Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Stephen Cleobury

2019-11-24T14:01:51Z

PkbwcgsBot: v2.02b - Task 1 - Approved BRFA - WP:WCW project (Duplicate arguments in template calls)

{{short description|English organist and conductor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Stephen Cleobury
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|size=100|CBE}}
| birth_name = Stephen John Cleobury
| image = Stephen Cleobury.jpg
| caption = Cleobury in 2009
| image_upright = 1.1
| birth_date = {{birth date|1948|12|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bromley]], [[Kent]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2019|11|22|1948|12|31}}
| death_place = [[York]], [[North Yorkshire]], England
| occupation = Director of Music at [[King's College, Cambridge]] (choirmaster and [[organ (music)|organist]])
| children =
| parents = John F. Cleobury Brenda J. Randall
| relatives = [[Nicholas Cleobury]] (brother)
| alma_mater = [[St John's College, Cambridge]] (organ scholar)
| nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]]
}}

'''Sir Stephen Cleobury''' {{post-nominals|size=100|CBE}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|l|iː|b|ər|i}} {{respell|KLEE|bər|ee}}; 31 December 1948 – 22 November 2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://schooltips.com.ng/sir-stephen-cleobury-death-obituary-bbc-singers-chief-conductor-has-died/|title=Sir Stephen Cleobury Death – Obituary: BBC Singers Chief Conductor Has Died|last=Daramola|first=|date=2019-11-23|website=Schooltips|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref> was an English [[organ (music)|organist]] and [[Music director|Director of Music]], most noted for his connection with the [[Choir of King's College, Cambridge]] and the [[BBC Singers]].<ref name="BBCMus2018">{{citation|title=Reign of King's|page=38|work=BBC Music Magazine|publication-date=29 November 2018|edition=Christmas 2018}}</ref>

== Life ==

=== Early years ===
Cleobury was born in [[Bromley]], Kent, the son of John F Cleobury and Brenda J Randall. He was [[organ scholar]] at [[St John's College, Cambridge]] under the musical directorship of [[George Guest]], and sub-organist of [[Westminster Abbey]] before becoming Master of Music at [[Westminster Cathedral]] in 1979. He was head of music at [[St Matthew's Church, Northampton]] and head of music at [[Northampton Grammar School]] during the mid 1970s. He was also President of the [[Royal College of Organists]] from 1990 to 1992. He was a [[Fellow of the Royal College of Music]] and an Honorary Doctor of Music from [[Anglia Ruskin University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anglia.ac.uk/ruskin/en/home/microsites/honorary/cleobury.html|title=Anglia Ruskin University's Honorary Graduate Site|publisher=Anglia.ac.uk|accessdate=26 December 2014}}</ref>

=== King's College, Cambridge ===
In 1982 he took up the position of Director of Music for the [[Choir of King's College, Cambridge]], where he also taught music. He was conductor of [[Cambridge University Musical Society]] (CUMS) from 1983 to 2009, and made many recordings with that group, including [[Verdi]]'s ''Quattro Pezzi Sacri'' and [[Goehr]]'s ''The Death of Moses''. As part of the celebrations of the 800th anniversary of Cambridge University, he premiered [[Peter Maxwell Davies]]' ''The Sorcerer's Mirror''. He was also Chief Conductor of the [[BBC Singers]] from 1995 to 2007, and was Conductor Laureate since 2007.

Cleobury retired on 30 September 2019, and was succeeded at King's College by [[Daniel Hyde (organist)|Daniel Hyde]].

=== Beyond Cambridge ===
Cleobury served as Visiting Fellow at the [[Louisiana State University]] School of Music, for 2013-2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lsu.edu/ur/ocur/lsunews/MediaCenter/News/2013/03/item59135.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403235745/http://www.lsu.edu/ur/ocur/lsunews/MediaCenter/News/2013/03/item59135.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 April 2013|title=LSU School of Music Appoints Stephen Cleobury as 2013-14 Visiting Fellow|publisher=Lsu.edu|access-date=26 December 2014}}</ref>

==Personal life==
His brother [[Nicholas Cleobury]] is also a conductor. His cousin Stephen Dean is a composer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stephen Cleobury biography|url=http://www.classicfm.com/artists/stephen-cleobury|accessdate=1 Jan 2016}}</ref> He lived with his wife Emma and their two daughters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Life Outside Cambridge| url=http://www.stephencleobury.com/life-outside-cambridge.html| accessdate=1 Jan 2016}}</ref> Cleobury died on 22 November 2019, in his hometown of York, after a long illness.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/news/2019/sir-stephen-cleobury-1948-2019 |title=Sir Stephen Cleobury (1948–2019) |accessdate=23 November 2019 |publisher=King's College, Cambridge}}</ref>

== Honours and awards ==
In 2008 Cleobury was awarded an Honorary Fellowship of the [[Royal School of Church Music]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rscm.com/info_resources/news/HonAwards08_14122007.php|title=RCM Awarded|publisher=Rscm.com|access-date=2015-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715210138/http://www.rscm.com/info_resources/news/HonAwards08_14122007.php|archive-date=15 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cleobury was appointed [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) in the [[2009 Birthday Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=59090 |date=13 June 2009 |page=7 |supp=y }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/11_06_09mainlist.pdf |format=PDF |title=Knights Bachelor : Knighthoods |publisher=News.bbc.co.uk |accessdate=2015-07-17}}</ref>

He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in the [[2019 Birthday Honours]] for services to choral music.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=62666|supp=y|page=B2|date=8 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/news/cambridge-news/queens-honours-birthday-cambridge-knighthood-16394307|title=All the people from Cambridgeshire on the Queen's Birthday honours list 2019|last=Maguire|first=Samar|date=2019-06-07|website=cambridgenews|access-date=2019-06-07}}</ref>

== Recordings ==

=== CD ===
====As conductor====

* 2019 - Evensong Live 2019: Anthems and Canticles
* 2019 - Howells: Cello Concerto & An English Mass<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/jun/13/howells-an-english-mass-cello-concerto-te-deum-etc-review-cleoburys-distinctive-final-offering |title=Howells: An English Mass; Cello Concerto; Te Deum etc review – Cleobury's distinctive final offering |last=Clements |first=Andrew |date=2019-06-13 |work=The Guardian |access-date=2019-11-24 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* 2019 - The Music of King's: Choral Favourites from Cambridge
* 2018 - [[100 Years of Nine Lessons and Carols]]
* 2018 - Byrd: Motets<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2018/Jun/Byrd_motets_KGS0024.htm |title=Byrd Motets KING·S COLLEGE KGS0024 [MG] Classical Music Reviews: June 2018 - MusicWeb-International |website=www.musicweb-international.com |access-date=2019-11-24}}</ref>
* 2018 - 再别康桥 (Second Farewell to Cambridge)
* 2017 - Vaughan Williams: Dona Nobis Pacem & Bernstein: Chichester Psalms<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/vaughan-williams-dona-nobis-pacem-bernstein-chichester-psalms |title=VAUGHAN WILLIAMS Dona Nobis Pacem BERNSTEIN Chichester Psalms |last=Quantrill |first=Peter |date=2017-12-20 |website=www.gramophone.co.uk |language=en |access-date=2019-11-24}}</ref>
* 2017 - Bach: St John Passion
* 2016 - Evensong Live 2016
* 2016 - Hymn's from King's
* 2015 - 1615 Gabrieli in Venice
* 2015 - Evensong Live 2015
* 2015 - English Hymn Anthems
* 2014 - Favourite Carols from King's
* 2014 - Fauré Requiem
* 2013 - Britten: Saint Nicolas (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/choir/listen-to-the-choir/recordings/britten-saint-nicolas|title=Britten Saint Nicolas | King's College Cambridge|website=www.kings.cam.ac.uk}}</ref>
* 2013 - Mozart: Requiem Realisations (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kingscollegerecordings.com/product/mozart-requiem-realisations/|title=Mozart Requiem: Realisations}}</ref>
* 2012 - Nine Lessons & Carols (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kingscollegerecordings.com/product/nine-lessons-carols/|title=Nine Lessons & Carols}}</ref>
* 2007 - I Heard a Voice - Music From the Golden Age, Works by Weelkes, Gibbons and Tomkins (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, Oliver Brett, Peter Stevens)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/i-heard-a-voice-the-music-of-the-golden-age-mw0001855723/releases|title=I Heard a Voice: The Music of the Golden Age - Stephen Cleobury, Fretwork, King's College Choir of Cambridge | Releases|website=AllMusic}}</ref>
* 2006 - Brahms: A German Requiem (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, with Susan Gritton, [[Hanno Müller-Brachmann]], Evgenia Rubinova and Jose Gallardo)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/brahms-ein-deutsches-requiem-mw0001387826/credits|title=Brahms: Ein deutsches Requiem - Stephen Cleobury, King's College Choir of Cambridge | Credits|website=AllMusic}}</ref>

* 2003 - Bach: Johannes-Passion (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, with [[John Mark Ainsley]], Stephen Richardson, [[Catherine Bott]], [[Michael Chance]], [[Paul Agnew]], and [[Stephen Varcoe]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/bach-st-john-passion-mr0002714927|title=Bach: St. John Passion - King's College Choir of Cambridge, Stephen Cleobury | Release Info|website=AllMusic}}</ref>
* 2002 - Vivaldi: Gloria (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, with the Academy of Ancient Music)<ref>http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2002/Apr02/Vivaldi_Cleobury.htm</ref>
* 2001 - Howells: Te Deum & Jubilate (Choir of King's College Cambridge)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdandlp.com/en/howells-herbert/the-british-music-collection:-herbert-howells:-cambridge-king-s-college-choir-cleobury/cd/r116406134/|title=The british music collection: herbert howells: cambridge king's college choir, cleobury by Howells, Herbert, CD with melomaan|website=www.cdandlp.com}}</ref>
* 2000 - Handel: Israel in Egypt (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, Ian Bostridge, Michael Chance, Susan Gritton, Stephen Varcoe)
* 2000 - Best Loved Hymns (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* 1999 - Rachmaninov: Vespers (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* 1998 - John Rutter: Requiem (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* 1997 - Stanford: Evening Services in C and G (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* 1996 - The King's Collection (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* 1996 - Allegri: Miserere (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* 1995 - Handel: Dixit Dominus (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* 1994 - Ikos (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* 1994 - Handel: Messiah (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, with Lynne Dawson, [[Hilary Summers]], John Mark Ainsley and Alastair Miles)
* 1994 - Bach: St Matthew Passion (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, with Rogers Covey-Crump, Michael George, Emma Kirkby, Michael Chance, [[Martyn Hill]], David Thomas)
* 1990 - Tallis: Spem in alium, Lamentations of Jeremiah, Responsaries (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* 1989 - Fauré: Requiem; Duruflé: Requiem (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, Olaf Bär, Ann Murray)
* 1984 - O Come All Ye Faithful (Favourite Christmas Carols) (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)

====As organist====
* 1993 - ''Organ Favourites from King's College, Cambridge''
* 2004 - ''British Organ Music from King's''
* 2007 - ''Organ Classics from King's''
* 2009 - ''The Grand Organ of King's College''
* 2017 - ''The King of Instruments: A Voice Reborn''
* 2019 - ''Herbert Howells’ An English Mass'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stephencleobury.com/recent-recordings.html|title=Recent Recordings|website=Stephen Cleobury}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theclassicreview.com/album-reviews/review-howells-cello-concerto-an-english-mass-johnston-cleobury/|title=Review: Howells - Cello Concerto, An English Mass - Johnston, Cleobury|first=Leighton|last=Jones|date=14 June 2019}}</ref>

=== DVD ===
As conductor:
* Anthems from King's (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* Carols from King's (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* Handel: Messiah (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)
* Bach: Johannes Passion (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/bach-st-john-passion-18|title=Bach St John Passion|first=Jonathan|last=Freeman-Attwood|date=9 January 2013|website=www.gramophone.co.uk}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.stephencleobury.com}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131218082221/http://www.editionpeters.com/london/epamstephencleobury.php Stephen Cleobury] [[Edition Peters]]
* {{discogs artist}}
* [http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Cleobury-Stephen.htm Stephen Cleobury (conductor)] Bach Cantatas Website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060111193249/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/choir/director.html King's College] (accessed November 2006)
* [http://www.allmusic.com/artist/stephen-cleobury-mn0000057125/discography Stephen Cleobury] discography, [[AllMusic]]
* [https://www.sms.cam.ac.uk/media/1114647 Stephen Cleobury] interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 4 July 2008 (video)
* [http://www.nme.com/video/id/Wdrmq0qyG_g/search/Stephen%20Cleobury Stephen Cleobury] interviewed by Barry Rose, 1987
* [http://www.concertorganists.com/site2009/artistphotos/PDF%20Press%20Book-CleoburyStephen_Press_Book.pdf Stephen Cleobury Biography] at concertorganists.com

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | title=[[Choir of King's College, Cambridge|Director of Music, King's College, Cambridge]] | before=[[Philip Ledger|Sir Philip Ledger]] | years=1982–2019 | after=[[Daniel Hyde (organist)|Daniel Hyde]]|
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Anglican church music}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cleobury, Stephen}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:English choral conductors]]
[[Category:British male conductors (music)]]
[[Category:English classical organists]]
[[Category:Male organists]]
[[Category:Cathedral organists]]
[[Category:EMI Classics and Virgin Classics artists]]
[[Category:People from Bromley]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Fellows of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:People educated at King's School, Worcester]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:21st-century conductors (music)]]
[[Category:21st-century organists]]
[[Category:21st-century male musicians]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Musicians awarded knighthoods]]

Paul Chirik

2019-02-02T13:20:56Z

PkbwcgsBot: v2.0b - (Task 11 - Approved BRFA) - WP:WCW project (Heading hierarchy)

{{Multiple issues|
{{Underlinked|date=January 2019}}
{{citation style|date=October 2018}}
}}

'''Paul J. Chirik''' is an American chemist and currently Edwards S. Sanford Professor of Chemistry at Princeton University.[1] His expertise is in the field of organometallic chemistry, particularly in sustainable and environmentally-friendly catalysis with earth abundant elements.[2],[3] In 2015, he was appointed Editor-in-Chief of ''Organometallic''s, a peer-reviewed journal published by the American Chemical Society.[4],[5],[6],[7],[8] He has mentored over 30 PhD students and 20 postdoctoral associates.[1] His teaching and research have been widely recognized - with awards including the Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award,[9] the Blavatnik Award for Young Scientists,[10] a Packard Fellowship in science and engineering,[11] a Camille Dreyfus Teacher Scholar Award[12], an NSF CAREER Award,[13] and a Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award.[14]

== Early life, education and career ==
Chirik was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 13, 1973.[2] He graduated ''magna cum laude'' with a Bachelor's of Science in Chemistry in 1995 from Virginia Tech having conducted research with Joseph Merola.[15] He earned his Ph. D. with John Bercaw at Caltech studying the mechanism of metallocene-catalyzed olefin polymerization and hydrometallation chemistry in which he was recognized with the Hebert Newby McCoy Award.[16],[17],[18] After a brief postdoctoral appointment with Professor Christopher Cummins at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)[19] he joined the faculty at Cornell University in 2001 as an assistant professor.[2] In 2006, he was promoted to associate professor, and in 2009, he was named the Peter J. W. Debye Professor of Chemistry.[20]

In the course of his career, he has authored over 180 peer-reviewed, scientific publications during his independent career,[3] is inventor on over 15 patents and has been invited to give lectures and presentations in over 200 national and international seminars and conferences[20] including the 2012 Falling Walls Conference in Berlin, where he gave a talk entitled “Breaking the Wall of Sustainable Chemistry: How Modern Alchemy Can Lead to Inexpensive and Clean Technology”.[21]

== Research interests ==
Chirik has contributed to the field of catalysis with earth abundant transition elements such as iron and cobalt, with the ultimate goal to free the pharmaceutical and other industries from overdependence on the scarce and expensive rare earth catalysts that are presently and commonly used. His group has utilized redox-active ligands[22] to control electron flow with first row transition metals to enable multielectron chemistry. Chirik's catalysts are of interest for asymmetric hydrogenation[23],[24] and hydrosilylation of alkenes.[23],[25][26]

Chirik's research lies at the intersection of organic and inorganic chemistry and involves the development of sustainable methods in chemical synthesis. His research group explores the concept of “modern alchemy”, whereby ligand design is used to transmute the reactivity of earth-abundant metals to mimic, or ideally surpass, the performance of precious metals. His group tackles pharmaceutically- and industrially-relevant problems using a combination of synthetic, spectroscopic, physical characterization and computational methods. The major research areas in his laboratory are catalysis with Earth-abundant metals, dinitrogen functionalization, and the interconversion of ammonia with its elements.[1],[3]

=== Catalysis with Earth-abundant metals ===
The core of Chirik's Earth-abundant metal catalysis program is the understanding and manipulation of electron flow, and its application to solving modern problems. Development efforts are specifically geared towards problems in the pharmaceutical, flavor, fragrance, petrochemical, and silicones industries. The broad catalysis concept of “metal-ligand cooperativity” popularized by Chirik, where electron changes occur concomitantly between the metal and the supporting ligand (“redox-active limit”), led to the development of Earth-abundant catalysts based on iron and cobalt for asymmetric hydrogenation,[24] hydrosilylation,[25] and hydroboration[27] of olefins with superior activities and selectivities to their precious metal counterparts as well as catalysts for unprecedented cycloaddition[28],[29] reactions.

Chirik has also developed Earth-abundant catalysts that operate in a more traditional sense, where the electron changes occur exclusively at the metal (“strong-field limit”) with the judicious choice of the supporting ligand. This led to the development of catalysts for asymmetric hydrogenation,[30],[31],[32] hydrogen-isotope exchange,[33],[34] C–H borylation[35] and cross coupling [36], reactions that are of tremendous importance to the pharmaceutical industry.

=== Nitrogen functionalization and interconversion of ammonia with its elements ===
Prof. Chirik also has a vibrant research program in the interconversion of ammonia (NH3) with its constituent elements, N2 and H2. The forward reaction, where N2 is converted to ammonia and other value-added nitrogen-containing products is driven by the high carbon footprint associated with industrial ammonia synthesis by the Haber-Bosch process, whereas the reverse reaction, where ammonia is converted back into its elements, N2 and H2, is driven by the goal of developing carbon-neutral fuels.[37]

Using early transition metals with organic ligands to form a rationally designed coordination environment, Prof. Chirik has developed new routes to convert molecular nitrogen into value-added nitrogen-containing products.[38],[39],[40],[41],[42]

By utilizing proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), Chirik has been able to cleave ammonia to form H2 using the concept of “coordination-induced weakening”.[43],[44],[45]

== Awards ==
* ICI Lectureship, [[University of Calgary]] (2018)
* ACS Catalysis Lectureship for Advancement of Catalysis Science (2017)
* Winner, Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award (2016)
* First JSCC International Award for Creative Work (2015)
* Closs Lecturer, University of Chicago (2014)
* Dalton Lecturer, University California – Berkeley (2011)
* Winner, Blavatnik Award for Young Scientists, NYAS (2009)
* Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award, American Chemical Society (2009)
* Bessel Fellow of the [[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation]] (2008)
* Camille Dreyfus-Teacher Scholar (2006)
* Stephen and Margery Russell Distinguished Teaching Award (2005)
* David and Lucile Packard Fellow in Science and Engineering (2004)
* NSF CAREER Award (2003)
* Herbert Newby McCoy Award for Outstanding Dissertation, Caltech (2000)

== References ==
[1] https://chemistry.princeton.edu/faculty/chirik

[2] https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/3196/1/CCB_074.pdf

[3] http://chemlabs.princeton.edu/chirik/

[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organometallics

[5]https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/newsreleases/2014/july/organometallics-welcomes-new-editor-in-chief-paul-chirik.html

[6] https://cen.acs.org/articles/92/web/2014/07/Paul-Chirik-Lead-Organometallics.html

[7] https://www.alumni.caltech.edu/news-classic/2014/8/14/paul-chirik-phd-00-named-editor-of-organometallics

[8] https://chemistry.princeton.edu/news/chirik-named-new-editor-chief-organometallics

[9] https://cen.acs.org/articles/87/i10/Paul-Chirik-Arthur-C-Cope.html

[10] http://blavatnikawards.org/honorees/profile/paul-chirik/

[11] https://www.packard.org/what-we-fund/science/packard-fellowships-for-science-and-engineering/fellowship-directory/chirik-paul-j/

[12] http://www.dreyfus.org/announcements/PAST-TC.pdf

[13] http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2002/12/paul-chirik-early-career-award-synthetic-chemistry

[14] https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/presidential-green-chemistry-challenge-2016-academic-award

[15] http://www.merola.chem.vt.edu/merola/MerolaGroup/alumni.html

[16] http://chemistry.caltech.edu/groups/bercaw/formergroupmembers.html

[17] https://caltechcampuspubs.library.caltech.edu/2478/1/June_9%2C_2000.pdf

[18]https://books.google.com/books/about/Ancillary_Ligand_Effects_on_Fundamental.html?id=Y32iQwAACAAJ

[19] https://ccclab.mit.edu/members

[20]http://chemlabs.princeton.edu/chirik/wpcontent/blogs.dir/26/files/sites/25/2017/09/Chirik_CV_web.pdf

[21] http://falling-walls.com/videos/Paul-Chirik-1119).

[22] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-innocent_ligand

[23] https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja046753t

[24] https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja300503k

[25] http://science.sciencemag.org/content/335/6068/567

[26]https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/16/science/modern-day-alchemy-has-iron-working-like-platinum.html

[27] https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja4108148

[28] https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja202992p

[29] http://science.sciencemag.org/content/349/6251/960

[30] http://science.sciencemag.org/content/342/6162/1076.full

[31] https://cen.acs.org/articles/91/i50/Catalysts-Less-Precious.html

[32] http://science.sciencemag.org/content/360/6391/888

[33] https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16464

[34] https://chemistry.princeton.edu/news/radiolabeling-lets-scientists-track-breakdown-drugs

[35] https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja500712z

[36] https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acscentsci.6b00283

[37] https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2008/jm/b720020j#!divAbstract

[38] http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2004/03/cu-researchers-find-long-sought-method-fixing-nitrogen

[39] http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2004/02/new-method-converting-nitrogen-ammonia

[40] http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2009/12/researchers-devise-new-way-cleave-nitrogen

[41] https://www.nature.com/articles/nchem.477

[42] https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja405477m

[43] https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.5b01047

[44] http://science.sciencemag.org/content/354/6313/730

[45] https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.7b03070

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chirik, Paul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Princeton University people]]
[[Category:Virginia Tech alumni]]
[[Category:California Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Organic chemists]]
[[Category:21st-century American chemists]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Philadelphia]]

Mercon

2019-01-27T20:22:48Z

PkbwcgsBot: v2.0b - (Task 16 - Approved BRFA) - WP:WCW project (Heading ends with a colon)

[[File:Ford Type D ATF 1960.jpg|thumb|1960 Ford Type B Automatic Transmission Fluid]]
'''MERCON''' is the [[Brand|trade name]] for a group of [[Specification (technical standard)|technical specifications]] of [[automatic transmission fluid]] created by [[Ford]]. The name is a [[registered trademark]] (later becoming a ''brand'') of Ford, which [[license]]s the name and specifications to companies which manufacture the fluid and sell it under their own brand names. Not all Mercon fluids are licensed for reselling under another brand name. All licensed Mercon fluids must have a license number on the container. If no license number is found, the fluid may not be Ford approved and the fluid cannot be guaranteed to meet Ford specifications. Ford, like many automobile manufacturers, uses transmissions sourced from other suppliers or transmission manufacturers around the world; these transmissions are not manufactured by Ford. Many of these automatic transmissions use unique fluids that might not be shown on this page.

Originally the MERCON name was associated exclusively with automatic transmission fluids, later Ford released MERCON [[gear oil]]s and other lubricants under the MERCON brand.

==Ford Automatic Transmission Fluids (ATF)==
The original Mercon (M2C185-A) transmission fluid was introduced January 1987. Over the years, the original Mercon was supplanted by Mercon "V", Mercon "SP", Mercon LV, and Mercon ULV which is the latest fluid. Ford has upgraded the Mercon specifications over the years; the newer fluids are not always [[Backward compatibility|backward compatible]] with previous fluids. Newer 6 and 10 speed transmissions as well as Plug-In Hybrid (PHEV), and Electric Vehicle (EV) transmission technologies require specialized fluids to operate properly. There remains a market for older fluids that claim to meet the earlier fluid specifications. See the details below for backward compatibility of each fluid.

===Before Mercon - 1942 - 1987===

====1942 - Motor Oil====
In 1942, The Mercury 8 and Lincoln offered cars with an optional "Liquamatic Drive" using a fluid coupling, conventional clutch, and a semi-automatic three-speed transmission. The transmission had an overrunning clutch on the transmission countershaft. This transmission used S.A.E 20 motor oil for lubrication. this transmission was only produced for a few months before the U.S.A. entered World War-II, production of this transmission was not resumed after the war.<ref>https://macsmotorcitygarage.com/automatic-failure-fords-1942-liquamatic-experiment/ Automatic Failure: Ford’s 1942 Liquamatic Experiment</ref>

====1950 - GM Type "A" Fluid====
[[File:GM Type "A" Automatic Transmission fluid.jpg|right|thumb|1949 GM Type "A" ATF]]
It is important to understand that every automatic transmission produced by any vehicle manufacturer (Oldsmobile, Cadillac, Buick, Chevrolet, Pontiac, GMC, Ford, Mercury, Lincoln, Chrysler, Dodge, Desoto, Packard, and Studebaker used GM Type-A transmission fluids in their transmissions from 1949-1958.

In 1950, Ford released their first fully automatic transmission; the 1951 Fordomatic 3-speed transmission<ref>https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/500194/ FORD-MERCURY AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION </ref>. This new fully automatic transmission used the GM Type "A" automatic transmission fluid specification. Ford became a licensed reseller of the GM Type "A" fluid with an Armor Qualification number. The Type "A" fluid was marketed under the Ford brand name. This fluid was also used in the following transmissions: Fordomatic (Borg-Warner FX) in 1951, Criuseomatic (Borg-Warner MX) in 1954, Lincoln TurboDrive in 1955, Ford Criuse-o-matic in 1958, Mercury Multi-Drive in 1958, and the Lincoln TurboDrive in 1958.
{{-}}

====1959 - Ford Type "A" Fluid====
In 1959, Ford released their own Type-A automatic transmission fluid specification (M2C33-A) and stopped using GM fluid specifications for their in-house transmissions. The Ford M2C33-A fluid had GM Type "A" Suffix "A" characteristics. Transmission fluid service life was fairly short, and frequent transmission oil changes were required.
{{-}}

====1959 - Type "B" Fluid====
[[File:Ford Type D ATF 1960.jpg|right|thumb|Ford Type B ATF]]
In 1959, Ford released an updated automatic transmission fluid specification Type-B (M2C33-B). The Ford M2C33-B fluid had GM Type "A" Suffix "A" characteristics. As with the previous specification, transmission fluid service life was fairly short, and frequent transmission oil changes were required.
{{-}}

====1960 - Type "D" Fluid====
In 1960, Ford introduced the Type-D (M2C33-D) specification for service fluid use in 1960 model year vehicles. This fluid specification change provided better oxidation control, anti-wear performance, and higher static capacity capabilities were also included. Oxidation control of the fluid was measured by a new Merc-O-Matic oxidation test. This fluid was first used in the following transmissions: Ford C-4 in 1964, C-6 in 1966, and the FMX in 1968.
{{-}}

====1967 - Type "F" Fluid====
[[File:Ford Type F ATF 1981.jpg|right|thumb|Ford Type F ATF 1981]]
In 1967, Ford introduced a new fluid specification, the Type-F fluid (M2C33-F)<ref>https://www.fcsdchemicalsandlubricants.com/Main/product.asp?product=Type+F+Automatic+Transmission+Fluid+and+Power+Steering+Fluid&category=Transmission%20Fluid</ref>. This specification was intended to produce a “fill-for-life” fluid which would never need to be changed. This is the first of many Ford “fill-for-life” fluids. This fluid provided a high static coefficient of friction which resulted in harsh shifting.
{{-}}

====1974 - Type "CJ" Fluid====
[[File:Ford Type CJ ATF.jpg|right|thumb|Ford Type CJ ATF]]
In September of 1974, Ford introduced a new fluid specification, the Type-CJ fluid (M2C138-CJ). This fluid provided smoother shifting and less gear noise by with higher dynamic friction characteristics. The Ford Type-CJ fluid specification also met the GM [[Dexron]]-II(D) and earlier fluid specifications. Ford was a licensed GM Dexron-II(D) vendor.

The Ford Type-CJ and Dexron II(D) compatibility in 1975 was unique. The compatibility may suggest to some that all Mercon and Dexron fluids are compatible; this is not correct. Always use the factory recommended fluid for your transmission. (See the Aftermarket Automatic Transmission Fluids section below)

This fluid was first used in the following transmissions: C-3 transmission in the 1974 Pinto, ATX 3-Speed in 1978, the ATX with the Centrifugally Linked Clutch (CLC) in Torque Converter, the FLC Version of ATX in 1980, and the 4-speed AOD with torque converter bypass in 1980.
{{-}}

====1981 - Type "H" Fluid====
In June of 1981, Ford introduced a new fluid specification, the Type-H fluid (M2C166-H). This fluid specification provided improved friction characteristics in lock-up torque converters (reducing shudder during application and release). With this new specification, Ford introduced the aluminum beaker oxidation test (ABOT) to replace the older Merc-O-Matic oxidation test.

This fluid was first used in the following transmissions: the C-5 (C-4 with TCC) in 1982, A4LD C3 w/OD 4-Speed in 1985, the AXOD transaxle in 1986, and the Electronic A4LD 4-Speed.
{{-}}

===1987 - MERCON===
In January 1987, Ford released the Mercon fluid specification (M2C185-A). Mercon became a trademarked fluid with qualification and licensing of fluids to ensure quality in the marketplace.

This fluid was first used in the following transmissions: E4OD Ford's first electronic control trans in 1989 (C-6 w/OD), 4EAT-G Mazda and F-4EAT in 1990, 4EAT-G Mazda and F-4EAT in 1990, AXOD-E in 1991, AOD-E Electronic AOD in 1992, AOD-EW/4R70W in 1993, AX4S in 1994, CD4E Batavia in 1994, AX4N/4F50N in 1995, 4R44E and 4R55E in 1995 4-Speeds, and the 5R44 and 5R55 5-Speeds in 1997.
{{-}}

===1996 - MERCON-V===
[[File:Mercon V ATF.jpg|right|thumb|Mercon V ATF]]
In 1996, Ford released the Mercon "V" fluid specification (M2C202-B)<ref>https://www.fcsdchemicalsandlubricants.com/Main/product.asp?product=MERCON%AE+V+Automatic+Transmission+and+Power+Steering+Fluid&category=Transmission%20Fluid</ref>. Ford Technical Service Bulletin (TSB) 06-14-04 indicates that Mercon V is to replace the original Mercon fluid<ref>https://www.aftermarketnews.com/ford-announces-new-replacement-specs-for-mercon-atf/ Ford Announces New Replacement Specs for Mercon ATF
</ref>. This fluid was first used in the following transmissions: 4R100 in 1998, and the 4F27E in 2000.

The Mercon V specification was revised in 2002 (M2C919-E). This revised fluid was first used in the following transmissions: 4R75E/4R75W in 2003, and the 5R110W in 2003.
{{-}}

===2001 - MERCON-SP===
[[File:Mercon SP ATF.jpg|right|thumb|Mercon SP ATF]]
In August 2001, Ford released the Mercon "SP" fluid specification (M2C919-D)<ref>https://www.fcsdchemicalsandlubricants.com/Main/product.asp?product=MERCON%AE+SP+Automatic+Transmission+Fluid&category=Transmission%20Fluid</ref>. This fluid was designed for the Ford 5R110W Ford Torq Shift 5-Speed transmission. Ford SSM 21114 indicates that Mercon Replace SP is to be replaced with with Mercon LV.
{{-}}

===2005 - MERCON-LV===
[[File:Mercon LV ATF.jpg|right|thumb|Mercon LV ATF]]
In December 2005, Ford released the Mercon "LV" fluid specification (M2C938-A)<ref>https://www.fcsdchemicalsandlubricants.com/Main/product.asp?product=MERCON%AE+LV+Automatic+Transmission+Fluid&category=Transmission%20Fluid</ref>. This fluid was first used in the following transmissions: 6R60 ZF 6-Speed in 2006, and the FNR5 Mazda 5-Speed in 2006

This specification was revised in 2007 for use in the 6F50 and 6R80 in 2007, and the 6F35 in 2009.

This specification was revised again in 2010 (M2C938-A2) and was optimized for anti-Squawk performance of clutches. This revised fluid was first used in the following transmissions: 6R140 in 2011, and the HF-35 hybrid transaxle in 2013.
{{-}}

===2014 - MERCON-ULV===
[[File:Mercon and Dexron ULV Fluids.jpg|right|thumb|2014 Ford Mercon ULV and ACDelco Dexron-ULV ATF]]
The fluid specification for Mercon-ULV (Ultra-Low Viscosity) was introduced January 2, 2014. Mercon ULV is composed of a Group 3+ Base oil and additives needed for the proper operation of the 2017 and above Ford 10R80 and the GM 10L90 10-Speed rear wheel drive automatic transmission.

This transmission and the transmission fluid specification was co-developed by Ford and GM. The current specification that defines the fluid is FORD WSS-M2C949-A<ref>https://www.fcsdchemicalsandlubricants.com/Main/product.asp?product=MERCON%AE+ULV+Automatic+Transmission+Fluid&category=Transmission%20Fluid</ref>. This fluid is also marketed as Dexron ULV. NOTICE: The quart containers of Mercon ULV must be shaken to stir up the additives before pouring. This fluid is not backward compatible with any previous fluids.

This fluid was first used in the following transmissions: 10R80, 6F15, and the 6R100 in 2017
{{-}}

==Aftermarket Automatic Transmission Fluids==
[[File:Mobil Dexron II(D) for GM, Chrysler, and AMC Vehicles.jpg|right|thumb|Licensed Licensed Dexron II(D) for GM, Chrysler, and AMC Vehicles]]
For over 70 years, the oil aftermarket has produced both licensed, and non-licensed, formulations of automatic transmission fluids (ATF). Today, aftermarket fluids asserted by their manufacturers to be compatible for use in General Motors automatic transmissions continue to be sold under names such as [[Dexron]]/Mercon, Multi-Purpose, and Multi-Vehicle fluids. Non-licensed fluid are typically less expensive, these fluids are not regulated or endorsed by Ford for use in their transmissions.

===Buyer Beware===
Details of fluid compatibility or recommendations on the back panel of an ATF container often conflict with the fluid compatibility claims on the front label.

==== Example 1 ====
[[File:O'Reilly ATF Front Panel.jpg|left|thumb|Unlicensed O'Reilly Multi-Purpose ATF Front Panel]]
[[File:O'Reilly Multi-Purpose ATF Back Panel.jpg|right|thumb|Unlicensed O'Reilly Multi-Purpose ATF Back Panel]]
The front label of the O'Reilly Premium Automatic Transmission Multi-Purpose bottle assert that the fluid is "Compatible for use in General Motors and Ford automatic transmissions"; however, the rear panel of the same bottle asserts "This high quality product is suitable for use in all General Motors and Ford automatic transmissions calling for Type "A" Suffix "A", [[Dexron]]-II(C), Dexron-II(D), Dexron-II(E), Dexron-III(G), Dexron-III(H), Type-CJ, and Mercon. The back panel does tell you to check your owner's manual to ensure you are using the correct transmission fluid for your vehicle." This means the fluid is only recommended for vehicles requiring the original 1987 Mercon fluid. This also means it not recommended for any other Ford vehicles requiring Mercon V, Mercon SP, Mercon, LV, or Mercon ULV.
{{-}}

==== Example 2 ====
[[File:Mobil 1 Synthetic ATF Multi-Vehicle Formula Front.jpg|left|thumb|Unlicensed Mobil 1 Multi-Vehicle ATF]]
[[File:Mobil 1 Multi-Vehicle Formula ATF Back Panel.jpg|right|thumb|Unlicensed Mobil 1 Multi-Vehicle Formula ATF Back Panel]]
The front label of the Mobil 1 Synthetic ATF Multi-Vehicle Formula bottle assert that the fluid is for "Ford, GM and a wide variety of domestic and imported vehicles"; however, the rear panel of the same bottle asserts the fluid is recommended by ExxonMobil for use in applications requiring the original 1987 Ford Mercon fluid as well as GM [[Dexron]](B), Dexron-II(C), Dexron-II(D), Dexron-III(G), Dexron-III(H), and other non-GM applications. The back panel does have an asterisk indicating the fluid is not compatible with Mercon LV or Mercon SP. This means the fluid is only recommended for vehicles requiring the original 1987 Mercon fluid. This also means it not recommended for any other Ford vehicles requiring Mercon V, Mercon SP, Mercon, LV, or Mercon ULV (or any earlier fluids).
{{-}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.fcsdchemicalsandlubricants.com/main/category.asp?select=%5BTransmission%20Fluid%5D Motorcraft Chemicals and Lubricants Catalog]
*[https://www.searchautoparts.com/motorage/undercar-service-repair/look-changes-automatic-transmission-fluid?page=0,0 A Look at Changes in Automatic Transmission Fluid]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aV-ri4rOHRI The History of Automatic Transmission Fluid - ATF History Part 1 ]
*[https://books.google.com/books/about/Changing_Gears.html?id=aKF9QgAACAAJ Changing Gears: The Development of the Automotive Transmission]
*[https://www.motorcraftservice.com/ Ford Service Information Subscription Access]

[[Category:Ford transmissions]]
[[Category:Hydraulic fluids]]

Gravitation (Buch)

2019-01-27T19:56:03Z

PkbwcgsBot: v2.0b - (Task 1 - Approved BRFA) - WP:WCW project (Tag with incorrect syntax)

{{pp-semi-sock|small=yes}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Gravitation
| image = Gravitation book.jpg
| caption =
| authors = [[Charles W. Misner]] [[Kip Thorne|Kip S. Thorne]] [[John Archibald Wheeler]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist = Kenneth Gwin
| language = [[English language|English]]
| subject = [[Physics]]
| publisher = [[W. H. Freeman]] [[Princeton University Press]]
| pub_date = 1973, 2017
| media_type = Print
| pages = xxvi, 1279
| isbn = 0-7167-0344-0
| dewey = 531/.14
| congress = QC178 .M57
| oclc = 585119
}}

'''''Gravitation''''' is a physics book on [[Einstein]]'s [[general relativity|theory of gravity]], written by [[Charles W. Misner]], [[Kip Thorne|Kip S. Thorne]], and [[John Archibald Wheeler]] and originally published by [[W. H. Freeman and Company]] in 1973. It is frequently abbreviated '''''MTW''''' after its authors' initials. The cover illustration, drawn by Kenneth Gwin, is a [[line art|line drawing]] of an apple with cuts in the skin to show [[geodesics]]. It contains 10 parts and 44 chapters, each beginning with a quotation. The bibliography has a long list of original sources and other notable books in the field. While this may not be the best introductory text because its coverage may overwhelm a newcomer, and despite the fact that parts of it are now out-of-date, it remains a valuable reference for advanced graduate students and researchers.<ref>[http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Administrivia/rel_booklist.html#Misner-Thorne-Wheeler:grav Are There Any Good Books on Relativity Theory?]. John C. Baez et al. University of California, Riverside. September 1998. Accessed January 27, 2019. </ref>

==Content==

===Subject matter===

After a brief review of [[special relativity]] and [[flat spacetime]], physics in curved spacetime is introduced and many aspects of general relativity are covered; particularly about the [[Einstein field equations]] and their implications, experimental confirmations, and [[alternatives to general relativity]]. Segments of history are included to summarize the ideas leading up to Einstein's theory. The book concludes by questioning the nature of spacetime and suggesting possible frontiers of research. Although the exposition on [[linearized gravity]] is detailed, one topic which is not covered is [[gravitoelectromagnetism]]. Some [[quantum mechanics]] is mentioned, but [[quantum field theory in curved spacetime]] and [[quantum gravity]] are not included.

The topics covered are broadly divided into two "tracks", the first contains the core topics while the second has more advanced content. The first track can be read independently of the second track. The main text is supplemented by boxes containing extra information, which can be omitted without loss of continuity. Margin notes are also inserted to annotate the main text.

The mathematics, primarily [[tensor calculus]] and [[differential forms]] in [[curved spacetime]], is developed as required. An introductory chapter on [[spinor]]s near the end is also given. There are numerous illustrations of advanced mathematical ideas such as [[Exterior algebra#Alternating multilinear forms|alternating multilinear forms]], [[parallel transport]], and the orientation of the [[hypercube]] in spacetime. Mathematical exercises and physical problems are included for the reader to practice.

The prose in the book is conversational; the authors use plain language and analogies to everyday objects. For example, [[Lorentz transformation|Lorentz transformed]] coordinates are described as a "squashed egg-crate" with an illustration. Tensors are described as "machines with slots" to insert vectors or one-forms, and containing "gears and wheels that guarantee the output" of other tensors.

===Sign and unit conventions===

''MTW'' uses the [[Sign convention|−+++ metric convention]], and dissuades the use of the ++++ metric and [[complex number|imaginary]] time coordinate ''ict''. In the front endpapers, the [[Einstein field equations#Sign convention|sign conventions for the Einstein field equations]] are established and the conventions used by many other authors are listed.

The book also uses [[geometrized units]], the [[gravitational constant]] ''G'' and [[speed of light]] in vacuum ''c'' each set to 1. The back endpapers contain a table of unit conversions.

===Table of contents (2017 Edition)===

{{div col}}
*List of Boxes
*List of Figures
*Forward to the 2017 Edition
*Preface to the 2017 Edition
*Preface
*Acknowledgements

*Part I: Spacetime Physics
**1. Geometrodynamics in Brief

*Part II: Physics in Flat Spacetime
**2. Foundations of Special Relativity
**3. The Electromagnetic Field
**4. Electromagnetism and Differential Forms
**5. Stress-Energy Tensor and Conservation Laws
**6. Accelerated Observers
**7. Incompatibility of Gravity and Special Relativity

*Part III: The Mathematics of Curved Spacetime
**8. Differential Geometry - An Overview
**9. Differential Topology
**10. Affine Geometry - Geodesics, Parallel Transport, and Covariant Derivatives
**11. Geodesic Deviation and Spacetime Curvature
**12. Newtonian Gravity in the Language of Curved Spacetime
**13. Riemannian Geometry - Metric as Foundation of All
**14. Calculation of Curvature
**15. Bianchi Identities and the Boundary of a Boundary

*Part IV: Einstein's Geometric Theory of Gravity
**16. Equivalence Principle and the Measurement of the "Gravitational Field"
**17. How Mass-Energy Generates Curvature
**18. Weak Gravitational Fields
**19. Mass and Angular Momentum of a Gravitating System
**20. Conservation Laws for 4-Momentum and Angular Momentum
**21. Variational Principle and Initial-Value Data
**22. Thermodynamics, Hydrodynamics, Electrodynamics, Geometric Optics and Kinetic Theory

*Part V: Relativistic Stars
**23. Spherical Stars
**24. Pulsars and Neutron Stars; Quasars and Supermassive Stars
**25. The "Pit in the Potential" as the Central New Feature of Motion in Schwarzschild Geometry
**26. Stellar Pulsations

*Part VI: The Universe
**27. Idealized Cosmologies
**28. Evolution of the Universe into its Present State
**29. Present State and Future Evolution of the Universe
**30. Anisotropic and Inhomogeneous Cosmologies

*Part VII: Gravitational Collapse and Black Holes
**31. Schwarzschild Geometry
**32. Gravitational Collapse
**33. Black Holes
**34. Global Techniques, Horizons, and Singularity Theorems

*Part VIII: Gravitational Waves
**35. Propagation of Gravitational Waves
**36. Generation of Gravitational Waves
**37. Detection of Gravitational Waves

*Part IX: Experimental Tests of General Relativity
**38. Testing the Foundations of Relativity
**39. Other Theories of Gravity and the Post-Newtonian Approximation
**40. Solar-System Experiments

*Part X: Frontiers
**41. Spinors
**42. Regge Calculus
**43. Superspace: Arenas for the Dynamics of Geometry
**44. Beyond the End of Time

*Bibliography and Index of Names
*Subject Index

{{div col end}}

==Editions and translations==

The book has been reprinted in English 24 times. Hardback and softcover editions have been published. The original citation is

* {{citation
| last1=Misner |first1=Charles W. |authorlink1=Charles W. Misner
| last2=Thorne |first2=Kip S. |authorlink2=Kip Thorne
| last3=Wheeler |first3=John Archibald |authorlink3=John Archibald Wheeler
| year=1973
| title=Gravitation
| publisher=[[W. H. Freeman]]
| location=San Francisco
| isbn=978-0-7167-0344-0
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4Gigq3tY1kC&dq=gravitation+mtw&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y}}.

It has also been translated into other languages, including Russian (in three volumes), Chinese,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.its.caltech.edu/~kip/scripts/publications.html|author=Kip Thorne|title=Publications as of 7 June 2010|access-date=24 February 2016}}</ref> and Japanese.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Juryoku-riron-Gravitation-rikigaku-sotaisei/dp/4621083279|title=Juryoku riron : Gravitation koten rikigaku kara sotaisei riron made jiku no kikagaku kara uchu no kozo e. (Japanese)|website=amazon.com|access-date=24 February 2016}}</ref>

This is a recent reprinting.
*{{Cite book |last1=Misner |first1=Charles W. |last2=Thorne |first2=Kip S. |last3=Wheeler |first3=John Archibald |last4=Kaiser |first4=David I. |year=2017 |title=Gravitation |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691177793}} Reprinting.

==Reviews==

The book is still considered influential in the physics community, with generally positive reviews, but with some criticism of the book's length and presentation style. To quote Ed Ehrlich<ref>{{cite web|last=Ehrlich |first=Ed |title=Gravitation - Book Review |website=sky-watch.com |url=http://www.sky-watch.com/books/misner1.html |accessdate=1 January 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083527/http://www.sky-watch.com/books/misner1.html |archivedate=2 February 2016 |df= }}</ref>

:''"'Gravitation' is such a prominent book on relativity that the initials of its authors MTW can be used by other books on relativity without explanation."''

[[James Hartle]] notes in his book<ref>{{Cite book
|author=J. B. Hartle
|title=Gravity: An Introduction to Einstein's General Relativity
|page = 563
|isbn = 9780805386622
|year=2003
|publisher = [[Addison-Wesley]]}}</ref>

:''“Over thirty years since its publication, ''Gravitation'' is still the most comprehensive treatise on general relativity. An authoritative and complete discussion of almost any topic in the subject can be found within its 1300 pages. It also contains an extensive bibliography with references to original sources. Written by three twentieth-century masters of the subject, it set the style for many later texts on the subject, including this one.”''

while [[Sean M. Carroll]] states<ref>{{Cite book
|author=S. Carroll
|title=Spacetime and Geometry: An Introduction to General Relativity
|page = 496
|isbn = 9780805387322
|year=2003
|publisher = Addison-Wesley}}</ref>

:''“The book that educated at least two generations of researchers in gravitational physics. Comprehensive and encyclopedic, the book is written in an often-idiosyncratic way that you will either like or not.”''

and Pankaj Sharan writes<ref>{{Cite book
|title=Spacetime, Geometry and Gravitation
|author=P. Sharan
|page = 34
|isbn = 9780805387322
|year=2009
|publisher=Springer
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcmLCX4gC2IC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=book+review+gravitation+mtw&source=bl&ots=Js5yAaq37G&sig=BMetp6fX2gIl4ZekK5hUuNMR6Us&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKl5bq3IvLAhUEvBoKHb52DPk4ChDoAQguMAM#v=onepage&q=book%20review%20gravitation%20mtw&f=false}}</ref>

:''“This large sized (20cm × 25cm), 1272 page book begins at the very beginning and has everything on gravity (up to 1973). There are hundreds of diagrams and special boxes for additional explanations, exercises, historical and bibliographical asides and bibliographical details.”''

Ray D'Inverno suggests<ref>{{Cite book
|title=Introducing Einstein's Relativity
|author=R. D'Inverno
|page = 371
|isbn = 9780198596868
|year=1992
|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcmLCX4gC2IC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=book+review+gravitation+mtw&source=bl&ots=Js5yAaq37G&sig=BMetp6fX2gIl4ZekK5hUuNMR6Us&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKl5bq3IvLAhUEvBoKHb52DPk4ChDoAQguMAM#v=onepage&q=book%20review%20gravitation%20mtw&f=false}}</ref>

:''“I would also recommend looking at the relevant sections of the text of Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler, known for short as ‘MTW’. MTW is a rich resource and is certainly worth consulting for a whole string of topics. However, its style is not perhaps for everyone (I find it somewhat verbose in places and would not recommend it for a first course in general relativity). MTW has a very extensive bibliography.”''

Many texts on general relativity refer to it in their bibliographies or footnotes. In addition to the four given, other modern references include [[George Efstathiou]] et al.,<ref>{{Cite book
|author1=M. P. Hobson |author2=G. P. Efstathiou |author3=A. N. Lasenby |title=General Relativity: An Introduction for Physicists
|page = 555
|isbn = 9780521829519
|year=2006
|publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xma1QuTJphYC&pg=PA496&dq=hobson+general+relativity+gravitomagnetic+field&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MzpkVeCfNPGp7AaC-YOAAw&ved=0CCIQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=hobson%20general%20relativity%20gravitomagnetic%20field&f=false}}</ref> [[Bernard F. Schutz]],<ref>{{Cite book
|author=B. Schutz
|title=A First Course in General Relativity
|page = 362
|isbn = 0521277035
|year=1985
|publisher = Cambridge University Press
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhDFuWbLlgQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=schutz+general+relativity&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=schutz%20general%20relativity&f=false}}</ref> James Foster et al.,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Foster|first1=J|last2=Nightingale|first2=J.D.|edition=2nd|page=222|title=A Short Course in General Relativity|year=1995|publisher=Springer|isbn=0-03-063366-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2fTBwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=foster+nightingale+general+relativity&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiz1aXL7IjLAhUJORoKHZSGAWwQ6wEINzAB#v=onepage&q=foster%20nightingale%20general%20relativity&f=false}}</ref> [[Robert Wald]],<ref>{{Cite book
|author=R. M. Wald
|title=[[General Relativity (book)|General Relativity]]
|page = 479
|isbn = 9780226870335
|year=1984
|publisher = [[Chicago University Press]]}}</ref> and [[Stephen Hawking]] et al.<ref>{{Cite book
|author1=S. W. Hawking |author2=W. Israel |title=Three Hundred Years of Gravitation
|page = 327
|isbn = 9780521379762
|year=1987
|publisher = Cambridge University Press
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vq787qC5PWQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Three+Hundred+Years+of+Gravitation+Hawking+mtw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwibyrrtoJDLAhWGQBoKHQIdAhoQ6wEILDAA#v=onepage&q=Three%20Hundred%20Years%20of%20Gravitation%20Hawking%20mtw&f=false}}</ref>

Other prominent physics books also cite it, for example ''[[Classical Mechanics (Goldstein book)|Classical Mechanics]]'' by [[Herbert Goldstein]] who comments<ref>{{cite book |author=H. Goldstein| title=Classical mechanics| publisher=Addison-wesley|page=333|edition=2nd| year=1980| isbn=0-201-02918-9}}</ref>

:''“This massive treatise (1279 pages! (the pun is irresistible)) is to be praised for the great efforts made to help the reader through the maze. The pedagogic apparatus includes separately marked tracks, boxes of various kinds, marginal comments, and cleverly designed diagrams.”''

==See also==

*''[[The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time]]'' 
*[[Wick rotation]] for ''ict''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last=Kaiser |first=David |date=March 2012 |title=A Tale of Two Textbooks: Experiments in Genre |journal=Isis |publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press]] |volume=103 |number=1 |pages=126–138 |doi=10.1086/664983}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Braginskii |first1=V. B. |last2=Novikov |first2=I. D. |date=March–April 1975 |title=C. Misner, K. Thorne, J. Wheeler. Gravitation: Reviewed by V. B. Braginskii and I. D. Novikov |journal=Astronomicheskii Zhurnal |volume=52 |pages=447–449 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1975SvA....19..273B&link_type=ARTICLE&db_key=AST&high=54a582219127834|bibcode = 1975AZh....52..447B }}

[[Category:General relativity]]
[[Category:Physics books]]

Lamia al-Gailani Werr

2019-01-24T19:21:19Z

PkbwcgsBot: v2.0b - (Task 1 - Approved BRFA) - WP:WCW project (Duplicate arguments in template calls)

{{merge|Lamia al-Gailani|date=January 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use DMY dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Lamia Al-Gailani Werr
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth year|1938}}
| birth_place = [[Baghdad]], Iraq
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|01|18|1938|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Amman]], Jordan
| death_cause =
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| region = [[London]], England
| other_names =
| occupation =
| period =
| known_for =
| home_town =
| title =
| boards = 
| spouse =
| partner =
| children = Noorah Al-Gailani
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards = Gertrude Bell Memorial Gold Medal (2009)
| website =
| education = {{Plainlist|
* [[University of Baghdad]] (BA)
* [[University of Cambridge]] (MA)
* [[University of Edinburgh]] (MA)
* [[University of London]] (PhD, 1977)
}}
| alma_mater = 
| thesis_title = Studies in the Chronology and Regional Style of Old Babylonian Cylinder Seals
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year = 1977
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor = [[Barbara Parker-Mallowan]]
| academic_advisors =
| influences = 
| era =
| discipline = [[Near Eastern archaeology]]
| sub_discipline = {{Plainlist|
* [[Cylinder seals]]
* Heritage and conflict
* History of the [[National Museum of Iraq|Iraq Museum]]
}}
| workplaces = 
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students = 
| main_interests =
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas =
| influenced = 
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Lamia Al-Gailani Werr''' (1938–2019) was an Iraqi [[archaeologist]].

== Education and career ==
Al-Gailani Werr was born in Baghdad in 1938. She studied at the [[University of Baghdad]] and the [[University of Cambridge]]. In 1961, she began working as a curator of the [[National Museum of Iraq]], the institution that would be the focus of much of her later career. She returned to Britain in the 1970s, to complete a master's degree at the [[University of Edinburgh]], and then a PhD at the [[UCL Institute of Archaeology|Institute of Archaeology]] in London.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://thearabweekly.com/iraq-bids-farewell-archaeologist-lamia-al-gailani|title=Iraq bids farewell to archaeologist Lamia al-Gailani|last=Kadi|first=Samar|date=22 January 2019|website=The Arab Weekly|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bisi.ac.uk/content/dr-lamia-al-gailani-werr|title=Dr Lamia Al Gailani Werr|last=Porter MacIver|first=Joan|last2=Collins|first2=Paul|date=21 January 2019|website=The British Institute for the Study of Iraq|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/nation-world/world/article224852440.html|title=Iraq says goodbye to its beloved archaeologist al-Gailani|last=Issa|first=Philip|date=21 January 2019|website=The Charlotte Observer|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iraq-says-goodbye-to-its-beloved-archaeologist-al-gailani/2019/01/21/28b34056-1d58-11e9-a759-2b8541bbbe20_story.html|title=Iraq says goodbye to its beloved archaeologist al-Gailani|last=Issa|first=Philip|date=21 January 2019|work=The Washington Post|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref> Her PhD thesis, supervised by [[Barbara Parker-Mallowan]], was a study of [[Old Babylonian Empire|Old Babylonian]] [[Cylinder seal|cylinder seals]] at the Iraq Museum. Published in 1988 after much delay,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Studies in the Chronology and Regional Style of Old Babylonian Cylinder Seals|last=Al-Gailani Werr|first=Lamia|publisher=Undena|year=1988|isbn=|series=Bibliotheca Mesopotamica 23|location=Malibu|pages=}}</ref> [[Dominique Collon]], curator of Western Asiatic Antiquities at the British Museum, described the work as a "succinct and informative discussion" that should "serve as a model for all future studies."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Collon|first=Dominique|date=1991|title=Review of ''Studies in the Chronology and Regional Style of Old Babylonian Cylinder Seals'' by Lamia al-Gailani Werr|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43076036|journal=Orientalia (Nova Series)|volume=60|issue=4|pages=366–369|via=JSTOR}}</ref>

After obtaining her PhD in 1977, Al-Gailani Werr remained in London as an honorary research associate at the UCL Institute of Archaeology and a research associate at the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] (SOAS).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/iraqi-treasure-lamia-al-gailani-werr-dies-in-amman-1.815408|title=Iraqi ‘treasure’ Lamia Al Gailani Werr dies in Amman|last=|first=|date=19 January 2019|website=The National|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zipang.org.uk/people/l-al-gailani.htm|title=Who's who – Dr Lamia Al-Gailani Werr|last=|first=|date=|website=Zipang|publisher=The Enheduanna Society|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref> She returned to Iraq frequently, working to maintain contact between Iraqi archaeologists and the wider academic world under the [[Ba'athist Iraq|Saddam Hussein regime]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> In 1999, she and Salim al-Alusi co-authored ''The First Arabs'', a popular account in Arabic of the archaeology of early Arab culture in Mesopotamia.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> From 2003, her work focused on the preservation of antiquities in Iraq. She helped rebuild the Iraq Museum after it was looted and damaged in the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|2003 American-led invasion]]<ref name=":2" /> and was a frequent commentator on the difficulties faced by museums and heritage protection in postwar Iraq.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tammuz.tumblr.com/post/44549674493/forbidden-museum-iraqis-cannot-visit-their|title=Forbidden museum: Iraqis cannot visit their national museum|website=Babylon Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/08/140802-iraq-mosul-christian-muslim-islamic-state-syria-history/|title=Q&A: Why Sunni Extremists Are Destroying Ancient Religious Sites in Mosul|date=2014-08-01|website=National Geographic News|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/in-defence-of-history-iraq-museum-reopened-1.611655|title=In defence of history: Iraq Museum reopened|website=The National|language=en|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35774900|title=Museum of Lost Objects: Looted Sumerian Seal|last=Maruf|first=Kanishk Tharoor and Maryam|date=2016-03-11|access-date=2019-01-23|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/06/28/623537440/hobby-lobbys-illegal-antiquities-shed-light-on-a-lost-looted-ancient-city-in-ira|title=Hobby Lobby's Illegal Antiquities Shed Light On A Lost, Looted Ancient City In Iraq|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref> She was a consultant to the Iraqi Ministry of Culture and was closely involved in the reopening of the Iraq Museum in 2015 and the founding of the [[Basrah Museum]] in 2016.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

At the time of her death in 2019, Al-Gailani Werr held a research fellowship at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art|Metropolitan Museum]] in New York, where she was writing a book on the history of the Iraq Museum.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Death and legacy ==
Al-Gailani Werr died in [[Amman]], Jordan, on 18 January 2018, en route to Iraq.<ref name=":0" /> She was interred in the [[Mausoleum of Abdul-Qadir Gilani]] in Baghdad, following a funeral procession from the Iraq Museum.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

She was the only lifetime honorary member of the [[British Institute for the Study of Iraq]] and was awarded its Gertrude Bell Memorial Gold Medal in 2009.<ref name=":1" />

Her daughter, Noorah Al-Gailani, is the Curator of Islamic Civilisations at the [[Glasgow Museums]].<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Al-Gailani Werr, Lamia}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Baghdad]]
[[Category:Iraqi archaeologists]]
[[Category:Women archaeologists]]
[[Category:Archaeologists of the Near East]]
[[Category:University of Baghdad alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Alumni of the UCL Institute of Archaeology]]
[[Category:Academics of the UCL Institute of Archaeology]]
[[Category:Academics of SOAS, University of London]]

Lewis Capaldi

2019-01-22T17:15:58Z

PkbwcgsBot: v2.0b - (Task 1 - Approved BRFA) - WP:WCW project (Duplicate arguments in template calls)

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Lewis Capaldi
| image =
| caption = Capaldi looking sexy asf
| background = solo_singer
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1996|10|7}}
| birth_place = [[Glasgow]], Scotland
| Height = 5ft 11inches
| origin =
| occupation = Singer-songwriter
| instrument = Guitar, vocals
| genre = 
| label = {{hlist|[[Capitol Records|Capitol]]|[[Virgin Records|Virgin]]}}
| years_active = 2017–present
| website = {{URL|lewiscapaldi.com}}
}}

'''Lewis Capaldi''' is a Scottish singer-songwriter originating from [[Whitburn, West Lothian]].<ref>Alan Zycinski, Who is Lewis Capaldi? The Bruises singer dubbed Scotland's Ed Sheeran supporting Sam Smith and Kodaline on his European Tour, ''The Scottish Sun'', 22 February 2018 https://www.thescottishsun.co.uk/news/scottish-news/2269657/lewis-capaldi-bruises-ed-sheeran-sam-smith-tour</ref>

==Career==
===Early beginnings===
Capaldi learned to play the guitar when he was nine, and began his musical career singing in pubs aged 12.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://time.com/4991815/5-songs-you-need-to-listen-to-this-week-30/|title=5 Songs You Need To Listen To This Week|work=Time|date=20 October 2017|accessdate=25 October 2017}}</ref> He released his debut extended play recording ''Bloom EP'' on 20 October 2017,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clashmusic.com/news/lewis-capaldi-announces-bloom-ep/|title=Lewis Capaldi Announces 'Bloom' EP}}</ref> where he worked with [[Grammy Award]]-winning producer [[Malay (record producer)|Malay]], a long-time collaborator of [[Frank Ocean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onestowatch.com/blog/icymi-lewis-capaldi-emanates-genuine-longing-and/|title=ICYMI: Lewis Capaldi Emanates Genuine Longing and Heartbreak In "Fade" / Ones To Watch}}</ref>

Capaldi rose to prominence through uploading recordings of himself in his bedroom, where he was discovered by manager Ryan Walter.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/latest-news/lewis-capaldi-cover-songs-the-view-collaborating-jessie-reyez|title=6 Lewis Capaldi used to cover songs by the The View and now he's collaborating with Jessie Reyez|work=Time|date=28 February 2018|accessdate=28 February 2018}}</ref> He later released his first track "Bruises" on 31 March 2017. The song quickly amassed close to 28 million plays on [[Spotify]] worldwide, making him the fastest ever unsigned artist to reach 25 million plays on the platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mahogany.blog/lewis-capaldi-fade-listen/|title=Lewis Capaldi - Fade (Listen) - Mahogany|date=6 October 2017}}</ref> Shortly afterward, he was signed to [[Virgin Records]] and [[Capitol Records]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/CapitolRecords/status/883113723312750592/|title=Excited to welcome @LewisCapaldi to the #CapitolFamily! Stay tuned for new music dropping tonight pic.twitter.com/UU0lfoyM7f|publisher=Capitol Records}}{{Primary source inline|date=October 2018}}</ref>

===Increased recognition and European tour (2017–2018)===
In late 2017, Capaldi was named as one of [[Vevo]] dscvr 'Artists to Watch 2018'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dscvr.vevo.com/lewis-capaldi/p/1|title=vevo dscvr - Lewis Capaldi|website=dscvr.vevo.com|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-03}}</ref> Capaldi was also long-listed for [[BBC Music]]'s [[Sound of...|Sound of 2018]]. He was joined on the list by music stars such as [[Sigrid (singer)|Sigrid]], [[Khalid (singer)|Khalid]] and [[Billie Eilish]].

He supported [[Rag'n'Bone Man]] on his European tour in November 2017, and [[Milky Chance]] on their North American leg of the ''[[Blossom (Milky Chance album)|Blossom]]'' tour in January 2018. He attracted attention from celebrities including [[Chloë Grace Moretz]], [[Kygo]], [[James Bay (singer)|James Bay]], [[Ellie Goulding]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/LewisCapaldi/status/885605583939829761/|title=Haha class! Cheers for sharing the tune @elliegoulding x|last=Capaldi|first=Lewis|website=|dead-url=}}{{Primary source inline|date=October 2018}}</ref> and [[Niall Horan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/NiallOfficial/status/918226868406489088/|title=Lewis Capaldi - Lost On You (Live) huge fan of this man|last=Horan|first=Niall|website=|dead-url=}}{{Primary source inline|date=October 2018}}</ref> Subsequently, Horan invited Capaldi to support him on two dates on his [[Flicker World Tour]] at the [[SEC Armadillo|Glasgow SEC Armadillo]] in March 2018. In May 2018 Capaldi joined [[Sam Smith (singer)|Sam Smith]] on his [[The Thrill of It All (Sam Smith album)|Thrill of It All]] European tour, opening for Smith over 19 dates. He followed this by announcing a fourth headline UK and European tour, this time playing 2000 capacity venues across the UK and Europe, including two nights at Glasgow's [[Barrowland Ballroom|Barrowland]] Ballroom, with both shows selling out.

On 13 July 2018 Capaldi was named as one of two acts in [[BBC Radio 1]]'s 'Brit List', guaranteeing him three successive incremental Radio 1 playlist places. In August 2018, Irish [[Indie rock]] band [[Kodaline]] invited Capaldi to open for them at a concert in [[Belfast]].<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=968052180207927296|user=lewiscapaldi|title=so buzzing to be asked by @Kodaline to open for them! Will be my first ever time in Belfast! X|author=Lewis Capaldi|date=26 February 2018}}</ref> In addition to this, Capaldi was included in the line-ups for many festivals during the summer of 2018, including: [[Lollapolooza]], [[Bonnaroo Music Festival|Bonnaroo]], [[Firefly Music Festival|Firefly]], [[Mountain Jam (festival)|Mountain Jam]], [[Osheaga Festival|Osheaga]], [[Reading and Leeds Festivals|Reading & Leeds Festival]], Rize and [[TRNSMT]].

===''Breach'' and Brit nomination (2018–present)===
Capaldi's second extended play ''Breach'' was released on 8 November 2018, which included previously released singles "Tough" and "[[Grace (Lewis Capaldi song)|Grace]]", along with new songs "[[Someone You Loved]]" and a demo of "Something Borrowed". [[Zane Lowe]] premiered "Someone You Loved" on Apple's [[Beats 1]] radio on the day of release.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/LewisCapaldi/status/1060473874356281344|title=Lewis Capaldi on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en}}</ref>

On 14 November 2018 Capaldi performed a cover of [[Lady Gaga]]'s "[[Shallow (Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper song)|Shallow]]" from ''[[A Star Is Born (2018 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' live on [[BBC Radio 1]]'s [[Live Lounge]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/lewiscapaldi/photos/a.713686145320624/1993115080711051/?type=3&theater|title=Lewis Capaldi|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref> To date, Capaldi has played four sold-out back-to-back tours, and in his first 10 months of touring sold 60,000 headline tickets.

Capaldi is nominated for the Brit Critics' Choice Award for 2019, alongside Mahalia and [[Sam Fender]]. Previous winners have included [[Adele]] and [[Sam Smith (singer)|Sam Smith]].

==Personal life==
Capaldi is a distant relative of Scottish actor [[Peter Capaldi]].<ref>Alan Zycinski, Who is Lewis Capaldi? The Bruises singer dubbed Scotland's Ed Sheeran supporting Sam Smith and Kodaline on his European Tour, ''The Scottish Sun'', 22 February 2018 https://www.thescottishsun.co.uk/news/scottish-news/2269657/lewis-capaldi-bruises-ed-sheeran-sam-smith-tour</ref> He is also a distant relative of Barrhead born nuclear physicist Joseph Capaldi, praised for his work towards the Higgs Boson International Project.<ref>https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/music/music-news/rising-scottish-star-lewis-capaldi-12079123</ref>

==Discography==
===Extended plays===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Details
|-
! scope="row"| ''Bloom''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/bloom-ep/1278267161|title=Bloom - EP by Lewis Capaldi|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|accessdate=14 September 2018|date=20 October 2017}}</ref>
|
* Released: 20 October 2017
* Label: Virgin EMI
* Format: Digital download
|-
! scope="row"| ''Breach''
|
* Released: 8 November 2018
* Label: Virgin EMI
* Format: Digital download
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="7"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Scottish Singles and Albums Chart|SCO]] <ref>Peak positions in Scotland:
* For "Lost On You": {{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20170714/41/|title=Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart: 14 July 2017 - 20 July 2017|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=9 January 2019}}
* For "Fade": {{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20171013/41/|title=Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart: 13 October 2017 - 19 October 2017|publisher=Official Charts Company|accessdate=9 January 2019}}
* For "Rush": {{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20180302/41/|title=Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart: 2 March 2018 - 8 March 2018|publisher=Official Charts Company|accessdate=9 January 2019}}
* For "Tough": {{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20180615/41/|title=Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart: 15 June 2018 - 21 June 2018|publisher=Official Charts Company|accessdate=9 January 2019}}
* For "Grace": {{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20181116/41/|title=Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart: 16 November 2018 - 22 November 2018|publisher=Official Charts Company|accessdate=9 January 2019}}
* For "Someone You Loved": {{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20190111/41/|title=Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart: 11 January 2019 - 17 January 2019|publisher=Official Charts Company|accessdate=12 January 2019}}
</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lewis+Capaldi|title=Discografie Lewis Capaldi|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|accessdate=29 September 2018}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lewis+Capaldi|title=Discography Lewis Capaldi|publisher=irish-charts.com|accessdate=12 January 2019}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lewis+Capaldi|title=Discography Lewis Capaldi|publisher=norwegiancharts.com|accessdate=12 January 2019}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lewis+Capaldi|title=Discography Lewis Capaldi|publisher=swedishcharts.com|accessdate=12 January 2019}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lewis+Capaldi|title=Discographie Lewis Capaldi|publisher=[[Swiss Hitparade]]|language=German|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/51369/lewis-capaldi/|title=Lewis Capaldi {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=29 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Bruises (Lewis Capaldi song)|Bruises]]"
| rowspan="3"| 2017
| — || — || 84 || — || — || — || —
| rowspan="3"| ''Bloom''
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Lost On You (Lewis Capaldi song)|Lost On You]]"
| 50 || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Fade (Lewis Capaldi song)|Fade]]"
| 92 || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Rush (Lewis Capaldi song)|Rush]]" (featuring [[Jessie Reyez]])
| rowspan="4"| 2018
| 74 || — || — || — || — || — || —
| {{n/a|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Tough (Lewis Capaldi song)|Tough]]"
| 63 || — || — || — || — || — || —
| rowspan="3"| ''Breach''
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Grace (Lewis Capaldi song)|Grace]]"
| 8 || — || 23 || — || — || — || 33
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Someone You Loved]]"
| 15 || 40 || 20 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&chart=Singles|title=IRMA – Irish Charts|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|accessdate=19 January 2019}}</ref> || 37 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vglista.no/topplister/topp-20-single-2019-02/|title=VG-lista – Topp 20 Single uke 2, 2019|publisher=[[VG-lista]]|accessdate=12 January 2019}}</ref> || 26 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/|title=Sverigetopplistan – Sveriges Officiella Topplista|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|accessdate=12 January 2019}}</ref> || 87 || 29
|-
| colspan="10" style="font-size:90%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! Category
! scope="col" | State
|-
| 2018
| [[Scottish Alternative Music Awards]]
| Best Acoustic Act
| {{won}}
|-
| 2018
| Scottish Music Awards
| Breakthrough Artist of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
| 2018
| BBC Music
| [[Sound of...|Sound of 2018]]
| {{Included}}
|-
| 2018
| Great Scot Awards
| Breakthrough Award
| {{won}}
|-
| 2018
| Forth Awards
| Rising Star Award
| {{won}}
|-
| 2019
| [[Brit Awards]]
| Critics Choice Award
| {{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons cat|Lewis Capaldi}}
*{{official|http://www.lewiscapaldi.com}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Capaldi, Lewis}}
[[Category:Scottish singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:People from Bathgate]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scottish male singers]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Scottish singers]]

Ulrike Müller (Künstlerin)

2019-01-16T21:36:51Z

PkbwcgsBot: /* ''And Then Some'' */Task 13 - fixing WP:WCW error 101 (Ordinal number found inside tags), replaced: th → th (2)

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'''Ulrike Müller''' (born 1971 in [[Brixlegg]], [[Austria]]) is a contemporary [[visual artist]].<ref name="Bio">[http://www.callicoonfinearts.com/artists/ulrike-muller/bio "Ulrike Müller Biography"], Callicoon Fine Arts, Retrieved 1 October 2014.</ref> Müller is a member of the New York-based feminist genderqueer group [[LTTR]] as well as an editor of its eponymous journal.<ref name="NYT"> Schwendener, Martha. [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/07/arts/design/raw-cooked-ulrike-muller-at-the-brooklyn-museum.html?_r=0 "Raw/Cooked - Ulrike Müller"], ''The New York Times,'' Retrieved 1 October 2014.</ref> She also represented Austria at the Cairo Biennale in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artspace.com/ulrike-mueller|title=Ulrike Müller {{!}} Artspace|website=Artspace|language=en|access-date=2017-04-05}}</ref> She is currently a professor and Co-Chair of Painting at the [[Milton Avery Graduate School of the Arts]] at [[Bard College]] in [[Annandale-on-Hudson, New York]].<ref>[http://www.bard.edu/mfa/faculty/#factop "Ulrike Müller"], Bard College, Retrieved 1 October 2014.</ref>

==Early life==
Ulrike Müller was born in 1971 in [[Brixlegg]], [[Austria]].<ref name=Bio/> From 1991–1996 Müller studied Painting at the [[Academy of Fine Arts Vienna]], in Austria.<ref>[http://um.encore.at/cv "CV"], Ulrike Müller, Retrieved 1 October 2014.</ref> She also studied Painting at the [[University of Applied Arts Vienna]], Austria and attended both the [[Whitney Museum of American Art#Independent study program|Whitney Museum Independent Study Program]] and the [[MoMA PS1|PS1 Studio Program]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://um.encore.at/about|title=About {{!}} Ulrike Müller|website=um.encore.at|language=en|access-date=2017-04-05}}</ref>

==Career==
Mülller's practice has been described as addressing contemporary [[Feminism|feminist]] and [[Genderqueer]] concerns, extending from the feminist movements of the 1970s and onward. She is a member of the feminist genderqueer collective [[LTTR]].<ref> Ammer, Manuela. [http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/k8-hardy-ulrike-mueller/ "K8 Hardy and Ulrike Müller"], ''Frieze Magazine'', Retrieved 1 October 2014.</ref> She uses techniques of painting, performance, sculpture, publishing, geometrics, [[Abstract art|abstraction]], video/audio, and textiles to explore questions of body and identity politics and interrupt and criticize the gender binaries.<ref name=":0" /> For instance, for her exhibition ''Raw/Cooked'' at the [[Brooklyn Museum]] in 2012, Müller invited a range of feminist and queer artists, including [[Nicole Eisenman]], [[A.L. Steiner]] and [[Amy Sillman]] to create two-dimensional renderings of t-shirt quotes taken from the [[Lesbian Herstory Archives]] in Brooklyn.<ref name=NYT/>

Ulrike Müller currently teaches painting at the [[Milton Avery Graduate School of the Arts]] at [[Bard College]], is on the faculty for the [[Vermont College of Fine Arts]]’ low-residency MFA in Visual Arts program, and has lectured in painting/printmaking at [[Yale University]] since 2013.<ref>[http://www.art.yale.edu/UlrikeMuller Yale.edu bio] on Ulrike Müller</ref>

=== Themes ===
Müller’s art typically uses abstraction to play with representation with the intention of combine social and individual experiences as well as to blur the connection between the artist and the viewer. She strives to disrupt traditional gender norms and suggest alternatives through her feminist lens.<ref name=":0" /> Müller’s paintings are largely influenced by [[geometric abstraction]] to create an intimate relationship between color and shape. Through her paintings, she examines how color and shape can express ideas of representation, identity, and body.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ca.phaidon.com/agenda/art/articles/2016/october/17/ulrike-muller-why-i-paint/|title=Ulrike Müller - Why I Paint {{!}} Art {{!}} Agenda {{!}} Phaidon|website=Phaidon|access-date=2017-04-05}}</ref> Müller strives for [[radical feminism]], placing her work outside the usual scope of abstract and geometric painting, creating links between form, social context, and identity.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://callicoonfinearts.com/exhibitions/art-basel-miami/press-release|title=Art Basel Miami Beach 2016|website=callicoonfinearts.com|language=en|access-date=2017-04-05}}</ref>

===Select solo exhibitions===
*''And Then Some'', Callicoon Fine Arts (2016)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://callicoonfinearts.com/exhibitions/ulrike-muller-2016/|title=Ulrike Müller 2016|website=callicoonfinearts.com|language=en|access-date=2017-04-05}}</ref>
*''Museum Moderner Kunst Foundation Ludwig Vienna'' (2015)
*''Weather'', Callicoon Fine Arts ''(2014)''
*Kunstraum Lakeside (2014)
*''Raw/Cooked: Ulrike Müller'', [[Brooklyn Museum]] (2012)<ref>[http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/raw_cooked_muller/ "Raw/Cooked"], The Brooklyn Museum, Retrieved 1 October 2014.</ref>
*''Franza, Fever 103 Quilts'' (2010)
*''Feminism Formalism'' (2010)
*''Fever 013'' (2010)
*''Public Spaces Private Moments'' (2008)
*''Whip'' (2007)
*''Ten in One'' (2004)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://um.encore.at/exhibitions|title=Exhibitions {{!}} Ulrike Müller|website=um.encore.at|language=en|access-date=2017-04-05}}</ref>

===Select group exhibitions===
*''Art Basal Miami Beach'', Callicoon Fine Arts ''(2016)''<ref name=":1" />
*''Dropout at Site 131'', Callicoon Fine Arts (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://callicoonfinearts.com/exhibitions/lee-lozano-dallas-2016/|title=Dropout, Dallas 2016|website=callicoonfinearts.com|language=en|access-date=2017-04-05}}</ref>
*''Invisible Abversaries'' (2016)
*''Blackness in Abstraction'' (2016)
*''Always, Always, Others'' (2015)<ref name="Bio" />
*''Herstory Inventory: 100 Feminist Drawings by 100 Artists,'' [[Kunsthaus Bregenz]] (2012)<ref>[http://artnews.org/kunsthausbregenz/?exi=33534 "Ulrike Müller at Kunsthaus Bregenz"], Artnews.org, Retrieved 1 October 2014.</ref>
*''Sonic Episodes'', [[Dia Art Foundation]] (2009)<ref>[http://www.diaart.org/events/main/191 "Sonic Episodes"], Dia Art Foundation, Retrieved 1 October 2014.</ref>
*''Unmonumental Audio'', [[New Museum]] (2008)<ref>[http://archive.newmuseum.org/index.php/Detail/Occurrence/Show/occurrence_id/921 "Unmonumental Audio"], The New Museum, Retrieved 1 October 2014.</ref>

===Select publications===
* ''Work the Room. A Handbook on Performance Strategies.'' OE/b_books, 2006. (editor)
* ''An Idea-Driven Social Space.'' Ulriker Muller and Andrea Geyer. Grey Room 35, [[MIT Press]]. Cambridge. 2009.
* ''Fever 103, Franza, and Quilts.'' Dancing Foxes Press, 2012.[http://dfpress.us/projects.html]
* ''Herstory Inventory.'' Dancing Foxes Press, 2014.[http://dfpress.us/projects.html]

=== ''Raw/Cooked: Ulrike Müller'' ===
''Raw/Cooked: Ulrike Müller'' was a project meant to revise and respond to the feminist work ''[[The Dinner Party]]'' by Judy Chicago in 1974-79. ''The Dinner Party'' displayed a series of photographic panels to bring recognition to minority pieces of art.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/07/arts/design/raw-cooked-ulrike-muller-at-the-brooklyn-museum.html|title=‘Raw/Cooked: Ulrike Müller’ at the Brooklyn Museum|last=Schwendener|first=Martha|date=2012-09-06|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-04-05|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Müller transformed this idea, involving feminist and queer artists to take quotations from T-Shirts from the ''[[Lesbian Herstory Archives]]'' and create 2D objects. [[Herstory]] is history written from a feminist perspective, emphasizing the role of women, or told from a woman's point of view. ''Raw/Cooked'' had a variety of results, but all involved the relationship between abstraction and representation. The project was successful in its focus on the diverse artists’ agencies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bombmagazine.org/article/10014/ulrike-m-ller-s-i-herstory-inventory-100-feminist-drawings-by-100-artists-i|title=Ulrike Müller's Herstory Inventory: 100 Feminist Drawings by 100 Artists|last=Donovan|first=Thom|date=2014|website=Bomb Magazine|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=April 4, 2017}}</ref>

=== ''And Then Some'' ===
''And Then Some'' is Müller’s most recent concluded solo project with Callicoon Fine Arts. The exhibition ran from September 15th to October 30th, 2016. ''And Then Some'' involved paper and oil paintings contextualized with rugs and enamel designs. Müller aimed to explore and combine the contexts of different mediums and materials.<ref name=":2" /> Using a wall painting the grey color of the floor, she forces viewers to question their own perception of space and objects. ''And Then Some'' explores how these perceptions of space and objects are created or suggested even without a recognized identity. Müller expands this idea to gender, expressing how different elements of objects suggest certain knowledge or identities surrounding gender. For example, there is one piece made of enamel - a typically industrial material - that acts as a mirror to the viewer, convincing them to question such ideas about the medium.<ref name=":2" />

=== LTTR ===
[[LTTR]] is a feminist genderqueer collective with a flexible project oriented practice. Its aim is to celebrate different forms of [[feminist art]] and unite people together. Müller joined in 2005 and has been actively involved both as an individual and a collective artist. She helps in editing the journal and organizing different events and exhibitions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailyserving.com/2014/01/repetition-and-difference-lttr/|title=Repetition and Difference: LTTR|last=|first=|date=January 4, 2014|website=Daily Serving|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=April 4, 2017}}</ref> Others involved with LTTR are [[Ginger Brooks Takahashi]], [[K8 Hardy]] and [[Emily Roysdon]], and Lanka Tattersal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lttr.org/about-lttr|title=About {{!}} LTTR|website=www.lttr.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-05}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Müller is recognized for her efforts to revise outdated ideas of representation and expression in [[feminism]]. She is renowned for her various exhibitions that strive to give minority artists agency in their goal to break rules of patriarchy.<ref name="NYT" /> She is also known for using her mediums to their absolute potential to build on ideas of the body and its connection to the world.<ref name=":0" /> The artistic public values Müller’s revisiting of modernist abstraction and how she transforms it, forcing it to represent themes of the outside world such as the gendered body. Her use of subtlety and [[historical revisionism]] allows her to reconsider [[art history]] and [[feminist history]] and how they influence and represent the modern world.<ref name="Bio" />

==See also==
*[[Feminism]]
*[[Feminist art movement in the United States]]
*[[LTTR]]
*[[Genderqueer]]
*[[Abstract art|Abstract Art]]
*[[Geometric abstraction|Geometric Abstraction]]
*[[Herstory]]
*[[The Dinner Party]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muller, Ulrike}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Feminist artists]]
[[Category:Austrian artists]]
[[Category:Austrian women artists]]
[[Category:LGBT artists from Austria]]
[[Category:Bard College faculty]]
[[Category:Austrian contemporary artists]]

Caitlín Maude

2019-01-10T17:47:45Z

PkbwcgsBot: v2.0b - (Task 1 - Approved BRFA) - WP:WCW project (Unicode control characters)

'''Caitlín Maude''' (1941–1982) was an [[Irish people|Irish]] poet, activist, teacher, actress and traditional singer.

==Early life==
She was born in [[Casla]], [[County Galway]], and reared in the [[Irish language]]. Her mother, Máire Nic an Iomaire, was a school teacher from Casla, and Caitlín received her primary education from her on a small island off the coast of [[Rosmuc]], [[Connemara]]. Caitlín's father, John Maude, was from Cill Bhriocáin in Rosmuc.

Caitlín Maude attended [[University College Galway]], where she excelled in [[French language|French]]. She became a teacher, working in schools in Counties [[County Kildare|Kildare]], [[County Mayo|Mayo]], and [[County Wicklow|Wicklow]]. She also worked in other capacities in [[London]] and [[Dublin]].

==Career==
She was widely praised as an actress. She acted at the University, at the [[Taibhdhearc]] in [[Galway]] and the [[Damer]] in Dublin, and was particularly successful in a production of ''An Triail'' by [[Máiréad Ní Ghráda]] in 1964, in which she played the protagonist of the story, Máire Ní Chathasaigh. She herself was a playwright and co-authored ''An Lasair Choille'' with poet [[Michael Hartnett]].

She began writing poetry in Irish in secondary school and developed a lyrical style closely attuned to the rhythms of the voice. Though not conventionally religious, she said in an interview that she had a deep interest in the spiritual and that this would leave its mark on her poetry.<ref>’[T]á tnúthán spioradálta iontach ionam agus sílim go mbeidh sé seo le brath go láidir ar mo chuid filíochta amach anseo’: quoted in Ó Coigligh 1984: see introduction.</ref> She was noted as a highly effective reciter of her own verse. ''Géibheann'' is the best-known of her poems, and is studied at Leaving Certificate Higher Level Irish in the Republic of Ireland.<ref>http://www.examinations.ie/schools/S_90_10_The_irish_Examination_in_the_Leaving_Certificate_for_2012_onwards.pdf</ref> A posthumous collected edition, ''Caitlín Maude, Dánta'', was published in 1984, ''Caitlín Maude: file'' in 1985 in Ireland and Italy, and ''Coiscéim'' in 1985.

As a member of the Dublin [[Irish language|Irish]]-speaking community she was active in many campaigns, including the establishment of the [[Gaelscoil]] (Irish-medium primary school) Scoil Santain in [[Tallaght]], [[County Dublin]].

She was a [[Sean-nós song|sean-nós]] singer of distinction. She made one album in this genre, ''Caitlín'' (1975), now available as a CD. It contains both traditional songs and a selection of her poetry.

==Personal life==
She married Cathal Ó Luain in 1969. They had one child, Caomhán, a son.

==Death==
She died of complications from cancer in 1982 aged 41, and is buried in Bohernabreena graveyard, overlooking the city on the Dublin Mountains.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

Ó Coigligh, Ciarán (ed.) (1984). ''Caitlín Maude: dánta''. [[Coiscéim]].

''Caitlín Maude - Caitlín'' [CD]. Ref: CEFCD042

==External links==
* {{YouTube|mn7x01ywnAE|'A Dhé' (O Lord): poem composed and recited by Caitlín Maude}}
* {{YouTube|hwkGsdssjfE|'Aisling Gheal': traditional song in Irish, performed by Caitlín Maude}}
* {{YouTube|hdskdLV4MWY|'Róisín Dubh': traditional song in Irish, performed by Caitlín Maude}}
{{Gaelic literature}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maude, Caitlin}}
[[Category:Irish women poets]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of NUI Galway]]
[[Category:Irish female singers]]
[[Category:Irish folk singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from County Galway]]
[[Category:People from County Galway]]
[[Category:Irish schoolteachers]]
[[Category:Irish-language singers]]
[[Category:Sean-nós singers]]
[[Category:20th-century women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Irish poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Irish singers]]
[[Category:20th-century women singers]]

Venny Soldan-Brofeldt

2018-12-30T11:53:37Z

PkbwcgsBot: v2.0b - (Task 1 - Approved BRFA) - WP:WCW project (Tag with incorrect syntax)

[[File:Venny Soldan-Brofeldt painting by Hanna Pauli.jpg|thumb|250px|Venny Soldan-Brofeldt, portrait by [[Hanna Pauli]] (1885)]]
'''Wendla Irene Soldan-Brofeldt''', known as '''Venny''' (2 November 1863, [[Helsinki]] – 10 October 1945, [[Lohja]])<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.kuvataiteilijamatrikkeli.fi/fi/haku/ennen-vuotta-1900-syntyneet.html?artist=433&year=1900| title = SOLDAN-BROFELDT, Vendla Irene (VENNY)| work = kuvataiteilijamatrikkeli.fi| publisher = Suomen Taiteilijaseura| location = Helsinki}}</ref><ref name="ee1">{{cite web | url = http://yle.fi/venny/biografia_venny.htm| title = Venny Soldan-Brofeldt| work = yle.fi| publisher = Yleisradio| location = Helsinki}}</ref> was a Finnish-Swedish painter, illustrator, graphic artist, wood sculptor and jewelry designer.<ref name="KV–EK_96" >Kaija Valkonen – Elina Koivunen s. 96.</ref>

== Biography ==
Her father, {{ill|August Fredrik Soldan|fi}} was the Director of the [[Mint of Finland]]. Her mother, Marie Müller (1837–1927), was German. Swedish was spoken at home.<ref name="ee1"/> Her desire to become an artist received her family's wholehearted support.<ref name="Riitta Konttinen_18–19">Riitta Konttinen s. 18–19</ref> From 1880 to 1884, she initially attended the drawing school of the Finnish Art Association (now the [[Academy of Fine Arts, Helsinki|Academy of Fine Arts]]), but also studied privately with [[Maria Wiik]] and attended classes in St.Petersburg from 1883 to 1885. She was briefly a student at the [[Académie Colarossi]] in Paris on two occasions. She also made study trips to Spain and Italy with the money she earned copying old classics. Upon returning to Helsinki, she became an art teacher.<ref name="KV–EK_96" >Kaija Valkonen – Elina Koivunen s. 96.</ref>
[[File:Juhani Aho by Soldan-Brofeldt.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Portrait of Juhani Aho]]
In 1890, she met the writer, [[Juhani Aho]], at the studios of {{ill|Anna Sahlstén|fi}}. Soon, they were enamored of each other; attending concerts, going to the theater and taking trips into the countryside. In 1891, they were married, took their honeymoon in St.Petersburg, and settled in [[Ullanlinna]].<ref name="KV–EK_86" >Kaija Valkonen – Elina Koivunen s. 86.</ref>. She took the name Brofeldt rather than Aho because that was still her husband's legal name. Their home became a cultural meeting place that welcomed such notables as [[Jean Sibelius]], [[Pekka Halonen]], [[Arvid Järnefelt]], [[Werner Söderhjelm]]. [[Albert Edelfelt]], [[Axel Gallén]] and [[Eero Järnefelt]].<ref name="KV–EK_87" >Kaija Valkonen – Elina Koivunen s. 87.</ref> She was occasionally criticized for "masculine" habits such as smoking a pipe and wearing trousers. They also travelled about extensively until she became pregnant, then bought a home in [[Hausjärvi]].<ref name="KV–EK_87"/>

Their first child, [[Heikki Aho (filmmaker)|Heikki]] (who would later become a filmmaker) was born in 1895. Venny's younger sister, {{ill|Tilly Soldan|fi|lt=Tilly}} came to help with the housekeeping and Venny's recovery. But, soon, it became clear that a relationship was developing between her and Juhani. In 1896, Venny went to Berlin to study new methods in wallpaper design and was in no hurry to return, as she trusted them.<ref name="KV–EK_79" >Kaija Valkonen – Elina Koivunen, s. 79.</ref> Eventually though, it became a crisis and Juhani took a trip to Paris to let the situation settle down. Tilly went to Switzerland "for her health". Juhani joined her there, but had already decided to continue his marriage. In 1900, their second son {{ill|Antti Aho|fi|Antti}}, who would also become a writer, was born. The triangle continued until 1902, when Tilly gave birth to Juhani's son, {{ill|Björn Soldan|fi}}. Juhani set them up in [[Järvenpää]] and visited frequently. She set up a small nursing home to support herself. Apparently none of this was known to the rest of their family and friends until Antti published his autobiography in 1951.<ref name="KV–EK_79"/>

To add to their difficulties, in 1903 the Russian Governor-General, [[Nikolay Bobrikov]] had Juhani placed on the blacklist after his brother, {{ill|Pekka Brofeldt|fi|lt=Pekka}}, ran afoul of the censorship laws and had to flee the country. Facing the possibility of being sent to Siberia, they decided to leave Finland and, from 1903 to 1904, lived first in [[Tyrolia]], then Venice and Florence. They returned to Helsinki after Bobrikov was assassinated.<ref name="KV–EK_93" >Kaija Valkonen – Elina Koivunen s. 93.</ref> In 1907, Juhani had his name legally changed to Aho as a patriotic gesture. Venny chose to retain her hyphenated name.<ref name="KV–EK_87"/>

In 1910, she and Juhani collaborated on a picture book for children. He began spending much of his time in [[Tuscany]] while she remained in Helsinki. After his death in 1921, she began travelling, often as a representative of his sons' photography and filmmaking company, [[Aho & Soldan]].

When the {{ill|Lalluka Artists' Home|fi|Lallukan taiteilijakoti}} was completed in 1933, she became its honorary spokesperson. During the [[Winter War]], she moved to a cottage in Lohja, where she died in 1945. Just before her death, she burned all the correspondence between Juhani and Tilly, who had died in 1931.<ref name="ee1"/> She also expressed the wish to be buried at the [[Hietaniemi Cemetery]], with her family, rather than next to her husband, as would be customary.<ref>[http://www.tuulalevo.net/soldan/soldan-iltasanomat02.php Tuula Levon sivut].</ref>

==Selected paintings==
<gallery mode=packed heights=180>
File:Soldan-Brofeldt, Heränneitä.jpg|The [[Pietist]]s
File:Venny Soldan-Brofeldt Kimono.jpg|Man in a Kimono
File:Sigrid af Forselles, by Venny Soldan-Brofeldt.jpg|Portrait of the sculptor, {{ill|Sigrid af Forselles|fi}}
File:Florentine police choir.jpg|A Florentine Police Choir
File:Soldan-Brofeldt, Lätäkön luona leikkivä poika.jpg|Boy Playing with a Puddle
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* Kaija Valkonen, Elina Koivunen: ''Suurin on rakkaus'' (''Love is Greatest''), {{ill|WSOY (Publisher)|fi|WSOY|lt=WSOY}}, 1997, {{ISBN|951-0-21783-2}}
* Riitta Konttinen: ''Boheemielämä – Venny Soldan-Brofeldtin taiteilijantie'', Otava, 1996, {{ISBN|951-1-13043-9}}

== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Venny Soldan-Brofeldt}}
* [http://www.artnet.com/artists/venny-soldan-brofeldt/ More works by Soldan-Brofeldt] @ ArtNet

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Soldan Brofeldt, Venny}}

[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:Finnish illustrators]]
[[Category:Finnish women artists]]
[[Category:Finnish people of German descent]]

Pauline Boudry / Renate Lorenz

2018-12-28T10:30:27Z

PkbwcgsBot: v2.0b - (Task 11 - Approved BRFA) - WP:WCW project (Headings all start with three "=")

'''Pauline Boudry / Renate Lorenz''' are an artist duo based in [[Berlin]] who have worked together since 2006. They produce film installations that revisit recent and past material, a score, a piece of music, a film, a photograph or a performance, with a particular interest in a critical history of the photographic and moving image itself.<ref name="boudry-lorenz">{{cite web|url=http://www.boudry-lorenz.de/biography/|title=Pauline Boudry / Renate Lorenz - Statement, Biography|publisher=boudry-lorenz.de|accessdate=2014-07-26}}</ref>

The duo works with performance to create embodiments which are able to conflate different times and we often create illegitimate collaborations – partly fictitious, partly cross-temporal. Their work ''To Valerie Solanas and Marilyn Monroe, In Recognition of their Desperation'' (2013) is based on the eponymous 1970 score by avant-garde feminist composer [[Pauline Oliveros]], filmed in Funkhaus Nalepastraße, the former GDR Radio studios in Berlin, and featuring performances from the musicians [[Rachel Aggs]], [[Peaches]], [[Catriona Shaw]], [[Verity Susman]], [[Ginger Brooks Takahashi]], [[William Wheeler (musician)|William Wheeler]]. The work had its premiere exhibition as part of their solo show ''Patriarchal Poetry'' at [[Badischer Kunstverein]], Karlsruhe in Autumn 2013<ref name="badischer-kunstverein">{{cite web|url=http://www.badischer-kunstverein.de/index.php?Direction=Programm&list=Vorschau&Detail=469|title=Badischer-Kunstverein Programm Vorschau|publisher=badischer-kunstverein.de|accessdate=2014-07-26}}</ref> and was shown at [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York, in a special event with the artists, Oliveros and [[Gregg Bordowitz]]<ref name="moma">{{cite web|url=http://www.moma.org/visit/calendar/film_screenings/20983|title=MoMA | An Evening with Pauline Boudry/Renate Lorenz with Gregg Bordowitz and Pauline Oliveros|publisher=moma.org|accessdate=2014-07-26}}</ref> in May 2014. In ''I Want'' they stage a meeting between punk poet [[Kathy Acker]], artist [[Sharon Hayes (artist)|Sharon Hayes]], and transgender- and prison-abolitionist activist [[Chelsea Manning]], who, in 2010, channeled classified information about the war in Irak to [[WikiLeaks]]. The performers in their films are choreographers, dancers, artists and musicians, with whom they are having a long-term conversation about performance, the meaning of visibility since early modernity, the pathologization of bodies, but also about companionship, glamour and resistance.
[[File:Pauline Boudry and Renate Lorenz. Photo by Bernadette Paassen.jpg|thumb|Boudry/Lorenz, 2018. Photo by Bernadette Paassen.]]
Recent retrospectives and solo exhibitions have included ''Improvisation télépathique'', at [[Centre Culturel Suisse]], Paris, 2018; ''Everybody talks about the weather... we don´t'' at [[Participant Inc.]], New York, 2017; ''Loving, Repeating'', [[Kunsthalle Wien]], Vienna, 2015; ''Portrait of an Eye'', [[Kunsthalle Zürich|Kunstalle Zürich]], Zürich, 2015; ''Aftershow'', [[CAPC musée d'art contemporain de Bordeaux|CAPC]], Bordeaux, 2013; ''Toxic Play in Two Acts'', [[South London Gallery]], 2012; ''Contagieux! Rapports contre la normalité'', [[Centre d´Art Contemporain, Geneve]], 2011.

They will represent Switzerland at the 58th Venice Biennale, 2019.

Boudry/Lorenz are represented by [[Ellen de Bruijne Projects]], Amsterdam and [[Marcelle Alix]], Paris.

Their work has been written about by writers and critics including [[André Lepecki]], [[Gregg Bordowitz]],<ref name="badischer-kunstverein"/> [[Antke Engel]]<ref name="e-flux">{{cite web|url=http://www.e-flux.com/journal/queer-temporalities-and-the-chronopolitics-of-transtemporal-drag/|title=Queer Temporalities and the Chronopolitics of Transtemporal Drag | e-flux|publisher=e-flux.com|accessdate=2014-07-26}}</ref> and [[Mathias Danbolt]].<ref name="mathiasdanbolt">{{cite web|url=http://mathiasdanbolt.com/publications/|title=Mathias Danbolt » Publications|publisher=mathiasdanbolt.com|accessdate=2014-07-26}}</ref> Their catalogues include ''Telepathic Improvisation'', published by CAMH Houston, 2018, ''I Want'', published by [[Sternberg Press]], 2015<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/958481742|title=Pauline Boudry, Renate Lorenz : I want|last=|first=|publisher=|others=Lorenz, Renate,, Kunsthalle Zürich,, Nottingham Contemporary (Nottingham, England),|year=|isbn=3956792351|location=Berlin|pages=|oclc=958481742}}</ref>; ''Aftershow'', published by Sternberg Press, 2014<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/900721606|title=Aftershow : Pauline Boudry, Renate Lorenz|date=2014|publisher=Sternberg Press|others=Casser, Anja., Boudry, Pauline., Lorenz, Renate., Badischer Kunstverein.|isbn=9783956790492|location=Berlin|oclc=900721606}}</ref>, and ''Temporal Drag'', published by [[Hatje Cantz]] in 2011.<ref name="hatjecantz">{{cite web|url=http://www.hatjecantz.de/pauline-boudry-renate-lorenz-2817-1.html|title=Pauline Boudry / Renate Lorenz | Contemporary Art | Hatje Cantz|publisher=hatjecantz.de|accessdate=2014-07-26}}</ref>

 

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boudry, Pauline and Lorenz, Renate}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Art duos]]
[[Category:German artists]]
[[Category:Queer artists]]

Camilla Eibenschütz

2018-12-17T16:27:31Z

PkbwcgsBot: v2.0b - (Task 1 - Approved BRFA) - WP:WCW project (DEFAULTSORT with a blank at first position)

[[File:CamillaEibenschutz1912.tif|thumb|Camilla Eibenschütz in costume as "Sumurun", from a 1912 publication.]]
[[File:Camilla Eibenschütz in 'Turandot'.jpg|thumb|Camilla Eibenschütz in 'Turandot']]
'''Camilla Eibenschütz''' (July 20, 1884 – July 12, 1958) was a German stage actress.

==Early life==
Camille Eibenschütz was from Bavaria,<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20415452/camille_eibenschutz_1926/ "Camilla Eibenschutz"] ''Pittsburgh Press'' (March 21, 1926): 98. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref> the daughter of pianist and music professor Albert Eibenschütz and Anna Theresa Rosa Knorr. Hungarian pianist [[Ilona Eibenschütz]] was her father's cousin.

==Career==
Camilla Eibenschütz was the first actress to play "Wendla" in [[Frank Wedekind]]'s controversial ''[[Frühlings Erwachen]]'' (''Spring Awakening'') in Berlin in 1906.<ref>Edward Braun, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yOzJQ4l42xYC&lpg=PP68&ots=31iPG3NaLv&dq=Camilla%20Eibensch%C3%BCtz&pg=PP68#v=onepage&q=Camilla%20Eibensch%C3%BCtz&f=false ''The Director & The Stage: From Naturalism to Grotowski''] (A&C Black 1986). {{ISBN|9781408149249}}</ref> In 1907 she played Juliet in [[Max Reinhardt]]'s ''Romeo and Juliet'', opposite [[Alexander Moissi]].<ref>E. F. S., [https://books.google.com/books?id=BTVIAQAAMAAJ&lpg=PA172&ots=1_023DmzFV&dq=Camilla%20Eibensch%C3%BCtz&pg=PA172#v=onepage&q=Camilla%20Eibensch%C3%BCtz&f=false "The Stage from the Stalls"] ''The Sketch'' (February 20, 1907): 172.</ref> She also played [[Ophelia]], Viola, and [[Titania]] in Reinhardt's Shakespeare productions.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HaOgdDiQ8KcC&lpg=RA3-PA20&ots=gWEE4BiREr&dq=Camilla%20Eibensch%C3%BCtz&pg=RA3-PA20#v=onepage&q=Camilla%20Eibensch%C3%BCtz&f=false "About People"] ''Woman's Home Companion'' (April 1912): 20.</ref> [[Albert von Keller]] painted her as Myrrhine in ''[[Lysistrata]]'' in 1909. On Broadway, she starred in Reinhardt's [[pantomime]] ''Sumurun'' in 1912,<ref>"To Produce 'Sumurun' Here" ''New York Times'' (December 17, 1911): C4. via [[ProQuest]]</ref> with [[Leopoldine Konstantin]], [[Emil Lind]], and other European actors.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OnoeAQAAMAAJ&lpg=PA54&ots=gOgEH5D38U&dq=Camilla%20Eibensch%C3%BCtz&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q=Camilla%20Eibensch%C3%BCtz&f=false "Sumurun"] ''Theatre Magazine'' (February 1912): 54-55.</ref> She was in ''Blue Bird'' in Berlin in 1912,<ref>"'Blue Bird' Given in Berlin" ''New York Times'' (December 29, 1912): 27. via [[ProQuest]]</ref> and in ''The Yellow Jacket'' in Berlin in 1914.<ref>J. O. L., [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20415996/camilla_eibenschutz_1914/ "The Three Arts"] ''Evening Sun'' (April 17, 1914): 6. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref>

Eibenschütz was known as a collector of art, to decorate her two residences, a country home at Bogensberglehen and a villa at [[Dahlem (Berlin)|Dahlem]].<ref>[http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2005/european-furniture-and-good-decorations-am0958/lot.1.html "Catalogue Note: The Huck-Eibenschütz Collection"] ''European Furniture and Good Decorations'' (Sotheby's 2005).</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Offenbach, Alter Friedhof, Grab August Huck.jpg|thumb|Offenbach, Alter Friedhof, Grab August Huck]]
Camilla Eibenschütz married twice; first, briefly, to Polish dramatist Ryszard Ordynski in 1913,<ref>"Host of Tourists Invading Berlin" ''New York Times'' (August 17, 1913): 2. via [[ProQuest]]</ref> and later to newspaper publisher Dr. [[:de:Wolfgang Huck|Wolfgang Huck]] (1889-1966). They had a son, Andreas Michael Huck (born 1919). She died in 1958, aged 75 years. Her grave is in [[Offenbach am Main]], with other members of the Huck family.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47de-cb51-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 A photograph of Camille Eibenschütz] in the Billy Rose Theatre Collection, Photograph File, New York Public Library Digital Collections.
*[https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/camilla-eibenschtz-39340 Camilla Eibenschütz listing at IBDB.]
*[https://billiongraves.com/grave/Camilla-Eibensch%C3%BCtz-Huck/2049956 Camilla Eibenschutz listing at Billion Graves.]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eibenschütz, Camilla}}
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:German actresses]]