Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Aleksandar Vezenkov

2011-10-08T17:31:34Z

OpenInfoForAll: (edited with ProveIt)

'''Alexander Vezenkov''' (Greek:Αλέξανδρος Βεζένκοφ,born June 8,1995)is a Bulgarian-Greek professional basketball player,currently plays with [[Aris B.C.]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.arisbc.gr/en/Aleksandar-Vezenkov | title=Αλέξανδρος Βεζένκοφ / Aleksandar Vezenkov | publisher=Aris B.C | accessdate=October 08, 2011}}</ref> Vezenkov is one of the best players in his age and he is considerd to be one of the biggest talents in Europe.
==References==
{{reflist}}

Hudson Valley

2011-09-29T18:46:31Z

OpenInfoForAll: tagged article for rescue

{{Refimprove|date=May 2008}}
{{AfDM|page=Hudson Valley (2nd nomination)|year=2011|month=September|day=28|substed=yes|origtag=afdx}}
{{Rescue|page=Hudson Valley (2nd nomination)}}
[[Image:Wpdms ev26188 hudson valley.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Hudson Valley]]
:''For the [[magazine]], see [[Hudson Valley (magazine)]].
{{Regions of New York}}
The '''Hudson Valley''' refers to the [[valley]] of the [[Hudson River]] and its adjacent communities in [[New York]] state, United States, from northern [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]] northward to the cities of [[Albany, New York|Albany]] and [[Troy, New York|Troy]]. An important European settlement in the northeastern United States and a strategic battleground in colonial wars, it now consists of suburbs of the metropolitan area of [[New York City]] at its southern end, shading into rural territory, including "[[Commuter town|exurbs]]," farther north.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

==History==

At the time of the arrival of the first Europeans in the 17th century, the area of Hudson Valley was inhabited primarily by the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian-speaking]] [[Mahican]] and [[Munsee]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] people, known collectively as River Indians.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

The first [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] settlement was in the 1610s with the establishment of [[Fort_Nassau_(North_River)|Fort Nassau]], a trading post (''[[Factory (trading post)|factorij]]'') south of modern-day Albany, with the purpose of exchanging European goods for [[American Beaver|beaver]] pelts.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} Fort Nassau was later replaced by [[Fort Orange (New Netherland)|Fort Orange]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} During the rest of the 17th century, the Hudson Valley formed the heart of the [[New Netherland]] colony operations, with the [[New Amsterdam]] settlement on [[Manhattan]] serving as a post for supplies and defense of the upriver operations.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

During the [[French and Indian War]] in the 1750s, the northern end of the valley became the bulwark of the [[Great Britain|British]] defense against [[France|French]] invasion from [[Canada]] via [[Lake Champlain]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

The valley became one of the major regions of conflict during the [[American Revolution]]. Part of the early strategy of the [[Great Britain|British]] was to sever the colonies in two by maintaining control of the river.<ref>Glatthaar, Joseph T., and Martin, James Kirby (2007). ''Forgotten Allies: The Oneida Indians and the American Revolution'', p. 39. Macmillan. ISBN 0809046008.</ref>

In the early 19th century, popularized by the stories of [[Washington Irving]], the Hudson Valley gained a reputation as a somewhat gothic region inhabited by the remnants of the early days of the Dutch colonization of New York (see, e.g., ''[[The Legend of Sleepy Hollow]]'').{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

Following the building of the [[Erie Canal]], the area became an important industrial center. The canal opened the Hudson Valley and [[New York City]] to commerce with the Midwest and [[Great Lakes]] regions.<ref>Stanne, Stephen P., et al. (1996). ''The Hudson: An Illustrated Guide to the Living River'', p. 120. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813522714.</ref> However, in the mid 20th century, many of the industrial towns went into decline.<ref>Hirschl, Thomas A. and Heaton, Tim B. (1999). ''New York State in the 21st Century'', pp. 126-28. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 027596339X.</ref>
[[Image:Catskills beyond Hudson.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The Catskills seen from across the river.]]
The Hudson Valley also was the location of the estates of many wealthy New York industrialists, such as [[John D. Rockefeller]] and [[Frederick William Vanderbilt]], and of old-moneyed tycoons such as [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]], who was a descendant of one of the early Dutch families in the region.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

The area is associated with the [[Hudson River School]], a group of American [[romanticism|Romantic]] painters who worked from about 1830 to 1870.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

The natural beauty of the Hudson Valley has earned the Hudson River the nickname "America's Rhine," a comparison to the famous 40 mile (65 km) stretch of Germany's [[Rhine|Rhine River]] valley between the cities of [[Bingen am Rhein|Bingen]] and [[Koblenz]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} A similar 30-mile (48 km) [[Hudson River Historic District|stretch of the east bank in Dutchess and Columbia counties]] has been designated a [[National Historic Landmark]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

==Geology and physiography==
The Hudson Valley is a [[Physiographic regions of the world|physiographic section]] of the larger [[Ridge-and-valley Appalachians|Valley And Ridge]] province, which in turn is part of the larger [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian]] physiographic division.<ref name="USGS-Water">{{cite web |title=Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U. S. |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |url=http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/physio.xml |accessdate=2007-12-06 }}</ref>

==Pollution and urban sprawl==
Due to the decrease in [[industry]] within New York State over the past 40 to 50 years, parts of the Hudson Valley have seen [[economic recession|economic decline]] and [[unemployment]] to a greater degree than other areas in the state.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} Still seen in the Valley today are abandoned [[factories]] and old buildings that are remnants of a once thriving region that included upscale theaters, lavish homes, [[hotel|resort hotel]]s, and [[destination spa|health spas]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} The numerous factories that at one time lined the Hudson River poured [[Waste|garbage]] and [[industrial waste]] directly into the river.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} This pollution was not assessed in a comprehensive fashion until the 1970s.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} By that time, the largest company still operating factories in the area was [[General Electric]], which became primarily responsible for cleaning the Hudson River. As of 2008, after decades of litigation, GE was still in the process of complying with government cleanup directives.<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/hudson/ EPA.gov/Hudson]</ref> Though swimming was banned in parts of the river in the early 1960s, the pollution has been steadily declining and, as a result, some municipalities have begun to allow people to swim in it again.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

The crowding and high [[cost of living]] associated with the [[New York metropolitan area]] and its adjacent [[suburbs]] has led increasing numbers of people to move from these densely populated areas to the Hudson Valley, including parts as far north as greater [[Poughkeepsie (NY)|Poughkeepsie]], and commute into [[New York City]] to work.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} This demand for housing has resulted in increased residential development, and a significant increase in housing costs in the lower- and mid-Hudson Valley regions.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} Along with this residential development has come commercial development such as [[shopping mall]]s, and other landmarks of [[suburb]]ia and [[urban sprawl]]. Some long-time residents have reacted to this by forming [[Natural environment|environmental]] and preservationist groups dedicated to stopping further development.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

While parts of the Valley today struggle with [[crime]] and [[poverty]], other parts contain some of the wealthiest and safest communities in the nation. The overall effect of decreased industrialization and increased residential development has been a transformation of the region, especially in the lower- and mid-Hudson Valley, to an exurb struggling to balance the competing demands of maintaining the area's rural character with the conveniences and services of suburban living.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

==Sports==
The [[Hudson Valley Renegades]] is a minor league baseball team affiliated with the [[Tampa Bay Rays]]. The team is a member of the [[New York - Penn League]] and plays at [[Dutchess Stadium]] in [[Fishkill, New York|Fishkill]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

The Hudson Valley Rebels are the Hudson Valley's Premiere [[Rugby union]] club. The Hudson Valley Rebels are members of the [[Metropolitan New York Rugby Football Union]] and were established in 2001. Their home pitch is Beacon Memorial Park, in [[Beacon, New York|Beacon]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

The [[Hudson Valley Hawks]] are a team in the newly formed [[National Professional Basketball League (2007-)|National Professional Basketball League]]. The team's home court is at Beacon High School, in Beacon.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

The [[Hudson Valley Highlanders]] of the [[North American Football League]] play their home games at Dietz Stadium in [[Kingston, New York|Kingston]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

The Hudson Valley Horrors are the region's first non-urban [[Roller Derby|flat track women's roller derby team]] and are part of the grass-roots derby revival. They currently practice and host bouts at Hyde Park Roller Magic in Hyde Park.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

==Regions==

The Hudson Valley is divided into three regions: Lower, Middle and Upper. The following is a list of the counties within the Hudson Valley sorted by region.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}
{| width="100%" |
|-
| width="25%" |
'''Lower Hudson'''
*[[Westchester, New York|Westchester]]
*[[Rockland County, New York|Rockland]]
*[[Putnam County, New York|Putnam]]
*[[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen]]
<br />
||| width="25%" |
'''Mid-Hudson'''
*[[Dutchess County, New York|Dutchess]]
*[[Orange County, New York|Orange]]
*[[Ulster County, New York|Ulster]]
||| width="25%" |
'''Upper Hudson/[[Capital District]]'''
*[[Columbia County, New York|Columbia]]
*[[Greene County, New York|Greene]]
*[[Rensselaer County, New York|Rensselaer]]
*[[Albany County, New York|Albany]]
|}

==Cities and towns==
{{See also|Timeline of town creation in the Hudson Valley}}
{{See also|Timeline of town creation in New York's Capital District}}
{| width="100%" |
|-
| width="25%" |
*[[Airmont, New York|Airmont]]
*[[Albany, New York|Albany]]
*[[Ancram, New York|Ancram]]
*[[Annandale-on-Hudson, New York|Annandale-on-Hudson]]
*[[Athens, New York|Athens]]
*[[Beacon, New York|Beacon]]
*[[Brewster, New York|Brewster]]
*[[Carmel, New York|Carmel]]
*[[Catskill (town), New York|Catskill]]
*[[Chester (village), New York|Chester]]
*[[Chestnut Ridge, New York|Chestnut Ridge]]
*[[Coeymans, New York|Coeymans]]
*[[Cohoes, New York|Cohoes]]
*[[Cold Spring, New York|Cold Spring]]
*[[Congers, New York|Congers]]
*[[Copake, New York|Copake]]
*[[Cornwall, New York|Cornwall]]
*[[Cortlandt Manor, New York|Cortlandt Manor]]
*[[Coxsackie, New York|Coxsackie]]
*[[Croton-on-Hudson, New York|Croton-on-Hudson]]
*[[East Fishkill, New York|East Fishkill]]
*[[Fishkill, New York|Fishkill]]
*[[Fort Montgomery, New York|Fort Montgomery]]
*[[Garrison, New York|Garrison]]
*[[Gardiner, New York|Gardiner]]
*[[Goshen (village), New York|Goshen]]
||| width="25%" |
*[[Grand View-on-Hudson, New York|Grand View-On-Hudson]]
*[[Hannacroix, New York|Hannacroix]]
*[[Hastings-on-Hudson, New York|Hastings-on-Hudson]]
*[[Haverstraw, New York|Haverstraw]]
*[[Highland, Ulster County, New York|Highland]]
*[[Highland Falls, New York|Highland Falls]]
*[[Highland Mills, New York|Highland Mills]]
*[[Hillburn, New York|Hillburn]]
*[[Hillcrest, Rockland County, New York|Hillcrest of Rockland]]
*[[Hillsdale, New York|Hillsdale]]
*[[Hudson, New York|Hudson]]
*[[Hyde Park, New York|Hyde Park]]
*[[Kingston, New York|Kingston]]
*[[Mahopac, New York|Mahopac]]
*[[Monsey, New York|Monsey]]
*[[Montgomery, New York|Montgomery]]
*[[Marlboro, New York|Marlboro]]
*[[Middletown, Orange County, New York|Middletown]]
*[[Millbrook, New York|Millbrook]]
*[[Milton, New York|Milton]]
*[[Monroe (town), New York|Monroe]]
*[[Mount Ivy, New York|Mount Ivy]]
*[[Nanuet, New York|Nanuet]]
*[[New Baltimore, New York|New Baltimore]]
*[[Newburgh (town), New York|Newburgh, Town of]]
||| width="25%" |
*[[Newburgh (city), New York|Newburgh, City of]]
*[[New City, New York|New City]]
*[[New Paltz (town), New York|New Paltz]]
*[[New Windsor, New York|New Windsor]]
*[[Nyack, New York|Nyack]]
*[[Ossining (town), New York|Ossining]]
*[[Palisades, New York|Palisades]]
*[[Patterson, New York|Patterson]]
*[[Pawling (village), New York|Pawling]]
*[[Pearl River, New York|Pearl River]]
*[[Peekskill, New York|Peekskill]]
*[[Piermont, New York|Piermont]]
*[[Pleasant Valley (town), New York|Pleasant Valley]]
*[[Pomona, New York|Pomona]]
*[[Poughkeepsie (city), New York|Poughkeepsie]]
*[[Putnam Valley, New York|Putnam Valley]]
*[[Ravena, (village) New York|Ravena]]
*[[Red Hook, New York|Red Hook]]
*[[Rhinebeck, New York|Rhinebeck]]
*Rye,Town of
*Rye,City of
*[[Saugerties (village), New York|Saugerties]]
*[[Selkirk, New York|Selkirk]]
*[[Sleepy Hollow, New York|Sleepy Hollow]]
||| width="25%" |
*[[Sloatsburg, New York|Sloatsburg]]
*[[South Nyack, New York|South Nyack]]
*[[Sparkill, New York|Sparkill]]
*[[Spring Valley, New York|Spring Valley]]
*[[Staatsburg, New York|Staatsburg]]
*[[Stony Point, New York|Stony Point]]
*[[Suffern, New York|Suffern]]
*[[Taghkanic, New York|Taghkanic]]
*[[Tarrytown, New York|Tarrytown]]
*[[Tivoli, New York|Tivoli]]
*[[Troy, New York|Troy]]
*[[Upper Nyack, New York|Upper Nyack]]
*[[Valhalla, New York|Valhalla]]
*[[Valley Cottage, New York|Valley Cottage]]
*[[Wawarsing, New York]]
*[[Wappinger, New York|Wappinger]]
*[[Warwick, New York|Warwick]]
*[[Washingtonville, New York|Washingtonville]]
*[[West Haverstraw, New York|West Haverstraw]]
*[[West Nyack, New York|West Nyack]]
*[[West Point, New York|West Point]]
*[[Yonkers, New York|Yonkers]]
*[[Yorktown, New York|Yorktown]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Hudson Valley}}

* [http://www.hudsonrivervalley.com/ Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area]
* [http://www.hudsongreenway.state.ny.us/ Hudson River Valley Greenway]
* [http://www.hrvh.org/ Hudson River Valley Heritage]: digital collection of historical materials
* [http://dfl.highlands.com/lisa/lisa.html Livingston-Svirsky Archive (LiSA)]

{{New York}}
{{Capital District}}
{{New York metropolitan area}}

{{coord missing|New York}}

[[Category:Hudson Valley| ]]
[[Category:Physiographic sections]]

[[id:Lembah Hudson]]
[[simple:Hudson Valley]]
[[sv:Hudson Valley]]

Russells Teekanne

2011-09-03T06:42:58Z

OpenInfoForAll: Reverted 1 edit by 76.108.144.86 (talk) identified as vandalism to last revision by Collect. (TW)

{{Infobox Bertrand Russell}}
{{atheism2}}
'''Russell's teapot''', sometimes called the '''Celestial teapot''', '''Cosmic teapot''' or '''Bertrand's teapot''', is an [[analogy]] first coined by the philosopher [[Bertrand Russell]] (1872–1970) to illustrate the idea that the [[philosophic burden of proof]] lies upon a person making scientifically [[Falsifiability|unfalsifiable]] claims rather than shifting the burden of proof to others, specifically in the case of [[religion]]. Russell wrote that if he claimed that a teapot were orbiting the sun somewhere in space between the Earth and Mars, it would be nonsensical for him to expect others not to doubt him on the grounds that they could not prove him wrong. Russell's teapot is still referred to in discussions concerning the [[existence of God]] and has drawn some criticism for comparing the unfalsifiablility of a teapot to God.

== Russell's argument ==
In an article titled "Is There a God?" commissioned, but never published, by ''Illustrated'' magazine in 1952, Russell wrote:

{{quote|Many orthodox people speak as though it were the business of sceptics to disprove received dogmas rather than of dogmatists to prove them. This is, of course, a mistake. If I were to suggest that between the Earth and Mars there is a china teapot revolving about the sun in an elliptical orbit, nobody would be able to disprove my assertion provided I were careful to add that the teapot is too small to be revealed even by our most powerful telescopes. But if I were to go on to say that, since my assertion cannot be disproved, it is intolerable presumption on the part of human reason to doubt it, I should rightly be thought to be talking nonsense. If, however, the existence of such a teapot were affirmed in ancient books, taught as the sacred truth every Sunday, and instilled into the minds of children at school, hesitation to believe in its existence would become a mark of eccentricity and entitle the doubter to the attentions of the psychiatrist in an enlightened age or of the Inquisitor in an earlier time.<ref>[http://www.cfpf.org.uk/articles/religion/br/br_god.html Bertrand Russell: Is There a God?]</ref>
}}

In 1958 Russell elaborated on the analogy as a reason for his own atheism:
{{quote|I ought to call myself an agnostic; but, for all practical purposes, I am an atheist. I do not think the existence of the Christian God any more probable than the existence of the Gods of Olympus or Valhalla. To take another illustration: nobody can prove that there is not between the Earth and Mars a china teapot revolving in an elliptical orbit, but nobody thinks this sufficiently likely to be taken into account in practice. I think the Christian God just as unlikely.<ref name="garvey">{{Cite journal|first=Brian|last=Garvey|title=Absence of evidence, evidence of absence, and the atheist’s teapot|journal=[[Ars Disputandi]]|date=2010|volume=10|pages=9–22|url=http://www.arsdisputandi.org/publish/articles/000339/article.pdf}}</ref>
}}

==Contemporary usage==
[[File:Teach the Controversy - Russell's Teapot Messenger Bag, by ErynCerise.jpg|thumb|left|Teach the Controversy – Russell's Teapot Messenger Bag]]

=== Analysis ===
[[Peter Atkins]] said that the core point of Russell's teapot is that no one can prove a negative, and therefore [[Occam's razor]] demands that the more simple theory (in which there is no supreme being) should trump the more complex theory (with a supreme being).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Oxford handbook of religion and science|editors=Clayton, Philip and Simpson, Zachary R.|first=Peter|last=Atkins|authorlink=Peter Atkins|contribution=Atheism and science|pages= 129–130|postscript=}}</ref> He notes that this argument is not good enough to convince the religious, because religious evidence is experienced through personal revelation or received wisdom which cannot be objectively verified and are not accepted forms of [[scientific evidence]].

In his books ''[[A Devil's Chaplain]]'' (2003) and ''[[The God Delusion]]'' (2006), [[Richard Dawkins]] used the teapot as an analogy of an argument against what he termed "agnostic conciliation", a policy of intellectual appeasement that allows for philosophical domains that concern exclusively religious matters.<ref name="devchap">{{cite book
| title = [[A Devil's Chaplain]]
| author = [[Richard Dawkins]]
| publisher = [[Houghton Mifflin]]
| release_date = 2003
| media_type =
| pages =
| isbn = 0-618-33540-4
}}</ref> Science has no way of establishing the existence or non-existence of a god. Therefore, according to the agnostic conciliator, because it is a matter of individual taste, belief and disbelief in a supreme being are deserving of equal respect and attention. Dawkins presents the teapot as a [[reductio ad absurdum]] of this position: if agnosticism demands giving equal respect to the belief and disbelief in a supreme being, then it must also give equal respect to belief in an orbiting teapot, since the existence of an orbiting teapot is just as plausible scientifically as the existence of a supreme being.<ref name = "goddel">{{cite book
| title = [[The God Delusion]]
| author = [[Richard Dawkins]]
| publisher = [[Houghton Mifflin]]
| release_date = 2006
| media_type =
| pages =
| isbn = 0-618-68000-4
}}</ref>

[[Carl Sagan]] uses Russell's teapot for a chapter 'The Dragon In My Garage' in his book [[The Demon-Haunted World]] and he says "''Your inability to invalidate my hypothesis is not at all the same thing as proving it true''". <ref>http://www.users.qwest.net/~jcosta3/article_dragon.htm</ref>

=== Counterarguments ===
Brian Garvey criticises Russell's teapot analogy on the grounds that belief in God is unlike belief in a celestial teapot as there are rational reasons for belief in a deity but none for the teapot.<ref name="garvey">{{Cite journal|first=Brian|last=Garvey|title=Absence of evidence, evidence of absence, and the atheist’s teapot|journal=[[Ars Disputandi]]|date=2010|volume=10|pages=9–22|url=http://www.arsdisputandi.org/publish/articles/000339/article.pdf}}</ref>

It is argued that the analogy fails because the believer and non-believer with regard to the teapot are simply disagreeing about one item in the universe and may hold in common all other beliefs about the universe, which is not true of the atheist and the theist.<ref name="garvey">{{Cite journal|first=Brian|last=Garvey|title=Absence of evidence, evidence of absence, and the atheist’s teapot|journal=[[Ars Disputandi]]|date=2010|volume=10|pages=9–22|url=http://www.arsdisputandi.org/publish/articles/000339/article.pdf}}</ref> Philosopher Brian Garvey argues that it is not a matter of the theist propounding existence of a thing and the atheist simply denying it - each is asserting an alternative explanation of why the cosmos exists and is the way it is: "the atheist is not just denying an existence that the theist affirms – the atheist is in addition committed to the view that the universe is not the way it is because of God. It is either the way it is because of something other than God, or there is no reason it is the way it is."<ref name="garvey"/>Garvey however does not find credible the attack on the analogy that exploits the directly observable aspect of the teapot. He writes:
"For, even if the concession is made that in denying that there’s evidence for God’s existence one is not just denying that we can see God, the atheist will simply restore the analogy, and hence the teapot argument, by arguing that we
have no indirect evidence for God’s existence either. Thus the argument would run: we have no evidence, direct or indirect, either for the teapot or for God, and everybody admits that it would be unreasonable to suspend judgement regarding the existence of the teapot."<ref name="garvey"/>

Literary critic and novelist [[James Wood (critic)|James Wood]], without believing in God, says that belief in God "is a good deal more reasonable than belief in a teapot" because God is a "grand and big idea" which "is not analogically disproved by reference to celestial teapots or vacuum cleaners, which lack the necessary bigness and grandeur" and "because God cannot be [[Reification (fallacy)|reified]], cannot be turned into a mere thing".<ref>{{Cite journal|first=James|last=Wood|authorlink=James Wood (critic)|title=The Celestial Teapot|journal=[[The New Republic]]|date=18 December 2006|issue=27|url=http://www.tnr.com/article/the-celestial-teapot|postscript=}}</ref>

Philosopher [[Paul Chamberlain]] says it is logically erroneous to assert that ''positive'' truth claims bear a burden of proof while ''negative'' truth claims do not.<ref name="chamberlain">Chamberlain. Paul, [http://books.google.com/books?id=2AdNgqzawLAC&dq Why People Don't Believe: Confronting Seven Challenges to Christian Faith], pp. 82-83, Baker Books 2011</ref> He notes that ''all'' truth claims bear a burden of proof, and that the teapot and spaghetti monster bear the greater burden not because of their negativity but because of their triviality, arguing that "When we substitute normal, serious characters such as Plato, Nero, Winston Churchill, or George Washington in place of these fictional characters, it becomes clear that anyone denying the existence of these figures has a burden of proof equal to, or in some cases greater than, the person claiming they do exist." <ref name="chamberlain"/>

Another counter-argument, advanced by [[Oklahoma State University]] philosophy professor Eric Reitan,<ref>http://www.religiondispatches.org/contributors/ericreitan/</ref> is that belief in God is different from belief in a teapot because teapots are physical and therefore in principle verifiable, and that given what we know about the physical world we have no good reason to think that belief in Russell's teapot is justified and at least some reason to think it not. Reitan goes on to argue that "what makes God relevantly different from the celestial teapot" is that God "refers to a being whose existence would fulfill our ethico-religious hope – that is, our hope that the universe is fundamentally on the side of goodness. But the fulfillment of that hope is not found within the empirical world studied by science."<ref name=Reitan>{{cite book | title = Is God a Delusion?|author = Eric Reitan|publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | release_date = 2008 | media_type = | pages = 78–80 | isbn = 1-4051-8361-6}}</ref>

=== Parody ===
The concept of Russell's teapot has been extrapolated into more explicitly religion-parodying forms such as the [[Invisible Pink Unicorn]]<ref name = "goddel"/> and the [[Flying Spaghetti Monster]].<ref name="Wolf2006">{{cite news | title=The Church of the Non-Believers | first=Gary | last=Wolf | date=November 14, 2006 | publisher=[[Wired News]] | url=http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.11/atheism.html}}</ref>

==See also==
*''[[The Root of All Evil?]]'', a television documentary written and presented by Richard Dawkins
*[[Parody religion]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{irreligion}}
{{philosophy of religion}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Russell's Teapot}}
[[Category:Bertrand Russell]]
[[Category:Agnosticism]]
[[Category:Atheism]]
[[Category:Criticism of religion]]
[[Category:Philosophical arguments]]
[[Category:Parodies]]
[[Category:Skepticism]]

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Mobile Computing

2011-08-29T03:41:11Z

OpenInfoForAll: Reverted 1 edit by 115.109.229.106 (talk) identified as vandalism to last revision by Rostz. (TW)

{{expert-subject-multiple|Technology|Computing|date=May 2009}}
{{refimprove|date=July 2008}}

[[File:Telxon PTC-710 with MP 830-42.jpg|thumb|Telxon PTC-710 is a 16-bit mobile computer PTC-710 with MP 830-42 micro[[Printer (computing)|printer]] 42-column version. It was manufactured by the Telxon corporation since early 1990s. This one was used as a portable [[ticket machine]] by [[Czech Railways]] (České dráhy) in the 1990s.]]

'''Mobile computing''' is a form of [[human–computer interaction]] by which a [[computer]] is expected to be transported during normal usage. Mobile computing has three aspects: mobile communication, mobile hardware, and mobile software. The first aspect addresses communication issues in ad-hoc and infrastructure networks as well as communication properties, protocols, data formats and concrete technologies. The second aspect is on the hardware, e.g., mobile devices or device components. The third aspect deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications.

== Definitions ==
Mobile computing is "taking a computer and all necessary files and software out into the field."<ref>http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/more/bea/Glossary.html#m</ref>

"Mobile computing: being able to use a computing device even when being mobile and therefore changing location. Portability is one aspect of mobile computing."<ref>http://mobileman.projects.supsi.ch/glossary.html</ref>

"Mobile computing is the ability to use computing capability without a pre-defined location and/or connection to a network to publish and/or subscribe to information ." Uwe Vieille, AAMC.org

== Devices ==
Many types of mobile computers have been introduced since the [[1990]]s including the:
*[[Carputer]]
*[[Personal digital assistant]]/[[enterprise digital assistant]]
*[[Smartphone]]
*[[Tablet computer]]
*[[Ultra-Mobile PC]]
*[[Wearable computer]]

== Limitations ==
*'''Insufficient bandwidth''': Mobile Internet access is generally slower than direct cable connections, using technologies such as [[GPRS]] and [[EDGE]], and more recently [[HSDPA]] and [[HSUPA]] [[3G]] networks. These networks are usually available within range of commercial cell phone towers. Higher speed [[wireless LAN]]s are inexpensive but have very limited range.

*'''Security standards''': When working mobile one is dependent on public networks, requiring careful use of [[virtual private networks|VPN]]. Security is a major concern while concerning the mobile computing standards on the fleet. One can easily attack the VPN for a very huge number of networks interconnected through the line.

*'''Power consumption''': When a power outlet or portable generator is not available, mobile computers must rely entirely on battery power. Combined with the compact size of many mobile devices, this often means unusually expensive batteries must be used to obtain the necessary battery life.

*'''Transmission interferences''': Weather, terrain, and the range from the nearest signal point can all interfere with signal reception. Reception in tunnels, some buildings, and rural areas is often poor.

*'''Potential health hazards''': More car accidents are related to drivers who communicate with mobile devices. Cell phones may interfere with sensitive medical devices. There are allegations that cell phone signals may cause health problems. {{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}

*'''Human interface with device''': Screens and keyboards tend to be small, which may make them hard to use. Alternate input methods such as speech or handwriting recognition require training.

== In-vehicle computing and fleet computing ==
Many commercial and government field forces deploy a ruggedized portable computer such as the Panasonic [[Toughbook]] or larger [[19-inch rack|rack-mounted]] computers with their fleet of vehicles. This requires the units to be anchored to the vehicle for driver safety, device security, and [[ergonomics]]. Ruggedized computers are rated for severe vibration associated with large service vehicles and off-road driving and the harsh environmental conditions of constant professional use such as in [[emergency medical services]], fire, and public safety.

[[Image:Compaq portable.jpg|thumb|The [[Compaq Portable]]]]

Other elements that enables the unit to function in vehicle:
* [[Operating temperature]]: A vehicle cabin can often experience temperature swings from -20F to +140F. Computers typically must be able to withstand these temperatures while operating. Typical fan based cooling has stated limits of 95F-100F of ambient temperature, and temperature below freezing require localized heaters to bring components up to operating temperature(based on independent studies by the SRI Group and by Panasonic R&D).
* Vibration: Vehicles typically have considerable vibration that can decrease life expectancy of computer components, notably rotational storage such as [[Hard disk drive|HDDs]].
* Daylight, or sunlight readability: Visibility of standard screens becomes an issue in bright sunlight.
* Touchscreens: These enable users to easily interact with the units in the field without removing gloves.
* High-temperature battery settings:. Lithium ion batteries are sensitive to high temperature conditions for charging. A computer designed for the mobile environment should be designed with a high-temperature charging function that limits the charge to 85% or less of capacity.
* External wireless connections, and external GPS antenna connections: Necessary to contend with the typical metal cabins of vehicles and their impact on wireless reception, and to take advantage of much more capable external tranception equipment.

Several specialized manufacturers such as First Mobile Technologies, National Products Inc ([[Ram Mounts]]), Gamber Johnson and LedCo build mounts for vehicle mounting of computer equipment for a wide range of vehicles. The mounts are built to withstand the harsh conditions and maintain ergonomics.

Specialized installation companies specialize in designing the mount design, assembling the parts, and installing them in a safe and consistent manner away from [[airbags]], vehicle HVAC controls, and driver controls. Frequently installations will include a [[Wireless Wide Area Network|WWAN]] modem, power conditioning equipment, and WWAN/WLAN/GPS/etc. Transceiver antennæ mounted external to the vehicle.

==Portable computing devices==
{{main|Mobile device|Portable computer}}
{{Cleanup|section|date=February 2009}}

There are several categories of portable computing devices that can run on batteries but are not usually classified as laptops: portable computers, keyboardless tablet PCs, Internet tablets, PDAs, ultra mobile PCs (UMPCs) and smartphones.

[[Image:Nokia N800 OS2008 RSS Wikinews.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Nokia N800]] Internet tablet]]

A [[portable computer]] is a general-purpose computer that can be easily moved from place to place, but cannot be used while in transit, usually because it requires some "setting-up" and an AC power source. The most famous example is the [[Osborne 1]]. Portable computers are also called a "transportable" or a "luggable" PC.

A [[tablet PC]] that lacks a keyboard (also known as a non-convertible tablet PC) is shaped like slate or a paper notebook, features a touchscreen with a stylus and handwriting recognition software. Tablets may not be best suited for applications requiring a physical keyboard for typing, but are otherwise capable of carrying out most tasks that an ordinary laptop would be able to perform.

A [[personal digital assistant]] (PDA) is a small, usually pocket-sized, computer with limited functionality. It is intended to supplement and to synchronize with a desktop computer, giving access to contacts, address book, notes, e-mail and other features.[[Image:PalmTX.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Palm TX]] PDA]]

A PDA with a web browser is an '''Internet tablet''', an [[Internet appliance]] in tablet form. Unlike a tablet PC, an Internet tablet does not have much computing power and its applications suite is limited, and it can not replace a general purpose computer. Internet tablets typically feature an MP3 and video player, a web browser, a chat application and a picture viewer.

An [[ultra mobile PC]] is a full-featured, PDA-sized computer running a general-purpose operating system.

A [[smart phone]] is a PDA with an integrated cellphone functionality. Current smartphones have a wide range of features and installable applications.

A [[carputer]] is a computing device installed in an automobile. It operates as a wireless computer, sound system, GPS, and DVD player. It also contains word processing software and is bluetooth compatible.<ref>http://www.engadget.com/tag/carputer/</ref>

A [[Fly Fusion Pentop computer]] is a computing device the size and shape of a pen. It functions as a writing utensil, MP3 player, language translator, digital storage device, and calculator.<ref>http://www.geardiary.com/2007/10/07/the-fly-fusion-pentop-computer-review/</ref>

Boundaries that separate these categories are blurry at times. For example, the [[OQO]] UMPC is also a PDA-sized tablet PC; the [[EMate 300|Apple eMate]] had the clamshell form factor of a laptop, but ran PDA software. The [[HP Omnibook]] line of laptops included some devices small enough to be called ultra mobile PCs. The hardware of the [[Nokia 770]] internet tablet is essentially the same as that of a PDA such as the [[Sharp Zaurus|Zaurus]] 6000; the only reason it's not called a PDA is that it does not have [[Personal information manager|PIM]] software. On the other hand, both the 770 and the Zaurus can run some desktop Linux software, usually with modifications.

== Mobile data communication ==
[[Wireless]] data connections used in mobile computing take three general forms.<ref name="Ositech">[http://www.ositech.com/downloads/123dwnlod_1.html "Wireless Data Communications for Beginners"], ''Ositech''</ref> [[Cellular network|Cellular]] data service uses technologies such as [[GSM]], [[Code division multiple access|CDMA]] or [[General Packet Radio Service|GPRS]], and more recently [[3G]] networks such as [[W-CDMA (UMTS)|W-CDMA]], [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]] or [[CDMA2000]].<ref>Lachu Aravamudhan, Stefano Faccin, Risto Mononen, Basavaraj Patil, Yousuf Saifullah, Sarvesh Sharma, Srinivas Sreemanthula. [http://www.informit.com/articles/printerfriendly.aspx?p=98132 "Getting to Know Wireless Networks and Technology"], ''InformIT''</ref><ref>[http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/imt-2000/DocumentsIMT2000/What_really_3G.pdf "What really is a Third Generation (3G) Mobile Technology"], ''ITU''</ref> These networks are usually available within range of commercial [[Cell site|cell towers]]. [[Wi-Fi]] connections offer higher performance<ref>Gier, Jim. [http://www.wireless-nets.com/resources/downloads/wireless_industry_report_2007.pdf "Wireless Network Industry Report"], ''Wireless Nets, Ltd.''</ref>, may be either on a private business network or accessed through public [[Hotspot (Wi-Fi)|hotspots]], and have a typical range of 100 feet indoors and up to 1000 feet outdoors.<ref>[http://www.hotrecruiter.com/resources/technical-tutorials/35-freelance-tips-a-tutorials/893-wi-fi "Wi-Fi"]</ref> [[Satellite Internet access]] covers areas where cellular and Wi-Fi are not available<ref>Mitchell, Bradley. [http://compnetworking.about.com/od/internetaccessbestuses/g/bldef_satellite.htm "Satellite Internet"]</ref> and may be set up anywhere the user has a [[Line-of-sight propagation|line of sight]] to the satellite's location<ref>[http://www.compassroseintl.com/pubs/Intro_to_sats.html "Introduction to Global Satellite Systems"], ''CompassRose International Publications''</ref>, which for satellites in [[geostationary]] orbit means having an unobstructed view of the southern sky.<ref name="Ositech" /> Some enterprise deployments combine networks from multiple cellular networks or use a mix of cellular, Wi-Fi and satellite.<ref>[http://www.netmotionwireless.com/resources/case_studies.aspx Case studies], ''netmotionwireless.com''</ref> When using a mix of networks, a [[mobile virtual private network]] ([[mobile virtual private network|mobile VPN]]) not only handles the [[Computer security|security]] concerns, but also performs the multiple network [[Login|logins]] automatically and keeps the [[Application software|application]] connections alive to prevent [[Crash (computing)|crashes]] or data loss during network transitions or coverage loss.<ref>Phifer, Lisa. [http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/tip/0,289483,sid40_gci1210989_mem1,00.html "Mobile VPN: Closing the Gap"], ''SearchMobileComputing.com'', July 16, 2006. </ref><ref name="Cheng">Cheng, Roger. [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119717610996418467.html "Lost Connections"], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', December 11, 2007. </ref>

==See also==
{{commons category|Mobile computers}}
* [[Enterprise digital assistant]]
* [[Location-based service]]
* [[Mobile ad-hoc network]]s
* [[Mobile Computing and Communications Review]]
* [[Mobile development]]
* [[Mobile device management]]
* [[Mobile identity management]]
* [[Mobile software]]
* [[Mobileer]]s (users of [[mobile rig]]s)
* [[Ubiquitous computing]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
# GH Forman, J Zahorjan - Computer, 1994 - doi.ieeecomputersociety.org
# David P. Helmbold, "A dynamic disk spin-down technique for mobile computing", citeseer.ist.psu.edu, 1996
# MH Repacholi, "health risks from the use of mobile phones", Toxicology Letters, 2001 - Elsevier
# Landay, J.A. Kaufmann, T.R., "user interface issues in mobile computing", Workstation Operating Systems, 1993.
# T Imielinski, BR Badrinath "mobile wireless computing, challenges in data management- Communications of the ACM, 1994 - portal.acm.org
# Roth, J. "Mobile Computing - Grundlagen, Technik, Konzepte", 2005, dpunkt.verlag, Germany

==Further reading==

* {{cite book | title=Mobile Computing Principles: Designing and Developing Mobile Applications with UML and XML | first=Reza | last=B'Far | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2004 | isbn=0521817331}}
* {{cite book | title=Ubiquitous Computing: Smart Devices, Environments and Interactions | first=Stefan | last=Poslad | publisher=Wiley | year=2009 | isbn=0470035609}}
* {{cite book | title=The Wireless Internet Explained | publisher=Digital Press | year=2001 | first=John | last=Rhoton | isbn=1555582575}}
* {{cite book | title=Mobile Computing: Technology, Applications, and Service Creation | first=Asoke | last=Talukder | first2=Roopa | last2=Yavagal | publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional | year=2006 | isbn=0071477330}}

{{Computer sizes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mobile Computing}}
[[Category:Mobile computers| ]]
[[Category:Automatic identification and data capture]]

[[hi:मोबाइल कम्प्यूटिंग]]
[[it:Mobile computing]]
[[ta:நகர்வுக் கணிமை]]
[[te:మొబైల్ కంప్యూటింగ్]]

Mobile Computing

2011-04-23T19:53:56Z

OpenInfoForAll: Reverted 1 edit by 41.218.252.12 (talk) identified as vandalism to last revision by AgadaUrbanit. (TW)

{{expert-subject-multiple|Technology|Computing|date=May 2009}}
{{refimprove|date=July 2008}}

[[File:Telxon PTC-710 with MP 830-42.jpg|thumb|Telxon PTC-710 is a 16-bit mobile computer PTC-710 with MP 830-42 micro[[Printer (computing)|printer]] 42-column version. It was manufactured by the Telxon corporation since early 1990s. This one was used for example as portable [[ticket machine]] by [[Czech Railways]] (České dráhy) in the 1990s.]]

'''Mobile computing''' is a form of [[human–computer interaction]] where a [[computer]] is expected to be transported during normal usage. Mobile computing has three aspects: mobile communication, mobile hardware, and mobile software. The first aspect addresses communication issues in ad-hoc and infrastructure networks as well as communication properties, protocols, data formats and concrete technologies. The second aspect focusses on the hardware, i.e. mobile devices or device components. The third aspect deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications.

== Definitions ==

Mobile computing is "taking a computer and all necessary files and software out into the field."<ref>http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/more/bea/Glossary.html#m</ref>

"Mobile computing: being able to use a computing device even when being mobile and therefore changing location. Portability is one aspect of mobile computing."<ref>http://mobileman.projects.supsi.ch/glossary.html</ref>

== Devices ==

Many types of mobile computers have been introduced since the [[1990]]s, including the
:

*[[Wearable computer]]
*[[Personal digital assistant]]/[[enterprise digital assistant]]
*[[Smartphone]]
*[[Carputer]]
*[[Ultra-Mobile PC]]
*[[Tablet computer]]

== Technical and other limitations of mobile computing ==
*'''Insufficient bandwidth'''
Mobile Internet access is generally slower than direct cable connections, using technologies such as [[GPRS]] and [[EDGE]], and more recently [[HSDPA]] and [[HSUPA]] [[3G]] networks. These networks are usually available within range of commercial cell phone towers. Higher speed [[wireless LAN]]s are inexpensive, but have very limited range.
*'''Security standards'''
When working mobile one is dependent on public networks, requiring careful use of [[VPN]]s means the Virtual private networks.The security is a major concern while concering the mobile computing standards on the fleet.One can easily attack the VPN for a very huge number of networks interconnected through the line.
*'''Power consumption'''
When a power outlet or portable generator is not available, mobile computers must rely entirely on battery power. Combined with the compact size of many mobile devices, this often means unusually expensive batteries must be used to obtain the necessary battery life.
*'''Transmission interferences'''
Weather, terrain, and the range from the nearest signal point can all interfere with signal reception. Reception in tunnels, some buildings, and rural areas is often poor.
*'''Potential health hazards'''
More car accidents are related to drivers who were talking through a mobile device. Cell phones may interfere with sensitive medical devices. There are allegations that cell phone signals may cause health problems. {{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}
*'''Human interface with device'''
Screens and keyboards tend to be small, which may make them harder to use. Alternate input methods such as speech or handwriting recognition require training.

== In-vehicle computing and fleet computing ==
Many commercial and government field forces deploy a ruggedized portable computer such as the Panasonic [[Toughbook]] or larger [[19-inch rack|rack-mounted]] computers with their fleet of vehicles. This requires the units to be anchored to the vehicle for driver safety, device security, and user [[ergonomics]]. Ruggedized computers are rated for severe vibration associated with large service vehicles and off-road driving, and the harsh environmental conditions of constant professional use such as in [[emergency medical services]], fire and public safety.

[[Image:Compaq portable.jpg|thumb|The [[Compaq Portable]]]]

Other elements that enables the unit to function in vehicle:
* [[Operating temperature]]: A vehicle cabin can often experience temperature swings from -20F to +140F. Computers typically must be able to withstand these temperatures while operating. Typical fan based cooling has stated limits of 95F-100F of ambient temperature, and temperature below freezing require localized heaters to bring components up to operating temperature(based on independent studies by the SRI Group and by Panasonic R&D).
* Vibration: Vehicles typically have considerable vibration that can decrease life expectancy of computer components, notably rotational storage such as [[Hard disk drive|HDDs]].
* Daylight, or sunlight readability: Visibility of standard screens becomes an issue in bright sunlight.
* Touchscreens: These enable users to easily interact with the units in the field without removing gloves.
* High-temperature battery settings:. Lithium ion batteries are sensitive to high temperature conditions for charging. A computer designed for the mobile environment should be designed with a high-temperature charging function that limits the charge to 85% or less of capacity.
* External wireless connections, and external GPS antenna connections: Necessary to contend with the typical metal cabins of vehicles and their impact on wireless reception, and to take advantage of much more capable external tranception equipment.

Several specialized manufacturers such as First Mobile Technologies, National Products Inc ([[Ram Mounts]]), Gamber Johnson and LedCo build mounts for vehicle mounting of computer equipment for a wide range of vehicles. The mounts are built to withstand the harsh conditions and maintain ergonomics.

Specialized installation companies specialize in designing the mount design, assembling the parts, and installing them in a safe and consistent manner away from [[airbags]], vehicle HVAC controls, and driver controls. Frequently installations will include a [[Wireless Wide Area Network|WWAN]] modem, power conditioning equipment, and WWAN/WLAN/GPS/etc. transceiver antennæ mounted external to the vehicle. Mobile internet access is generally slower than direct cable connections, using technologies such as general packet radio service (GPRS) and Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution (EDGE), and more recently 3G networks. These networks are usually available within range of commercial cell phone towers. Higher speed wireless LANs are inexpensive, but have very limited range

==Portable computing devices==
{{main|Mobile device|Portable computer}}
{{Cleanup|section|date=February 2009}}

There are several categories of portable computing devices that can run on batteries but are not usually classified as laptops: portable computers, keyboardless tablet PCs, Internet tablets, PDAs, ultra mobile PCs (UMPCs) and smartphones.

[[Image:Nokia N800 OS2008 RSS Wikinews.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Nokia N800]] Internet tablet]]

A [[portable computer]] is a general-purpose computer that can be easily moved from place to place, but cannot be used while in transit, usually because it requires some "setting-up" and an AC power source. The most famous example is the [[Osborne 1]]. Portable computers are also called a "transportable" or a "luggable" PC.

A [[tablet PC]] that lacks a keyboard (also known as a non-convertible tablet PC) is shaped like slate or a paper notebook, features a touchscreen with a stylus and handwriting recognition software. Tablets may not be best suited for applications requiring a physical keyboard for typing, but are otherwise capable of carrying out most tasks that an ordinary laptop would be able to perform.

An '''Internet tablet''' is an [[Internet appliance]] in tablet form. Unlike a tablet PC, an Internet tablet does not have much computing power and its applications suite is limited, and it can not replace a general purpose computer. Internet tablets typically feature an MP3 and video player, a web browser, a chat application and a picture viewer.

A [[personal digital assistant]] (PDA) is a small, usually pocket-sized, computer with limited functionality. It is intended to supplement and to synchronize with a desktop computer, giving access to contacts, address book, notes, e-mail and other features.[[Image:PalmTX.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Palm TX]] PDA]]

An [[ultra mobile PC]] is a full-featured, PDA-sized computer running a general-purpose operating system.

A [[smart phone]] is a PDA with an integrated cellphone functionality. Current smartphones have a wide range of features and installable applications.

A [[carputer]] is a computing device installed in an automobile. It operates as a wireless computer, sound system, GPS, and DVD player. It also contains word processing software and is bluetooth compatible.<ref>http://www.engadget.com/tag/carputer/</ref>

A [[Fly Fusion Pentop computer]] is a computing device the size and shape of a pen. It functions as a writing utensil, MP3 player, language translator, digital storage device, and calculator.<ref>http://www.geardiary.com/2007/10/07/the-fly-fusion-pentop-computer-review/</ref>

Boundaries that separate these categories are blurry at times. For example, the [[OQO]] UMPC is also a PDA-sized tablet PC; the [[EMate 300|Apple eMate]] had the clamshell form factor of a laptop, but ran PDA software. The [[HP Omnibook]] line of laptops included some devices small enough to be called ultra mobile PCs. The hardware of the [[Nokia 770]] internet tablet is essentially the same as that of a PDA such as the [[Sharp Zaurus|Zaurus]] 6000; the only reason it's not called a PDA is that it does not have [[Personal information manager|PIM]] software. On the other hand, both the 770 and the Zaurus can run some desktop Linux software, usually with modifications.

==See also==
{{commons category|Mobile computers}}
* [[Enterprise digital assistant]]
* [[Location-based service]]
* [[Mobile ad-hoc network]]s
* [[Mobile Computing and Communications Review]]
* [[Mobile development]]
* [[Mobile device management]]
* [[Mobile identity management]]
* [[Mobile software]]
* [[Mobileer]]s (users of [[mobile rig]]s)
* [[Ubiquitous computing]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
# GH Forman, J Zahorjan - Computer, 1994 - doi.ieeecomputersociety.org
# David P. Helmbold, "A dynamic disk spin-down technique for mobile computing", citeseer.ist.psu.edu, 1996
# MH Repacholi, "health risks from the use of mobile phones", Toxicology Letters, 2001 - Elsevier
# Landay, J.A. Kaufmann, T.R., "user interface issues in mobile computing", Workstation Operating Systems, 1993.
# T Imielinski, BR Badrinath "mobile wireless computing, challenges in data management- Communications of the ACM, 1994 - portal.acm.org
# Roth, J. "Mobile Computing - Grundlagen, Technik, Konzepte", 2005, dpunkt.verlag, Germany

==Further reading==

* {{cite book | title=Mobile Computing Principles: Designing and Developing Mobile Applications with UML and XML | first=Reza | last=B'Far | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2004 | isbn=0521817331}}
* {{cite book | title=Ubiquitous Computing: Smart Devices, Environments and Interactions | first=Stefan | last=Poslad | publisher=Wiley | year=2009 | isbn=0470035609}}
* {{cite book | title=The Wireless Internet Explained | publisher=Digital Press | year=2001 | first=John | last=Rhoton | isbn=1555582575}}
* {{cite book | title=Mobile Computing: Technology, Applications, and Service Creation | first=Asoke | last=Talukder | first2=Roopa | last2=Yavagal | publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional | year=2006 | isbn=0071477330}}

{{Computer sizes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mobile Computing}}
[[Category:Mobile computers| ]]
[[Category:Automatic identification and data capture]]

[[hi:मोबाइल कम्प्यूटिंग]]
[[it:Mobile computing]]
[[ta:நகர்வுக் கணிமை]]
[[te:మొబైల్ కంప్యూటింగ్]]