Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Arping

2015-08-19T13:00:58Z

Pabouk: /* top */ the previous edit added links to primary repositories of the two arping implementations

{{refimprove|date=July 2015}}
{{lowercase|title=Arping}}
'''Arping''' is a computer software tool for discovering and probing hosts on a [[computer network]]. Arping probes hosts on the attached network link by sending [[Link Layer]] frames using the [[Address Resolution Protocol]] (ARP) request method addressed to a host identified by its [[MAC address]] of the network interface.<ref>[http://linux.die.net/man/8/arping ''arping'' Linux manual page]</ref> The utility program may use ARP to resolve an [[IP address]] provided by the user.

The function of arping is analogous to the utility [[Ping (networking utility)|''ping'']] for probing the network with the [[Internet Control Message Protocol]] (ICMP) at the [[Internet Layer]] of the [[Internet Protocol Suite]].

Two popular arping implementations exist. One is part of Linux iputils suite,<ref>{{GitHub|iputils/iputils}}</ref> and cannot resolve MAC addresses to IP addresses. The other arping implementation, written by Thomas Habets,<ref>{{GitHub|ThomasHabets/arping}}</ref> can ping hosts by MAC address as well as by IP address, and adds more features. Having both arping implementations on a system may introduce conflicts. [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]], for example, handles this by removing iputils arping if Habets's arping is installed ([[NetworkManager]] will also be removed, because it requires the iputils arping).

In networks employing repeaters that implement [[proxy ARP]], the ARP response may originate from such proxy hosts and not directly from the probed target.

==Example==
Example session output of arping from iputils:
<pre>
ARPING 192.168.39.120 from 192.168.39.1 eth0
Unicast reply from 192.168.39.120 [00:01:80:38:F7:4C] 0.810ms
Unicast reply from 192.168.39.120 [00:01:80:38:F7:4C] 0.607ms
Unicast reply from 192.168.39.120 [00:01:80:38:F7:4C] 0.602ms
Unicast reply from 192.168.39.120 [00:01:80:38:F7:4C] 0.606ms
Sent 4 probes (1 broadcast(s))
Received 4 response(s)
</pre>
Example session output from Thomas Habets's arping:
<pre>
ARPING 192.168.16.96
60 bytes from 00:04:5a:4b:b6:ec (192.168.16.96): index=0 time=292.000 usec
60 bytes from 00:04:5a:4b:b6:ec (192.168.16.96): index=1 time=310.000 usec
60 bytes from 00:04:5a:4b:b6:ec (192.168.16.96): index=2 time=256.000 usec
^C
--- 192.168.16.96 statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0% unanswered (0 extra)
</pre>

==See also==
*[[ArpON]]
*[[arpwatch]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.habets.pp.se/synscan/programs.php?prog=arping arping by Thomas Habets]
*[http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/iputils iputils suite (including arping)]
*[https://github.com/ThomasHabets/arping arping source on github]

[[Category:Internet Protocol based network software]]
[[Category:Free network management software]]

{{network-software-stub}}

2007-02-20T14:03:21Z

Pabouk: /* References */ added link * [http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=660 Undark and the Radium Girls], Alan Bellows, December 28, 2006, Damn Interesting

[[Image:USRadiumGirls-Argonne1,ca1922-23-150dpi.jpg|thumb|right|350px|"Radium girls" in a factory]]
The '''Radium Girls''' were women subjected to [[radiation exposure]] at the [[United States Radium Corporation]] factory, in [[Orange, New Jersey]], beginning during [[World War I]], five of whom gained notoriety for their efforts in challenging their employer in court. The five women, and many of their co-workers and radium paint plant workers from across [[North America]], died from radiation exposure during the course of the litigation.

==U.S. Radium Corporation==

From [[1917]] to [[1926]], U.S. Radium Corporation was engaged in the extraction and purification of [[radium]] from [[carnotite]] ore to produce [[luminous paint]]s, which were produced under the brand name '[[Undark]]'. As a [[defense contractor]], U.S. Radium was a major supplier of [[Radioluminescence|radioluminescent]] watches to the military. Their plant in [[New Jersey]] employed over a hundred workers, mainly women, to paint radium-lit watch faces and instruments.

===Radiation exposure===

The Radium Girls saga holds an important place in the history of both the progression of the field of [[health physics]] and of the labor rights movement. The U.S. Radium Corporation hired some 70 women to perform various tasks including the handling of radium, while the owners and their scientists — familiar with the effects of radium — carefully avoided any exposure to themselves; chemists at the plant used lead screens, masks and tongs. An estimated 4,000 workers were hired by [[corporation|corporations]] in the US and [[Canada]] to paint watch faces with radium.

For fun, the Radium Girls painted their nails, teeth and faces with the deadly paint produced at the factory, sometimes to surprise their boyfriends when the lights went out. They mixed glue, water and radium powder, and then used [[camel hair]] brushes to apply the glowing paint onto dial numbers. The going rate, for painting 250 dials a day, was about a penny and a half per dial. The brushes would lose shape after a few strokes, so the U.S. Radium supervisors encouraged their workers to point the brushes with their lips, or use their tongues to keep them sharp.

===Radiation sickness===

Many of the women later began to suffer from [[anemia]], bone fractures and [[necrosis]] of the jaw. Primitive [[x-ray camera|x-ray cameras]] bombarded some of the sickened workers with additional radiation when they sought medical attention for the many ailments that ensued. It turned out at least one of the examinations was a ruse, part of a campaign of [[disinformation]] started by the defense contractor. U.S. Radium, like other watch-dial companies, rejected claims that the afflicted workers were suffering from exposure to radium. For some time, doctors, dentists, and researchers complied with requests from the companies not to release their data. At the urging of the companies, worker deaths were attributed by medical professionals to other causes; [[syphilis]] was often cited in attempts to smear the reputations of the women.

==Significance==

===Litigation===

The story of the labor abuse perpetrated against the workers is distinguished from most such cases by the fact the ensuing litigation was covered widely by the [[News media|media]]. Plant worker [[Grace Fryer]] decided to sue, but it took two years for her to simply find a [[lawyer]] willing to risk taking on [[U.S. Radium]]. A total of five factory workers, dubbed the Radium Girls, joined the suit. The litigation and media sensation surrounding the case was notable from a historical perspective, for it established [[Precedent|legal precedents]] and triggered the enactment of regulations governing [[Workplace safety|labor safety]] standards, including a baseline of '[[provable suffering]]'.

===Historical impact===

The right of individual workers to sue for damages from corporations due to labor abuse was established as a result of the Radium Girls case (though the settlement for the Radium Girls was only $10,000 each<ref>{{cite web | last = Kovarik | first = Bill | title = The Radium Girls | work = (originally published as chapter eight of ''Mass Media and Environmental Conflict'') | publisher = RUNet.edu | date = Revised 2002 | url = http://www.radford.edu/~wkovarik/envhist/radium.html | accessdate = 2007-01-27 }}</ref>). In the wake of the case, industrial safety standards were demonstrably enhanced for many decades. The case led to passage of a [[U.S. Congress|congressional]] bill, in [[1949]], which made all [[occupational disease|occupational diseases]] [[Indemnity|compensable]], and extended the time during which workers could discover illnesses and make a claim. 

===Scientific impact===

Robley D. Evans made the first measurements of exhaled radon and radium excretion from a former dial painter in 1933. At [[MIT]] he gathered dependable body content measurements from 27 dial painters. This information was used in 1941 by the [[National Bureau of Standards]] to establish the [[tolerance level]] for radium of 0.1 [[micro-|μ]][[curie|Ci]].

The Center for Human Radiobiology was established at [[Argonne National Laboratory]] in 1968. The primary purpose of the Center was providing medical examinations for living dial painters. The project also focused on collection of information, and, in some cases, tissue samples from the radium dial painters. When the project ended in 1993, detailed information of 2,403 cases had been collected. No symptoms were observed in those dial painter cases with less than 1,000 times the natural 226Ra levels found in unexposed individuals, suggesting a [[threshold]] for radium-induced malignacies.

===Literature===

The story of the workers was immortalized in the poem "Radium Girls" by [[Eleanor Swanson]], and is included in her collection, ''A Thousand Bonds: [[Marie Curie]] and the Discovery of Radium'' ([[2003]]).

Writer [[D.W. Gregory]] also reincarnated the story of Grace Fryer through her award-winning play ''Radium Girls'', which premiered in [[2000]] at the [[Playwrights Theatre of New Jersey]] in [[Madison, New Jersey]].

==See also==

* [[Labor rights]]
* [[Labor history]]
* [[Labor law]]
* [[Susanne Antonetta]]
* [[Radioactive contamination]]

==References==
<references />
* [http://www.umdnj.edu/librweb/speccoll/USRadiumCorp.html UMDNJ.edu] - 'University Libraries Special Collections: U.S. Radium Corporation, East Orange, NJ', Records, Catalog 1917-1940 (Revised, June, 2003)
* [http://www.ntis.gov/search/product.asp?ABBR=DE95006146&starDB=GRAHIST NTIS] - 'Radium in Humans, A Review of U.S. Studies, R.E. Rowland, Argonne National Laboratory, 1994, NTIS document number DE95006146
* [http://www.scripophily.net/unstraco.html United States Radium Company History and Original Stock Certificate - 1926]
* [http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=660 Undark and the Radium Girls], Alan Bellows, December 28, 2006, Damn Interesting

[[Category:Activism]]
[[Category:Labour relations]]
[[Category:Radioactivity]]
[[Category:Radium]]

Nephelinit

2006-12-03T16:44:38Z

Pabouk: disambiguated link polymorph

'''Nephelinite''' is a fine-grained or [[aphanitic]] [[igneous rock]] made up almost entirely of [[nepheline]] and [[clinopyroxene]] (variety [[augite]]). If [[olivine]] is present, the rock may be classified as an olivine nephelinite. Nephelinite is dark in color and may resemble [[basalt]] in hand specimen. However, [[basalt]] consists mostly of clinopyroxene (augite) and calcic '''[[plagioclase]]'''.

Basalt, alkali basalt, basanite, tephritic nephelinite, and nephelinite differ partly in the relative proportions of plagioclase and nepheline. Alkali basalt may contain minor nepheline and does contain nepheline in its CIPW [[normative mineralogy]]. A critical ratio in the classification of these rocks is the ratio '''nepheline/(nepheline plus plagioclase)'''. [[Basanite]] has a value of this ratio between 0.1 and 0.6 and also contains more than 10% olivine. Tephritic nephelinite has a value between 0.6 and 0.9. Nephelinite has a value greater than 0.9. Le Maitre (2002) defines and discusses these and other criteria in the classification of igneous rocks.

Nephelinite is an example of a silica-undersaturated igneous rock. The degrree of silica saturation can be evaluated with [[normative mineralogy]] calculated from chemical analyses, or with actual mineralogy for completely crystallized igneous rocks with equilibrated assemblages. Silica-oversaturated rocks contain [[quartz]] (or another silica [[polymorphism (materials science)|polymorph]]). Silica-undersaturated mafic igneous rocks contain magnesian olivine but not magnesian orthopyroxene, and/or a [[feldspathoid]]. Silica-saturated igneous rocks fall in between these two classes.

Silica-undersaturated, mafic igneous rocks are much less abundant than silica-saturated and oversaturated basalts. Genesis of the less common mafic rocks such as nephelinite is usually ascribed to more than one of the following three causes:
* relatively high pressure of melting;
* relatively low degree of fractional melting in a mantle source;
* relatively high dissolved carbon dioxide in the melt.
Nephelinites and similar rocks typically contain relatively high concentrations of elements such as the light rare earths, as consistent with a low degree of melting of mantle [[peridotite]] at depths sufficient to stabilize [[garnet]]. Nephelinites are also associated with [[carbonatite]] in some occurrences, consistent with source rocks relatively rich in carbon dioxide.

Nephelinite is found on ocean islands such as Oahu, although the rock type is very rare in the [[Hawaiian islands]]. It is found in a variety of continental settings. An example is the [[Hamada]] nephelinite lava flow in southwest [[Japan]] which occurred in the late [[Miocene]] age. Nephelinite is also associated with the highly alkalic volcanism of the [[Ol Doinyo Lengai]] [[volcanic]] field in [[Tanzania]]. [[Nyiragongo]], another African volcano known for its semipermanent lava lake activity, erupts lava made of [[melilite]] nephelinite. The unusual chemical makeup of this [[igneous rock]] may be a factor in the unusual fluidity of its lavas.

===References===
*Roger W. Le Maitre (Editor), ''Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms. (Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission of the Systematics of Igneous Rocks).'' Cambridge University Press (2002). ISBN 0-521-66215-X

* [http://www.the-conference.com/2003/Gold2003/abstracts/A005.pdf Hamada nephelinite, SW Japan]
* [http://it.stlawu.edu/~cnya/lenweb1b.htm Oldoinyo Lengai]
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1994BVol...56...47D&db_key=PHY&data_type=HTML&format= Volcanological and petrological evolution of Nyiragongo volcano, Virunga volcanic field, Zaire] (now [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]])

[[Category:Petrology]]
[[Category:Igneous rocks]]

Plzeňský Prazdroj

2006-11-25T10:19:05Z

Pabouk: links, extended list of beers