 wings and 15 floors. It is located at 170 [[Wetstraat|Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat]], in the [[City of Brussels]], one of the [[Brussels#Municipalities|19 municipalities]] forming the [[Brussels-Capital Region]]. The postal code for the municipality is 1000, but the postal code for the European Commission is 1049.

==History==
The building was designed by Jacques Cuisinier and constructed in 1967 at the same time as the [[Berlaymont Building]] to group together more scattered departments of the European Commission. However, with the Commission refusing to share the Berlaymont with the [[Council of the European Union]], Charlemagne was given to the Council's secretariat in 1971. This had previously been located in the city centre.<ref name="EiB">European Commission Publication: Europe in Brussels, 2007.</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F046067-0010, EG-Gebäude, Haus Charlemagne, Sitz EG-Ministerrat.jpg|thumb|150px|left|The Charlemagne building in 1975, before its modern renovation]]

The Council moved out to the [[Justus Lipsius building]] in 1995 allowing it to be renovated. The renovation was completed in 1998 by [[Helmut Jahn]], replacing the largely concrete exterior with a glass one. After the restoration it was occupied by the Commission, further grouping the Union's offices around the [[Schuman roundabout]].<ref name="EiB"/>

It was briefly considered as the future HQ of the [[European External Action Service]], established in 2010, but was discounted on image grounds; as it houses RELEX, people would see the EEAS as a RELEX-plus rather than a unique institution outside of the Commission.<ref>http://euobserver.com/9/30847</ref>

==See also==
* [[Brussels and the European Union]]
* [[Berlaymont building]]
* [[Madou Plaza Tower]]
* [[Justus Lipsius building]]
* [[lex building]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=charlemagnebuilding-brussels-belgium Emporis building information]
* [http://www.dowcorning.com/content/webabstract/ABS_CHARLEMAGNE.asp?DCWS=Construction&DCWSS= Dow Corning construction]
* [http://www.ena.lu?lang=1&doc=9795 European Navigator]

{{Eu-directorates-general}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Charlemagne Building}}
[[Category:1967 architecture]]
[[Category:European Commission]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Brussels]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures of the European Union]]
[[Category:European quarter of Brussels]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers in Belgium]]

{{belgium-struct-stub}}

[[fr:Charlemagne (bâtiment)]]
[[nl:Karel de Grote-gebouw]]

Lilford Hall

2011-04-29T03:06:00Z

Plasticspork: format

{{Merge from|Lilford Park (Northamptonshire)|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox building
|name = Lilford Hall
|image = Halllilford.JPG
|caption = South facade of Lilford Hall
|latitude = 52.4451
|longitude = -0.4868
|location = Lilford-cum-Wigsthorpe, [[England]]
|building_type = Grade 1 listed
|owner = Micklewright family
|architect = Henry Flitcroft
|client = William Elmes and Lord Lilford
|start_date = 1632
|completion_date = ca. 1635
|structural_system = Stone ([[Blisworth Limestone]])
|architectural_style= [[Jacobean architecture|Jacobean exterior]] (Georgian interior)
}}
Grade 1 listed '''Lilford Hall''' is located in eastern [[Northamptonshire]], south of [[Oundle]] and north of [[Thrapston]]. The hall has been home of Lord Lilford since 1635 and has also served as nurse's quarters for USAAF [[303rd Station Hospital]] during WWII. Lilford Hall and the associated parkland of 350 acres is located north-west of the village of [[Lilford cum Wigsthorpe]].

The hall was built around 1635 and alterations were made in the 18th century by Henry Flitcroft for Thomas Powys. His grandson was created the first [[Lord Lilford]] by William Pitt, and Lilford Hall remained the family home until the mid-1940s when it was sold to pay death duties of the fifth Lord Lilford.

Thomas Littleton Powys, 4th Baron Lilford (18 March 1833 - 17 June 1896), was an ornithologist, founder of the British Ornithologists' Union in 1858 and its president from 1867 until his death. He was the first president of the Northamptonshire Natural History Society. Lilford travelled widely, especially in the Mediterranean region and his extensive collection of birds was maintained in the grounds of Lilford Hall. His aviaries featured birds from around the globe, including rheas, kiwis, pink-headed ducks and a pair of free-flying lammergeiers. He was responsible for the introduction of the little owl into England in the 1880s.

The seventh Lord Lilford bought back Lilford Hall and Park and for 20 years the restocked aviaries, containing more than 350 birds of 110 species had been open to the public. In the autumn of 1990 Lilford park was closed to the public, and the hall and park are now owned by the Micklewright family.

Lilford Hall and Park was the subject of the 27 January 1900 issue of ''[[Country Life (magazine)|Country Life]]'' Illustrated, and also a location for the BBC television series ''[[By the Sword Divided]]'' made in the 1980s.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092712/</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:rearairial.JPG|Air view of South facade of Lilford Hall
Image:urnlilford.JPG|Stone vase on South Facade
Image:seatlilford2.JPG|Garden seat on South Terrace
Image:airialshot.JPG|View of North and West facades of Lilford Hall
File:Frontfacade.JPG|West facade of Lilford Hall
File:lilfordfamilycrest.JPG|Sir Thomas Powys' coat of arms over front porch
File:LilfordPowys.jpg|Thomas Powys, 4th Baron Lilford, in the Library at Lilford Hall
</gallery>

==References==
{{Commons category|Lilford Hall}}
*Pevsner, Nikolaus, ''The Buildings of England – Northamptonshire''. ISBN 0-300-09632-1
*Heward, John and Taylor, Robert "The Country Houses of Northamptonshire". ISBN 1-873592-21-3
*Inskip, Peter "Lilford Hall Conservation Statement" Peter Inskip and Peter Jenkins Architects
*A History of the County of Northampton: Volume 3 (1930), 'Parishes: Lilford-with-Wigsthorpe', pp. 227–231.
*Thomas Babington Macaulay (1st Baron Macaulay), Macaulay's [[The History of England from the Accession of James the Second|''History of England'']] Chapter VIII
{{reflist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2010}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 17th century]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Northamptonshire]]
[[Category:Jacobean architecture]]
[[Category:Georgian architecture]]
[[Category:Houses in Northamptonshire]]
[[Category:History of Northamptonshire]]
[[Category:Gardens in Northamptonshire]]

Kronprinzenpalais (Athen)

2011-04-29T03:00:05Z

Plasticspork: Wikify

{{Infobox building
|name=Presidential Mansion of Athens
|image=Palais présidentiel d'Athènes.jpg
|caption=
|style=[[Neoclassicism]]
|location_town=[[Athens]]
|location_country=Greece
|latd = 37 |latm = 58 |lats = 21.60 | latNS = N
|longd= 23 |longm= 44 |longs= 26.80 | longEW= E
|coordinates_display=title
|architect=[[Ernst Ziller]]
|client=[[George I of Greece]]
|construction_start_date=1891
|completion_date=1897
|floor_area=
}}
The '''Presidential Mansion''' in [[Athens]], [[Greece]], is the official residence of the [[President of Greece|President]] of the [[Greece|Hellenic Republic]]. It previously served as the Royal Palace, until the abolition of the [[monarchy]] by [[Greek plebiscite, 1974|referendum]] in 1974.

== History ==
[[File:Crown Prince Palace Athens 1909.jpg|thumb|Crown prince's palace in 1909]]
The decision to construct the building which is used today as the Presidential Mansion was taken in 1868. That year, [[George_I_of_Greece|King George I's]] son, [[Constantine_I_of_Greece|Constantine]], the heir to the throne, was born and the [[Greece|Greek]] state decided to present him with a private dwelling, when he came of age. Twenty one years later when Constantine married princess [[Sophia of Prussia]], the state assigned the planning of "The Crown Prince's Palace", as the building became known, to [[Ernst Ziller]]. Building began in 1891 and was completed six years later in 1897.

On [[Christmas]] Eve 1909 a fire destroyed a large part of the Royal Palace (today used by the [[Hellenic Parliament|parliament]]), with the result that the Crown Prince's Palace was used temporarily as the residence of the royal family. After the assassination of George I in 1913 and the accession of Constantine to the throne, the Crown Prince's Palace finally became the royal residence.

The use of the building as a Palace was interrupted in 1924 when the monarchy was overthrown and a Republic was declared. It was then used as the Presidential Mansion until 1935 when the monarchy was restored and the [[King]] returned.
Since 1974, when democracy was restored after a seven year military dictatorship, the building has been used as the Presidential Mansion and the residence of the President of the day.

== Location ==
The land on which the Presidential Mansion was built was, until the final decades of the nineteenth century, outside city limits. The eastern limit of the town was the Royal Palace. Beyond that, there were fields and small farms. The only buildings appearing on the maps of the period were the manor of the [[Duchess of Plaisance]] (known as "Ilissia" and today housing the [[Byzantine and Christian Museum|Byzantine Museum]]) and the [[Petraki Monastery]], both built in country areas far from the centre of town.

The limited significance of the area at the time may be seen by the fact that a girl's orphanage (which no longer exists) was built there in 1854. Furthermore, the land along [[Kifissias Avenue]] (today called [[Vasilissis Sofias Avenue]]) also remained unbuilt and was earmarked by the state for the construction of ministry buildings.

In early 1870 the State allowed the sale of land to private individuals which led to the construction of mansions to house the wealthy families of [[Athens]]. Around 1890, the architect Ernst Ziller was entrusted with the construction of the Crown Prince's Palace. This palace later became the residence of the Royal Family and is now used as the Presidential Mansion.

In modern times, with the city of Athens extending over many square miles, the Presidential Mansion is located in the centre of the capital next to the [[National Garden of Athens|National Garden]] and [[Parliament]].
[[Herodou Attikou Street]], where the Mansion is located, is not only one of the most beautiful roads in the city, it is also bound to the political and social life of Greece, as also situated there is the [[Maximos Mansion]] where the [[Prime Minister]] of the day has his office.
The Presidential Mansion with its garden takes up a total area of about 27,000 square metres (about 7 acres). The official entrance to the Mansion is on [[Herodou Attikou Street]].

== Design & Construction ==
[[File:Ernst Ziller 002.jpg|thumb|The original Ernst Ziller's architectural plan of the ground floor]]
[[File:Ernst Ziller 001.jpg|thumb|Ziller's plan for the extension to the ballroom of the crown prince's palace]]
The design of the palace was entrusted to architect [[Ernst Ziller]]. He became the Official Court Architect under King George I and designed an estimated 700 buildings all over Greece for both official and private use. It is said the King George I ordered Ziller not to make the building too pretentious, so it would blend with the other mansions on the street, and not to model it after any other palaces in Europe. Following these guidelines, Ziller designed a three-story, symmetrical, [[neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] mansion. Construction of the palace took six years.

== Additions ==
Since this was to be the Crown Prince's Palace, no large ballrooms were included in the design since it was believed that most large scale, official entertaining would take place in the much larger Old Royal Palace. So, the palace's main reception room was the large salon on the second story. However, when the palace became the main royal residence, a large ballroom became needed. So, in 1909, Ziller was again commissioned to design an extension which was used as a ballroom and is today called the Credentials Lounge. Another extension was needed when [[Queen Sofía of Spain|Princess Sophia of Greece]] (daughter of [[Paul of Greece|King Paul]] and [[Frederika of Hanover|Queen Frederika]]) became engaged to Prince Don [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]] (now King and Queen of Spain). So, in 1962 the King commissioned architect [[Alexander Baltatzis]] to design an addition which became the largest room in the palace and today is called the Reception Hall.

== Gardens ==
The garden of the Presidential Mansion occupies an area of about 25,000 square metres (just over 6 acres) and constitutes a green heaven in the centre of Athens. In the middle of the nineteenth century, this area, because of its especially fertile soil, was in fact the vegetable garden of the Royal Palace (now Parliament building).

After the erection of the mansion in 1897 and the construction of Herodou Attikou Street, the area which surrounded the Crown Prince's Palace was fashioned into a large ornamental garden. The planning of this appears to have been assigned to Ziller's technical office. The selection of suitable plants, though, must have been entrusted to a Greek specialist, since most of the trees are native to Greece.

From the very beginning the garden was divided into two large sections because of the slope of the land. The building is situated in the upper section.

The design of the garden in front of the building was similar to that of other neo-classical structures of the period (the Academy, the University and the National Library). The garden follows a relatively rigid geometric plan of the French type, with symmetrical beds of grass and seasonal flowering plants. The formalism of the composition approaching Herod Atticus Road is alleviated by the perennial plane trees, lindens, palms and cypress trees.

== Functions ==
The Palace has had to serve as the offices and main residence of the Crown Princely Couple, Royal Family and President of the Republic, respectively. Since 1913, it is also where all official functions are held in Athens.

Since the mid 1970's, the President holds a reception on the 24th of July every year. This is to commemorate the restoration of democracy in 1974 and the political, military and academic leadership of the country, as well as representatives of the Press, of all sectors of the economy and many Bodies and Organizations are invited.

== Timeline ==
'''1868''' Upon the birth of the Heir, the state allocates funds to build a palace for the Crown Prince upon reaching maturity.

'''1889''' [[Constantine I of Greece|Crown Prince Constantine I]] engaged to Princess [[Sophia of Prussia]].

'''1891-1897''' Construction.

'''1897-1913''' Use as Crown Prince's Palace by Crown Prince Constantine I and Crown Princess Sophia.

'''1913-1924''' Becomes Royal Palace after [[George I of Greece|King George I]] is assassinated.

'''1924-1935''' Presidential Palace (Monarchy Overthrown)

'''1935-1974''' Royal Palace (Monarchy returns)

'''1974-''' Presidential Mansion (Monarchy abolished)

== Sources ==
*[http://www.presidency.gr/ Presidency of the Hellenic Republic] {{el icon}}
*[http://www.presidency.gr/en/ Presidency of the Hellenic Republic] {{en icon}}
**[http://www.presidency.gr/en/topo8esia.htm English section on the mansion]

== External links ==
{{commonscat-inline}}

{{Landmarks in Athens}}

[[Category:1891 architecture]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Athens]]
[[Category:Palaces in Greece]]
[[Category:Royal residences in Greece]]
[[Category:Official residences in Greece]]
[[Category:Presidential palaces]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Athens]]
[[Category:Presidency of the Hellenic Republic]]

[[el:Προεδρικό Μέγαρο]]
[[fr:Palais présidentiel d’Athènes]]
[[it:Palazzo presidenziale (Atene)]]
[[uk:Президентський палац (Афіни)]]

Canada Life Building

2011-04-04T00:46:36Z

Plasticspork: Fix missing template parameters

{{Coord|43.651704|N|79.387497|W|region:CA-ON_type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Infobox skyscraper
| building_name = Canada Life Building
| image = [[Image:1Canada Life Building.jpg|center|275px|]]
| caption = The historic Canada Life Building, with a prominent [[weather beacon]] at its pinnacle, and the considerably taller [[CN Tower]] in the background to its left
| built = 1929-1931
| use = [[office]]
| location = 330 University Avenue, [[Toronto, Ontario]] {{CAN}}
| roof = {{convert|285|ft|m|sigfig=2}}
| top_floor =
| antenna_spire = {{convert|321|ft|m|1}}
| floor_count = 15
| floor_area =
| architect = Sprott & Rolph; Kuwabara Payne McKenna}}

The '''Canada Life Building''' is a historic office building in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]. The fifteen-floor [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux Arts]] building was built by [[Henry Sproatt|Sproatt & Rolph]] and stands at {{convert|285|ft|m|sigfig=2}}, {{convert|321|ft|m|1}} including its [[weather beacon]].

It is located at [[University Avenue (Toronto)|University]] and [[Queen Street West|Queen Street]] in the city's downtown. Work on the new headquarters of the [[Canada Life Assurance Company]] began in 1929 and it opened in 1931. It was the fourth building to serve as the headquarters of Canada Life, Canada's oldest, and at the time largest, insurance company. Previously it had been housed in offices at Bay and King Street.

The [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux Arts]] structure was the first of a series of planned structures along [[University Avenue (Toronto)|University Avenue]], but the [[Great Depression]] halted these plans. When it was completed it was one of the tallest buildings in Toronto. It remains one of the largest office buildings in Toronto with windows that can be opened by its occupants.

== Weather beacon ==

The building is perhaps best known for its [[weather beacon]], installed on August 9, 1951. The beacon flashes green for clear weather, red for cloudy, flashing red for rain, and white for snow. Lights affixed to the support tower indicate variations in temperature.

The beacon's colour-coded translations of weather information provide onlookers with "predictions at a glance". The information is updated four times daily, seven days a week, by [[Environment Canada]]'s Weather Centre at [[Pearson International Airport]].

[[File:Raising the last stone.jpg|thumb|right|250px|"Raising the last stone": The Canada Life building under construction in 1930]]

The beacon was the first of its kind to appear in Canada and was built at a cost of CAD$25,000. The top of the beacon tower stands {{convert|321|ft|m|1}} above University Avenue and, upon completion, measured third only to the [[Fairmont Royal York|Royal York Hotel]] and the {{convert|476|ft|m|1|adj=on}}, 34-storey [[Commerce Court|Canadian Bank of Commerce Building]] (the tallest in the British Commonwealth until 1962) as the tallest edifice peak in Toronto.<ref>[http://www.cibc.com/ca/inside-cibc/history/story-cibc-2.html History]</ref>

=== Weather beacon signal codes ===

The beacon's weather codes are updated four times daily:
* Steady green = fair weather
* Steady red = cloudy skies
* White flashes = scattered flurries
* Red flashes = rain
* Lights running up = rising temperatures
* Lights running down = falling temperatures
* Steady lights = steady temperature

== Canada Life Tower ==

Canada Life Tower is an addition to the building, built directly west of the original. It connects to the original building through an enclosed, [[Skyway|elevated walkway]]; it totals 16 floors and was designed by [[Bruce Kuwabara|Kuwabara Payne McKenna]]. It was completed in 2005.

== See also ==
{{Commons|:Category:Canada Life Building|Canada Life Building}}

*[[Canada Life Building, Montreal]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==

* [http://files.hainsworth.com/qtvr/canadalife/ Virtual tour] {{Dead link|date=November 2009}}
* [http://www.skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=2916 Canada Life on Skyscraper.com]
* [http://www.skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=4620 Canada Life Tower on Skyscraper.com]

{{Toronto skyscrapers}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Toronto]]
[[Category:Beaux-Arts architecture in Canada]]

Sun Life Centre

2011-04-03T23:41:02Z

Plasticspork: Fix missing template parameters

{{coord|43.647881|N|79.385544|W|region:CA-ON_type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Infobox skyscraper
| building_name = Sun Life Centre
| image = [[File:Sun Life Centre.jpg|250px]]
| caption = The Sun Life Centre
| built = 1984
| use = Office
| location = 150 [[King Street (Toronto)|King Street West]] [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] {{CAN}} (East Tower) 200 King Street West Toronto, Ontario (West Tower)
| roof = 125 m (East Tower) 110 m (West Tower)
| status = Complete
| antenna_spire =
| floor_count = 28 (East Tower) 24 (West Tower)
| floor_area =
| elevator_count =
| architect = [[WZMH Architects ]]<ref name"Emporis">[http://www.emporis.com/wm/cx/?id=107152 Emporis Listing]</ref>
| references = <ref>{{emporis|107152}}</ref>
}}

The '''Sun Life Centre''' in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] was built in 1984 to house the Toronto operations of Sun Life 9 now [[Sun Life Financial]]. Located at the corner of King Street West and [[University Avenue (Toronto)|University Avenue]], the taller East Tower is in the [[Financial District, Toronto|Financial District]] while the slightly shorter West Tower is located in the area known as the [[Toronto Entertainment District|Entertainment District]].

The top three floors of East tower are occupied by the St. Andrew's Club and Conference Centre and provide excellent views of the city. The Sun Life Centre is connected to Toronto's [[PATH (Toronto)|PATH]] system and the two towers share an underground connection to [[St. Andrew (TTC)|St. Andrew]] Subway Station.

Toronto's Sun Life Centre complex should not be mistaken for the [[Sun Life Building]] in [[Montreal]].

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}

{{ontario-struct-stub}}
{{Toronto-stub}}
{{Toronto skyscrapers}}

[[Category:PATH (Toronto)]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers between 100 and 149 meters]]
[[Category:1984 architecture]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers in Toronto]]
[[Category:Twin towers]]

Manulife Centre

2011-04-03T23:27:39Z

Plasticspork: Fix missing template parameters

{{unreferenced|article|date=October 2010}}
{{Infobox skyscraper
| building_name = Manulife Centre
| image = [[Image:Manulife Centre.jpg|center|200px|]]
| built = 1972-1974
| use = Residential Condominium
| location = 44 Charles Street and 55 Bloor Street West, [[Toronto, Ontario]] {{CAN}}
| roof =
| top_floor =
| antenna_spire =
| floor_count = 51
| floor_area =
| architect =}}
The '''Manulife Centre''' is located on the southeast corner of [[Bay Street|Bay]] and [[Bloor Street|Bloor]] streets, adjacent to the southern edge of the [[Yorkville, Toronto|Yorkville]] district of [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]. It consists of a 51-story 800-suite luxury residential tower at 44 Charles Street and a shorter tower at 55 Bloor Street West, connected by a retail complex on the main floor and basement.

==History==
Construction began in 1972 and was completed in 1974. It was developed and built for [[Manulife Financial]], the current owners.
Early retail tenants at the Manulife Centre included Bretton's department Store (60,000 square feet), Creed's (38,000 Square feet), Harridge's, and other luxury tenants. Over time, these three large retailers went bankrupt and closed.

==Creeds==
Creeds was the finest women's specialty store in Canada specializing in furs, designer fashions and accessories, jewellery (Beni Sung), cosmetics (Borghese, Chanel, Clarins, Clinique, Estée Lauder, Lancôme), fragrances, and gifts (including fine chocolate, men's ties, and Sable & Rosenfeld gourmet foods). The {{convert|38000|sqft|m2|sing=on}} store spanned two floors and featured boutiques for [[Yves Saint Laurent]], [[Chanel]], [[Christian Dior]], [[Emanuel Ungaro]], and [[Sonia Rykiel]]. The original location opened in 1916; the Manulife Centre location closed with the firm's bankruptcy in 1990.

==Today==
Today the retail portion of Manulife Centre serves the local population, and includes [[Henry Birks|Birks]], [[Indigo Books]], and William Ashley fine china. An underground tunnel connects the basement level of the shopping concourse to [[Holt Renfrew]] at 50 Bloor St West on the north side of Bloor.

The tower is served by [[Bay_(TTC)|Bay Station]] on the [[Toronto_Transit_Commission|TTC's]] [[Bloor-Danforth]] line. Underground tunnels from the Manulife Centre provide access to Toronto's busiest subway station [[Bloor-Yonge_(TTC)|Bloor and Yonge]].

==See also==
* [[Panorama Lounge]] which is on the top of the Manulife Centre.
* [[List of tallest buildings in Toronto]]

==External links==
* [http://www.manulifecentre.com Manulife Centre official]
* [http://www.rentcanada.com/manulife/cha44retail.html Manulife Centre tenants]
{{Toronto skyscrapers}}
{{Shopping Malls in the Golden Horseshoe}}

{{coord|43|40|10|N|79|23|18|W|region:CA-ON_type:landmark_scale:2500|display=title}}

[[Category:Skyscrapers in Toronto]]
[[Category:Shopping malls in Toronto]]
[[Category:1974 architecture]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers between 150 and 199 meters]]
[[Category:Brutalist buildings in Canada]]

{{Ontario-struct-stub}}
{{Canada-mall-stub}}
{{Toronto-stub}}

[[fr:Manulife Centre]]

L Tower

2011-04-03T23:24:51Z

Plasticspork: Fix missing template parameters

{{Infobox Skyscraper
| building_name = The L Tower
| image =
| built =
| est_completion = 2012
| use = Residential
| location = 1 [[Front Street (Toronto)|Front Street East]] [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] [[Canada]]
| roof = {{convert|202|m|ft}}
| top_floor =
| antenna_spire =
| floor_count = 58
| floor_area =
| elevator_count =
| architect = [[Daniel Libeskind]]
| developer = Castlepoint Realty Partners Ltd.
| references = <ref>{{emporis|1151551}}</ref>
}}

'''The L Tower''' is a planned condominium development in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]. Designed by [[architect]] [[Daniel Libeskind]], the structure will be located adjacent to the heritage designated [[Sony Centre for the Performing Arts]], itself a [[Modern architecture|modernist]] icon of the city at the corner of [[Yonge Street|Yonge]] and [[Front Street (Toronto)|Front Streets]], not atop the existing building, as has been mistakenly thought.<ref name=Knelman>{{Citation| last=Knelman| first=Martin| title=Partnership saves a city landmark and adds a new one| newspaper=Toronto Star| date=26 October 2009| url=http://www.thestar.com/comment/article/715566| accessdate=26 October 2009}}</ref> The project, which [[Groundbreaking|broke ground]] in mid October 2009, is expected to be complete in late 2011 or early 2012.<ref name=Knelman />

==See also==
* [[List of tallest buildings in Toronto]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Toronto skyscrapers}}
{{coord|43|38|47|N|79|22|35|W|region:CA-ON_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Skyscrapers in Toronto]]
[[Category:Modernist architecture in Canada]]
[[Category:Residential skyscrapers]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures under construction]]

BOK Tower

2011-04-03T22:50:32Z

Plasticspork: Fix missing template parameters

{{About|the Tulsa skyscraper|the famous "Singing Tower" in Florida|Bok Tower Gardens}}
{{Infobox skyscraper
| building_name = BOK Tower
| image = [[Image:The BOK Building.jpg|center|180px]]
| built = 1975
| use = [[office]]
| location = [[Tulsa]], [[Oklahoma]], [[USA]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|36.1550|-95.9903|type:landmark_region:US-OK|display=inline,title}}
| roof = 667 ft (203 m)
| floor_count = 52
| architect = Minoru Yamasaki & Associates
| references = <ref>{{skyscraperpage|4625}}</ref>
}}

'''BOK Tower''', formerly '''One Williams Center,''' is a [[skyscraper]] in downtown [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]], [[Oklahoma]]. At 203 m (667 ft) in height, the 52-story tower is the tallest building in any of the five "Plains States": Oklahoma, [[Kansas]], [[Nebraska]], [[North Dakota]], and [[South Dakota]], as well as the surrounding states of [[Missouri]], [[Arkansas]] and [[New Mexico]].<ref name="Tallest Buildings by US State">{{cite web | date=2006-10-06 | url=http://www.allaboutskyscrapers.com/tallest_state.html| title= Tallest Buildings by US State | first=Richie | last=Gill | publisher=All About Skyscrapers| accessdate=2007-04-14 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070111140434/http://www.allaboutskyscrapers.com/tallest_state.html  |archivedate = 2007-01-11}}</ref> It was built in 1975 and designed by [[Minoru Yamasaki]] & Associates, the same architect who designed the [[World Trade Center]] in [[New York]]. This structure is very similar to the WTC towers in appearance and construction.<ref>{{cite news | first=Jonathan | last=Taylor | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=The Lost Twin: The Lone, Shrunken World Trade Center Tower in Oklahoma | date=November 2008 | publisher= | url =http://www.believermag.com/issues/200811/?read=article_taylor | work =[[The Believer (magazine)|The Believer]] | pages = | accessdate = 2010-04-20 | language = }}</ref> BOK Tower's lobby has marble walls and wall hangings which have a noted similarity to the decor in the former WTC.

The similarities between the BOK Tower and the World Trade Center Towers are based upon the building's history. The tower was built for the [[Williams Companies]], at the time of its construction the CEO of Williams (John Williams) was impressed by the Twin Towers in New York. His original idea was to build four small-scale replicas of the towers in Tulsa. However, prior to the actual construction, he was informed of the inefficiencies that would be created from having 25 story towers on the small footprints he had in mind with the required elevators. The plan for a quarter scale replica was then changed to a single tower a quarter the footprint of a trade center tower but double the height of the four planned towers.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}}

The construction of the BOK Tower is the same as was used for the Trade Center Towers.
As of August 2006 BOK Tower is undergoing $16 million in repairs and renovations.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?articleID=060819_Ne_A1_Whati65576 | title=Signature Skyline | last=Evatt | first=Robert | publisher=[[Tulsa World]] | date=2006-08-19 | accessdate=2007-09-19}}</ref> About $6 million is going toward renovated pedestrian bridges, granite coating for the base, new fitness centers, and windows. The remaining $10 million is being used to fix damage from a flood in December.

It is important to note that the [[BOK tower]] will no longer be the tallest skyscrapper in [[Oklahoma]], upon completion of the [[Devon Tower]] in [[Oklahoma City, OK]].

==See also==
*[[List of tallest buildings by U.S. state]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tulsa skyscrapers}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[First Place Tower]]
| title=[[List of tallest buildings in Tulsa|Tallest Building in Tulsa]]
| years=1975—Present 203m
| after=None
}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:1975 architecture]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Tulsa, Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers between 200 and 249 meters]]
[[Category:Bank company headquarters in the United States]]

{{Oklahoma-struct-stub}}

[[cs:One Williams Center]]

Cacops

2011-02-01T01:59:46Z

Plasticspork: Replace unranked_familia with unranked_superfamilia per request

{{Taxobox
| fossil_range = Early [[Permian]]
| image = Cacops Field Museum.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''Cacops'' skeleton.
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Amphibia]]
| ordo = [[Temnospondyli]]
| unranked_superfamilia= [[Euskelia]]
| superfamilia = [[Dissorophoidea]]
| familia = [[Dissorophidae]]
| genus = '''''Cacops'''''
}}

'''''Cacops''''' was a [[genus]] of [[Dissorophidae|dissorophid]] [[amphibian]]s that is known from the [[Early Permian]] of Texas.
[[Image:Cacops1DB.jpg|thumb|left|''Cacops aspidephorus'']]
[[Image:Cacops.jpg|thumb|left|Skeleton diagram]]
It was about {{convert|40|cm|in}} long, with a heavily built skull and an enormous [[otic notch]] enclosed with a bony bar; indicating an enormous [[eardrum]]. [[Edwin H. Colbert|Edwin Colbert]] suggests that perhaps it was a nocturnal animal like modern [[frog]]s. The body was short, and the back was protected by a double row of armour plates. The legs were strong and indicate a terrestrial animal, and the tail was short.<ref name=EoDP>{{cite book |editor=Palmer, D.|year=1999 |title= The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals|publisher= Marshall Editions|location=London|page= 52|isbn= 1-84028-152-9}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
* [[Edwin H. Colbert|Colbert, E. H.]], (1969), ''Evolution of the Vertebrates'', John Wiley & Sons Inc (2nd ed.)

{{Euskelia}}

[[Category:Temnospondyls]]
[[Category:Permian amphibians]]
[[Category:Prehistoric amphibians of North America]]

{{paleo-amphibian-stub}}

{{portal|Paleontology}}

[[ca:Cacops aspidephorus]]
[[es:Cacops]]
[[fr:Cacops aspidephorus]]
[[it:Cacops]]
[[ja:カコプス]]
[[pl:Cacops]]

Batillariidae

2011-01-31T13:15:04Z

Plasticspork: Replace unranked_familia with unranked_superfamilia per request

{{Taxobox
| image = Uminina080623.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Batillaria multiformis]]''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Mollusca]]
| classis = [[Gastropoda]]
| unranked_superfamilia= clade [[Caenogastropoda]] clade [[Sorbeoconcha]]
| superfamilia = [[Cerithioidea]]
| superfamilia_authority =
| familia = '''Batillariidae'''
| familia_authority = [[J. Thiele]], 1929
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision =
| synonyms =
* Pyrazidae Hacobjan, 1972
* Tiaracerithiinae Bouniol, 1981
}}

'''Batillariidae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of sea [[snail]]s, [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusc]]s in the [[clade]] [[Sorbeoconcha]].<ref>{{cite journal
| author = Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J.-P.
| year = 2005
| date=
| title = Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families
| journal = Malacologia
| volume =47
| issue = 1-2
| pages =
| issn =
| doi =
}}</ref>

According to the [[Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)|taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)]] the family Batillariidae has no subfamilies.

== Genera ==
* ''[[Batillaria]]'' - type genus

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Batillariidae}}

{{Batillariidae-stub}}
[[Category:Batillariidae| ]]

Hudson’s Bay Centre

2011-01-26T04:11:02Z

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{{Infobox skyscraper
|building_name = Hudson's Bay Centre
|image = [[Image:HBC Tower.JPG|200px]]
|caption = The Hudson's Bay Centre in [[Toronto]]
|year_built = 1974
|year_end = 1974
|location =
|roof = {{convert|135|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|height_feet = 443
|floor_count = 35
|construction_period = 1972-1974
|roof= 135.0 m (443 ft)
|floor_area= 535,000 sq ft
|architect=
}}

'''Hudson's Bay Centre''' is an [[International style (architecture)|International style]] office [[skyscraper]] in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]. .

==History==
Completed in 1974, it stands at 35 floors at 135 metres in height. The Bay department store still anchors the site. [[Brookfield Properties]] owns and operates the centre located in the heart of the city at the intersection of [[Bloor Street]] and [[Yonge Street]] also known as the business and pleasure area of midtown Toronto.

==About==
The Hudson's Bay Centre comprises a {{convert|535000|sqft|m2|-2|sing=on}} office tower at 2 Bloor Street East at the corner of Yonge and Bloor. Along with [[The Bay]] department store, the complex includes the [[Marriott Hotel]], RBC Royal Bank, apartments, condominiums, and an extensive retail concourse with over 45 specialty shops, boutiques, services and eateries. The building is connected to the [[Bloor-Yonge (TTC)|Bloor-Yonge]] subway station, the [[Toronto Transit Commission|TTC's]] major east-west/north-south transfer point.

The centre has 1,200 spots for cars in its underground and aboveground Parking. The building has multiple entrances located on Yonge, Bloor Streets, Park Road and Asquith Avenue. It is surrounded by several parks and [[Yorkville,_Toronto|Yorkville]] neighborhood, known for its shopping.

==External links==
* [http://www.skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=2118 HBC Profile]
* [http://www.hudsonsbaycentre.com Hudson's Bay Centre]
{{Toronto skyscrapers}}
{{coord|43.670724|N|79.386606|W|region:CA-ON_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:1974 architecture]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers in Toronto]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers between 100 and 149 meters]]
[[Category:Modernist architecture in Canada]]
[[Category:Hudson's Bay Company]]

Centennial Place (Calgary)

2011-01-26T03:34:55Z

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{{update|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox skyscraper
|building_name = Centennial Place
|image =
|caption =
|plural =
|location = {{flag|Calgary}}
|coordinates = {{coord|51|03|03|N|114|04|21|W|scale:5000_region:CA-AB_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|status = Completed 2010
|groundbreaking = September 2006
|constructed =
|est_completion =
|opening = 2010
|demolished =
|destroyed =
|use = office
|roof = {{m to ft|166.1|abbr=yes|precision=0}}
|top_floor =
|floor_count = 38
|elevator_count =
|cost =
|floor_area = {{ft2 to m2|1400000|abbr=yes|precision=0}}
|architect = [[WZMH Architects]] & [[Gibbs Gage Architects]]
|engineer = [[Read Jones Christoffersen]]
|contractor =
|developer =
|owner = Oxford Properties Group
|management = Oxford Properties Group
}}
In terms of location, design sustainability and pre-leasing success, Centennial Place is a worldclass achievement. Owned and managed by Oxford Properties Group, Centennial Place's key tenants include Vermillion Resources, Borden Ladner Gervais, Divestco, Baytex Energy, ERCB, the Alberta Securities Commission and OMERS Worldwide.

Situated in Calgary’s central business district, Centennial Place offers more than 1.2 million square feet of AAA-class office space and other amenities, all planned, built and operated in accordance with the exacting LEED® Gold standard. The property’s key sustainability features include superior curtain wall technology, motion sensors on all lighting controls, low-flow plumbing fixtures, a high-efficiency heating and cooling plant, and a “green” roof with 30% of its surface planted. No ozone-depleting or globalwarming-potential substances are used in Centennial Place’s operating equipment, and the development supports sustainable transportation by offering secure bicycle storage, complete with locker facilities, showers and change rooms. The two-tower complex also offers efficient, highly productive floorplates that help tenants get more out of their space.

Centennial Place was completed in 2010.

[[File:Centennial Place 2010.jpg|thumb|Centennial Place 2010]]
[[File:Centennial Place Roof (2010).jpg|thumb|Centennial Place Roof (2010)]]

==See also==
*[[List of tallest buildings in Calgary]]

==References==
www.oxfordproperties.com

==External links==
*[http://www.oxfordproperties.com/Centenial/CentennialPlace/Website/index.htm Centennial Place]

{{Geographic Location (8-way)
| Centre = Centennial Place
| North = [[Eau Claire, Calgary|Eau Claire]]
| Northeast = Ernst and Young Tower
| East = [[Canterra Tower]]
| Southeast = 4 Ave S Energy Plaza
| South = Chevron Building
| Southwest = McDougal Centre
| West = [[Shaw Communications]]
| Northwest = Princeton Suites
| image = Flag of Calgary, Alberta.svg
}}

{{Calgary landmarks}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Calgary]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers in Calgary]]
[[Category:2006 architecture]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers between 150 and 199 meters]]
[[Category:Construction projects in Canada]]

{{Calgary-stub}}
{{Alberta-struct-stub}}

Canterra Tower

2011-01-26T03:33:21Z

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{{Infobox skyscraper
|building_name =Canterra Tower
|image =[[Image:Canterra 1.jpg|centre|150px|Canterra Tower]]
|caption =
|plural =
|location ={{flag|Calgary}} {{CAN}}
|coordinates ={{coord|51|03|04.1|N|114|04|14.6|W|scale:5000_type:landmark_region:CA|display=inline}}
|status =
|groundbreaking =
|constructed =1988
|est_completion =
|opening =
|demolished =
|destroyed =
|use =Office
|antenna_spire =
|roof ={{m to ft|177|abbr=yes|precision=0}}
|top_floor =
|floor_count =45
|elevator_count =
|cost =
|floor_area =
|architect =[[WZMH Architects]]
|engineer =
|contractor =PCL Construction
|developer =
|owner =
|management = [[Oxford Properties]]
}}

'''Canterra Tower''' is a [[skyscraper]] in [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], [[Canada]].

Located at 400 3rd Avenue SW, it stands at {{m to ft|177}} or 45 storeys tall.<ref>{{Cite web| url= http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=5477 | title= Canterra Tower| author= Skyscraper Pages| accessdate= 2007-06-17}}</ref> The building was completed in 1988 and was designed by [[WZMH Architects]] in the [[Postmodern architecture|postmodern]] style.<ref>{{Cite web| url= http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=112478| title= Canterra Tower| author= Emporis| authorlink=Emporis| accessdate= 2007-06-17}}</ref> It was built with glass [[curtain wall]]s on all sides.

The building is managed by [[Oxford Properties]], and major tenants include [[Devon Energy|Devon Canada]], an oil and gas company and Borden Ladner Gervais LLP, one of Canada's largest law firms.

The Canterra Tower is a Class ‘AAA’ office tower located in the bustling Eau Claire District. It has an efficient floor plate and offers tremendous vista views of downtown, the mountains, the city and prairies, and it is one of the city’s top office buildings.
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographic Location (8-way)
| Centre = Canterra Tower
| North = Sheraton Hotel 2 Ave S
| Northeast = [[Prince's Island Park]] [[Eau Claire, Calgary|Eau Claire]]
| East = 3 St W [[Chinatown, Calgary|Chinatown]]
| Southeast = [[Jamieson Place (Calgary)|Jamieson Place]]
| South = 3 Ave S Shell Centre
| Southwest = BP Centre
| West = [[Centennial Place (Calgary)|Centennial Place]] 4 St W
| Northwest = [[Bow River]]
| image = Flag of Calgary, Alberta.svg
}}
{{Calgary landmarks}}

[[Category:Postmodern architecture in Canada]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Calgary]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers in Calgary]]
[[Category:1988 architecture]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers between 150 and 199 meters]]

{{Alberta-struct-stub}}

[[fr:Canterra Tower]]

Calgary Courts Centre

2011-01-26T03:33:11Z

Plasticspork: Fix parameter typos

{{Infobox skyscraper
|building_name =Calgary Courts Centre
|image =[[Image:Calgary Courts Centre-Oct 2006.JPG|center|200px|Calgary Courts Centre under construction in October 2006]]
|caption =Calgary Courts Centre under construction in October 2006
|plural =yes
|location ={{flag|Calgary}} {{CAN}}
|coordinates ={{coord|51|02|50.0|N|114|04|25.7|W|scale:2500_type:landmark_region:CA|display=inline,title}}
|status =
|groundbreaking =2004
|constructed =2007
|est_completion =
|opening =
|demolished =
|destroyed =
|use =Institutional
|antenna_spire =
|roof ={{m to ft|129|abbr=yes|precision=0}}<ref name=emporis/>
|top_floor =
|floor_count =24<ref name=emporis/>
|elevator_count =
|cost =[[Canadian Dollar|$]] 300,000,000
|floor_area ={{m2 to ft2|90000|abbr=yes|precision=0}}
|architect =Kasian Architecture / Carlos Ott<ref name=ott/>
|engineer =
|contractor =Cana<ref name=cana/>
|owner = [[Government of Alberta]]
}}

'''Calgary Courts Centre''' is an institutional tower in downtown [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]]. It was constructed by the [[Government of Alberta]] and provides over 1 million square feet (90,000 m²) of [[court]] and office space.

==History==
Construction began in late 2004, and is now complete. Development of the east block began in the Fall of 2007, and included the demolition of the Court of Queen's Bench facility, a 700-stall underground parkade and an [[urban park]].<ref>[http://www.infratrans.gov.ab.ca/Buildings_&_Land/Calgary_Courts_Centre/index.htm Alberta Infrastructure & Transportation] - Calgary Courts Centre</ref>

The prime consultant for the building was Kasian Architecture and Interior Design Ltd<ref>Kasian Architecture. [http://www.kasian.com/#Work/Projects/Calgary%20Courts%20Centre Calgary Courts Centre]</ref> working collaboratively with design architect [[Carlos Ott]]<ref name=ott>[[Carlos Ott]]. [http://www.carlosott.com/calgaryCourtHouse.htm Calgary Courts Centre]</ref> and is built by the Cana construction company<ref name=cana>Cana. [http://www.cana.ca/Projects/Latest.aspx Calgary Courts Centre]</ref> with the security system being installed by Convergint Technologies. The structural engineering was provided by Stantec. On completion, the north tower's 24 floors will stand 129 m (423 ft) high.<ref name=emporis>[http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=202393 Emporis] - Calgary Courts Centre</ref> The project has a budget of 300 million dollars and will host 73 [[Court of law|courtrooms]], [[Judiciary|judicial]] chambers, and facilities for 180 security personnel and approximately 360 government, library and external agencies staff.

== Amenities ==
The complex has incorporated many post-9/11 security measures into its design, such as large steel barriers that can be raised to prevent cars from entering the glass atrium. One difference between the CCC and conventional buildings is its ability to withstand structural damage. The structure has been designed to remain standing even after 2/3s of the exterior columns on the first six floors have experienced failure. This is possible because each tower contains more structural steel than both of the 52 story [[Bankers Hall]] towers combined, rendering the building virtually airplane-proof. The courtrooms feature bullet-proof judges' benches, jury boxes, and witness stands.

In April 2007, [[Telus]] was awarded the 16.3 million dollar contract to provide the buildings with high-tech video recording, video conferencing, remote witness facilitation and remote management. The west block of the complex is scheduled to open in August 2007

== See also ==
* [[List of tallest buildings in Calgary]]

This building is an abomination on the rights and freedoms of the people of Alberta.

==References==
<div class="references-small">
{{reflist}}
</div>

{{Geographic Location (8-way)
| Centre = Calgary Courts Centre
| North = Chevron Building
| Northeast = [[Fifth Avenue Place (Calgary)|Fifth Avenue Place]]
| East = [[First Canadian Centre]]
| Southeast = [[Calgary Eaton Centre]]
| South = [[3 Street Southwest/4 Street Southwest (C-Train)|4th Street station]], [[+15]] Sears [[Penny Lane Towers (Calgary)|Penny Lane]]
| Southwest = [[Western Canadian Place]]
| West = [[Nexen Building, Calgary|Nexen Building]]
| Northwest = McDougall Centre
| image = Flag of Calgary, Alberta.svg
}}
{{Calgary landmarks}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Calgary]]
[[Category:Carlos Ott buildings]]
[[Category:Courthouses in Canada]]
[[Category:Alberta government buildings]]

Sun Life Centre

2011-01-24T05:31:09Z

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{{coord|43.647881|N|79.385544|W|region:CA-ON_type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Infobox skyscraper
| building_name = Sun Life Centre
| image = [[File:Sun Life Centre.jpg|250px]]
| caption = The Sun Life Centre
| built = 1984
| use = Office
| location = 150 [[King Street (Toronto)|King Street West]] [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] {{CAN}} (East Tower) 200 King Street West Toronto, Ontario (West Tower)
| roof = 125 m (East Tower) 110 m (West Tower)
| status = Complete
| antenna_spire =
| floor_count = 28 (East Tower) 24 (West Tower)
| floor_area =
| elevator_count =
| architect = [[WZMH Architects ]]<ref name"Emporis">[http://www.emporis.com/wm/cx/?id=107152 Emporis Listing]</ref>
| skyscraperpage_id =
| emporis_id = 107152
}}

The '''Sun Life Centre''' in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] was built in 1984 to house the Toronto operations of Sun Life 9 now [[Sun Life Financial]]. Located at the corner of King Street West and [[University Avenue (Toronto)|University Avenue]], the taller East Tower is in the [[Financial District, Toronto|Financial District]] while the slightly shorter West Tower is located in the area known as the [[Toronto Entertainment District|Entertainment District]].

The top three floors of East tower are occupied by the St. Andrew's Club and Conference Centre and provide excellent views of the city. The Sun Life Centre is connected to Toronto's [[PATH (Toronto)|PATH]] system and the two towers share an underground connection to [[St. Andrew (TTC)|St. Andrew]] Subway Station.

Toronto's Sun Life Centre complex should not be mistaken for the [[Sun Life Building]] in [[Montreal]].

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}

{{ontario-struct-stub}}
{{Toronto-stub}}
{{Toronto skyscrapers}}

[[Category:PATH (Toronto)]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers between 100 and 149 meters]]
[[Category:1984 architecture]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers in Toronto]]
[[Category:Twin towers]]

Rock City (Club)

2011-01-24T05:22:08Z

Plasticspork: Fix parameter typos

{{refimprove|date=February 2010}}
{{Infobox building
|building_name=[[File:Rock City logo.jpg|248px]]
|image=
|building_type=Music club
|capacity=2450
|location=[[Nottingham]], [[United Kingdom]]
|coordinates={{coord|52.9561|-1.1544|type:landmark_region:GB|display=inline,title}}
|completion_date=1980
|opened = [[December]], [[1980]]
}}'''Rock City''' is a club in the city of [[Nottingham]], [[England]] that focuses on live music.

==Overview==
It has a capacity of 2451, and is known for its intimate atmosphere and sticky floors. It has been described by the ''[[NME]]'' as "sweaty, but truly indie". Rock City is divided into three rooms which are the main hall, The Basement and The Rig, with six bars and seating available. However, it is an all-standing venue during gigs. Live music takes place predominantly in the main hall or The Basement, with few gigs now taking place in The Rig.

The club has a wealth of history due to its 30+ year long lifespan, and is a major club on the [[toilet circuit]].
Typically, Rock City is the host for medium sized gigs, from smaller upcoming bands from the underground to bands that are getting limited chart success but are still too small to play much larger venues.

However, on some occasions largely popular bands still choose to play there; including [[Slayer]], [[Trivium (band)|Trivium]], [[Deftones]], [[Megadeth]], [[Fear Factory]], [[Soulfly]], [[Skindred]] and [[The Killers]], less than a year before headlining [[Glastonbury Festival]]. Rock City's smallest room holds 350 and its largest room holds 1,900.

=== Club Nights ===
The venue currently hosts four club nights:

*Wednesday: '''CRISIS''' - Exclusive club night for Nottingham's University students.
*Thursday: '''2UNED''' - 2 for 1 student night.
*Friday: '''Love Shack presents...'''<ref name=clubnights>http://www.rock-city.co.uk/new_site/club_nights.htm</ref> - Variety of music genre's from the 80's and 90's onwards upstairs, older music in the basement.
*Saturday: '''hey hey hey'''<ref name=clubnights></ref> - Alternative/Indie anthems throughout the night.

==Band performances==
{{Expand list|date=December 2008}}
The following is an alphabetical list of bands and artists who have played at Rock City:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*[[36 Crazyfists]]
*[[The 69 Eyes]]
*[[A (Band)|A]]
*[[AFI (band)|AFI]]
*[[Airbourne (band)|Airbourne]]
*[[Akercocke]]
*[[Alkaline Trio]]
*[[The Alarm]]
*[[Alexisonfire]]
*[[Alice in Chains]]
*[[The All American Rejects]]
*[[All That Remains (band)|All That Remains]]
*[[Alter Bridge]]
*[[American Head Charge]]
*[[Anthrax (band)|Anthrax]]
*[[Anti-Flag]]
*[[A Perfect Circle]]
*[[Apocalyptica]]
*[[Army of Freshmen]]
*[[Atreyu (band)|Atreyu]]
*[[As I Lay Dying (band)|As I Lay Dying]]
*[[Ash (band)|Ash]]
*[[Aztec Camera]]
*[[Babyshambles]]
*[[Backyard Babies]]
*[[Basement Jaxx]]
*[[Bat for Lashes]]
*[[The Beat (band)|The Beat]]
*[[Ben Folds Five]]
*[[Ben Folds]]
*[[Biffy Clyro]]
*[[Big Audio Dynamite]]
*[[Big Country]]
*[[Billy Bragg]]
*[[Billy Talent]]
*[[The Black Keys]]
*[[Black Spiders]]
*[[Black Tide]]
*[[The Blackout (band)|The Blackout]]
*[[Blaze Bayley]]
*[[The Bluetones]]
*[[The Bloodhound Gang]]
*[[Bowling For Soup]]
*[[Bloc Party]]
*[[Blur (band)|Blur]]
*[[Boysetsfire]]
*[[Bring Me the Horizon]]
*[[The Broadcast]]
*[[Buckcherry]]
*[[Buzzcocks]]
*[[Calvin Harris]]
*[[Cannibal Corpse]]
*[[Carter USM]]
*[[Casiokids]]
*[[Celtic Frost]]
*[[Censored]]
*[[Charged GBH]]
*[[Children of Bodom]]
*[[Chimaira]]
*[[Coal Chamber]]
*[[The Coral]]
*[[Cradle of Filth]]
*[[Crash Test Dummies]]
*[[The Cross]]
*[[CSS (band)|CSS]]
*[[The Cult]]
*[[The Cure]]
*[[The Damned]]
*[[Dark Funeral]]
*[[The Darkness (band)|The Darkness]]
*[[David Bowie]]
*[[Dan Reed Network]]
*[[Death Cab For Cutie]]
*[[Deborah Harry]]
*[[Deftones]]
*[[Def Leppard]]
*[[Delain]]
*[[Devil Sold His Soul]]
*[[Devildriver]]
*[[Dio]]
*[[Dir en Grey]]
*[[Disturbed (band)|Disturbed]]
*[[Dizzee Rascal]]
*[[Dodgy]]
*[[DragonForce]]
*[[Dropkick Murphys]]
*[[The Editors]]
*[[The Enemy (UK band)|The Enemy]]
*[[Electric Six]]
*[[Elliot Minor]]
*[[Eluveitie]]
*[[Emilie Autumn]]
*[[Enter Shikari]]
*[[Evil Scarecrow]]
*[[Faith No More]]
*[[Fear Factory]]
*[[Feeder]]
*[[The Feeling]]
*[[Finch (U.S. band)|Finch]]
*[[Fish (band)|Fish]]
*[[Flyleaf]]
*[[Forever the Sickest Kids]]
*[[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]]
*[[Funeral for a Friend]]
*[[Fugazi]]
*[[Gallows (band)|Gallows]]
*[[Gary Numan]]
*[[The Gaslight Anthem]]
*[[Gaye Bykers on Acid]]
*[[Gene Loves Jezebel]]
*[[The Ghost Of A Thousand]]
*[[Glassjaw]]
*[[Gogol Bordello]]
*[[Go:audio]]
*[[The Goo Goo Dolls]]
*[[Green Date]]
*[[Green Day]]
*[[Groove Armada]]
*[[Guns N' Roses]]
*[[Hadouken!]]
*[[Hanoi Rocks]]
*[[Hawkwind]]
*[[He Is Legend]]
*[[Heaven's Basement]]
*[[HIM (Finnish band)|HIM]]
*[[The Hives]]
*[[The Hoosiers]]
*[[Hot Chip]]
*[[The Human League]]
*[[Hundred Reasons]]
*[[Idiom]]
*[[Idlewild (band)|Idlewild]]
*[[Iggy Pop]]
*[[In Case of Fire]]
*[[Incubus (band)|Incubus]]
*[[Iron Maiden]]
*[[Jamie T]]
*[[Job for a Cowboy]]
*[[The Juliana Theory]]
*[[Justice]]
*[[Kasabian]]
*[[Kids in Glass Houses]]
*[[Kill Hannah]]{{col-2}}
*[[The Killers]]
*[[Killswitch Engage]]
*[[The King Blues]]
*[[Korn]]
*[[Kreator]]
*[[La Roux]]
*[[Lacuna Coil]]
*[[Lamb of God (band)|Lamb of God]]
*[[Less Than Jake]]
*[[Levellers (band)|Levellers]]
*[[Lily Allen]]
*[[Linkin Park]]
*[[Lordi]]
*[[Lostprophets]]
*[[Machine Head]]
*[[Madina Lake]]
*[[Madness (band)|Madness]]
*[[Manic Street Preachers]]
*[[Marillion]]
*[[Marilyn Manson]]
*[[Maroon 5]]
*[[Mary Beats Jane]]
*[[Mastodon (band)|Mastodon]]
*[[Me First and the Gimme Gimmes]]
*[[Megadeth]]
*[[Metallica]]
*[[Metro Station (band)|Metro Station]]
*[[Mindless Self Indulgence]]
*[[Misery Signals]]
*[[The Mission District]]
*[[Motörhead]]
*[[Mr. Bungle]]
*[[Mr. Scruff]]
*[[Municipal Waste]]
*[[Murderdolls]]
*[[Muse (band)|Muse]]
*[[MUCC]]

*[[My Chemical Romance]]
*[[My Ruin]]
*[[New Found Glory]]
*[[New Model Army]]
*[[Newton Faulkner]]
*[[Nightwish]]
*[[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]
*[[NOFX]]
*[[The Number Twelve Looks Like You]]
*[[Oasis (band)|Oasis]]
*[[Ocean Colour Scene]]
*[[One Minute Silence]]
*[[Opeth]]
*[[The Ordinary Boys]]
*[[Ozzy Osbourne]]
*[[Panic! At The Disco]]
*[[Papa Roach]]
*[[Paramore]]
*[[Paul Weller]]
*[[Pearl Jam]]
*[[Pendulum]]
*[[PIL]]
*[[Pitchshifter]]
*[[Placebo (band)|Placebo]]
*[[Poison]]
*[[Pretty Boy Floyd]]
*[[pulp (band)|Pulp]]
*[[Queens of the Stone Age]]
*[[The Raconteurs]]
*[[Radiohead]]
*[[Rage Against the Machine]]
*[[Rancid (band)|Rancid]]
*[[Red Hot Chili Peppers]]
*[[Reel Big Fish]]
*[[R.E.M.]]
*[[Robbie Williams]]
*[[Roger Meddows-Taylor|Roger Taylor]] & His Band
*[[Rodrigo Y Gabriela]]
*[[Rolf Harris]]
*[[Roni Size]]
*[[Rosetta Stone (band)|Rosetta Stone]]
*[[Saxon (band)|Saxon]]
*[[Scissor sisters]]
*[[Shinedown]]
*[[Shed Seven]]<ref name="s7">{{cite web |first=Phil |last=Viles |title=Review: Shed Seven, Rock City |url=http://www.thisisnottingham.co.uk/entertainmentnews/Review-Shed-Seven-Rock-City/article-1592275-detail/article.html |date=December 10, 2009 |publisher=thisisnottingham.co.uk |accessdate=4 February 2010}}</ref>
*[[Sheep on Drugs]]
*[[Simple Minds]]
*[[Sinocence]]
*[[The Sisters of Mercy]]
*[[Skid Row]]
*[[Skunk Anansie]]
*[[Slayer]]
*[[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]]
*[[The Smiths]]
*[[Snow Patrol]]
*[[Soil (band)|Soil]]
*[[Soulfly]]
*[[Special Beat]]
*[[Steel Panther]]
*[[Stiff Little Fingers]]
*[[The Stone Roses]]
*[[The Stranglers]]
*[[Story Of The Year]]
*[[Suicide Silence]]
*[[Suicide Tendencies]]
*[[The Subways]]
*[[Sum 41]]
*[[Supergrass]]
*[[System of a Down]]
*[[Taking Dawn]]
*[[Transvision Vamp]]
*[[Therapy?]]
*[[Thunder (band)|Thunder]]
*[[Trivium (band)|Trivium]]
*[[Turisas]]
*[[Simo and the HELLRAISERS]]
*[[Tool (band)|Tool]]
*[[Tygers of Pan Tang]]
*[[U2]]
*[[Underworld (band)|Underworld]]
*[[Vain]]
*[[Rufios Rifles]]
*[[Vader]]
*[[The Virgin Prunes]]
*[[The Vines]]
*[[VNV Nation]]
*[[W.A.S.P.]]
*[[We Are Scientists]]
*[[We The Kings]]
*[[The Wildhearts]]
*[[Wednesday 13]]
*[[Whitechapel (band)|Whitechapel]]
*[[You Me At Six]]
*[[Relics Renegades]]*
*[[Your Demise]]
*[[Young Guns (band)|The Young Guns]]
*[[Zebrahead]]
*[[Ziggy Marley]]
*[[The Zutons]]
{{col-end}}

==Band recordings==
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}
The following is a list of recordings made at Rock City:

*[[At the Gates]]'' – [[Live in Nottingham at Rock City]]'' (1996)
*[[Cradle of Filth]] – ''[[Live Bait for the Dead]]'' (2001)
*Cradle of Filth – ''[[Heavy, Left-Handed and Candid]]'' (2001)
*[[Enter Shikari]] - Live at Rock City Bootleg (2009)
*[[The Fall (band)|The Fall]] – ''[[BBC Radio 1 Live in Concert]]'' (1989)
*[[Hanoi Rocks]] – ''[[TNT - The Nottingham Tapes]]''
*[[Into A Circle]] – ''[[Live (Nottingham Rock City, February 1987)]]'' (1987)
*[[The Libertines]] – ''[[Libertines live at Rock City with Radio 1]]'' (2004)
*[[Morbid Angel]] – ''[[Altars of Madness]]'' (2003)
*[[Napalm Death]] – ''[[The DVD]]'' (1989)
*[[Play Dead (band)|Play Dead]] – ''[[Caught from Behind: Live in England, France, Germany, and Switzerland]]'' (1985)
*[[Radiohead]] – ''[[The Bends Pinkpop]]'' (1996)
*[[Shaped by Fate]] – ''[[Shaped By Fate tour DVD]]'' (2008)
*[[Tygers of Pan Tang]] – ''[[Live at Nottingham Rock City]]'' (1981)
*[[The Wildhearts]] – ''[[The Wildhearts Strike Back]]'' (2004)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official|http://www.rock-city.co.uk}}
*[http://www.myspace.com/nottinghamrockcity Official MySpace]
*[http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=15923779162 Official Facebook]
*[http://twitter.com/Rock_City_Notts Official Twitter]
*[http://www.leftlion.co.uk/articles.cfm/id/3323 The History of Rock City on LeftLion.co.uk]

[[Category:Nottingham]]
[[Category:Music venues in England]]
[[Category:Music in Nottinghamshire]]

Riber Castle

2011-01-24T05:21:35Z

Plasticspork: Fix parameter typos

{{Infobox building
|image=Ribercastleexteriorrealok2.jpg
|caption=Riber Castle
|name=Riber Castle
|location_town=[[Matlock]], [[Derbyshire]]
|location_country=[[England]]
|architect=
|client=[[John Smedley (industrialist)|John Smedley]]
|coordinates=
|engineer=
|construction_start_date=
|completion_date=1862
|date_demolished=
|cost=
|structural_system=
|style=Gothic
}}
'''Riber Castle''' is a 19th century [[Grade II listed building|Grade II listed]]<ref>[http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=429652 English Heritage: Images of England, photograph and architectural description of listd building]</ref> country house situated in the [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] of [[Riber]] on a [[hill]] overlooking [[Matlock, Derbyshire|Matlock]], [[Derbyshire]]. It was built by [[John Smedley (industrialist)|John Smedley]] in 1862 as his private home.<ref name="derbyshire_guide">{{cite web | url=http://www.derbyshireguide.co.uk/travel/riber.htm | title=Riber Castle | publisher=Derbyshire Guide | accessdate=2006-05-06}}</ref> His wife lived in it until her death.<ref name="urban_desertion">{{cite web | url=http://urbandesertion.squarespace.com/riber-castle/ | title=Riber Castle - Urban Desertion | publisher=Urban Desertion | accessdate=01-06-2007}}</ref>

It is built of [[gritstone]] from a local [[quarry]] ([[Derbyshire]] is well-known for its quarrying) which was pulled up the 200 metre high hill by a series of [[pulleys]].<ref name="derbyshire_guide" />

After the death of Smedley's wife, the castle became a boys school until this became financially unsustainable in the 1930s. With the coming of WWII the Ministry of Defence used the site for storage. The MoD left following the war and the castle remained unused until the 1960s.<ref name="urban_desertion" />

From the 1960s to September 2000 it was home to a [[zoo|wildlife park]], to British and European Fauna.<ref name="derbyshire_guide" /> ''Riber Castle Wildlife Park or "Riber Zoo"'', as it was known, was eventually sold by the owner, but they were unable to sell it as a going concern, and so the park eventually closed. The park was criticised heavily for the treatment of the animals kept there<ref name="urban_desertion" />, and the closure was not without controversy.

Activists also released several Lynx from Riber zoo which escaped into the wild, sightings of the animals lead to locals coining the nickname "The beast of Lumsdale".{{Fact|date=May 2007}}

It is currently in disrepair, although there are plans to turn the shell into [[apartments]] which received planning consent on 15 March 2006.<ref name="derbyshire_guide" /> At this time there are no floors or roof to the castle building, and the remnants of the zoo are clear, with footpaths, enclosures and buildings still present.<ref>[http://urbandesertion.squarespace.com/display/ShowGallery?moduleId=330095&galleryId=18348 urbandesertion.squarespace.com]</ref> Access to the site before 2006 was securely restricted, until the perimeter fence was unwired to provide unrestricted access to the site, which later became a commonly used footpath. However, recently developers have added a second (more secure) fence, boarded up all entrance points and have manned security onsite.

The castle and the town of Matlock are key locations in the [[Shane Meadows]] film [[Dead Man's Shoes]].<ref>www.imdb.com/title/tt0419677/locations</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat}}
* [http://www.urbanassault.t83.net/#/ribercastle/4525527510/ Exploring Riber Castle]
* [http://www.andrewspages.dial.pipex.com/matlock/mag/reflections/riber_asaschool.htm]
* [http://urbandesertion.squarespace.com/display/ShowGallery?moduleId=330095&galleryId=18348] - Photography gallery

{{Derbyshire Places of interest}}

{{coord|53.1278|-1.5430|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Grade II listed buildings in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Houses in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Ruins in Derbyshire]]

Punakha-Dzong

2011-01-24T05:20:43Z

Plasticspork: Fix parameter typos

{{Infobox building
| building_name = Punakha Dzong Pungtang Dechen Photrang Dzong
| native_building_name= Punakha Dzong
| former_names =
| alternate_names = Pungtang Dechen Photrang Dzong
| image = PunakhaDzongInSpring.jpg
| caption = Pungtang Dechen Photrang Dzong at Punakha and Jacaranda trees
| map_type = Bhutan
| latitude = 27.6167
| longitude = 89.8667
| altitude = 1,200
| building_type = [[Religious]] and Civil Administration
| architectural_style = [[Dzong]]
| structural_system = Fortress
| cost =
| ren_cost =
| location = [[Punakha]], [[Bhutan]]
| address =
| owner = [[Government of Bhutan]]
| current_tenants =
| landlord =
| coordinates =
| start_date = 1637
| completion_date = 1638
| inauguration_date =
| renovation_date =2004
| demolition_date =
| destruction_date =
| height =
| diameter =
| other_dimensions =
| floor_count = Six
| floor_area =
| main_contractor =
| architect = Zowe Palep and [[Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal]]
| architecture_firm =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
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}}

The '''Punakha Dzong''', also known as '''Pungtang Dechen Photrang Dzong''' (meaning “the palace of great happiness or bliss”<ref name=desi/><ref name= Wangchuck/>) is the administrative centre of [[Punakha District|Punakha dzongkhag]] in [[Punakha]], [[Bhutan]]. Constructed by [[Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal|Zhabdrung (Shabdrung) Ngawang Namgyal]] in 1637-38,<ref name=desi>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cs.unm.edu/~shapiro/BHUTAN/MIDSIZE/punakhadzong.html|title=Dzong at Punakha|accessdate=2010-04-01|quote=The second oldest dzong in Bhutan, it was begun in 1637 also on the order of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal. The dzong was significantly expanded from 1744-1763 during the reign of the 13th ''desi'' (the secular ruler, as opposed to the ''Je Khenpo'', who is the chief abbot of Bhutan, and who holds equal power), Sherab Wangchuk.}}</ref><ref name="Pommaret">{{cite book|author=Pommaret, Francoise|title=Bhutan Himlayan Mountains Kingdom (5th edition)|publisher=Odyssey Books and Guides|year=2006|page=192}}</ref> it is the second oldest and second largest [[dzong]] in Bhutan and one of its most majestic structures.<ref name=desi/><ref name=tour>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tourism.gov.bt/destinations/punakha-dzong.html|title=Punakha Dzong|accessdate=2010-04-01|publisher=Tourism:Government of Bhutan}}</ref> The Dzong houses the sacred relics of the southern [[Drukpa Kagyu]] school including the Rangjung Kasarpani, and the sacred remains of [[Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal]] and [[Pema Lingpa|Terton Padma Lingpa]]. Punakha Dzong was the administrative centre and the seat of the [[Government of Bhutan]] until 1955, when the capital was moved to [[Thimphu]].<ref name= Wangchuck>{{Cite book|last= Wangchuck|first= Ashi Dorji Wangmo|title= Treasures of the thunder dragon: a portrait of Bhutan|pages=40–41, 102|accessdate=2010-04-01|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=oxtuAAAAMAAJ&q=Punakha+Dzong&dq=Punakha+Dzong&hl=en&ei=LWyxS_bjHMG_rAfO8pTWAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAzgK|publisher= Penguin, Viking|year=2006|isbn=0670999016}}</ref><ref name=tour/><ref name=Brown>{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Lindsay|coauthors= Bradley Mayhew, Stan Armington and Richard Whitecros|title=Bhutan|pages=146–147|accessdate=2010-04-01|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=s-L8NUlW_QgC&pg=PA146&dq=Punakha+Dzong&hl=en&ei=pWixS5zqEpK7rAefgaGYBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Punakha%20Dzong&f=false|publisher= Lonely Planet|year=2007|isbn=1740595297}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[image:PunakhaDzong.jpg|thumb|left|Punakha Dzong and the [[Mo Chhu]]]]
The Dzong is located at the confluence of the Pho Chhu (father) and [[Mo Chhu]] (mother) rivers in the Punakha–Wangdue valley. The source of the Mo chu river is in the northern hills of Lighsi and Laya in Bhutan, and in [[Tibet]]. The Po Chu River is fed by glaciers in the Lunana region of the Punakha valley. After the confluence of these two rivers, the main river is known as Puna Tsang chu or [[Sankosh River]] and flows down through [[Wangdiphodrang]], crosses the Bhutan–India border at Kalikhola and eventually meets the [[Brahmaputra River]].<ref name=Jordans>{{Cite book|last=Jordan|first=Bart|title= Bhutan: A Trekker's Guide|page=210|accessdate=2010-04-02|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=WccyXOY2uecC&pg=PA210&dq=Punakha+Dzong&hl=en&ei=pWixS5zqEpK7rAefgaGYBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFgQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Punakha%20Dzong&f=false|publisher= Cicerone Press Limited|year=2008|isbn=1852845538}}</ref>

In view of the healthy climate in the region, Punakha is the winter capital of Bhutan. The head of the clergy of Bhutan with his entourage of monks spend the winter in this dzong.<ref name=Bisht/> Lilac coloured [[jacaranda]] trees grow around the dzong during the spring season.

==History==
According to a local legend, the sage [[Guru Rinpoche]] prophesized that “a person named Namgyal will arrive at a hill that looks like an elephant”. [[Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal|Zhamdrup Namgyal]] found the peak of the hill, which appeared in the shape of trunk of an elephant as prophesized, and built the dzong in 1637-38.<ref name=Brown/> Another legend tells how Zowe Palep, the architect, had a vision in a dream after the Zhamdrup Namgyal ordered him to sleep under a small structure which contained a statue of the Buddha, known as Dzong Chug (small dzong). In his dream, prompted by the psychic powers of the Zhamdrup, he had a clear vision of a palace for Guru Rinpoche. The vision was imprinted on the architect's mind, enabling him to conceive the plan for the Dzong without putting the vision on paper and to built it.<ref name=Brown/>On the basis of the dream vision of the architect, the building of the Dzong was started in 1637 and completed in 1638, at the place where the Dzong Chug (small dzong), had existed. During this period, [[Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal]] became the first religious-political leader, following his concerted efforts to unify the country into one unit as Bhutan. The dzong was consecrated in the name of Pungthang Dechen Phodrang. In 1639, a commemorative chapel was erected to house the arms seized from the [[Tibet]]ans who were defeated by the Bhutanese on this spot. Zhabdrung also set up a monastic order with 600 monks (brought from Cheri Gompa of upper [[Thimpu]] valley) and he lived here till his death. The spire at the top of the utse (the dzong’s central tower or the main tower<ref name=tour/>) was added in 1676 by Gyaltsen Tenzin Rabgye–the abbot of the dzong. Further additions were made during the period 1744 to 1763, when Sherab Wangchuk was the ruler. A large [[Thangka]] known as ''chenma'' (great) ''thoundral'' of the Zhabdrung was donated to the Dzong by the Desi (ruler). This thangka is displayed during the [[Tsechu]] festival held once a year here. The [[Seventh Dalai Lama]] donated the brass roof for the dzong.<ref name=Brown/>
[[File:Durbar of Ugyen Wangchuk, receiving the order of the Knight Commander of the Indian Empire, KCIE, at Punakha, Bhutan, 1905.jpg| thumb|right|King [[Ugyen Wangchuk]], receiving the order of the [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] at Punakha Dzong]]
Wangchuk Monarchy is currently ruling the country. This monarchy was established in 1907. The same year, Punakha Dzong was the site of the coronation of [[Ugyen Wangchuck]] (or Deb Nagpo) as the first [[List of rulers of Bhutan|King of Bhutan]]. At that time, Punakha was the capital of Bhutan. Three years later, a treaty was signed at Punakha whereby the [[United Kingdom|British]] agreed not to interfere in [[Bhutan]]ese internal affairs and Bhutan allowed [[United Kingdom|Britain]] to direct its foreign affairs.<ref name=Zetter>{{Cite book|last=Zetter|first= Roger|coauthors= Georgia Butina Watson|title= Designing sustainable cities in the developing world|pages=27–28|accessdate=2010-04-01|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=U6wkmmTak9sC&pg=PA28&dq=Punakha+Dzong&hl=en&ei=pWixS5zqEpK7rAefgaGYBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Punakha%20Dzong&f=false|publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|year= 2006|isbn=0754643557}}</ref> From 1744 to 1763, the dzong was enlarged substantially during the rule of the 13th desi, when Sherab Wangchuk was the chief [[abbot]] of Bhutan.<ref name=desi/> Several fires between 1750 and 1849 caused damages to the Dzong. In the 1897 earthquake, the dzong was severely damaged and also suffered numerous fires. In 1986, the dzong was partially destroyed by fire<ref name=Brown/>

==Architecture==
[[File:Punakha Dzong5.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Main entrance]]
The Dzong is part of the [[Drukpa]] school of [[Mahayana Buddhism]] in Bhutan. It is the second oldest and most majestic dzong in Bhutan built at the orders of [[Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal]].<ref name=desi/><ref name= Wangchuck/><ref name=tour/><ref name=Brown/> It is a six-storied structure with a central tower or Utse at an average elevation of {{convert|1200|m|ft}} with a scenic, mountainous background. The materials used in building the Dzong consisted of compacted earth, stones and timber in doors and windows. The Dzong was constructed as an “embodiment of Buddhist values” and was one of the 16 dzongs built by the Shabdrong during his rule from 1594 to 1691. The Dzong measures {{convert|180|m|ft}} in length with a width of {{convert|72|m|ft}} and has three ''docheys'' (courtyards). The defensive fortifications built in the dzong to protect it from enemy attacks consist of a steep wooden draw stairway and a heavy wooden door that is closed at night. After the Dzong suffered damages due to a fire, a large prayer hall was added in 1986.<ref name=tour/> Administrative offices of the dzong, a very large white washed [[chorten]] and a [[bodhi tree]] are located in the first courtyard. Also seen in the same courtyard, on the far left, are a mound of stones and a chapel dedicated to the queen of [[nāgas]] (snake spirits). The residential quarters of monks are located in the second courtyard, with the ''utse'' intervening in between the first and the second courtyards. There are two historic halls in this courtyard; one of Ugyen Wangchuk, who subsequently became the King and another hall where the King was decorated in 1905 with the Order of the [[Order of the British Empire|Knight Commander]] of the [[Indian Empire]] by John Claude White. The third courtyard is at the southern most end of the dzong where the remains of Pema Lingpa and Zhanbdrung Ngawang Namgyal are preserved.<ref name=Brown/>Machey Lakhang ('machey' literally means "sacred embalmed body"<ref name=Brown/>) in the third courtyard has the well preserved embalmed body of Zhabdrung. This Lakhang was rebuilt in 1995. The casket containing the embalmed body is not opened at all. However, the place is visited by the King and the Je Khenpo mainly to seek blessings before assuming their offices.<ref name=Brown/>

Flash floods, resulting from [[glacial lake outburst flood]]ing in the upper reaches of the valley, are a common occurrence in the Mo Chu and Po Chu rivers, and in the past, caused flooding and damage to the Dzong, especially in 1957, 1960 and 1994. Fires and earthquakes have also further added to the problem. In 1996, flash floods in the Po Chu river damaged the large [[chorten]] in the precincts of the Dzong and caused several deaths.<ref name=tour/><ref name=Jordans/><ref name=Bisht>{{Cite book|last=Bisht|first= Ramesh Chandra|title= International Encyclopaedia Of Himalayas (5 Vols. Set)|page=45|accessdate=2010-04-01|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=XWblUfYqGK4C&pg=PA45&dq=Punakha+Dzong&hl=en&ei=LWyxS_bjHMG_rAfO8pTWAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDcQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Punakha%20Dzong&f=false|publisher= Mittal Publications|year= 2008|isbn=8183242650}}</ref><ref name=chhopel>{{cite conference|last = Chhopel|first = Karma|title = Flash Floods and Debris Flows due to Glacial Lake Outburst Floods | booktitle = Proceedings of the International Workshop on Flash Flood Forecasting coordinated by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service and the World Meteorological Organization, San José, Costa Rica, March 2006 | publisher = Hydro-Met Services Division, Dept. of Energy, Ministry of Trade and Industry | location = Thimphu, Bhutan | date = 2006-03-15 | format = ppt | url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/iao/FFW/2006/Presentations/Session%207/CHHOPHEL-BHUTAN.ppt | others =[http://www.nws.noaa.gov/iao/iao_FFW.php Conference web site (NOAA)], [http://www.nws.noaa.gov/iao/FFW/2006/Presentations/Session%207/Ab_04_Chhophel.pdf Abstract (pdf)]}}</ref>
[[File:Dzong in Punakha.jpg|thumb|right|Interior buildings]]
After a major refurbishing work carried out in the "zorig chusum tradition" <ref name=art>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keystobhutan.com/bhutan/bhutan_art_consecrate.php|title=Arts and crafts of BhutanPunakha Dzong consecrated|accessdate=2010-04-01|publisher= Kuensel, Bhutan's national newspaper|date=2004-05-17}}</ref> (an ancient tradition of crafts in wood carving, masonry, metal work, painting, and several other skills), the Dzong now has several new Lhakhangs, over 200 new religious images, and several other treasures. A consecration ceremony known as the “Rabney ceremony” performed by His Holiness the Je Khenpo and the monks of the Dratshang (central monk body) was held from May 13 to 15, 2004, corresponding to the 12th to 14th day of the third Bhutanese month. The restoration works were largely funded by the [[Government of India]] and the Dzong stands fully restored to its past glory.<ref name=art/> After complete restoration of the Dzong to its old glory, notable images, statues and thangkas are displayed in the Dzong. These include murals depicting life story of Buddha done during the rule of the second druk desi. Large gilded statues of Buddha, Guru Rinpoche and Zhabdrung which belong to mid 18th century, and gilded panels on pillars are also here.<ref name=Brown/>

A covered wooden [[cantilever bridge]] crossing the Mo Chu river was built together with the Dzong in the 17th century. This bridge was washed away by a flash flood in 1957. In 2006, work started on a new wooden cantilever bridge in the traditional style, with a free span of {{convert|55|m|ft}}. It was completed in 2008.<ref>{{cite web | last = Nestroy| first = H. N.| title = Re-construction of the Cantilever Bridge crossing the Mochhu (Mo-River) connecting Punakha village and Punakha Dzong in adapted traditional Bhutanese architecture.| publisher = Pro Bhutan e.v.|year = 2008|url = http://www.probhutan.com/e_html/bruecke_Mochhu.htm| accessdate = 2010-03-31}}</ref>In 2008, after completion of the cantilever bridge, the new bridge was hailed as a celebration of “100 years of Wangchuck Monarchy in 2008 and to the coronation of His Majesty King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck in the Punakha Dzong”.<ref name=kings>{{Cite web|http://www.probhutan.com/lib/Info-Bridge_10-05-08_e.pdf|format=pdf|title=The new Cantilever Bridge of Punakha in the Kingdom of Bhutan|page=2,7|accessdate=2010-04-04|publisher=Pro Bhutan e.v.}}</ref> Thus, the Dzong has been the venue for coronation of all the kings of Bhutan.<ref name=kings/> A memorial honouring the 23 people who died in the dzong in the glacial floods in 1994 has also been erected just outside the dzong.<ref name=Brown/>
[[File:Old Capital (Bhutan).jpg|thumb|center|880px|A panoramic view of the Punakha Dzong, the old capital of [[Bhutan]], at the confluence of Po Chu and Mo Chu rivers]]

==Festivals==
[[File:The Spiritual Leader of Bhutan Walking to the festival.jpg|thumb|right|The Spiritual Leader of Bhutan Walking to the Punakha festival]]
Demoche is the annual festival held at the Dzong, which is largely attended by people from all villages and far places of the district.<ref name= Wangchuck/> The ''Ranghung'' (self created) image of [[Chenresig]] enshrined in the utse of the dzong (brought by Zhadrung from Tibet) is displayed during the festival. During this five day festival, also known as Punakha festival, held in February/March, there are some very impressive displays. The important display is a re-enactment of the Tibetan invasion of Bhutan in 1639 where the Tibetans were defeated. In this theatrical display, which was conceived by the Zhamdrung, a mock throwing of a relic to the Mo chu river is dramatized.<ref name=Brown/>

The final day of the festival marks the display of an image of Zhamdrup followed by a group dance performance by 136 people, dressed as warriors, in the main courtyard. At the end of the performance, the dancers descend down the front entrance of the dzong in revelry – whistling and shouting. The Monks led by the Je Khenpo of the Dzong then parade to the Mo chu river bank with lot of fan fare. Je Khenpo then flings oranges into the river marking the ''Rangjung Kharsapani'', which is considered an offering to the [[nāga]] spirits residing below the river bed. After this act, the traditional mask dances commemorating the construction of the Dzong are performed in the Dzong premises.<ref name=Brown/>

Another ritual observed every year at this dzong is called the ''Lhenkey Dungchhur'', and is a worship for departed souls.<ref name=Dorji>{{Cite book|last=Dorji|first=C.T.|title= History of Bhutan based on Buddhism|page=86|accessdate=2010-04-01|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=yA9uAAAAMAAJ&q=Punakha+Dzong&dq=Punakha+Dzong&hl=en&ei=XXaxS4_tL9K_rAeSuPj9Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEUQ6AEwAzgU|publisher= Sangay Xam in collaboration with Prominent Publishers|year=1994|isbn=8186239014}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Dzong architecture]]
* [[Driglam Namzha]]
* [[Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Punakha Dzong}}
* [http://bhutan-360.com/punakha-dzong/ Inside information about Punakha Dzong]
* [http://www.flickr.com/photos/bhutan-360/sets/72157616540269786/ Pictures of Punakha Dzong on Flickr]
* [http://www.pbase.com/dannyc/bhutan&page=4 Photo gallery of Punakha Dzong (Nov 2005)]
* [http://www.innogize.com/gallery/asia_bhutan_punakha.html Photos of Punakha Dzong]
* [http://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/Shabdrung_Ngawang_Namgyal Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal at the Dharma Dictionary]
* [[Dzong architecture]]
* [[Driglam Namzha]]
* [[Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal]]

{{good article}}

[[Category:Palaces in Bhutan]]
[[Category:Dzongs of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1638]]

[[ru:Пунакха-дзонг]]

Kathedrale von Puebla

2011-01-24T05:20:21Z

Plasticspork: Fix parameter typos

{{Infobox building
|image =Catedral de puebla.jpg
|caption =Puebla Cathedral
|name =Puebla Cathedral
|location_town =[[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]]
|location_country =[[Mexico]]
|architect =Francisco Becerra
|client =
|engineer =
|construction_start_date=1575
|completion_date =1690
|date_demolished =
|cost =
|structural_system=
|style =

}}
'''Puebla Cathedral''' is a [[Roman Catholic]] [[cathedral]] in the city of [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]], in [[Puebla]], [[Mexico]]. It is a colonial cathedral, and is the [[Episcopal See|see]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Puebla de los Angeles]]. The cathedral's [[bishop]] is Víctor Sánchez Espinosa. The cathedral is dedicated to the [[Immaculate Conception]].<ref name="CatholicHerald">{{cite news |first=Gretchen R. |last=Crowe |title= City of Puebla Shines as Mexican ‘Jewel’ |url=http://catholicherald.com/detail.html?sub_id=892|work=Catholic Herald |date=2006-12-14 |accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Catedral_puebla_nocturna.jpg|thumb|left|Puebla Cathedral]]
On January 24th, 1557 the [[Viceroy]] Martín Enríquez (1562-80) designated Juan de Cigorondo, a neighbor of México for worker and [[Francisco Becerra]] was appointed architect. The design was submitted to the [[Dean (church)|Dean]] and Cathedral [[Chapter (religion)|Chapter]] on November 11th 1557.<ref>{{cite book|last=Leicht|first=Hugo|title=Las Calles de Puebla|edition=2002|year=1934|publisher=Secretaría de Cultura/Gobierno del Estado de Puebla|location=Puebla Pue. México|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OdsBAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1|page=142|isbn=968-5122-54-7}}</ref>
The construction of the cathedral began in November 1575, but was interrupted in 1626. In 1634 Juan Gómez de Trasmonte modified the design and construction was restarted in 1640 when Bishop Juan de Palafox was ordered by the [[Philip_III_of_Spain|King Philip III]] to finish it. It was mostly completed eight years after. On April 18, 1649, the Cathedral was consecrated in honor of the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]].
It was not entirely completed until 1690.

The front [[façade]] was built out of a black canther, and it has two towers, the tallest in Mexico,<ref name="CatholicHerald"/> one of which has no bells. According to legend, an underground river passes under that tower and if bells were placed in it, the tower would collapse.

==Interior==
[[File:Catedral_Puebla_Interior.jpg|thumb|left|Inside of the Cathedral]]
The interior of the cathedral contains many artistic artefacts that are found in its 14 lateral [[chapel]]s and the altar mayor. Its principal [[altar]] is referred to as "The Major Altar", or "The Altar of the Kings", which was designed by [[Manuel Tolsa]] and built between [[1797]] and [[1818]]. Some bishops of Puebla are buried under it. Across most of the rear wall of the cathedral is a [[Blessed Sacrament]] chapel.<ref name="CatholicHerald"/>

==References==
{{commonscat|Cathedral of Puebla}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sacred-destinations.com/mexico/puebla-cathedral.htm Puebla Cathedral - Puebla, Mexico]
* [http://gomexico.about.com/od/colonialcities/ss/puebla_walking_2.htm Puebla's Cathedral]

{{coord|19|2|34.20|N|98|11|54.10|W|display=title|region:MX_type:landmark}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in Mexico]]
[[Category:Puebla]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Puebla de los Angeles]]

[[es:Catedral de Puebla]]

Melbourne Hall

2011-01-23T23:42:32Z

Plasticspork: Fix parameter typos

{{Infobox building
|image=Melbourne_Hall.jpg
|caption=Melbourne Hall main entrance
|name=Melbourne Hall
|location_town=[[Melbourne, Derbyshire]]
|location_country=[[England]]
|architect=
|client=[[Sir John Coke]]
|coordinates={{coord|52.8202|-1.42420|type:landmark_region:GB|display=inline,title}}
|engineer=Richard Shepherd
|construction_start_date=12th century
|completion_date=
|date_demolished=
|cost=
|structural_system=
|style=
}}
'''Melbourne Hall''', [[Derbyshire]], England was once the seat of the Victorian Prime Minister [[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne]], and thus is the ultimate origin for the naming of [[Melbourne, Australia]]. The house is now the seat of Lord Ralph Kerr and Lady Kerr and is open to the public. The house is a Grade II* listed building<ref>http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=83043</ref>; more than twenty features in the grounds are Grade I listed.

Melbourne, a manor that had belonged to the [[bishop of Carlisle|bishops of Carlisle]] in the twelfth century, was partly rebuilt in 1629-31 for [[Sir John Coke]] by a Derbyshire mason, Richard Shepherd<ref name="Colvin">Colvin</ref>. In 1692 it was inherited by [[Thomas Coke (privy counsellor)|Thomas Coke]] (1675-1727), a gentleman architect in the golden age of English amateur architecture, who laid out the formal gardens that survive, with some professional assistance from [[Henry Wise (gardener)|Henry Wise]], between about 1696 and 1706: there are avenues, a [[parterre]], a yew walk that has become a yew tunnel, basins and fountains, and lead and stone sculpture, much of it supplied by [[John Nost]]. Coke travelled in the Netherlands and he turned to Nost, the famous statuary born in the [[Austrian Netherlands]], with premises in Haymarket, London, who provided lead figures of amorini, vases, baskets of flowers and mythological figures, still identifiable at Melbourne, and most notably the lead "Vase of the Seasons" (1705), that is one of the finest examples of Baroque sculpture in lead in an English garden<ref name="Gunnis">Gunnis</ref>. Nost also provided a number of chimneypieces in the house as well as for Sir Thomas's London house in St. James's Place, one of which came to £50. At the sale of Nost's effects, Sir Thomas purchased his copy of [[Sebastiano Serlio|Serlio]]'s ''Five Books of Architecture, English'd by Robert Peake'', which is still in the Library.
[[Image:Melbourne Hall vase.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Detail of a figure on a large vase in the gardens of Melbourne Hall]]
Among fine wrought iron made for the grounds at Melbourne by [[Robert Bakewell]] is the wrought iron arbour known as the "birdcage".

Though he drew up a plan for remodelling the sixteenth and seventeenth-century house and had the west wing rebuilt by [[Francis Smith of Warwick]] it remained to his son, [[George Lewis Coke|G. L. Coke]] to rebuild the east front, facing the garden, and adjust the south front, in 1743-44, to a design by William Smith, the son of Francis Smith.<ref>William Jackson, of Melton Mowbray, was the master mason, paid £1500 (Gunnis).</ref> His design for a gatehouse, built "according to his Honour's Draught" was built by Smith of Warwick but dismantled before the end of the eighteenth century. Unidentified alterations undertaken in 1720-21 were carried out by the builder William Gilks of Burton-on-Trent. The figure of George Lewis Coke remains an ambiguous one. Some believe that he was never at Melbourne after he left for a foreign tour in his late teens.

Redecorations of the interior were carried out throughout the century, in several campaigns. In 1745 [[Joseph Hall of Derby]] was paid for the chimneypiece in the Great Dining Room<ref name="Gunnis"/>; in the 1760s, [[stucco]] by Samuel Franceys was executed, and for the [[Viscount Melbourne|First Viscount Melbourne]], in 1772, further interior alterations were carried out by the leading Derbyshire architect, Joseph Pickford<ref name="Colvin"/>. The second Lord Melbourne, Queen Victoria's Prime Minister, was separated from his wife, [[Lady Caroline Lamb]], in 1825, when her liaison with [[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron|Lord Byron]] had become notorious.

The house passed into the hands of the Cowper family when [[Emily Lamb, Lady Cowper|Emily Lamb]], sister of the childless third and last Viscount Melbourne, married the 5th Earl Cowper. (She later married Another Prime Minister, [[Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]]). It remained in the Cowper family until Lady Amabel Cowper married Admiral of the Fleet [[Lord Walter Kerr]] who made Melbourne the family home in 1906.

==References==
{{Commonscat}}
*Howard Colvin, ''A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600-1840,'' 3rd ed. 1995: "Thomas Coke", ''William Gilks"
*David Green, ''Gardener to Queen Anne'', 1956. (Henry Wise)
*[[Rupert Gunnis]], ''[[Dictionary of British Sculptors, 1660-1851]]'', rev, ed.
*[[Christopher Hussey]], ''English Gardens and Landscapes 1700-1750''.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.melbournehall.com Melbourne Hall and Gardens] - official site

[[Category:Houses in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Gardens in Derbyshire]]

{{Derbyshire Places of interest}}

Manulife Centre

2011-01-23T23:42:04Z

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{{unreferenced|article|date=October 2010}}
{{Infobox skyscraper
| building_name = Manulife Centre
| image = [[Image:Manulife Centre.jpg|center|200px|]]
| built = 1972-1974
| use = Residential Condominium
| location = 44 Charles Street and 55 Bloor Street West, [[Toronto, Ontario]] {{CAN}}
| roof =
| top_floor =
| antenna_spire =
| floor_count = 51
| floor_area =
| architect =
| skyscraperpage_id = }}
The '''Manulife Centre''' is located on the southeast corner of [[Bay Street|Bay]] and [[Bloor Street|Bloor]] streets, adjacent to the southern edge of the [[Yorkville, Toronto|Yorkville]] district of [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]. It consists of a 51-story 800-suite luxury residential tower at 44 Charles Street and a shorter tower at 55 Bloor Street West, connected by a retail complex on the main floor and basement.

==History==
Construction began in 1972 and was completed in 1974. It was developed and built for [[Manulife Financial]], the current owners.
Early retail tenants at the Manulife Centre included Bretton's department Store (60,000 square feet), Creed's (38,000 Square feet), Harridge's, and other luxury tenants. Over time, these three large retailers went bankrupt and closed.

==Creeds==
Creeds was a women's specialty store specializing in furs, designer fashions and accessories, jewellery (Beni Sung), cosmetics (Borghese, Chanel, Clarins, Clinique, Estée Lauder, Lancôme), fragrances, and gifts (including fine chocolate, men's ties, and Sable & Rosenfeld gourmet foods). The {{convert|38000|sqft|m2|sing=on}} store spanned three floors and featured boutiques for [[Chanel]], [[Christian Dior]], [[Emanuel Ungaro]], and [[Sonia Rykiel]]. The original location opened in 1916; the Manulife Centre location closed with the firm's bankruptcy in 1991.

==Today==
Today the retail portion of Manulife Centre serves the local population, and includes [[Henry Birks|Birks]], [[Indigo Books]], and William Ashley fine china. An underground tunnel connects the basement level of the shopping concourse to [[Holt Renfrew]] at 50 Bloor St West on the north side of Bloor.

The tower is served by [[Bay_(TTC)|Bay Station]] on the [[Toronto_Transit_Commission|TTC's]] [[Bloor-Danforth]] line. Underground tunnels from the Manulife Centre provide access to Toronto's busiest subway station [[Bloor-Yonge_(TTC)|Bloor and Yonge]].

==See also==
* [[Panorama Lounge]] which is on the top of the Manulife Centre.
* [[List of tallest buildings in Toronto]]

==External links==
* [http://www.manulifecentre.com Manulife Centre official]
* [http://www.rentcanada.com/manulife/cha44retail.html Manulife Centre tenants]
{{Toronto skyscrapers}}
{{Shopping Malls in the Golden Horseshoe}}

{{coord|43|40|10|N|79|23|18|W|region:CA-ON_type:landmark_scale:2500|display=title}}

[[Category:Skyscrapers in Toronto]]
[[Category:Shopping malls in Toronto]]
[[Category:1974 architecture]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers between 150 and 199 meters]]
[[Category:Brutalist buildings in Canada]]

{{Ontario-struct-stub}}
{{Canada-mall-stub}}
{{Toronto-stub}}

[[fr:Manulife Centre]]

Schloss Lublin

2011-01-23T23:40:48Z

Plasticspork: Fix parameter typos

{{Infobox building
|image=Lublin zamek 2009.jpg
|caption=The keep and the Holy Trinity Chapel seen from the castle's courtyard.
|name=Lublin Royal Castle
|location_town=[[Lublin]]
|location_country=[[Poland]]
|architect=
|client=[[Casimir II the Just]]
|engineer=
|construction_start_date=12th century
|completion_date=
|date_demolished=1655-1657
|cost=
|structural_system=
|style=[[Polish Gothic]]-[[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]]
}}
The '''Lublin Castle''' ({{lang-pl|Zamek Lubelski}}) is a medieval castle situated in [[Lublin]], [[Poland]], adjacent to the Old Town district and close to the city center. It is one of the oldest preseved Royal residencies in Poland, established by king [[Casimir II the Just]].<ref name="zamek_lublin">{{en icon}} {{cite web|author=|url=http://eng.zamek.lublin.pl/index.php?r=375&l=pl|title=A Brief History of Lublin Castle|work=eng.zamek.lublin.pl|publisher= |pages= |page= |date= |accessdate=2010-09-15}}</ref>

==History==
The hill on which it is located was first fortified with a wood-reinforced earthen wall in the 12th century. In the first half of the 13th century the stone [[keep]] was built which survives to this day<ref name="zamek_lublin" /> and is the tallest building of the castle, as well as the oldest standing building in the whole city. In the 14th century, during the reign of [[Casimir the Great]], the castle was rebuilt with stone walls. Probably at the same time the castle's [[Holy Trinity]] church was built to serve as a royal chapel.<ref name="zamek_lublin" /> In the first decades of the 15th century king [[Jogaila|Władysław II]] commissioned a set of wall paintings for the chapel, which were completed in 1418 and are preserved to this day.<ref name="torbus">{{en icon}} {{cite book | author = Tomasz Torbus| coauthors = | title = Poland| year =1999| editor = | page =86 | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =Hunter Publishing, Inc| location = | isbn =38-86180-88-3| url = | format = | accessdate = }}</ref> The author was a [[Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] Master Andrej, who signed his work on one of the walls.<ref name="torbus" /> Due to their unique style, mixing Western and [[Eastern Orthodox]] influences, they are acclaimed internationally as an important historical monument.<ref name="zamek_lublin" />

[[File:Jagiełło kneeling.JPG|thumb|left|Jogaila kneeling before the Blessed Virgin Mary. Detail of a Ruthenian-[[Byzantine art|Bizantine]] fresco in the Gothic Holy Trinity Chapel, 1418.]]

Under the rule of the [[Jagiellon dynasty]] the castle enjoyed royal favor and frequent stays by members of the royal family. In the 16th century it was rebuilt on a grandiose scale, under the direction of Italian masters brought from [[Kraków]]. The most momentous event in the castle's history was the signing in 1569 of the [[Union of Lublin]], the founding act of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]].

As a consequence of the wars in the 17th century ([[The Deluge (history)|The Deluge]]) the castle fell into disrepair.<ref name="zamek_lublin" /> Only the oldest sections, the keep and the chapel, remained intact. After Lublin fell under Russian rule following the territorial settlement of the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, the government of [[Congress Poland]], on the initiative of [[Stanisław Staszic]], carried out a complete reconstruction of the castle between 1826 and 1828.<ref name="zamek_lublin" /> The new buildings were in English [[neogothic]] style, completely different from the structures they replaced, and their new purpose was to house a criminal prison.<ref name="zamek_lublin" /> Only the keep and the chapel were preserved in their original state.

The castle served as a prison for the next 128 years: as a Tsarist prison from 1831 to 1915, in independent Poland from 1918 to 1939, and most infamously during the [[Nazi occupation of Poland|Nazi occupation]] of the city from 1939 to 1944, when between 40,000 and 80,000 inmates, many of them [[Polish resistance]] fighters, passed through the prison.<ref>{{en icon}} {{cite book | author = Joseph Poprzeczny| coauthors = | title = Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's man in the East| year = 2004 | editor = | page =230| pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =McFarland| location = | isbn =07-86416-25-4| url = | format = | accessdate = }}</ref> Just before withdrawing in 1944, the Nazis massacred its remaining 300 prisoners. After 1944 the castle continued to serve as a prison of Soviet secret police and later Poland's puppet regime controlled by the Soviets, and until 1954 about 35,000 Poles opposing Soviet occupation of their country rule passed through it, of whom 333 lost their lives.<ref name="zamek_lublin" />

In 1954 the castle prison was finally closed. Following reconstruction and refurbishment, since 1957 it has been the main site of the Lublin Museum.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Lublin Castle}}
*[http://eng.zamek.lublin.pl/ Lublin Castle and Lublin Museum webpage]

{{coord|51|15|02|N|22|34|20|E|region:PL_type:landmark|display=title}}

{{Royal Residences in Poland}}

[[Category:Lublin]]
[[Category:Castles in Poland]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival architecture in Poland]]
[[Category:Museums in Poland]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Poland]]

[[pl:Zamek w Lublinie]]

Lilford Hall

2011-01-23T23:38:36Z

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{{Merge from|Lilford Park (Northamptonshire)|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox building
| image =Halllilford.JPG|South facade of Lilford Hall
|caption = Lilford Hall
|image_width = 260px
|latitude = 52.4451
|longitude = -0.4868
|location_town=Lilford-cum-Wigsthorpe
|location_country=[[England]]
|used= Private
|ownership= Micklewright family
|architect= Henry Flitcroft
|client= William Elmes and Lord Lilford
|construction_start_date=1632
|completion_date=1635
|structural_system=Stone ([[Blisworth Limestone]])
|style=[[Jacobean architecture|Jacobean exterior(Georgian interior)]]
}}
Grade 1 listed '''Lilford Hall''' is located in Eastern [[Northamptonshire]], south of [[Oundle]] and north of [[Thrapston]]. The Hall has been home of Lord Lilford since 1635 and has also served as nurse's quarters for USAAF [[303rd Station Hospital]] during WWII.
Lilford Hall and the associated parkland of 350 acres is located north-west of the village of [[Lilford cum Wigsthorpe]].

The hall was built around 1635 and alterations were made in the 18th Century by Henry Flitcroft for Thomas Powys. His grandson was created the first [[Lord Lilford]] by William Pitt, and Lilford Hall remained the family home until the mid-1940s when it was sold to pay death duties of the fifth Lord Lilford. The Family however retained their estate of [[Bank Hall]], [[Bretherton]], [[Lancashire]], which they used as a summer house in the late 19th century.

Thomas Littleton Powys, 4th Baron Lilford (18 March 1833 - 17 June 1896), was a famous ornithologist. Lilford was a founder of the British Ornithologists' Union in 1858 and its President from 1867 until his death. He was also the first President of the Northamptonshire Natural History Society. Lilford travelled widely, especially in the Mediterranean Region and his extensive collection of birds was maintained in the grounds of Lilford Hall. His aviaries featured birds from around the globe, including rheas, kiwis, Pink-headed Ducks and even a pair of free-flying Lammergeiers. He was responsible for the introduction of the Little Owl into England in the 1880s.

The seventh Lord Lilford bought back Lilford Hall and Park and for 20 years the restocked aviaries, containing more than 350 birds of 110 species had been open to the public.
In the autumn of 1990 Lilford park was closed to the public, and the Hall and Park is now owned by the Micklewright family.

Lilford Hall and Park was the subject of the 27 January 1900 issue of ''[[Country Life (magazine)|Country Life]]'' Illustrated, and also a location for the BBC television series ''[[By the Sword Divided]]'' made in the 1980s.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092712/</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:rearairial.JPG|Air view of South facade of Lilford Hall
Image:urnlilford.JPG|Stone vase on South Facade
Image:seatlilford2.JPG|Garden seat on South Terrace
Image:airialshot.JPG|View of North and West facades of Lilford Hall
File:Frontfacade.JPG|West facade of Lilford Hall
File:lilfordfamilycrest.JPG|Sir Thomas Powys' coat of arms over front porch
File:LilfordPowys.jpg|Thomas Powys, 4th Baron Lilford, in the Library at Lilford Hall
</gallery>

==References==
{{Commons category|Lilford Hall}}
*Pevsner, Nikolaus, ''The Buildings of England – Northamptonshire''. ISBN 0-300-09632-1
*Heward, John and Taylor, Robert "The Country Houses of Northamptonshire". ISBN 1-873592-21-3
*Inskip, Peter "Lilford Hall Conservation Statement" Peter Inskip and Peter Jenkins Architects
*A History of the County of Northampton: Volume 3 (1930), 'Parishes: Lilford-with-Wigsthorpe', pp. 227–231.
*Thomas Babington Macaulay (1st Baron Macaulay), Macaulay's [[The History of England from the Accession of James the Second|''History of England'']] Chapter VIII
{{reflist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2010}}

[[Category:1635 architecture]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Northamptonshire]]
[[Category:Jacobean architecture]]
[[Category:Georgian architecture]]
[[Category:Houses in Northamptonshire]]
[[Category:History of Northamptonshire]]
[[Category:Gardens in Northamptonshire]]

Elvaston Castle

2011-01-23T22:29:02Z

Plasticspork: Fix parameter typos

{{Infobox Historic building
|image=Elvaston Castle Derbyshire Morris edited.jpg
|caption=Elvaston Castle in the late 19th century
|name=Elvaston Castle
|location_town=[[Elvaston]]
|location_country=[[England]]
|architect=
|client=
|coordinates={{coord|52.8928|-1.3953|display=title|region:GB|format=dms}}
|engineer=
|construction_start_date=
|completion_date=
|date_demolished=
|cost=
|structural_system=
|style=

}}
'''Elvaston Castle''' (full name '''Elvaston Castle Country Park''') is a country park in [[Elvaston, Derbyshire]], [[England]] with {{convert|200|acre|km2}} of woodlands, parkland and formal gardens. The centrepiece of the estate is Elvaston Castle itself.<ref>[http://www.derbyshire.gov.uk/leisure/countryside/countryside_sites/country_parks/elvaston/default.asp Elvaston Castle Country Park] - official Derbyshire County Council site</ref> The castle is a [[Grade II* listed building]] but as at 2008 is regarded as a [[Buildings at Risk Register|Building at Risk]].

==History==
In the 16th century the estate was held by the [[Shelford Priory]]. After the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] the Crown sold the Priory and its estates in 1538 to [[Sir Michael Stanhope]] of [[Rampton, Nottinghamshire]]. [[Sir John Stanhope]](d1611) granted the estate to his second son, also Sir John Stanhope (d 1638) [[High Sheriff of Derbyshire]] in 1629.

Originally a manor house built for the latter Sir John in 1633, it was redesigned in grand style by [[James Wyatt]] in the early 19th century for the [[Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl of Harrington|3rd Earl of Harrington]]. Further modifications were made in the 1830s by the architect [[Lewis Nockalls Cottingham]].
[[Image:Elvaston Castle, Derbyshire.jpg‎|left|thumb|The castle today]]
Following the [[Countryside Act 1968|Countryside Act]] in 1968, the estate was sold in 1969<ref name=fr/> by William Stanhope, the [[William Stanhope, 11th Earl of Harrington|11th Earl of Harrington]] to [[Derbyshire County Council]]. The Countryside Act proposed the creation of "[[country park]]s" "for the enjoyment of the countryside by the public". The council opened the estate to the public in 1970 and have operated it since then, as Elvaston Castle Country Park.

In 1969, Elvaston was also used as a location for [[Ken Russell]]'s [[Women in Love (film)|film adaptation]] of the [[D. H. Lawrence]] novel ''Women in Love''.

For the last eight years the Derbyshire County Council has been marketing the estate to private companies, claiming that it cannot afford to repair and maintain it but its actions have come to nothing. The latest of these is an attempt to turn the Castle into an hotel and the Park into golf courses. This is being fiercely contested by "The Friends of Elvaston Castle" on behalf of the local community.<ref name=fr>[http://www.friendsofelvaston.co.uk/ Friends Of Elvaston Castle]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=83000 English Heritage:Images of England, architectural description (1952) of listed building]
* ''Magna Britannia, Volume 5'' Derbyshire (1817) p. 142

==External links==
*[http://www.elvastoncastle.org.uk/ Save Elvaston Castle Campaign]
*[http://thistreebelongsto.wordpress.com/ This Tree Belongs To: Save Elvaston Castle]
*[http://www.elvaston-castle.co.uk/ Elvaston Castle by Highgate Sanctuary]
*[http://www.elvaston-pc.org.uk/ Elvaston Parish Council]

[[Category:Castles in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Country parks in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Gardens in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Buildings on the Buildings at Risk Register]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival architecture in England]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Houses in Derbyshire]]

Croxall Hall

2011-01-23T22:26:09Z

Plasticspork: Fix parameter typos

{{Infobox Historic building
|image=Croxall Hall.jpg
|caption=Croxall Hall
|name=Croxall Hall
|location_town=[[Staffordshire]]
|location_country=[[England]]
|architect=
|client=
|coordinates= {{coord|52.7213|-1.7103}}
|engineer=
|construction_start_date=
|completion_date=late 16th century
|date_demolished=
|cost=
|structural_system=
|style=

}}

'''Croxall Hall''' is a restored and extended 16th century [[manor house]] situated at Croxall, [[Staffordshire]] (close to the southeastern border with [[Derbyshire]] and historically part of it). It is a [[Grade II* listed building]].

The manor of Croxall was owned by the Derbyshire family of [[Kedleston Hall|Curzon]] and they rebuilt the old manor house in the late 16th century.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=9eIMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&dq=levett+nobility&source=bl&ots=qKDW6KliTP&sig=Ih7UjmmpPT1E0Cfo_ILEeeYerNQ&hl=en&ei=TusoSt6jO5zEtAPEpqHoCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6#PPA166,M1 The Old Halls, Manors and Families of Derbyshire, Vol. IV, Joseph Tilley, Printed by Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., Ltd., London, 1902]</ref> It was a substantial property, taxed in 1662 for [[Hearth Tax]] purposes as having sixteen hearths. The property passed to the Sackville family following the marriage of Mary Curzon, daughter and heiress of the last male Curzon of her branch of the family, to [[Edward Sackville, 4th Earl of Dorset]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=nfUGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=%22levett-prinsep%22&source=web&ots=haWpunA1LR&sig=4wJpAuUWwOdVjPu_JcWUb7a2RAU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#PPA24-IA6,M1 Mansions and Country Seats of Staffordshire and Warwickshire, Alfred Williams, Printed and Published by Frederic Williams, Lichfield, 1899]</ref>

In about 1779 the manor was sold by [[John Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset]] to [[John Prinsep]] a wealthy East India merchant and later [[Member of Parliament]]. His son Thomas Prinsep, ([[High Sheriff of Derbyshire]] in 1802), left the {{convert|1450|acre|ha|-2|adj=on}} estate to his nephew Thomas [[Levett]] of [[Wychnor Hall]] who thereupon changed his name to [[Thomas Levett-Prinsep]]. The property was damaged by fire in 1868, but was subsequently restored and extended by architect Joseph Potter of [[Lichfield]]. The Levett-Prinsep family later moved to [[Devon]] and sold the Croxall estate.

The house was again fire damaged in 1942 and the west wing was demolished.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=272781&resourceID=5 English Heritage; architectural description (1953) of listed building]
* ''History, Gazetteer and Directory of Derbyshire'' Samuel Bagshaw (1846) p 244 Google Books

[[Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:British architecture]]
[[Category:Houses in Staffordshire]]

Canada Life Building

2011-01-23T22:15:34Z

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{{Coord|43.651704|N|79.387497|W|region:CA-ON_type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Infobox skyscraper
| building_name = Canada Life Building
| image = [[Image:1Canada Life Building.jpg|center|275px|]]
| caption = The historic Canada Life Building, with a prominent [[weather beacon]] at its pinnacle, and the considerably taller [[CN Tower]] in the background to its left
| built = 1929-1931
| use = [[office]]
| location = 330 University Avenue, [[Toronto, Ontario]] {{CAN}}
| roof = {{convert|285|ft|m|sigfig=2}}
| top_floor =
| antenna_spire = {{convert|321|ft|m|1}}
| floor_count = 15
| floor_area =
| architect = Sprott & Rolph; Kuwabara Payne McKenna
| skyscraperpage_id = }}

The '''Canada Life Building''' is a historic office building in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]. The fifteen-floor [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux Arts]] building was built by [[Henry Sproatt|Sproatt & Rolph]] and stands at {{convert|285|ft|m|sigfig=2}}, {{convert|321|ft|m|1}} including its [[weather beacon]].

It is located at [[University Avenue (Toronto)|University]] and [[Queen Street West|Queen Street]] in the city's downtown. Work on the new headquarters of the [[Canada Life Assurance Company]] began in 1929 and it opened in 1931. It was the fourth building to serve as the headquarters of Canada Life, Canada's oldest, and at the time largest, insurance company. Previously it had been housed in offices at Bay and King Street.

The [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux Arts]] structure was the first of a series of planned structures along [[University Avenue (Toronto)|University Avenue]], but the [[Great Depression]] halted these plans. When it was completed it was one of the tallest buildings in Toronto. It remains one of the largest office buildings in Toronto with windows that can be opened by its occupants.

== Weather beacon ==

The building is perhaps best known for its [[weather beacon]], installed on August 9, 1951. The beacon flashes green for clear weather, red for cloudy, flashing red for rain, and white for snow. Lights affixed to the support tower indicate variations in temperature.

The beacon's colour-coded translations of weather information provide onlookers with "predictions at a glance". The information is updated four times daily, seven days a week, by [[Environment Canada]]'s Weather Centre at [[Pearson International Airport]].

[[File:Raising the last stone.jpg|thumb|right|250px|"Raising the last stone": The Canada Life building under construction in 1930]]

The beacon was the first of its kind to appear in Canada and was built at a cost of CAD$25,000. The top of the beacon tower stands {{convert|321|ft|m|1}} above University Avenue and, upon completion, measured third only to the [[Fairmont Royal York|Royal York Hotel]] and the {{convert|476|ft|m|1|adj=on}}, 34-storey [[Commerce Court|Canadian Bank of Commerce Building]] (the tallest in the British Commonwealth until 1962) as the tallest edifice peak in Toronto.<ref>[http://www.cibc.com/ca/inside-cibc/history/story-cibc-2.html History]</ref>

=== Weather beacon signal codes ===

The beacon's weather codes are updated four times daily:
* Steady green = fair weather
* Steady red = cloudy skies
* White flashes = scattered flurries
* Red flashes = rain
* Lights running up = rising temperatures
* Lights running down = falling temperatures
* Steady lights = steady temperature

== Canada Life Tower ==

Canada Life Tower is an addition to the building, built directly west of the original. It connects to the original building through an enclosed, [[Skyway|elevated walkway]]; it totals 16 floors and was designed by [[Bruce Kuwabara|Kuwabara Payne McKenna]]. It was completed in 2005.

== See also ==
{{Commons|:Category:Canada Life Building|Canada Life Building}}

*[[Canada Life Building, Montreal]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==

* [http://files.hainsworth.com/qtvr/canadalife/ Virtual tour] {{Dead link|date=November 2009}}
* [http://www.skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=2916 Canada Life on Skyscraper.com]
* [http://www.skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=4620 Canada Life Tower on Skyscraper.com]

{{Toronto skyscrapers}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Toronto]]
[[Category:Beaux-Arts architecture in Canada]]

Calke Abbey

2011-01-23T22:15:22Z

Plasticspork: Fix parameter typos

{{Infobox Historic building
|image=Calke Abbey house.jpg
|caption=Calke Abbey
|name=Calke Abbey
|location_town=[[Ticknall]], [[Derbyshire]]
|location_country=[[England]]
|architect=
|client=
|coordinates=
|engineer=
|construction_start_date=1701
|completion_date=1704
|date_demolished=
|cost=
|structural_system=
|style=

}}
'''Calke Abbey''' is a [[Grade I listed building|Grade I listed]] [[country house]] near [[Ticknall]], [[Derbyshire]], [[England]], in the care of the charitable [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]].<ref>[http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=82818&mode=quick Images of England, architectural description]</ref>

The site was an [[Augustinian]] [[priory]] from the 12th century until its [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|dissolution]] by [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]. The present building, named Calke Abbey in 1808, was never actually an [[abbey]], but is a [[Baroque]] mansion built between 1701 and 1704.

The house was owned by the [[Harpur Baronets|Harpur family]] for nearly 300 years until it was passed to the Trust in 1985 in lieu of [[Inheritance tax|death duties]]. Today, the house is open to the public and many of its rooms are deliberately displayed in the state of decline in which the house was handed to the Trust.

==History==
The estate was bought by the [[Harpur Baronets|Harpur family]] in 1622. They were baronets from 1626. The current house was rebuilt by the 4th baronet, [[Sir John Harpur]], between 1701 and 1704.<ref>http://bygonederbyshire.co.uk/articles/Calke_Abbey</ref> The 10th baronet, [[Sir Vauncey Harpur-Crewe, 10th Baronet|Sir Vauncey Harpur-Crewe]] was devoted to his collection of natural history specimens. When he died in 1924, his daughter, [[Hilda Mosely]], sold some of his collection of birds, butterflies and fishes to pay death duties. When she died in 1949 she was succeeded by her nephew, Charles Jenney who changed his name to [[Charles Harpur Crewe]] (born 1917). His sudden death in 1981 led to crippling [[Inheritance tax|death duties]] (£8m of an estate worth £14m) and the estate had to be handed over to the nation by his brother [[Henry Jenney Harper-Crewe|Henry]] (born 1921).<ref>http://www.savebritainsheritage.org/calke.htm</ref>

To the side of the house is a large quadrangle of buildings forming the old stable yard and farm, complete with old carriages & farm implements. The out buildings incorporate a brewhouse, that was linked to the main house by a tunnel.

==Present day==
Set in the midst of a [[Landscape garden|landscape park]], the National Trust presented Calke Abbey as an illustration of the English [[country house]] in decline. A massive amount of remedial work but no restoration has been done and interiors are almost as they were found in 1985 so the decay of the building and its interiors has been halted but not reversed. Before the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] work of the late 1980s everything had remained untouched since the 1880s. The Trust manages the surrounding landscape park with an eye to nature conservation. It contains such features as a [[walled garden]], with a flower garden and a former physic garden, now managed as a [[kitchen garden]].

Some years after Calke was handed over to the National Trust to settle death duties, an heir was discovered: Andrew Johnson, a distant cousin of the Harpur family. Johnson was a wealthy resident of Vermont and the owner of important stands of timber and of a lumber business,<ref>http://www.vermontlumber.com/history.php</ref> though the popular press in Britain referred to him as a "lumberjack".<ref>e.g. ''[[Daily Mail]]'' and ''[[Daily Mirror]]'', 7 May 1999</ref> Johnson was given the use of an apartment in the Abbey, which he and his family have used on occasional visits.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Calke Abbey front view.JPG|Main front
Image:Gardeners Bothy at Calke Abbey.JPG|The Gardeners' Bothy
Image:Walled garden at Calke Abbey.JPG|The Walled Garden and Head Gardener's House
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
*[http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-calkeabbey/ Calke Abbey information at National Trust]
*[http://youandyesterday.com/articles/Joining_the_gardeners_at_Calke_Abbey A National Trust volunteer gardenr's account of his time working at Calke, including meeting the Vermont heir]

{{Derbyshire Places of interest}}
{{coord|52|48|02|N|1|27|26|W|type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Gardens in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Augustinian monasteries in England]]
[[Category:Monasteries in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Houses in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:National Trust properties in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in Derbyshire]]

BOK Tower

2011-01-23T22:05:49Z

Plasticspork: Fix parameter typos

{{About|the Tulsa skyscraper|the famous "Singing Tower" in Florida|Bok Tower Gardens}}
{{Infobox skyscraper
| building_name = BOK Tower
| image = [[Image:The BOK Building.jpg|center|180px]]
| built = 1975
| use = [[office]]
| location = [[Tulsa]], [[Oklahoma]], [[USA]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|36.1550|-95.9903|type:landmark_region:US-OK|display=inline,title}}
| roof = 667 ft (203 m)
| floor_count = 52
| architect = Minoru Yamasaki & Associates
| skyscraperpage_id = 4625
}}

'''BOK Tower''', formerly One Williams Center, is a [[skyscraper]] in downtown [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]], [[Oklahoma]]. At 203 m (667 ft) in height, the 52-story tower is the tallest building in any of the five "Plains States": Oklahoma, [[Kansas]], [[Nebraska]], [[North Dakota]], and [[South Dakota]], as well as the surrounding states of [[Missouri]], [[Arkansas]] and [[New Mexico]].<ref name="Tallest Buildings by US State">{{cite web | date=2006-10-06 | url=http://www.allaboutskyscrapers.com/tallest_state.html| title= Tallest Buildings by US State | first=Richie | last=Gill | publisher=All About Skyscrapers| accessdate=2007-04-14 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070111140434/http://www.allaboutskyscrapers.com/tallest_state.html  |archivedate = 2007-01-11}}</ref> It was built in 1975 and designed by [[Minoru Yamasaki]] & Associates, the same architect who designed the [[World Trade Center]] in [[New York]]. This structure is very similar to the WTC towers in appearance and construction.<ref>{{cite news | first=Jonathan | last=Taylor | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=The Lost Twin: The Lone, Shrunken World Trade Center Tower in Oklahoma | date=November 2008 | publisher= | url =http://www.believermag.com/issues/200811/?read=article_taylor | work =[[The Believer (magazine)|The Believer]] | pages = | accessdate = 2010-04-20 | language = }}</ref> BOK Tower's lobby has marble walls and wall hangings which have a noted similarity to the decor in the former WTC.

The similarities between the BOK Tower and the World Trade Center Towers are based upon the building's history. The tower was built for the [[Williams Companies]], at the time of its construction the CEO of Williams (John Williams) was impressed by the Twin Towers in New York. His original idea was to build four small-scale replicas of the towers in Tulsa. However, prior to the actual construction, he was informed of the inefficiencies that would be created from having 25 story towers on the small footprints he had in mind with the required elevators. The plan for a quarter scale replica was then changed to a single tower a quarter the footprint of a trade center tower but double the height of the four planned towers.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}}

The construction of the BOK Tower is the same as was used for the Trade Center Towers.
As of August 2006 BOK Tower is undergoing $16 million in repairs and renovations.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?articleID=060819_Ne_A1_Whati65576 | title=Signature Skyline | last=Evatt | first=Robert | publisher=[[Tulsa World]] | date=2006-08-19 | accessdate=2007-09-19}}</ref> About $6 million is going toward renovated pedestrian bridges, granite coating for the base, new fitness centers, and windows. The remaining $10 million is being used to fix damage from a flood in December.

It is important to note, that the [[Devon Tower]] in [[Oklahoma City, OK]] currently under construction will be the tallest building in Oklahoma, surpassing Tulsa's BOK Tower.

==See also==
*[[List of tallest buildings by U.S. state]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tulsa skyscrapers}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[First Place Tower]]
| title=[[List of tallest buildings in Tulsa|Tallest Building in Tulsa]]
| years=1975—Present 203m
| after=None
}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:1975 architecture]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Tulsa, Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers between 200 and 249 meters]]
[[Category:Bank company headquarters in the United States]]

{{Oklahoma-struct-stub}}

[[cs:One Williams Center]]

The Concourse

2011-01-22T06:41:53Z

Plasticspork: Fix parameter typos

{{Infobox skyscraper
|building_name = The Concourse
|image = [[Image:The Concourse 3, Aug 07.JPG|200px]]

|location = [[Beach Road, Singapore|Beach Road]], [[Kallang]], [[Singapore]]
|coordinates = {{coord|1|18|03.8|N|103|51|43.8|E|region:SG-01_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|type = [[High-rise]]
|use = [[Commercial property|Commercial]] and [[Residential]]
|floor_count = 41
|status = Completed



|elevator_count =
|management = Hong Fok Land
|owner = Hong Fok Land
}}
'''The Concourse''' ({{zh|s=鸿福中心|t=鴻福中心|p=Hóngfú zhōngxīn}}) is a [[postmodern architecture|post-modern]] [[high-rise]] [[Commercial property|commercial]] and [[residential property|residential]] building on [[Beach Road, Singapore|Beach Road]] in [[Kallang]], [[Singapore]].

==History==
[[File:The Concourse at night.jpg|thumb|The Concourse, by [[Beach Road, Singapore|Beach Road]]]]
The Concourse is located in Singapore's "Golden Mile", which refers to the strip of land between [[Nicoll Highway]] and Beach Road. It was planned by the [[Singapore Government]] as a high-rise spine fronting [[Kallang Basin]]. The area used to be occupied by [[squatter]]s and small marine [[industries]].<ref name="Edwards">{{cite book|last1= Edwards|first1= Norman|last2= Keys|fist2= Peter|title= Singapore : a guide to buildings, streets, places|year= 1988|publisher= Times Books International|location= Singapore, Kuala Lumpur|isbn= 9789971652319|oclc= 19663390}}</ref>

[[File:Concourse Singapore2 courtesy copy.jpg|left|thumb|Early design for The Concourse, circa 1979–1981.]]
The Concourse's site was acquired in competition in the [[Urban Redevelopment Authority]]'s 8th Sales of Sites programme in 1979. The project commenced in 1981 as the '''Hong Fok Centre''' but [[construction]] stopped when [[Singapore's economy]] was hit by a [[recession]] in the mid-1980s.

In 1987, the [[architectural firm]] [[Architects 61]] and [[architect]] [[Paul Rudolph (architect)|Paul Rudolph]] re-designed the complex. They retained what was already constructed, and revamped the remainder in order to accommodate new [[Brief (architecture)|programmatic]] requirements.

Built at a cost of [[S$]]248.1 million and to a [[height]] of 175 metres (574 ft)<ref name="SkyscraperPage">{{cite web |url= http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b4789 |title= The Concourse |accessdate=2007-08-15 |format= |work= SkyscraperPage}}</ref> for its [[office]] [[tower]], The Concourse was completed on 5 February 1994.

==Architecture==
[[Image:The Concourse 5, Aug 07.JPG|thumb|right|250px|The Concourse's most prominent architectural feature is the [[aluminium]] [[curtain wall]] system incorporating inclined [[window]]s that form clusters of units.]]
The Concourse is a mixed-use development, comprising a 41-story office tower, a three-level [[retail]] [[podium]] and nine storeys of [[serviced apartment]]s. The three distinct components, with their different usage, have separate [[Door|entrance]]s. These overlook the traditional low-rise [[shophouse]]s and office blocks in the Beach Road area.

Paul Rudolph designed The Concourse as a "[[Tropical]] [[Skyscraper]]". His use of [[sun|solar]] [[shading]], wide [[Overhang (architecture)|overhang]]s, and [[communal]] [[garden]]s and external [[balconies]] has some similarities with the ideas advanced by [[Ken Yeang]] for the [[bioclimatic]] skyscraper. The [[correlation]] between [[wikt:form|form]] and [[Functionalism (architecture)|function]] arises out of Rudolph's grounding in [[modern architecture]], for he was taught by [[Walter Gropius]] at [[Harvard University]].

Approaching the [[Central Area, Singapore|city]] from [[Singapore Changi Airport]], The Concourse's tower stands out as a [[landmark]] because of its distinctive [[silhouette]] when viewed from across the [[Kallang Basin]]. The tower is [[octagon]]al in [[Plan view|plan]], as the number "[[8 (number)|8]]" for the octagon is associated with [[prosperity]] in [[Chinese culture]], and is typical of Paul Rudolph's buildings. It is also supported by huge [[pilotis]], which is another feature of Rudolph's earlier buildings in the [[United States]], such as the [[Yale Art and Architecture Building|Art and Architecture Building]] at [[Yale]] (1964), and also of [[The Colonnade, Singapore|The Colonnade]] in Singapore. The distinctive soaring effect of the tower is accentuated by these lofty [[column]]s on the first storey which also effectively elevate the building, but is mitigated by the [[facet]]ed [[façade]] of the serviced apartments and retail podium.

The Concourse's most prominent architectural feature is the [[aluminium]] [[curtain wall]] system incorporating inclined [[window]]s that form clusters of units. These interlocking clusters are stacked vertically, like [[dinner plate]]s, one above the other, [[rotating]] around the building.

A five-storey [[atrium (architecture)|atrium]] [[Lobby (room)|lobby]] greets visitors to The Concourse, and 14 sky-atria within the tower form [[Waiting room|reception]] lobbies for [[multinational corporation]]s and [[organisation]]s. The serviced apartment units in the lower block vary in size, and facilities include a [[swimming pool]], [[squash court]]s and a [[fitness centre]]. The apartments overlook Nicoll Highway and the [[Kallang River]] Basin. [[Retailing|Shop]]s are arranged around a three-storey sky-lit atrium in the retail podium.

Due to its unique and unconventional [[building design]], a [[scale model]] of The Concourse once went for an architectural [[art exhibition|exhibition]] tour around the world.<ref name="SG Infopedia">{{cite web |url= http://infopedia.nlb.gov.sg/articles/SIP_889_2004-12-23.html |title= Singapore Infopedia: Beach Road |accessdate=2007-08-16 |format= |work= [[National Library Board]]}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1= Wong|first1= Yunn Chii|last2= Tan|first2= Kok Hiang|last3= Siew|first3= Man Kok|last4= Low|first4= Chwee Lye|title= Singapore 1:1 - city : a gallery of architecture & urban design|year= 2005|publisher= [[Urban Redevelopment Authority]]|location= Singapore|isbn= 9789810544676|oclc= 62361690}}
*{{cite book|last1= Powell|first1= Robert|last2= Lim|first2= Albert K S|last3= Chee|first3= Li Lian|title= Singapore: Architecture of a Global City|year= 2000|publisher= Archipelago Press|location= Singapore|isbn= 9789814068055|oclc= 46686780}}
*{{cite book|last1= Powell|first1= Robert|last2= Bingham-Hall|first2= Patrick|title= Singapore Architecture|year= 2004|publisher= Periplus|location= Singapore|isbn= 9780794602321|oclc= 54536026}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.concourse.com.sg/ The Concourse]
*{{commons-inline|The Concourse}}

{{Singapore malls}}
{{Singapore skyscrapers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Concourse}}
[[Category:Skyscrapers in Singapore]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers between 150 and 199 meters]]
[[Category:Shopping malls in Singapore]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Singapore]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1994]]
[[Category:Kallang]]
[[Category:Office buildings in Singapore]]
[[Category:1990s architecture]]

Sheraton Centre Toronto Hotel

2011-01-22T06:39:18Z

Plasticspork: Fix parameter typos

{{Infobox skyscraper
|building_name = Sheraton Centre Toronto Hotel
|image = [[Image:Downtown toronto.jpg|175px]]
|caption =
|year_built = 1972
|year_end =
|location = 123 [[Queen Street West]] [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]
|height_meters = 135.0 m
|height_feet = 443 (roof)
|floor_count = 43
|construction_period = 1970-1972
|roof= 135.0 m (443 ft)
|floor_area=
|architect=
}}

The '''Sheraton Centre Toronto Hotel''' is the 33rd-tallest building in [[Toronto]],<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-03-13|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=sheratoncentrehotel-toronto-canada|title=Sheraton Centre Hotel |publisher=Emporis.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-03-13|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=1969|title=Sheraton Centre Hotel |publisher=SkyscraperPage.com }}</ref> and is the tallest all-hotel building in Toronto.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-12|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=sheratoncentrehotel-toronto-canada|title=Sheraton Centre Hotel |publisher=Emporis.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-12|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=1969|title=Sheraton Centre Hotel |publisher=SkyscraperPage.com }}</ref> When it opened in 1972 it was the second largest hotel in Toronto with 1,450 rooms, behind only the [[Fairmont Royal York|Royal York Hotel]]. The hotel was originally a joint venture with the [[Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts|Four Seasons]] chain, and was named the '''Four Seasons Sheraton Hotel.'''<ref>"Metro's Hotel Boom." ''Toronto Star.'' January 1, 1972.</ref> That connection was severed in 1976 when Four Seasons founder Issy Sharp sold his 49 percent share in the hotel..

==See also==
* [[Sheraton Hotels and Resorts]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Toronto]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|43|39|4.41|N|79|23|2.48|W|display=title}}

[[Category:Skyscrapers in Toronto]]
[[Category:Hotels in Toronto]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers between 100 and 149 meters]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1972]]
[[Category:Brutalist buildings in Canada]]

{{Ontario-struct-stub}}

The Concourse

2011-01-22T03:07:28Z

Plasticspork: Fix parameter typos

{{Infobox skyscraper
|building_name = The Concourse
|image = [[Image:The Concourse 3, Aug 07.JPG|200px]]

|location = [[Beach Road, Singapore|Beach Road]], [[Kallang]], [[Singapore]]
|coordinates = {{coord|1|18|03.8|N|103|51|43.8|E|region:SG-01_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|type = [[High-rise]]
|use = [[Commercial property|Commercial]] and [[Residential]]
|floor_count = 41
|status = Completed



|elevator_count =
|management = Hong Fok Land
|owner = Hong Fok Land
}}
'''The Concourse''' ({{zh|s=鸿福中心|t=鴻福中心|p=Hóngfú zhōngxīn}}) is a [[postmodern architecture|post-modern]] [[high-rise]] [[Commercial property|commercial]] and [[residential property|residential]] building on [[Beach Road, Singapore|Beach Road]] in [[Kallang]], [[Singapore]].

==History==
[[File:The Concourse at night.jpg|thumb|The Concourse, by [[Beach Road, Singapore|Beach Road]]]]
The Concourse is located in Singapore's "Golden Mile", which refers to the strip of land between [[Nicoll Highway]] and Beach Road. It was planned by the [[Singapore Government]] as a high-rise spine fronting [[Kallang Basin]]. The area used to be occupied by [[squatter]]s and small marine [[industries]].<ref name="Edwards">{{cite book|last1= Edwards|first1= Norman|last2= Keys|fist2= Peter|title= Singapore : a guide to buildings, streets, places|year= 1988|publisher= Times Books International|location= Singapore, Kuala Lumpur|isbn= 9789971652319|oclc= 19663390}}</ref>

[[File:Concourse Singapore2 courtesy copy.jpg|left|thumb|Early design for The Concourse, circa 1979–1981.]]
The Concourse's site was acquired in competition in the [[Urban Redevelopment Authority]]'s 8th Sales of Sites programme in 1979. The project commenced in 1981 as the '''Hong Fok Centre''' but [[construction]] stopped when [[Singapore's economy]] was hit by a [[recession]] in the mid-1980s.

In 1987, the [[architectural firm]] [[Architects 61]] and [[architect]] [[Paul Rudolph (architect)|Paul Rudolph]] re-designed the complex. They retained what was already constructed, and revamped the remainder in order to accommodate new [[Brief (architecture)|programmatic]] requirements.

Built at a cost of [[S$]]248.1 million and to a [[height]] of 175 metres (574 ft)<ref name="SkyscraperPage">{{cite web |url= http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b4789 |title= The Concourse |accessdate=2007-08-15 |format= |work= SkyscraperPage}}</ref> for its [[office]] [[tower]], The Concourse was completed on 5 February 1994.

==Architecture==
[[Image:The Concourse 5, Aug 07.JPG|thumb|right|250px|The Concourse's most prominent architectural feature is the [[aluminium]] [[curtain wall]] system incorporating inclined [[window]]s that form clusters of units.]]
The Concourse is a mixed-use development, comprising a 41-story office tower, a three-level [[retail]] [[podium]] and nine storeys of [[serviced apartment]]s. The three distinct components, with their different usage, have separate [[Door|entrance]]s. These overlook the traditional low-rise [[shophouse]]s and office blocks in the Beach Road area.

Paul Rudolph designed The Concourse as a "[[Tropical]] [[Skyscraper]]". His use of [[sun|solar]] [[shading]], wide [[Overhang (architecture)|overhang]]s, and [[communal]] [[garden]]s and external [[balconies]] has some similarities with the ideas advanced by [[Ken Yeang]] for the [[bioclimatic]] skyscraper. The [[correlation]] between [[wikt:form|form]] and [[Functionalism (architecture)|function]] arises out of Rudolph's grounding in [[modern architecture]], for he was taught by [[Walter Gropius]] at [[Harvard University]].

Approaching the [[Central Area, Singapore|city]] from [[Singapore Changi Airport]], The Concourse's tower stands out as a [[landmark]] because of its distinctive [[silhouette]] when viewed from across the [[Kallang Basin]]. The tower is [[octagon]]al in [[Plan view|plan]], as the number "[[8 (number)|8]]" for the octagon is associated with [[prosperity]] in [[Chinese culture]], and is typical of Paul Rudolph's buildings. It is also supported by huge [[pilotis]], which is another feature of Rudolph's earlier buildings in the [[United States]], such as the [[Yale Art and Architecture Building|Art and Architecture Building]] at [[Yale]] (1964), and also of [[The Colonnade, Singapore|The Colonnade]] in Singapore. The distinctive soaring effect of the tower is accentuated by these lofty [[column]]s on the first storey which also effectively elevate the building, but is mitigated by the [[facet]]ed [[façade]] of the serviced apartments and retail podium.

The Concourse's most prominent architectural feature is the [[aluminium]] [[curtain wall]] system incorporating inclined [[window]]s that form clusters of units. These interlocking clusters are stacked vertically, like [[dinner plate]]s, one above the other, [[rotating]] around the building.

A five-storey [[atrium (architecture)|atrium]] [[Lobby (room)|lobby]] greets visitors to The Concourse, and 14 sky-atria within the tower form [[Waiting room|reception]] lobbies for [[multinational corporation]]s and [[organisation]]s. The serviced apartment units in the lower block vary in size, and facilities include a [[swimming pool]], [[squash court]]s and a [[fitness centre]]. The apartments overlook Nicoll Highway and the [[Kallang River]] Basin. [[Retailing|Shop]]s are arranged around a three-storey sky-lit atrium in the retail podium.

Due to its unique and unconventional [[building design]], a [[scale model]] of The Concourse once went for an architectural [[art exhibition|exhibition]] tour around the world.<ref name="SG Infopedia">{{cite web |url= http://infopedia.nlb.gov.sg/articles/SIP_889_2004-12-23.html |title= Singapore Infopedia: Beach Road |accessdate=2007-08-16 |format= |work= [[National Library Board]]}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1= Wong|first1= Yunn Chii|last2= Tan|first2= Kok Hiang|last3= Siew|first3= Man Kok|last4= Low|first4= Chwee Lye|title= Singapore 1:1 - city : a gallery of architecture & urban design|year= 2005|publisher= [[Urban Redevelopment Authority]]|location= Singapore|isbn= 9789810544676|oclc= 62361690}}
*{{cite book|last1= Powell|first1= Robert|last2= Lim|first2= Albert K S|last3= Chee|first3= Li Lian|title= Singapore: Architecture of a Global City|year= 2000|publisher= Archipelago Press|location= Singapore|isbn= 9789814068055|oclc= 46686780}}
*{{cite book|last1= Powell|first1= Robert|last2= Bingham-Hall|first2= Patrick|title= Singapore Architecture|year= 2004|publisher= Periplus|location= Singapore|isbn= 9780794602321|oclc= 54536026}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.concourse.com.sg/ The Concourse]
*{{commons-inline|The Concourse}}

{{Singapore malls}}
{{Singapore skyscrapers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Concourse}}
[[Category:Skyscrapers in Singapore]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers between 150 and 199 meters]]
[[Category:Shopping malls in Singapore]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Singapore]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1994]]
[[Category:Kallang]]
[[Category:Office buildings in Singapore]]
[[Category:1990s architecture]]

Minto Midtown

2011-01-22T02:50:43Z

Plasticspork: Fix parameter typos

{{Infobox skyscraper
|building_name = Minto Midtown
|image = [[Image:Minto Midtown.JPG|200 px]]
|caption =
|antenna_spire =
|location =
|roof = 118 m (387 ft) (Quantum)160 m (525 ft) (Quantum 2)
|floor_count = 37 (Quantum) 54 (Quantum 2)
|est_completion =
|floor_area =
|developer = [[Minto Developments Inc.]]
|architect = [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]]
|contractor =
|use = [[Residential]]
|status = Complete
}}

The '''Minto Midtown''' is a residential complex on [[Yonge Street]] in [[Toronto]] near [[Yonge and Eglinton]]. The complex consists of two towers, the Quantum and the Quantum 2. It has been developed by [[Minto Developments Inc.]]

Quantum is 37 stories tall with a total structural height of 118 m (387 ft)and was completed in 2007. Quantum 2 is 54 stories tall with a total structural height of 160 m (525 ft). It was completed in 2009. The complex was designed by [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]]

The construction of the towers, the tallest in the neighbourhood was controversial. Minto reached an agreement with city council, after reducing the height by several stories. The buildings still sparked strong response from a community group named the North Toronto Tenants Network, who appealed the decision to the [[Ontario Municipal Board]]. The OMB ruled in favour of Minto. The debate over the towers proved central in the [[Toronto municipal election, 2003|2003 municipal election]]. Incumbent city councillor [[Anne Johnston]] had helped broker the compromise that approved the towers. She was opposed by [[Karen Stintz]], who took a strong stand against the development and intensification. In a result that surprised many, long time incumbent Johnston lost by 2,321 votes.

== See also ==
* [[List of tallest buildings in Toronto]]

==External links==
*[http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/cx/?id=106753 Minto Midtown - Emporis]
*[http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=quantum-toronto-canada Quantum - Emporis]
*[http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=quantum2-toronto-canada Quantum 2 - Emporis]

{{coord|43.705454|N|79.397593|W|region:CA-ON_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Postmodern architecture in Canada]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers in Toronto]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 2007]]
[[Category:Twin towers]]

[[fr:Quantum 2]]

Maple Leaf Square

2011-01-22T02:49:08Z

Plasticspork: Fix parameter typos

{{update|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox skyscraper
| building_name = Maple Leaf Square
| image = [[File:Maple Leaf Square.jpg|200px]]
| built =
| status = ((nearly complete))
| use = Hotel, Condominium, Office, Retail
| location = 15 York St. [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]
| floor_count = 54 (topped out)
| est_completion = 2010
| roof = 186.0 m (610.2 ft)
| floor_area =
| unit_count = 872
| elevator_count =
| architect = Kuwabara Payne McKenna Blumberg Architects with Page & Steele Architects
| contractor = [[PCL Construction]]<ref name="PCL">[http://www.dailycommercialnews.com/article/id32854 - Construction Update]</ref>
}}
'''Maple Leaf Square''' has a twin tower condominium called [http://www.mapleleafsquarecondos.com Maple Leaf Square Condos], a hotel, office and retail complex currently under construction to the west of the [[Air Canada Centre]] in [[Downtown Toronto|Downtown]] [[Toronto]]. It is jointly developed by [[Cadillac Fairview]], [[Lanterra]] and [[Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment]] (MLSE), the parent company of the [[NHL]]'s [[Toronto Maple Leafs]], the [[NBA]]'s [[Toronto Raptors]], [[Toronto FC]] (of [[Major League Soccer]]), the [[American Hockey League|AHL]]'s [[Toronto Marlies]], [[Leafs TV]] and [[NBA TV Canada]].

Plans for the $500 million development were unveiled in 2005, with an expected completion in 2009. However, as of June 2008, the completion estimate was spring 2010.<ref name="June08 Update">[http://www.theaircanadacentre.com/news.asp?story_id=345 Maple Leaf Square Update | June 9, 2008]</ref> The finished complex will have {{convert|1800000|sqft|m2}} of usable space covering {{convert|2.1|acre|m2}} on one city block.<ref name="June08 Update"/>

According to MLSE (though others sources cite slightly different figures), the two glass and [[precast concrete]] towers will be 65 stories, containing 872 residential units, a 169-room Hotel LeGermain Boutique [[Hotel]], {{convert|230000|sqft|m2}} of office space, {{convert|110000|sqft|m2}} of retail space, a {{convert|7000|sqft|m2|sing=on}} daycare centre, a High-Definition theatre that will broadcast Leafs TV and Raptors NBA TV 24-hours a day, and four levels of underground [[parking]] with nearly 900 spaces. The retail complex will include a [[Longo's]] grocery, a {{convert|24000|sqft|m2|sing=on}} [[sports bar]], a sports retail store, and a fine dining restaurant.<ref name="June08 Update"/> For residents, there will be a [[Roof garden|rooftop garden]] and [[swimming pool]].

The building will be surrounded by an outdoor plaza with a capacity of 5,000 people, which is expected to host pre-game gatherings and other sports-related events.<ref name="GlobeRenos">{{cite news|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/ArticleNews/freeheadlines/LAC/20080910/ACC10/sports/Sports |title=ACC could look better than Leafs this season |author=Shoalts, David |date=2008-09-10|accessdate=2008-09-12|work=Globe & Mail}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> In conjunction with the project, the Air Canada Centre itself is undergoing some renovations itself, expected to be complete before the hockey season begins in September 2009.<ref name="GlobeRenos"/> The renovations include {{convert|20000|sqft|m2|sing=on}} atrium addition to the west side of the arena which will abut the plaza. The outside wall of the atrium will feature a 50 by {{convert|80|ft|m|sing=on}} video screen overlooking the plaza which was inspired by similar plazas at [[L.A. Live]] in [[Los Angeles]], and [[American Airlines Center#Architecture|Victory Park]] in [[Dallas]].<ref name="GlobeRenos"/>

==Sustainable Design==
The development is aiming to achieve LEED ([[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design]]) Silver status for the project's environmental sustainability. The LEED rating system recognizes leading-edge buildings that incorporate design, construction and operational practices that combine healthy, high-quality and high-performance advantages with reduced environmental impacts.<ref name="LEED">[http://www.cagbc.org/leed/leed_projects/registered_projects/building_registrations11119.php - LEED Silver]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Image:TorontoPano.jpg||centre|800px|thumb|'''Maple Leaf Square topped out in Spring 2010''']]

==External links==
* http://www.mapleleafsquarecondos.com/
* http://www.flickr.com/photos/st-even/3876914384/
* http://www.emporis.com/fr/il/pc?id=233360&aid=19&sro=1&yr=2009&mt=
* http://canada.pcl.com/projects/Active/0900350/photo_gallery.aspx

{{Toronto skyscrapers}}

[[Category:PATH (Toronto)]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Toronto]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers in Toronto]]
[[Category:Entertainment districts]]
[[Category:Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design basic silver certified buildings]]
[[Category:Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design certified buildings]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers between 150 and 199 meters]]
[[Category:2005 architecture]]
[[Category:Construction projects in Canada]]

Hudson’s Bay Centre

2011-01-22T02:42:15Z

Plasticspork: Fix parameter typos

{{Infobox skyscraper
|building_name = Hudson's Bay Centre
|image = [[Image:HBC Tower.JPG|200px]]
|caption = The Hudson's Bay Centre in [[Toronto]]
|year_built = 1974
|year_end = 1974
|location =
|height_meters = 135
|height_feet = 443
|floor_count = 35
|construction_period = 1972-1974
|roof= 135.0 m (443 ft)
|floor_area= 535,000 sq ft
|architect=
}}

'''Hudson's Bay Centre''' is an [[International style (architecture)|International style]] office [[skyscraper]] in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]. .

==History==
Completed in 1974, it stands at 35 floors at 135 metres in height. The Bay department store still anchors the site. [[Brookfield Properties]] owns and operates the centre located in the heart of the city at the intersection of [[Bloor Street]] and [[Yonge Street]] also known as the business and pleasure area of midtown Toronto.

==About==
The Hudson's Bay Centre comprises a {{convert|535000|sqft|m2|-2|sing=on}} office tower at 2 Bloor Street East at the corner of Yonge and Bloor. Along with [[The Bay]] department store, the complex includes the [[Marriott Hotel]], RBC Royal Bank, apartments, condominiums, and an extensive retail concourse with over 45 specialty shops, boutiques, services and eateries. The building is connected to the [[Bloor-Yonge (TTC)|Bloor-Yonge]] subway station, the [[Toronto Transit Commission|TTC's]] major east-west/north-south transfer point.

The centre has 1,200 spots for cars in its underground and aboveground Parking. The building has multiple entrances located on Yonge, Bloor Streets, Park Road and Asquith Avenue. It is surrounded by several parks and [[Yorkville,_Toronto|Yorkville]] neighborhood, known for its shopping.

==External links==
* [http://www.skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=2118 HBC Profile]
* [http://www.hudsonsbaycentre.com Hudson's Bay Centre]
{{Toronto skyscrapers}}
{{coord|43.670724|N|79.386606|W|region:CA-ON_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:1974 architecture]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers in Toronto]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers between 100 and 149 meters]]
[[Category:Modernist architecture in Canada]]
[[Category:Hudson's Bay Company]]

20 Fenchurch Street

2011-01-22T02:12:24Z

Plasticspork: Fix parameter typos

{{Infobox skyscraper
|building_name= 20 Fenchurch Street
|image=
|status= Under Construction
|caption= Rendering
|previous_building=20 Fenchurch Street
|surpassed_by_building=
|year_highest=
|year_end=
|location= 20 Fenchurch Street, [[London]], [[United Kingdom|UK]]
|roof= {{convert|160|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|height_stories= 36
|construction_period= 2009 - 2014
|floor_area=
|architect= [[Rafael Viñoly]]
|developer= [[Land Securities]]
|engineer=
|contractor =
}}

'''20 Fenchurch Street''' is a 160 metre, 36-storey [[skyscraper]] currently under construction in the [[City of London]]. It has been nicknamed ''The Walkie Talkie''. Costing over £200m, it is designed by the Uruguayan born architect [[Rafael Viñoly]] and will feature a highly distinctive, top-heavy form which appears to burst upward and outward. Opinions on the tower's design appear to be greatly polarised.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

A large viewing deck and sky gardens will be included on the top floor. These will be open to the public.

The tower was originally proposed at nearly 200 metres tall, but was scaled down after concerns about its impact on [[St Paul's Cathedral]]. It was subsequently approved in November 2006. Even after this reduction, however, there were continued concerns from heritage groups about its impact on the surrounding area. The project subsequently went to a [[public inquiry]]. In July 2007, this ruled in the developers' favour, and the tower was granted full planning permission.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Land Securities | title = LAND SECURITIES’ 20 FENCHURCH STREET TOWER APPROVED | publisher = http://www.landsecurities.com | month = July | year = 2007 | url = http://www.landsecurities.com/websitefiles/20%20FS%20Final%2010%20July%202007.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2007-07-10 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070928090337/http://www.landsecurities.com/websitefiles/20+FS+Final+10+July+2007.pdf |archivedate = 28 September 2007}}</ref>

In their preliminary results for 2007, Land Securities confirmed the new tower would be completed in 2011, however by the time of their Annual Report 2009, this date was pushed back to 2014.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Land Securities | title = Land Securities Group PLC Preliminary results for the year ended 31 March 2007 | publisher = http://www.landsecurities.com | month = May | year = 2007 | url = http://www.landsecurities.com/websitefiles/Preliminary%20announcement%20160507.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2007-05-31 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070928090315/http://www.landsecurities.com/websitefiles/Preliminary+announcement+160507.pdf |archivedate = 28 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last = Land Securities | title = Land Securities Annual Report for the year ended 31 March 2009 | publisher = http://www.landsecurities.com | month = March | year = 2009 | url = http://annualreport2009.landsecurities.com/media/2491/Land_Securities_AR09_Complete.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2009-10-30}}</ref>

==The old building==

{{Infobox building
| image = [[Image:20 Fenchurch Street.JPG|150px|center|20 Fenchurch Street, seen from [[Monument to the Great Fire of London]]]]
| caption = The now demolished 20 Fenchurch Street as seen from [[Monument to the Great Fire of London]]
|location=20 Fenchurch Street, [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
|height=91 m (299 ft)
| floor_count = 34
| completion_date = 1968
| demolition_date = 2008
| emporis_id =
| architect = [[William H. Rogers]]
| main_contractor = [[Land Securities]]
}}

It was 91 m (299 ft) tall with 25 storeys and was built in 1968 by [[Land Securities]]. The architect was [[William H. Rogers]].<ref>{{Cite web| last = Times Online | title = William Rogers: architect of groundbreaking office towers | publisher = http://www.timesonline.co.uk | month = September | year = 2008 | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article4753303.ece | accessdate = 2008-09-16 | location=London}}</ref>

The building was formerly occupied by [[Dresdner Kleinwort]], and was notable for being one of the first tall buildings in the [[City of London|Square Mile]], and for its distinctive roof. It was one of the towers nearest to the [[River Thames]] when viewed from the southern end of [[London Bridge]].

In 2007, one of the upper floors was used in the BBC drama series, [[Party Animals (TV series)|Party Animals]].

==Demolition==
Demolition of the old building is now complete. Despite the top-down method of construction, the old building was not demolished from the bottom up, as a temporary structure was built, allowing Keltbray, the demolition contractor, to demolish the building from the top down.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Skyscrapernews.com | title = London Demolition Derby | publisher = http://skyscrapernews.com | month = August | year = 2007 | url = http://www.skyscrapernews.com/news.php?ref=1063 | accessdate = 2007-08-10}}</ref>

==Construction==
In January 2009, piling began on site, which meant the start of construction.

Piling and ground works were completed in June 2009 and after a period of inactivity the raising of the tower is set to kick start at the end of October 2010.<ref>http://www.bdonline.co.uk/news/uk/construction-to-start-immediately-on-vi%C3%B1olys-walkie-talkie/5007523.article</ref>

==See also==
* [[City of London#Landmarks]]
* [[30 St Mary Axe]], more popularly known as ''The Gherkin''
* [[Plantation Place]], a neighbouring office building
* [[St Margaret Pattens]], a neighbouring 17th century church
* [[Tower 42]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.20fenchurchstreet.co.uk/ The official website]
* [http://www.communities.gov.uk/pub/805/Siteat20FenchurchStreet1415PhilpotLane10RoodLane3335Eastcheapandpartofbasementan_id1511805.pdf Planning report]
{{Coord|51|30|41|N|0|05|01|W|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}

{{UKSkyscrapers |P/UC}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1968]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers in the City of London]]
[[Category:Rafael Viñoly buildings]]

100 North Main Street

2011-01-22T02:08:16Z

Plasticspork: Fix parameter typos

:''For the building in Memphis, Tennessee, see [[100 North Main]].''
{{Infobox skyscraper
|building_name= 100 North Main Street
|image= [[Image:Wachovia_Center_Skyscraper.jpg|200px]]
|caption= 100 North Main Street from below
|preceded=
|surpassed= [[Winston Tower]]
|year_highest=
|year_end=
|plural=
|location= 100 N. Main Street [[Winston-Salem, North Carolina]]
|coordinates = {{coord|36.0999|-80.2442}}
|status=
|groundbreaking=
|constructed= 1995
|est_completion=
|opening=
|destroyed=
|use= office
|antenna_spire=
|roof= {{convert|140.21|m|0|ft|abbrv=on}}
|top_floor=
|floor_count= 34
|floor_area=
|elevator_count=
|cost=
|architect= [[César Pelli]]
|engineer=
|contractor=
|developer=
|owner= SL Winston-Salem LLC
}}
'''100 North Main Street'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=123886|title=100 North Main Street|accessdate=2009-12-03|publisher=emporis.com}}</ref><ref name=tcp>{{cite web|url=http://www.triadcommercial.com/property.cfm?pid=143&rpg=cHJvcGVydHktc2VhcmNoLmNmbT9jaXR5PVdpbnN0b24tU2FsZW0mYWRkcmVzcz0xMDAmbWluaW11bVNGPSZtYXhpbXVtU0Y9JnByb3BlcnR5U3RhdHVzPSZhY3Rpb249c2ltcGxlU2VhcmNo|title=Properties: 100 N. Main Street|accessdate=2009-12-03|publisher=Triad Commercial Properties}}</ref> is a [[Postmodern architecture|postmodern]], 460-foot (140 m), 34-floor office [[skyscraper]] in [[Winston-Salem, North Carolina|Winston-Salem]], [[North Carolina]], [[USA]]. Originally named Wachovia Center, the building served as the corporate headquarters of [[Wachovia]] bank from 1995, the year of the tower's construction, to 2001, the year the [[corporation]] merged with [[First Union]] and moved its headquarters to [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]. It is the tallest building in the [[Piedmont Triad]] region and was the tallest in the [[Carolinas]] outside of Charlotte until 2008, when the [[RBC Plaza]] was completed in [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]].

The building was designed by [[Petronas Towers]] architect [[César Pelli]] and features [[Moravian Church|Moravian]] architectural themes, which are widely found in Winston-Salem. Notable aspects include the [[Moravian arch]], which was used in the dome's design, and the [[Moravian star]], which was used on the lobby's mosaics. Pelli said the tower design resembled a [[rosebud]] about to bloom. It is sheathed in Olympia white [[granite]] and is the only granite-domed skyscraper in the world. The granite comes from a single [[quarry]] in [[Sardinia]]. The dome rises 59 feet and houses mechanical equipment. The gardens around the site were designed by Cesar Pelli's wife Diana Balmori, a [[landscape architect]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=123886|title=Wachovia Center|accessdate=2008-07-10|publisher=emporis.com}}</ref>

==History==
The building was built for Wachovia bank to replace the nearby Wachovia Building (which was renamed [[Winston Tower]]) as the corporation's world headquarters. Wachovia Center, as the tower was originally named, surpassed Winston Tower as Winston-Salem's tallest building and remained Wachovia's corporate headquarters from its completion date in 1995 to 2001, when Wachovia merged with [[First Union]]. Once the merger was finalized, the corporation, which retained the Wachovia name, decided to locate its headquarters at [[One Wells Fargo Center|One Wachovia Center]] in Charlotte, North Carolina. Wachovia subsequently sold Wachovia Center to American Financial Realty Trust in May 2004 for $39.6 million as part of a $546 million deal which included 150 bank properties.<ref name=ambuy>{{cite web|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/banking-finance/banking-finance-overview/11883030-1.html|title=Sold! Investors take chance on Wachovia Center|author=Richard Craver|date=November 16, 2008|accessdate=2009-12-03|publisher=Winston-Salem Journal}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Wachovia bank continued to lease space in the tower, mostly for offices of its [[wealth management]] division. On April 1, 2008, American Financial was bought by [[Gramercy Capital]], which assumed ownership of the building. Gramercy then sold the property to the current owner, SL Winston-Salem LLC, on October 23, 2008 for $36 million.<ref name=ambuy /> Triad Commercial Properties, which was hired to sell vacant space in the tower, promotes the building as 100 North Main Street, the building's formal address, dropping the Wachovia Center name.

Wachovia, which as of 2009 leases seventeen floors of 100 North Main Street, was purchased by [[Wells Fargo]] on December 31, 2008 and continues to operate as a wholly owned subsidiary of Wells Fargo. It is uncertain whether Wells Fargo will elect to continue to lease space in the tower in near future, but Bobby Finch, 100 North Main Street's leasing handler, hopes "that the low cost of the lease will be attractive and compelling to Wells Fargo as it evaluates the Winston-Salem and Charlotte operations it is taking over from Wachovia."<ref name=ambuy />

==See also==
[[File:100 North Main Street, top.jpg|250px|thumb|Upper section of 100 North Main Street]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Winston-Salem]]
* [[Wachovia (disambiguation)]]
* [[Winston Tower]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Skyscrapers between 100 and 149 meters]]
[[Category:César Pelli buildings]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers in Winston-Salem, North Carolina]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1995]]
[[Category:Office buildings in North Carolina]]

100 North Main Street

2011-01-21T06:52:42Z

Plasticspork: Fix parameter typos

:''For the building in Memphis, Tennessee, see [[100 North Main]].''
{{Infobox skyscraper
|building_name= 100 North Main Street
|image= [[Image:Wachovia_Center_Skyscraper.jpg|200px]]
|caption= 100 North Main Street from below
|preceded=
|year_built=
|surpassed= [[Winston Tower]]
|year_highest=
|year_end=
|plural=
|location= 100 N. Main Street [[Winston-Salem, North Carolina]]
|coordinates = {{coord|36.0999|-80.2442}}
|status=
|groundbreaking=
|constructed= 1995
|est_completion=
|opening=
|destroyed=
|use= office
|antenna_spire=
|roof= {{convert|140.21|m|0|ft|abbrv=on}}
|top_floor=
|floor_count= 34
|floor_area=
|elevator_count=
|cost=
|architect= [[César Pelli]]
|engineer=
|contractor=
|developer=
|owner= SL Winston-Salem LLC
}}
'''100 North Main Street'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=123886|title=100 North Main Street|accessdate=2009-12-03|publisher=emporis.com}}</ref><ref name=tcp>{{cite web|url=http://www.triadcommercial.com/property.cfm?pid=143&rpg=cHJvcGVydHktc2VhcmNoLmNmbT9jaXR5PVdpbnN0b24tU2FsZW0mYWRkcmVzcz0xMDAmbWluaW11bVNGPSZtYXhpbXVtU0Y9JnByb3BlcnR5U3RhdHVzPSZhY3Rpb249c2ltcGxlU2VhcmNo|title=Properties: 100 N. Main Street|accessdate=2009-12-03|publisher=Triad Commercial Properties}}</ref> is a [[Postmodern architecture|postmodern]], 460-foot (140 m), 34-floor office [[skyscraper]] in [[Winston-Salem, North Carolina|Winston-Salem]], [[North Carolina]], [[USA]]. Originally named Wachovia Center, the building served as the corporate headquarters of [[Wachovia]] bank from 1995, the year of the tower's construction, to 2001, the year the [[corporation]] merged with [[First Union]] and moved its headquarters to [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]. It is the tallest building in the [[Piedmont Triad]] region and was the tallest in the [[Carolinas]] outside of Charlotte until 2008, when the [[RBC Plaza]] was completed in [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]].

The building was designed by [[Petronas Towers]] architect [[César Pelli]] and features [[Moravian Church|Moravian]] architectural themes, which are widely found in Winston-Salem. Notable aspects include the [[Moravian arch]], which was used in the dome's design, and the [[Moravian star]], which was used on the lobby's mosaics. Pelli said the tower design resembled a [[rosebud]] about to bloom. It is sheathed in Olympia white [[granite]] and is the only granite-domed skyscraper in the world. The granite comes from a single [[quarry]] in [[Sardinia]]. The dome rises 59 feet and houses mechanical equipment. The gardens around the site were designed by Cesar Pelli's wife Diana Balmori, a [[landscape architect]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=123886|title=Wachovia Center|accessdate=2008-07-10|publisher=emporis.com}}</ref>

==History==
The building was built for Wachovia bank to replace the nearby Wachovia Building (which was renamed [[Winston Tower]]) as the corporation's world headquarters. Wachovia Center, as the tower was originally named, surpassed Winston Tower as Winston-Salem's tallest building and remained Wachovia's corporate headquarters from its completion date in 1995 to 2001, when Wachovia merged with [[First Union]]. Once the merger was finalized, the corporation, which retained the Wachovia name, decided to locate its headquarters at [[One Wells Fargo Center|One Wachovia Center]] in Charlotte, North Carolina. Wachovia subsequently sold Wachovia Center to American Financial Realty Trust in May 2004 for $39.6 million as part of a $546 million deal which included 150 bank properties.<ref name=ambuy>{{cite web|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/banking-finance/banking-finance-overview/11883030-1.html|title=Sold! Investors take chance on Wachovia Center|author=Richard Craver|date=November 16, 2008|accessdate=2009-12-03|publisher=Winston-Salem Journal}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Wachovia bank continued to lease space in the tower, mostly for offices of its [[wealth management]] division. On April 1, 2008, American Financial was bought by [[Gramercy Capital]], which assumed ownership of the building. Gramercy then sold the property to the current owner, SL Winston-Salem LLC, on October 23, 2008 for $36 million.<ref name=ambuy /> Triad Commercial Properties, which was hired to sell vacant space in the tower, promotes the building as 100 North Main Street, the building's formal address, dropping the Wachovia Center name.

Wachovia, which as of 2009 leases seventeen floors of 100 North Main Street, was purchased by [[Wells Fargo]] on December 31, 2008 and continues to operate as a wholly owned subsidiary of Wells Fargo. It is uncertain whether Wells Fargo will elect to continue to lease space in the tower in near future, but Bobby Finch, 100 North Main Street's leasing handler, hopes "that the low cost of the lease will be attractive and compelling to Wells Fargo as it evaluates the Winston-Salem and Charlotte operations it is taking over from Wachovia."<ref name=ambuy />

==See also==
[[File:100 North Main Street, top.jpg|250px|thumb|Upper section of 100 North Main Street]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Winston-Salem]]
* [[Wachovia (disambiguation)]]
* [[Winston Tower]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Skyscrapers between 100 and 149 meters]]
[[Category:César Pelli buildings]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers in Winston-Salem, North Carolina]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1995]]
[[Category:Office buildings in North Carolina]]

Xá-Lợi-Pagode

2011-01-19T02:46:30Z

Plasticspork: Expand infobox with important fields for forthcoming additions

{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Xa Loi Pagoda
| image = ChuaXaLoi001.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| pushpin_map = Vietnam
| map_caption = Location in Vietnam
| latd = 10.777973
| longd = 106.686591
| coordinates_region = VN
| coordinates_display= title
| other_names =
| proper_name = Chùa Xá Lợi
| devanagari =
| sanskrit_translit =
| tamil =
| marathi =
| bengali =
| country = [[Vietnam]]
| province = Ho Chi Minh
| district =
| location = [[Ho Chi Minh City]]
| elevation_m =
| primary_deity = [[Buddha]]
| important_festivals=
| architecture = Vietnamese Pagoda
| number_of_temples =
| number_of_monuments=
| inscriptions =
| date_built = 1956
| creator =
| website =
}}
The '''Xá Lợi Pagoda''' ({{lang-vi|Chùa Xá Lợi}}; [[Hán tự]]: [[wikt:舍|舍]][[wikt:利|利]][[wikt:寺|寺]]) is the largest pagoda in [[Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Vietnam]]. It was built in 1956 and was the headquarters of [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]] in [[South Vietnam]]. The pagoda is located at 89 Bà Huyện Thanh Quan Street in [[District 3, Ho Chi Minh City]] and lies on a plot of 2500 square metres. The name ''Xá Lợi'' is the [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] translation for ''[[sarira]]'', a term used for relics of Buddhists.

The pagoda is most well-known abroad for the [[Xa Loi Pagoda raids|Xá Lợi Pagoda raids]], in which the [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces]] loyal to [[Ngo Dinh Nhu|Ngô Đình Nhu]], the brother of the Roman Catholic President [[Ngô Đình Diệm]], raided and vandalised the pagodas on August 21, 1963.

==History==
===Construction===
Construction began on August 5, 1956, according to the plans drawn up by the architects [[Tran Van Duong|Trần Văn Đường]] and [[Do Ba Vinh|Đỗ Bá Vinh]], while the directing engineers were [[Du Ngoc Anh|Dư Ngọc Ánh]] and [[Ho To Thuan|Hồ Tố Thuận]]. The pagoda was opened on May 2, 1958, by the Most Venerable Thich Khanh Anh.<ref name="prof">{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhismtoday.com/viet/pgvn/chua/chuaxaloi.htm |language=Vietnamese |title=
CHÙA XÁ LỢI:TRUYỀN THỐNG & ĐẶC ĐIỂM VĂN HÓA|author=Thích Đồng Bổn |publisher=[[Buddhism Today]] |date=2001-06-28 |accessdate=2008-02-04}}</ref> The pagoda was built to enshrine a sample of the [[sarira|relics]] of [[Gautama Buddha]], giving its name.<ref name="prof"/>

===Protests and raids in 1963===
{{main|Xa Loi Pagoda raids}}
{{seealso|Hue Vesak shootings}}
South Vietnam's Buddhist majority had long been discontented with the strong favouritism shown by Diệm towards his fellow Roman Catholics. Discontent with Diệm and Nhu exploded into mass protest during the summer of 1963 when nine [[Buddhist]]s died at the hand of Diệm's army and police on [[Vesak]], the birthday of [[Gautama Buddha]]. In May 1963, a law against the flying of religious flags was selectively invoked; the [[Buddhist flag]] was banned from display on [[Vesak]] while the [[Vatican flag]] was displayed to celebrate the anniversary of the consecration of Archbishop [[Ngo Dinh Thuc]], Diệm's brother. The Buddhists defied the ban and a protest was ended when government forces opened fire. With Diệm remaining intransigent in the face of escalating Buddhist demands for religious equality, sections of society began calling for his removal from power. The protests were orchestrated from within Xá Lợi, where thousands of monks arrived from across South Vietnam to organise demonstrations, hunger strikes, organise media releases and print pamphlets. The government of Diệm was unable to break the protestors, and demonstrations increased throughout the summer.<ref>Jacobs, pp. 130 140.</ref>

However, the movement was broken with a series of raids on pagodas and monasteries across South Vietnam. Squads of Special Forces, led by [[Le Quang Tung]] and combat police flattened the gates and smashed their way into the pagoda at around 00:20 on August 21, 1963, as Xá Lợi's brass gong was clanged as a warning signal of the attack. Nhu's men were armed with pistols, submachine guns, carbines, shotguns, grenades and tear gas. The red bereted Special Forces were joined by truckloads of steel-helmeted combat police in army camouflage uniforms.<ref>Jones, p. 297.</ref> Monks and nuns who barricaded themselves behind wooden shields were attacked with rifle butts and bayonets. The gong of the pagoda was drowned out by the burst of automatic weapons fire, the sound of exploding grenades, shattering glass and human screaming.<ref>Jacobs, p. 153.</ref> One monk was thrown from the balcony down to the courtyard 6 meters below. Nhu's men vandalized the main altar and managed to confiscate the intact charred heart of [[Thich Quang Duc]], the monk who had self-immolated in protest against the policies of the regime. The Buddhists managed to escape with a receptacle with the remainder of his ashes. Two monks jumped the back wall of the pagoda into the grounds of the adjoining US Aid Mission, where they were given asylum.<ref name="time"/> Thich Tinh Khiet, the 80 year old Buddhist patriarch of Vietnam, was seized and taken to a military hospital on the outskirts of [[Saigon]].<ref>Hammer, p. 168.</ref> The commander of the III Corps of the [[ARVN]], General [[Ton That Dinh]], soon announced military control over Saigon, canceling all commercial flights into the city and instituting press censorship.<ref name="time">{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940704-1,00.html |title=The Crackdown |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |date=August 30, 1963 |accessdate=2007-08-18}}</ref><ref>Jones, p. 298.</ref> Across the country, hundreds were estimated to have died or vanished, and more than one thousand monks were incarcerated.

===Administrative function===
Xá Lợi Pagoda served as the headquarters of the Vietnamese Buddhist Association until 1981, and as its second office until May 1993.<ref name="prof"/>

==Site==
[[Image:Quan amatXaLoiPagoda.jpg|thumb|right|The statue of Quan Am is inside the fenced yard.]]
The site includes a number of buildings, including the main ceremonial hall and the bell tower. The pagoda is separated from the street by a gated fence. Inside the fence is a popular Chinese-style statue of [[Quan Am]] holding a vial of elixir in one hand and making the [[mudra|gesture]] of removing obstacles with the other.

===Main ceremonial hall===
The main hall of the pagoda is located on the upper level. Men ascend by the stairs on the left hand side, women by those on the right. The hall is rectangular in shape, and is supported by pillars. Facing the entrance is the shrine, which is dominated by a large statue of [[Gautama Buddha]] .

====Shrine====
[[Image:ShrineXaLoiPagoda.jpg|left|thumb|The gilded statue of Gautama Buddha dominates the shrine.]]
The statue of Gautama depicts the Buddha seated in meditation on a lotus blossom. He is wearing the garb of a monk. As usual, he is depicted with ears lengthened by the use of jewelry (indicating his royal origins), closely cropped curly hair (indicating renunciation of the worldly life), and a large protuberance on his head (indicating aptitude). Behind his head is a sun disc. This statue was crafted by sculptors from [[Bien Hoa]], a city just north of Ho Chi Minh City. It has been in its current state since 1969, when a gold coating was applied to it.

In front of the statue of Gautama Buddha is the shrine dedicated to the relics of the Buddha, with the relics being held in a small [[stupa]]. Toward the front of the shrine is a small porcelain image of the "Laughing Buddha" [[Maitreya]], the Buddha of the future. Between the small statue of Maitreya and the large statue of Gautama is a golden image of multi-armed Cundi (Chuan De) [[bodhisattva]] sitting in meditation on a lotus blossom. The [[bodhisattva]]'s many hands grasp familiar attributes such as the sword, the wheel, and the trident. Elegant Chinese-style vases on either side of the shrine hold flowers of various colors.

====Scenes from the life of Gautama Buddha====
The walls of the main hall play host to a sequence of large panels depicting fourteen scenes from the life of the [[Gautama Buddha]], from his birth as Prince [[Siddhartha]] to his attainment of [[nirvana]].<ref name="prof"/> The images were created by Dr. Nguyen Van Long of the Gia Dinh Art School. Arranged sequentially high on the two side walls, the images are reminiscent of the depictions of the life of [[Jesus]] or of the [[stations of the cross]] found in some Christian churches. The fourteen scenes are as follows:
* [[Queen Maya]], the mother of the historical Buddha, dreams that an elephant with six tusks enters her through her right side.
* The young Siddhartha walks on open [[lotus (plant)|lotus]] flowers, pointing at the Heaven and the Earth.
* The elder Asita notes the auspicious marks on the body of the infant Siddhartha that indicate he will be a great secular or religious leader.
[[Image:XaLoiPagoda Old man.jpg|right|thumb|Prince Siddhartha sees an old man.]]
* Prince Siddhartha sees an old man and a sick man, leading him to ponder the devastation to the human body caused by old age and disease.
* The prince sees a corpse, and then a monk who is in perfect condition.
* Having decided to renounce the secular life and to lead a life of religion, the prince looks for the last time upon his family as they lie sleeping.
* Having left the royal city of [[Kapilavastu]] with his horse [[Kanthaka]] and horseman [[Channa]], Siddhartha cuts off his long hair in order to symbolize his entry into the religious life.
* Three demon princesses representing ambition, anxiety, and voluptuousness try unsuccessfully to seduce the prince.
* [[Mara (demon)|Mara]] the king of demons and his minions attempt unsuccessfully to intimidate the prince by violence.
* Having attained Enlightenment, [[Gautama Buddha]] preaches the [[Four Noble Truths]] to his first four disciples in the garden.
* A young woman falsely accuses the Buddha of getting her pregnant, as the Buddha makes the [[mudra|gesture]] of calling upon the Earth as a witness; the Buddha instructs another young woman.
* Elephants and other animals render hommage to Buddha; Buddha converts the venomous serpents.
* The Buddha converts Angulimala, an armed assassin.
* Lying on his side, the Buddha enters into [[nirvana]].
Above the entrance, facing the shrine itself, is an especially big image of Gautama Buddha seated in meditation underneath a fig tree.

===Bell tower===
[[Image:ChuaXaLoi002.jpg|right|thumb|Xá Lợi Pagoda's bell tower is visible from the street.]]
The bell tower of Xá Lợi Pagoda was opened in 1961. The tower stands 32 m, has seven stories, and is the highest bell tower in [[Vietnam]]. On the highest level, there is a bell weighing two tonnes, which was cast in the model of the bell of [[Thien Mu Pagoda|Thiên Mụ Pagoda]] in [[Huế]].<ref name="prof"/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|3}}

==References==
*{{cite book| title=A Death in November| first=Ellen J.|last=Hammer| year=1987 |publisher=[[E. P. Dutton]]|isbn=0-525-24210-4}}
*{{cite book| first=Seth |last=Jacobs| year=2006| title=Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963| publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield Publishers]]| isbn=0-7425-4447-8}}
*{{cite book| first=Howard |last=Jones| year=2003| title= Death of a Generation| publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]| isbn=0-19-505286-2}}

{{commons|Category:Xa Loi Pagoda|Xa Loi Pagoda}}
{{Buddhist_temples_in_HCMC}}

[[Category:Buddhist temples in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Pagodas]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ho Chi Minh City]]

[[pl:Pagoda Xa Loi]]
[[vi:Chùa Xá Lợi]]
[[zh:舍利寺]]

Allen & Overy

2010-10-07T00:26:26Z

Plasticspork: format

{{Infobox law firm
| name = Allen & Overy
| logo = [[File:Allen and Overy.svg|frameless|Allen & Overy]]
| num_offices = 36 worldwide in 26 countries
| num_attorneys = approximately 2,700
| headquarters = [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
| num_employees = approximately 5,000
| practice_areas = General practice
| revenue = [[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|12px]] [[£]]1.09 billion
| date_founded = January 1, 1930
| founder =
| company_type = [[Limited liability partnership]]
| homepage = [http://www.allenovery.com/ www.allenovery.com]
}}
'''Allen & Overy''' is a global law firm headquartered in [[London]], [[United Kingdom]].

A member of the UK's [[Magic Circle (law)|Magic Circle]] of leading law firms, Allen & Overy is widely considered to be one of the world's elite law firms, advising national and multinational corporations, financial institutions, and governments. <ref>http://www.thelawyer.com/the-transatlantic-elite/132912.article</ref>

Since its founding in 1930, Allen & Overy has grown to become one of the largest law firms in the world, both by number of lawyers and revenue.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.law.com/jsp/tal/PubArticleTAL.jsp?id=1202433980888|title=The Global 100: Most Revenue 2009|accessdate=13 August 2010|publisher=American Lawyer}}</ref> With approximately 5,000 staff and 36 offices worldwide, the firm provides legal advice in [[Europe]], the [[Americas]], [[Asia]], [[Australia]], and the [[Middle East]].

Since 2008, Wim Dejonghe has been managing partner and David Morley senior partner.

==History==

Allen & Overy was founded in the City of London on 1 January 1930 by George Allen and Thomas Overy, formally partners at Roney & Co. The main purpose was to build a commercial practice but the firm's reputation was made as a result of George Allen’s role as advisor to King Edward VIII during the abdication crisis of 1936.

Over the years, Allen & Overy have been involved in many developments in the legal field. Such work has included advising on the first hostile takeover in the City of London and acting for [[S. G. Warburg & Co.]] as arrangers of the first [[Eurobond]] (issued by Italian motorway group [[Autostrada]]) in the 1960s.

Although now a global player, the firm was quite international from the outset, advising mostly Canadian banks and companies. In the last 15 years, Allen & Overy has become an international practice, opening offices in some international financial centres, branching out into newly emerging legal markets, and merging with some firms on the European continent. Some of the firms with whom they have merged have their roots in the 19th Century, so its history is lengthening as well as deepening.

Since 2000 Allen & Overy has had an office in New York adivising on U.S. law. In May 2004, the worldwide [[partnership]] of Allen & Overy converted to a [[limited liability partnership]], Allen & Overy LLP, which works together with associated undertakings in some [[jurisdictions]] to form a worldwide legal practice. In July 2008 Allen & Overy broke the £1 billion turnover mark,<ref>http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/law/article4265365.ece The Times: Allen & Overy's £1billion turnover confirms London as centre of the legal world</ref> and, for the first time, over half of its turnover was generated outside of London.<ref name=Lawyrs.com>{{cite news| last =
| first = | title = Allen & Overy half-year results up 11 per cent | publisher = [[The Times]]| date = 2008-11-08| url =http://www.lawyrs.net/news/show/1430/allen-overy-half-year-results-up-11-per-cent| accessdate = }}</ref> Also in that year, Allen & Overy opened five new offices in Riyadh, Abu Dhabi, Mannheim, Düsseldorf and San Paolo, and announced a new association in Romania. The firm also announced a referral arrangement with Trilegal in India.
<ref name=Law.com>
{{cite news
| last = Lind
| first = Sofia
| title = Allen & Overy Signs Indian Referral Deal
| publisher = [[The Times]]
| date = 2008-02-25
| url = http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1203677130086
| accessdate = }}
</ref>

In February, 2009 Allen & Overy announced a major restructuring in which approximately 10% of staff, associates and partners were laid off and pay was frozen for all employees worldwide. In February 2010, Allen & Overy expanded into Australia for the first time, opening offices in Sydney and Perth.<ref name=Australia>
{{cite news
| last = Spence
| first = Alex
| title = Allen & Overy opens in Australia
| publisher = [[The Times]]
| date = 2010-02-08
| url = http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/law/article7019002.ece
| accessdate =
| location=London}}
</ref>

==Notable Matters==

===Sued for Discrimination===
In the fall of 2007, abovethelaw.com and other sources reported that Allen & Overy had been sued in New York by a former associate claiming religious discrimination.

===Guantanamo Bay detainees===
Allen & Overy partner [[Pamela Chepiga]] led a team of six lawyers who filed [[habeas corpus]] petitions on behalf of fifteen [[Yemeni captives in Guantanamo]], and filed an [[amicus brief]] before the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] when it considered ''[[Rasul v. Bush]]''.<ref name=USAToday20040715>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2004-07-15-gitmo-lawsuit_x.htm
| title=Lawyers sue U.S. government for 15 Guantanamo detainees from Yemen
| publisher=[[USA Today]]
| date=July 15, 2004
| accessdate=2008-01-19
}}</ref><ref name=AllenAndOveryCoxFairTrial20060915>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.allenovery.com/AOWEB/Knowledge/Editorial.aspx?contentTypeID=1&contentSubTypeID=7944&itemID=31309&prefLangID=413
| title=Lawyers want "fair trial" for Guantanamo Bay detainees
| publisher=Allen & Overy
| author=[[Douglas Cox]]
| date=15 September 2006
| accessdate=2008-01-13
}}</ref>

[[Charles Stimson|Charles "Cully" Stimson]], then
Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Detainee Affairs, stirred controversy when he went on record criticizing the patriotism of law firms that allowed employees to assist Guantanamo captives:
"corporate CEOs seeing this should ask firms to choose between lucrative retainers and representing terrorists."
<ref name=NYTimes20070113>
{{cite news
| last = Lewis
| first = Neil
| title = Official attacks top law firms over detainees
| publisher = [[New York Times]]
| date = 2007-01-13
| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/13/washington/13gitmo.html
| accessdate = 2007-01-17}}
</ref>
Stimson's views were widely criticized. The Pentagon disavowed them. He resigned shortly thereafter.

===HBOS / Lloyds TSB merger cleared===

On 31 October 2008, UK Secretary of State for Business, Lord Mandelson,
decided to clear the proposed Lloyds TSB merger with HBOS. This is an
unusual case because it is the first time that a merger has been cleared
on financial stability grounds. Allen & Overy are advising HBOS.
<ref name=BBC>
{{cite news
| last =
| first = Neil
| title = Lloyds TSB's HBOS deal is cleared
| publisher = [[BBC]]
| date = 2008-09-31
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7702809.stm

| accessdate = }}
</ref>

=== Defence of Dick Fuld ===

Allen & Overy's Patricia Hynes, a counsel in the firm's [[New York]] office, is leading the defence of former [[Lehman Brothers]] chairman and chief executive [[Richard S. Fuld, Jr.]] on an array of intersecting proceedings arising out of Lehman’s well-publicised bankruptcy.

=== Investigation into BAE Systems ===

Allen & Overy has led the global defence of [[BAE Systems]] throughout the company's various corruption investigations around the world.

BAE Systems has been under investigation by the [[Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom)|Serious Fraud Office]], into the use of [[political corruption]] to help sell arms to Chile, Czech Republic, Romania, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Tanzania and Qatar.<ref name='SevenCountries'>{{cite news | first= Paddy| last= Allen| coauthors= |authorlink= | title=Seven countries where BAE have been undec investigated - Bribing for Britain? | date=1 October 2009 | publisher= | url =http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/interactive/2007/jun/07/bae.global.investigations | work =The Guardian | pages = | accessdate = 2009-10-24 | language = | location=London}}</ref><ref name='GordonIntervene'>{{cite news | first=David | last=Leigh | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=BAE bribery case: MP urges Gordon Brown to intervene | date=12 October 2009 | publisher= | url =http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/oct/12/bae-bribery-case-brown-intervene | work =The Guardian | pages = | accessdate = 2009-10-24 | language = | location=London}}</ref><ref name="solicitorgeneral">{{cite news|title= BAE in several corruption probes|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6339625.stm|work=|publisher= BBC|date= 2007-02-07|accessdate= 2007-02-15}}</ref> In response, BAE Systems' 2006 Corporate Responsibility Report states "We continue to reject these allegations...We take our obligations under the law extremely seriously and will continue to comply with all legal requirements around the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/documents/bae_publication/bae_pdf_cr_report2006full.pdf |title=Corporate Responsibility Report 2006 |accessdate=2007-09-07 |publisher=BAE Systems plc|format=PDF}}</ref> In June 2007 Lord Woolf was selected to lead what the BBC described as an "independent review.... [an] ethics committee to look into how the defence giant conducts its arms deals."<ref>{{cite news |title=Lord Woolf to head BAE's review |work=BBC News|date=2007-06-11|accessdate=12 March 2009 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6739805.stm}}</ref> The report, ''Ethical business conduct in BAE Systems plc – the way forward'', made 23 recommendations, measures which BAE has committed to implement. The finding stated that "in the past BAE did not pay sufficient attention to ethical standards in the way it conducted business," and was described by the BBC as "an embarrassing admission."<ref>{{cite news |title=BAE review seeks bribery controls |work=BBC News|date=2008-05-06 |accessdate=12 March 2009 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7384937.stm}}</ref>

In September 2009, the Serious Fraud Office announced that it intended to prosecute BAE Systems for offences relating to overseas corruption. ''The Guardian'' claimed that a penalty "possibly of more than £500m" might be an acceptable settlement package.<ref>{{cite news |title=SFO seeks BAE prosecution over bribery claims |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/oct/01/bae-sfo-bribery-allegations-prosecution |publisher=Guardian |date=2009-10-01 |accessdate=2009-10-01 | location=London | first=David | last=Leigh}}</ref> On 5 February 2010, BAE Systems agreed to pay £257m criminal fines to the US and £30m to the UK. The UK already massively benefited from £43 billion contract in tax receipts and jobs in the UK, and had dropped an anti-corruption investigation into the [[Al Yamamah]] contracts later taken up by US authorities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8500535.stm |title= BAE Systems handed £286m criminal fines in UK and US |accessdate=2010-02-05 |publisher=BBC | date=2010-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/03/02/bae.plea/index.html|title=BAE Systems to pay $400M fine|date=2 March 2010|accessdate=5 March 2010 | work=CNN}}</ref> Crucially, under a plea bargain with the US Department of Justice BAE was sentenced in March 2010 by U.S. District Court Judge John D. Bates to pay a $400 million fine, one of the largest fines in the history of the DOJ. U.S. District Judge John Bates said the company's conduct involved "deception, duplicity and knowing violations of law, I think it's fair to say, on an enormous scale".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/bae-protesters-win-sfo-injunction-1914892.html |title=BAE protesters win SFO injunction |author=Alistair Dawber |date=3 March 2010 |work=[[The Independent]] |publisher= |accessdate=2010-06-14 | location=London}}</ref> BAE did not directly admit to bribery, and is thus not internationally blacklisted from future contracts. Some of the £30m penalty BAE will pay in fines to the UK will be paid ex gratia for the benefit of the people of Tanzania.<ref>{{cite news |title=BAE admits guilt over corrupt arms deals |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/feb/05/bae-systems-arms-deal-corruption |publisher=Guardian |date=2010-02-06 |accessdate=2010-02-20 | location=London | first=David | last=Leigh}}</ref> On 2 March 2010 Campaign Against Arms Trade and The Corner House were successful in gaining a High Court injunction on the Serious Fraud Office's settlement with BAE. The High Court may order a full review of the settlement.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8546488.stm 'BAE deal with SFO on hold after High Court injunction'] BBC News 2 March 2010</ref>

=== Goldman Sachs, Abacus and Fabrice Tourre ===

According to a 2009 ''New York Times'' story by Morgenson and Story, Goldman Sachs created [[collateralized debt obligations]] (CDOs), sold them to investors, and then bet short against them. [[Jonathan M. Egol]] was named as a 'prime mover' behind the products, called 'Abacus' deals, worth billions. A Goldman worker named [[Tetsuya Ishikawa]] was involved in these deals and later wrote a novel called "How I Caused the Credit Crunch". Goldman did 25 Abacus deals from 2004-2008. The article claims Goldman tried to pressure [[Moody's]] to rate its products higher than they should have been.

The article also claimed that many mortgage backed CDOs (Abacus, and others) sold by Goldman performed very poorly. It uses the example of the Hudson Mezzanine CDO, which Goldman bet against, but also sold to investors. It also claims that various rules regarding CDO-default pay outs were modified to favor short sellers in 2005.

Goldman claimed that it was simply hedging, not expecting the CDOs to fail. It also said that its investors knew it was betting against the products it was selling to them.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/24/business/24trading.html?_r=4&ref=business Banks Bundled Bad Debt, Bet Against It and Won], Gretchen Morgenson and Louise Story, December 23, 2009, New York Times </ref>

Goldman and one of its traders, [[Fabrice Tourre]], were later sued by the SEC over circumstances surrounding one of these CDOs, Abacus 2007-AC1. Allen & Overy led the defence of Mr Tourre.

On April 16, 2010, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) announced that it was suing Goldman Sachs and one of its employees, [[Fabrice Tourre]].<ref name="natpost1">[http://network.nationalpost.com/NP/blogs/fpposted/archive/2010/04/16/abacus-2007-ac1-built-to-fail.aspx "Abacus 2007-AC1: Built to fail"], National Post, NP editor, Retrieved April 17, 2010</ref> The SEC alleged that Goldman materially misstated and omitted facts in disclosure documents for a [[synthetic CDO]] product it originated called Abacus 2007-AC1.<ref name="natpost1"/> Goldman was paid a fee of approximately {{US$}}15 million for its work in the deal. The allegation is that Goldman [[misrepresentation|misrepresented]] to investors that an independent selection agent, ACA, had reviewed the mortgage package underlying the credit default obligations, and that Goldman failed to disclose to ACA that a hedge fund, [[Paulson & Co.]], that sought to short the package, had helped select underlying mortgages for the package against which it planned to bet.<ref name="sec21489">{{cite web | url = http://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/2010/comp21489.pdf | date = April 16, 2010 | author = US SEC | title = Securities and Exchange Commission vs Goldman Sachs & Co & Fabrice Tourre, Complaint (Securities Fraud) | accessdate = April 17, 2010}}</ref> The SEC further alleged that "Tourre also misled ACA into believing that Paulson invested approximately $200 million in the equity of ABACUS 2007-ACI (a long position) and, accordingly, that Paulson's interests in the collateral section [sic] process were aligned with ACA's when in reality Paulson's interests were sharply conflicting."<ref name="sec21489"/> Goldman Sachs stated that the firm never represented to ACA that Paulson was to be a long investor, and that as normal business practice, market makers do not disclose the identities of a buyer to a seller and vice versa.<ref>http://www2.goldmansachs.com/our-firm/press/press-releases/current/sec-response.html Retrieved on April 19, 2010</ref>

The complaint states that Paulson made a $1 billion profit from the short investments, while purchasers of the materials lost the same amount. The two main investors who lost money were [[ABN AMRO Bank N.V.|ABN Amro]] and [[IKB Deutsche Industriebank]].<ref name="sec21489"/> IKB lost $150,000,000 within months on the purchase.<ref name="sec21489"/> ABN Amro lost $840,909,090.<ref name="sec21489"/> Goldman stated the firm also lost $90 million and did not structure a portfolio that was designed to lose money.<ref>http://www2.goldmansachs.com/our-firm/press/press-releases/current/sec-response.html Retrieved on April 19, 2010</ref> After the SEC announced the suit during the April 16, 2010 trading day, Goldman's Sachs's stock fell 13% to close at 160.70 from 184.27 on volume of over 102,000,000 shares (vs. a 52 week average of 13,000,000 shares). The firm's shares lost $10 billion in market value during the trading session.<ref>[http://vsinvestor.com/2010/04/goldman-sachs-options-records-gs.html Goldman Sachs Options Records (GS)], Volume Spike Investor, vsinvestor.com, retrieved on April 17, 2010.</ref> On April 30, 2010, shares tumbled further on news that the Manhattan office of the US Attorney General launched a criminal probe into Goldman Sachs, sending the stock down more than 15 points, or nearly ten percent to $145.<ref>http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Goldman-shares-slide-on-apf-573732506.html?x=0&.v=1 Retrieved on April 30, 2010.</ref>

Goldman issued a statement on the same day the suit was filed, saying the SEC's charges were "unfounded in law and fact" and giving specific reasons as to why. The firm stated it had provided extensive disclosure to the long investors in the CDO, that the firm also lost money, that ACA selected the portfolio without the firm suggesting Paulson was to be a long investor, and that ACA was itself the largest purchaser of the Abacus pool, investing $951 million. Goldman also stated that any investor losses resulted from the overall negative performance of the entire sector, rather than from a particular security in the CDO.<ref>http://www2.goldmansachs.com/our-firm/press/press-releases/current/response.html Retrieved on April 19, 2010.</ref><ref>http://www2.goldmansachs.com/our-firm/press/press-releases/current/sec-response.html Retrieved on April 19, 2010</ref><ref name="Goldman Sachs- Media Release">{{cite web | url = http://www2.goldmansachs.com/our-firm/press/press-releases/current/sec-response.html | date = April 16, 2010 | author = Goldman Sachs | title = Goldman Sachs Makes Further Comments on SEC Complaint | accessdate = April 27, 2010}}</ref> Goldman issued an additional public comment in response to the suit on April 19, 2010, raising additional points in their favor.<ref>http://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2010/04/19/goldman-responds-again-to-sec-complaint/ Retrieved on April 19, 2010</ref> While some have called these statements misleading,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://blogs.reuters.com/felix-salmon/2010/04/19/goldmans-misleading-statement-on-aca/ | work=Reuters | title=Goldman's misleading statement on ACA | date=2010-04-19}}</ref> others believe Goldman has a strong defense<ref>http://justoneminute.typepad.com/main/2010/04/cnbc-on-the-goldman-complaint-this-is-surreal.html Retrieved April 24, 2010.</ref><ref>http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2010-04-20/betting-the-farm-on-goldman/?cid=hp:exc Retrieved April 23, 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://blogs.reuters.com/felix-salmon/2010/04/19/goldmans-misleading-statement-on-aca/ | work=Reuters | title=Goldman's misleading statement on ACA | date=2010-04-19}}</ref> or that the SEC has a weak case.<ref>http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2010/04/goldman-in-the-eye-of-the-beholder/39255/ Retrieved April 23, 2010.</ref>

Experts on securities law contacted by ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' believe the success or failure of the suit will depend on whether the facts not disclosed by Goldman were material. Some, such as James Cox, a [[Duke University School of Law|Duke University]] law professor, believe the suit has merit. Cox opined that Goldman was aware of the relevance of Paulson's involvement and took steps to downplay it. Others, including [[Wayne State University Law School|Wayne State University]] law professor Peter Henning, note that the major purchasers were sophisticated investors, capable of accurately assessing the risks involved, even without knowledge of the part played by Paulson.<ref>{{Citation|title=Goldman v. SEC: It’s All About Materiality|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2010/04/19/goldman-v-sec-its-all-about-materiality/|date=April 19, 2010|first=Ashby|last=Jones|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|postscript=|accessdate=April 20, 2010}}</ref>

On July 15, 2010, Goldman agreed to pay $550 million -- $300 to the U.S. government and $250 million to investors -- in a settlement with the SEC. The company also agreed to change some of its business practices regarding mortgage investments, including the way it designs marketing materials. The SEC called the fine the largest commission penalty for a Wall Street firm. The company did not admit or deny wrongdoing. The settlement does not cover Tourre.<ref>{{Citation|title=Goldman Settles With S.E.C. for $550 Million|url=http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/15/goldman-to-settle-with-s-e-c-for-550-million|date=July 15, 2010|work=[[The New York Times]]|postscript=|accessdate=July 15, 2010}}</ref>

==Worldwide offices==
{{multicol}}
*[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|20px]] [[Abu Dhabi]]
*[[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|20px]] [[Amsterdam]]
*[[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|20px]] [[Antwerp]]
*[[File:Flag of Greece.svg|20px]] [[Athens]]
*[[File:Flag of Thailand.svg|20px]] [[Bangkok]]
*[[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|20px]] [[Beijing]]
*[[File:Flag of Slovakia.svg|20px]] [[Bratislava]]
*[[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|20px]] [[Brussels]]
*[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] [[Bucharest]]
*[[File:Flag of Hungary.svg|20px]] [[Budapest]]
*[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|20px]] [[Dubai]]
{{multicol-break}}
*[[File:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] [[Düsseldorf]]
*[[File:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]]
*[[File:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] [[Hamburg]]
*[[File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg|20px]] [[Hong Kong]]
*[[File:Flag of Indonesia.svg|20px]] [[Jakarta]]
*[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[London]] ([[Spitalfields]] and [[Canary Wharf]])
*[[File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|20px]] [[Luxembourg]]
*[[File:Flag of Spain.svg|20px]] [[Madrid]]
*[[File: Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] [[Mannheim]]
*[[File:Flag of Italy.svg|20px]] [[Milan]]
{{multicol-break}}
*[[File:Flag of Russia.svg|20px]] [[Moscow]]
*[[File:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] [[Munich]]
*[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] [[New York City|New York]]
*[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [[Paris]]
*[[File:Flag of Australia.svg|20px]] [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]]
*[[File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|20px]] [[Prague]]
*[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|20px]] [[Qatar]]
*[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|20px]] [[Riyadh]]
*[[File:Flag of Italy.svg|20px]] [[Rome]]
*[[File:Flag of Brazil.svg|20px]] [[São Paulo]]
*[[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|20px]] [[Shanghai]]
*[[File:Flag of Singapore.svg|20px]] [[Singapore]]
*[[File:Flag of Australia.svg|20px]] [[Sydney]]
*[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|20px]] [[Tokyo]]
*[[File:Flag of Poland.svg|20px]] [[Warsaw]]
{{multicol-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.allenovery.com/ Allen & Overy Web Site]
*[http://www.pensionstalk.co.uk/ Allen & Overy Pensions Web Site]
*[http://annualreview.allenovery.com/ Allen & Overy Annual Review 2009]
*[http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/03-12-2007/0004543843&EDATE= Allen & Overy Tokyo Expands Practice As Japanese Economy Remains Active]
* http://abovethelaw.com/allen_overy
{{Magic Circle}}

[[Category:Guantanamo Bay attorneys|Chepiga, Pamela]]
[[Category:Law firms based in London]]
[[Category:Law firms of Singapore]]
[[Category:Law firms established in 1930]]
[[Category:Foreign law firms with offices in the United States]]
[[Category:Foreign law firms with offices in Hong Kong]]

[[fr:Allen & Overy]]
[[nl:Allen & Overy]]
[[ja:アレン・アンド・オーヴェリー]]
[[ro:Allen & Overy]]

Murad von Sebasteia

2010-09-25T17:31:57Z

Plasticspork: Replace infobox revolutionary per TFD outcome using AWB

{{Infobox person
|name = Murad of Sebastia
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place = Baku
|religion =
|image = Armenian Resistance -Mourat - Defense of Erzinjan 1916.png
|caption =
|organization = [[Armenian national liberation movement]]
}}
'''Murad of Sebastia''' ({{lang-hy|Սեբաստացի Մուրատ}}, ''Sebastatsi Murad''; Murad Khrimian; Murad Akopian; 1874 — August 4, 1918) was a [[fedayee]] during the Armenian national liberation movement in the [[Ottoman empire]]. He was born in the village of Kovtun (Govdun), near [[Sivas]] (where he got his nickname, ''Sebastatsi'' from) to a poor rural family. During his childhood, he grazed cattle. During his teenage years, he moved to [[Constantinople]] where he worked as a loader and where he also attended Sunday school. He also joined the [[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party]] and subsequently, the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]].

In 1890, he participated in Armenian demonstrations against the second-class treatment of Armenians within the Ottoman Empire. He also joined fedayee bands and participated in guerrilla activities in response to the [[Hamidian massacres]]. In 1904, he played a visible role during [[Sasun Resistance (1904)|Sasun Resistance]]<ref name="Mourat">Garegin Pasdermadjian, Aram Torossian, "Why Armenia Should be Free: Armenia's Rôle in the Present War" page 22</ref>. He then started to operate in [[Van]]. During the [[Armenian-Tatar massacres 1905-1907]], he was nominated as the head of defense of the [[Syunik|Zangezur]] region and, having collected a group of 50 horsemen, he defended the Armenian population of Kapan from massacres.<ref name="Mourat" /> After the [[Young Turk]] revolution of 1908 in the Ottoman empire, Murad worked in Van and in Sivas. In particular, he participated in the organization of a network of schools, charitable and female societies, and taught at Armenian schools co-education, physical culture and theatrical art.
==World War One ==
{{seealso|Armenian Resistance}}
[[Image:S. Murat's group.jpg|thumb|250px|Murad's group of fedayees.]]
With the beginning of the [[Armenian Genocide]] in 1915, Mourat and his comrades were at Sivas. When deportations were ordered, gendarmes were sent to capture Murad. Ottoman authorities had promised the residential Armenians that they would be excluded from deportations if they handed Murad over to the authorities. Many Armenians, particularly the elders not wanting to leave their property and home, began to inform Ottoman authorities about information of his whereabouts. Murad defended himself with his compatriots for a year and a half. In 1916, he moved to [[Samsun]] and with a sail-boat travelled to the [[Russia]]n port of [[Batumi|Batum]]. He led his volunteers at the [[Battle of Erzinjan]]. He died while fighting at the [[Battle of Baku]] on August 4, 1918.<ref name="Mourat"/><ref>Mikayel Varandian, Murad of Sebastia
Translated and edited with an Introduction by Ara Ghazarians Armenian Cultural Foundation Arlington, MA, 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.genocide.ru/enc/murad.htm Мурад Себастаци]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hampartsoum Boyadjian]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.armenweb.org/espaces/louise/reportages/Mourad-sebastia.html Mourad de Sébasti. Par Isabelle Kaprielian-Churchill]
*[http://genocide.ru/enc/murad.htm Мурад Себастаци]

{{Armenian Resistance}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sebastia, Murad Of}}
[[Category:Ottoman Armenians]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries]]
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]

[[hy:Սեբաստացի Մուրադ]]
[[it:Murad di Sebastia]]
[[ru:Мурад Себастаци]]

Aylar Lie

2010-09-21T06:00:16Z

Plasticspork: Clean infobox + general fixes using AWB

{{Infobox adult biography
| name = Aylar Lie
| gender = female
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|02|12}}<ref name=official>{{cite web|url=http://www.aylar.no/about.htm|title=Official biography|work=aylar.no|accessdate=25 July 2010}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| height = {{height|m=1.57}}
| weight = {{convert|52|kg|lb st|abbr=on}}
| measurements = 91–60–80 cm 36–24–32 in
| eye_color = Brown
| hair_color = Black
| skin_color =
| blood =
| ethnicity =
| alias = Diana Lie Princess Diana Aylar Dianati
| number_of_films = 9 (per IAFD)
| homepage = http://www.aylar.no
| imdb = 1536949
| iafd = Diana02
| egafd =
| bgafd =
| afdb = 36836
| eurobabeindex =
| spelling = 
}}

'''Aylar Dianati Lie''' (born on 12 February 1984)<ref name=official/> is a [[Norway|Norwegian]] [[model (person)|model]] and a former [[pornographic actress]] who gained [[celebrity]] status under the [[pseudonym]] Diana. She is currently working in the music industry as a music video actress and singer.

== Career ==
=== Actor and Model ===
Lie was born in [[Tehran]], [[Iran]], and arrived in Norway as a two-year-old and was raised by Norwegian foster parents. "I consider myself a Norwegian girl, and I expect to be treated as one!" Aylar stated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://pub.tv2.no/nettavisen/english/article267959.ece |title=Porn star receives death threats |last=Pettersson |first=Carin |work=Nettavisen |date=2004-08-21|accessdate=2010-01-17}}</ref> She is fluent in [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[English language|English]].{{ref|aylarsite}}

Lie started out as a [[hardcore pornography|hardcore pornographic]] actress. She starred in a few porn movies then decided to end her porn-industry career and take her chance as a model. She competed at the [[Miss Norway]] pageant in 2004, but was disqualified from the contest when it was found she had starred in adult films. Candidates to the pageant must not have been pictured naked in any commercial production or publication. Her adult film career has made her the target of much criticism and even some death threats from her homeland Iran.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/article714849.ece |title=No going back to Iran, Aylar |work=The Sun |date= 2008-01-23|accessdate= 2010-01-17}}</ref> In a July 2010 interview, Lie stated that she "sorely regrets" having engaged in pornographic acting. She explained that the choice was made while she was going through a difficult time of her life, and she wished she could "erase that from [her] past."<ref name="trend">{{ru icon}} {{cite news
|url=http://ru.trend.az/life/interview/1722803.html |title=I Used to Be Able to Speak Azeri |last=Mammadova |first=Aytamiz |work=Trend |date=2010-07-19 |accessdate=2010-07-19}}</ref> She also denied that she was banned from entering her native Iran because of her pornographic background.<ref name="trend"/>

In 2005, Lie participated in [[Big Brother (Sweden and Norway)|Nordic Big Brother]]. She is a friend of Swedish glamour model Elita Löfblad, who appeared in her ''Team Aylar'' and in Lie's documentary Aylar - Ett År I Rampelyset (''Aylar - A Year In The Limelight''), as well as Swedish singer-songwriter [[Basshunter]], on whose music videos she makes regular appearances.

Her plans for 2006 included the promotion of her hand-picked team of models, called ''Team Aylar''. The members of Team Aylar originally included [[Elita Löfblad]], [[Natacha Peyre]], [[Marie Plosjö]], Charlotte Fredriksen, Linn Irene (Linni) Meister, Cathrine Aschim and Lisa Marie Winther.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://pub.tv2.no/nettavisen/side2/kjendis/article462121.ece |work=Nettavisen |title=83 svar fra Aylar-jentene |date= 2005-09-25|accessdate= 2010-01-17|language=Norwegian}}</ref>

===Debut Album and "Some People"===
After being signed to [[Hard2Beat]], it was announced that Lie was working on her debut album set for a 2010 release.
Her official debut single is named "Some People" and it features Ocean Drive.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqqLDvFA11E |title=Ocean Drive Feat Aylar - Some People (Preview) |date= 2010-02-24|accessdate= 2010-02-24}}</ref>

===Filmography===

*2002: Throat Gaggers 3 – pornographic film from Redlight District
*2002: Pink Pussycats – pornographic film from West Coast (Swedish title: Norsk Porrchock)
*2002: Breakin' Em In 3 – pornographic film from Redlight District
*2002: Brand New! – pornographic film from Redlight District
*2002: 18 And Nasty Interracial 2 – pornographic film from Devil's Films
*2002: Just Over 18 5 – pornographic film from Redlight District
*2003: Cum Dumpsters 3 – pornographic film from Redlight District
*2005: Norsk Porrchock! – Swedish release of Pink Pussycats from Max's
*2007: Dådyr
*2007: Sunblock - First Time (Music Video)
*2007: [[Basshunter]] – [[Now You're Gone]] (Music Video)
*2008: [[Basshunter]] - [[All I Ever Wanted (Basshunter song)|All I Ever Wanted]] (Music Video)
*2008: [[Basshunter]] - [[Angel In The Night]] (Music Video)
*2008: [[Basshunter]] - [[I Miss You (Basshunter song)|I Miss You]] (Music Video)
*2009: Yohan
*2009: [[Basshunter]] - [[Every Morning (Basshunter song)|Every Morning]] (Music Video)
*2009: [[Basshunter]] - [[I Promised Myself (Basshunter Song)|I Promised Myself]] (Music Video)
*2009: [[Basshunter]] - [[Jingle Bells (Basshunter Song)|Jingle Bells]] (Music Video)
*2010: [[Arash (entertainer)|Arash]] - [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ggbZJcv-WGE Dasa Bala] feat. [[Timbuktu (artist)|Timbuktu]], Aylar & YAG (Music Video directed and edited by [[Fred Khoshtinat]])
*2010: Aylar Lie feat. [[Ocean Drive]] - [[Some People]]<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFiuHnQ5hJk&feature=player_embedded</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
*{{note|robbie}} {{cite news |url=http://pub.tv2.no/nettavisen/english/article315943.ece |work=Nettavisen |last=Pettersson |first=Carin |title=«I didn't sleep with Aylar» |date=December 15, 2004 |accessdate=January 17, 2010}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Lie, Aylar
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =1984-02-12
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lie, Aylar}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Female pornographic film actors]]
[[Category:Norwegian pornographic film actors]]
[[Category:Iranian pornographic film actors]]
[[Category:People from Tehran]]
[[Category:Iranian immigrants to Norway]]
[[Category:Beauty pageant controversies]]
[[Category:Skal vi danse? participants]]

[[es:Aylar Lie]]
[[fa:آیلار لی]]
[[fr:Aylar Lie]]
[[ia:Aylar Lie]]
[[it:Aylar Lie]]
[[hu:Aylar Lie]]
[[no:Aylar Lie]]
[[nn:Aylar Lie]]
[[pl:Aylar Lie]]
[[ru:Aylar Lie]]
[[sv:Aylar Lie]]

Ariel Rebel

2010-09-21T05:48:58Z

Plasticspork: Clean infobox + general fixes using AWB

{{Infobox adult biography
| name = Ariel Rebel
| gender = female
| image = [[File:Pics12.jpg|frameless]]
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|03|14|mf=yes}}<ref name=aboutme>{{cite web | title =About Me| publisher =ArielRebel.com| url =http://arielrebel.com/english/aboutme.php | accessdate =2009-09-14 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]]<ref name=AVNbio/>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=1/2}}<ref name=AVNbio>{{cite web | title =Ariel Rebel| author=Justin Bourne | publisher =[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]] Online| url =http://www.nxtbook.com/syg/AVNONLINE/September2007/index.php?startid=26 | date = September 2007| accessdate =2008-12-28 }}</ref>
| weight =
| measurements = 34A
| eye_color = Hazelnut
| hair_color = Brown
| skin_color =
| blood =
| ethnicity = French-Canadian
| alias = The Rebel, Miss Rebel
| number_of_films =
| homepage = http://www.ArielRebel.com
| imdb =
| iafd =
| egafd =
| bgafd =
| afdb =
| eurobabeindex =
| spelling = 
}}
'''Ariel Rebel''' (born March 14, 1985 in [[Quebec]], Canada) is an online [[softcore]] pornographic actress and model. Her name is meant to sound like 'A real rebel'.

She studied to be a fashion designer in [[Montreal]], before she decided to pursue an adult modeling career.<ref name=AVNbio/> She is a fan of [[manga]] and [[hentai]], and in 2008 the adult affiliate program Pancho Dog launched an online comic that stars Rebel and is available to members of her website.<ref name=comic>{{cite web | title =PanchoDog Spices up ArielRebel.com with Online Comic| author=Justin Bourne | publisher =AVN.com| url =http://business.avn.com/articles/32948.html | date = 2008-10-20| accessdate =2008-12-28 }}</ref> She plans to open up her own adult affiliate program in the future.<ref name=affiliateprogram>{{cite web | title =Interview with Ariel Rebel| publisher =AllPornModels.com| url =http://allpornmodels.com/pornbizblog/interview-with-ariel-rebel | date = 2009-07-14 | accessdate =2009-08-09 }}</ref>

Her modeling on ArielRebel.com is usually solo pictorials and videos, with some girl-on-girl photo shoots. She has also appeared on other sites, such as Nubiles.net.

Rebel's first language is French, but she speaks fairly fluent English.

==Awards==
*2008 [[XBIZ Award]] nominee – Web Babe/Starlet of the Year<ref name=xbizaward>{{cite web | title =2008 XBIZ Awards Official Nominees Announced | publisher = XBiz.com|author=Steve Javors| url = http://www.xbiz.com/news/news_piece.php?id=88459&mi=all&q=Ariel+Rebel| date =2008-01-05| accessdate = 2008-12-28 }}</ref>
*2009 [[AVN Award]] nominee – Web Starlet Of The Year<ref name=avn09>{{cite web | title =Nominations 2009 AVN Adult Movie Awards | publisher = AVNAwards.com| url = http://avnawards.com/pdf/2009_AVN_NOMINATIONS_11_25_08.pdf | date =2008-11-25| accessdate = 2008-12-28 }}</ref>
*2010 [[XBIZ Award]] winner – Web Babe of the Year (People's Choice)<ref name=XBizwin10>{{cite web | title =XBIZ Awards 2010 Winners Announced| publisher =XBiz.com| url =http://www.xbiz.com/news/117447?ln=web |author =Lyla Katz |date =2010-02-11 | accessdate = 2010-02-23}}</ref>

==Magazine appearances==
* New Look Pin Up - June 9 - 6 pages
* URBANIA Magazine - Printemps 2009 - One page + Exclusive interview
* SKUNK Magazine Volume 5, Issue 1 - Cover + Fashion add for Kill brand<ref name=skunk>{{cite web | title =Ariel Rebel in Skunk Magazine | publisher = Ariel Rebel Unplugged| url =
http://arielrebelunplugged.com/2009/03/ariel-rebel-in-skunk-magazine-volume-5-issue-1.html | date =2009-03-01| accessdate = 2009-05-04 }}</ref>
* ''[[:fr:New Look|New Look]]'' magazine - Feb 2009 Cover and centerfold, Web Issue and Comic Book
* ''Lollypops'' magazine - February 2009 - Cover and centerfold
* ''FuBARTimes'' magazine - Volume 3, Issues 4 2008 - Cover and centerfold
* ''[[Barely Legal (magazine)|Hustler - Barely Legal]]'' magazine - June 2008
* ''[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]]'' magazine - Web siren - 2007
* ''TIGHT'' magazine - October 2007
* ''18Eighteen'' magazine - Holiday 2007 - cover and centerfold
* ''Hustler - Barely Legal'' magazine - September 2007

==References==
{{Reflist}}
http://www.xbiz.com/news/117447 - people choice award

==External links==
* [http://arielrebel.com ArielRebel.com]
* [http://arielrebelunplugged.com/ Ariel Rebel Unplugged] (Her official blog)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rebel, Ariel}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Canadian female adult models]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[es:Ariel Rebel]]
[[fr:Ariel Rebel]]
[[pt:Ariel Rebel]]

Shauna O’Brien (Schauspielerin)

2010-09-21T03:17:32Z

Plasticspork: Clean infobox + general fixes using AWB

{{BLP IMDB refimprove|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox adult biography
| name = Shauna O'Brien
| gender = female
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1970|10|17}}
| birth_place = [[Pasco, Washington]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=8}}
| weight =
| measurements = 36D-24-33 in
| eye_color =
| hair_color =
| skin_color =
| blood =
| ethnicity =
| alias = Steve Jean, Shana O'Brien, Shawna O'Brien
| number_of_films =
| homepage = http://www.shaunaobrien.com/
| imdb = 0639815
| iafd =
| egafd =
| bgafd =
| afdb =
| eurobabeindex =
| spelling = 
}}
'''Shauna O'Brien''' (born October 17 , 1970 in [[Pasco, Washington]], [[United States|U.S.]]) is a [[Model (person)|model]], [[actress]] in [[B-movies]] and an [[erotic actress]].

She is sometimes credited as '''Steve Jean, Shana O'Brien''' or '''Shawna O'Brien'''.

As '''Stevie Jean''' she was chosen ''[[Penthouse (magazine)|Penthouse]]'' [[Penthouse Pet|Pet of the Month]] January 1992.

== Career ==
Shauna was raised on a farm in Pasco with seven brothers in a big [[Irish people|Irish]] family. She spent her time riding and competing horses at local rodeos and enjoyed riding dirtbikes and four wheelers. She was engaged in many sports: [[volleyball]], [[basketball]] and [[cheerleading]]. She excelled at [[snowmobile]] racing as a teenager even winning several trophies. Shauna also competed in [[bodybuilding]]. At the age of 18 she moved to [[Los Angeles]].

She started out doing extra work for Blockbuster films for a couple of years. It helped pay her bills and allowed Shauna to get her [[Screen Actors Guild|SAG]] card (as a result from a small role in ''[[Three Men and a Baby]]'' which was cut from the film). She took acting classes, but was never serious about them because she was put off by the attitudes of various acting coaches.

Shauna then started modeling for such clients as Fredricks of Hollywood, Muscle & Fitness (3 Covers), Penthouse Pet Centerfold Jan 92 (under the name Stevie Jean) among many other publications. Shauna appeared on and in numerous Trading Cards, Posters, Calenders and TV. commercials, along with many music videos and TV Shows.

Early in her career, she had roles in such [[softcore]] fare as ''Seduce Me: Pamela Principle 2'' and ''Wild Malibu Weekend''. Her breakout role came with ''Friend of the Family'' (1995) where she played Elke Taylor, a friend of the Stillman Family who moves in with them and ends up seducing them one by one. A director named Edward Holzman (whom she had made a few films with) contacted her and offered her a small role in his movie ''Elke''. At the last minute Shauna replaced the lead actress, [[Brandy Ledford|Brandy Sanders]]. This led to starring roles in direct-to-video softcore fare like ''Fugitive Rage'', ''Striking Resemblance'', ''Desirable Liaisons'', and ''Summer Temptations 2''.

At one point in her career, Shauna made the controversial move of having plastic surgery done to her breasts. She explained in an [http://www.d-filed.com/shaunaobrien.html interview] that she had just given birth to a baby girl and realized that, "When you have a child it can wreak havoc on your body. I do a lot of nudity and was not comfortable with my boobs hanging to my knees, so I had them fixed. I liked the way they looked before much better, but I did what I had to do for my own comfort...not anyone else's."

Shauna also made an appearance on [[PBS]]' ''[[Frontline (US TV series)|Frontline]]'' talking about her work posing nude on online pay sites and has been an outspoken critic of some of the more unsavory aspects of the porno industry. She has owned her own site since 1996.

Shauna enjoys being at home with her family, cooking, cleaning, reading romance novels and watching movies.

== Partial filmography ==
* Guest appearances in ''[[Pretty Woman]]'', ''[[Flatliners]]'', ''[[Another 48 Hours]]'', ''Three Men and a Baby'', ''The Marrying Man''.
* ''Friend of the Family'' (1995) .... Elke Taylor
* ''The Escort'' (1997) .... Suzanne Lane
* ''Zorrita: Passion's Avenger'' (2000) .... Bella/Zorrita
* ''Sex Files: Creating the Perfect Man'' (2000) .... Amy
* ''Platinum Blonde'' (2001) .... Tawny
* ''Dangerous Invitations'' (2002) .... Sophie

== Notable TV guest appearances ==
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0252587/ ''Kama Sutra''] playing "Daphne" in episode: "Ménage à Trois" (episode # 1.5) July 22 , 2000
*''Kama Sutra'' playing "Camille" in episode: "The Art of Biting" (episode # 1.10) 2000
*''Beverly Hills Bordello'' playing "Pam" (as Shawna O'Brien) in episode: "Role Play" (episode # 3.2) 1998
*''Beverly Hills Bordello'' playing "Lily" in episode: "Silence Is Golden" (episode # 1.12) 1996
*''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' playing "Omag's Woman" in episode: "Unification: Part 2" (episode # 5.8) November 9 , 1991
*''[[Emmanuelle|Emmanuelle 2001]]'' (16 episodes)
*''[[Lady Chatterly's Stories]]'' (23 episodes)

== Appearances in music videos ==
* [[Mötley Crüe]] - "Primal Scream"
* [[Danger Danger]] - "Monkey Business"
* [[Poison (band)|Poison]] - "Fire and Ice"
* [[Gerardo]] - "When the Lights Go Out"
* [[Pauly Shore]] - "Thank God I'm a Country Boy"
* [[Danzig (band)|Danzig]] - "How The Gods Kill"

==External links==
*{{IMDB name|id=0639815|name=Shauna O'Brien}}
*[http://www.d-filed.com/shaunaobrien.html D-Filed.com interview with Shauna]

{{Penthouse Pets of 1992}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Obrien, Shauna}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American actors]]
[[Category:Penthouse Pets]]
[[Category:American female adult models]]
[[Category:People from Franklin County, Washington]]

[[nl:Shauna O'Brien]]

Keiran Lee

2010-09-19T21:25:36Z

Plasticspork: Clean infobox + general fixes using AWB

{{Infobox adult biography
| name = Keiran Lee
| gender = male
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|1|15}}<ref name="iafd">{{cite web | title = Keiran Lee Personal Bio Keiran Lee| publisher = IAFD.com|url =http://www.iafd.com/person.rme/perfid=KeiranLee/gender=m/Keiran-Lee.htm| accessdate = 2008-10-12 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Derby]], [[England]]<ref name=Keiran>{{cite web | title =Interview with Keiran Lee | publisher =AIPdaily.com|url = http://aipdaily.com/interview-with-keiran-lee/| accessdate = 2008-05-28 }}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=0}}<ref name=Keiran/>
| weight =
| eye_color = Brown
| hair_color = Black
| ethnicity =
| alias = Keiran Lee, Keiran, Adam.
| number_of_films =
| homepage =
| iafd = KeiranLee
| imdb =
| afdb = 50117
| spelling = US
}}
'''Keiran Lee''' (born January 15, 1984 in [[Derby]], [[England]]) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[pornographic actor]].<ref name="iafd"/> He won the 2007 [[UK Adult Film and Television Award]] for Best Male Actor.<ref name=BGAFD>{{cite web | title =The UK Adult Film & TV Awards 2007| publisher =BGAFD.co.uk| url =http://www.bgafd.co.uk/miscellany/uk-awards-2007.php | accessdate = 2008-11-18}}</ref>

In a 2008 interview, he said he was engaged to porn actress [[Puma Swede]], and had a two-year contract with the production company [[Brazzers]].<ref name=Keiran/>

==See also==
* [[List of British pornographic actors]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Lee, Keiran
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =1984-01-15
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, Keiran}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Derby]]
[[Category:Male pornographic film actors]]
[[Category:English pornographic film actors]]

{{porn-actor-stub}}

Debi Sue Voorhees

2010-09-19T18:43:28Z

Plasticspork: Clean infobox + general fixes using AWB

{{Infobox adult biography
| name = Debi Sue Voorhees
| gender = female
| image = [[Image:Replace this image female.svg]]
| caption =
| birth_name = Deborah Sue Voorhees
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|07|28}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=6}}
| weight =
| measurements =
| eye_color =
| hair_color = [[Brown hair|Brown]]
| skin_color = White
| blood =
| ethnicity = [[Caucasian race|Caucasian]]
| alias = Debisue Voorhees, Deborah Sue Voorhees, Deborah Voorhees
| number_of_films =
| homepage =
| imdb = 0903382
| iafd =
| egafd =
| bgafd =
| afdb =
| eurobabeindex =
| spelling = 
}}

'''Debi Sue Voorhees''' (born '''Deborah Sue Voorhees''' on July 28, 1961) is an American actress.

==Filmography==
* ''[[Innocent Prey]]'' (1984), Prostitute
* ''[[Avenging Angel (1985 film)]]'', Roxie
* ''[[Friday the 13th: A New Beginning]]'' (1985), Tina
* ''[[Appointment with Fear]]'' (1985), Ruth

==TV appearances==
*''[[Dallas (TV series)|Dallas]]'' - in various roles and episodes during 1982-1985
*''[[Riptide (TV series)|Riptide]]'', Tippy - in the episode "''A Matter of Policy''" (1986)

==External links==
* {{imdb name|id=0903382}}
* {{cite web| url=http://www.scabboy.net/int/dsvint.html| title=Debi Sue Voorhees Interview| publisher=scabboy.net| date=2005-10-18| accessdate=2008-05-19}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Voorhees, Debi Sue}}
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[pl:Debi Sue Voorhees]]