Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Cassady McClincy

2019-11-15T16:54:35Z

Overthrows: grammar

{{Infobox person
| name = Cassady McClincy
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|9|1}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], United States.
| occupation = Actress
| known_for = ''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]]'' ([[Lydia (The Walking Dead)|Lydia]])
| years_active = 2010{{ndash}}present
| website =
}}

'''Cassady McClincy''' (born September 1, 2000), is an American actress best known for her portrayal of Lydia in [[The Walking Dead (season 9)|season 9]] of the [[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]] [[post-apocalyptic]] [[television series]] ''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]]'' since 2019. She is also known for her work in the [[Netflix]] original series ''[[Ozark (TV series)|Ozark]]'' (2017-present), ''[[Love, Simon]]'' (2018), and ''Crimes and Mister Meanors'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ew.com/tv/2018/08/27/the-walking-dead-ryan-hurst/ |title=The Walking Dead: Who plays Lydia on The Walking Dead? Who is Cassady McClincy? |last=Debnath|first=Neelah|date= October 26, 2019|work=[[Daily Express]]|accessdate=February 25, 2019}}</ref>

In the summer of 2018, McClincy joined the cast of ''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/walking-dead-casts-lydia-season-9-1137412 |title='Walking Dead' Casts Key Comic Book Character for Season 9 |first=Lesley |last=Goldberg |date=August 24, 2018 |accessdate=August 24, 2018 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Cassady was born to her parents mother Dayla McClincy and father whose identity isn't known, his first role on the screen was that of "Munchkin Bobbi" in "The Wizard of Agni" in 2010. That same year, she played a schoolgirl in a short film called "[[Five Smooth Stones]]". She later debuted in a small role in the 7th episode "Sister Act" of the sixth season of the TV series ''[[Drop Dead Diva]]'' in the character by Laura Dwyer, then she was summoned for another recurring role in the TV series ''[[Constantine (TV series)|Constantine]]'' portraying Amberly in the episode final season "Waiting for the Man". In 2017, she made a recurring appearance on the television series [[Netflix]] ''[[Ozark]]'' in episode 6 "Book of Ruth" of the first season portraying Anna Sloan.

In 2018 he was called for the [[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]] ''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]]'' in the recurring role of "[[Lydia (The Walking Dead)|Lydia]]" the daughter of [[Alpha (The Walking Dead)|Alpha]] the main antagonist since both debuted in the mid-season premiere episode [[Adaptation (The Walking Dead)|Adaptation]], for the following season McClincy is promoted to the co-starring role of the series embodying the same character.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a864772/the-walking-dead-season-9-lydia-cassady-mcclincy/|title=The Walking Dead season 9 has cast Love, Simon star as a crucial comic book character|work=[[Digital Spy]] |first1=Stephannie|last1=Chase|date=July 6, 2018 |accessdate=August 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ew.com/tv/2019/02/10/walking-dead-lydia-cassady-mcclincy-adaptation-909-midseason-premiere/|title=Lydia speaks! Cassady McClincy opens up about joining The Walking Dead|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |first1=Dalton|last1=Ross|date=February 10, 2019 |accessdate=November 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a29121181/walking-dead-season-10-series-regulars/ |title=The Walking Dead season 10 promotes seven stars to series regulars |work=[[Digital Spy]] |first=Jess |last=Lee |date=September 19, 2019 |accessdate=September 20, 2019}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''The Unexpected Bar Mitzvah''
|Sarah
|
|-
|''Crimes and Mister Meanors''
|Kat
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Love, Simon]]''
|Jackie
|
|-
|''Poor Jane''
|Ericka
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''The Wizard of Agni''
|Munchkin Bobbi
|film television
|-
|''Five Smooth Stones''
|Schoolgirl / Soccer Player
|Television Short
|-
| 2013
|''[[Sid Roth's It's Supernatural|It's Supernatural]]''
|Troubled Teen
|Episode: "Karen Wheaton "
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Drop Dead Diva]]''
|Laura Dwyer
|Episode "Sister Act"
|-
|''Let the Lion Roar''
|Mary
|Documentary
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Constantine (TV series)|Constantine]]''
|Amberly
|Episode "Waiting for the Man"
|-
|''Backtrack''
|Milly Pnewski
|Television Short
|-
|2016
|''[[Good Behavior (TV series)|Good Behavior]]''
|Ashleigh
|Episode: "We Pretend We're Stuck"
|-
| rowspan="3"|2017
|''[[Lore (TV series)|Lore]]''
|Greta Hetfelderz
|Episode "The Beast Within"
|-
|''[[Ozark (TV series)|Ozark]]''
|Anna Sloan
|Episode "Book of Ruth "
|-
| "[[Daytime Divas]]"
|Tandy Ainsley
|Guest role Season 1
|-
|2018
|''[[Castle Rock (TV series)|Castle Rock]]''
|Young Molly Strand
|Guest Role Season 1
|-
|2019
|''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]]''
|[[Lydia (The Walking Dead)|Lydia]]
|Guest Role Season 9 (2019) Also Starring Season 10 (2019)
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
*{{IMDb name|4198889|Cassady McClincy}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Actresses from California]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American child actresses]]

Hypixel

2019-04-09T19:24:43Z

Overthrows: Reverted 2 pending edits by SaltMaster77 to revision 890683994 by ST47: subject needs bold in lead, video game title needs italics

{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Minecraft game server with various activities and minigames}}
{{Infobox software
|name=Hypixel
|logo=HypixelLogo.png
|developer=Hypixel Inc.
|genre=[[Game server]]
|screenshot=
|caption=
|released={{Start date and age|2013|04|13}}
|website={{url|hypixel.net}}
}}
'''Hypixel''' is a ''[[Minecraft]]'' [[game server]], founded on April 14, 2013, by Simon Collins-Laflamme and Philippe Touchette. {{as of|2018|12}}, the server has had a total of 14 million unique logins.

== History ==
Hypixel is one of the most popular [[game server]]s for ''[[Minecraft|Minecraft: Java Edition]]'' founded on April 14, 2013, by Simon Collins-Laflamme and Philippe Touchette.<ref name="RPS" /><ref name="PCGamer">{{cite web|last1=Brown|first1=Fraser|title=The designers of one of Minecraft's most popular servers are making a blocky RPG|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/the-designers-of-one-of-minecrafts-most-popular-servers-are-making-a-blocky-rpg/|website=[[PC Gamer]]|accessdate=15 December 2018|date=13 December 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=7 Oldest Minecraft Servers|url=http://www.oldest.org/entertainment/minecraft-servers/|website=Oldest.org|accessdate=18 December 2018 |date=22 February 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Hypixel consists of a number of different [[minigame]]s.<ref name='RPS'/><ref name="RPS2">{{Cite web | url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2018/12/20/hytale-is-a-minecraft-follow-up-that-remembers-the-minigames/ | title=Hytale is a Minecraft follow-up that remembers the minigames |work=RockPaperShotgun |last=MacGregor |first=Jodie |date=20 December 2018 |accessdate=21 December 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> It is owned by Hypixel Inc. and attracts around 2 million players each month.<ref name="RPS">{{cite web|last1=Wiltshire|first1=Alex|title=The Future Of Minecraft's Biggest Servers |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2015/09/15/minecraft-biggest-servers/|website=Rock Paper Shotgun |accessdate=December 18, 2018 |date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> Simon and Philippe began their careers creating custom maps for ''Minecraft''.

Hypixel has had its [[game server|servers]] frequently [[DDoS]]ed by hackers. A notable attack was in September 2016 where the owners of an unknown server were using [[Mirai (malware)|Mirai]], a DDoS malware, to attack Hypixel's servers. The main purpose of the attack was to get players of Hypixel to move to a different ''Minecraft'' server.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/internet-security-expert-links-massive-botnet-ddos-attacks-to-minecraft-disputes/|title=Internet security expert links massive botnet DDoS attacks to Minecraft disputes|work=[[PC Gamer]]|access-date=2018-11-25|language=en|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
Around April 2018, Hypixel started to use [[Cloudflare]] Spectrum as a DDoS protection.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mybroadband.co.za/news/security/255771-cloudflare-spectrum-ddos-protection-for-the-rest-of-the-internet.html|title=Cloudflare Spectrum – DDoS protection for the rest of the Internet|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-11|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

On December 21, 2016, Hypixel reached 10 million unique players in total,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://kotaku.com/the-uncertain-future-of-minecrafts-independent-servers-1790360981|title=The Uncertain Future of Minecraft's Independent Servers|last=Guthrie|first=Robert|work=Kotaku|access-date=2018-11-25|language=en-US|df=mdy-all}}</ref> and on December 13, 2018, Hypixel reached 14 million.<ref name="Hollywood Reporter"/>

=== ''Hytale'' ===
On December 9, 2018, a stand-alone game called ''Hytale'' was announced to be in development by Hypixel Studios, a newly-founded company by the creators of Hypixel,<ref name="Hollywood Reporter">{{cite web|title=Riot Games Leads Investment in Hypixel Game Studio|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/riot-games-leads-investment-hypixel-game-studio-1168889|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|accessdate=14 Dec 2018|language=en|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name='Variety'>{{cite web|last1=Fogel|first1=Stefanie|title=Creators of Popular 'Minecraft' Server Announce New Game 'Hytale'|url=https://variety.com/2018/gaming/news/hypixel-studios-reveals-hytale-1203089201/|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=15 December 2018|language=en|date=13 December 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="VentureBeat"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2018/12/13/hypixels-riot-backed-hytale-announced/|title=Hytale is a blocky sandbox RPG spawned from a massive Minecraft server|website=[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]]|date= Dec 13, 2018|accessdate=Dec 17, 2018|df=mdy-all|first=Dominic|last=Tarason}}</ref> with support from [[Riot Games]] and other developers including [[Dennis Fong]], [[Rob Pardo]] and [[Peter Levine (venture capitalist)|Peter Levine]].<ref name="Hollywood Reporter"/> Development for ''Hytale'' started in 2015.<ref name="VentureBeat"/> The trailer for ''Hytale'' was released on December 13, 2018, and amassed over 30 million views within a month.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hytale : 30 millions de vues sur le trailer d'annonce|date=2019-01-09|df=mdy-all|author=Milkameluna|website=Millennium.org|language=French|accessdate=2019-01-12|url=https://www.millenium.org/news/321846.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://comicbook.com/gaming/amp/2019/01/12/hytale-trailer-minecraft-pc/|title=First Trailer of 'Minecraft' Inspired Game 'Hytale' Has 31 Million Views In Less Than 30 Days|first=Tyler|last=Fischer|date=2019-01-12|df=mdy-all|website=ComicBook.com|accessdate=2019-01-13}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |
|-
! Year
! Award
! Nominee
! Category
! Result
! Reference(s)
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017
| rowspan="4" | [[Guinness World Records]]
| rowspan="4" | Hypixel Network
| Most Popular Independent Server For a Video Game
| {{won}}
| <ref name="Hollywood Reporter"/><ref name="VentureBeat">{{cite web|first=Dean|last=Takahashi|title=Beware, Minecraft and Roblox. Here comes the blocky world of Hytale|url=https://venturebeat.com/2018/12/13/beware-minecraft-and-roblox-here-comes-the-blocky-world-of-hytale/|website=[[VentureBeat]]|accessdate=15 December 2018|date=13 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Most Unique Players Logged Into a Minecraft Server: 11,982,298
| {{won}}
| <ref name="RPS2"/>
|-
| Most Popular Minecraft Server Network
| {{won}}
| <ref name="RPS2"/>
|-
| Most Games on a Minecraft Server: 43
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=It's Official - Hypixel holds 4 Guinness World Records|url=https://hypixel.net/threads/its-official-hypixel-holds-4-guinness-world-records.1391013/|website=Hypixel - Minecraft Server and Maps|accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=December 2018}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://hypixel.net Official website]
* [https://Hytale.com Hytale website]

[[Category:Minecraft]]
[[Category:Minigames]]
[[Category:Servers (computing)]]

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Balangiga bells

2019-02-15T14:22:59Z

Overthrows: Reverted 1 edit by 61.9.110.187 (talk) to last revision by Oshwah (TW)

{{short description|Church bells that had been taken by the United States Army from the Philippines}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=January 2019}}
{{multiple image
|direction = horizontal
|total_width = 400
|footer = The three Balangiga bells
|image1 = Balangiga Bells at the PAF Aerospace Museum 004.jpg
|alt1 = 1853 Balangiga bell
|caption1 = The 1853 bell
|image2 = Balangiga Bells at the PAF Aerospace Museum 003.jpg
|alt2 = 1889 Balangiga bell
|caption2 = The 1889 bell
|image3 = Balangiga Bells at the PAF Aerospace Museum 005.jpg
|alt3 = 1895 Balangiga bell
|caption3 = The 1895 bell
}}

The '''Balangiga bells''' are three [[church bells]] that were taken by the [[United States Army]] from the Church of [[Saint Lawrence|San Lorenzo de Martir]]<ref name=dm>{{cite journal | author = McKinnon Jr., Daniel W. | title =The Bells of San Lorenzo de Martir | publisher = [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] Wyoming | date =2018 | url =http://vfwwy.org/uploads/Articles/Bells/BellsEssay.pdf | format =[[PDF]] | accessdate = 9 December 2018}}</ref> in [[Balangiga, Eastern Samar]], Philippines, as [[war trophies]] after reprisals following the [[Balangiga massacre]] in 1901 during the [[Philippine–American War]]. One church bell was in the possession of the [[9th Infantry Regiment (United States)|9th Infantry Regiment]] at [[Camp Red Cloud]], their base in South Korea,<ref name="nene">{{cite web|last= |first= |title=Voluntary Return of One Balangiga Bell by US Seen |url=http://www.nenepimentel.org/news/20031002_Balangiga.asp |accessdate=20 March 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517125827/http://www.nenepimentel.org/news/20031002_Balangiga.asp |archivedate=17 May 2011 |df= }}</ref><ref name="solving">{{cite web | last =Borrinaga | first =Rolando | title =Solving the Balangiga bell puzzle | url=http://www.geocities.com/rolborr/balbellspuzzle.html | accessdate = 19 March 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022080959/http://geocities.com/rolborr/balbellspuzzle.html|archivedate=22 October 2009}}</ref> while two others were on a former base of the [[11th Infantry Regiment (United States)|11th Infantry Regiment]] at [[Francis E. Warren Air Force Base]] in [[Cheyenne, Wyoming]].<ref name="cbcp">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbcponline.net/borongan/html/balangiga_bells.html|title=The Bells of Balangiga: An Appeal for Support|last=Medroso|first=Leonardo Y.|date=|website=|publisher=Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603060233/http://cbcponline.net/borongan/html/balangiga_bells.html|archive-date=3 June 2010|dead-url=yes|access-date=19 March 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

People representing the [[Catholic Church in the Philippines]], the Philippine government, and the residents of Balangiga had sought to recover the bells since the late 1950s, but their efforts were met with frustration for decades. Progress in negotiations was made in 2018, and the bells finally returned to the Philippines on 11 December 2018, after 117 years.<ref name=ret>{{cite news | title =Balangiga Bells back in Philippines after 117 years | publisher =[[ABS-CBN News]] | date = 11 December 2018 | URL =https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/11/18/balangiga-bells-back-in-philippines-after-117-years | accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>

==History==
The Balangiga church was dedicated in 1854 to Roman martyr [[Saint Lawrence|San Lorenzo]], and the town probably took four years to raise funds to acquire its first church bell.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Balangiga |url=http://balangiga.yolasite.com/history-of-balangiga.php |website=Municipality of Balangiga}}</ref><ref name=bor>{{cite web | last = Bordeos | first = Carl Jaime | title = Historian confirms: Franciscans made Balangiga bells | url=http://cbcpnews.net/cbcpnews/historian-confirms-franciscans-made-2-balangiga-bells/ | publisher = Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines | date = 12 December 2018 | accessdate = 14 December 2018}}</ref> It was cast around 1853 and bears the Franciscan coat of arms.<ref name=chua/> It has a mouth diameter of {{Convert|31.25|in||abbr=}} inches and height of {{Convert|30|in||abbr=}}. The following inscription appears on this bell: ''"R. San Francisco Año El 1853"'' ("R. San Francisco The Year 1853"). R. San Francisco could have been the parish priest at that time,<ref name="solving1">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AVU1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=bSUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2039%2C32437257|title=Solving the Balangiga bell puzzle|last=Borrinaga|first=Rolando|date=2001-08-11|work=|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|page=A14|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> or the term may represent ''Religioso de San Francisco'', a reference to the name of the religious order of Franciscans.<ref name=bor/>

The second bell was cast around 1889 with a mouth diameter of {{Convert|27.75|in||abbr=}} and height of {{Convert|27.5|in||abbr=}}. The town acquired it in 1889 through the initiative of Fr. Agustin Delgado, whose name is inscribed on it.<ref name=solving1 /> The following inscription appears on this bell: ''"Se Refundio Siendo Cura Parroco El M.R.P.F{{efn|M.R.P.F. is an [[acronym]] for the title ''Muy Reverendo Padre Fray'' ("[[The Most Reverend|Most Reverend]] Friar").}} Agustin Delgado Año 1889"''. The bells were referred to as ''campanas colgantes'' in Spanish, meaning "hanging bells". These are usually hung from a beam and are rung using a rope attached to the clapper.<ref name=dm/>

The third and smallest bell may have been acquired in 1895 through the initiative of Fr. Bernardo Aparicio. Estimates of its size deduce a {{Convert|23|in||abbr=|adj=on}} to {{Convert|24|in||abbr=|adj=on}} height and a mouth diameter of about {{Convert|20|in||abbr=}}. It bears the Franciscan emblem.<ref name="solving"/> The following inscription appears on this bell: ''"Se Refundio Siendo Parroco P. Bernardo Aparicio Año 1895"''. Bells of this type are known as ''esquila'' (small bell) or ''Campana de vuelo'', literally a "flight bell" used to sound warning in times of peril. The Spanish word ''refundió'' means that the bell had been recast from scrap bronze.<ref name=dm/>

==Balangiga massacre==
{{Main|Balangiga massacre}}
On 28 September 1901, a group of Filipino villagers from Balangiga ambushed Company C of the 9th U.S. Infantry Regiment while they were at breakfast, killing 48 and wounding 22 of the 78 men of the unit, with only four escaping unhurt and four missing in action. The villagers captured about 100 rifles and 25,000 rounds of ammunition. An estimated 20 to 25 of them died in the fighting, with a similar number of wounded.<ref name="howling">{{cite web|last=Bautista |first=Veltisezar |title=The Balangiga, Samar, Massacre |url=http://www.filipinoamericans.net/balangiga_massacre.shtml |accessdate=20 March 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226150445/http://www.filipinoamericans.net/balangiga_massacre.shtml |archivedate=26 February 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>

[[File:Balangiga Bells.jpg|thumb|U.S. soldiers of Company C, 9th Infantry Regiment pose with one of the Balangiga bells seized as war trophy. Photo taken in [[Calbayog, Samar]] in April 1902.]]
[[File:Madison Barracks bell.jpg|thumb|The signal bell displayed in the Madison Barracks at [[Sackets Harbor]], New York station of the 9th US Infantry Regiment at the turn of the 20th century. This bell was later moved to [[Camp Red Cloud]] in Korea.]]
[[File:FE Warren bells.jpg|thumb|Two bells exhibited at [[Fort D.A. Russell (Wyoming)|Fort D.A. Russel]] (now [[Francis E. Warren Air Force Base]]) {{circa}} 1910<ref>{{cite web | last= Dobson | first = G. B. | title = Fort D. A. Russell Photos | url=http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/russellbells.html | accessdate = 16 December 2018}}</ref>]]
In reprisal, General [[Jacob H. Smith]] ordered that Samar be turned into a "howling wilderness" and that they shoot any Filipino male above ten years of age<ref name="howling"/> who was capable of bearing arms. The American soldiers seized three church bells from the town church and moved them back to the United States as war trophies. The 9th Infantry Regiment maintained that the single bell in their possession was presented to the regiment by villagers when the unit left Balangiga on 9 April 1902. The bell had been actually given to them by the 11th Infantry Regiment, which had taken all three bells when they left Balangiga for [[Tacloban]] on 18 October 1901.<ref name="robson">{{cite news|url=https://www.stripes.com/news/book-casts-doubt-on-bell-s-history-1.21657|title=Book casts doubt on bell's history|last=Robson|first=Seth|date=7 July 2004|work=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]]|accessdate=21 March 2008}}</ref>

Smith and his primary subordinate, Major [[Littleton Waller]] of the [[United States Marine Corps]], were both [[court-martial]]led for illegal vengeance against the civilian population of Samar. Waller was acquitted of the charges. Smith was found guilty, admonished and retired from service, but charges were dropped shortly after. He was later hailed as a war hero.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | title =Philippine Insurrection, 1899-1902: A Working Bibliography | url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/history/marshall/military/mil_hist_inst/p/pi2.asc|website=Ibiblio.org | accessdate = 20 March 2008}}</ref>

==Removal to the United States==
After the Balangiga massacre, the town was recaptured on 29 September 1901 by 55 men of Company G, 9th Infantry. That unit departed the town the same day and was replaced by 132 men from Companies K and L of the 11th Infantry Regiment which garrisoned the town until relieved on 18 October 1901. When the 11th Infantry departed, they took the bells removed from the burned-down Balangiga church and a cannon from the plaza in front of the church. The bells were taken because one had been used by the Filipinos to signal the attack on Company C, 9th Infantry<ref name=annals /> and because the metal could have been turned into weapons such as cannons and bayonets. All three bells remained under the charge of quartermaster Captain Robert Alexander at their [[Tacloban]] headquarters.<ref name=dm/>

The small signal bell was the bell that signaled the attack against American troops by the Filipinos in the Balangiga massacre.<ref name=chua>{{cite news | last = Chua | first = Michael Charleston | title =The Bells of Balangiga: From war trophy to goodwill symbol | publisher =[[ABS-CBN News]] | date = 17 November 2018 | URL =https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/11/17/18/the-bells-of-balangiga-from-war-trophy-to-goodwill-symbol | accessdate = 20 November 2018}}</ref> The 11th Infantry gave it to the 9th Infantry Regiment at their headquarters in [[Calbayog]] a few months before the 9th Infantry's departure for home.<ref name=dm/> They arrived in San Francisco on 27 June 1902. The unit was returned to its old Madison Barracks in [[Sackets Harbor, New York]] where they built a brick pedestal to display it. In 1928, it was moved to [[Fort Lewis]] in [[Tacoma, Washington]]. The bell was later kept at the 2nd Infantry Division Museum in [[Camp Red Cloud]], [[Uijeongbu]], South Korea. It had previously been displayed at the unit's [[Camp Hovey]] headquarters.<ref name="robson"/>

The 11th Infantry left the Philippines in February 1904 taking the two larger bells with them and redeployed to [[Fort D.A. Russell (Wyoming)|Fort D.A. Russell]] in Wyoming on 23 March 1904. On 16 May 1905, the ''Cheyenne Daily Leader'' reported that the cannon had been mounted on the parade ground near the flagpole along with other relics from the Philippines "to include the famous bell which gave the signal for the massacre of a whole company. Two large bells three feet tall and a seven-foot cannon were proudly displayed in front of the flagpole on the parade ground of the fort."<ref name=annals />

A sign was installed over one of the bells:

{{quote box
| border=2px
| align=left
| halign=center
| quote=<poem>
This bell hung in the church at Balangiga, Samar, PI, and rung the signal for the attack on Company C, 9th U.S. Infantry, Sept 29, 1901. Taken by Company L, 11th Infantry and detachment of Company K, 11th Infantry, the first units to reach the scene after the massacre.<ref name=annals>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/annalsofwyom59121987wyom|title=The F.E. Warren Air Force Base War Trophies from Balangiga, P.I|author=Gerald M. Adams|journal=Annals of Wyoming|volume=59|issue=1|date=Spring 1987|pages=29–38}}</ref>
</poem>
|width=60%
}}

The sign erroneously credited units of the 11th Infantry with being the first to reach Balangiga after the battle, but it was changed in 1911 giving proper credit to Company G, 9th Infantry for recapturing Balangiga.<ref name=annals /> The 11th Infantry reposted to Texas in 1913, leaving the two large bells behind.

In 1927, Fort D.A. Russell was renamed Fort Francis E. Warren. The Army left Fort Francis E. Warren in 1941, again leaving the bells where they were. On 7 October 1949, the former Army base became [[Francis E. Warren Air Force Base]], and the bells became artefacts in the collection of the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]].<ref name=dm/> In 1967, Colonel Robert J. Hill, commander of the 90th Missile Wing, had a curved red brick wall constructed in the F. E. Warren AFB trophy park for the bells, with a bronze plaque on the wall between them telling the story of the massacre at Balangiga.

{{as of|1987}}, a faint inscription was visible on the back of both bells, reading:

{{quote box
| border=2px
| align=left
| halign=center
| quote=<poem>USED BY PHILIPPINOS{{sic}}
TO SOUND SIGNAL FOR MASSACRE
OF COMPANY "C" NINTH INFANTRY
AT BALANGIGA P.l.
28TH SEPTEMBER 1901<ref name=annals />
</poem>
|width=30%
}}

In 1979, it was discovered that a bronze cannon that was also taken from Balangiga had been cast in London in 1557 and bore the monogram of [[Mary I of England]].<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Warren ICBM and Heritage Museum | title =English Falcon Cannon | url=http://www.warrenmuseum.com/2016/10/09/english-falcon-cannon/ | date = 9 October 2016 | accessdate = 16 December 2018}}</ref><ref name=dm/> {{as of|2001}}, a glass case housed the bells along with the 400 year-old [[Falconet (cannon)|Falcon cannon]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Mead |first=Griver |title=For Whom the Bells Toll |pages= |publisher=AsianWeek.com |date=11 October 2001 |url=http://asianweek.com/2001_10_05/news_bells.html |accessdate=21 March 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827192806/http://www.asianweek.com/2001_10_05/news_bells.html |archivedate=27 August 2008 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | title =Fact Sheets:F.E. Warren History | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209015025/https://www.warren.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4696| accessdate = 16 December 2018}}</ref>

==Recovery attempts==
In November 1957, Fr. Horacio de la Costa of the Department of History at the [[Ateneo de Manila University]] wrote a letter to the Thirteenth Air Force's command historian Chip Wards at [[Clark Air Force Base]] stating that the bells belonged to the Franciscans and that they should be returned to the Philippines. This is the earliest record of Filipino interest in the Balangiga bells.<ref name=dm/> The following year, a group of American Franciscans based in [[Guihulngan, Negros Oriental]] again wrote Wards stating that the two large bells were Franciscan.<ref name=chua/>

In 1987, Tomas Gomez III, then serving as Consul General of the Philippine Consulate in [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]] received correspondence from John Witeck concerning the bells. Walter Kundis, a friend of Witeck's, had discovered the bells at the Francis E. Warren Air Force Base in Wyoming. Witeck also wrote Hawaii Senator [[Spark Matsunaga]], seeking his assistance in having the bells returned to the Philippines. Senator Matsunaga in turn wrote the [[United States Department of the Air Force|Department of the Air Force]], but received a negative reply.<ref>{{cite news | last =Gomez | first =Buddy | title =OPINION: Bells of Balangiga: Antecedents to the retrieval | publisher =[[ABS-CBN News]] | date = 30 October 2017 | URL = https://news.abs-cbn.com/opinions/10/30/17/opinion-bells-of-balangiga-antecedents-to-the-retrieval | accessdate = 4 January 2019}}</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = By sharing the bells, we share the agonies they represent, and then we can close this chapter of our history.
|author = [[Domingo Siazon Jr.]], Philippine Secretary of Foreign Affairs
|source = quoted from the ''Los Angeles Times'', 1998<ref name=lamb>{{cite news | last =Lamb | first =David | title =Bells of Balangiga Take Toll on Ties | publisher = ''Los Angeles Times'' | date = 8 May 1998 | url = http://articles.latimes.com/1998/may/08/news/mn-47615 | accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>
|width = 25%
|align = right
|quoted = 1
}}
The administration of Philippine President [[Fidel Ramos]] initiated attempts to recover one or more of the bells from [[Bill Clinton]]'s administration in the mid-1990s.<ref>{{cite web|last= |first= |title=The Saga of the Balangiga Bells |url=http://davinci.rodal-intl.org:8020/rudy/filipinas/balangiga.html |accessdate=20 March 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121143002/http://davinci.rodal-intl.org:8020/rudy/filipinas/balangiga.html |archivedate=21 January 2010 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | title =The Bells of Balangiga Revisited | url=http://www.philnews.com/2005/da.html |website=Philnews.com| accessdate = 19 March 2008}}</ref> The United States government has been adamant that the bells are US government property, that it would take an Act of Congress to return them, and that the Catholic Church has no say in the matter. The Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines hold the position that the bells are inappropriate as trophies of war.<ref name="cbcp"/> In 1998, Ramos proposed casting two new bells, then having each country keep an original and a duplicate. Philippine Ambassador to the United States Raul Rabe visited [[Cheyenne, Wyoming]] twice, trying to win support for this proposal. He was not successful.<ref name=lamb/>

In 2002, the Philippine Senate approved Senate Resolution No. 393, authored by [[Aquilino Pimentel Jr.]] and urging the [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo|Arroyo]] administration to undertake formal negotiations with the United States for the return of the bells.<ref name="nene"/> In 2005, Bishop of Borongan [[Samar]], Bishop Leonardo Medroso, and Balangiga parish priest Saturnino Obzunar wrote an open letter addressed to President [[George W. Bush]], the United States Congress, and the Helsinki Commission requesting them to facilitate the return of the bells.<ref>{{cite news | last =Pilapil | first =Jaime | title =Balangiga bells to be returned to RP soon | pages = | publisher =Manila Standard Today | date = 14 November 2005 | url =http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/?page=news03_nov14_2005 | accessdate = 20 March 2008}}</ref> That same year, the Wyoming Veterans’ Commission favored the return of the Filipino-American War relics, but Wyoming Governor [[Dave Freudenthal]] stated that he disagreed with the Commission and opposed returning the bells.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lariosa |first=Joseph |title=US vets group wants to return Balangiga Bells to RP |pages= |publisher=The Filipino Express |date=14 April 2005 |url=http://www.filipinoexpress.com/19/16_news.html |accessdate=20 March 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316202735/http://www.filipinoexpress.com/19/16_news.html |archivedate=16 March 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> On 13 January 2005, Congressman [[Bob Filner]] introduced H.Res.313 urging the President to authorize the transfer of ownership of one of the bells to the people of the Philippines. The resolution died on 3 January 2007 with the adjournment of Congress. On 26 September 2006, Congressmen Bob Filner, [[Dana Rohrabacher]], and [[Ed Case]] co-sponsored House Concurrent Resolution No. 481 urging the President to authorize the return of the church bells,<ref>{{cite news | last =Sampayan | first =Sonny | title =Bells of Balangiga Resolution filed in U.S. Congress | pages = | publisher =Samar News.com | date = 29 September 2006 | url =http://www.samarnews.com/news_clips5/news85.htm | accessdate = 20 March 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080313233923/http://www.samarnews.com/news_clips5/news85.htm| archivedate= 13 March 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref> but it died on 3 January 2009 with the adjournment of Congress.

In 2007, [[Napoleon Abueva]], the Philippines' National Artist for sculpture, wrote American Ambassador to the Philippines [[Kristie Kenney]] asking for her help in the bells' recovery.<ref>{{cite news | last = | first = | title =Help return Balangiga bells | pages = | publisher =Philstar Global Corp. | date = 26 July 2007 | url =http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=8426 | accessdate = 20 March 2008}}</ref> Senator [[Manny Villar]] filed Senate Resolution No. 177 on October 25, a resolution "expressing the sense of the Senate for the return to the Philippines of the Balangiga Bells which were taken by the US troops from the town of Balangiga, Province of Samar in 1901".<ref>{{cite web|last=Villar |first=Manuel |title=14th Congress - Senate Resolution No. 177 |url=http://www.senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=14&q=SRN-177 |accessdate=20 March 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209031139/http://www.senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=14&q=SRN-177 |archivedate=9 December 2007 |df= }}</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = Give us back those Balangiga bells. They are ours. They belong to the Philippines. They are part of our national heritage. ''Isauli naman ninyo. Masakit 'yan sa amin.'' (Please return it. That is painful for us.)
|author = [[Rodrigo Duterte]], Philippine President
|source = quoted from his State of the Nation Address, 24 July 2017<ref>{{cite news | last =Esmaquel II | first =Paterno | title =Give us back Balangiga bells, Duterte tells U.S. | publisher = Rappler | date = 24 July 2017 | url = https://www.rappler.com/nation/176576-sona-2017-philippines-duterte-us-balangiga-bells | accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>
|width = 25%
|align = right
|quoted = 1
}}
The townspeople of Balangiga asked the United States to return the church bells when they received relief from the U.S. military after [[Typhoon Haiyan]] hit the town in 2013.<ref name="reuters please bells">{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/21/us-philippines-typhoon-usa-idUSBRE9AK1CO20131121 | title=Please can we have our bells back? Philippine town asks U.S | work=Reuters | date=21 November 2013 | accessdate=22 November 2013 | author=Layne, Nathan}}</ref> President Duterte demanded the bells' return in his State of the Nation Address on 24 July 2017,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2017/07/24/duterte-us-return-balangiga-bells-554668 |title=Duterte to US: Return Balangiga bells |work=Sunstar Philippines |location=Manila |publisher=Sunstar Philippines |date=24 July 2017 |accessdate=24 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.philippinerevolution.info/statements/20170801-balangigas-lasting-relevance-of-peoples-uprising-will-haunt-duterte|title= Balangiga’s lasting relevance of people’s uprising will haunt Duterte|publisher=Sunstar Philippines|date=1 August 2017|accessdate=14 August 2017}}</ref> but he did not raise the issue in a bilateral meeting with President [[Donald Trump]] in November 2017 during the [[2017 ASEAN Summits|31st ASEAN Summit]].<ref>{{cite news | last =Ranada | first =Pia | title =Duterte doesn't raise Balangiga bells with Trump | publisher =[[Rappler]] | date = 14 November 2017 | url =https://www.rappler.com/nation/188423-duterte-balangiga-bells-trump-bilateral-meeting-asean-summit-2017 | accessdate = 25 November 2017}}</ref> In February 2018, politicians [[Randy Hultgren]] and [[Jim McGovern (American politician)|Jim McGovern]] objected to the bells being returned to the Philippines due to the current human rights record established by Duterte's [[Philippine Drug War]].<ref>{{cite news | last =Cabico | first =Gaea Katreena | title =US solons object return of Balangiga bells to Philippines due to human rights concerns | publisher =[[The Philippine Star]] | date = 7 February 2018 | url =https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/02/07/1785490/us-solons-object-return-balangiga-bells-philippines-due-human-rights-concerns | accessdate = 12 August 2018}}</ref> The bells were restored and returned by December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20181211-us-returns-war-trophy-bells-philippines|title=US returns war trophy bells to Philippines|date=11 December 2018|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/117-years-set-return-war-trophy-bells-philippines-181209182622159.html|title=117 years on, US returns war-trophy bells to Philippines|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref>

==Repatriation==
{{Quote box
|quote = The history of these bells spans the entire relationship between the United States and the Philippines. In the process, they have touched many lives. And their return underscores the enduring friendship between our countries, our shared values, and shared sacrifices.
|author = [[Sung Kim]], US Ambassador to the Philippines
|source = quoted from his remarks at the Ceremony of the Return of the Balangiga Bells, 11 December 2018<ref>{{cite news | title =Remarks by Ambassador Sung Kim at the Ceremony of the Return of the Balangiga Bells | publisher = Embassy of the United States, Manila | date = 11 December 2018 | url = https://ph.usembassy.gov/remarks-by-ambassador-sung-kim-at-the-ceremony-of-the-return-of-the-balangiga-bells/ | accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>
|width = 25%
|align = left
|quoted = 1
}}

[[File:Balangiga bells after removal from brick wall display in F.E. Warren AFB.jpg|thumb|The two Balangiga bells in Wyoming after removal from display at F. E. Warren AFB]]

During the [[2017 ASEAN Summits]], Philippine Secretary of National Defense [[Delfin Lorenzana]] met with United States Secretary of Defense [[Jim Mattis]], and Lorenzana raised the issue of the Balangiga bells. Mattis made a personal commitment to secure the bells' return in a meeting with Philippine President [[Rodrigo Duterte]], and he then sought legislation to enable the legal repatriation of the bells.<ref>{{cite news | author = [[Sung Kim|Kim, Sung]] | title =Returning the Balangiga bells | publisher =''[[The Philippine Star]]'' | date = 11 December 2018 | url =https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/12/11/1876098/returning-balangiga-bells | accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref> Philippine Ambassador to the United States Babe Romualdez, however, disclosed in an interview with CNN Philippines that President Duterte personally told Mattis to return the bells during the ASEAN Summit meeting in [[Clark Air Base|Clark, Pampanga]] in October 2017.<ref>{{cite news | last = Gregorio | first = Xave | title = How Balangiga bells were given back to PH | publisher =CNN Philippines | date = 6 December 2018 | url =http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/12/06/balangiga-bells-return-philippines.html | accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>

The US [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018|National Defense Authorization Act]] was changed as a result of the 2017 lobbying efforts of Dr. Henry B. Howard and lobbying firms hired by him to expressly permit the return of the Balangiga bells by giving Secretary of Defense Mattis the authority to decide on the matter. In August 2018, Secretary Mattis informed Congress that the Department of Defense intended to return the bells to the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news | last = Rocamora | first = Joyce Ann L. | title = US Defense decides to return Balangiga Bells to PH: Embassy | publisher =[[Philippine News Agency]] | date = 12 August 2018 | URL = http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1044562 | accessdate = 17 December 2018}}</ref> That month the US Embassy in the Philippines issued a statement that the Department of Defense had notified Congress that it planned to return the bells to the Philippines at an unspecified date.<ref>{{cite news | last =Morales | first =Neil Jerome | title =U.S. to return colonization era church bells to the Philippines | publisher =Reuters | date = 12 August 2018 | URL =https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-USA-bells/u-s-to-return-colonization-era-church-bells-to-the-philippines-idUSKBN1KW0FT | accessdate = 12 August 2018}}</ref> The U.S. Department of Defense subsequently announced that the two bells at the Francis E. Warren Air Force Base would be turned over by Secretary Mattis to the Ambassador of the Philippines Jose M. Romualdez on 15 November 2018 in Cheyenne, Wyoming. The third bell in South Korea was also ready for repatriation.<ref name=abs>{{cite news | last=Tagala | first=Don | title =Balangiga Bells to begin journey home to the Philippines | publisher =ABS-CBN News | date = 12 November 2018 | URL =https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/11/12/18/us-to-return-balangiga-bells-to-Philippines | accessdate = 14 November 2018}}</ref> The two bells in Wyoming were then shipped to Philadelphia for restoration work at the expense of Dr. Howard before being sent to Japan, where they joined the third bell.<ref>{{cite news | title =Return of Balangiga Bells Shows Deep RP-US Friendship - Gordon | publisher =[[Senate of the Philippines]] | date = 18 November 2018 | URL =https://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2018/1118_gordon1.asp | accessdate = 21 November 2018}}</ref>

On 10 December 2018, all three church bells were in [[Kadena Air Base]] in Japan awaiting repatriation to the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news | last =Rey | first =Aika | title =Balangiga Bells in Japan before return to the Philippines | publisher =Rappler | date = 10 December 2018 | URL =https://www.rappler.com/nation/218617-balangiga-bells-in-Japan-before-return-Philippines | accessdate = 10 December 2018}}</ref> The next morning, the US Embassy in the Philippines stated that the bells were on board a US Air Force [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules]] on the way to [[Manila]].<ref>{{cite news | title =Balangiga Bells headed to Manila for historic homecoming | publisher =[[ABS-CBN News]] | date = 11 December 2018 | url =https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/11/18/balangiga-bells-headed-to-manila-for-historic-homecoming | accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>

===Arrival in Manila===
[[File:Balangiga bells on display during repatriation ceremony at Villamor Air Base.jpg|thumb|alt=The Balangiga bells on display during a repatriation ceremony at Villamor Air Base. The left bell had been kept by the Army's 9th Infantry Regiment at Camp Red Cloud in South Korea; it is the smallest of the three. The bell in the center is the largest; it and the right bell had been displayed at the F.E Warren Air Force Base's Trophy Park in Cheyenne, Wyoming.|The Balangiga bells on display during a repatriation ceremony at Villamor Air Base. The left bell had been kept by the Army's 9th Infantry Regiment at Camp Red Cloud in South Korea; it is the smallest of the three. The bell in the center is the largest; it and the right bell had been displayed at the F.E Warren Air Force Base's Trophy Park in Cheyenne, Wyoming.]]

The bells arrived in the Philippines at [[Colonel Jesus Villamor Air Base|Villamor Air Base]] on 11 December 2018;<ref name=ret/> and were returned to the Balangiga Church on 15 December 2018.<ref>{{cite news | last = Marquez | first = Consuelo | title =Town in frenzy over return of Balangiga bells after 117 years | publisher =''Philippine Daily Inquirer'' | date = 9 December 2018 | url =https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1061440/town-in-frenzy-over-return-of-balangiga-bells-after-117-years | accessdate = 9 December 2018}}</ref> While in Manila, the bells were put on display at the [[Philippine Air Force Aerospace Museum]] until 14 December.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/12/12/balangiga-bells-on-display-at-paf-aerospace-museum|title=Balangiga bells on display at PAF Aerospace Museum|last=Wakefield|first=Francis|date=2018-12-13|website=Manila Bulletin|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-15}}</ref>

On 13 December 2018, Borongan Bishop [[Crispin Varquez]] released a statement objecting to the proposal embodied in Philippine Senate Resolution No. 965 introduced by Senator [[Juan Miguel Zubiri]] on 6 December 2018 which urged the Philippine government to place one of the three bells in the [[National Museum of the Philippines]] in Manila, "to be shared with the Filipino people". The representatives of the Catholic Church stated that the bells are historical artifacts, but they are also sacred objects that "call the faithful to prayer and worship" and therefore rightfully belong in a church.<ref>{{cite news | last =Esmaquel II | first =Paterno | title =Church hits bid to put one Balangiga bell in National Museum | publisher =Rappler | date = 13 December 2018 | url =https://www.rappler.com/nation/218813-church-hits-proposal-put-one-balangiga-bell-national-museum | accessdate = 13 December 2018}}</ref> Zubiri characterized the statement as "arrogant"; National Museum director Jeremy Barns expressed sadness over the incident, and stated that the National Museum had not been involved in Zubiri's resolution, nor had they been informed about it before the fact.<ref>{{cite news | last = Macasero | first = Ryan | title = National Museum saddened over local church's 'hot reaction' to Balangiga Bells proposal | publisher =''The Philippine Star'' | date = 14 December 2018 | URL = https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/12/14/1877046/national-museum-saddened-over-local-churchs-hot-reaction-balangiga-bells-proposal | accessdate = 16 December 2018}}</ref>

===Return to Samar===
The bells were airlifted by a Philippine Air Force [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130]] plane to the nearby town of [[Guiuan]], arriving on 14 December.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com//nation/218882-balangiga-bells-back-eastern-samar-december-14-2018|title=Balangiga Bells back in Eastern Samar for handover|last=Esmaquel|first=Paterno II|date=2018-12-14|website=Rappler|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-15}}</ref> These were then delivered to Balangiga in a two-hour journey via road.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1063213/balangiga-bells-on-final-journey-to-homecoming|title=Balangiga Bells on final journey to homecoming {{!}} Inquirer News|last=Mangosing|first=Frances|date=2018-12-14|website=Inquirer.net|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-15}}</ref> The bells were then turned over to the Balangiga town the next day. In a ceremony attended by President [[Rodrigo Duterte]], the transfer certificate was given to Mayor Randy Graza. Duterte then rang one of the bells, and remarked that the credit for the return of the bells "goes to the American people and the Filipino people".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/678305/duterte-rings-kisses-balangiga-bells-during-turnover-ceremony/story/|title=HOME AT LAST: Duterte rings, kisses Balangiga bell at turnover ceremony|website=GMA News Online|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-15}}</ref>

The three church bells were returned to the San Lorenzo de Martir Parish Church in the afternoon of 15 December 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=US returns looted Balangiga church bells to Philippines |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46578615 |publisher=BBC |date=15 December 2018}}</ref> On Sunday the next day before dawn, one of the bells was rung for [[Simbang Gabi]] for the first time in the church since 1901.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1063822/balangiga-bells-peal-again-for-misa-de-gallo|title=Balangiga bells peal again for ‘Misa de Gallo’ {{!}} Inquirer News|last=Gabieta|first=Joey A.|date=2018-12-17|website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-17}}</ref>

The successful campaign to return the bells came about due to lobbying efforts of Dr. Henry B. Howard to change the 2018 National Defense Appropriations Act and the implementation of such changes by U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Dr. Joseph Felter.<ref>{{cite news|URL=https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2018/11/18/1869455/christmas-bells-balangiga|title=Christmas bells for Balangiga|last=Romualdez|first=Babe|date=18 November 2018|accessdate=19 December 2018|publisher=''[[The Philippine Star]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|URL=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1055688|title=Henry Howard hailed for role in return of Balangiga Bells|last=Parrocha|first=Azer|publisher=[[Philippine News Agency]]|accessdate=19 December 2018}}</ref> Subsequent to these efforts, support of veterans organizations, including the [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] and the [[American Legion]], although not a legal requirement of the 2018 National Defense Appropriations Act, emerged with both organizations passing resolutions supporting the return of the Balangiga bells after the changes to the 2018 National Defense Appropriations Act and the announcement by Secretary Mattis that the bells would be returned. Rolando Borrinaga and former [[United States Navy]] officers Brian Buzzell,<ref>{{cite news | last =De Guzman | first =Sara Soliven | title = The Bells | publisher = ''[[The Philippine Star]]'' | date = 10 December 2018 | URL = https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2018/12/10/1875654/bells | accessdate = 2 January 2019}}</ref> Dennis Wright, and Dan McKinnon are described as those who "campaigned to have the bells repatriated" via lobbying of the veterans organizations;<ref name=sem>{{cite news | last =Sembrano | first =Edgar Allan M. | title =Balangiga bells to be returned December | publisher =[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] | date = 29 October 2018 | url =https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/311487/balangiga-bells-to-be-returned-December/ | accessdate = 15 November 2018}}</ref> these same American ex-servicemen had spearheaded the recovery from [[United States Military Academy|West Point]] in 2016 of another church bell taken in 1901 from the Saints Peter and Paul Church in [[Bauang, La Union]].<ref>{{cite news | last =Olson | first =Wyatt | title =West Point returns bell taken from Philippines church 100 years ago | publisher =[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] | date = 29 April 2016 | url =https://www.stripes.com/news/Pacific/west-point-returns-bell-taken-from-philippines-church-100-years-ago-1.407085 | accessdate = 20 November 2018}}</ref> The Balangiga Research Group's work was important in convincing US veterans to support the effort to return the bells.<ref>{{cite news | last =Angara | first =Edgardo J. | title =The Balangiga Bells (Part 2) | publisher =''[[Manila Bulletin]]'' | date = 29 July 2017 | url =https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/07/29/the-balangiga-bells-part-2/ | accessdate = 18 December 2018}}</ref> The group includes Borrinaga, British journalist Bob Couttie, and E. Jean Wall, the daughter of Adolph Gamlin, an American soldier of the 9th Infantry who survived the Filipino attack in 1901.<ref>{{cite news | last =Reyes | first =Ronaldo O. | title =Historic church bells finally arrive in PH after 117 years | publisher =''[[Sun.Star]] Tacloban'' | date = 11 December 2018 | URL = https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1778332/Tacloban/Feature/Historic-church-bells-finally-arrive-in-PH-after-117-years?rss=1 | accessdate = 18 December 2018}}</ref>

==Contrary opinion==
Eugenio Roy Daza, the grandson of Captain Eugenio Daza, a member of [[Vicente Lukbán]]'s staff who helped organize the surprise attack on the 9th Infantry garrison in 1901, claims that based on the memoirs of his grandfather and on documents he found in US archives, the American soldiers took but a single bell; the bells that had been displayed in Wyoming came not from the Balangiga Church, but from other churches in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news | last = Quintos | first = Patrick | title = Make sure US returns authentic bell, Balangiga hero's grandson tells government | publisher =[[ABS-CBN News]] | date = 14 August 2018 | URL = https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/14/18/make-sure-us-returns-authentic-bell-balangiga-heros-grandson-tells-government | accessdate = 19 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Tupas | first = Emmanuel | title = Guerrilla grandson to gov’t: Ensure Balangiga bells’ return | publisher = ''[[The Philippine Star]]'' | date = 15 August 2018 | URL = https://www.philstar.com/nation/2018/08/15/1842617/guerrilla-grandson-govt-ensure-balangiga-bells-return | accessdate = 19 December 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Elgin Marbles]]
*[[Golden Tara]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{portal| Philippines}}

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170816172329/http://cbcponline.net/borongan/html/balangiga_bells.html Official Stand of the Philippine Catholic Church regarding the Bells of Balangiga]
*[https://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/mattis-war-trophy-bells-return-to-help-us-philippine-ties-1.556647 Image of the two Balangiga bells at F. E. Warren Air Force Base]
*[https://www.stripes.com/news/mattis-calls-for-return-of-church-bells-taken-from-philippines-in-colonial-fight-1.542349#gallery Image of the third Balangiga bell in South Korea]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lo1k-QhTwAQ ''Bells of Balangiga'', a play by Pintig Culture Group - Youtube]

{{coord|11.1095|125.3853|type:landmark_source:enwiki-googlemaplink|display=title}}

{{Bells}}

[[Category:1901 in the Philippines]]
[[Category:2018 in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Art and cultural repatriation]]
[[Category:Bells (instrument)]]
[[Category:History of Eastern Samar]]
[[Category:Looting]]
[[Category:Visayan history]]
[[Category:War trophies]]

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Balangiga bells

2018-12-21T01:01:55Z

Overthrows: Reverted to revision 874704673 by Raine12 (talk): Back to old version. (TW)

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{multiple image
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| footer = The three Balangiga bells
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ge1 = Balangiga Bells at the PAF Aerospace Museum 004.jpg
| alt1 = 1853 Balangiga bell
| caption1 = The 1853 bell
| image2 = Balangiga Bells at the PAF Aerospace Museum 003.jpg
| alt2 = 1889 Balangiga bell
| caption2 = The 1889 bell
| image3 = Balangiga Bells at the PAF Aerospace Museum 005.jpg
| alt3 = 1895 Balangiga bell
| caption3 = The 1895 bell
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The '''Balangiga bells''' are three [[church bells]] that were taken by the [[United States Army]] from the Church of [[Saint Lawrence|San Lorenzo de Martir]]<ref name=dm>{{cite journal | author = McKinnon Jr., Daniel W. | title =The Bells of San Lorenzo de Martir | publisher = [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] Wyoming | date =2018 | url =http://vfwwy.org/uploads/Articles/Bells/BellsEssay.pdf | format =[[PDF]] | accessdate = 9 December 2018}}</ref> in [[Balangiga, Eastern Samar]], Philippines as [[war trophies]] after reprisals following the [[Balangiga massacre]] in 1901 during the [[Philippine–American War]]. One church bell was in the possession of the [[9th Infantry Regiment (United States)|9th Infantry Regiment]] at [[Camp Red Cloud]], their base in South Korea,<ref name="nene">{{cite web|last= |first= |title=Voluntary Return of One Balangiga Bell by US Seen |url=http://www.nenepimentel.org/news/20031002_Balangiga.asp |accessdate=20 March 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517125827/http://www.nenepimentel.org/news/20031002_Balangiga.asp |archivedate=17 May 2011 |df= }}</ref><ref name="solving">{{cite web | last =Borrinaga | first =Rolando | title =Solving the Balangiga bell puzzle | url=http://www.geocities.com/rolborr/balbellspuzzle.html | accessdate = 19 March 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022080959/http://geocities.com/rolborr/balbellspuzzle.html|archivedate=22 October 2009}}</ref> while two others were on a former base of the [[11th Infantry Regiment (United States)|11th Infantry Regiment]] at [[Francis E. Warren Air Force Base]] in [[Cheyenne, Wyoming]].<ref name="cbcp">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbcponline.net/borongan/html/balangiga_bells.html|title=The Bells of Balangiga: An Appeal for Support|last=Medroso|first=Leonardo Y.|date=|website=|publisher=Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603060233/http://cbcponline.net/borongan/html/balangiga_bells.html|archive-date=3 June 2010|dead-url=yes|access-date=19 March 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

People representing the [[Catholic Church in the Philippines]], the Philippine government, and the residents of Balangiga had sought to recover the bells since the late 1950s, but their efforts were met with frustration for decades. Progress in negotiations was made in 2018, and the bells finally returned to the Philippines on 11 December 2018, after 117 years.<ref name=ret>{{cite news | title =Balangiga Bells back in Philippines after 117 years | publisher =[[ABS-CBN News]] | date = 11 December 2018 | URL =https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/11/18/balangiga-bells-back-in-philippines-after-117-years | accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>

==Balangiga massacre==
{{Main|Balangiga massacre}}
On 28 September 1901, a group of Filipino villagers from Balangiga ambushed Company C of the 9th U.S. Infantry Regiment while they were at breakfast, killing 48 and wounding 22 of the 78 men of the unit, with only four escaping unhurt and four missing in action. The villagers captured about 100 rifles and 25,000 rounds of ammunition. An estimated 20 to 25 of them died in the fighting, with a similar number of wounded.<ref name="howling">{{cite web|last=Bautista |first=Veltisezar |title=The Balangiga, Samar, Massacre |url=http://www.filipinoamericans.net/balangiga_massacre.shtml |accessdate=20 March 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226150445/http://www.filipinoamericans.net/balangiga_massacre.shtml |archivedate=26 February 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>

In reprisal, General [[Jacob H. Smith]] ordered that Samar be turned into a "howling wilderness" and that they shoot any Filipino male above ten years of age<ref name="howling"/> who was capable of bearing arms. The American soldiers seized three church bells from the town church and moved them back to the United States as war trophies. The 9th Infantry Regiment maintained that the single bell in their possession was presented to the regiment by villagers when the unit left Balangiga on 9 April 1902. The bell had been actually given to them by the 11th Infantry Regiment, which had taken all three bells when they left Balangiga for [[Tacloban]] on 18 October 1901.<ref name="robson">{{cite news|url=https://www.stripes.com/news/book-casts-doubt-on-bell-s-history-1.21657|title=Book casts doubt on bell's history|last=Robson|first=Seth|date=7 July 2004|work=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]]|accessdate=21 March 2008}}</ref>

Smith and his primary subordinate, Major [[Littleton Waller]] of the [[United States Marine Corps]], were both [[court-martial]]led for illegal vengeance against the civilian population of Samar. Waller was acquitted of the charges. Smith was found guilty, admonished and retired from service, but charges were dropped shortly after. He was later hailed as a war hero.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | title =Philippine Insurrection, 1899-1902: A Working Bibliography | url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/history/marshall/military/mil_hist_inst/p/pi2.asc|website=Ibiblio.org | accessdate = 20 March 2008}}</ref>

==History==
The Balangiga church was dedicated in 1854 to Roman martyr [[Saint Lawrence|San Lorenzo]], and the town probably took four years to raise funds to acquire its first church bell.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Balangiga |url=http://balangiga.yolasite.com/history-of-balangiga.php |website=Municipality of Balangiga}}</ref><ref name=bor>{{cite web | last = Bordeos | first = Carl Jaime | title = Historian confirms: Franciscans made Balangiga bells | url=http://cbcpnews.net/cbcpnews/historian-confirms-franciscans-made-2-balangiga-bells/ | publisher = Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines | date = 12 December 2018 | accessdate = 14 December 2018}}</ref> It was cast around 1853 and bears the Franciscan coat of arms.<ref name=chua/> It has a mouth diameter of {{frac|31|1|4}} inches and height of 30 inches. The following inscription appears on this bell: ''"R. San Francisco Año El 1853"'' ("R. San Francisco The Year 1853"). R. San Francisco could have been the parish priest at that time,<ref name="solving1">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AVU1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=bSUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2039%2C32437257|title=Solving the Balangiga bell puzzle|last=Borrinaga|first=Rolando|date=2001-08-11|work=|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|page=A14|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> or the term may represent ''Religioso de San Francisco'', a reference to the name of the religious order of Franciscans.<ref name=bor/>

The second bell was cast around 1889 with a mouth diameter of {{frac|27|3|4}} inches and height of {{frac|27|1|2}} inches. The town acquired it in 1889 through the initiative of Fr. Agustin Delgado, whose name is inscribed on it.<ref name=solving1 /> The following inscription appears on this bell: ''"Se Refundio Siendo Cura Parroco El M.R.P.F{{efn|M.R.P.F. is an [[acronym]] for the title ''Muy Reverendo Padre Fray'' ("[[The Most Reverend|Most Reverend]] Friar").}} Agustin Delgado Año 1889"''. The bells were referred to as ''campana colgante'' in Spanish, meaning "hanging bells". These are usually hung from a beam and are rung using a rope attached to the clapper.<ref name=dm/>

The third and smallest bell may have been acquired in 1895 through the initiative of Fr. Bernardo Aparicio. Estimates of its size deduce a 23- to 24-inch height and a mouth diameter of about 20 inches. It bears the Franciscan emblem.<ref name="solving"/> The following inscription appears on this bell: ''"Se Refundio Siendo Parroco P. Bernardo Aparicio Año 1895"''. Bells of this type are known as ''esquila'' (small bell) or ''Campana de vuelo'', literally a "flight bell" used to sound warning in times of peril. The Spanish word ''refundio'' means that the bell had been recast from scrap bronze.<ref name=dm/>

==Removal to the United States==
[[file:Balangiga Bells.jpg|thumb|left|U.S. soldiers of Company C, 9th Infantry Regiment pose with one of the Balangiga bells seized as war trophy. Photo taken in [[Calbayog, Samar]] in April 1902.]]
After the Balangiga massacre, the town was recaptured on 29 September 1901 by 55 men of Company G, 9th Infantry. That unit departed the town the same day and was replaced by 132 men from Companies K and L of the 11th Infantry Regiment which garrisoned the town until relieved on 18 October 1901. When the 11th Infantry departed, they took the bells removed from the burned-down Balangiga church and a cannon from the plaza in front of the church. The bells were taken because one had been used by the Filipinos to signal the attack on Company C, 9th Infantry<ref name=annals /> and because the metal could have been turned into weapons such as cannons and bayonets. All three bells remained under the charge of quartermaster Captain Robert Alexander at their [[Tacloban]] headquarters.<ref name=dm/>

[[file:Madison Barracks bell.jpg|thumb|The signal bell displayed in the Madison Barracks at [[Sackets Harbor]], New York station of the 9th US Infantry Regiment at the turn of the 20th century. This bell was later moved to [[Camp Red Cloud]] in Korea.]]
The small signal bell was the bell that signaled the attack against American troops by the Filipinos in the Balangiga massacre.<ref name=chua>{{cite news | last = Chua | first = Michael Charleston | title =The Bells of Balangiga: From war trophy to goodwill symbol | publisher =[[ABS-CBN News]] | date = 17 November 2018 | URL =https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/11/17/18/the-bells-of-balangiga-from-war-trophy-to-goodwill-symbol | accessdate = 20 November 2018}}</ref> The 11th Infantry gave it to the 9th Infantry Regiment at their headquarters in [[Calbayog]] a few months before the 9th Infantry's departure for home.<ref name=dm/> They arrived in San Francisco on 27 June 1902. The unit was returned to its old Madison Barracks in [[Sackets Harbor, New York]] where they built a brick pedestal to display it. In 1928, it was moved to [[Fort Lewis]] in [[Tacoma, Washington]]. The bell was later kept at the 2nd Infantry Division Museum in [[Camp Red Cloud]], [[Uijeongbu]], South Korea. It had previously been displayed at the unit's [[Camp Hovey]] headquarters.<ref name="robson"/>

The 11th Infantry left the Philippines in February 1904 taking the bells with them and redeployed to [[Fort D.A. Russell (Wyoming)|Fort D.A. Russell]] in Wyoming on 23 March 1904. On 16 May 1905, the Cheyenne Daily Leader newspaper reported that the cannon had been mounted on the parade ground near the flagpole along with other relics from the Philippines "to include the famous bell which gave the signal for the massacre of a whole company. Two large bells three feet tall and a seven-foot cannon were proudly displayed in front of the flagpole on the parade ground of the fort".<ref name=annals />

A sign was installed over one of the bells:

{{quote box
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| quote=<poem>
This bell hung in the church at Balangiga, Samar, PI, and rung the signal for the attack on Company C, 9th U.S. Infantry, Sept 29, 1901. Taken by Company L, 11th Infantry and detachment of Company K, 11th Infantry, the first units to reach the scene after the massacre.<ref name=annals>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/annalsofwyom59121987wyom|title=The F.E. Warren Air Force Base War Trophies from Balangiga, P.I|author=Gerald M. Adams|journal=Annals of Wyoming|volume=59|issue=1|date=Spring 1987|pages=29–38}}</ref>
</poem>
|width=60%
}}

The sign erroneously credited units of the 11th Infantry with being the first to reach Balangiga after the battle, but it was changed in 1911 giving proper credit to Company G, 9th Infantry for recapturing Balangiga.<ref name=annals /> The 11th Infantry reposted to Texas in 1913, leaving the two large bells behind.
[[file:FE Warren bells.jpg|thumb|left|Two bells exhibited at [[Fort D.A. Russell (Wyoming)|Fort D.A. Russel]] (now [[Francis E. Warren Air Force Base]]) ca. 1910<ref>{{cite web | last= Dobson | first = G. B. | title = Fort D. A. Russell Photos | url=http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/russellbells.html | accessdate = 16 December 2018}}</ref>]]
In 1927, Fort D.A. Russell was renamed Fort Francis E. Warren. The Army left Fort Francis E. Warren in 1941, again leaving the bells where they were. On 7 October 1949, the former Army base became [[Francis E. Warren Air Force Base]], and the bells became artefacts in the collection of the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]].<ref name=dm/> In 1967, Colonel Robert J. Hill, commander of the 90th Missile Wing, had a curved red brick wall constructed in the F. E. Warren AFB trophy park for the bells, with a bronze plaque on the wall between them telling the story of the massacre at Balangiga. {{as of|1987}}, a faint inscription was visible on the back of both bells, reading:

{{quote box
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| quote=<poem>USED BY PHILIPPINOS
TO SOUND SIGNAL FOR MASSACRE
OF COMPANY "C" NINTH INFANTRY
AT BALANGIGA P.l.
28TH SEPTEMBER 1901<ref name=annals />
</poem>
|width=30%
}}

In 1979, it was discovered that a bronze cannon that had also been taken from Balangiga had been cast in London in 1557 and bore the monogram of [[Mary I of England]].<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Warren ICBM and Heritage Museum | title =English Falcon Cannon | url=http://www.warrenmuseum.com/2016/10/09/english-falcon-cannon/ | date = 9 October 2016 | accessdate = 16 December 2018}}</ref><ref name=dm/> {{as of|2001}}, a glass case housed the bells along with the 400 year-old [[Falconet (cannon)|Falcon cannon]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Mead |first=Griver |title=For Whom the Bells Toll |pages= |publisher=AsianWeek.com |date=11 October 2001 |url=http://asianweek.com/2001_10_05/news_bells.html |accessdate=21 March 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827192806/http://www.asianweek.com/2001_10_05/news_bells.html |archivedate=27 August 2008 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | title =Fact Sheets:F.E. Warren History | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209015025/https://www.warren.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4696| accessdate = 16 December 2018}}</ref>

==Recovery attempts==
In November 1957, Fr. Horacio de la Costa of the Department of History at the [[Ateneo de Manila University]] wrote a letter to the Thirteenth Air Force's command historian Chip Wards at [[Clark Air Force Base]] stating that the bells belonged to the Franciscans and that they should be returned to the Philippines. This is the earliest record of Filipino interest in the Balangiga bells.<ref name=dm/> The following year, a group of American Franciscans based in [[Guihulngan, Negros Oriental]] again wrote Wards stating that the two large bells were Franciscan.<ref name=chua/>

{{Quote box
|quote = By sharing the bells, we share the agonies they represent, and then we can close this chapter of our history.
|author = [[Domingo Siazon Jr.]], Philippine Secretary of Foreign Affairs
|source = quoted from the Los Angeles Times, 1998<ref name=lamb>{{cite news | last =Lamb | first =David | title =Bells of Balangiga Take Toll on Ties | publisher = ''Los Angeles Times'' | date = 8 May 1998 | url = http://articles.latimes.com/1998/may/08/news/mn-47615 | accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>
|width = 25%
|align = right
|quoted = 1
}}
The administration of Philippine President [[Fidel Ramos]] initiated attempts to recover one or more of the bells from [[Bill Clinton]]'s administration in the mid-1990s.<ref>{{cite web|last= |first= |title=The Saga of the Balangiga Bells |url=http://davinci.rodal-intl.org:8020/rudy/filipinas/balangiga.html |accessdate=20 March 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121143002/http://davinci.rodal-intl.org:8020/rudy/filipinas/balangiga.html |archivedate=21 January 2010 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | title =The Bells of Balangiga Revisited | url=http://www.philnews.com/2005/da.html |website=Philnews.com| accessdate = 19 March 2008}}</ref> The United States government has been adamant that the bells are US government property, that it would take an Act of Congress to return them, and that the Catholic Church has no say in the matter. The Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines hold the position that the bells are inappropriate as trophies of war.<ref name="cbcp"/> In 1998, Ramos proposed casting two new bells, then having each country keep an original and a duplicate. Philippine Ambassador to the United States Raul Rabe visited [[Cheyenne, Wyoming]] twice, trying to win support for this proposal. He was not successful.<ref name=lamb/>

In 2002, the Philippine Senate approved Senate Resolution No. 393, authored by [[Aquilino Pimentel Jr.]] and urging the [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo|Arroyo]] administration to undertake formal negotiations with the United States for the return of the bells.<ref name="nene"/> In 2005, Bishop of Borongan [[Samar]], Bishop Leonardo Medroso, and Balangiga parish priest Saturnino Obzunar wrote an open letter addressed to President [[George W. Bush]], the United States Congress, and the Helsinki Commission requesting them to facilitate the return of the bells.<ref>{{cite news | last =Pilapil | first =Jaime | title =Balangiga bells to be returned to RP soon | pages = | publisher =Manila Standard Today | date = 14 November 2005 | url =http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/?page=news03_nov14_2005 | accessdate = 20 March 2008}}</ref> That same year, the Wyoming Veterans’ Commission favored the return of the Filipino-American War relics, but Wyoming Governor [[Dave Freudenthal]] stated that he disagreed with the Commission and opposed returning the bells.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lariosa |first=Joseph |title=US vets group wants to return Balangiga Bells to RP |pages= |publisher=The Filipino Express |date=14 April 2005 |url=http://www.filipinoexpress.com/19/16_news.html |accessdate=20 March 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316202735/http://www.filipinoexpress.com/19/16_news.html |archivedate=16 March 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> On 13 January 2005, Congressman [[Bob Filner]] introduced H.Res.313 urging the President to authorize the transfer of ownership of one of the bells to the people of the Philippines. The resolution died on 3 January 2007 with the adjournment of Congress. On 26 September 2006, Congressmen Bob Filner, [[Dana Rohrabacher]], and [[Ed Case]] co-sponsored House Concurrent Resolution No. 481 urging the President to authorize the return of the church bells,<ref>{{cite news | last =Sampayan | first =Sonny | title =Bells of Balangiga Resolution filed in U.S. Congress | pages = | publisher =Samar News.com | date = 29 September 2006 | url =http://www.samarnews.com/news_clips5/news85.htm | accessdate = 20 March 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080313233923/http://www.samarnews.com/news_clips5/news85.htm| archivedate= 13 March 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref> but it died on 3 January 2009 with the adjournment of Congress.

In 2007, [[Napoleón Abueva]], the Philippines' National Artist for sculpture, wrote American Ambassador to the Philippines [[Kristie Kenney]] asking for her help in the bells' recovery.<ref>{{cite news | last = | first = | title =Help return Balangiga bells | pages = | publisher =Philstar Global Corp. | date = 26 July 2007 | url =http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=8426 | accessdate = 20 March 2008}}</ref> Senator [[Manny Villar]] filed Senate Resolution No. 177 on October 25, a resolution "expressing the sense of the Senate for the return to the Philippines of the Balangiga Bells which were taken by the US troops from the town of Balangiga, Province of Samar in 1901".<ref>{{cite web|last=Villar |first=Manuel |title=14th Congress - Senate Resolution No. 177 |url=http://www.senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=14&q=SRN-177 |accessdate=20 March 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209031139/http://www.senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=14&q=SRN-177 |archivedate=9 December 2007 |df= }}</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = Give us back those Balangiga bells. They are ours. They belong to the Philippines. They are part of our national heritage. ''Isauli naman ninyo. Masakit 'yan sa amin.'' (Please return it. That is painful for us.)
|author = [[Rodrigo Duterte]], Philippine President
|source = quoted from his State of the Nation Address, 24 July 2017<ref>{{cite news | last =Esmaquel II | first =Paterno | title =Give us back Balangiga bells, Duterte tells U.S. | publisher = Rappler | date = 24 July 2017 | url = https://www.rappler.com/nation/176576-sona-2017-philippines-duterte-us-balangiga-bells | accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>
|width = 25%
|align = right
|quoted = 1
}}
The townspeople of Balangiga asked the United States to return the church bells when they received relief from the U.S. military after [[Typhoon Haiyan]] hit the town in 2013.<ref name="reuters please bells">{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/21/us-philippines-typhoon-usa-idUSBRE9AK1CO20131121 | title=Please can we have our bells back? Philippine town asks U.S | work=Reuters | date=21 November 2013 | accessdate=22 November 2013 | author=Layne, Nathan}}</ref> President Duterte demanded the bells' return in his State of the Nation Address on 24 July 2017,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2017/07/24/duterte-us-return-balangiga-bells-554668 |title=Duterte to US: Return Balangiga bells |work=Sunstar Philippines |location=Manila |publisher=Sunstar Philippines |date=24 July 2017 |accessdate=24 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.philippinerevolution.info/statements/20170801-balangigas-lasting-relevance-of-peoples-uprising-will-haunt-duterte|title= Balangiga’s lasting relevance of people’s uprising will haunt Duterte|publisher=Sunstar Philippines|date=1 August 2017|accessdate=14 August 2017}}</ref> but he did not raise the issue in a bilateral meeting with President [[Donald Trump]] in November 2017 during the [[2017 ASEAN Summits|31st ASEAN Summit]].<ref>{{cite news | last =Ranada | first =Pia | title =Duterte doesn't raise Balangiga bells with Trump | publisher =[[Rappler]] | date = 14 November 2017 | url =https://www.rappler.com/nation/188423-duterte-balangiga-bells-trump-bilateral-meeting-asean-summit-2017 | accessdate = 25 November 2017}}</ref> In February 2018, politicians [[Randy Hultgren]] and [[Jim McGovern (American politician)|Jim McGovern]] objected to the bells being returned to the Philippines due to the current human rights record established by Duterte's [[Philippine Drug War]].<ref>{{cite news | last =Cabico | first =Gaea Katreena | title =US solons object return of Balangiga bells to Philippines due to human rights concerns | publisher =[[The Philippine Star]] | date = 7 February 2018 | url =https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/02/07/1785490/us-solons-object-return-balangiga-bells-philippines-due-human-rights-concerns | accessdate = 12 August 2018}}</ref> The bells were restored and returned by December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20181211-us-returns-war-trophy-bells-philippines|title=US returns war trophy bells to Philippines|date=11 December 2018|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/117-years-set-return-war-trophy-bells-philippines-181209182622159.html|title=117 years on, US returns war-trophy bells to Philippines|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref>

==Repatriation==
{{Quote box
|quote = The history of these bells spans the entire relationship between the United States and the Philippines. In the process, they have touched many lives. And their return underscores the enduring friendship between our countries, our shared values, and shared sacrifices.
|author = [[Sung Kim]], US Ambassador to the Philippines
|source = quoted from his remarks at the Ceremony of the Return of the Balangiga Bells, 11 December 2018<ref>{{cite news | title =Remarks by Ambassador Sung Kim at the Ceremony of the Return of the Balangiga Bells | publisher = Embassy of the United States, Manila | date = 11 December 2018 | url = https://ph.usembassy.gov/remarks-by-ambassador-sung-kim-at-the-ceremony-of-the-return-of-the-balangiga-bells/ | accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>
|width = 25%
|align = left
|quoted = 1
}}

[[File:Balangiga bells after removal from brick wall display in F.E. Warren AFB.jpg|thumb|The two Balangiga bells in Wyoming after removal from display at F. E. Warren AFB]]

During the [[2017 ASEAN Summits]], Philippine Secretary of National Defense [[Delfin Lorenzana]] met with United States Secretary of Defense [[Jim Mattis]], and Lorenzana raised the issue of the Balangiga bells. Mattis made a personal commitment to secure the bells' return in a meeting with Philippine President [[Rodrigo Duterte]], and he then sought legislation to enable the legal repatriation of the bells.<ref>{{cite news | author = [[Sung Kim|Kim, Sung]] | title =Returning the Balangiga bells | publisher =''[[The Philippine Star]]'' | date = 11 December 2018 | url =https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/12/11/1876098/returning-balangiga-bells | accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref> Philippine Ambassador to the United States Babe Romualdez, however, disclosed in an interview with CNN Philippines that President Duterte personally told Mattis to return the bells during the ASEAN Summit meeting in [[Clark Air Base|Clark, Pampanga]] in October 2017.<ref>{{cite news | last = Gregorio | first = Xave | title = How Balangiga bells were given back to PH | publisher =CNN Philippines | date = 6 December 2018 | url =http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/12/06/balangiga-bells-return-philippines.html | accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>

In August 2018, the US [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018|National Defense Authorization Act]] gave Secretary of Defense [[Jim Mattis]] the authority to decide on the matter, and he informed Congress that the Department of Defense intended to return the bells to the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news | last = Rocamora | first = Joyce Ann L. | title = US Defense decides to return Balangiga Bells to PH: Embassy | publisher =[[Philippine News Agency]] | date = 12 August 2018 | URL = http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1044562 | accessdate = 17 December 2018}}</ref> That month the US Embassy in the Philippines issued a statement that the Department of Defense had notified Congress that it planned to return the bells to the Philippines at an unspecified date.<ref>{{cite news | last =Morales | first =Neil Jerome | title =U.S. to return colonization era church bells to the Philippines | publisher =Reuters | date = 12 August 2018 | URL =https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-USA-bells/u-s-to-return-colonization-era-church-bells-to-the-philippines-idUSKBN1KW0FT | accessdate = 12 August 2018}}</ref> Three months later, Rolando Borrinaga of the Philippines' National Commission for Culture and the Arts stated that the two bells at the Francis E. Warren Air Force Base would be turned over to Philippine representatives on 15 November 2018. The third bell in South Korea was also ready for repatriation.<ref name=abs>{{cite news | last=Tagala | first=Don | title =Balangiga Bells to begin journey home to the Philippines | publisher =ABS-CBN News | date = 12 November 2018 | URL =https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/11/12/18/us-to-return-balangiga-bells-to-Philippines | accessdate = 14 November 2018}}</ref> The two bells in Wyoming were then shipped to Philadelphia for restoration work before being sent to Japan, where they joined the third bell.<ref>{{cite news | title =Return of Balangiga Bells Shows Deep RP-US Friendship - Gordon | publisher =[[Senate of the Philippines]] | date = 18 November 2018 | URL =https://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2018/1118_gordon1.asp | accessdate = 21 November 2018}}</ref>

On 10 December 2018, all three church bells were in [[Kadena Air Base]] in Japan awaiting repatriation to the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news | last =Rey | first =Aika | title =Balangiga Bells in Japan before return to the Philippines | publisher =Rappler | date = 10 December 2018 | URL =https://www.rappler.com/nation/218617-balangiga-bells-in-Japan-before-return-Philippines | accessdate = 10 December 2018}}</ref> The next morning, the US Embassy in the Philippines stated that the bells were on board a US Air Force [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules]] on the way to [[Manila]].<ref>{{cite news | title =Balangiga Bells headed to Manila for historic homecoming | publisher =[[ABS-CBN News]] | date = 11 December 2018 | url =https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/11/18/balangiga-bells-headed-to-manila-for-historic-homecoming | accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>

===Arrival in Manila===
[[File:Balangiga bells on display during repatriation ceremony at Villamor Air Base.jpg|thumb|alt=The Balangiga bells on display during a repatriation ceremony at Villamor Air Base. The left bell had been kept by the Army's 9th Infantry Regiment at Camp Red Cloud in South Korea; it is the smallest of the three. The bell in the center is the largest; it and the right bell had been displayed at the F.E Warren Air Force Base's Trophy Park in Cheyenne, Wyoming.|The Balangiga bells on display during a repatriation ceremony at Villamor Air Base. The left bell had been kept by the Army's 9th Infantry Regiment at Camp Red Cloud in South Korea; it is the smallest of the three. The bell in the center is the largest; it and the right bell had been displayed at the F.E Warren Air Force Base's Trophy Park in Cheyenne, Wyoming.]]

The bells arrived in the Philippines at [[Colonel Jesus Villamor Air Base|Villamor Air Base]] on 11 December 2018;<ref name=ret/> and were returned to the Balangiga Church on 15 December 2018.<ref>{{cite news | last = Marquez | first = Consuelo | title =Town in frenzy over return of Balangiga bells after 117 years | publisher =''Philippine Daily Inquirer'' | date = 9 December 2018 | url =https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1061440/town-in-frenzy-over-return-of-balangiga-bells-after-117-years | accessdate = 9 December 2018}}</ref> While in Manila, the bells were put on display at the [[Philippine Air Force Aerospace Museum]] until 14 December.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/12/12/balangiga-bells-on-display-at-paf-aerospace-museum|title=Balangiga bells on display at PAF Aerospace Museum|last=Wakefield|first=Francis|date=2018-12-13|website=Manila Bulletin|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-15}}</ref>

On 13 December 2018, Borongan Bishop [[Crispin Varquez]] released a statement objecting to the proposal embodied in Philippine Senate Resolution No. 965 introduced by Senator [[Juan Miguel Zubiri]] on 6 December 2018 which urged the Philippine government to place one of the three bells in the [[National Museum of the Philippines]] in Manila, "to be shared with the Filipino people". The representatives of the Catholic Church stated that the bells are historical artifacts, but they are also sacred objects that "call the faithful to prayer and worship" and therefore rightfully belong in a church.<ref>{{cite news | last =Esmaquel II | first =Paterno | title =Church hits bid to put one Balangiga bell in National Museum | publisher =Rappler | date = 13 December 2018 | url =https://www.rappler.com/nation/218813-church-hits-proposal-put-one-balangiga-bell-national-museum | accessdate = 13 December 2018}}</ref> Zubiri characterized the statement as "arrogant"; National Museum director Jeremy Barns expressed sadness over the incident, and stated that the National Museum had not been involved in Zubiri's resolution, nor had they been informed about it before the fact.<ref>{{cite news | last = Macasero | first = Ryan | title = National Museum saddened over local church's 'hot reaction' to Balangiga Bells proposal | publisher =''The Philippine Star'' | date = 14 December 2018 | URL = https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/12/14/1877046/national-museum-saddened-over-local-churchs-hot-reaction-balangiga-bells-proposal | accessdate = 16 December 2018}}</ref>

===Return to Samar===
The bells were airlifted by a Philippine Air Force [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130]] plane to the nearby town of [[Guiuan]], arriving on 14 December.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com//nation/218882-balangiga-bells-back-eastern-samar-december-14-2018|title=Balangiga Bells back in Eastern Samar for handover|last=Esmaquel|first=Paterno II|date=2018-12-14|website=Rappler|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-15}}</ref> These were then delivered to Balangiga in a two-hour journey via road.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1063213/balangiga-bells-on-final-journey-to-homecoming|title=Balangiga Bells on final journey to homecoming {{!}} Inquirer News|last=Mangosing|first=Frances|date=2018-12-14|website=Inquirer.net|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-15}}</ref> The bells were then turned over to the Balangiga town the next day. In a ceremony attended by President [[Rodrigo Duterte]], the transfer certificate was given to Mayor Randy Graza. Duterte then rang one of the bells, and remarked that the credit for the return of the bells "goes to the American people and the Filipino people".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/678305/duterte-rings-kisses-balangiga-bells-during-turnover-ceremony/story/|title=HOME AT LAST: Duterte rings, kisses Balangiga bell at turnover ceremony|website=GMA News Online|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-15}}</ref>

The three church bells were returned to the San Lorenzo de Martir Parish Church in the afternoon of 15 December 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=US returns looted Balangiga church bells to Philippines |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46578615 |publisher=BBC |date=15 December 2018}}</ref> On Sunday the next day before dawn, one of the bells was rung for [[Simbang Gabi]] for the first time in the church since 1901.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1063822/balangiga-bells-peal-again-for-misa-de-gallo|title=Balangiga bells peal again for ‘Misa de Gallo’ {{!}} Inquirer News|last=Gabieta|first=Joey A.|date=2018-12-17|website=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-17}}</ref>

The successful campaign to return the bells came about due to the support of veterans organizations, including the [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] and the [[American Legion]], according to Rolando Borrinaga. Another source cited Borrinaga, and former [[United States Navy]] officers Dennis Wright and Dan McKinnon as those who "campaigned to have the bells repatriated";<ref name=sem>{{cite news | last =Sembrano | first =Edgar Allan M. | title =Balangiga bells to be returned December | publisher =[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] | date = 29 October 2018 | url =https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/311487/balangiga-bells-to-be-returned-December/ | accessdate = 15 November 2018}}</ref> these same American ex-servicemen had spearheaded the recovery from [[United States Military Academy|West Point]] in 2016 of another church bell taken in 1901 from the Saints Peter and Paul Church in [[Bauang, La Union]].<ref>{{cite news | last =Olson | first =Wyatt | title =West Point returns bell taken from Philippines church 100 years ago | publisher =[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] | date = 29 April 2016 | url =https://www.stripes.com/news/Pacific/west-point-returns-bell-taken-from-philippines-church-100-years-ago-1.407085 | accessdate = 20 November 2018}}</ref> The Balangiga Research Group's work was also instrumental in convincing US veterans to support the effort to return the bells.<ref>{{cite news | last =Angara | first =Edgardo J. | title =The Balangiga Bells (Part 2) | publisher =''[[Manila Bulletin]]'' | date = 29 July 2017 | url =https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/07/29/the-balangiga-bells-part-2/ | accessdate = 18 December 2018}}</ref> The group includes Borrinaga, British journalist Bob Couttie, and E. Jean Wall, the daughter of Adolph Gamlin, an American soldier of the 9th Infantry who survived the Filipino attack in 1901.<ref>{{cite news | last =Reyes | first =Ronaldo O. | title =Historic church bells finally arrive in PH after 117 years | publisher =''[[Sun.Star]] Tacloban'' | date = 11 December 2018 | URL = https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1778332/Tacloban/Feature/Historic-church-bells-finally-arrive-in-PH-after-117-years?rss=1 | accessdate = 18 December 2018}}</ref> US Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Southeast Asia Joseph Felter and American businessman and philanthropist Henry B. Howard are also credited for "having played a major role in the return of the bells".<ref>{{cite news | last =Romualdez | first =Babe | title =Christmas bells for Balangiga | publisher =''[[The Philippine Star]]'' | date = 18 November 2018 | URL = https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2018/11/18/1869455/christmas-bells-balangiga | accessdate = 19 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Parrocha | first =Azer | title =Henry Howard hailed for role in return of Balangiga Bells | URL=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1055688 | publisher = [[Philippine News Agency]] | accessdate = 19 December 2018}}</ref>

==Contrary opinion==
Eugenio Roy Daza, the grandson of Captain Eugenio Daza, a member of [[Vicente Lukbán]]'s staff who helped organize the surprise attack on the 9th Infantry garrison in 1901, claims that based on the memoirs of his grandfather and on documents he found in US archives, the American soldiers took but a single bell; the bells that had been displayed in Wyoming came not from the Balangiga Church, but from other churches in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news | last = Quintos | first = Patrick | title = Make sure US returns authentic bell, Balangiga hero's grandson tells government | publisher =[[ABS-CBN News]] | date = 14 August 2018 | URL = https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/14/18/make-sure-us-returns-authentic-bell-balangiga-heros-grandson-tells-government | accessdate = 19 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Tupas | first = Emmanuel | title = Guerrilla grandson to gov’t: Ensure Balangiga bells’ return | publisher = ''[[The Philippine Star]]'' | date = 15 August 2018 | URL = https://www.philstar.com/nation/2018/08/15/1842617/guerrilla-grandson-govt-ensure-balangiga-bells-return | accessdate = 19 December 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Elgin Marbles]]
*[[Golden Tara]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{portal| Philippines}}

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170816172329/http://cbcponline.net/borongan/html/balangiga_bells.html Official Stand of the Philippine Catholic Church regarding the Bells of Balangiga]
*[https://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/mattis-war-trophy-bells-return-to-help-us-philippine-ties-1.556647 Image of the two Balangiga bells at F. E. Warren Air Force Base]
*[https://www.stripes.com/news/mattis-calls-for-return-of-church-bells-taken-from-philippines-in-colonial-fight-1.542349#gallery Image of the third Balangiga bell in South Korea]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lo1k-QhTwAQ ''Bells of Balangiga'', a play by Pintig Culture Group - Youtube]

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{{Bells}}

[[Category:1901 in the Philippines]]
[[Category:2018 in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Art and cultural repatriation]]
[[Category:Bells (instrument)]]
[[Category:History of Eastern Samar]]
[[Category:Looting]]
[[Category:Visayan history]]
[[Category:War trophies]]