Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

LED-Drucker

2009-11-30T01:24:14Z

Parhamr: cat -ers to -ing

[[Image:Kodak LED Printer 20R.jpg|300px|thumb|Kodak LED printer]]
An '''LED printer''' is a type of [[computer printer]]. LED technology uses a [[light-emitting diode]] array as a light source in the printhead. The LED bar pulse-flashes across the entire page width and creates the image on the print drum or belt as it moves past.

[[LED]]s are more efficient and reliable than conventional laser printers, since they have fewer [[moving parts]]. Depending on design, LED printers can have faster rates of print than some laser-based designs, and are generally cheaper to manufacture. Laser systems rely on elaborate combinations of rotating mirrors and lenses that must remain in alignment throughout their use. The laser scans from one end of a line to another, then starts on the next line. Unlike [[laser printer]]s, an LED printhead has no moving parts.

LED printing was invented by [[Casio]].<ref>[http://www.pctechguide.com/52Lasers_LED_printers.htm Guides/Input & Output/Laser Printers - PC Technology Guide]</ref>

== Resolution ==
[[Image:DotMatrix-FudgedResolution.jpg|thumb|300px|How non-uniform LED printer resolutions work.]]
LED printers have a technical limitation that prevents ready competition with the highest quality laser printers: only so many LEDs can be packed into a linear physical space. A printer having 300 dots-per-inch resolution must have 300 LEDs per inch, and a printer with 600 dpi resolution must have 600 LEDs per inch.

Many laser printers now commonly print at 1200 dpi, but making LEDs that small is difficult. It is not uncommon to see LED printers that use a skewed image resolution such as 600x1200 dpi{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}. The horizontal resolution is limited to 600 dpi{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} by the physical size of the LEDs, but the vertical resolution is simply a matter of how fast the LEDs flash as the paper passes by. Image quality depends on the spot shape of each LED. A round pixel/spot will mean that pixels overlap in the vertical direction, while a squashed-oval pixel/spot allows the spots to not overlap and permit a slightly better image quality.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.compudirect.net/oki/led_versus_laser.htm "Okidata LED Versus Laser Printers"]

[[Category:Computer printers]]
[[Category:Non-impact printing]]

[[fr:Imprimante à DEL]]
[[ja:LEDプリンター]]
[[ru:Светодиодный принтер]]

Scientology Int. Base

2008-03-15T07:44:47Z

Parhamr: /* Features */ copyedit—dashes

{{coord|33|50|3.25|N|116|59|5.85|W|display=title}}
The '''Gold Base''' is the informal name of the international headquarters of the [[Church of Scientology]]<ref name="tabayoyan">[http://www.whyaretheydead.net/krasel/aff_at.html Affidavit of Andre Tabayoyan] United States District Court, Central District of California case no. CV 91 6426 HLH (Tx)</ref><ref name="prince">[http://lisatrust.bogie.nl/Media/video/legal/prince_erlich.pdf Affidavit of Jesse Prince] United States District Court, Central District of California, San Jose Division case no. C-95-20091 RMW (EAI)</ref>, located on a {{convert|500|acre|sqkm|sing=on}} parcel of land near [[Hemet, California|Hemet]], California. The area is the home of [[Golden Era Productions]], the media and publications division of the church, which is the largest of the many organizational units located there. [[David Miscavige]] and other top leaders of the church live and work on the Base. <ref name="quill">"[http://www.xenu.net/archive/go/quill.htm Scientology from inside out]" by [[Robert Vaughn Young]], Quill magazine, Volume 81, Number 9, Nov/Dec 1993.</ref><ref name="latimes">[http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-scientology18dec18,0,2963052.story "Tom Cruise and Scientology"], Los Angeles Times, December 18, 2005: "voter registration records list the Gilman Hot Springs complex as Miscavige's residence since the early 1990s and as recently as the 2004 general election"</ref><ref name="stone">"[http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/9363363/inside_scientology Inside Scientology]" by Janet Reitman. [[Rolling Stone]], Issue 995. March 9, 2006. Pages 55 - 67.</ref>

==About the Base==
The base is home to all of the highest level management units of the [[Church of Scientology]]<ref name="tabayoyan"/><ref name="prince"/>, all of which are staffed by [[Sea Organization]] members. Among the organizations there are the [[Religious Technology Center]], the [[Commodore's Messenger Organization]] International and [[Golden Era Productions]]. [[Golden Era Productions]] manufactures the [[E-Meter]] and produces and distributes all church audio-visual materials, both internal and promotional.<ref name="goldeneye">{{cite news | first = Thomas C | last = Tobin | title = A place called 'Gold' | url = http://www.sptimes.com/TampaBay/102598/scientologygold.html | publisher = [[St. Petersburg Times]] | date = [[1998-10-25]] | accessdate = 2007-03-18}}</ref>

The Gold Base is also referred to as the "Int Base".<ref name="stone"/> Until the mid-1990s the location of the base and the presence of international management there were kept secret, even to Scientologists at lower organizations.<ref name="prince"/>

In an article published in the ''[[LA Weekly]]'', Gale Holland wrote that there are critics of the Church of Scientology who say that Gold Base "houses the church's highly secretive security apparatus".<ref name="UnfairGame">{{cite news | author = Gale Holland | title = Unfair Game: Scientologists Get Their Man | url = http://www.laweekly.com/news/news/unfair-game/4713/ | publisher = [[LA Weekly]] | date = [[2001-06-20]] | accessdate = 2007-08-25}}</ref> There are motion sensors every several feet and mounted video surveillance cameras.<ref name="stone"/>

Currently, most base personnel live in Hemet at the Vista Gardens Apartments or the Kirby Apartments and commute by base-owned bus.<ref name="inland">{{cite web |url = http://www.latimes.com/media/acrobat/2005-12/21006726.pdf |format = [[PDF]]|title = Scientology's inland empire |accessdate = 2007-08-25 |last = Perry |first = Rebecca | coauthors = Kelsen, Don|date = [[2005-12-17]]|work = [[Los Angeles Times]]|publisher = }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Staff | title = After spending half of her life in Scientology, she found truth & freedom in Jesus Christ | journal = Baptist Press | date = August 16, 2005 | url = http://www.bpnews.net/bpnews.asp?id=21407 }}</ref>

==Features==
Notable buildings and features in Gold Base include:
*Upper Villas—RTC offices and housing, where David Miscavige and other high level Scientologists live and work
*BonnieView—L. Ron Hubbard's former home, kept pristine and waiting by staff
*Cine Castle—main film studio in the shape of a castle, for producing church A/V materials
*OGH buildings—Old Gilman House. Formerly "isolation" space for physically ill staff. Possibly now used for [[auditing (Scientology)|auditing]] or solo auditing.
*Del Sol—CSI offices, and auditing rooms for staff.
*Staff berthing—four buildings where staff live.
*Qual Gold—Headquarters for Qual Sec, in charge of "quality control" as per the Hubbard organization policies. In practice this mostly means facilities staff auditing and training.
*MCI—This large building is the staff dining hall, known as "Massacre Canyon Inn" from the building's pre-Scientology name when the property was a resort.

Gold Base also has recreational facilities, including basketball, volleyball, and soccer facilities, an exercise building, a waterslide, a small lake, two beaches, and a golf course.<ref>[http://alley.ethercat.com/cgi-bin/xint/xint.cgi?2 Scientology - Ex-INT Base Staff Interrogatory - Interviews]</ref><ref name="inland"/><ref>[http://www.lermanet.com/image/hemet-labeled.jpg Satellite photograph of "Gold base", Gilman Hot Springs, California]</ref><ref>{{cite web | first = Claire | last = Hoffman | coauthors = Christensen, Kim | title = Tom Cruise and Scientology | url = http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-scientology18dec18,0,2963052.story | work = | publisher = [[Los Angeles Times]] | date = [[2005-12-18]] | accessdate = 2008-01-24 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.freezone.org/gilman_hot_springs.htm Gilman Hot Springs]</ref>

==Picketing at Gold Base==

[[Keith Henson]] picketed Gold Base compound to protest the deaths of a Scientologist, [[Stacy Moxon]] Meyer, and a non-Scientologist, Ashlee Shaner.

Meyer, the daughter of lead Scientology attorney [[Moxon & Kobrin|Kendrick Moxon]], died in suspicious circumstances in an underground electrical vault at the Gold Base at about the same time that picketers aboveground were protesting the previous death of Ashlee Shaner. Shaner died in an auto accident on the road fronting Gold Base when a contractor working for the Church was moving a piece of [[Loader (equipment)|construction equipment]] across the highway after dusk without adequate lighting.<ref>[http://www.holysmoke.org/cos/shanner-nove.htm Nove manslaughter case (Ashlee Shaner)]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==

{{Portal|Scientology|Scientology e meter blue.jpg}}

{{Scientology}}

[[Category:Riverside County, California]]
[[Category:Scientology organizations]]

Lewis & Clark College

2008-03-09T07:34:50Z

Parhamr: /* Academics */ adding image

{{ Infobox University
|name = Lewis & Clark College
|image_name = Lewis and clark college seal.gif
|image_size = 160px
|motto = Explorare, Discere, Sociare (to explore, to learn, to work together)
|established = [[1867]]
|type = [[Private school|Private]]
|president = [[Thomas J. Hochstettler]]
|city = [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]]
|state = [[Oregon|OR]]
|country = [[United States|USA]]
|campus = [[Suburb]]an, 137 acres
|students =
|undergrad = 1,964 (fall 2005)
|postgrad = 1,469 (fall 2005)
|staff = 745 (All three schools)
|mascot = Pioneers
|endowment = $224.5 million [http://www.lclark.edu/dept/about/]
|website = [http://www.lclark.edu www.lclark.edu]
|}}
'''Lewis & Clark College''' is a [[Private school|private]], [[Independent school|independent]], [[Liberal arts colleges in the United States|liberal arts college]] in [[Portland, Oregon]], [[United States]]. It was founded as the Albany Collegiate Institute in [[1867]] in the town of [[Albany, Oregon|Albany]], 65 miles south of Portland by [[Willamette Valley]] [[Presbyterian]] pioneers, and relocated to Portland in 1938. The College has been coeducational since the first class, which graduated in 1873.

In 1942 the College trustees acquired the Lloyd Frank (of the historic Portland department store [[Meier & Frank]]) “Fir Acres” estate in [[Portland, Oregon#Southwest Neighborhoods, Inc. (SWNI)|Southwest Portland]], and adopted the name Lewis & Clark College as a “symbol of the pioneering spirit that had made and maintained the College.” Today, the three schools of the College and their supporting offices occupy a campus of 137 acres (554,000 m²), centered on the Frank estate on Palatine Hill in the [[Collins View, Portland, Oregon|Collins View]] neighborhood of Southwest Portland.

==History==
The college was founded as the Albany Academy in [[Albany, Oregon]], with incorporation in 1858.<ref name=Oregon>Corning, Howard M. ''Dictionary of Oregon History''. Binfords & Mort Publishing, 1956.</ref> In 1866, the school name was changed to Albany Collegiate Institution, and the next year the Presbyterian church founded Albany College.<ref name=Oregon/> The early school’s campus of seven acres in Albany was situated on land donated by the Monteith family. In 1892, the original school building was enlarged, and in 1925 the school re-located south of Albany where it remained until 1937.<ref name=Oregon/> A junior college was established in 1934 in Portland, with the entire school moving to Portland in 1939.<ref name=Oregon/> In 1942, the school name was changed to Lewis & Clark College and the current campus was purchased.<ref name=Oregon/> The original school mascots, the Pirates, was changed to the Pioneers in 1946.

==Academics==
[[Image:Frank Manor House-Lewis & Clark College.png|thumb|right|Frank Manor House, home to Lewis & Clark College administration]]
The three schools of the College include the College of Arts and Sciences, the [[Lewis & Clark Law School|Law School]], and the Graduate School of Education and Counseling.

CAS departments include [[Art]], [[East Asian Studies]], [[English studies|English]], [[Foreign Language|Foreign Languages and Literatures]] ([[French language|French]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Latin]], [[Russian language|Russian]], and [[Japanese language|Japanese]]), [[History]], [[Music]], [[Philosophy]], [[Religious Studies]], [[Theatre]], [[Biology]], [[Chemistry]], [[Computer Science]] & [[Mathematics]], [[Environmental Studies]], [[Physics]], [[Communication]], [[Economics]], [[Classical Studies]], [[Gender Studies]], [[International Affairs]], [[Political Science]], [[Psychology]], [[Sociology]] and [[Anthropology]], and [[English as an additional language|Academic English Studies]].

Lewis & Clark has nationally-regarded programs in Biology, International Affairs, Psychology and Environmental Studies, and several Political Science students have recently received prestigious awards in that field.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} A surprising number of classical musicians have emerged from the college, considering its size, and several music areas are returning to a prominence the music department once enjoyed, most notably the piano performance area. The college has held two worldwide symphonic festivals in the past five years with professional-level performances in Dublin and the Greek islands.

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Earl Blumenauer]] ('70, JD '76), [[US Representative]]<ref>[http://www.congress.org/congressorg/bio/?id=494 Representative Earl Blumenauer (D-OR 3rd)] Congress.org</ref>
* [[Ever Carradine]] ('96), actress<ref>[http://www.lclark.edu/dept/alumni/carradine.html Ever Carradine '96] Lewis & Clark Alumni</ref>
* [[Serena Cruz]] ('89), [[Multnomah County]] Commissioner<ref>[http://www.lclark.edu/dept/alumni/cruz.html Serena Cruz Walsh '89] Lewis & Clark Alumni</ref>
* [[Genevieve Gorder]] ('96), television personality<ref>[http://www.lclark.edu/dept/chron/class1990sw04.html Class News - 1990s] Lewis & Clark Chronicle</ref>
* [[Percy R. Kelly]] (1887 from Albany College), Chief Justice of the [[Oregon Supreme Court]]
* [[Monica Lewinsky]] ('95), White House intern<ref>[http://www.lclark.edu/~piolog/archive/980123/home.html Media frenzy descends on Lewis & Clark] Pioneer Log</ref>
* [[Ronald A. Marks]] ('78), former CIA official<ref>[http://www.lclark.edu/dept/alumni/marks_ronald.html Ronald A. Marks] Lewis & Clark Alumni</ref>
* [[Myah Moore]] ('03), [[Miss Oregon USA]] 2003<ref>[http://www.lclark.edu/cgi-bin/shownews.cgi?1040071740.2 Moore wins Miss Oregon USA title] Lewis & Clark College</ref>
* [[Gísli Þór Reynisson]] ('89), Wealthy Financier, Owner of [[Nordic Partners]]
* [[Ayn Rand]] ('63), presented with an honorary doctorate
* [[Markie Post]] ('75), actress
* [[Doug Tunnel]] ('72), Former CBS news correspondent and current owner of BrickHouse Winery
* [[Pete Ward]] ('62), [[Major League Baseball]] player<ref>[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/baseball/mlb/players/41403/ Pete Ward] Sports Illustrated</ref>
* [[Jason Anderson]], musician also known as Wolf Colonel<ref>[http://music.msn.com/artist/?artist=16445635&menu=bio]music.MSN</ref>
* [[Becca Bernstein]] ('00), artist

==Notable faculty, staff, and trustees==
* [[Stephen Dow Beckham]], [[historian]]<ref>[http://www.lclark.edu/faculty/beckham/ Stephen Dow Beckham] Lewis & Clark College</ref>
* [[Greta Binford]], [[biologist]]<ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/03/05/070305fa_fact_bilger "Spider Woman"] ''The New Yorker'', March 5, 2007</ref>
* [[John F. Callahan]], Morgan S. Odell Professor of Humanities and literary executor of [[Ralph Ellison]]'s estate
* [[Robert B. Pamplin, Jr.]], entrepreneur, philanthropist, trustee<ref>[http://www.lclark.edu/dept/trustees/ Board of Trustees, 2007-08] Lewis & Clark College</ref>
* [[Vern Rutsala]], [[poet]]<ref>[http://www.lclark.edu/cgi-bin/shownews.cgi?1138217340.0 Rutsala gives reading at Lewis & Clark] Lewis & Clark College</ref>
* [[Anthony Swofford]], former [[adjunct professor]] of [[humanities]], author of the book [[Jarhead (book)|Jarhead]]<ref>[http://www.lclark.edu/dept/connect/publications.html Publications and Presentations] Campus Connections</ref>
* [[Kim Stafford]], writer<ref>[http://www.lclark.edu/~krs/ Kim Stafford's Home Page] Lewis & Clark College</ref>
* [[William Stafford]], [[poet]]<ref>[http://www.lclark.edu/~lotl/volume5issue5/stafford.html An Unknown Treasure Among Us: The Work of Lewis & Clark’s Own William Stafford] Letter of the Law</ref>
* [[Mary Szybist]], [[poet]]<ref>[http://www.epoetry.org/issues/issue7/text/prose/kryah1.htm ''Granted'' - Mary Szybist] Electronic Potery Review</ref>
* Michael Mooney - President of the College for 14 years until his resignation in 2003 after reports surfaced in the media of a $10.5 million loss from an investment made outside full knowledge of the board of trustees.<ref>[http://www.wweek.com/story.php?story=4029 Lewis & Clark's Michael Mooney: The Real Story] Willamette Week</ref>

==Rankings==
Lewis & Clark will not participate this year ([[2007]]) in completing the reputation survey that [[U.S. News & World Report]] conducts as part of its annual ranking of [[liberal arts]] colleges{{fact|date=February 2008}}.

==Housing==
All students are required to live on campus for the first two years{{fact|date=February 2008}}. Residence complexes include SOA (Stewart-Odell-Akin), Forest, Hartzfeld, Platt-Howard, and Copeland. Residence halls open to all students are Stewart, Odell, Akin, Copeland, Platt West, Platt East, Howard, and the Forest Buildings (Ponderosa, Spruce, Juniper (women only), Manzanita, and Alder. Several of the student residence halls have themes. Stewart is "Substance Free/Wellness", providing a home for those who wish to live in a drug and alcohol-free environment. Akin is known as the "Multicultural Dorm", hosting a handful students from outside of the United States as well as many U.S. students interested in international cultures. Platt-Howard, home of the Platteau student-run arts center, hosts the "Visual and Performing Arts" (or VAPA) and "Outdoor Pursuits Floor". Hartzfeld is an extended quiet-hours community; it requires sophomore standing or higher to live in. East Hall, Roberts Hall and West Hall are a series of on-campus apartments completed in 2003 and require junior class standing or higher to live in.

==Transportation==

The college operates shuttle buses between campus and downtown Portland. The most notable of these shuttles travels between the college and [[Pioneer Courthouse Square|Pioneer Square]] (called the ''Pio Express'', or colloquially ''The Raz''). [[TriMet]] line 39 also operates between the college and the Burlingame transit center, where students can transfer to buses to downtown Portland.

First year students are not permitted to have cars on campus, though sophomores, juniors and seniors are allowed to pay for a parking permit. Different permits exist for residential, commuting, and carpool students. Parking spaces are at a premium on this residential campus, leading to expensive semester or year-long permits.

==Notes==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

==References==
*Lewis & Clark College (2005). [http://www.lclark.edu/COLLEGE/DEPAR/index.html "Academics"]. Retrieved [[July 26]], [[2005]].
*Princeton Review (2006). [http://www.princetonreview.com/college/research/profiles/rankings.asp?listing=1023289&LTID=1&intbucketid=]

== External links ==
*[http://www.lclark.edu/ Lewis and Clark College]
*[http://education.lclark.edu/ Graduate School of Education and Counseling]
*[http://www.lclark.edu/dept/alumni/ Lewis and Clark College Alumni]
*[http://www.klcradio.net/ KLC Radio] - Lewis and Clark's radio station
*[http://www.piolog.net The Pioneer Log] - Lewis & Clark's weekly newspaper
*[http://www.lclark.edu/org/aslc Associated Students of Lewis & Clark College] - Student Government
*[http://www.lclark.edu/dept/imdata/cds.html Lewis & Clark College Common Data Set] Lots of information about the college, all in standardized form.

{{Northwest Conference}}
{{Northwest Collegiate Rowing Conference}}
{{Annapolis Group}}
{{coord|45.450891|-122.670117|display=title}}

[[Category:Liberal arts colleges]]
[[Category:Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:Lewis & Clark College| ]]

Korean-Air-Flug 801

2008-03-03T04:28:54Z

Parhamr: changing caption

{{Infobox Airliner accident|name=Korean Air Flight 801|
Crash image = Korean Air Flight 801 wreckage.jpg|360px|
Image caption = Wreckage of the Korean Airlines flight 801 burns at the Sasa Valley crash site.|
Date=[[6 August]] [[1997]] |
Type=[[Controlled flight into terrain]] |
Site=[[Nimitz Hill]], [[Guam]] |
Fatalities=228 |
Aircraft Type=[[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-3B5]] |
Origin=[[Gimpo International Airport]]|
Destination=[[Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport]]|
Operator=[[Korean Air]] |
Tail Number=HL7468 |
Passengers=237 |
Crew=17 |
Survivors=26 |
}}
[[Image:KoreanAir801Survivorloc.JPG|thumb|Seat plan for the lower deck of Korean Air 801 from the [[NTSB]], indicating surviving passengers and flight attendants]]
'''Korean Air Flight 801''' (KE801, KAL801) crashed on [[August 6]], [[1997]] on approach to [[Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport]], [[Guam]] (a [[United States]] territory).

The flight normally used the [[Airbus A300]] as its equipment. Since the airline had the 5 August/6 August flight scheduled to transport Guamanian athletes to the [[Pacific Games#South Pacific Mini Games|South Pacific Mini Games]] in [[American Samoa]], the airline designated HL7468, a [[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-3B5]], as the equipment. <ref>"[http://ns.gov.gu/guam/indexmain.html Official Guam Crash Site Center - Korean Air Flt 801]," ''Government of Guam''</ref><ref>"[http://ns.gov.gu/guam/transcripts.html Transcripts Between Guam Airport Tower and KA801 before Crash]," ''Government of [[Guam]]''</ref>

==Passengers==
Many of the passengers consisted of vacationers and [[honeymoon]]ers flying to Guam.<ref name="Honeymoon">"[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19970807/ai_n14123160 Honeymoon flight that ended in horror]," ''[[The Independent]]''</ref>

<ref>"[http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9708/06/guam.passenger.list/ List of passengers aboard Korean Air Flight 801]," ''[[CNN]]''</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-bgcolor=ccccff
!rowspan=2|Nationality||colspan=2|Passengers||colspan=2|Crew||colspan=2|Total
|-bgcolor=ccccff
!Total||Killed||Total||Killed||Total||Killed
|-valign=top
|{{KOR}}||218||199||17||14||235||213
|-valign=top
|{{NZL}}||1||0||0||0||1||0
|-valign=top
|{{USA}}||13||10||0||0||13||10
|-valign=top
|Unknown||5||5||0||0||5||5
|-valign=top
|'''Total'''||'''237'''||'''214'''||'''17'''||'''14'''||'''254'''||'''228'''
|}

One South Korean passport holder was described as [[Japanese]] in many press reports<ref name="Honeymoon"/>. One South Korean lived in [[Guam]].<ref name="PilotErrorNYT">"[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D02EEDC153CF93BA3575BC0A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all Pilot Error Is Suspected in Crash on Guam]," ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref> The New Zealander lived in Guam.<ref name="Honeymoon"/>

==The Disaster==

The [[Korean Air]] Boeing 747-3B5 jetliner flew on a route from [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]] to Guam. It departed from Seoul-Kimpo International Airport (now [[Gimpo International Airport]]) at 8:53 p.m. (9:53 p.m. Guam time) on [[August 5]]. It carried 2 pilots, 1 flight engineer, 14 flight attendants, and 237 passengers <ref>[http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR00-01.pdf] (Pg. 11, 23 of 226)</ref>, a total of 254 people. Of the passengers, 3 were children between the ages of 2 and 12 and 3 were 24 months old or younger <ref>[http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR00-01.pdf] (Pg. 45, 57 of 226)</ref>.

The flight, headed by Captain Park Yong-chul ([[Hangul]]: 박용철, [[Revised Romanization of Korean|RR]]: ''Bak Yong-cheol'', [[McCune-Reischauer|M-R]]: ''Pak Yongch'ŏl'')<ref>"[http://starbulletin.com/98/03/25/news/story1.html Two Systems Down in KAL 801 Crash]," ''[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]''</ref> First Officer Song Kyung-ho (Hangul: 송경호, RR: ''Song Gyeong-ho'', M-R: ''Song Kyŏngho'') and flight engineer Nam Suk-hoon (Hangul: 남석훈, RR: ''Nam Seok-hun'', M-R: ''Nam Sŏkhun'')<ref>"[http://www.ntsb.gov/events/kal801/Exhibits/Ex_2F.pdf DOCKET NO.: SA-517 EXHIBIT NO. 2F]." ''[[NTSB]]''</ref>, was uneventful until shortly after 1:00 a.m. on [[August 6]], as the jet was preparing to land. There was heavy rain at Guam so visibility was significantly reduced and the crew was attempting an instrument landing. Air traffic control in Guam advised the crew that the [[glideslope]] Instrument Landing System (ILS) in runway 6L was out of service. Air traffic control cleared Flight 801 to land in runway 6L at around 1:40a.m. The crew noticed that the plane was descending very steeply, and noted several times that the airport "is not in sight". At 1:42, the aircraft crashed into Nimitz Hill, about 3 miles  (5 km) short of the runway, at an altitude of 660 feet (201 m).

36-year-old Hong Hyun Seong (also spelled ''Hong Hyun Sung''), a survivor who occupied Seat 3B in first class, said that the crash occurred so quickly that the passengers "had no time to scream."<ref name="PilotErrorNYT"> and compared the crash to "a scene from a film."<ref>"[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19970808/ai_n14123263 Anger and tears as Guam crash families beg to see dead]," ''[[The Independent]]''</ref>

Of the people on board, 223 people, including 209 passengers and 14 crew members (3 flight crew and 11 cabin crew) were killed at the crash site. <ref>[http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR00-01.pdf] (Pg. 45, 57 of 226)</ref> Of the 31 occupants found alive by rescue crews, 2 passengers died en-route to the hospital and 3 other passengers died within 30 days. One of the two passengers that died en-route to the hospital, a female, sustained multiple internal injuries and had no burns and no soot in her airway, leading autopsy to classify her death as not of any one cause. Upon discovery she was alive and treated by rescuers <ref>[http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR00-01.pdf] (Pg. 45, 57 of 226)</ref>. 23 passengers and 3 flight attendants survived the crash with serious injuries [http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR00-01.pdf] (Pg. 11, 23 of 226). Of the survivors, 7 passengers and 1 flight attendant were in first class, 1 flight attendant was in the prestige class section, 7 passengers were in the forward economy class section, and 9 passengers and 1 flight attendant were in the aft economy section. 13 of the surviving passengers and 2 of the surviving flight attendants were seated in the right side of the airplane, and 6 of the 13 passengers were seated over the right wing [http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR00-01.pdf] (Pg. 45, 57 of 226).

The rescue effort was hampered by the weather, terrain, and other problems. Emergency vehicles could not approach due to a fuel pipeline destroyed by the crash and blocking the narrow road. There was confusion over the administration of the effort; the crash occurred on land owned by the [[United States Navy]] but civil authorities initially claimed authority. The hull had disintegrated, and [[jet fuel]] in the wing tanks had sparked a fire which was still burning eight hours after impact.

The U.S. [[National Transportation Safety Board]] investigation report stated that the Minimum Safe Altitude Warning (MSAW) system had been deliberately modified and would not detect the plane that close to the runway. The captain failed to brief his [[Instrument approach|non-precision approach]] and prematurely descended to [[decision height]]. Contributing to the accident were the captain's fatigue, Korean Air's lack of flight crew training, as well as the intentional inhibition of the Guam ILS. The crew had been using an outdated flight map, which stated that the Minimum Safe Altitude for a landing plane was 1,770 feet (540 m) as opposed to 2,150 feet (656 m). Flight 801 had been maintaining 1,870 feet (570 m) when it was waiting to land.

==Rika Matsuda==

Governor [[Carl T.C. Gutierrez]] found Rika Matsuda, a [[South Korea]]n citizen from [[Japan]] who boarded the flight with her mother, Cho Sung-yeo (also known as Shigeko <ref name="Honeymoon"/> <ref>"[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-61001878.html Jet hell Rika's scars will last forever.]," ''[[Daily Record]]'')</ref>). Cho could not free herself from the aircraft and told Rika to run away. Cho died in the fire as a surviving [[flight attendant]], Lee Yong Ho, found Rika Matsuda and traveled with her until the two encountered Gutierrez. <ref>"[http://ns.gov.gu/guam/miracle/ Korean Air Survivor - Rika's Miracle]," ''Government of Guam''</ref> Jesus C. Taitingfong, a Guamanian firefighter, stated that he believes that Gutierrez exaggerated his contribution to the rescue operation and used the news story as a political advantage. <ref>"[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19970811/ai_n14120339 Guam's governor seizes main chance]," ''[[The Independent]]'', [[August 11]], [[1997]]</ref>

==After the crash==

On [[August 6]], [[2000]], the third anniversary of the crash, a black [[marble]] [[obelisk]] was unveiled on the crash site as a memorial to the victims.

After the accident, the flight number for the route was changed to Flight 805. The aircraft is now designated as [[Boeing 777|Boeing 777-200/200ER]].

This incident was documented on ''[[Mayday (TV series)|Mayday]]'' (''Air Emergency'' or ''Air Crash Investigation''), episode "Blind Landing."
In 2000, a lawsuit was settled in the amount of $70,000,000 [[United States dollar]]s on behalf of 54 families.<ref>[http://www.speiserkrause.com/cases/ Current Cases & Our Successes - A Professional Corporation]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
*[[National Transportation Safety Board|NTSB]]: [http://www.ntsb.gov/events/KAL801/ Korean Air Flight 801 Final Report], including animations and hearing transcripts
* AirDisaster.com hosted NTSB report: http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR00-01.pdf
*[[Politics of Guam|Government of Guam]]: [http://ns.gov.gu/guam/indexmain.html Guam Crash Site Center - Korean Air Flight 801], photographs, passenger manifest, scanned news articles, and related links
* [[PBS]] ''[[Newshour with Jim Lehrer]]'': "[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/transportation/july-dec97/koreanair_8-6.html Tragedy on Guam]," [[August 6]], [[1997]]
* "[http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9708/06/guam.passenger.list/ List of passengers aboard Korean Air Flight 801]" (also lists crew members) ''[[CNN]]''
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE6DE173CF934A3575BC0A961958260 Airline's List Of Survivors]," ''[[The New York Times]]''
* [http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9708/06/korean.crash/ Focus shifts to cause of Korean Air crash] ''[[CNN]]''
* "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19970811/ai_n14120339 Guam's governor seizes main chance]," ''[[The Independent]]'', [[August 11]], [[1997]]
* "[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D02EEDC153CF93BA3575BC0A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all Pilot Error Is Suspected in Crash on Guam]," ''[[The New York Times]]''
* [http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9708/06/guam/ Guam rescuers: 27 survivors, no more expected], ''[[CNN]]''
* [http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9708/08/korea.air.crash/index.html Pilot error focus in Guam crash], ''[[CNN]]''
* [http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9708/09/guam.crash/ Photos used to identify Guam crash victims], ''[[CNN]]''
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950CE6DC173CF934A3575BC0A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print 29 Survive the Guam Crash, but Hope for Others Ends], ''[[The New York Times]]''
* [http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9708/05/guam.later/ Rescuers search smoldering jet debris in Guam], ''[[CNN]]''
* [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/transportation/july-dec97/koreanair_8-6.html Tragedy on Guam], ''[[PBS]]''
{{coor title dm|13|27.35|N|144|43.92|E|region:GU_type:landmark}}

==External link==
*[http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?front=yes&s=1&keywords=HL7468 Pre-accident pictures taken from Airliners.net]
*[http://www.newsweek.com/id/96244/output/print Fly The Risky Skies]
*[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00E1D91138F936A15750C0A96E958260 Tape Shows Crew's Confusion in Guam Crash]
*[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0UBT/is_45_13/ai_57439972 Safety Board Cites Crew, Carrier, Controller, and Regulatory Authorities' Lapses in Guam Crash]
[[Category:Controlled flight into terrain crashes]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1997]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Guam]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 747]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents on commercial airliners in the United States]]
[[ko:대한항공 801편]]
[[ja:大韓航空801便墜落事故]]
[[pl:Katastrofa lotu 801 Korean Air na wyspie Guam]]
[[sh:Let Korean Aira 801]]
[[zh:大韓航空801號班機]]

Korean-Air-Flug 801

2008-03-03T04:28:29Z

Parhamr: updating image

{{Infobox Airliner accident|name=Korean Air Flight 801|
Crash image = Korean Air Flight 801 wreckage.jpg|360px|
Image caption = Wreckage of the Korean Airlines flight 801 burns at the Sasa Valley crash site on Aug 6, 1997.|
Date=[[6 August]] [[1997]] |
Type=[[Controlled flight into terrain]] |
Site=[[Nimitz Hill]], [[Guam]] |
Fatalities=228 |
Aircraft Type=[[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-3B5]] |
Origin=[[Gimpo International Airport]]|
Destination=[[Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport]]|
Operator=[[Korean Air]] |
Tail Number=HL7468 |
Passengers=237 |
Crew=17 |
Survivors=26 |
}}
[[Image:KoreanAir801Survivorloc.JPG|thumb|Seat plan for the lower deck of Korean Air 801 from the [[NTSB]], indicating surviving passengers and flight attendants]]
'''Korean Air Flight 801''' (KE801, KAL801) crashed on [[August 6]], [[1997]] on approach to [[Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport]], [[Guam]] (a [[United States]] territory).

The flight normally used the [[Airbus A300]] as its equipment. Since the airline had the 5 August/6 August flight scheduled to transport Guamanian athletes to the [[Pacific Games#South Pacific Mini Games|South Pacific Mini Games]] in [[American Samoa]], the airline designated HL7468, a [[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-3B5]], as the equipment. <ref>"[http://ns.gov.gu/guam/indexmain.html Official Guam Crash Site Center - Korean Air Flt 801]," ''Government of Guam''</ref><ref>"[http://ns.gov.gu/guam/transcripts.html Transcripts Between Guam Airport Tower and KA801 before Crash]," ''Government of [[Guam]]''</ref>

==Passengers==
Many of the passengers consisted of vacationers and [[honeymoon]]ers flying to Guam.<ref name="Honeymoon">"[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19970807/ai_n14123160 Honeymoon flight that ended in horror]," ''[[The Independent]]''</ref>

<ref>"[http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9708/06/guam.passenger.list/ List of passengers aboard Korean Air Flight 801]," ''[[CNN]]''</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-bgcolor=ccccff
!rowspan=2|Nationality||colspan=2|Passengers||colspan=2|Crew||colspan=2|Total
|-bgcolor=ccccff
!Total||Killed||Total||Killed||Total||Killed
|-valign=top
|{{KOR}}||218||199||17||14||235||213
|-valign=top
|{{NZL}}||1||0||0||0||1||0
|-valign=top
|{{USA}}||13||10||0||0||13||10
|-valign=top
|Unknown||5||5||0||0||5||5
|-valign=top
|'''Total'''||'''237'''||'''214'''||'''17'''||'''14'''||'''254'''||'''228'''
|}

One South Korean passport holder was described as [[Japanese]] in many press reports<ref name="Honeymoon"/>. One South Korean lived in [[Guam]].<ref name="PilotErrorNYT">"[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D02EEDC153CF93BA3575BC0A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all Pilot Error Is Suspected in Crash on Guam]," ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref> The New Zealander lived in Guam.<ref name="Honeymoon"/>

==The Disaster==

The [[Korean Air]] Boeing 747-3B5 jetliner flew on a route from [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]] to Guam. It departed from Seoul-Kimpo International Airport (now [[Gimpo International Airport]]) at 8:53 p.m. (9:53 p.m. Guam time) on [[August 5]]. It carried 2 pilots, 1 flight engineer, 14 flight attendants, and 237 passengers <ref>[http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR00-01.pdf] (Pg. 11, 23 of 226)</ref>, a total of 254 people. Of the passengers, 3 were children between the ages of 2 and 12 and 3 were 24 months old or younger <ref>[http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR00-01.pdf] (Pg. 45, 57 of 226)</ref>.

The flight, headed by Captain Park Yong-chul ([[Hangul]]: 박용철, [[Revised Romanization of Korean|RR]]: ''Bak Yong-cheol'', [[McCune-Reischauer|M-R]]: ''Pak Yongch'ŏl'')<ref>"[http://starbulletin.com/98/03/25/news/story1.html Two Systems Down in KAL 801 Crash]," ''[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]''</ref> First Officer Song Kyung-ho (Hangul: 송경호, RR: ''Song Gyeong-ho'', M-R: ''Song Kyŏngho'') and flight engineer Nam Suk-hoon (Hangul: 남석훈, RR: ''Nam Seok-hun'', M-R: ''Nam Sŏkhun'')<ref>"[http://www.ntsb.gov/events/kal801/Exhibits/Ex_2F.pdf DOCKET NO.: SA-517 EXHIBIT NO. 2F]." ''[[NTSB]]''</ref>, was uneventful until shortly after 1:00 a.m. on [[August 6]], as the jet was preparing to land. There was heavy rain at Guam so visibility was significantly reduced and the crew was attempting an instrument landing. Air traffic control in Guam advised the crew that the [[glideslope]] Instrument Landing System (ILS) in runway 6L was out of service. Air traffic control cleared Flight 801 to land in runway 6L at around 1:40a.m. The crew noticed that the plane was descending very steeply, and noted several times that the airport "is not in sight". At 1:42, the aircraft crashed into Nimitz Hill, about 3 miles  (5 km) short of the runway, at an altitude of 660 feet (201 m).

36-year-old Hong Hyun Seong (also spelled ''Hong Hyun Sung''), a survivor who occupied Seat 3B in first class, said that the crash occurred so quickly that the passengers "had no time to scream."<ref name="PilotErrorNYT"> and compared the crash to "a scene from a film."<ref>"[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19970808/ai_n14123263 Anger and tears as Guam crash families beg to see dead]," ''[[The Independent]]''</ref>

Of the people on board, 223 people, including 209 passengers and 14 crew members (3 flight crew and 11 cabin crew) were killed at the crash site. <ref>[http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR00-01.pdf] (Pg. 45, 57 of 226)</ref> Of the 31 occupants found alive by rescue crews, 2 passengers died en-route to the hospital and 3 other passengers died within 30 days. One of the two passengers that died en-route to the hospital, a female, sustained multiple internal injuries and had no burns and no soot in her airway, leading autopsy to classify her death as not of any one cause. Upon discovery she was alive and treated by rescuers <ref>[http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR00-01.pdf] (Pg. 45, 57 of 226)</ref>. 23 passengers and 3 flight attendants survived the crash with serious injuries [http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR00-01.pdf] (Pg. 11, 23 of 226). Of the survivors, 7 passengers and 1 flight attendant were in first class, 1 flight attendant was in the prestige class section, 7 passengers were in the forward economy class section, and 9 passengers and 1 flight attendant were in the aft economy section. 13 of the surviving passengers and 2 of the surviving flight attendants were seated in the right side of the airplane, and 6 of the 13 passengers were seated over the right wing [http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR00-01.pdf] (Pg. 45, 57 of 226).

The rescue effort was hampered by the weather, terrain, and other problems. Emergency vehicles could not approach due to a fuel pipeline destroyed by the crash and blocking the narrow road. There was confusion over the administration of the effort; the crash occurred on land owned by the [[United States Navy]] but civil authorities initially claimed authority. The hull had disintegrated, and [[jet fuel]] in the wing tanks had sparked a fire which was still burning eight hours after impact.

The U.S. [[National Transportation Safety Board]] investigation report stated that the Minimum Safe Altitude Warning (MSAW) system had been deliberately modified and would not detect the plane that close to the runway. The captain failed to brief his [[Instrument approach|non-precision approach]] and prematurely descended to [[decision height]]. Contributing to the accident were the captain's fatigue, Korean Air's lack of flight crew training, as well as the intentional inhibition of the Guam ILS. The crew had been using an outdated flight map, which stated that the Minimum Safe Altitude for a landing plane was 1,770 feet (540 m) as opposed to 2,150 feet (656 m). Flight 801 had been maintaining 1,870 feet (570 m) when it was waiting to land.

==Rika Matsuda==

Governor [[Carl T.C. Gutierrez]] found Rika Matsuda, a [[South Korea]]n citizen from [[Japan]] who boarded the flight with her mother, Cho Sung-yeo (also known as Shigeko <ref name="Honeymoon"/> <ref>"[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-61001878.html Jet hell Rika's scars will last forever.]," ''[[Daily Record]]'')</ref>). Cho could not free herself from the aircraft and told Rika to run away. Cho died in the fire as a surviving [[flight attendant]], Lee Yong Ho, found Rika Matsuda and traveled with her until the two encountered Gutierrez. <ref>"[http://ns.gov.gu/guam/miracle/ Korean Air Survivor - Rika's Miracle]," ''Government of Guam''</ref> Jesus C. Taitingfong, a Guamanian firefighter, stated that he believes that Gutierrez exaggerated his contribution to the rescue operation and used the news story as a political advantage. <ref>"[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19970811/ai_n14120339 Guam's governor seizes main chance]," ''[[The Independent]]'', [[August 11]], [[1997]]</ref>

==After the crash==

On [[August 6]], [[2000]], the third anniversary of the crash, a black [[marble]] [[obelisk]] was unveiled on the crash site as a memorial to the victims.

After the accident, the flight number for the route was changed to Flight 805. The aircraft is now designated as [[Boeing 777|Boeing 777-200/200ER]].

This incident was documented on ''[[Mayday (TV series)|Mayday]]'' (''Air Emergency'' or ''Air Crash Investigation''), episode "Blind Landing."
In 2000, a lawsuit was settled in the amount of $70,000,000 [[United States dollar]]s on behalf of 54 families.<ref>[http://www.speiserkrause.com/cases/ Current Cases & Our Successes - A Professional Corporation]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
*[[National Transportation Safety Board|NTSB]]: [http://www.ntsb.gov/events/KAL801/ Korean Air Flight 801 Final Report], including animations and hearing transcripts
* AirDisaster.com hosted NTSB report: http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR00-01.pdf
*[[Politics of Guam|Government of Guam]]: [http://ns.gov.gu/guam/indexmain.html Guam Crash Site Center - Korean Air Flight 801], photographs, passenger manifest, scanned news articles, and related links
* [[PBS]] ''[[Newshour with Jim Lehrer]]'': "[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/transportation/july-dec97/koreanair_8-6.html Tragedy on Guam]," [[August 6]], [[1997]]
* "[http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9708/06/guam.passenger.list/ List of passengers aboard Korean Air Flight 801]" (also lists crew members) ''[[CNN]]''
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE6DE173CF934A3575BC0A961958260 Airline's List Of Survivors]," ''[[The New York Times]]''
* [http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9708/06/korean.crash/ Focus shifts to cause of Korean Air crash] ''[[CNN]]''
* "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19970811/ai_n14120339 Guam's governor seizes main chance]," ''[[The Independent]]'', [[August 11]], [[1997]]
* "[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D02EEDC153CF93BA3575BC0A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all Pilot Error Is Suspected in Crash on Guam]," ''[[The New York Times]]''
* [http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9708/06/guam/ Guam rescuers: 27 survivors, no more expected], ''[[CNN]]''
* [http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9708/08/korea.air.crash/index.html Pilot error focus in Guam crash], ''[[CNN]]''
* [http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9708/09/guam.crash/ Photos used to identify Guam crash victims], ''[[CNN]]''
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950CE6DC173CF934A3575BC0A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print 29 Survive the Guam Crash, but Hope for Others Ends], ''[[The New York Times]]''
* [http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9708/05/guam.later/ Rescuers search smoldering jet debris in Guam], ''[[CNN]]''
* [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/transportation/july-dec97/koreanair_8-6.html Tragedy on Guam], ''[[PBS]]''
{{coor title dm|13|27.35|N|144|43.92|E|region:GU_type:landmark}}

==External link==
*[http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?front=yes&s=1&keywords=HL7468 Pre-accident pictures taken from Airliners.net]
*[http://www.newsweek.com/id/96244/output/print Fly The Risky Skies]
*[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00E1D91138F936A15750C0A96E958260 Tape Shows Crew's Confusion in Guam Crash]
*[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0UBT/is_45_13/ai_57439972 Safety Board Cites Crew, Carrier, Controller, and Regulatory Authorities' Lapses in Guam Crash]
[[Category:Controlled flight into terrain crashes]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1997]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Guam]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 747]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents on commercial airliners in the United States]]
[[ko:대한항공 801편]]
[[ja:大韓航空801便墜落事故]]
[[pl:Katastrofa lotu 801 Korean Air na wyspie Guam]]
[[sh:Let Korean Aira 801]]
[[zh:大韓航空801號班機]]

Goldplatten

2008-02-11T19:54:56Z

Parhamr: copyedit—dashes and ellipses

[[Image:Joseph Smith receiving golden plates.jpg|right|225px|thumb|An 1893 engraving depicting Joseph Smith receiving the Golden Plates and the [[Urim and Thummim]] from the [[angel Moroni]]. The [[sword of Laban]] is shown nearby.]]

The '''golden plates''', also called the '''gold plates''' or the '''golden bible''' (an antiquated reference),<ref>Use of the terms ''golden bible'' and ''gold bible'' by both believers and non-believers dates from the late 1820s. See, for instance, {{Harvnb|Harris|1859|p=167}} (use of the term ''Gold Bible'' by [[Martin Harris]] in 1827); {{Harvnb|Smith|1853|pp=102, 109, 113, 145}} (use of the term ''gold Bible'' in 1827–29 by believing Palmyra neighbors); {{Harvnb|Grandin|1829}} (stating that by 1829 the plates were "generally known and spoken of as the 'Golden Bible'"). Use of these terms has been rare, especially by believers, since the 1830s.</ref> are said to have been a set of engraved plates, bound into a book, that [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] said was his source material for the [[Book of Mormon]], a scripture of the [[Latter Day Saint movement]]. Smith, the founder of that movement, said he obtained the plates on [[September 22]], [[1827]] on [[Cumorah|Cumorah hill]] in [[Manchester (town), New York|Manchester]], [[New York]], where they were hidden in a buried box and protected by an [[angel Moroni|angel named Moroni]]. After dictating a translation and obtaining signed statements by eleven other witnesses, Smith said he returned the plates to the angel in 1829. The golden plates are the most significant of a number of metallic plates important to Latter Day Saint history and theology.

==Origin of the plates==

{{seealso|Origin of the Book of Mormon}}
According to the ''Book of Mormon'', the golden plates were engraved by a [[pre-Columbian]] prophet-historian, from an early [[Americas|American]] civilization, named [[Mormon (prophet)|Mormon]] and his son [[Moroni (Book of Mormon prophet)|Moroni]] (who after death protected the buried plates as the [[angel Moroni]]) in about the year AD 400. These men said they had abridged earlier historical records from other sets of metal plates in a script they called "[[reformed Egyptian]]".<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1830|538}}.</ref> Part of the plates were said to have been sealed, and thus could not be translated.

==Obtaining the plates==

===Background===
As a youth [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] lived on his parents' farm near [[Palmyra (village), New York|Palmyra, New York]], a place and time noted for its participation in the [[Second Great Awakening]] and a "craze for treasure hunting".<ref>{{Harvnb|Bennett|1893}}. ''See also'' {{Harvnb|Quinn|1998|pp=25–26}} (describing widespread treasure-seeking in early 19th century [[New England]]).</ref> Beginning in the early 1820s he was paid to act as a "[[seer]]", to use [[Seer stones and the Latter Day Saint movement|seer stones]] in (mostly unsuccessful) attempts to locate lost items and buried treasure. <ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1838|pp=42–43}} (stating that he was what he called a "money digger", but saying that it "was never a very profitable job to him, as he only got fourteen dollars a month for it").</ref> Some contemporaries state that he would put the stone in a white [[stovepipe hat]], put his face over the hat to block the light, and then "see" the information in the reflections of the stone.<ref> {{Harvnb|Harris|1833|p=253-54}}; {{Harvnb|Hale|1834|p=265}}; {{Harvnb|Clark|1842|p=225}}; {{Harvnb|Turner|1851|p=216}}; {{Harvnb|Harris|1859|p=164}}; {{Harvnb|Tucker|1867|pp=20–21}}; {{Harvnb|Lapham|1870|p=305}}; {{Harvnb|Lewis|Lewis|1879|p=1}}; {{Harvnb|Mather|1880|p=199}}; {{Harvnb|Bushman|2005|pp=50–51, 54–55}}.</ref> Some say that his favored stone, chocolate-colored and about the size of an egg, <ref>{{Harvnb|Roberts|1930|p=129}}.</ref> was found in a deep well he helped dig for one of his neighbors. <ref>{{Harvnb|Harris|1859|p=163}}; {{Harvnb|Lapham|1870|pp=305–306}}. The stone was found in either 1819 ({{Harvnb|Tucker|1867|pp=19–20}} {{Harvnb|Bennett|1893}}) or 1822 {{Harv|Chase|1833|p=240}}.</ref>

===Finding the plates===

Smith said that he first learned about the golden plates on the eve of [[September 22]]<ref>[[September 22]] was listed in a local [[almanac]] as the [[autumn equinox|autumnal equinox]], which has led to the suggestion that the date had astrological significance according to Smith's worldview ({{Harvnb|Quinn|1998|p=144}}; {{Harvnb|Owens|1995}}). A Palmyra minister said that [[Martin Harris]] told him in 1827 that Smith had been on a treasure-hunting excursion earlier the night of the angel's first visit.{{Harv|Clark|1842|p=225}}.</ref> in 1823 (or possibly 1822),<ref>Smith's first mention of the angel in later histories is an appearance on the eve of [[September 22]] [[1823]] {{Harv|Smith|1839–1843|p=4}}; however, other accounts say or infer that the angel may have appeared a year earlier in 1822. Smith's first history in 1832 said the angel's first visit was on [[September 22]] [[1822]], although he also said he was "seventeen years of age" {{Harv|Smith|1832|p=3}}, which would have made the year 1823 (he turned 17 in December 1822). In 1835, after [[Oliver Cowdery]] initially dated the angel's visit to the "15th year of our brother J. Smith Jr's, age", he corrected the statement to read the 17th year of his age (16 years old, or 1822) —but he said this visit in Smith's "17th year" occurred in 1823 {{Harv|Cowdery|1835a|p=78}}. [[Joseph Smith, Sr.|Smith's father]] is quoted by an inquirer who visited his house in 1830 as saying that the first visit by the angel took place in 1822 but that he did not learn about it until 1823 {{Harv|Lapham|1870|p=305}}. A Smith neighbor who said Smith told him the story in 1823 said the angel appeared "a year or two before" the death of Joseph's brother Alvin in November 1823.</ref> when, in his bedroom late at night thinking about his [[First Vision]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=11}}.</ref> an angel<ref>Smith referred to the visitor as an "angel of the Lord" at least as early as 1832 {{Harv|Smith|1832|p=4}}. Some early accounts related by non-Mormons described this angel as a "spirit" ({{Harvnb|Hadley|1829}}; {{Harvnb|Harris|1833|p=253}}; {{Harvnb|Chase|1833|p=242}}) or a "ghost" ({{Harvnb|Burnett|1831}}; see also a later-published account using the "ghost" terminology: {{Harvnb|Lewis|Lewis|1879|p=1}}). In 1838, however, Smith later said that the "angel" was a man who had been "dead, and raised again therefrom" {{Harv|Smith|1838|pp=42–43}}.</ref> named [[angel Moroni|Moroni]] appeared to him three times.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|Cowdery|Rigdon|1835|p=180}}; {{Harvnb|Smith|1838|pp=42–43}}. Contrary to his other statements, Smith's 1838 autobiography said that the angel was [[Nephi]] {{Harv|Smith|1839–1843|p=4}}; nevertheless, modern historians and Latter Day Saints generally refer to the angel as ''Moroni''.</ref> Moroni told him that the plates could be found buried in a prominent hill near his home later referred to as ''[[Cumorah]]'' (a name from the ''[[Book of Mormon]]'').<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1839–1843|p=4}} (identifying the hill, but not referring to it by a name); {{Harvnb|Cowdery|1835b|p=196}} (referring to the hill as ''[[Cumorah]]'').</ref>

According to Smith and contemporaries who heard his account, the angel said he would not allow Smith to take the plates until he was able to obey certain "commandments".<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1839–1843|p=6}} (saying the angel told him to obey his charge concerning the plates, "otherwise I could not get them"); {{Harvnb|Clark|1842|p=225–26}} (the angel "told him that he must follow implicitly the divine direction, or he would draw down upon him the wrath of heaven"); {{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=83}} (characterizing the angel's requirements as "commandments of God", and saying Smith could receive the plates "not only until he was willing, but able" to keep those commandments).</ref> Smith and his believing followers said the angel's requirements included the following: that Smith tell [[Joseph Smith, Sr.|his father]] about the vision,<ref>Smith's mother [[Lucy Mack Smith]] said he was commanded to tell his father during the third vision {{Harv|Smith|1853|p=81}}, but he disobeyed because he didn't think his father would believe him, and the angel appeared a fourth time to rebuke him and reiterate the commandment (p. 82). Joseph Smith and his sister Katharine said the angel gave him the commandment in his fourth visit, but did not say whether he had received the commandment earlier that night ({{Harv|Smith|1839–1843|p=7}}; {{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=12}}). Smith's father is quoted by a skeptical interviewer to say that in 1830, Smith delayed telling his father about the vision for about a year {{Harv|Lapham|1870|p=305}}. Smith's brother William, who was 11 at the time, said the angel commanded him to tell his entire family {{Harv|Smith:1883|p=9}}, although he may have been remembering Smith tell the story that night ''after'' he visited the hill, according to their mother's recollection {{Harv|Smith|1853|p=83}}.</ref> that he have no thought of using the plates for monetary gain,<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1832|p=5}} (saying he was commanded to "have an eye single to the glory of God"); {{Harvnb|Smith|1839–1843|p=6}} (saying the angel commanded him to "have no other object in view in getting the plates but to glorify God".)</ref> that he take the plates and go directly away without looking back,<ref>This commandment is described in the account of [[Joseph Knight, Sr.]], a loyal [[Latter Day Saint]] friend of Smith's {{Harv|Knight|1833|p=2}}, and Willard Chase, an associate of Smith's in Palmyra during the 1820s {{Harv|Chase|1833|p=242}}. Both Knight and Chase were treasure seekers, but while Knight remained a loyal to his death, Chase was a critic of Smith's by the early 1830s.</ref> that the plates never directly touch the ground until safe at home in a locked chest,<ref>There is agreement on this commandment by Smith's mother {{Harv|Smith|1853|pp=85–86}} and sister {{Harv|Salisbury|1895|p=14}} and by two non-Mormons ({{Harvnb|Chase|1833|p=242}}; {{Harvnb|Lapham|1870|p=305}}).</ref> and that he never show the plates to any unauthorized person.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hadley|1829}}; {{Harvnb|Smith|1839–1843|p=6}}.</ref> The last three of the angel's requirements were corroborated by non-believers who heard the story from Smith or his father, and who also add that Smith said the angel required him to wear "black clothes" to the site of the plates,<ref>{{Harvnb|Chase|1833|p=242}} (an affidavit of Willard Chase, a non-Latter Day Saint treasure seeker who believed Smith wrongly appropriated his [[seer stone]]). Chase said he heard the story from Smith's father in 1827. Fayette Lapham, who traveled to Palmyra in 1830 to inquire about the Latter Day Saint movement and heard the story from [[Joseph Smith, Sr.]], said Smith was told to wear an "old-fashioned suit of clothes, of the same color" as those worn by the angel", but Lapham did not specify what color of clothing the angel was wearing {{Harv|Lapham|1870|p=305}}.</ref> to ride a "black horse with a switchtail",<ref>{{Harvnb|Chase|1833|p=242}} (affidavit of Willard Chase, relating story heard from Smith's father in 1827). A friendly but non-believing Palmyra neighbor, Lorenzo Saunders, heard the story in 1823 from Joseph Smith, Jr., and also said Smith was to required to ride a black horse to the hill {{Harv|Saunders|1884b}}.</ref> to call for the plates by a certain name,<ref>{{Harvnb|Chase|1833|p=242}} (affidavit of the skeptical Willard Chase).</ref> and to "give thanks to God".<ref>{{Harvnb|Saunders|1893}} (statement of Orson Saunders of Palmyra, who heard the story from Benjamin Saunders, who heard the story from Joseph Smith).</ref>

[[Image:Mormon Hill engraving (1841).gif|left|300px|thumb|An 1841 engraving of [[Cumorah|"Mormon Hill"]] (looking south), where Smith said he found the Golden Plates on the west side, near the peak]]

In the morning, Smith began to work as usual and did not tell his father about the vision<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1839–1843|p=7}}.</ref> because he did not think his father would believe him.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=82}}; {{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=12}} (stating that Smith told the angel during the fourth visit that he was afraid his Father would believe him).</ref> When he fainted because he had been awake all night, he said the angel appeared a fourth time and chastised him for failing to tell his father.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=82}}; {{Harvnb|Smith|1839–1843|p=6}}.</ref> Smith's father believed the vision and encouraged his son to obey the angel's commandments.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=82}}; {{Harvnb|Smith|1839–1843|p=7}}. Smith's brother William, who was 11 at the time, said he also told the rest of his family that day prior to visiting the hill {{Harv|Smith:1883|pp=9–10}}}}, although he may have been remembering Smith tell the story the night ''after'' he visited the hill, according to their mother's recollection {{Harv|Smith|1853|p=83}}. Smith's sister Katharine said that Joseph told his father and the two oldest brothers Alvin and [[Hyrum Smith|Hyrum]] the morning prior to visiting the hill, but Katharine was too young (10 years old) to understand what they were talking about {{Harv|Salisbury|1895|p=13}}.</ref> Smith then set off to visit the hill. To locate the place where the plates were buried, both believing and non-believing witnesses say he used his seer stone<ref>{{Harvnb|Harris|1833|p=252}} (statement were by Henry Harris, a non-Mormon Palmyra resident); {{Harvnb|Harris|1859|p=163}} (statement by [[Martin Harris]], a Latter Day Saint who became one of the [[Three Witnesses]] of the Golden Plates).</ref> and, according to one hearer of the account, he used the seer stone to follow a sequence of landmarks by horse and on foot until he arrived at the place the plates were buried.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lapham|1870|p=305}}).</ref> Smith said he "knew the place the instant that [he] arrived there" because the angel had shown him the location during the previous night's visions.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1839–1843|pp=6–7}}</ref>

At the proper location, he saw a large stone covering a stone (or possibly iron) box.<ref>Most accounts, including those written by Smith, say the plates were found in a stone box ({{Harvnb|Cowdery|1835b|p=196}}; {{Harvnb|Smith|1839–1843|pp=15–16}}); according to two non-believing witnesses, however, Smith said they were buried in an iron box ({{Harvnb|Bennett|1831|p=7}}; {{Harvnb|Lewis|Lewis|1879|p=1}}).</ref> After using a stick to remove dirt from the edges of the stone cover and prying it up with a lever,<ref>{{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=13}}</ref> he said he saw the plates inside, together with other artifacts.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1839–1843|pp=15–16}}. According to various accounts, these artifacts may have included a [[breastplate]] ({{Harvnb|Cowdery|1835b|p=196}}; {{Harvnb|Smith|1839–1843|p=16}}; {{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=13}}, saying it was the "breast-plate of [[Laban (Book of Mormon)|]]"), a set of [[Urim and Thummim (Latter Day Saints)|large spectacles]] made of [[Seer stones and the Latter Day Saint movement|seer stones]] ({{Harvnb|Chase|1833|p=243}}; {{Harvnb|Smith|1839–1843|p=16}}; {{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=13}}), the [[Liahona]], the [[sword of Laban]] ({{Harv|Lapham|1870|pp=306, 308}}; {{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=13}}), the [[brass plates]] of Laban {{Harv|Salisbury|1895|p=13}}, the vessel in which the gold was melted, a rolling machine for gold plates, and three balls of gold as large as a fist {{Harv|Harris|1833|p=253}}.</ref> According to Smith's 1835 biography and other accounts, he "supposed his success certain" in obtaining the plates.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cowdery|1835b|p=197}}; {{Harvnb|Smith|1853|pp=83–83, 85–86}} (saying that Smith, after failing to obey the commandment to tell his father about the visions, would not be allowed to receive the plates until he was "not only willing, but able" to keep the commandments, but that he and his family "fully expected" that he would carry them home on [[September 22]] [[1824]]). In Smith's 1838 autobiography, he said the angel told him the previous night that retrieving the plates would require four yearly visits, and therefore he already knew his first three visits would not result in him obtaining the plates {{Harv|Smith|1839–1843|p=7}}.</ref> According to Smith's trusted followers, Smith said he picked up the plates, but then put them on the ground while he covered the box with the stone to protect other valuable treasures in the box from being taken later by passers-by.<ref>{{Harvnb|Knight|1833|p=2}} (account by Joseph Knight, Sr., a loyal life-long follower who had worked with Smith in treasure expeditions); {{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=85}} (account by Smith's mother, saying this occurred on Smith's ''second'' visit to the hill); {{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=14}} (account of Smith's sister, saying this occurred on Smith's ''third'' visit to the hill, but that it happened prior to their brother Alvin's death, which was in November 1823); {{Harvnb|Cowdery|1835b|p=197}} (account by Smith's second-in-command Oliver Cowdery, stating that when Smith was looking in the box for other artifacts, he hadn't yet removed the plates).</ref> Nevertheless, when Smith looked back at the plates on the ground after closing the box, the plates had once again disappeared into the box.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=85}} (account by Smith's mother); {{Harvnb|Knight|1833|p=2}} (account by Smith's life-long friend Joseph Knight, Sr.); {{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=14}} (account of Smith's sister).</ref> According to two non-believing Palmyra residents, when Smith once again raised the stone and attempted to retrieve the plates, Smith saw in the box something like a toad that grew larger and struck him to the ground.<ref>{{Harvnb|Chase|1833|p=242}} (account of Palmyra resident Willard Chase, who heard the story from Smith's father in 1827 and was a non-believer); {{Harvnb|Saunders|1884a}} (account of Benjamin Saunders, a sympathetic non-believer who heard the story from Joseph Smith in 1827); {{Harvnb|Saunders|1893}} (account of Orson Saunders, a non-believer who heard it from Benjamin Saunders).</ref> Although Smith's contemporary followers do not mention a toad-like creature, they agree with several non-believers that Smith said he was stricken by a supernatural force that hurled him to the ground as many as three times.<ref>Oliver Cowdery, writing for a church periodical with Smith's assistance, said Smith was stricken three times with an ever increasing force, persisting after the second time because he thought the plates were held by the power of an "enchantment" (like hidden-treasure stories he had heard) that could be overcome by physical exertion {{Harv|Cowdery|1835b|pp=197–98}}. Smith's mother said he was stricken by a force but did not say how many times {{Harv|Smith|1853|p=86}}. Willard Chase said Smith was stricken at least twice {{Harv|Chase|1833|p=242}}. Fayette Lapham, who said he heard the story in about 1830 from Smith's father, said Smith was stricken three times with ever-increasing force {{Harvnb|Lapham|1870|p=306}}. Two neighbors who heard the story from Smith in Harmony in the late 1820s said Smith was knocked down three times {{Harv|Lewis|Lewis|1879|p=1}}. Smith himself said he made three unsuccessful attempts that day but did not mention being stricken {{Harv|Smith|1832|p=3}}. Smith's sister Katharine stated that three times, "he felt a pressure pushing hom [him] away" {{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=14}}.</ref>

Disconcerted by his inability to obtain the plates, Smith said he briefly wondered whether his experience had been a "dreem of Vision" [sic].<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1832|p=3}}.</ref> Concluding that it was not, he prayed asking why he had been barred from taking the plates.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1832|p=3}}; {{Harvnb|Knight|1833|p=2}} (saying Smith exclaimed, "why Cant I stur this Book?"); {{Harvnb|Cowdery|1835b|p=198}} (saying that Smith exclaimed, without premeditation, "Why can I not obtain this book?"); {{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=14}} (saying Smith asked, "Lord, what have I done, that I can not get these records?").</ref> In response to his question, Smith said the angel appeared and told him he could not receive the plates because he "had been tempted of the advisary (sic) and saught (sic) the Plates to obtain riches and kept not the commandments that I should have".<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1832|p=3}}; {{Harvnb|Knight|1833|p=2}} (saying the angel said "you cant have it now", to which Smith responded, "when can I have it?" and the angel said "the 22nt Day of September next if you Bring the right person with you".); {{Harvnb|Cowdery|1835b|pp=197–98}} (stating that although Smith "supposed his success certain", his failure to keep the "commandments" led to his inability to obtain them). In Smith's 1838 account he said the angel had already told him he would not receive the plates for another four years {{Harv|Smith|1839–1843|p=7}}. Smith's brother, who was 11 at the time, said "upon his return [he] told us that in consequence of his not obeying strictly the commandments which the angel had given him, he could not obtain the record until four years from that time" {{Harv|Smith|1883|p=10}}. Smith's sister Katharine (who was 10 at the time) said that Moroni told him, "You have not obeyed the commandments as you were commanded to; you must obey His commandments in every particular. You were not to lay them out of your hands until you had them in safe keeping" {{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=14}}.</ref> According to Smith's followers, Smith had also broken the angel's commandment "not to lay the plates down, or put them for a moment out of his hands",<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=85}}; {{Harvnb|Knight|1833|p=2}}.</ref> and according to a non-believer, Smith said "I had forgotten to give thanks to God" as required by the angel.<ref>{{Harvnb|Saunders|1893}} (statement of Orson Saunders, who heard the account from his uncle Benjamin Saunders, who heard it from Smith in 1827).</ref>

Smith said the angel instructed him to return the next year, on [[September 22]] [[1824]], with the "right person", who the angel said was his older brother Alvin.<ref>{{Harvnb|Knight|1833|p=2}} (account of Joseph Knight, Sr., a life-long follower of Smith); {{Harvnb|Lapham|1870|p=307}} (account of Fayette Lapham, who became a skeptic after hearing the story from Smith's father in 1830); {{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=14}} (account of Smith's sister Katharine).</ref> Alvin died in November 1823, so Smith returned to the hill in 1824 and asked what he should do,<ref>{{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=14}}.</ref> but to his family's disappointment, he did not return with the plates.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=85}} (account of Smith's mother). About the time of the scheduled [[September 22]], [[1824]] meeting with the angel that Alvin was to attend, there were rumors in Palmyra that Alvin's body had been dug up and dissected. To quell these rumors, Joseph's father brought witnesses to exhume the body three days after Joseph's reported meeting with the angel (September 25) and then ran a notice in a local newspaper stating that the body remained undisturbed—except, of course, by Smith, Sr. and the witnesses. {{Harv|Smith|1824}}.</ref> Smith said he was told to return the next year with the "right person", but the angel did not tell Smith who that person might be.<ref>{{Harvnb|Knight|1833|p=2}}; {{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=14}} (saying the angel said, "You will know her when you see her.").</ref> For the visit on [[September 22]] [[1825]], Smith may have attempted unsuccessfully to bring his treasure-hunting associate Samuel T. Lawrence,<ref>{{Harvnb|Chase|1833|p=243}}; {{Harvnb|Knight|1833|p=3}} (saying Lawrence was a seer and had been to the hill and knew what was there); {{Harvnb|Harris|1859|p=164}} (identifying Samuel T. Lawrence as a practitioner of [[crystal gazing]]).</ref> but eventually, Smith determined after looking into his [[Seer stones in Mormonism|seer stone]] that the "right person" was [[Emma Hale Smith|Emma Hale]], his future wife.<ref>{{Harvnb|Knight|1833|p=2}}; {{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=15}} (saying that Smith "knew when he saw her that she was the one to go with him to get the records").</ref>

Smith said that he visited the hill "at the end of each year" for four years after the first visit in 1823,<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1839–1843|p=7}}.</ref> but there is no specific record of him being in the Palmyra vicinity between January 1826 and January 1827 when he returned to Palmyra from Pennsylvania with his [[Emma Hale Smith|new wife]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|pp=99–100}}</ref> After his arrival in Palmyra in January 1827, Smith visited the hill and returned to tell his parents that the angel had severely chastised him for not being "engaged enough in the work of the Lord".<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=99}}. Smith's father is cited as stating Smith was late one year and missed the date for visiting the hill, and therefore was chastised by the angel.{{Harv|Lapham|1870|p=307}}.</ref>

===Retrieving the plates===
The next annual visit on [[September 22]] [[1827]] would be his last chance to receive the plates.<ref>{{Harvnb|Knight|1833|p=3}}.</ref>

According to Brigham Young, as the scheduled date to obtain the plates approached, several Palmyra residents expressed concern "that they were going to lose that treasure" and sent for a skilled [[necromancer]] from 60 miles away, encouraging him to make three separate trips to Palmyra to find the plates.<ref>{{Harvnb|Young|1855|p=180}}.</ref> During one of these trips, the unnamed necromancer is said to have discovered the location, but was unable to determine the value of the plates.<ref>{{Harvnb|Young|1855|pp=180–81}}.</ref> A few days prior to the [[September 22]] [[1827]] visit to the hill, Smith's loyal treasure-hunting friends Josiah Stowell and [[Joseph Knight, Sr.]] traveled to Palmyra, in part, to be there during Smith's scheduled visit to the hill.<ref>{{Harvnb|Knight|1833|p=3}} (Saying Knight went to Rochester on business, and then passed back through Palmyra so that he could be there on [[September 22]]); {{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=99}} (Smith's mother, stating Knight and Stowell arrived there [[September 20]] [[1827]] to inquire on business matters, but stayed at the Smith home until [[September 22]]).</ref>

Another of Smith's former treasure-hunting associates, Samuel T. Lawrence, was also apparently aware of the approaching date to obtain the plates, and Smith was concerned he might cause trouble.<ref>{{Harvnb|Knight|1833|p=3}} (saying Lawrence was a seer, had been to the hill, and knew what was there).</ref> Therefore, on the eve of [[September 22]] [[1827]], the scheduled date for retrieving the plates, Smith dispatched his father to spy on Lawrence's house until dark. If Lawrence attempted to leave, the elder Joseph would have informed him that his son would "thrash the stumps with him" if he found him at the hill, but Lawrence never left his home.<ref>{{Harvnb|Knight|1833|p=3}}</ref> Late at night, Smith took a horse and carriage to the hill [[Cumorah]] with his wife Emma.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=100}}; {{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=15}} (Emma "didn't see the records, but she went with him").</ref> While Emma stayed in the wagon kneeling in prayer,<ref>{{Harv|Harris|1853|p=164}}.</ref> Joseph walked to what he said was the site of the Golden Plates. Some time in the early morning hours, he said he retrieved the plates and hid them in a hollow log on or near Cumorah.<ref>{{Harvnb|Chase|1833|p=246}}; {{Harvnb|Smith|1850|p=104}} (Smith had cut away the bark of a decaying log, placed the plates inside, then covered the log with debris); {{Harvnb|Harris|1859|p=165}}; {{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=15}} (saying Smith "brought them part way home and hid them in a hollow log").</ref> At the same time, Joseph said he received a pair of large spectacles he called the "[[Urim and Thummim (Latter Day Saints)|Urim and Thummim]]" or "Interpreters", with lenses consisting of two [[Seer stones and the Latter Day Saint movement|seer stones]], which he showed [[Lucy Mack Smith|his mother]] when he returned in the morning.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=101}}. Smith's friend Joseph Knight said Smith was even more fascinated by the Interpreters than the plates {{Harv|Knight|1833|p=3}}.</ref>

Over the next few days, Smith took a well-digging job in nearby [[Macedon (town), New York|Macedon]] to obtain money to buy a solid lockable chest in which he said he would put the plates.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=101}}.</ref> By then, however, some of Smith's treasure-seeking company had heard that Smith was successful in obtaining the plates, and they wanted what they believed was their cut of the profits from what they saw as part of their joint venture.<ref>{{Harvnb|Harris|1859|p=167}}.</ref> Spying once again on the house of Samuel Lawrence, Smith, Sr. determined that a group of ten to twelve of these men, including Lawrence and Willard Chase, had enlisted the talents of a renowned and supposedly-talented seer from sixty miles away, in an effort to locate where the plates were hidden by means of [[divination]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=102}}; {{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=15}} (saying that Smith's father "heard that they had got a conjurer, who they said would come and find the plates".</ref> When Emma heard of this, she rode a stray horse to Macedon and informed Smith, Jr.,<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=103}}; {{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=15}}.</ref> who reportedly determined through his [[Urim and Thummim (Latter Day Saints)|Urim and Thummim]] that the plates were safe, but nevertheless he hurriedly rode home with Emma.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|pp=103–104}}.</ref> Once home in [[Manchester (town), New York|Manchester]], he walked to [[Cumorah]] and said he removed the plates from their hiding place, and walked back home through the woods, away from the road, with the plates wrapped in a linen frock under his arm.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|pp=104–06}}.</ref>. On the way, he said he suffered a "heavy blow with a gun" by a man who had been hiding behind a log, and blows from two other attackers.<ref>{{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=15}}; {{Harvnb|Howe|1834|p=246}}; {{Harvnb|Smith|1853|pp=104–06}}; {{Harvnb|Harris|1859|p=166}}.</ref> His family said he returned home with a dislocated thumb, an injured arm, and an injury to his side<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|pp=104–06}} (mentioning only the dislocated thumb); {{Harvnb|Harris|1859|p=166}} (mentioning the injury to his side); {{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=15}} (mentioning the dislocated thumb and the injury to his arm).</ref> and he sent his father, [[Joseph Knight]], and Josiah Stowell to search for the pursuers, but they found nobody.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|pp=105–06}}; {{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=15}}.</ref> Smith then put the plates in a locked chest and hid it in his parent's home in Manchester.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=106}}; {{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=15}}.</ref>

Smith refused to allow anyone, including his family, to view the plates or other artifacts directly. Some people, however, were allowed to heft them or feel them through a cloth.<ref>{{Harvnb|Howe|1834|p=264}}; {{Harvnb|Harris|1859|169–70}}; {{Harvnb|Smith|1884}}.</ref> A few days after retrieving the plates, Smith brought home what he said was an ancient breastplate, which had been hidden in the box at Cumorah with the plates, let his mother feel it through a thin cloth, then placed it in the locked chest with the plates and the Urim and Thummim.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=107}} (saying she saw the glistening metal, and estimating the breastplate's value at over 500 dollars).</ref>

The Smith home was approached "nearly every night" by villagers hoping to find the plates on their property.<ref>{{Harv|Salisbury|1895|p=15}}.</ref> After word that a group of people would be attempting to enter the home by force, Smith buried the chest under the hearth,<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=108}}; {{Harvnb|Harris|1859|pp=166–67}}.</ref> but the family was able to scare away the approaching intruders.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=108}}.</ref> Fearing it might be discovered, however, Smith hid the chest under the floor boards of his parents' old log home nearby, then used as a [[cooper (profession)|cooper]] shop.<ref>{{Harvnb|Harris|1859|p=167}}.</ref> Later, Smith said he took the plates out of the chest, left the empty chest under the floor boards of the cooper shop, and hid the plates in a barrel of [[flax#flax seed|flax]], not long before the location of the empty box was discovered and the place ransacked by Smith's former treasure-seeking associates,<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|pp=107–09}}; {{Harvnb|Harris|1859|p=167}}.</ref> who had enlisted one of the men's sisters to find that location by looking in her [[Seer stones in Mormonism|seer stone]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=109}} (the [[scrying|seer]] was the sister of Willard Chase, and she had "found a green glass, through which she could see many very wonderful things").</ref>

==Translating the plates==
{{main|Life of Joseph Smith, Jr. from 1827 to 1830}}

Most of the translation of the golden plates took place in [[Harmony Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania|Harmony, Pennsylvania]] (now located in [[Oakland Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania|Oakland Township]]), where Smith and Emma moved in October 1827 with the financial assistance from a prominent, though superstitious, Palmyra landowner [[Martin Harris]].<ref>The local Presbyterian minister, Jesse Townsend, described Harris as a "visionary fanatic". A acquaintance, Lorenzo Saunders, said, "There can't anybody say word against Martin Harris… a man that would do just as he agreed with you. But he was a great man for seeing spooks." Quoted in Ronald W. Walker, "Martin Harris: Mormonism's Early Convert", ''Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought'', 19 (Winter 1986): 34-35.</ref> Harmony was Emma's home town. The work of translation took place in two phases: the first was a period from December 1827 to June 1828 in which Smith [[Anthon transcript|transcribed some of the characters]] and then dictated a translation to [[Martin Harris]]. The [[Lost 116 pages|116 manuscript pages]] from this period, however, were lost. The second phase of translation began sporadically in early 1829, and then in earnest in April 1829 with the arrival of [[Oliver Cowdery]], a schoolteacher willing to work full-time as his scribe. In June 1829, Smith and Cowdery moved to [[Fayette, New York]] and finished the translation around the beginning of July 1829.

===Location of the plates during translation===
When Joseph and Emma travelled to Pennsylvania in October 1827, the golden plates were said to be transported in a glass box hidden in a barrel of beans.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=113}}; {{Harvnb|Harris|1859|p=170}}.</ref> In Harmony, the couple stayed for a time in the home of Emma's father [[Isaac Hale]], but when Smith refused to show Hale the plates, only allowing him to heft the containing box, Hale banished the concealed object from his house.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hale|1834|p=264}}; {{Harvnb|Knight|1833|p=3}}.</ref> Afterwards, the plates were said to be hidden for much of the time in the woods nearby,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hale|1834|p=264}}; {{Harvnb|Knight|1833|p=3}}; {{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=115}}.</ref> although Emma said that for at least part of the time, Joseph kept the plates in the house, on a table, wrapped in a linen tablecloth, which she moved from time to time when it got in the way of her chores.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1879}}.</ref> In one instance, the plates were said to be in a trunk on Emma's bureau.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=124}}.</ref> Smith did not require the physical presence of the plates in order to translate.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stevenson|1882}}; {{Harvnb|Hale|1834|pp=264–65}}; {{Harvnb|Van Horn|1881}}.</ref>

In April 1828, Harris' wife [[Lucy Harris|Lucy]] visited Harmony with her husband and demanded to see the plates. When Smith refused, she searched the Smith house and grounds for the plates but they had been hidden in the nearby woods, and were protected by a large black snake that frightened her and reportedly prevented her from digging them up.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|pp=115–116}}.</ref> Lucy was soon allegedly involved in the [[lost 116 pages|loss of 116 pages]] of translation manuscript in July 1828, which had been loaned to Martin so that he could prove to his friends and family that the plates were real.

Because of the lost 116 pages, Smith said that between July and September 1828, the [[angel Moroni]] took back possession of the plates and the [[Urim and Thummim (Latter Day Saints)|Urim and Thummim]] as a penalty for "delivering the manuscript into the hands of a wicked man".<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=125}} (stating that the angel took back the Urim and Thummim, but referring to the revelation that stated the plates were taken too); {{Harvnb|Smith|1832|p=5}} (referring only to the plates); {{Harvnb|Phelps|1833|loc=9:1, p. 22}} (a revelation referring only to the plates and to Smith's "gift" to translate).</ref> The angel is said to have returned them to Smith in Harmony again on [[September 22]], [[1828]], the [[autumn equinox]] and the anniversary of the day he first received the plates.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=126}}.</ref>

In March 1829, Martin Harris visited Harmony and asked to see the plates firsthand. Smith did not show him the plates directly, but told him that he "would go into the woods where the Book of Plates was, and that after he came back, Harris should follow his tracks in the snow, and find the Book, and examine it for himself"; after following these directions, however, Harris could not find the plates.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hale|1834|pp=264–265}}.</ref>

In early June 1829, the unwanted attentions of Harmony locals necessitated a move to [[Fayette, New York]], to the home of [[David Whitmer]] and his parents. As they travelled, the golden plates were reportedly transported by the [[angel Moroni]], who received the plates in Harmony and then placed them in the garden of the Whitmer house in Fayette, where Smith found them.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=137}}; {{Harvnb|Salisbury|1895|p=16}}.</ref>

After translation was completed, Smith said he returned the plates to the angel,<ref>{{Harvnb|Van Horn|1881}};{{Harvnb|Smith|1853|p=141.}}.</ref> Many [[Latter Day Saints]], including [[Brigham Young]], have believed the plates were returned to [[Hill Cumorah]] and that other ancient records lie buried there, including the [[Sword of Laban]] and the special spectacles given to aid the translation process.<ref>[http://journalofdiscourses.org/Vol_19/JD19-036.html ''Journal of Discourses'' 19: 38], July 17, 1877. According to Oliver Cowdery's account, when the angel instructed Smith to return the plates to the hill [[Cumorah]], [[Oliver Cowdery]] accompanied him. The hill opened and they walked into a cave where there was a spacious room with wagon loads of metallic plates and the [[Sword of Laban]], unsheathed on a large table. Joseph and Oliver placed the plates on this table.</ref>

===Translation process===

Smith said he copied characters from the golden plates and translated them through the use of "[[Urim and Thummim]]" found with the plates.<ref>''Joseph Smith-History'' 1:62. Early followers of Smith seem to have called both the Urim and Thummim and the seer stone "interpreters". Smith's father-in-law, Isaac Hale, said that the "manner in which he pretended to read and interpret was the same as when he looked for the money-diggers, with the stone in his hat, and his hat over his face, while the Book of Plates were at the same time hid in the woods!" See "Mormonism", ''Susquehanna Register, and Northern Pennsylvanian'' 9 (1 May 1834), 1 in ''EMD'', 4: 287.''Joseph Smith-History'' 1:62.</ref> Emma Smith later recalled that when she took dictation from her husband, she "frequently wrote day after day, often sitting at the table close by him, he sitting with his face buried in his hat, with the stone in it, and dictating hour after hour with nothing between us… The plates often lay on the table without any attempt at concealment, wrapped in a small linen table cloth, which I had given him to fold them in. I once felt of the plates as they thus lay on the table tracing their outline and shape. They seemed to be pliable like thick paper, and would rustle with a metallic sound when the edges were moved by the thumb, as one does sometimes thumb the edges of a book."<ref>D&C 25:4; Joseph Smith III, Notes of Interview with Emma Smith Bidamon, February 1879, Miscellany, RLDS Church Library-Archives, Independence, Missouri, in ''EMD'', 1: 536-40. </ref>

Usually, however, the golden plates were not even in the same room. Michael Morse, Smith's brother-in-law, said that he watched Smith on several occasions: "The mode of procedure consisted in Joseph's placing the Seer Stone in the crown of a hat, then putting his face into the hat, so as to entirely cover his face." [[David Whitmer]] said that "the plates were not before Joseph while he translated, but seem to have been removed by the custodian angel". [[Isaac Hale]] said that while Joseph was translating, the plates were "hid in the woods". [[Joseph Smith, Sr.]] said they were "hid in the mountains."<ref>Grant H. Palmer, ''An Insider's View of Mormon Origins'' (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2002), 2-5. In March 1829, [[Martin Harris]] returned to Harmony and asked to see the plates. Smith reportedly told Harris that Smith "would go into the woods where the Book of Plates was, and that after he came back, Harris should follow his tracks in the snow, and find the Book, and examine it for himself"; after following these directions, however, Harris could not find the plates {{Harv|Hale|1834|pp=264–65}}.</ref> During the translation process a curtain or blanket was placed between Smith and his scribe or between the living area and the area where Smith and his scribe worked.<ref>Lyndon W. Cook, ''David Whitmer Interviews: A Restoration Witness'' (Orem, UT: Grandin, 1991), 173.</ref> Sometimes Smith dictated to [[Martin Harris]] from upstairs or from a different room.<ref>{{Harv|Howe|1834|p=14}}</ref>

Smith used a number of assistants during the process of translating the ''Book of Mormon'', including [[Emma Hale Smith|Emma Smith]], [[Martin Harris]], and most notably, [[Oliver Cowdery]]. Nevertheless, Smith's translation process did not involve his understanding of an ancient script. As he looked into the seer stone, the words of the text appeared to him in English.<ref>"Although in the same room, a thick curtain or blanket was suspended between them, and Smith concealed behind the blanket, pretended to look through his spectacles, or transparent stones, and would then write down or repeat what he saw, which when repeated aloud, was written down by Harris." Martin Harris Interviews with John A. Clark, 1827 & 1828, in ''EMD'' 2: 268. "Oliver Cowdery, one of the three witnesses to the book, testified under oath, that said Smith… translated his book [with] two transparent stones, resembling glass, set in silver bows. That by looking through these, he was able to read in English, the reformed Egyptian characters, which were engraved on the plates." Abram W. Benton Reminiscence, March 1831, in ''EMD'' 4: 97.</ref> When in mid-1828, Smith loaned the manuscript pages to Martin Harris, and Harris lost them, Smith said that opponents would try to see if he could "bring forth the same words again". Smith did not explain why he believed different translations of a text should not be different or why a fraudulent version with different handwriting would not be obvious.<ref>D&C 10: 17-18, 31. Smith seems to have assumed that a second transcription of the [[lost 116 pages]] should be identical to the first rather than be filled with the natural variants that would occur if one was translating, and not merely transcribing, a text from one language into another. Palmer, 7.</ref>

===Plates returned to Moroni===

Once the translation was complete, about July 1829, Smith said that he returned the plates to the angel.<ref>{{Harv|Van Horn|1881}};{{Harv|Smith|1853|p=141.}}</ref> Many [[Latter Day Saints]], including [[Brigham Young]], have believed the plates were returned to [[Hill Cumorah]] and that other ancient records lie buried there, including the [[Sword of Laban]] and the Urim and Thummim given to aid the translation process.<ref>[http://journalofdiscourses.org/Vol_19/JD19-036.html ''Journal of Discourses'' 19: 38], July 17, 1877. According to Oliver Cowdery's account, when the angel instructed Smith to return the plates to the hill [[Cumorah]], [[Oliver Cowdery]] accompanied him. The hill opened and they walked into a cave where there was a spacious room with wagon loads of metallic plates and the [[Sword of Laban]], unsheathed on a large table. Joseph and Oliver placed the plates on this table.</ref>

==Witnesses to the plates==
{{main|Book of Mormon witnesses}}

As Smith finished the translation of the plates, he revealed that witnesses would be asked to testify to their existence. In June 1829, two sets of witnesses, the [[Three Witnesses]]<ref>The [[Three Witnesses]] were selected soon after a visit by [[Martin Harris]] to the Whitmer home in Fayette, accompanied by Smith's parents {{Harv|Smith|1853|p=138}}, to inquire about the translation {{Harv|Roberts|1902|p=51}}. According to Smith's mother, this trip was prompted by news that Smith had completed the translation of the plates{{Harv|Smith|1853|p=138}}. When Harris he arrived, he joined with [[Oliver Cowdery]] and [[David Whitmer]] to request that the three be named as the [[Three Witnesses]] referred to in the much earlier revelation directed to Harris, and also referred to in a recently-translated portion of the plates called the [[Book of Ether]] (2:2–4) {{Harv|Roberts|1902|p=51}}. In response, Smith dictated a revelation that the three of them would see the Golden Plates {{Harv|Roberts|1902|pp=51–53}}. Thus, Smith took the three of them to the woods near the Whitmer home and they had a shared vision in which they all claimed to see (with their "spiritual eyes", Harris reportedly said {{Harv|Gilbert|1892}}) an angel holding the Golden Plates and turning its leaves ({{Harvnb|Roberts|1902|pp=54–55}}; {{Harvnb|Smith|1830b|loc=appendix}}). The four of them also said they heard "the voice of the Lord" telling them that the translation of the plates was correct, and commanding them to testify of what they saw and heard ({{Harvnb|Roberts|1902|pp=54–55}}; {{Harvnb|Smith|1830b|loc=appendix}}).[[David Whitmer]] later stated that the angel showed them "the breast plates, the [[Liahona|Ball or Directors]], the [[Sword of Laban]] and other plates" ({{Harvnb|Van Horn|1881}}; {{Harvnb|Kelley|Blakeslee|1882}}; see also {{Harvnb|Smith|1835|p=171}}).</ref> and a separate group of [[Eight Witnesses]],<ref>The [[Eight Witnesses]] were selected a few days later when Smith traveled to [[Palmyra (town), New York|Palmyra]] with the males of the Whitmer home, including [[David Whitmer]]'s father Peter, his brothers Christian, Jacob, and John, and his brother-in-law [[Hiram Page]]. Smith took this group, along with his father [[Joseph Smith, Sr.]] and his brothers [[Hyrum Smith|Hyrum]] and [[Samuel Harrison Smith|Samuel]] to a location near Smith's parent's home in [[Palmyra (town), New York|Palmyra]] {{Harv|Smith|1853}}. Because of a foreclosure on their [[Manchester (town), New York|Manchester]] property, the Smith family was then living in a log cabin technically in [[Palmyra (town), New York|Palmyra]] ({{Harvnb|Smith|1883|p=14}}; {{Harvnb|Berge|1985}}) where Smith said he showed them the Golden Plates {{Harv|Roberts|1902|p=57}}. Like the [[Three Witnesses]], the [[Eight Witnesses]] later signed an affidavit for inclusion at the end of the ''Book of Mormon'' {{Harv|Smith|1830b|appendix}}. Though the Eight Witnesses did not refer, like the Three, to an angel or the voice of God, they said that they had hefted the plates and seen the engravings on them {{Harv|Smith|1830b|appendix}}.</ref> signed joint statements, written by Smith, which were subsequently published with the text of the [[Book of Mormon]].<ref>Bushman, 76-79. A comparison of "The Testimony of Three Witnesses" to ''Doctrine and Covenants'' 17, written in 1829, shows "the marks of common authorship". Grant Palmer, ''An Insider's View of Mormon Origins'' (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2002), 195-96.See Oliver Cowdery to Hyrum Smith dated [[June 14]] [[1829]], quoting the language of this revelation. Joseph Smith letterbook (22 November 1835 to 4 August 1835), 5-6. Commentators generally agree that this letter refers to the revelation. See Larry C. Porter, "Dating the Restoration of the Melchizedek Priesthood", ''Ensign'' (June 1979), 5. A revelation by Smith commanded Cowdery and Whitmer to seek out twelve "disciples", who desired to serve, and who would "go into all the world to preach my gospel unto every creature", and who would be ordained to baptize and to ordain priests and teachers {{Harv|Phelps|1833|p=37}}. Soon thereafter in the second half of June 1829 {{Harv|Van Horn|1881}}, a group of [[Three Witnesses]] and a separate group of [[Eight Witnesses]] were selected, in addition to Smith himself, to testify that Smith had the Golden Plates.</ref> The Three Witnesses—[[Oliver Cowdery]], [[David Whitmer]], and [[Martin Harris]]—affirmed that an angel had descended from heaven and presented the plates, which they saw but did not touch. Then they heard a voice from heaven declaring that the book was translated by the power of God and that they should bear record of it. The Eight Witnesses were members of the Joseph Smith and David Whitmer families. Like the Three Witnesses, the Eight signed a joint statement that they had seen and, in their case, hefted the plates.<ref>"The translator of this work, has shown unto us the plates of which hath been spoken, which have the appearance of gold; and as many of the leaves as the said Smith has translated we did handle with our hands; and we also saw the engravings thereon, all of which has the appearance of ancient work, and of curious workmanship."</ref>

In March 1838, church members said that [[Martin Harris]], who had given many specific descriptions of the plates, had now publicly denied having seen them at all.<ref>Their accounts state that Harris publicly denied that either he or the other Witnesses to the ''Book of Mormon'' had ever seen or handled the golden plates—although he had not been present when Whitmer and Cowdery first claimed to have viewed them. Harris's recantation, made during a period of crisis in early Mormonism, induced five influential members, including three Apostles, to leave the Church. (Stephen Burnett to Luke S. Johnson, 15 April 1838, in Joseph Smith's Letterbook, ''Early Mormon Documents'' 2: 290-92. Warren Parrish also wrote in August 11, 1838: "Martin Harris, one of the subscribing witnesses, has come out at last, and says he never saw the plates, from which the book purports to have been translated, except in vision, and he further says that any man who says he has seen them in any other way is a liar, Joseph not excepted." ''EMD'', 2: 289.)</ref> Near the end of his long life, Harris also said that he had seen the plates only in "a state of entrancement".<ref>Metcalf in ''EMD'', 2: 347.</ref> Nevertheless, in 1871 Harris testified that no one had "ever heard me in any way deny the truth of the Book of Mormon [or] the administration of the angel that showed me the plates".<ref>"No man heard me in any way deny the truth of the Book of Mormon, the administration of the angel that showed me the plates; nor the organization of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints under the administration of Joseph Smith, Jr." Letter of Martin Harris, Sr., to Hanna B. Emerson, January 1871, Smithfield, Utah Territory, ''Saints' Herald'' 22 (15 October 1875):630, in ''EMD'' 2: 338. See also Richard Lloyd Anderson, ''Investigating the Book of Mormon Witnesses'' (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1981), 118</ref> Yet even after Smith had returned the plates to the angel, other early LDS Church members testified that an angel had also showed them the plates.<ref>For instances of people testifying to having seen the Golden Plates ''after'' Smith returned them to the angel, see the affirmations of John Young and Harrison Burgess in Grant Palmer, ''An Insider's View of Mormon Origins'' (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2002), 201. In 1859, Brigham Young referred to one of these "post-return" testimonies: "Some of the witnesses of the Book of Mormon, who handled the plates and conversed with the angels of God, were afterwards left to doubt… One of the Quorum of the Tweleve, a young man full of faith and good works, prayed, and the vision of his mind was opened, and the angel of God came and laid the plates before him, and he saw and handled them, and saw the angel." ''Journal of Discourses'', June 5, 1859, 7: 164.</ref>

==Physical description of the plates==
===Format, binding, and dimensions===
[[Image:GoldenPlates.JPG|300px|right|thumb|Full-scale model of the Golden Plates based on Joseph Smith's description]]

The plates were said to be in the format of a book, bound at one edge by a set of rings. [[Martin Harris]], one of [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]]'s early scribes, is reported to have said in 1828 that he understood the plates were "fastened together in the shape of a book by wires".<ref>{{Harvnb|Anthon|1834|p=270}}.</ref> After saying that he saw the plates in 1829, Harris said in 1859 that the plates "were seven inches wide by eight inches in length, and were of the thickness of plates of tin; and when piled one above the other, they were altogether about four inches thick; and they were put together on the back by three silver rings, so that they would open like a book".<ref>{{Harvnb|Harris|1859|p=165}}.</ref> [[David Whitmer]], another [[Three Witnesses|1829 witness]], was quoted in an 1831 Palmyra newspaper as saying the plates were "the thickness of tin plate; the back was secured with three small rings… passing through each leaf in succession".<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|1831}}.</ref> Anomalously, [[Joseph Smith, Sr.|Smith's father]] is quoted as saying the plates were only half an inch thick<ref>{{Harvnb|Lapham|1870|p=307}}.</ref> [[Lucy Mack Smith|Smith's mother]], who said she had "seen and handled" the plates, is quoted as saying they were "eight inches long, and six wide… all connected by a ring which passes through a hole at the end of each plate".<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1842b|p=27}}.</ref>

[[Hyrum Smith]] and [[John Whitmer]], also [[Eight Witnesses|witnesses in 1829]], are reported to have stated that the rings holding the plates together were, in Hyrum's words, "in the shape of the letter D, which facilitated the opening and shutting of the book".<ref>Statement by Hyrum Smith as reported by William E. McLellin in the ''Huron Reflector'', October 31, 1831. See also {{Harvnb|Poulson|1878|}}.</ref> Joseph Smith's wife [[Emma Hale Smith|Emma]], and his younger brother [[William Smith (Mormonism)|William]] said they examined the plates while they were wrapped in fabric. Emma said she "felt of the plates, as they thus lay on the table, tracing their outline and shape. They seemed to be pliable like thick paper, and would rustle with a metallic sound when the edges were moved by the thumb, as one does sometimes thumb the edges of a book".<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1879}}.</ref> William agreed that the plates could be rustled with one's thumb like the pages of a book.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1884}}.</ref>

Joseph Smith did not provide his own published description of the plates until 1842, when he said in a letter that "each plate was six inches [150 mm] wide and eight inches [200 mm] long, and not quite so thick as common tin. They were… bound together in a volume, as the leaves of a book, with three rings running through the whole. The volume was something near six inches [150 mm] in thickness".<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1842}}.</ref>

===Composition and weight===
The plates were first described as "gold". Beginning about 1827, the plates were widely called the "gold bible".<ref>{{Harvnb|Harris|1859|p=167}}; {{Harvnb|Smith|1853|pp=102, 109, 113, 145}}; {{Harvnb|Grandin|1829}}.</ref> When the book was published in 1830, [[Eight Witnesses|eight witnesses]] described the plates as having "the appearance of gold".<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1830|loc=appx.}}</ref> The ''[[Book of Mormon]]'' itself describes the plates as being made of "ore".<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1830|loc=Mormon 8:5}}.</ref> In 1831, a Palmyra newspaper quoted [[David Whitmer]], another [[Three Witnesses|witness to the plates]], as saying the plates were a "''whitish yellow'' color", with "three small rings of the same metal".<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|1831}}.</ref>

[[Joseph Smith, Jr.]]'s first published description of the plates agreed that the plates "had the appearance of gold".<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1842}}.</ref> but gave no further information about their composition. Late in life, [[Martin Harris]] stated that the rings holding the plates together were made of silver,<ref>{{Harvnb|Harris|1859|p=165}}.</ref> and he said the plates themselves, based on their heft of "forty or fifty pounds",<ref>{{Harvnb|Harris|1859|p=166}}</ref> "were lead or gold".<ref>{{Harvnb|Harris|1859|p=169}}.</ref> Joseph's brother [[William Smith (Latter Day Saints)|William Smith]], who said he felt the plates inside a pillow case in 1827, said in 1884 that he understood the plates to be "a mixture of gold and copper… much heavier than stone, and very much heavier than wood".<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1884}}</ref>

Different people estimated the weight of the plates differently. According to Smith's one-time-friend Willard Chase, Smith told him in 1827 that the plates weighed between forty and sixty pounds, most likely the latter.<ref>{{Harvnb|Chase|1833|p=246}}.</ref> Smith's father [[Joseph Smith, Sr.]], who was one of the [[Eight Witnesses]], reportedly weighed them and said in 1830 that they "weighed thirty pounds".<ref>{{Harvnb|Lapham|1870}}.</ref> Joseph Smith's brother, William, said that he lifted them in a pillowcase and thought they "weighed about sixty pounds according to the best of my judgment".<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1883}}.</ref> Others who lifted the plates while they were wrapped in cloth or enclosed in a box thought that they weighed about sixty pounds. Martin Harris said that he had "hefted the plates many times, and should think they weighed forty or fifty pounds".<ref>{{Harvnb|Harris|1859|pp=166, 169}}.</ref> Joseph Smith's wife [[Emma Hale Smith|Emma]] never estimated the weight of the plates but said they were light enough for her to "move them from place to place on the table, as it was necessary in doing my work".<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1879}}.</ref> Had the plates been made of 24-karat gold (which Smith never claimed), they would have weighed about 140 pounds.<ref>{{Harvnb|Vogel|2004|loc=p. 600, n. 65}}.</ref>

The plates might have been made from tin or various gold alloys. They might have been made of a gold and copper Mesoamerican alloy, called [[tumbaga]] by the Spanish, which would have weighed between 50 and 70 pounds.<ref>Tumbaga was the name given by the Spanish to an Mesoamerican alloy of Gold and Copper.{{Harvnb|Putnam|1966}}.</ref> Plates of roughly similar dimensions and weight might also have been made of tin, which was readily available in the Palmyra area.<ref>{{Harvnb|Vogel|2004|loc=p. 600, n. 65}}; {{Harvnb|Vogel|2004|p=98}}.</ref>

==="Sealed" portion===

According to Joseph Smith and others, the book of Golden Plates contained a "sealed" portion<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1842|p=707}}.</ref> containing "a revelation from God, from the beginning of the world to the ending thereof."<ref>''Book of Mormon, 2 Nephi 27:7. The "sealing" of apocalyptic revelations in a book has precedents in the ''[[Bible]]''. See, for example, Isaiah 29:11, Daniel 12:4, and Revelation 5:1–5.</ref> Although Smith never personally described the nature or extent of the seal, witnesses have offered several descriptions. The language of the ''[[Book of Mormon]]'' is interpreted by many to describe a sealing of the plates that was spiritual, metaphorical,<ref>i.e. that the book was "sealed" in the sense that its contents were hidden or kept from public knowledge</ref> physical, or any combination of these elements.

The ''[[Book of Mormon]]'' refers to other documents and plates being "sealed" by being buried to come forth at some future time. For example, the ''[[Book of Mormon]]'' says the entire set of plates was "sealed up, and hid up unto the Lord",<ref>{{Harv|Smith|1830|loc=title page}}</ref> and that a separate record of [[John the Apostle]] was "sealed up to come forth in their purity" in the [[end times]].<ref>''Book of Mormon'', 1 Nephi 14:26</ref> One set of plates referred to in the ''Book of Mormon'' was "sealed up" in the sense that "no one can interpret them", because they were written "in a language that they cannot be read".<ref>''Book of Mormon'', Ether 3: 22.</ref>

Smith may also have understood the sealing as a [[supernatural]] or spiritual sealing of the plates "by the power of God" (2 Nephi 27:10).<ref>{{Harvnb|Quinn|1998|p=195–196}}.</ref> This idea is supported by a reference in the ''Book of Mormon'' to the "interpreters" ([[Seer stones and the Latter Day Saint movement|Urim and Thummim]]) with which Smith said they were buried or "sealed".<ref>Book of Mormon, Ether 4:5. According to [[Martin Harris]], anyone who looked into the "interpreters" "except by the command of God" would "perish" {{Harv|Harris|1859|p=166}}.</ref> Oliver Cowdery also stated that when Smith visited the hill, he was stricken by a supernatural force because the plates were "sealed by the prayer of faith".<ref>{{Harvnb|Cowdery|1835b|p=198}}.</ref>

A physical "sealing" placed on part of the plates by Mormon or Moroni has been described by several witnesses. [[David Whitmer]] said that an angel showed him the plates in 1829, and that "a large portion of the leaves were so securely bound together that it was impossible to separate them".<ref>David Whitmer interview, Chicago Tribune, 24 January 1888, in David Whitmer Interviews, ed. Cook, 221. Near the end of his life, Whitmer said that one section of the book was "loose, in plates, the other solid". {{Harvnb|Storey|1881}}.</ref> He also said that the "sealed" part of the plates were held together as a solid mass that was "stationary and immovable",<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|1831}}</ref> it "appeared as solid to my view as wood",<ref>{{Harvnb|Poulson|1878}}.</ref> and it had "perceptible marks where the plates appeared to be sealed".<ref>{{Harvnb|Storey|1881}}</ref> Whitmer also stated that the leaves "were so securely bound that it was impossible to separate them".<ref>{{Harvnb|Whitmer|1888}}. [[Orson Pratt]], who said he had spoken with many witnesses of the plates,{{Harv|Pratt|1859|p=30}}, assumed that Joseph Smith could "break the seal" if only he had been "permitted" {{Harv|Pratt|1877|pp=211–12}}.</ref> [[Lucy Mack Smith]] said in 1842 that "some of [the plates] are sealed together and are not to be opened, and some of them are loose".<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1842b|p=27}}.</ref> The testimony of the [[Eight Witnesses]] states that they saw the plates in 1829 and handled "as many of the leaves as [Joseph] Smith has translated", implying that they did not examine un-translated parts of the book such as the sealed portion.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1830|loc=appx.}}</ref>

David Whitmer said that "about half" the book was sealed in one interview,<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|1831}}; {{Harvnb|Poulson|1878}}.</ref> and in 1881 said that "about one-third" of the book was un-sealed, and the remainder sealed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Storey|1881}}</ref> Whitmer's 1881 statement is consistent with an 1856 statement by [[Orson Pratt]], an associate of Smith's who never saw the plates himself, but who said he had spoken with the witnesses.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pratt|1859|p=30}}.</ref> According to Pratt, "about two-thirds" of the plates were "sealed up".<ref>{{Harvnb|Pratt|1856|p=347}}.</ref>

The sealed portion of the plates is said to contain "a revelation from God, from the beginning of the world to the ending thereof".<ref>''Book of Mormon, 2 Nephi 27:7.</ref> The ''Book of Mormon'' states that this vision was originally given to the [[Brother of Jared]], recorded by Ether on a set of 24 plates later found by [[Limhi]] and then "sealed up".<ref>''Book of Mormon, Ether 1:2.</ref> According to this account, [[Moroni (Book of Mormon prophet)|Moroni]] copied the plates of Limhi onto the sealed portion of the Golden Plates.<ref>''Book of Mormon'', Ether 4:4. In the 1980s, Christopher Marc Nemelka claimed to have received the gold plates from Joseph Smith and translated some of the sealed portion. ''Salt Lake City Weekly'', December 27, 2001 [http://rickross.com/reference/mormon/mormon241.html].</ref>


===Engravings===
{{main|Reformed Egyptian}}
[[Image:Caractors large.jpg|300px|right|thumb|A transcription by [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] of characters he said were engraved on the Golden Plates]]

The Golden Plates were said to contain engravings in an ancient language that the ''[[Book of Mormon]]'' describes as [[Reformed Egyptian]].<ref>{{Harv|Smith|1830|loc=Mormon 9:32}}.</ref> Smith later described them as "Egyptian characters… small, and beautifully engraved", exhibiting "much skill in the art of engraving".<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1842}}.</ref>

According to [[John Whitmer]], one of the [[Eight Witnesses]] who said he saw the plates in 1829, the plates had "fine engravings on both sides".<ref>{{Harv|Roberts|1906|p=307}}.</ref> [[Orson Pratt]], who did not see the plates himself, who had spoken with the witnesses, understood that there were engravings on both sides of the plates, "stained with a black, hard stain, so as to make the letters more legible and easier to be read".<ref>{{Harvnb|Pratt|1859|p=30-31}}.</ref>

==Metal plates in Latter Day Saint theology and history==
===Other metal plates mentioned in the Book of Mormon===
In addition to the Golden Plates, the Book of Mormon refers to several other sets of books written on metal plates:
*The [[brass plates]] originally in the custody of [[Laban (Book of Mormon)|Laban]], containing the writings of Old Testament prophets before the [[Babylonian Exile]], as well as the otherwise unknown prophets [[Zenos]] and [[Zenoch]], and possibly others.
*The [[plates of Nephi|large plates of Nephi]], the source of the text abridged by [[Mormon (prophet)|Mormon]] and engraved on the Golden Plates.
*The [[Plates of Nephi|small plates of Nephi]], the source of the [[First Book of Nephi|first]] and [[Second Book of Nephi|second]] books of Nephi, and the books of [[Book of Jacob|Jacob]], [[Book of Enos|Enos]], [[Book of Jarom|Jarom]] and [[Book of Omni|Omni]], which replaced the [[lost 116 pages]].
* A set of twenty-four plates found by the people of [[Limhi]] containing the record of the [[Jaredite]]s, translated by [[Mosiah|King Mosiah]], and abridged by Moroni as the [[Book of Ether]].

===Other metal plates in the Latter Day Saint Tradition===
*In 1843, Smith acquired a set of six small bell-shaped plates, known as the [[Kinderhook Plates]], found in Kinderhook, Pike County, Illinois. Smith said that they contained information about a descendant of Ham "through the loins of Pharaoh," but he never produced a translation. After Smith's assassination, the Kinderhook Plates were presumed lost, but for decades [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] published facsimiles of them in its official ''History of the Church'' as evidence that ancient Americans wrote on metal plates. In 1980 the Kinderhook Plates were proved to have been manufactured in the nineteenth century, probably in an attempt to catch Smith in a fraud. Today the LDS Church acknowledges the plates as a hoax and makes no attempt to defend their authenticity.<ref>Richard Bushman, ''Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 489-90.</ref>

*[[James J. Strang]], one of many rival claimants to succeed Smith, in the [[Succession Crisis]], said that he discovered and translated a set of plates known as the [[Voree Plates]] or "Voree Record". Like Joseph Smith, Strang produced witnesses to his plates' authenticity.<ref>[http://www.strangite.org/Plates.htm The Voree Plates - Mormon scriptures - brass plates]</ref> Although Strang's attempt to supplant Brigham Young proved abortive, Joseph Smith's mother, [[Lucy Mack Smith]],<ref>In a letter of 11 May 1846 Lucy Mack Smith wrote: "I am satisfied that Joseph appointed J. J. Strang." The same day William Smith said, "James J. Strang has the appointment and we have evidence of it. The whole Smith family excepting Hyrum's widow uphold Strang." Palmer, 211. Earlier Lucy Mack Smith said at the October 1844 General Conference that she hoped all her children would accompany the saints to the West, and if they did she would go.</ref> and all living witnesses to the [[Book of Mormon]], including the three Whitmers and [[Martin Harris]] (although perhaps excluding [[Oliver Cowdery]]), accepted "Strang's leadership, angelic call, metal plates, and his translation of these plates as authentic".<ref>Palmer, 208-13. Cowdery's father converted to Strang's movement in the summer of 1846, and a year later Oliver Cowdery was living in [[Elkhorn, Wisconsin|Elkhorn]], Wisconsin, twelve miles from Strang's headquarters and may have been associated in some way with his church. Stanley R. Gunn, ''Oliver Cowdery: Second Elder and Scribe'' (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1962), 189. Lucy Mack Smith's acceptance of Strang's leadership was short-lived; until her death, she made her home in Nauvoo with her daughter-in-law Emma and Emma's non-Mormon husband. (Bushman, 554-55). </ref> Strang equally claimed to have discovered and translated the [[Laban (Book of Mormon)|Plates of Laban]] spoken of in the Book of Mormon. As with the Voree Plates, Strang produced witnesses who authenticated his claim to possess them. Strang's purported translation of these plates was published in 1850 as the [[Book of the Law of the Lord]]. This book, together with the Voree Record, is still accepted as Scripture by members of Strang's diminutive church, the [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)]].<ref>[http://www.strangite.org/Law.htm Book of the Law of the Lord]</ref>

===Other metal plates===
[[Image:Lamine Pyrgi.jpg|thumb|300px|Mormon apologetic scholars cite the [[Pyrgi Tablets]], among many others, as evidence that the golden plates could have existed as real historical artifacts, and that Joseph Smith could not have predicted such discoveries.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamblin|2007|pp=37–38 & footnote 10}}.</ref>]]

Many Mormon apologetic scholars find significant the numerous inscribed metal plates that are unrelated to the [[Latter Day Saint movement]], but which they believe provide circumstantial evidence that the golden plates could have been real historical artifacts.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamblin|2007|pp=37–39}}.</ref> The apologetic studies focus on at least two main arguments: (1) the idea that recently-discovered metal plates have similar characteristics to the golden plates and other plates referenced in the ''[[Book of Mormon]]''; and (2) the idea that Joseph Smith could not have known that inscription of metal plates was, in their view, a common practice in the ancient past;<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamblin|2007|pp=37–38, 52–53}}; {{Harvnb|Metcalf|1993|p=156 & footnote 12}}.</ref>

The idea that inscribed metal plates were common in the ancient past is a reversal of previous dynamics between apologists and critics of Mormon theology; the golden plates' asserted uniqueness was once an argument wielded in favor of the critical view.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamblin|2007|pp=37–38}}.</ref> In recent decades, scholars have discovered many examples of inscribed metal plates and scrolls throughout the Mediterranean and Mesopotamian regions.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamblin|2007|pp=52–53}}.</ref> One inscribed gold plate was issued by [[Darius the Great]] of [[Persia]] dating to 500 BCE, and was stored in a stone box in the temple at Persepolis.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamblin|2007|p=45 & footnote 38}}.</ref>

As to the apologetic idea that Joseph Smith could not have known about the practice of engraving metal plates in ancient times,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamblin|2007|pp=37–38, 52–53}}; {{Harvnb|Metcalf|1993|p=156 & footnote 12}}.</ref> this has been disputed by at least one critic who cites a book on Biblical archeology published in 1823, when Smith said he first saw the golden plates, describing writing by Hebrew scribes on "tables of brass", and describing plates joined "by rings at the back, through which a rod was placed to carry them by."<ref>{{Harvnb|Metcalfe|1993|p=157}} (citing Johanne Jahn, ''Jahn's Biblical Archeology'', trans. Thomas C. Upham (Andover: Flagg & Could, 1823), 93–94.)</ref> The critical implication is that Joseph Smith either was aware of this work or had heard of the idea second-hand, or as part of New England religious culture.<ref>{{Harvnb|Metcalfe|1993|p=157}}.</ref>

==Notes==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;" >

{{reflist}}
</div>

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<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;" >

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| author-link=Orson Pratt
| title=King Limhi's Enquiry, from the Book of Mormon
| journal=[[Journal of Discourses]]
| volume=XIX
| pages=204–19
| year=1877
| url=http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/docviewer.exe?CISOROOT=/JournalOfDiscourses3&CISOPTR=9597
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Putnam
| first=Read H.
| title=Were the Golden Plates Made of Tumbaga?
| journal=[[Improvement Era]]
| date=September 1966
| year=1966
| volume=69
| issue=9
| pages=788–89, 828–31
| url=http://www.shields-research.org/Scriptures/BoM/Tumbaga.htm
}}.
#{{Citation
| author=Roberts, B. H., ed.
| last=Roberts
| first=B. H.
| author-link=B. H. Roberts
| title=History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (vol. 1)
| publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
| year=1902
| url=http://www.boap.org/LDS/History/HTMLHistory
}}.
#{{Citation
| author=Roberts, B. H., ed.
| last=Roberts
| first=B. H.
| author-link=B. H. Roberts
| title=History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (vol. 3)
| publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
| year=1906
| url=http://www.boap.org/LDS/History/History_of_the_Church/Vol_III
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Salisbury
| first=Katharine Smith
| year=1895
| contribution=An Angel Told Him
| date=[[April 10]] [[1895]]
| editor-last=Walker
| editor-first=Kyle R.
| title=Katharine Smith Salisbury's Recollections of Joseph's Meetings with Moroni
| journal=BYU Studies
| volume=41
| issue=3
| publication-date=2002
| pages=4–17
| url=https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/41.3Walker.pdf
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Saunders
| first=Benjamin
| contribution=Interview by William H. Kelley
| date=September 1884
| year=1884a
| editor-last=Vogel
| editor-first=Dan
| title=Early Mormon Documents
| volume=2
| publisher=Signature Books
| place=Salt Lake City
| publication-date=1998
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Saunders
| first=Lorenzo
| contribution=Interview by William H. Kelley
| year=1884b
| editor-last=Vogel
| editor-first=Dan
| title=Early Mormon Documents
| volume=2
| publisher=Signature Books
| place=Salt Lake City
| publication-date=1998
| pages = 159-60
| contribution-url = http://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_L._Kelley_interview_with_Lorenzo_Saunders_%281884%29&oldid=319059
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Saunders
| first=Orson
| year=1893
| editor-last=Bennett
| editor-first=James Gordon, Jr.
| title=Mormon Leaders at Their Mecca
| journal=The New York Herald
| publication-date=June 25, 1893
| page=12
| url=http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/NY/NYherld2.htm#062593
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Smith
| first=Joseph III
| author-link=Joseph Smith III
| title=last Testimony of Sister Emma
| journal=The Saints' Herald
| volume=26
| issue=19
| date=[[October 1]], [[1879]]
| year=1879
| pages=289
| url=http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/IL/sain1872.htm#100179
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Smith
| first=Joseph, Jr.
| author-link=Joseph Smith, Jr.
| year=1830
| title=The Book of Mormon: An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon, Upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi
| place=Palmyra, New York
| publisher=E. B. Grandin
| url=http://www.inephi.com/Search.htm
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Smith
| first=Joseph, Jr.
| author-link=Joseph Smith, Jr.
| chapter=History of the Life of Joseph Smith
| year=1832
| chapter-url = http://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Life_of_Joseph_Smith
| editor-last=Jessee
| editor-first=Dean C
| title = Personal Writings of Joseph Smith
| place = Salt Lake City
| publisher = Deseret Book
| publication-year = 2002
| isbn=1-57345-787-6
| url=http://deseretbook.com/personalwritings
}}.
#{{Citation
| last1=Smith
| first1=Joseph, Jr.
| author-link1=Joseph Smith, Jr.
| last2=Cowdery
| first2=Oliver
| author-link2 = Oliver Cowdery
| last3=Rigdon
| first3=Sidney
| author-link3 = Sidney Rigdon
| last4=Williams
| first4=Frederick G.
| author-link4=Frederick G. Williams
| title=Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of the Latter Day Saints: Carefully Selected from the Revelations of God
| place=Kirtland, Ohio
| publisher=F. G. Williams & Co
| year=1835
| url=http://www.irr.org/mit/BOC/default.html
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Smith
| first=Joseph, Jr.
| title=Editor's note
| journal=Elders' Journal of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
| volume=1
| issue=3
| date=July 1838
| year=1838a
| url=http://www.solomonspalding.com/docs/eldjur03.htm
}}.
#{{Citation
| last1=Smith
| first1=Joseph, Jr.
| author1-link=Joseph Smith, Jr.
| last2=Mulholland
| first2=James
| last3=Thompson
| first3=Robert B.
| last4=Phelps
| first4=William W.
| author4-link=William W. Phelps
| last5=Richards
| first5=Willard
| author5-link=Willard Richards
| year=1839–1843
| chapter=History of the Church, Ms. A–1
| place = LDS Church Archives
| editor-last=Jessee
| editor-first=Dean C
| title = Personal Writings of Joseph Smith
| publisher = Deseret Book
| publication-place=Salt Lake City
| publication-date = 2002
| isbn=1-57345-787-6
| chapter-url = http://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Church/A-1&oldid=399581
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Smith
| first=Joseph, Jr.
| author-link=Joseph Smith, Jr.
| title=Church History [Wentworth Letter]
| place=[[Nauvoo, Illinois]]
| journal=[[Times and Seasons]]
| date=[[March 1]] [[1842]]
| year=1842
| volume=3
| issue=9
| pages=906–936
| url=http://www.centerplace.org/history/ts/v3n09.htm
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Smith
| first=Joseph, Sr.
| author-link=Joseph Smith, Sr.
| title=To the Public
| journal=Wayne Sentinel
| volume=1
| year=1824
| date=[[September 29]] [[1824]]
| url = http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/NY/miscNYSg.htm#092924
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Smith
| first=Lucy Mack
| author-link=Lucy Mack Smith
| editor-last=Casawall
| editor-first=Henry
| year=1842b
| title=The City of the Mormons; or, Three Days at Nauvoo, in 1842
| place=London
| publisher=J.G.F. & J. Rivington
| publication-date=1842
| url = http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC11230666&id=VTIBAAAAQAAJ
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Smith
| first=Lucy Mack
| author-link=Lucy Mack Smith
| title=Biographical Sketches of Joseph Smith the Prophet, and His Progenitors for Many Generations
| publisher=Liverpool: S.W. Richards
| year=1853
| url=http://relarchive.byu.edu/19th/descriptions/biographical.html
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Smith
| first=William
| author-link=William Smith (Mormonism)
| title=William Smith on Mormonism: A True Account of the Origin of the Book of Mormon
| publisher=Lamoni, Iowa: RLDS Church
| year=1883
| url=http://www.olivercowdery.com/smithhome/1883Wilm.htm
}}.
# {{Citation
| last=Smith
| first=William
| author-link=William Smith (Mormonism)
| title=The Old Soldier's Testimony
| journal=The Saint's Herald
| volume=34
| issue=39
| year=1884
| pages=643–644
| url=http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/IA/sain1882.htm#100484
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Stevenson
| first=Edward
| title=One of the Three Witnesses: Incidents in the Life of Martin Harris
| journal=The Latter Day Saints' Millennial Star
| volume=44
| year=1882
| pages=78–79, 86–87
| url=http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/MStar&CISOPTR=51200&REC=8
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Storey
| first=Wilbur F.
| title=Interview with David Whitmer
| newspaper=[[Chicago Times]]
| date=[[October 17]] [[1881]]
| year=1881
| url=http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/IL/mischig.htm#101781
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Tucker
| first=Pomeroy
| title=Origin, Rise and Progress of Mormonism
| place=New York
| publisher=D. Appleton
| year=1867
| url=http://www.solomonspalding.com/docs1/1867TucA.htm
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Turner
| first=Orasmus
| title=History of the Pioneer Settlement of Phelps and Gorham's Purchase, and Morris' Reserve
| place=Rochester, New York
| publisher=William Alling
| year=1851
| url=http://olivercowdery.com/texts/1851Trn1.htm#turn1851
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Wade
| first=B.
| year=1880
| title=An Interesting Document
| newspaper=The Salt Lake Daily Tribune
| volume=19
| issue=8
| date=[[April 23]], [[1880]]
| url=http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/UT/tribune2.htm#042380
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Whitmer
| first=David
| author-link=David Whitmer
| title=An Address to All Believers in Christ By A Witness to the Divine Authenticity of the Book of Mormon
| place=Richmond, Missouri
| publisher=David Whitmer
| year=1887
| url=http://www.utlm.org/onlinebooks/address1.htm
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Whitmer
| first=David
| author-link=David Whitmer
| title=An Old Mormon's Closing Hours: David Whitmer, One of the Pioneers of That Faith, Passing Away
| journal=Chicago Daily Tribune
| year=1888
| date=[[January 24]] [[1888]]
| pages=5
| url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/687454712.html?dids=687454712:687454712&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jan+24%2C+1888&author=DAVID+WHITMER&pub=Chicago+Daily+Tribune+(1872-1963)&edition=&startpage=5&desc=AN+OLD+MORMON%27S+CLOSING+HOURS.
}}.
#{{Citation
| last=Young
| first=Brigham
| author-link=Brigham Young
| contribution=The Priesthood and Satan—the Constitution and Government of the United States—Rights and Policy of the Latter-day Saints
| year=1855
| date=[[February 18]] [[1855]]
| title=Journal of Discourses by Brigham Young, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, His Two Counsellors, the Twelve Apostles, and Others
| editor-last=Watt
| editor-first=G.D.
| volume=2
| place=Liverpool
| publisher=F.D. & S.W. Richards
| publication-date=1855
| url=http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/JournalOfDiscourses3,9594
| pages=179–90
}}.
</div>

==External links==

{{portal|Book of Mormon|The Hill Cumorah by C.C.A. Christensen.jpeg| 50}}
{{portal|Latter-day Saints|Christus statue temple square salt lake city.jpg| 40}}
*[http://www.utlm.org/newsletters/no105.htm#Plates Utah Lighthouse Ministry]: skeptical comments about the Golden Plates and their history.
*[http://www.jefflindsay.com/bme10.shtml jefflindsay.com]: LDS apologetic discussion of other ancient metal records.
*[http://library.lds.org/nxt/gateway.dll/Magazines/Ensign/1986.htm/ensign%20december%201986%20.htm/i%20have%20a%20question.htm?fn=document-frame.htm&f=templates&2.0#LPTOC2 LDS magazine ''Ensign'']: apologetics regarding the gold plates.

{{featured article}}
{{LDS|hide|hide|show}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Golden plates}}
[[Category:History of the Latter Day Saint movement]]
[[Category:Joseph Smith, Jr.]]
[[Category:Book of Mormon artifacts]]

[[ar:الصفائح الذهبية]]
[[es:Planchas de oro (mormonismo)]]

Louis Prang

2007-10-09T02:02:14Z

Parhamr: ISBN for ref

[[Image:prang.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Louis Prang]]
[[Image:S0014.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Louis Prang House - Roxbury, Boston, MA]]
[[Image:S0001.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Louis Prang Factory - Roxbury, Boston, MA]]
'''Louis Prang''' ([[March 12]], [[1824]] - [[September 14]], [[1909]]) was an American printer, lithographer and publisher.

== Youth ==
Prang was born in [[Breslau]] in then [[Prussia]]n [[Silesia]]. His father Jonas Louis Prang was a textile manufacturer and of [[French Huguenot]] origin. Because of health problems as a boy, Prang was unable to receive much standard schooling and became an apprentice to his father, learning engraving and calico dyeing and printing. In the early 1840s, Prang travelled around [[Bohemia]] working in printing and textiles. However, after some travel in Europe, he became involved in [[Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|revolutionary activities in 1848]]. Pursued by the Prussian government, he went to [[Switzerland]] and in [[1850]] emigrated to the [[United States]] and [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].

== Early work ==
Prang's early activities in the U.S. publishing architectural books and making leather goods were not extraordinary successful, and he began to work making wood engravings for illustrations in books. In 1851 he worked for [[Frank Leslie]], art director for [[Gleason's Magazine]], and also later on with [[John Andrew (engraver)|John Andrew]], an English engraver and printmaker. In 1851, he was married to Rosa Gerber, a Swiss woman he met in 1846 in Paris.

== Lithography and career ==
In 1856, Prang and a partner created a firm, Prang and Mayer, to produce [[lithographs]]. The company specialized in prints of buildings and towns in [[Massachusetts]]. In 1860, he bought the share of his partner, creating L. Prang and Company and began work in colored printing of advertising and other forms of business materials.<ref name="meggspage148">Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. ©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 148 ISBN 0-471-291-98-6</ref> The firm became extraordinarily successful and also became well known for [[war maps]], printed during the [[American Civil War]] and distributed by newspapers.

In 1864, Prang went to Europe to learn about cutting-edge German lithography. Returning the next year, Prang began to create high quality reproductions of major art works. Prang also began creating series of popular album cards, advertised to be collected into [[scrapbooks]], showing natural scenes and patriotic symbols. At Christmas 1873, Prang began creating greeting cards for the popular market in [[England]] and began selling the [[Christmas card]] in America the next year. Therefore, he is sometimes called the "father of the American Christmas card."<ref name="meggspage148" /> Prang is also well known for his efforts to improve [[art education]] in the United States, publishing instructional books and creating a foundation to train art teachers.

In [[1897]], L. Prang and Company merged with another company, creating the Taber-Prang Company and moving to [[Springfield, Massachusetts]]. Prang died in [[Los Angeles]] on vacation in [[1909]].

== References ==
<references/>

* Bethany Neubauer. "Prang, Louis"; American National Biography Online Feb. 2000.

[[Category:German-Americans]]
[[Category:Printers]]

Ellen Day Hale

2007-09-25T05:40:54Z

Parhamr: cat

'''Ellen Day Hale''' ([[1855]] - [[1940]]) was an American painter and printmaker. She was born in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]], her family was involved in the arts, her father [[Edward Everett Hale]] was an author, her great-aunt [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]] wrote ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]''. She studied art and helped raise her 7 brothers and sisters. Later she studied in Paris.

External link:
[http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/exhibitions/americans_paris/feature/feature3_lrg.htm Self Portrait, 1885]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hale, Ellen Day}}
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:American printmakers]]
[[Category:American painters]]
[[Category:Beecher family]]

{{US-painter-stub}}

Louis Prang

2007-09-23T19:43:38Z

Parhamr: cat

[[Image:prang.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Louis Prang]]
[[Image:S0014.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Louis Prang House - Roxbury, Boston, MA]]
[[Image:S0001.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Louis Prang Factory - Roxbury, Boston, MA]]
'''Louis Prang''' ([[March 12]], [[1824]] - [[September 14]], [[1909]]) was an American printer, lithographer and publisher.

== Youth ==
Prang was born in [[Breslau]] in then [[Prussia]]n [[Silesia]]. His father Jonas Louis Prang was a textile manufacturer and of [[French Huguenot]] origin. Because of health problems as a boy, Prang was unable to receive much standard schooling and became an apprentice to his father, learning engraving and calico dyeing and printing. In the early 1840s, Prang travelled around [[Bohemia]] working in printing and textiles. However, after some travel in Europe, he became involved in [[Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|revolutionary activities in 1848]]. Pursued by the Prussian government, he went to [[Switzerland]] and in [[1850]] emigrated to the [[United States]] and [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].

== Early work ==
Prang's early activities in the U.S. publishing architectural books and making leather goods were not extraordinary successful, and he began to work making wood engravings for illustrations in books. In 1851 he worked for [[Frank Leslie]], art director for [[Gleason's Magazine]], and also later on with [[John Andrew (engraver)|John Andrew]], an English engraver and printmaker. In 1851, he was married to Rosa Gerber, a Swiss woman he met in 1846 in Paris.

== Lithography and career ==
In 1856, Prang and a partner created a firm, Prang and Mayer, to produce [[lithographs]]. The company specialized in prints of buildings and towns in [[Massachusetts]]. In 1860, he bought the share of his partner, creating L. Prang and Company and began work in colored printing of advertising and other forms of business materials.<ref name="meggspage148">Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. ©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 148</ref> The firm became extraordinarily successful and also became well known for [[war maps]], printed during the [[American Civil War]] and distributed by newspapers.

In 1864, Prang went to Europe to learn about cutting-edge German lithography. Returning the next year, Prang began to create high quality reproductions of major art works. Prang also began creating series of popular album cards, advertised to be collected into [[scrapbooks]], showing natural scenes and patriotic symbols. At Christmas 1873, Prang began creating greeting cards for the popular market in [[England]] and began selling the [[Christmas card]] in America the next year. Therefore, he is sometimes called the "father of the American Christmas card."<ref name="meggspage148" /> Prang is also well known for his efforts to improve [[art education]] in the United States, publishing instructional books and creating a foundation to train art teachers.

In [[1897]], L. Prang and Company merged with another company, creating the Taber-Prang Company and moving to [[Springfield, Massachusetts]]. Prang died in [[Los Angeles]] on vacation in [[1909]].

== References ==
<references/>

* Bethany Neubauer. "Prang, Louis"; American National Biography Online Feb. 2000.

[[Category:German-Americans]]
[[Category:Printers]]

Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals

2007-07-25T02:12:49Z

Parhamr: wikilink 'collaboration'

The [[Grammy Award]] for '''Best Country [[Collaboration]] with Vocals''' was first awarded in 1988. The award has had several minor name changes:

*In 1988 the award was known as '''Best Country Vocal Performance, Duet'''
*From 1989 to 1995 it was awarded as '''Best Country Vocal Collaboration'''
*From 1996 to the present it has been awarded as '''Best Country Vocal Collaboration'''

The current eligibility criteria require that the artists do not normally perform together.

Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for works released in the previous year.

== 2000s ==
*[[Grammy Awards of 2007]]
**[[Bon Jovi]] & [[Jennifer Nettles]] for "[[Who Says You Can't Go Home]]"
*[[Grammy Awards of 2006]]
**[[Faith Hill]] & [[Tim McGraw]] for "Like We Never Loved At All"
*[[Grammy Awards of 2005]]
**[[Loretta Lynn]] & [[Jack White (musician)|Jack White]] for "Portland Oregon"
*[[Grammy Awards of 2004]]
**[[James Taylor]] & [[Alison Krauss]] for "How's The World Treating You"
*[[Grammy Awards of 2003]]
**[[Willie Nelson]] & [[Lee Ann Womack]] for "Mendocino County Line"
*[[Grammy Awards of 2002]]
**[[Harley Allen]], [[Pat Enright]] & [[Dan Tyminski]] (The [[Soggy Bottom Boys]]) for "I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow"
*[[Grammy Awards of 2001]]
**[[Faith Hill]] & [[Tim McGraw]] for "Let's Make Love"
*[[Grammy Awards of 2000]]
**[[Emmylou Harris]], [[Dolly Parton]] & [[Linda Ronstadt]] for "After the Gold Rush"

== 1990s ==
*[[Grammy Awards of 1999]]
**[[Clint Black]], [[Joe Diffie]], [[Merle Haggard]], [[Emmylou Harris]], [[Alison Krauss]], [[Patty Loveless]], [[Earl Scruggs]], [[Ricky Skaggs]], [[Marty Stuart]], [[Pam Tillis]], [[Randy Travis]], [[Travis Tritt]] & [[Dwight Yoakam]] for "Same Old Train"
*[[Grammy Awards of 1998]]
**[[Garth Brooks]] & [[Trisha Yearwood]] for "In Another's Eyes"
*[[Grammy Awards of 1997]]
**[[Alison Krauss|Alison Krauss & Union Station]] & [[Vince Gill]] for "High Lonesome Sound"
*[[Grammy Awards of 1996]]
**[[Alison Krauss]] & [[Shenandoah (band)|Shenandoah]] for "Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart"
*[[Grammy Awards of 1995]]
**[[Aaron Neville]] & [[Trisha Yearwood]] for "I Fall to Pieces"
*[[Grammy Awards of 1994]]
**[[Linda Davis]] & [[Reba McEntire]] for "Does He Love You"
*[[Grammy Awards of 1993]]
**[[Marty Stuart]] & [[Travis Tritt]] for "The Whiskey Ain't Workin' "
*[[Grammy Awards of 1992]]
**[[Vince Gill]], [[Ricky Skaggs]] & [[Steve Wariner]] for "Restless"
*[[Grammy Awards of 1991]]
**[[Chet Atkins]] & [[Mark Knopfler]] for "Poor Boy Blues"
*[[Grammy Awards of 1990]]
**[[Hank Williams, Jr.]] & [[Hank Williams|Hank Williams, Sr.]] for "There's a Tear in My Beer"

== 1980s ==
*[[Grammy Awards of 1989]]
** [[k.d. lang]] & [[Roy Orbison]] for "[[Crying (song)|Crying]]"
*[[Grammy Awards of 1988]]
**[[Ronnie Milsap]] & [[Kenny Rogers]] for "Make No Mistake, She's Mine"
*[[Grammy Awards of 1987]]
**[[Dolly Parton]] [[Linda Ronstadt]] & [[Emmylou Harris]] for ''[[Trio (album)|Trio]]''

[[Category:Collaboration]]
[[Category:Grammy Awards for country music]]

Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals

2007-07-25T02:03:46Z

Parhamr: wikilink 'collaboration'

The [[Grammy Award]] for '''Best Pop [[Collaboration]] with Vocals''' has been awarded since 1995. In its first year, it was known as the Grammy Award for '''Best Pop Vocal Collaboration'''.

Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for works released in the previous year.

== 2000s ==
*[[Grammy Awards of 2007]]
**[[Tony Bennett]] and [[Stevie Wonder]] for "[[For Once in My Life]]"
*[[Grammy Awards of 2006]]
**[[Gorillaz]] and [[De La Soul]] for "[[Feel Good Inc]]."
*[[Grammy Awards of 2005]]
**[[Ray Charles]] and [[Norah Jones]] for "Here We Go Again"
*[[Grammy Awards of 2004]]
**[[Sting (musician)|Sting]] & [[Mary J. Blige]] for "[[Whenever I Say Your Name]]"
*[[Grammy Awards of 2003]]
**[[Carlos Santana|Santana]] & [[Michelle Branch]] for "The Game of Love"
*[[Grammy Awards of 2002]]
**[[Christina Aguilera]], [[Lil' Kim]], [[Mya (singer)|Mya]] & [[Pink (musician)|Pink]] for "[[Lady Marmalade (2001 song)|Lady Marmalade]]"
*[[Grammy Awards of 2001]]
**[[B. B. King]] & [[Dr. John]] for "Is You Is, or Is You Ain't (My Baby)"
*[[Grammy Awards of 2000]]
**[[Rob Thomas (musician)|Rob Thomas]] & [[Carlos Santana|Santana]] for "[[Smooth (song)|Smooth]]"

== 1990s ==
*[[Grammy Awards of 1999]]
**[[Burt Bacharach]] & [[Elvis Costello]] for "I Still Have That Other Girl"
*[[Grammy Awards of 1998]]
**[[John Lee Hooker]] & [[Van Morrison]] for "Don't Look Back"
*[[Grammy Awards of 1997]]
**[[Natalie Cole]] for "[[When I Fall in Love (song)|When I Fall in Love]]" performed by Natalie Cole with [[Nat King Cole]]
*[[Grammy Awards of 1996]]
**[[The Chieftains]] & [[Van Morrison]] for "Have I Told You Lately"
[[Grammy Awards of 1995]]
**[[Al Green]] & [[Lyle Lovett]] for "Funny How Time Slips Away"

[[Category:Grammy Awards for pop music]]

Explosion im RAF-Munitionslager Fauld

2007-07-20T06:59:24Z

Parhamr: standardized formatting of dashes

The '''RAF Fauld explosion''' was a military accident which occurred at 11:11am on Monday, [[27th November]] [[1944]] at the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] Fauld underground [[munitions]] storage depot.

Between 3,500 and 4,000 [[tonne]]s (3,450 and 3,930 [[ton]]s) of ordnance exploded—mostly comprising high [[explosive]]s but including a variety of other types of weapons and including 500 million rounds of rifle ammunition. The resulting crater was 120 [[metre]]s (400 [[foot (unit of length|ft]]) deep and 1,200 metres (0.75 [[mile]]s) across and is still clearly visible just south of the village of Fauld, to the west of [[Hanbury Hill]] in [[Staffordshire]], [[England]]. A nearby [[Reservoir (water)|reservoir]] containing 450,000 cubic metres of water was obliterated in the incident, along with a number of buildings. Flooding caused by destruction of the reservoir added to the damage directly caused by the explosion.<ref name = reed>Reed, John, (1977). "Largest Wartime Explosions: 21 Maintenance Unit, RAF Fauld, Staff. November 27, 1944", ''After The Battle'', '''18''', Pp 35 - 40. ISSN 0306-154X.</ref>

The RAF Fauld explosion was one of the [[List of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions|largest non-nuclear explosions]] in history.

Whilst much of the storage facility was annihilated by the explosion, the site itself continued to be used by the RAF for munition storage until 1966, when No. 21 Maintenance Unit (21 MU) was disbanded.<ref name = reed/> After [[France]] pulled out of [[NATO]] the site was used by the [[US Army]], between 1967 to 1973, to store US ammunition previously stored in France.<ref name = reed/>

== Casualties ==

[[Image:raffauld.JPG|thumb|right|RAF Fauld sign.]]

At the time, there was no careful tally of the number of workers at the facility. So whilst the exact death toll is uncertain, it appears that about 75 people died in the explosion:

* 23 workers at the site - divided between RAF personnel and some [[Italy|Italian]] [[POW|prisoners of war]] who were working there.
* 41 people from a nearby [[plaster]] mill.
* perhaps a dozen farm workers who had been working nearby.
{{clear}}

== Cause ==
[[Image:raffauld01.JPG|thumb|right|Warning Sign.]]
The cause of the disaster was not made clear at the time. In [[1974]], it was officially announced that the cause was probably a worker at the site who was working on removing the [[detonator]] from a live bomb. There is a [[conspiracy theory]] that a German [[V2 rocket]] hit the site and caused the subsequent explosion—a fact which would have been very embarrassing in 1944 and might, therefore, have been suppressed. The site of the explosion would, however, have been well out of the range of the V2.
{{clear}}

==See also==
*[[List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll]]

==References==
<div class="references-small">

<references/>
</div>

==Further reading==
* "Britain's big bang" by Peter Grego, ''Astronomy Now'', November 2004. ISSN 0951-9726
* Grid Reference: SK182277

== External links ==
*[http://www.carolyn.topmum.net/tutbury/fauld/fauldcrater.htm The Fauld Explosion]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/features/history/2004/fauld.shtml The World's Largest Ever Explosion (Almost)]
*[http://fauldraf-hanburydump.com/ RAF FAULD 4 Kilotonne EXPLOSION. November 27 1944]
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Hanbury+Hill,+Hanbury,+Burton-on-trent,+Staffordshire+DE13,+United+Kingdom&sll=52.852716,-1.732535&sspn=0.004691,0.013561&ie=UTF8&om=1&z=16&ll=52.852573,-1.733415&spn=0.009381,0.027122&t=k Satellite Image at Google Maps, showing Gypsum works]
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Hanbury+Hill,+Hanbury,+Burton-on-trent,+Staffordshire+DE13,+United+Kingdom&sll=52.852716,-1.732535&sspn=0.004691,0.013561&ie=UTF8&om=1&z=16&ll=52.847364,-1.733415&spn=0.005806,0.021629&t=k Satellite Image at Google Maps, showing blast crater]

[[Category:1944 disasters]]
[[Category:Disasters in England]]
[[Category:1944 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Explosions]]
[[Category:History of Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force]]

{{coor title d|52.847117|N|1.730608|W}}

Explosion im RAF-Munitionslager Fauld

2007-07-20T06:58:16Z

Parhamr: /* Cause */ standardized dash

The '''RAF Fauld explosion''' was a military accident which occurred at 11:11am on Monday, [[27th November]] [[1944]] at the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] Fauld underground [[munitions]] storage depot.

Between 3,500 and 4,000 [[tonne]]s (3,450 and 3,930 [[ton]]s) of ordnance exploded – mostly comprising high [[explosive]]s but including a variety of other types of weapons and including 500 million rounds of rifle ammunition. The resulting crater was 120 [[metre]]s (400 [[foot (unit of length|ft]]) deep and 1,200 metres (0.75 [[mile]]s) across and is still clearly visible just south of the village of Fauld, to the west of [[Hanbury Hill]] in [[Staffordshire]], [[England]]. A nearby [[Reservoir (water)|reservoir]] containing 450,000 cubic metres of water was obliterated in the incident, along with a number of buildings. Flooding caused by destruction of the reservoir added to the damage directly caused by the explosion.<ref name = reed>Reed, John, (1977). "Largest Wartime Explosions: 21 Maintenance Unit, RAF Fauld, Staff. November 27, 1944", ''After The Battle'', '''18''', Pp 35 - 40. ISSN 0306-154X.</ref>

The RAF Fauld explosion was one of the [[List of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions|largest non-nuclear explosions]] in history.

Whilst much of the storage facility was annihilated by the explosion, the site itself continued to be used by the RAF for munition storage until 1966, when No. 21 Maintenance Unit (21 MU) was disbanded.<ref name = reed/> After [[France]] pulled out of [[NATO]] the site was used by the [[US Army]], between 1967 to 1973, to store US ammunition previously stored in France.<ref name = reed/>

== Casualties ==

[[Image:raffauld.JPG|thumb|right|RAF Fauld sign.]]

At the time, there was no careful tally of the number of workers at the facility. So whilst the exact death toll is uncertain, it appears that about 75 people died in the explosion:

* 23 workers at the site - divided between RAF personnel and some [[Italy|Italian]] [[POW|prisoners of war]] who were working there.
* 41 people from a nearby [[plaster]] mill.
* perhaps a dozen farm workers who had been working nearby.
{{clear}}

== Cause ==
[[Image:raffauld01.JPG|thumb|right|Warning Sign.]]
The cause of the disaster was not made clear at the time. In [[1974]], it was officially announced that the cause was probably a worker at the site who was working on removing the [[detonator]] from a live bomb. There is a [[conspiracy theory]] that a German [[V2 rocket]] hit the site and caused the subsequent explosion—a fact which would have been very embarrassing in 1944 and might, therefore, have been suppressed. The site of the explosion would, however, have been well out of the range of the V2.
{{clear}}

==See also==
*[[List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll]]

==References==
<div class="references-small">

<references/>
</div>

==Further reading==
* "Britain's big bang" by Peter Grego, ''Astronomy Now'', November 2004. ISSN 0951-9726
* Grid Reference: SK182277

== External links ==
*[http://www.carolyn.topmum.net/tutbury/fauld/fauldcrater.htm The Fauld Explosion]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/features/history/2004/fauld.shtml The World's Largest Ever Explosion (Almost)]
*[http://fauldraf-hanburydump.com/ RAF FAULD 4 Kilotonne EXPLOSION. November 27 1944]
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Hanbury+Hill,+Hanbury,+Burton-on-trent,+Staffordshire+DE13,+United+Kingdom&sll=52.852716,-1.732535&sspn=0.004691,0.013561&ie=UTF8&om=1&z=16&ll=52.852573,-1.733415&spn=0.009381,0.027122&t=k Satellite Image at Google Maps, showing Gypsum works]
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Hanbury+Hill,+Hanbury,+Burton-on-trent,+Staffordshire+DE13,+United+Kingdom&sll=52.852716,-1.732535&sspn=0.004691,0.013561&ie=UTF8&om=1&z=16&ll=52.847364,-1.733415&spn=0.005806,0.021629&t=k Satellite Image at Google Maps, showing blast crater]

[[Category:1944 disasters]]
[[Category:Disasters in England]]
[[Category:1944 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Explosions]]
[[Category:History of Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force]]

{{coor title d|52.847117|N|1.730608|W}}

Schlacht von Arfderydd

2007-06-03T08:18:06Z

Parhamr: changed 'slaughtered' to 'killed'

The '''Battle of Arfderydd''' (also know as '''Arderydd''') was fought, according to the [[Annales Cambriae]], in [[573]]. The opposing armies are variously given in a number of [[Old Welsh]] sources, perhaps suggesting a number of allied armies were involved. The main adversaries appear to have been [[Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio]] and either the princely brothers, [[Peredur]] and [[Gwrgi]], or King [[Riderch I of Alt Clut|Riderch Hael]] of [[Strathclyde]]. Gwenddoleu was defeated, and his forces killed. His [[bard]], [[Lailoken]], went mad and ran into the forest. He is probably the original of the [[Arthurian]] character, [[Merlin (wizard)|Merlin]].

In a late [[15th century]] manuscript, a story called 'Lailoken and [[Saint Mungo|Kentigern]]' places the battle on the plain between Liddel and Carwannok. This is believed to be at [[Arthuret]], near [[Longtown, Cumbria|Longtown]], in [[Cumberland]] (now [[Cumbria]]).

{{UK-battle-stub}}

[[Category:573]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Britons|Arfderydd]]
[[Category:History of Cumberland|Arfderydd]]
[[Category:History of Cumbria|Arfderydd]]

[[no:Slaget ved Arfderydd]]

Wei Changhui

2007-06-03T07:31:47Z

Parhamr: changed 'slaughter' to 'killing'

Wei Changhui was the North King of the [[Taiping Rebellion]].

==Pre-Rebellion involvement==

During the early days of the movement during the 1840s, Wei was converted to Christianity by [[Feng Yunshan]] and [[Hong Xiuquan]]. Wei's family clan was in control of a market town named Jiantin in [[Guanxi]] province which became a safe haven for the "God Worshippers" (the name given to the early Taipings).

==During the Rebellion==

As thanks for his help during the Thistle Mountain days of the movement, Wei became a leader of the Taipings and subsiquently became the North King of the Rebellion. In 1856 Wei organised the killing of the East King [[Yang Xiuqing]] and his followers in [[Nanking]].

==Death of==

Wei was slaughtered by [[Hong Xiuquan's]] elite bodyguard as repentance for [[Shi Dakai]] who was angered at the extent of the killings concerning [[Yang Xiuqing]].

==References==

Jonathan D. Spence - God's Chinese son. - Norton Books.

[[Category:1856 deaths]]
[[Category:Chinese religious leaders]]
[[Category:Military leaders of the Taiping Rebellion]]

Stephen R. Covey

2007-05-30T20:37:46Z

Parhamr: /* Bibliography */ updated link

[[Image:Stephen_Covey_Beyond_the_7_Habits.jpg|thumb|Stephen R. Covey on the cover of his audio book ''Beyond The 7 Habits'']]

'''Stephen R. Covey''' (born [[October 24]] [[1932]] in [[Salt Lake City, Utah]]) is the author of the international best selling book, ''[[The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People]]'', first published in [[1989]]. Other books he has written include ''First Things First'', ''Principle-Centered Leadership'' and ''The Seven Habits of Highly Effective Families''. His latest book is ''[[The 8th Habit: From Effectiveness to Greatness|The 8th Habit]]'', published in [[2004]]. Covey lives with his wife Sandra, and their family in [[Provo, Utah]], home to Brigham Young University where Dr. Covey taught prior the publication of his best selling book. He is a father of nine and a grandfather of forty-seven; he received the Fatherhood Award from the [[National Fatherhood Initiative]] in [[2003]].

Covey is the founder of the formerly Covey [[Leadership]] Center in [[Salt Lake City]], [[Utah]], which after being acquired by FranklinQuest on [[May 30]], [[1997]] became the [[FranklinCovey]] Company, a global professional services firm and specialty retailer selling both training and productivity tools to individuals and organisations. Their [[mission statement]] reads: "We enable greatness in people and organizations everywhere."

Covey holds a BS in Business Administration from [[University of Utah]] in Salt Lake City, an [[MBA]] in Business Administration from [[Harvard University]], and a DRE in Mormon Church History and Doctrine from [[Brigham Young University]]. He has made teaching principle-centered living and principle-centered leadership his life's work.

Covey is also a member of the [[Pi Kappa Alpha]] International Fraternity.

== ''The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People'' ==

''[[The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People]]'', Covey's most famous book, was extremely successful and has sold more than 15 million copies worldwide since its first publication in [[1989]]. The audio version was also the first non-fiction audio book in U.S. history to sell more than one million copies. Many of the ideas and language are recast from the classic 1966 [[Peter F. Drucker]] text "The Effective Executive," wherein he writes "Effectiveness, in other words, is a habit" and which includes a chapter called "First Things First." In Covey's version, he argues against what he calls "The Personality Ethic", something he sees as prevalent in many modern self-help books. He instead promotes what he labels "The Character Ethic", which is about aligning one’s values with so called "universal and timeless" principles. Covey is adamant about not confusing principles and values. Principles are external natural laws; values are internal and subjective. Covey proclaims values govern people’s behaviour but it's principles that ultimately determine the consequences. Covey presents his teachings in a series of habits - a progression from [[dependence]], to [[independence]], to [[interdependence]].

'''The Habits:'''

*Habit 1: Be Proactive: Principles of Personal Vision
*Habit 2: Begin with the End in Mind: Principles of Personal Leadership
*Habit 3: Put First Things First: Principles of Personal Management
*Habit 4: Think Win/Win: Principles of Interpersonal Leadership
*Habit 5: Seek First to Understand, Then to be Understood: Principles of Empathetic Communication
*Habit 6: Synergize: Principles of Creative Communication
*Habit 7: Sharpen the Saw: Principles of Balanced Self-Renewal

Follow-up titles to ''The Seven Habits'' are meant to both add to the original and form a cohesive philosophy on personal, principle-based leadership. They are available in the format of [[audio books]] as well (such as the title ''Beyond The 7 Habits''). Covey has also written a number of learning books for children. His son, Sean Covey, has written a version for teens: ''The Seven Habits of Highly Effective Teens''. This version simplifies Covey's 7 Habits for younger readers to better understand them.

== ''The 8th Habit'' ==

Covey's latest book ''[[The 8th Habit: From Effectiveness to Greatness]]'' (published in [[2004]]) is the sequel to ''The Seven Habits''. Covey claims being effective is not enough in what he calls "The [[knowledge worker|Knowledge Worker]] Age". He proclaims "The challenges and complexity we face today are of a different order of magnitude." The 8th habit is essentially "Find your voice and inspire others to find theirs..."

== Purpose of the books ==

Covey's aim is to help others gain proficiency in their lives, especially within the context of [[business]] and [[management]] and make money doing it. However, his books also emphasize family and personal leadership. They are marketed to a wide-ranging audience, from high-powered executives to stay-at-home moms. Similar authors might include [[Peter Drucker]], [[David Allen (author)|David Allen]], and [[Dale Carnegie]] as well as other more business-centered writers. Covey’s works also exhibit a central philosophical ideal, which some would interpret as right of center or conservative, although he was for a time a consultant to President [[Bill Clinton]].

== Criticism ==

Critics of Covey's methods contend that the author offers a "quick-fix" that dissipates when measured against the reality of day-to-day life. When confronted with situations that contain elements that are outside the realm of their personal influence, those imbued with Covey's summary of accountability can become frustrated at the "habits'" failure to place situations within that personal "circle of influence". In short, Covey is sometimes said to preach impractical, [[idealism|idealistic]] methods. Some of the examples in [[The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People]] are clearly aimed at/designed for/relevant to a corporate executive rather than (for example) a single mother working two low-wage jobs, which limits the broad applicability of the book and system.

Advocates of Covey's methods point out that the author consistently opposes "quick-fix" solutions to life or business problems and insists that changes in [[paradigm]] or mindset to align with natural principles are the true source of solutions. Covey points out, for example, that the [[paradigm]] that produces short term results in business inevitably leads to an inability to produce results for the long term. He calls this "killing the golden goose." The most effective mindset for the business person is to balance short and long term productive capacities. Advocates of Covey's method also point out that single mother (cont.) can greatly benefit from the seven habits. This woman can realize that she can slowly learn to take control of her environment. For example, this woman can take one community college course over a five year period and earn an AA degree. This woman can use the 7 habits to raise her children to be mentally healthy even with a broken family and limited time with them. Lastly, this woman can learn how to get ahead in her two jobs or if she can't she can learn to find a new job that affords her more freedom. If this woman does not know how to read well, then she can't by practicing her reading and/or finding way to overcome this shortcoming. The seven habits can really be summarized as a process to identify and take the initiative to solve the problems in your life. The idea of proactivity, the foundation of 7 habits was developed by a person imprisoned in a concentration camp, an idea that was forged in such a place can surely be applied to most lives, as few people can attest to have suffered more.

Covey has been criticized by gay rights groups for his activity in opposing same-sex marriage in Hawaii in the early 1990s. [http://www.glaad.org/publications/archive_detail.php?id=936&PHPSESSID=]

== Religious views ==

Stephen Covey is a devout, practicing member of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] and who has authored several devotional works for Latter-day Saint or [[Mormon]] readers, including Spiritual Roots of Human Relations (1970), The Divine Center (1982) and 6 Events: The Restoration Model for Solving Life's Problems (2004). Some suggest that Mormon theology and cultural practices, specifically the notion of "agency" and belief in a personable deity, undergird his writing for a general audience.

== Honors and awards ==

* 2003 Fatherhood Award from the [[National Fatherhood Initiative]]
* The Thomas More College Medallion for continuing service to humanity
* Speaker of the Year in 1999
* The [[Sikh]]'s 1998 International Man of Peace Award
* The 1994 International [[Entrepreneur]] of the Year Award
* The National [[Entrepreneur]] of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award for Entrepreneurial Leadership
* Being named one of [[Time Magazine]]'s 25 most influential Americans
* Accepted the nationally acclaimed Corporate Core Values Award from [http://www.cup.edu California University of Pennsylvania]on behalf of the FranklinCovey Corporation.

== Bibliography ==

* ''Spiritual Roots of Human Relations'', published in 1970 (ISBN 0-87579-705-9).
* ''The Divine Center'', published in 1982 (ISBN 1-59038-404-0).
* ''[[The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People]]'', published in 1989 (ISBN 0-671-70863-5).
* ''Principle Centered Leadership'', published in 1992 (ISBN 0-671-79280-6).
* ''[[First Things First (book)|First Things First]]'', co-authored with Roger and Rebecca Merrill, published in 1994 (ISBN 0-684-80203-1).
* ''Living the Seven Habits'', published in 2000 (ISBN 0-684-85716-2).
* ''6 Events: The Restoration Model for Solving Life's Problems'', published in 2004 (ISBN 1-57345-187-8).
* ''[[The 8th Habit: From Effectiveness to Greatness]]'', published in 2004 (ISBN 0-684-84665-9).

== External links ==

{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.stephencovey.com/ Stephen Covey's official site]
*[http://www.franklincovey.com/ FranklinCovey's official site]
*[http://www.timeto.org/ TimeTo software: charityware for helping implement Covey First Things First methodology]
*[http://www.isssp.com/index.asp?page=professional_profile&show=100018964 ISSSP Profile]
*[http://www.apologeticsindex.org/c12.html Critique of Covey from a Christian perspective]
*[http://www.ualberta.ca/~tfenwick/ext/pubs/print/covey.htm Critique of Covey from varius perspectives - "Guru Philosophy as Adult Education: Stephen Covey and the Cult of Educational Effectiveness, by Tara Fenwick Department of Educational Policy Studies, University of Alberta]
*[http://www.imno.org/articles.asp?qid=171&sid=3 IMNO Interview of Stephen R. Covey]
*[http://www.globaldharma.org/Files%20-%20Adobe%20Acrobat/SBL/!OK%20Stephen%20R%20Covey%2027%20Jun%2006%20Final%20approved%2023Sept06.pdf Global Dharma Center's interview with Stephen Covey on Spiritual Based Leadership]
*[http://covey.ru/en/ Summaries of Stephen Covey's books]

[[Category:1932 births|Covey, Stephen]]
[[Category:American self-help writers|Covey, Stephen]]
[[Category:Latter-day Saint writers|Covey, Stephen]]
[[Category:People from Salt Lake City]]
[[Category:Utah writers|Covey, Stephen]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School alumni|Covey, Stephen]]

[[cs:Stephen Covey]]
[[et:Stephen Covey]]
[[ja:スティーブン・R・コヴィー]]
[[pl:Stephen Covey]]
[[pt:Stephen Covey]]
[[zh:史蒂芬·柯维]]

Herbert Mullin

2007-05-12T00:55:27Z

Parhamr: changed "slaughtered" to "killed"

{{Infobox Criminal
| subject_name = Herbert Williams Mullin
| image_name = Herbert-Mullin.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| image_caption = Mullin's mugshot
| date_of_birth = [[April 18]], [[1947]]
| place_of_birth = [[Salinas, California]]<ref> [http://www.francesfarmersrevenge.com/stuff/serialkillers/mullin.htm Herbert Mullin] </ref>
| date_of_death =
| place_of_death =
| charge = [[Murder]]
| penalty = [[Life imprisonment]]
| status = In prison (eligible for parole in 2025)
| occupation =
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
}}

'''Herbert Williams Mullin''' ([[1947]]–) is a [[serial killer]] who committed 13 [[murder]]s in [[California]] in the early [[1970s]].
== Childhood and youth ==
Born on [[April 18]], [[1947]], and raised in [[Santa Cruz, California]], Mullin had a relatively normal childhood. His father, a [[World War II]] veteran, was stern but not [[child abuse|abusive]]. He frequently discussed his heroic war activities and showed his son how to use a gun at an early age. Mullin had numerous friends at school and was voted "Most Likely to Succeed" by his classmates. However, shortly after graduating from high school, one of Mullin's best friends was killed in a car accident, and Mullin was devastated. He built a shrine to his deceased friend in his bedroom. Later he expressed fears that he was homosexual, even though he had a long-term girlfriend at the time.

As he entered adulthood, Mullin's behaviour became increasingly unstable. He broke off his relationship with his girlfriend for no apparent reason, started obsessing over impending [[earthquake]]s and began asking his sister to have sex with him. He claimed a desire to go to [[India]] to study religion, although he never did so.

In 1969, at the age of 21, Mullin allowed his family to commit him to a [[mental hospital]]. Over the next few years, he would enter various institutions, but would discharge himself after only a short stay. He burned cigarettes out on his own skin, talked to himself, attempted to enter the [[priesthood]], and got evicted from an apartment after he repeatedly pounded on the floor, shouting at people who were not there.

== Murder spree ==
By [[1972]], Mullin was 25 and had moved back in with his parents in Santa Cruz. By now he was hearing voices in his head that told him an earthquake was imminent, and that only through murder could he save California (Mullin's birthday, [[April 18]], was the anniversary of the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]], which he thought very significant).

On October 13, 1972, Mullin went out and battered a [[homeless]] man to death with a baseball bat. He was to claim that the victim was [[Jonah]] from the [[Bible]], and that he had sent Mullin a [[telepathy|telepathic]] message saying, "Pick me up and throw me over the boat. Kill me so that others will be saved."

The next victim was Mary Guilfoyle, 24, whom Mullin picked up hitch-hiking. He stabbed her to death, sliced open her stomach and dumped her corpse at the side of the road. He then strung her intestines along the tree branches to examine them for "pollution". When Guilfoyle's body was found, it was mistakenly thought to be a victim of [[Edmund Kemper]], another serial killer operating in the area at the time.

In November, Mullin claimed his third victim when he went to confess his sins but ended up stabbing the priest, Father Henri Tomei, to death. After that, Mullin decided to join the [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]] and actually managed to pass the physical and psychiatric tests. However, he was refused entry when it was found out that he had a number of minor arrests for his bizarre and disruptive behaviour in the past. This rejection fueled Mullin's paranoid delusions of conspiracies, behind which he believed was a powerful group of [[hippies]].

Having purchased several guns, Mullin decided to kill Jim Gianera, a high school friend who had sold him [[cannabis]]. However, when Mullin went to Gianera's house on January 25, 1973, he found that his old friend had moved away. The house was now occupied by Kathy Francis, and she gave him Gianera's new address. There, Mullin killed both Gianera and his wife with shots to the head, then stabbed their bodies repeatedly. Mullin then went back to Francis' house, where he shot her and her two sons, aged 9 and 6, dead. Because Francis' husband—who was away at the time—was a drug dealer, the five murders were thought to be motivated by [[drug trafficking]]. (It would later be pointed out by prosecutors that the murder of Kathy Francis eliminated Mullin's claims of [[Insanity defense|not guilty by reason of insanity]] because he killed her to remove a witness who could link him to the Gianera murders.)

On February 10, Mullin was wandering around [[Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park]] where he saw four teenaged boys out camping. He walked over to them, engaged in a brief conversation and claimed to be a park ranger, then, without provocation, pulled out a gun and shot all of them to death.

The final murder took place three days later on February 13. Mullin was driving alone when he pulled over and shot dead an elderly man who was mowing his lawn. Then he got back into his car and drove off. It was broad daylight and there were a number of witnesses, and Mullin was quickly arrested. In the space of four months he had killed 13 people.

== Trial and imprisonment ==
In custody, Mullin confessed to his crimes, and said that he had been told by voices in his head to kill people in order to prevent an earthquake (and he claimed the fact that there had not been an earthquake recently was due to his handiwork).

Mullin was eventually charged with 10 murders (he was not charged with the first three), and his trial opened up on July 30, 1973. Mullin had admitted to all the crimes and therefore the trial focused on whether he was [[sanity|sane]] and culpable of his actions. The fact that he had covered his tracks and shown premeditation in some of his crimes was put forth by the prosecution, while the defense argued that the defendant had a history of [[mental illness]]. On August 19, the verdict was delivered. Mullin was declared guilty of [[first-degree murder]] in the cases of Jim Gianera and Kathy Francis—because they were premeditated—while for the other eight murders Mullin was found guilty of [[second-degree murder]] because they were more impulsive.

He was sentenced to [[life imprisonment]] and will be eligible for parole in 2025, when he will be 77. He now lives in Mule Creek State Penitentiary in California.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial4/herbmullin/ Crime Library: Herb Mullin]

[[Category:1947 births|Mullin, Herbert]]
[[Category:American serial killers|Mullin, Herbert]]
[[Category:Living people|Mullin, Herbert]]
[[Category:Prisoners serving life sentences|Mullin, Herbert]]
[[Category:People from Santa Cruz, California|Mullin, Herbert]]

[[de:Herbert Mullin]]

Louis Prang

2007-05-09T05:55:03Z

Parhamr: removed unsourced statement

[[Image:prang.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Louis Prang]]
[[Image:S0014.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Louis Prang House - Roxbury, Boston, MA]]
[[Image:S0001.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Louis Prang Factory - Roxbury, Boston, MA]]
'''Louis Prang''' ([[March 12]], [[1824]] - [[September 14]], [[1909]]) was an American printer, lithographer and publisher.

== Youth ==
Prang was born in [[Breslau]] in then [[Prussia]]n [[Silesia]]. His father Jonas Louis Prang was a textile manufacturer and of [[French Huguenot]] origin. Because of health problems as a boy, Prang was unable to receive much standard schooling and became an apprenctice to his father, learning engraving and calico dyeing and printing. In the early 1840s, Prang travelled around [[Bohemia]] working in printing and textiles. However, after some travel in Europe, he became involved in [[Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|revolutionary activities in 1848]]. Pursued by the Prussian government, he went to [[Switzerland]] and in [[1850]] emigrated to the [[United States]] and [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].

== Early work ==
Prang's early activities in the U.S. publishing architectural books and making leather goods were not extraordinary successful, and he began to work making wood engravings for illustrations in books. In 1851 he worked for [[Frank Leslie]], art director for [[Gleason's Magazine]], and also later on with [[John Andrew]], an English engraver and printmaker. In 1851, he was married to Rosa Gerber, a Swiss woman he met in 1846 in Paris.

== Lithography and career ==
In 1856, Prang and a partner created a firm, Prang and Mayer, to produce [[lithographs]]. The company specialized in prints of buildings and towns in [[Massachusetts]]. In 1860, he bought the share of his partner, creating L. Prang and Company and began work in colored printing of advertising and other forms of business materials.<ref name="meggspage148">Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. ©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 148</ref> The firm became extraordinarily successful and also became well known for [[war maps]], printed during the [[American Civil War]] and distributed by newspapers.

In 1864, Prang went to Europe to learn about cutting-edge German lithography. Returning the next year, Prang began to create high quality reproductions of major art works. Prang also began creating series of popular album cards, advertised to be collected into [[scrapbooks]], showing natural scenes and patriotic symbols. At Christmas 1873, Prang began creating greeting cards for the popular market in [[England]] and began selling the [[Christmas card]] in America the next year. Therefore, he is sometimes called the "father of the American Christmas card."<ref name="meggspage148" /> Prang is also well known for his efforts to improve [[art education]] in the United States, publishing instructional books and creating a foundation to train art teachers.

In [[1897]], L. Prang and Company merged with another company, creating the Taber-Prang Company and moving to [[Springfield, Massachusetts]]. Prang died in [[Los Angeles]] on vacation in [[1909]].

== References ==
<references/>

* Bethany Neubauer. "Prang, Louis"; American National Biography Online Feb. 2000.

[[Category:German-Americans]]

Louis Prang

2007-05-09T05:53:26Z

Parhamr: corrected article based on references

[[Image:prang.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Louis Prang]]
[[Image:S0014.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Louis Prang House - Roxbury, Boston, MA]]
[[Image:S0001.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Louis Prang Factory - Roxbury, Boston, MA]]
'''Louis Prang''' ([[March 12]], [[1824]] - [[September 14]], [[1909]]) was an American printer, lithographer, and publisher, and the inventor of the color wheel.

== Youth ==
Prang was born in [[Breslau]] in then [[Prussia]]n [[Silesia]]. His father Jonas Louis Prang was a textile manufacturer and of [[French Huguenot]] origin. Because of health problems as a boy, Prang was unable to receive much standard schooling and became an apprenctice to his father, learning engraving and calico dyeing and printing. In the early 1840s, Prang travelled around [[Bohemia]] working in printing and textiles. However, after some travel in Europe, he became involved in [[Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|revolutionary activities in 1848]]. Pursued by the Prussian government, he went to [[Switzerland]] and in [[1850]] emigrated to the [[United States]] and [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].

== Early work ==
Prang's early activities in the U.S. publishing architectural books and making leather goods were not extraordinary successful, and he began to work making wood engravings for illustrations in books. In 1851 he worked for [[Frank Leslie]], art director for [[Gleason's Magazine]], and also later on with [[John Andrew]], an English engraver and printmaker. In 1851, he was married to Rosa Gerber, a Swiss woman he met in 1846 in Paris.

== Lithography and career ==
In 1856, Prang and a partner created a firm, Prang and Mayer, to produce [[lithographs]]. The company specialized in prints of buildings and towns in [[Massachusetts]]. In 1860, he bought the share of his partner, creating L. Prang and Company and began work in colored printing of advertising and other forms of business materials.<ref name="meggspage148">Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. ©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 148</ref> The firm became extraordinarily successful and also became well known for [[war maps]], printed during the [[American Civil War]] and distributed by newspapers.

In 1864, Prang went to Europe to learn about cutting-edge German lithography. Returning the next year, Prang began to create high quality reproductions of major art works. Prang also began creating series of popular album cards, advertised to be collected into [[scrapbooks]], showing natural scenes and patriotic symbols. At Christmas 1873, Prang began creating greeting cards for the popular market in [[England]] and began selling the [[Christmas card]] in America the next year. Therefore, he is sometimes called the "father of the American Christmas card."<ref name="meggspage148" /> Prang is also well known for his efforts to improve [[art education]] in the United States, publishing instructional books and creating a foundation to train art teachers.

In [[1897]], L. Prang and Company merged with another company, creating the Taber-Prang Company and moving to [[Springfield, Massachusetts]]. Prang died in [[Los Angeles]] on vacation in [[1909]].

== References ==
<references/>

* Bethany Neubauer. "Prang, Louis"; American National Biography Online Feb. 2000.

[[Category:German-Americans]]

Großer Preis von San Marino 1994

2007-05-02T22:41:02Z

Parhamr: replaced some hyphens with em-dashes

{{featured article}}
{{F1 race report infobox
| Grand Prix = San Marino
| Date = May 1
| Year = 1994
| Race_No = 3
| Season_No = 16
| Official name = 14o [[San Marino Grand Prix|Gran Premio di San Marino]]
| Location = [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari]]<br>[[Imola]], [[Emilia-Romagna]], [[Italy]]
| Image = Circuit Imola 1992.png
| Course_mi = 3.065
| Course_km = 4.933
| Distance_laps = 58
| Distance_mi = 177.77
| Distance_km = 286.114
| Weather = Sunny
| Pole_Driver = [[Ayrton Senna]]
| Pole_Team = [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Renault F1|Renault]]
| Pole_Time = 1:21.548
| Pole_Country = Brazil
| Fast_Driver = {{flagicon|UK}} [[Damon Hill]]
| Fast_Team = [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Renault F1|Renault]]
| Fast_Time = 1:24.335
| Fast_Lap = 10
| First_Driver = [[Michael Schumacher]]
| First_Team = [[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[Ford]]
| First_Country = Germany
| Second_Driver = [[Nicola Larini]]
| Second_Team = [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| Second_Country= Italy
| Third_Driver = [[Mika Häkkinen]]
| Third_Team = [[McLaren]]-[[Peugeot]]
| Third_Country = Finland
}}
The '''1994 San Marino Grand Prix''' was a [[Formula One]] motor race held on [[May 1]], [[1994]] at the [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari]] in [[Imola]], [[Italy]]. It was the third race of the [[1994 Formula One season]], and the first race of the season to be held in [[Europe]]. The race weekend was marred by the deaths of Austrian [[Roland Ratzenberger]] and three-time world champion [[Ayrton Senna]] as well as numerous other accidents and injuries, and was described by [[BBC Television]] commentator [[Murray Walker]] as "the blackest day for Grand Prix racing that I can remember".<ref name="BBConthisday">{{cite news | title = Race ace Senna killed in car crash | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/1/newsid_2479000/2479971.stm | publisher = BBC News | date = 1994-05-01 | accessdate = 2006-10-28}}</ref>

[[Michael Schumacher]] eventually won the race. In the [[press conference]] following the race, Schumacher said that he "couldn't feel satisfied, couldn't feel happy" with his win following the events that had occurred during the race weekend. [[Nicola Larini]] scored the first points of his career when he obtained a podium finish in second position. [[Mika Häkkinen]] finished third.

The race led to an increased emphasis on safety in the sport. It led to the reforming of the [[Grand Prix Drivers' Association]] after a 12 year hiatus, and the changing of many track layouts and car designs. Since the race, numerous regulation changes have been made to slow Formula One cars down and new [[Race track|circuits]], such as [[Bahrain International Circuit]], incorporate large run-off areas to slow cars before they collide with a wall. The [[HANS device]], a piece of equipment that provides head and neck support in the event of an accident, has since become mandatory.

Senna was given a [[state funeral]] in his home country of [[Brazil]], where around 500,000 people lined the streets to watch the coffin pass. Italian prosecutors charged six people with manslaughter in connection with [[Death of Ayrton Senna|Senna's death]], all of whom were later acquitted. The case took more than 11 years to conclude due to an appeal and a retrial following the original not guilty verdict.

== Report ==
=== Qualifying ===
====Friday Qualifying====
[[Image:Barrichello Crop Face.JPG|123px|thumb|right|Senna's protégé, [[Rubens Barrichello]], survived the first accident of the weekend.]]
On Friday, [[April 29]], during the first qualifying session to determine the starting order for the race,<ref>{{cite news | first = Andrew | last = Longmore | title = Ayrton Senna: The Last Hours | url = http://www.cstudio.net/may194.html | work = The Times | publisher = News International | date = 1994-10-31 | accessdate = 2006-10-28}}</ref> [[Rubens Barrichello]]'s Jordan car hit a kerb at the ''Variante Bassa'' corner at 140 [[miles per hour|mph]] (225 [[Kilometres per hour|km/h]]), launching him into the air.<ref name="hamiltonbook">{{cite book | last = Hamilton | first = Maurice | authorlink = | coauthors = | editor = | others = | title = Frank Williams | accessdate = | edition = | date = | publisher = Macmillan | location = | id = ISBN 0-333-71716-3 | pages = 232}}</ref> He hit the top of the tyre barrier, and was knocked unconscious. His Jordan rolled several times after landing before coming to rest upside down. Medical teams treated him at the crash site, and he was taken to the medical centre. He returned to the race meeting the next day, although his broken nose and a plaster cast on his arm forced him to sit out the rest of the race weekend. Ten years after the incident, [[Damon Hill]], who drove for the [[WilliamsF1|Williams-Renault]] team at the time, described the feeling after the crash: "We all brushed ourselves off and carried on qualifying, reassured that our cars were tough as tanks and we could be shaken but not hurt."<ref name="damonhill">{{cite news | first = Damon | last = Hill | title = Had Ayrton foreseen his death? | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,12771-1077121,00.html | work = The Times | publisher = News International | date = 2004-04-17 | accessdate = 2006-10-28}}</ref>

====Saturday Qualifying====
Twenty minutes into the final qualifying session, [[Roland Ratzenberger]] lost control of his [[Simtek]] car while approaching the ''Villeneuve curva''. He hit the concrete barrier wall and, although the survival cell remained largely intact, the force of the impact broke his neck. Ratzenberger, in his first season as a Formula One driver, had been travelling at 190 mph (306 km/h) when the front wing of his car broke off after hitting a kerb on the previous lap.<ref name="herald">{{cite news | first = Brad | last = Spurgeon | title = 5 Years After Senna's Crash, Racing Is Safer — Some Say Too Safe : Imola Still Haunts Formula One | url = http://www.iht.com/articles/1999/04/30/prix.2.t_1.php | work = International Herald Tribune | date = 1999-04-30 | accessdate = 2007-05-01}}</ref>

[[Image:Circuit Imola 1992 Villeneuve.png|150px|thumb|left|Villeneuve curva, the location of Ratzenberger's crash]]

The session was stopped and the remaining 40 minutes were eventually cancelled.<ref name="damonhill" /><ref name="hamiltonbook"/> Later in hospital it was announced that Ratzenberger had succumbed to his multiple injuries. His death marked the first Formula One race weekend fatality since the [[1982 Canadian Grand Prix]] when [[Riccardo Paletti]] was killed. It had been eight years since [[Elio de Angelis]] died testing a [[Brabham]] car at the [[Paul Ricard]] circuit. Professor [[Sid Watkins]], then head of the Formula One on-track medical team, recalled in his memoirs [[Ayrton Senna]]'s reaction to the news, stating that "Ayrton broke down and cried on my shoulder".<ref name="Hamilton234">{{cite book | last = Hamilton | first = Maurice | authorlink = | coauthors = | editor = | others = | title = Frank Williams | accessdate = | edition = | date = | publisher = Macmillan | location = | id = ISBN 0-333-71716-3 | pages = 234}}</ref> Watkins tried to persuade Senna not to race the following day, asking "What else do you need to do? You have been world champion three times, you are obviously the quickest driver. Give it up and let's go fishing", but Ayrton was insistent, saying, "Sid, there are certain things over which we have no control. I cannot quit, I have to go on."<ref name="Hamilton234" />

Senna had qualified on [[pole position]], ahead of championship leader [[Michael Schumacher]]. [[Gerhard Berger]] qualified in 3rd, and Senna's team-mate [[Damon Hill]] started from fourth position. A time posted by Ratzenberger before his fatal crash would have been sufficient for entry into the race starting from the 26th and final position on the grid.

{{clear}}

=== Race ===
==== First Start ====
{{main|Death of Ayrton Senna}}

[[Image:Senna imola89.jpg|150px|right|thumb|The death of three-time world champion [[Ayrton Senna]] during the race permanently changed the sport.]]

At the start of the race, [[J.J. Lehto]] stalled his Benetton on the grid. [[Pedro Lamy]], starting from further back on the grid, had his view of the stationary Benetton blocked by other cars and hit the back of Lehto's car, causing bodywork and tyres to fly into the air. Parts of the car went over the safety fencing designed to protect spectators at the startline causing minor injuries to nine people.<ref name="Times tragic">{{cite news | title = A tragic weekend | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,12771-1079325,00.html | work = The Times | publisher = News International | date = 2004-04-19 | accessdate = 2006-10-28}}</ref> The incident caused the [[safety car]] to be deployed, with all the remaining competitors holding position behind it while travelling at a reduced speed. During this period, as a result of travelling at slower speeds, tyre temperatures dropped. At the drivers' briefing before the race, Senna, along with [[Gerhard Berger]], had expressed concern that the safety car did not go fast enough to keep tyre temperatures high.<ref name="Times tragic"/> Once the track was reported clear of debris, the safety car was withdrawn and the race restarted with a [[rolling start]]. Two laps after the restart, with Ayrton Senna leading Michael Schumacher, Senna's car left the road at the ''Tamburello corner'', and after slowing from 190 mph (306 km/h) to 131 mph (211 km/h), hit the concrete wall.
[[Image:Circuit Imola 1992 Tamburello.png|220px|thumb|left|Tamburello corner, the location of Senna's crash.]]
[[Image:Senna accident.jpg|thumb|right|Senna's Williams hits the wall at Tamburello.]]

At 2:17pm local time, a red flag was shown to indicate the race was stopped and Sid Watkins arrived at the scene to treat Senna. When a race is stopped under a red flag cars must slow down and make their way back into the pit lane until further notice. This protects [[Marshal#Racing and other competitions|race marshals]] and medical staff at the crash scene, and allows easier access for medical cars to the incident. The [[Larrousse]] team mistakenly<ref name="autosport">{{cite news | first = | last = | title =TITLE REQUIRED | work = Autosport | publisher = | pages = | page = | date = 1994-05-05 | accessdate = }}</ref> allowed one of their drivers, [[Érik Comas]], to leave the pits despite the circuit being closed under red flags. Marshals frantically waved him down as he approached the scene of the accident travelling at "pretty much full speed".<ref name="Eurosport">{{cite video | people =Watson, John (Commentator) | year = 1994 | title = Eurosport Live Grand Prix | medium = Television | location = | publisher =Eurosport}}</ref> Eurosport commentator John Watson described the incident as "the most ridiculous thing I have ever seen at any time in my life".<ref name="Eurosport" /> Comas avoided hitting any of the people or cars that were on the circuit but withdrew from the race. The pictures shown of Senna being treated on the world feed (supplied by host broadcaster [[RAI]]) were very graphic, and the BBC switched to their own camera focused on the pit lane.<ref>{{cite news | first = Roger | last = Horton | title = There's Something about Murray | url = http://atlasf1.autosport.com/2000/dec20/horton.html | work = Autosport | publisher = | date = 2000 | accessdate = 2006-10-28}}</ref> Senna was lifted from the wrecked Williams and airlifted to Maggiore Hospital in nearby [[Bologna]]. Medical teams continued to treat him during the flight. 37 minutes after the crash, at 2:55pm local time, the race was restarted.

==== Second Start ====
The results of the restarted race would be determined by the aggregate results of the aborted first race and the second race. From the restart, Gerhard Berger took the lead on track but Schumacher still led the race overall due to the amount of time he was ahead of Berger before the race was stopped. Schumacher took the lead on track on lap 12, and four laps later, Berger retired from the race with handling problems. Larini briefly took the lead as Schumacher [[Pit stop|pitted]] but the order was restored when Larini took his own pit stop.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/rr551.html| title = Grand Prix Results: San Marino GP, 1994| accessdate = 2006-10-28| date = | work = GP Encyclopedia| publisher = www.grandprix.com}}</ref>

Ten laps from the finish the rear-right wheel came loose from [[Michele Alboreto]]'s Minardi as it left the pit lane, striking two Ferrari and two Lotus mechanics, who were left needing hospital treatment.<ref>{{cite video | people = Rider, Steve (Presenter) | year = 1994 | title = San Marino Grand Prix | medium = Television | location = London, United Kingdom | publisher =BBC}}</ref>

Michael Schumacher won the race ahead of Nicola Larini and Mika Häkkinen, giving him a maximum 30 points after 3 rounds of the [[1994 Formula One season]]. It was the only podium finish of Larini's career, and the first of just two occasions when he obtained world championship points. At the podium ceremony, out of respect for Roland Ratzenberger and Ayrton Senna, no champagne was sprayed.

=== Post-Race ===
Two hours and 20 minutes after Schumacher crossed the finish line, at 6:40pm local time, Dr. Maria Theresa Fiandri announced that Ayrton Senna had died. The official time of death was given, however, as 2:17pm local time, meaning that Senna had been killed instantly.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ayrton-senna.com/s-files/newsfle5.html | title = Secrets of Senna's black box| accessdate = 2006-10-28| date = 1997-03-18| work = Senna Files| publisher = www.ayrton-senna.com}}</ref> The cause of death established by an autopsy is that a piece of the car's suspension pierced his helmet and skull.<ref>{{cite news | first = Ian | last = Thomsen | title = Williams Says Italy May Cite Steering In Senna's Death | url = http://www.iht.com/articles/1995/02/11/prix_0.php | work = International Herald Tribune | publisher = | date = 1995-02-11| accessdate = 2006-10-28
}}</ref>

The 1994 Imola layout, which had been in place since 1981,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gpracing.net192.com/circuits/45.cfm| title = Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari - Imola| accessdate = 2006-10-28 | date = | work = | publisher = www.gpracing.net192.com}}</ref> was never again used for a Formula One race. The circuit was heavily modified following the race, including a change at Tamburello—also the scene of major accidents for [[Gerhard Berger]] ([[1989 San Marino Grand Prix|1989]]) and [[Nelson Piquet]] ([[1987 San Marino Grand Prix|1987]])—from a high speed corner to a much slower [[chicane]]. The FIA also changed the regulations governing Formula One car design, to the extent that the 1995 regulations required all teams to create completely new designs, as their 1994 cars could not be adapted to them.<ref>{{cite news | first = Peter | last = Wright | title = Preview of 1995 Formula1 Cars | url = http://www.grandprix.com/ft/ft00187.htm | work = | publisher = www.grandprix.com | date = 1995 | accessdate = 2006-10-28}}</ref> The concern raised at the drivers briefing the morning of the race, by Senna and Berger, would lead to the [[Grand Prix Drivers' Association]] reforming at the following race, the [[1994 Monaco Grand Prix]]. The GPDA, which was originally founded in 1961, had previously disbanded in 1982. The primary purpose of it reforming was to allow drivers to discuss safety issues with a view to improve standards following the incidents at Imola. The front two grid slots at the Monaco Grand Prix that year, which were painted with Brazilian and Austrian flags, were left clear in memory of the two drivers who had lost their lives. Additionally, a minute of silence was observed before the race.

[[Image:GrandPrix Circuit San Marino Changes.svg|thumb|left|220px|The layout of the circuit was changed after the two fatal accidents at the 1994 event.]]

Senna was given a [[state funeral]] in [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] on [[May 5]] [[1994]]. Approximately 500,000 people lined the streets to watch the coffin pass.<ref name="BBConthisday"/> Senna's rival [[Alain Prost]] was among the pallbearers.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gpracing.net192.com/drivers/prost-senna.cfm| title = Open Warfare| accessdate = 2006-10-28| date = | work = | publisher = www.gpracing.net192.com}}</ref> The majority of the Formula One community attended Senna's funeral; however the president of the sport's governing body, the FIA, [[Max Mosley]] attended the funeral of Ratzenberger instead which took place on [[May 7]] [[1994]] in [[Salzburg]], [[Austria]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Track Topics | author = David Tremayne, Mark Skewis, Stuart Williams, Paul Fearnley | work = Motoring News | publisher = News Publications Ltd. | date = 1994-04-05}}</ref> Mosley said in a press conference ten years later, "I went to his funeral because everyone went to Senna's. I thought it was important that somebody went to his."<ref>{{cite news | title = Max went to Roland's funeral | url = http://www.f1racing.net/en/news.php?newsID=48657 | work = | publisher = www.f1racing.net | date = 2004-04-23 | accessdate = 2006-10-28}}</ref>

Italian prosecutors brought legal proceedings against six people in connection with [[Death of Ayrton Senna|Senna's death]]. They were [[Frank Williams]], [[Patrick Head]] and [[Adrian Newey]] of [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]; Fedrico Bendinelli representing the owners of the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari; Giorgio Poggi as the circuit director and Roland Bruynserarde who was race director and sanctioned the circuit.<ref>{{cite book | last = Hamilton | first = Maurice | authorlink = | coauthors = | editor = | others = | title = Frank Williams | accessdate = | edition = | date = | publisher = Macmillan | location = | id = ISBN 0-333-71716-3 | pages = 276}}</ref> The trial verdict was given on [[December 16]] [[1997]], clearing all six defendants of manslaughter charges.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.ayrton-senna.com/s-files/newsfl10.html | title =All six cleared in Senna trial | accessdate = 2006-10-28| date =1997-12-16 | work = Senna Files| publisher = www.ayrton-senna.com}}</ref> The cause of Senna's accident was established by the court as the steering column breaking.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.ayrton-senna.com/s-files/trialidx.html | title =Faulty Steering Caused Crash!| accessdate = 2006-10-28| date = |work = Senna Files| publisher = www.ayrton-senna.com}}</ref> The column had been cut and [[welding|welded]] back together at Senna's request in order for him to be more comfortable in the car.

Following the court's decision, an appeal was lodged by the state prosecutor against Patrick Head and Adrian Newey. On [[November 22]] [[1999]], the appeal absolved Head and Newey of all charges, stating that no new evidence had come to light (there was missing data from the black box recorder on Senna's car due to damage, and 1.6 seconds of video from the onboard camera of Senna's car was unavailable because the broadcaster switched to another car's camera just before the accident), and so under Article 530 of the Italian Penal Code, the accusation had to be declared as "non-existent or the fact doesn't subsist".<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.ayrton-senna.com/s-files/apelindx.html | title =Appeal absolves Head and Newey | accessdate = 2006-10-28| date = |work = Senna Files| publisher = www.ayrton-senna.com}}</ref> This appeal result was annulled in January 2003, as the judges believed that Article 530 was misinterpreted.<ref>{{cite news | title = Senna death case back in court | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/2701713.stm | work = | publisher = BBC Sport | date = 2003-01-28 | accessdate = 2006-10-28}}</ref> A retrial was ordered and on [[May 27]] [[2005]], Head and Newey were both acquitted.<ref>{{cite news | title = Top designers acquitted on Senna | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/4587195.stm | work = | publisher = BBC Sport | date = 2005-05-27 | accessdate = 2006-10-28}}</ref>

== Classification ==
=== Qualifying ===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"
|-
! Pos !! No !! Driver !! Team !! Lap !! Gap
|-
! 1
| 2
| [[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|25px]] [[Ayrton Senna]]
| [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Renault F1|Renault]]
| 1:21.548
|align="center"| —
|-
! 2
| 5
| [[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|25px]] [[Michael Schumacher]]
| [[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[Ford]]
| 1:21.885
| +0.337
|-
! 3
| 28
| [[Image:Flag of Austria.svg|25px]] [[Gerhard Berger]]
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 1:22.113
| +0.565
|-
! 4
| 0
| [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px]] [[Damon Hill]]
| [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Renault F1|Renault]]
| 1:22.168
| +0.620
|-
! 5
| 6
| [[Image:Flag of Finland.svg|25px]] [[Jyrki Järvilehto]]
| [[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[Ford]]
| 1:22.717
| +1.169
|-
! 6
| 27
| [[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|25px]] [[Nicola Larini]]
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 1:22.841
| +1.293
|-
! 7
| 30
| [[Image:Flag_of_Germany.svg|25px]] [[Heinz-Harald Frentzen]]
| [[Sauber|Sauber-Mercedes]]
| 1:23.119
| +1.571
|-
! 8
| 7
| [[Image:Flag of Finland.svg|25px]] [[Mika Häkkinen]]
| [[McLaren|McLaren-Peugeot]]
| 1:23.140
| +1.592
|-
! 9
| 3
| [[Image:Flag of Japan.svg|25px]] [[Ukyo Katayama]]
| [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell-Yamaha]]
| 1:23.322
| +1.774
|-
! 10
| 29
| [[Image:Flag_of_Austria.svg|25px]] [[Karl Wendlinger]]
| [[Sauber|Sauber-Mercedes]]
| 1:23.347
| +1.799
|-
! 11
| 10
| [[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|25px]] [[Gianni Morbidelli]]
| [[Footwork Arrows|Footwork]]-[[Ford]]
| 1:23.663
| +2.115
|-
! 12
| 4
| [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px]] [[Mark Blundell]]
| [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell-Yamaha]]
| 1:23.703
| +2.155
|-
! 13
| 8
| [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px]] [[Martin Brundle]]
| [[McLaren|McLaren-Peugeot]]
| 1:23.858
| +2.310
|-
! 14
| 23
| [[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|25px]] [[Pierluigi Martini]]
| [[Minardi]]-[[Ford]]
| 1:24.078
| +2.530
|-
! 15
| 24
| [[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|25px]] [[Michele Alboreto]]
| [[Minardi]]-[[Ford]]
| 1:24.276
| +2.728
|-
! 16
| 9
| [[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|25px]] [[Christian Fittipaldi]]
| [[Footwork Arrows|Footwork]]-[[Ford]]
| 1:24.472
| +2.924
|-
! 17
| 25
| [[Image:Flag of France.svg|25px]] [[Éric Bernard]]
| [[Ligier]]-[[Renault F1|Renault]]
| 1:24.678
| +3.130
|-
! 18
| 20
| [[Image:Flag of France.svg|25px]] [[Érik Comas]]
| [[Larrousse]]-[[Ford]]
| 1:24.852
| +3.304
|-
! 19
| 26
| [[Image:Flag of France.svg|25px]] [[Olivier Panis]]
| [[Ligier]]-[[Renault F1|Renault]]
| 1:24.996
| +3.448
|-
! 20
| 12
| [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px]] [[Johnny Herbert]]
| [[Team Lotus|Lotus]]-[[Mugen-Honda]]
| 1:25.114
| +3.566
|-
! 21
| 15
| [[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|25px]] [[Andrea de Cesaris]]
| [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]]-[[Hart (racing)|Hart]]
| 1:25.234
| +3.686
|-
! 22
| 11
| [[Image:Flag of Portugal.svg|25px]] [[Pedro Lamy]]
| [[Team Lotus|Lotus]]-[[Mugen-Honda]]
| 1:25.295
| +3.747
|-
! 23
| 19
| [[Image:Flag of Monaco.svg|25px]] [[Olivier Beretta]]
| [[Larrousse]]-[[Ford]]
| 1:25.991
| +4.443
|-
! 24
| 31
| [[Image:Flag of Australia.svg|25px]] [[David Brabham]]
| [[Simtek]]-[[Ford]]
| 1:26.817
| +5.269
|-
! 25
| 34
| [[Image:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg|25px]] [[Bertrand Gachot]]
| [[Pacific Racing|Pacific]]-[[Ilmor]]
| 1:27.143
| +5.595
|-
! 26
| 32
| [[Image:Flag of Austria.svg|25px]] [[Roland Ratzenberger]]
| [[Simtek]]-[[Ford]]
| 1:27.584
| +6.036
|-
! 27
| 33
| [[Image:Flag_of_France.svg|25px]] [[Paul Belmondo]]
| [[Pacific Racing|Pacific]]-[[Ilmor]]
| 1:27.881
| +6.333
|-
! 28
| 14
| [[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|25px]] [[Rubens Barrichello]]
| [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]]-[[Hart (racing)|Hart]]
|align="center"| —
|align="center"| —
|}

=== Race ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"
|-
! Pos !! No !! Driver !! Team !! Laps !! Time/Retired !! Grid !! Points
|-
! 1
| 5
| {{flagicon|Germany}} '''[[Michael Schumacher]]'''
| '''[[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]'''
| 58
| 1'28:29.3
| 2
| '''10'''
|-
! 2
| 27
| {{flagicon|Italy}} '''[[Nicola Larini]]'''
| '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]'''
| 58
| +54.942 secs
| 6
| '''6'''
|-
! 3
| 7
| {{flagicon|Finland}} '''[[Mika Häkkinen]]'''
| '''[[McLaren]]-[[Peugeot]]'''
| 58
| +70.679 secs
| 8
| '''4'''
|-
! 4
| 29
| {{flagicon|Austria}} '''[[Karl Wendlinger]]'''
| '''[[Sauber]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]]'''
| 58
| +73.658 secs
| 10
| '''3'''
|-
! 5
| 3
| {{flagicon|Japan}} '''[[Ukyo Katayama]]'''
| '''[[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Yamaha Motor Corporation|Yamaha]]'''
| 57
| +1 lap
| 9
| '''2'''
|-
! 6
| 0
| {{flagicon|UK}} '''[[Damon Hill]]'''
| '''[[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Renault F1|Renault]]'''
| 57
| +1 lap
| 4
| '''1'''
|-
! 7
| 30
| {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Heinz-Harald Frentzen]]
| [[Sauber]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]]
| 57
| +1 lap
| 7
|
|-
! 8
| 8
| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Martin Brundle]]
| [[McLaren]]-[[Peugeot]]
| 57
| +1 lap
| 13
|
|-
! 9
| 4
| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Mark Blundell]]
| [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Yamaha Motor Corporation|Yamaha]]
| 56
| +2 laps
| 12
|
|-
! 10
| 12
| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Johnny Herbert]]
| [[Team Lotus|Lotus]]-[[Mugen-Honda]]
| 56
| +2 laps
| 20
|
|-
! 11
| 26
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Olivier Panis]]
| [[Ligier]]-[[Renault F1|Renault]]
| 56
| +2 laps
| 19
|
|-
! 12
| 25
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Éric Bernard]]
| [[Ligier]]-[[Renault F1|Renault]]
| 55
| +3 laps
| 17
|
|-
! 13
| 9
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Christian Fittipaldi]]
| [[Footwork Arrows|Footwork]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 54
| Spun off
| 16
|
|-
! Ret
| 15
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Andrea de Cesaris]]
| [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]]-[[Hart (racing)|Hart]]
| 49
| Spun off
| 21
|
|-
! Ret
| 24
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Michele Alboreto]]
| [[Minardi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 44
| Wheel
| 15
|
|-
! Ret
| 10
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Gianni Morbidelli]]
| [[Footwork Arrows|Footwork]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 40
| Engine
| 11
|
|-
! Ret
| 23
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Pierluigi Martini]]
| [[Minardi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 37
| Spun off
| 14
|
|-
! Ret
| 31
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[David Brabham]]
| [[Simtek]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 27
| Spun off
| 24
|
|-
! Ret
| 34
| {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Bertrand Gachot]]
| [[Pacific Racing|Pacific]]-[[Ilmor]]
| 23
| Engine
| 25
|
|-
! Ret
| 19
| {{flagicon|Monaco}} [[Olivier Beretta]]
| [[Larrousse]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 17
| Engine
| 23
|
|-
! Ret
| 28
| {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Gerhard Berger]]
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 16
| Suspension
| 3
|
|-
! Ret
| 2
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Ayrton Senna]]
| [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Renault F1|Renault]]
| 5
| Fatal accident
| 1
|
|-
! Ret
| 20
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Érik Comas]]
| [[Larrousse]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 5
| Vibrations
| 18
|
|-
! Ret
| 6
| {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Jyrki Järvilehto]]
| [[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 0
| Accident
| 5
|
|-
! Ret
| 11
| {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Pedro Lamy]]
| [[Team Lotus|Lotus]]-[[Mugen-Honda]]
| 0
| Accident
| 22
|
|-
! DNS
| 32
| {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Roland Ratzenberger]]
| [[Simtek]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
|
| Fatal accident during qualifying
| 26
|
|-
! DNQ
| 14
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rubens Barrichello]]
| [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]]-[[Hart (racing)|Hart]]
|
| Accident during practice
| -
|
|-
! DNQ
| 33
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Paul Belmondo]]
| [[Pacific Racing|Pacific]]-[[Ilmor]]
|
|
| -
|
|}

==Footnotes==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references/>
</div>
* All race results are taken from the Official Formula 1 Website. [http://www.formula1.com/archive/grandprix/1994/102.html 1994 San Marino Grand Prix results]. www.formula1.com. Retrieved 28 April 2006
==See also==
* [[Death of Ayrton Senna]]

==External links==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|1994_San_Marino_Grand_Prix.ogg|2007-02-25}}
{| class="toccolours" style="width: 20em; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; float:right; text-align:center; font-size: 90%;"
|| [[Image:Portal.svg|36px|Portal]]
|| '''''[[Portal:Formula One|Formula One portal]]'''''
|}
*[http://www.cineca.it/sap/senna.htm Video of Senna's crash used in the Italian court case]
*[http://atlasf1.autosport.com/99/dec15/lupini.html AtlasF1's 'The Races we Remember' Series:The 1990s]

{{F1 race report
| Name_of_race = [[San Marino Grand Prix]]
| Year_of_race = 1994
| Previous_race_in_season = [[1994 Pacific Grand Prix]]
| Next_race_in_season = [[1994 Monaco Grand Prix]]
| Previous_year's_race = [[1993 San Marino Grand Prix]]
| Next_year's_race = [[1995 San Marino Grand Prix]]
}}



[[Category:1994 Formula One race reports|San Marino Grand Prix]]
[[Category:San Marino Grand Prix]]

[[ca:Gran Premi de San Marino de 1994]]
[[es:Gran Premio de San Marino de 1994]]
[[fr:Grand Prix automobile de Saint-Marin 1994]]
[[pt:Grande Prêmio de San Marino de 1994 (Fórmula 1)]]
[[ru:Гран-при Сан-Марино 1994 года]]
[[sl:Velika nagrada San Marina 1994]]
[[fi:San Marinon Grand Prix 1994]]
[[sv:San Marinos Grand Prix 1994]]