Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Kenneth Kendall

2019-01-08T06:08:20Z

Notreallydavid: /* Death */

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kenneth Kendall
| image =
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{birth date |1924|8|7|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2012|12|14|1924|8|7|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Cowes]], [[Isle of Wight]], England
| education =
| occupation = Journalist, television presenter
| alias =
| title =
| family =
| spouse =
| domestic_partner = Mark Fear
| children =
| relatives =
| nationality = British
| religion =
| years_active = 1948–2012
| salary =
| credits = ''[[BBC News]]'' ''[[Treasure Hunt (UK game show)|Treasure Hunt]]
| module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
| allegiance = {{Flagu|United Kingdom|size=23px}}
| branch = {{Nowrap|{{Army|United Kingdom}}}}
| serviceyears = 1942–46
| unit = [[Coldstream Guards]]
| rank = [[File:UK Army OF2-2.png|25px]] [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]]
| awards =
}}
}}

'''Kenneth Kendall''' (7 August 1924 – 14 December 2012)<ref name=bbc141212>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-20730869 |title=Kenneth Kendall, former broadcaster, dies |publisher=BBC |date=14 December 2012 |accessdate=2012-12-14}}</ref> was a British broadcaster. He worked for many years as a [[News presenter|newsreader]] for the [[BBC]], where he was a contemporary of fellow newsreaders [[Richard Baker (broadcaster)|Richard Baker]] and [[Robert Dougall]]. He is also remembered as the host of the [[Channel 4]] game show ''[[Treasure Hunt (UK game show)|Treasure Hunt]]'', which ran between 1982 and 1989, as well as the host of "[[The World Tonight]]" in the 1968 science fiction film ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]''.

==Early life ==
Kendall was born in India where his father, Frederic William Kendall (d. 30 May 1945) worked.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ancestry.com. England, Andrews Newspaper Index Cards, 1790-1976 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.|url=http://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=andrewsindex&h=235953&ti=5538&indiv=try&gss=pt&ssrc=pt_t16495506_p382361185_kpidz0q3d382361185z0q26pgz0q3d32768z0q26pgPLz0q3dpid&ppvhash=ea5c4d41053e9416561d116c2d4e6d59000039b3e331ca8f|accessdate=27 June 2011}}</ref> He was brought up in [[Cornwall]]. Kendall was educated at [[Felsted School]] in Essex, England. He read Modern Languages at [[Corpus Christi College, Oxford]], for one year before being called up to the [[British Army]].

==Military service==
Kendall joined the [[Coldstream Guards]] where he was commissioned as a lieutenant. He arrived in [[Invasion of Normandy|Normandy]] ten days after [[D Day]] but was wounded about a month later. In 1945, he was among 100,000 British military personnel sent to [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]]. In 1946 he was demobilised from the Guards as a [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]].

==Broadcasting career==
After leaving the army, Kendall returned to Oxford to complete his Modern Language degree. He hoped to join the [[Foreign Office]] but instead joined the BBC in 1948 as a radio newsreader. In 1954 he transferred to television. Although he was not the first newsreader on BBC television, Kendall was the first to appear in front of a camera reading the news in 1955.<ref>Dennis Barker [https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/dec/14/kenneth-kendall Obituary: Kenneth Kendall], ''The Guardian'', 14 December 2012</ref> As he was employed on a freelance basis by the BBC, he also worked as an actor for a [[Repertory theatre|repertory company]] based in [[Crewe]], and briefly at the menswear retailer [[Austin Reed (retailer)|Austin Reed]] in [[Regent Street]], where he met actor [[John Inman]] and offered him a job in the Crewe theatre company.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/john-inman-439428.html Obituary of John Inman - 'The Independent' newspaper]</ref>

Kendall became known for his elegant dress sense and was voted best-dressed newsreader by ''Style International'' and No.1 newscaster by ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' readers in 1979. He left the BBC in 1961, and from 1961 to 1969 was a freelance newsreader, working occasionally for [[ITN]] and presenting [[Southern Television]]'s ''Day By Day''. He appeared as himself in the ''[[Adam Adamant]]'' episode "The Doomsday Plan", in which he is kidnapped and impersonated. He also appeared in the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' serial ''[[The War Machines]]''.

He rejoined the BBC in 1969 and finally retired from news reading on 23 December 1981.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kenneth Kendall quits in anger|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dMBAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1qUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5386,3672969&dq=kenneth+kendall&hl=en|newspaper=The Glasgow Herald|date=22 December 1981|page=1}}</ref> Kendall's retirement allowed him to work on the popular [[Channel Four]] programme ''[[Treasure Hunt (UK game show)|Treasure Hunt]]'' throughout its first run (1982–1989), which featured [[Anneka Rice]] as a "skyrunner". He also presented the television programme ''[[Songs of Praise]]''.

==Later life==
Soon after retirement from news reading, Kendall lent his voice to the [[BBC Micro]] as part of [[Acorn Computers]]' hardware speech synthesis system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.retro-kit.co.uk/page.cfm/content/Acorn-Speech-Synthesiser-Upgrade/ |title=Acorn Speech Synthesiser upgrade at |publisher=Retro-kit.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-12-17}}</ref>

In 2010 he took part in BBC's ''The Young Ones'', in which six well-known people in their 70s and 80s attempt to overcome some of the problems of ageing by harking back to the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tq4d3 |title=BBC One - The Young Ones |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=22 December 2010 |accessdate=2012-12-15}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kendall lived in [[Cowes]] on the [[Isle of Wight]] with his partner Mark Fear, whom he had been with since 1989. Fear was the owner of a marine art gallery and a [[beekeeper]]. The couple entered into a [[Civil partnership in the United Kingdom|civil partnership]] in 2006.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/tv-radio-obituaries/9745610/Kenneth-Kendall.html Telegraph obituary]</ref>

==Death==
Kendall died on 14 December 2012, following a [[stroke]] a few weeks previously.<ref name=bbc141212/> On 29 April 2013, his partner Mark Fear was found hanged. An inquest concluded that he had committed suicide because he was "overcome by grief".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-24730922|title=Kenneth Kendall's partner took his own life 'overcome by grief'|date=29 October 2013|accessdate=30 October 2013|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''[[The Reckless Moment]]'' (1949) - Man (uncredited)
*''[[The Brain (1962 film)|The Brain]]'' (1962) - TV Newscaster (uncredited)
*''[[They Came from Beyond Space]]'' (1967) - Commentator
*''The Exorcism'' - from the ''[[Dead of Night (TV series)|Dead of Night]]'' BBC TV series. (1972) (Credited)
*''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'' (1968) - BBC-12 Announcer (uncredited)

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0447611|Kenneth Kendall}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121219024059/http://www.visitislandlife.com/sections/articles_interviews/kenneth-kendall-island-life-augsep-2011/ Interview with Kenneth Kendall in 2011]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kendall, Kenneth}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford]]
[[Category:BBC newsreaders and journalists]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:British game show hosts]]
[[Category:British male journalists]]
[[Category:Coldstream Guards officers]]
[[Category:Gay men]]
[[Category:LGBT broadcasters from the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:LGBT journalists from the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People educated at Felsted School]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Cornwall]]

Theatre Royal (Nottingham)

2018-09-27T02:04:47Z

Notreallydavid: /* Phipps’ Building – 1865 */

{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox venue
|name = Theatre Royal Nottingham
|image = TheatreRoyal logo.png
|caption = The theatre’s logo, incorporating the city’s coat of arms
|address = Theatre Square
|city = [[Nottingham City Centre|City Centre]], [[Nottingham]]
|country = [[England]]
|designation =
|latitude =
|longitude =
|architect = [[Charles J. Phipps]]
|owner = [[Nottingham City Council]]
|capacity = 1,186 (4 levels)
|type = Proscenium arch theatre
|opened = 1865
|yearsactive = 31 years (since refurbishment)
|rebuilt =
|closed =
|othernames =
|production =
|currentuse = Touring venue
|website = http://www.trch.co.uk/
}}
[[File:Theatre Royal, Nottingham - geograph.org.uk - 997109.jpg|thumb|The Theatre Royal in 2008]]
The '''Theatre Royal''' in [[Nottingham]], [[England]], is a venue in the heart of [[Nottingham City Centre]] and is owned by [[Nottingham City Council]] as part of a complex that also includes the city’s [[Nottingham Royal Concert Hall|Royal Concert Hall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalcentre-nottingham.co.uk/default.asp?id=20|title=General Information - History|first=|last=|author=|date=|publisher=The Royal Centre|accessdate=18 October 2010|archivedate=29 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929074641/http://royalcentre-nottingham.co.uk/default.asp?id=20|deadurl=yes}}</ref> The Theatre Royal attracts major touring dramas, [[opera]], [[ballet]], [[West End theatre|West End]] [[musicals]] and an annual [[pantomime]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatresonline.com/theatres/nottingham-theatres/theatre-royal/|title=Theatre Royal in Nottingham|first=|last=|author=|date=|publisher=theatresonline.com|accessdate=18 October 2010}}</ref>

==History==
The Theatre Royal was completed in 1865, after six months of work and costing the clients, lace manufacturers John and William Lambert £15,000.<ref>{{cite book|last=Iliffe|first=Richard|title=Victorian Nottingham - Volume 7|year=1972|publisher=Nottingham Historical Film Unit|location=Nottingham|pages=41}}</ref> The Classic façade and [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] columns designed by [[Charles J. Phipps]] are still a major [[Nottingham]] landmark.

The Theatre Royal opened on Monday, 25 September 1865 with [[Richard Brinsley Sheridan|Sheridan]]’s ''[[The School for Scandal]]''.

Baroness Orczy’s ''[[The Scarlet Pimpernel]]'' (1903) was first produced at the Theatre Royal by [[Fred Terry]] and [[Julia Neilson]] before being published as a novel. Although initially the play was met with little success, the novel is credited with influencing the mystery genre and arguably creating the ‘masked hero’ genre.

On October 6, 1952, the theatre made history with the world premiere of ''[[The Mousetrap]]'' (as part of a pre-West End tour). The play has gone on to be the longest-running theatrical production in the world.

In 1969 the city council bought the theatre and began restoring it at a cost of £4 million in the day, re-opening it in 1978. It was in need of restoration and had earned a reputation as one of the worst theatres for backstage conditions in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalcentre-nottingham.co.uk/default.asp?id=20|title=General Information - History|first=|last=|author=|date=|publisher=The Royal Centre|accessdate=18 October 2010}}</ref>

It was officially reopened 6 June 1978 by [[Princess Anne]] who was “impressed and delighted” and said “…what an improvement on the old place. All you had there was the smell of gas.” Inside she met with “…City Council leader Coun. Jack Green…” and unveiled a plaque in the foyer.<ref>{{cite news | last = | first = | coauthors = | title = Royal seal of approval! | newspaper = Evening Post | location = Nottingham | pages = 11 | language = | publisher = | date = 7 June 1978 }}</ref>

==Phipps’ Building – 1865==

The elegant portico, with its six Corinthian columns of [[Ancaster stone]]; owe much to the desire of the Lamberts to build a prestigious theatre. Indeed, the orientation of the portico was designed to afford maximum effect, closing a new street from the Great Market Place, Market Street (originally named Theatre Street).

The original capacity was 2,200, made up as follows:

Dress Circle - 250 
Private Boxes - 50 
Upper Boxes - 250 
Pit - 850 
Gallery - 800

==Matcham’s remodelling – 1897==

The noted theatrical architect [[Frank Matcham]] was engaged to build the new Empire Palace of Varieties next door. The Theatre Royal was closed between the end of April and September 1897 for remodelling. The works included building new dressing rooms at the rear to clear part of the site for the Empire. Matcham also refashioned the existing auditorium.

Frank Matcham pioneered the use of cantilevered steel in his designs, and patented his design. This allowed balconies to be built without the use of supporting pillars; which had characterised the work of the previous generation of theatre architects, such as Phipps. Without pillars, lowering the stage and increasing the rake of the tiers: sight lines were much improved and the audience capacity increased to around 3,000.

==The building today==
The theatre has four tiers of seating, the stalls, dress circle, upper circle and balcony with a total capacity of 1,186 seats. It has seven fully licensed bars including ''The Green Room Cafe Bar'' on the ground floor and ''The Restaurant'' on the dress circle level.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalcentre-nottingham.co.uk/default.asp?id=22|title=Restaurants and Bars|first=|last=|author=|date=|publisher=royalcentre-nottingham.co.uk|accessdate=18 October 2010}}</ref>

The theatre is served by the adjacent [[Royal Centre tram stop]] on the [[Nottingham Express Transit]].<ref name=tcurcts>{{cite web | url = http://www.thetrams.co.uk/net/stops/Royal_Centre | title = Nottingham Express Transit : Tram Stops : Royal Centre | work = TheTrams.co.uk | accessdate = 18 August 2015}}</ref>

==Pantomime==
The theatre has an annual pantomime, usually starring local or national celebrities. Some of them include;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arts-archive.co.uk/index.php?pg=12&action=venue&vid=V458|title=Archive Listings|first=|last=|author=|date=|publisher=arts-archive.co.uk|accessdate=18 October 2010}}</ref>

2018 [[Peter Pan]]

2017 [[Beauty and the Beast]] with [[Sherrie Hewson]] [[Ben Richards (actor)|Ben Richards]] [[Ben Nickless]] & [[Andrew Ryan (actor)|Andrew Ryan]]

2016 [[Jack and the Beanstalk]] with the [[Chuckle Brothers]] [[Gareth Gates]] & [[Tony Maudsley]]

2015 [[Aladdin]] with [[Christopher Biggins]], [[Simon Webbe]] & [[Ben Nickless]]

2014 [[Snow White]] with [[Lesley Joseph]]

2013 [[Peter Pan]] with [[David Hasselhoff]].

2012 [[Cinderella]] with [[John Partridge (actor)|John Partridge]].

2011 [[Sleeping Beauty]] with [[Joe Pasquale]].

2010 [[Aladdin]] with [[Stephen Mulhern]] and [[Gray O'Brien]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalcentre-nottingham.co.uk/default.asp?id=671|title=Aladdin|first=|last=|author=|date=|publisher=royalcentre-nottingham.co.uk|accessdate=18 October 2010}}</ref>

2009 [[Jack and the Beanstalk]] with [[Nigel Havers]] and [[Jenna-Louise Coleman]].

2008 [[Cinderella]] with [[Brian Conley]].

2007 [[Peter Pan]] with [[Debra Stephenson]] and [[John Challis]].

2006 [[Aladdin]] with [[Basil Brush]], [[Christopher Biggins]] and [[Claire Sweeney]].

2005 [[Snow White]] with Claire Sweeney and [[Keavy Lynch]].

2004 [[Dick Whittington]] with [[Kevin Kennedy (actor)|Kevin Kennedy]] and [[Colin Baker]].

2003 [[Peter Pan]] with [[Joe Pasquale]] and [[Leslie Grantham]].

2002 [[Cinderella]] with [[Bobby Davro]] and [[Alex Lovell]].

2001 [[Aladdin]] with [[Cannon and Ball]] and [[Sooty]].

2000 [[Jack and the Beanstalk]] with the [[Chuckle Brothers]] and [[Bonnie Langford]].

1999 [[Snow White]].

1998 [[Dick Whittington]] with [[Lesley Joseph]], [[John Nettles]] and [[Hilary Minster]].

1997 [[Cinderella]] with [[Bradley Walsh]] and [[Judy Cornwell]].

1996 [[Peter Pan]].

1993 [[Mother Goose]] with [[Frank Windsor]] and Maggie Moonie.

1991 [[Cinderella]] with [[Anne Charleston]].

1985 [[Aladdin]] with [[The Patton Brothers]], [[Jimmy Cricket]] and [[Barbara Windsor]].

1981 [[Aladdin]] with Barbara Windsor, [[Keith Harris (ventriloquist)|Keith Harris]] and [[Billy Dainty]].

1975 [[Robin Hood]] with The Patton Brothers.

1974 [[Jack and the Beanstalk]] with [[Little and Large]] and [[Dorothy Dampier]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Theatre}}
*[[Nottingham Royal Concert Hall|Royal Concert Hall, Nottingham]]
*[[Nottingham Playhouse]]
*[[Nottingham City Centre]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=1354411 Detailed historic record for the Royal Centre Nottingham]
*[http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=52.95496,-1.151032&spn=0,359.975538&z=16&layer=c&cbll=52.954946,-1.151166&panoid=BC16Jpee_qmWRySh2pfqqQ&cbp=12,328.44,,0,-7.71 See Theatre Royal on Google Street View]

{{Nottingham Places of Interest |state=autocollapse}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Theatre}}
[[Category:Theatres in Nottingham]]
[[Category:Charles J. Phipps buildings]]

Business Insider

2016-07-16T23:20:26Z

Notreallydavid: /* Contributors */

{{italic title}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox Website
| name = BusinessInsider.com
| logo = File:Business Insider Logo.png
| url = [http://www.businessinsider.com/ BusinessInsider.com]
| commercial = Yes
| type = [[Online newspaper]]
| language = English
| owner = [[Axel Springer SE]]
| editor = [[Henry Blodget]]
| launch date = {{start date and age|2009|2}}
| current status = Active
| alexa = {{IncreaseNegative}} 269 ({{as of|2016|1|27|alt=January 2016}})<ref name="alexa">{{cite web|url= http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/businessinsider.com |title= Businessinsider.com Site Info | publisher= [[Alexa Internet]] |accessdate= 2016-01-27 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Business Insider''''' is an American business, celebrity and technology news website launched in February 2009 and based in New York City. Founded by [[DoubleClick]] former CEO [[Kevin P. Ryan]], it is the overarching brand where ''Silicon Alley Insider'' (launched May 16, 2007) and Clusterstock (launched March 20, 2008) appear.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/about|title=Welcome To Business Insider|accessdate=April 5, 2013}}</ref> The site provides and analyzes business news and acts as an aggregator of top news stories from around the web. In 2011, the online newsroom employed a staff of 50, and the site reported a profit for the first time ever in the 4th quarter of 2010.<ref name=post>{{cite news |title=Business Insider Turns A$2,127 Profit On $4.8 Million in Revenue |work=TechCrunch |date=March 7, 2011 |url=http://techcrunch.com/2011/03/07/business-insider-4-8-million-profit/ }}</ref> In June 2012 it had 5.4 million unique visitors.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hagey|first1=Keach|title=Henry Blodget's Second Act|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444840104577555180608254796|accessdate=2015-11-09|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=July 29, 2012}}</ref>

''Business Insider'' hosts industry conferences including IGNITION,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/event/ignition-2012|title=IGNITION 2012|work=businessinsider.com}}</ref> which explores the emerging business models of digital media. In January 2015, ''Business Insider'' launched BI Intelligence,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/welcome|title=BI Intelligence|work=businessinsider.com}}</ref> a subscription-based research service that provides data and analysis on the mobile, payments, eCommerce, social, and digital media industries. The site each year publishes editorial franchises such as the "Digital 100: The World's Most Valuable Private Tech Companies".<ref>"[http://www.businessinsider.com/digital-100-revised-the-most-valuable-private-companies-in-the-world-2012-11 Digital 100: The World's Most Valuable Private Tech Companies]"</ref>

==Contributors==
The site editors differ greatly in background. CEO and Editor-In-Chief [[Henry Blodget]] is a [[Yale]] history graduate who had worked on Wall Street until he was charged with securities fraud in 2003.<ref>[http://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/comp18115b.htm Factual allegations as submitted by SEC]</ref> He agreed to a permanent ban from the securities industry, payment of a $2 million fine and disgorgement of $2 million.<ref name="sec.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2003-56.htm|title=The Securities and Exchange Commission, NASD and the New York Stock Exchange Permanently Bar Henry Blodget From the Securities Industry and Require $4 Million Payment|publisher=SEC|accessdate=2007-04-21}}</ref> Deputy editor Nicholas Carlson worked at [[Internet.com]] and [[Gawker Media]]'s Silicon Valley gossip blog, [[Valleywag]]. Senior editor Jim Edwards was managing editor at ''[[Adweek]]''.

==Reception==
''Business Insider'' was named to the [[Inc. 500]] in 2012. The Clusterstock section appeared in the ''Time'' article "Best 25 Financial Blogs",<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1873144,00.html |title=Best 25 Financial Blogs | work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |location =New York |date= January 22, 2009 |accessdate =June 1, 2010 |first1=Douglas A. |last1=McIntyre |first2=Ashley C. |last2=Allen}}</ref> and the Silicon Alley Insider section in the ''[[PC Magazine]]'' article "Our Favorite Blogs 2009".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pcmag.com/print_article2/0,1217,a=246136,00.asp?hidPrint=true |title=Our Favorite Blogs 2009 |work=PC Magazine |location =New York |date= November 23, 2009 |accessdate =June 1, 2010}}</ref> ''Business Insider'' was an official [[Webby Award|Webby]] honoree for Best Business blog in 2009.<ref name=webby>{{cite web|title=Blog-Business: Official Honoree|url=http://www.webbyawards.com/winners/2010/web/general-website-categories/blog-business/the-business-insider/|publisher=Webby Awards}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported in January 2014 that ''Business Insider''{{'s}} web traffic was comparable to that of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''.<ref name="NYT: joining Vox"/> However, the website has received widespread criticism for blatant [[clickbait]] and gets most of its "hits" from websites such as Yahoo News, where its articles are often posted.<ref name="wsj._Henr">{{Cite news | title = Henry Blodget's Second Act | last = Hagey | first = Keach | work = WSJ | date = 29 July 2012 | accessdate = 2015-08-13 | url = http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444840104577555180608254796 | quote = }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://techcrunch.com/2012/05/22/henry-blodget-linkbait-slideshows-aggregation/ | title =Business Insider’s Henry Blodget Defends Linkbait, Slideshows, And Aggregation | last =Ha | first = Anthony | date =May 22, 2012 | website =Tech Crunch| publisher =AOL | access-date =January 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-09-29/can-business-insider-make-money- | title =Can Business Insider Make Money? | last =Bershidsky | first =Leonid | date =September 29, 2015 | website =Bloomberg View | publisher =Bloomberg| access-date =January 23, 2016}}</ref> It has also been criticized for routinely putting publishing speed before fact checking.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/04/08/business-outsider | title =Business Outsider | last = Auletta | first = Ken | date =April 8, 2013 | website =The New Yorker | publisher =Condé Nast | access-date =January 23, 2016}}</ref>

==Acquisition==

On 29 September 2015, [[Axel Springer SE]] announced that it had acquired 88% of the stake in Business Insider Inc. for a reported $343 million (€306 million).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.axelspringer.de/en/presse/Leading-Digital-Publisher-Axel-Springer-Acquires-Business-Insider_24619096.html|title=Leading Digital Publisher Axel Springer Acquires Business Insider|date=29 September 2015|accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/web/springer-kauft-business-insider-fuer-300-millionen-euro-a-1055274.html|title= US-Nachrichtenseite: Springer kauft "Business Insider" für 300 Millionen Euro|language=German|accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref> After the purchase [[Axel Springer SE]] will hold a stake of approximately 97%, the personal investment company of [[Jeff Bezos]] will hold the further shares.<ref name=":0"/>

==Tech Insider==
In July 2015 ''Business Insider'' launched standalone technology website ''Tech Insider'' with a staff of 40 people working primarily from the company's existing New York headquarters, but separately from the main ''Business Insider newsroom''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.wsj.com/cmo/2015/07/27/business-insider-broadens-ambitions-with-new-tech-site/|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=27 July 2015|title=Business Insider Broadens Ambitions With New Tech Site}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="NYT: joining Vox">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/27/business/media/ezra-klein-joining-vox-media-as-web-journalism-asserts-itself.html |accessdate=December 26, 2014 |title=Ezra Klein Is Joining Vox Media as Web Journalism Asserts Itself |last1=Carr |first1=David |date=January 26, 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6V7lOyGVm |archivedate=December 26, 2014 |deadurl=no }}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*[http://www.businessinsider.com/ ''Business Insider'' homepage]

[[Category:American business magazines]]
[[Category:Economics websites]]
[[Category:American news websites]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 2009]]
[[Category:Magazines published in New York City]]
[[Category:American online magazines]]

Noahidismus

2016-07-10T10:46:47Z

Notreallydavid: /* Historical movements */

[[File:Rainbow-diagram-ROYGBIV.svg|right|thumb|220px|The rainbow is a modern symbol of Noahidism.]]
{{Jewish outreach}}

'''Noahidism''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|oʊ|ə|.|h|aɪ|d|.|ɪ|s|m}}) or '''Noachidism''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|oʊ|ə|.|x|aɪ|d|.|ɪ|s|m}}) is a monotheistic ideology based on the [[Seven Laws of Noah]], and on their traditional interpretations within [[Rabbinic Judaism]]. According to [[Jewish law]], non-Jews are not obligated to [[Conversion to Judaism|convert to Judaism]], but they are required to observe the Seven Laws of Noah. If they accept and fulfill these commandments with the conviction that [[YHVH]] commanded them in the Torah as transmitted by Moses, and are careful to observe them in accordance with the relevant details within the Torah law, they are assured of a place in the [[World to Come#Jewish eschatology|World to Come (Olam Haba)]], the final reward of the righteous.<ref>[[Mishneh Torah]], Hilkhot M'lakhim 8:14</ref><ref>Encyclopedia Talmudit (Hebrew edition, Israel, 5741/1981, entry ''Ben Noah'', end of article); note the variant reading of Maimonides and the references in the footnote</ref> The Divinely ordained penalty for violating any of these Noahide Laws is discussed in the Talmud, but in practical terms that is subject to the working legal system that is established by the society at large. Those who subscribe to the observance of these commandments are referred to as ''Bene Noach'' (''B'nei Noah'') ({{lang-he|בני נח}}), ''Children of Noah'', ''Noahides'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|oʊ|.|ə|.|h|aɪ|d|ɨ|s}}), or ''Noahites'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|oʊ|.|ə|.|h|aɪ|t|ɨ|s}}). Supporting organizations have been established around the world over the past decades, by either Noahides or observant Jews.

Historically, the Hebrew term ''Bene Noach'' has applied to all non-Jews as descendants of Noah. However, nowadays it is also used to refer specifically to those non-Jews who observe the Noahide Laws.

==Noahic covenant==
According to the [[Book of Genesis]], Noah and his three sons [[Shem]], [[Ham, son of Noah|Ham]], and [[Japheth]] survived the [[Deluge (mythology)|Flood]] aboard the [[Noah's Ark|Ark]], along with their wives. When Noah's family left the Ark, God made a [[covenant (biblical)|covenant]] with them ({{bibleref2|Genesis|9:8–10}}) and all the animals they had aboard the Ark that He would never again destroy the Earth with a flood, and He set the [[Rainbows in mythology|rainbow]] in the sky as a symbol of the [[Genesis flood narrative#Rainbow covenant|covenant]]. The account in Genesis 9 had earlier referred only to a requirement for the eating of meat ({{bibleref2|Genesis|9:2–4}}) (that the animal must be dead before the meat is removed) and the prohibition and punishment of murder ({{bibleref2|Genesis|9:5–6}}), but according to the [[Talmud]] this covenant included all of the Seven Laws of Noah. Therefore, the B'nei Noah – all humans, as descendants of Noah – are subject to the Noahide laws. (Later, God established a separate and more detailed covenant with the Israelite people at Mount Sinai.)

==Maimonides==
[[Maimonides]] collected all of the Talmudic and [[halakha|halakhic]] decisions in his time (''c'' 1135 AD) and laid them out in his work the ''[[Mishneh Torah]]''; in addition to Jewish laws and their explanations, the Noahide laws were also collected with their explanation in Maimonides' ''Sefer Shoftim'' ([[Book of Judges]]) in the last section ''Hilchot Melachim U’Milchamot'' ("The Laws of Kings and Wars") 8:9–10:12.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://en.wikinoah.org/index.php/Maimonides%27_Law_of_Noahides | title = Maimonides’ Law of Noahides | work = WikiNoah}}</ref> Some details of these laws are also found in the [[Midrashic]] literature.<ref>Midrash Rabbah</ref>

==The Seven Laws of Noah==
{{main|Seven Laws of Noah}}
The seven laws listed by the [[Mishnah]] in Sanhedrin 56a are:
to have laws and courts for the society, and to refrain from blasphemy, idolatry, a set of six forbidden sexual relationships, murder, theft, and eating flesh that was removed from a living animal.<ref>[http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_56.html Sanhedrin 56]</ref>

==Historical movements==
The ''Sebomenoi'' or [[God-fearer]]s are an early example of non-Jews being included within the Jewish community.<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YVI2a9jc4pMC&pg=PA30&dq=Tosefta+Avodah+Zarah+9:4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k3LuVPeUC_WIsQTQ0oBo&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Tosefta%20Avodah%20Zarah%209%3A4&f=false| title = Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays| author = Martin Goodman|publisher = BRILL| year = 2007| accessdate= 17 January 2014}}</ref>{{rp| 30–32}} Some consider that the Apostolic Decree originating from the [[Council of Jerusalem]] endorses something similar to the laws of Noah.

==Modern Noahidism==
Some Jewish religious groups have been particularly active in promoting the Seven Laws, notably the [[Chabad-Lubavitch]] movement (whose late leader, Rabbi [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson]], launched the global [[Noahide Campaign]]), groups affiliated with [[Dor Daim]].

Small groups calling themselves the ''B'nei Noah'' (children of Noah) have recently organised themselves to form communities to abide by these laws.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}}

===High Council of B’nei Noah===
{{Main|High Council of B'nei Noah}}
A High Council of B’nei Noah, set up to represent B'nei Noah communities around the world, was endorsed by a group that claimed to be the [[2004 attempt to revive the Sanhedrin|new Sanhedrin]].<ref>[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/news.php3?id=90646 Sanhedrin Moves to Establish Council For Noahides]</ref><ref>[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/news.php3?id=96347 Arutz Sheva]</ref>

==Acknowledgment==
Rabbi [[Meir Kahane]] organized one of the first Noahide conferences in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Halevi|first=Ezra|title=Sanhedrin Recognizes Council to Teach Humanity ´Laws of Noah´|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/96347#.Vb_xDfm6evs|newspaper=Arutz 7 News|date=January 10, 2006}}</ref> In 1990, [[Meir Kahane|Kahane]] was the keynote speaker at the First International Conference of the Descendants of Noah in [[Fort Worth]], Texas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kahane|first1=Meir|title=Rabbi Meir Kahane Speaks at the First International Conference of the Descendants of Noah|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dO3SnckL7A|website=YouTube}}</ref>

The [[Chabad-Lubavitch]] movement has been the most active in Noahide outreach, believing that there is spiritual and societal value for non-Jews in at least simply acknowledging the seven laws, and even more so if they accept or observe them. In 1991, they had a reference to these laws enshrined in a Congressional proclamation: Presidential Proclamation 5956,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=23514 | title = Presidency | publisher = UCSB}}</ref> signed by then-President [[George H. W. Bush]]. Recalling Joint House Resolution 173, and recalling that the ethical and moral principles of all civilizations come in part from the Seven Noahide Laws, it proclaimed March 26, 1991 as "Education Day, U.S.A." Subsequently, Public Law 102-14 formally designated the Lubavitcher Rebbe's 90th birthday as "Education Day, U.S.A.," with Congress recalling that "without these ethical values and principles, the edifice of civilization stands in serious peril of returning to chaos," and that "society is profoundly concerned with the recent weakening of these principles, that has resulted in crises that beleaguer and threaten the fabric of civilized society."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:H.J.RES.104.ENR: | title = Thomas | publisher = LoC}}</ref>

In April, 2006, the spiritual leader of the [[Druze]] community in Israel, Sheikh [[Mowafak Tarif]], met with a representative of Chabad-Lubavitch to sign a declaration calling on all non-Jews in Israel to observe the Noahide Laws as laid down in the Bible and expounded upon in Jewish tradition. The mayor of the Galilean city of [[Shefa-'Amr]] (Shfaram) — where Muslim, Christian and Druze communities live side-by-side — also signed the document.

In March, 2007, Chabad-Lubavitch gathered ambassadors from six different countries to take part in a gathering to declare, in the name of the states they represent, their support of the universal teachings of Noahide Laws. They represented Poland, Latvia, Mexico, Panama, Ghana, and Japan. They were part of a special program organized by Harav Boaz Kali.<ref>[http://chabadjapan.org/blog_e/?p=3 Ambassadors Sign 7 Mitzvos Declaration]</ref>

In April, the [[Abu Gosh]] mayor [[Salim Jaber]] accepted the seven Noahide laws as part of a mass rally by Chabad at the [[Bloomfield Stadium]] in Tel Aviv.

In May, the newly elected president of France, [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], met with a Chabad-Lubavitch rabbi, Dovid Zaoui, who presented him with literature on the universal teachings of the Noahide Laws.<ref>[http://www.chabad.info/index.php?url=article_en&id=8980 French President Sarkozy Discusses Sheva Mitzvos]</ref>

In 2016 Chief Rabbi Yitzhak Yosef taught that Jewish law requires that the only non-Jews allowed to live in Israel are Noahides: "“According to Jewish law, it’s forbidden for a non-Jew to live in the Land of Israel – unless he has accepted the seven Noahide laws.” The Anti-Defamation League issued a strong denunciation of Yosef’s comments, and called on him to retract them.<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Non-Jews-are-forbidden-by-Jewish-law-to-live-in-Israel-chief-rabbi-says-449395 Non-Jews in Israel must keep Noahide laws, chief rabbi says] The Jerusalem Post, March 28, 2016</ref>

==Ten Commandments==
Judaism does not require non-Jews to keep all of the [[Ten Commandments]]. Some within Orthodox Judaism view the keeping of certain of the Ten Commandments as being forbidden to non-Jews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jewishEncyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=G#543|title=''Gentiles May Not Be Taught the Torah.''|publisher=Jewishencyclopedia.com|accessdate=8 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://halakhah.com/pdf/nezikin/Sanhedrin.pdf| title = Sanhedrin| publisher = Halakhah.com 59a-b| accessdate= 25 February 2015}}</ref> The Ten Commandments are actually only 10 from among the total number of 613 Jewish commandments in the Torah. Some of this disagreement arises from the [[English language|English]] translation of the [[Hebrew]] term for the Ten Commandments. In [[Biblical Hebrew]], the ten commandments that were inscribed by God on the tablets at [[Mount Sinai]] are called עשרת הדברות, meaning "the ten sayings," because of the 613 Jewish commandments ("Mitzvot"), those 10 are the only ones that were spoken openly by God to the entire Jewish nation when they were assembled at Mount Sinai. The rest of the 613 Mitzvot were taught to Moses by God, and Moses taught them to the rest of the Jewish people. ''[[Mitzvot]]'' is the Hebrew term for commandment.<ref>[http://www.jewfaq.org/10.htm www.jewfaq.org]</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Ger toshav]]
* [[Haredi Judaism]]
* [[Hasidic Judaism]]
* [[Judaizers]]
* [[Proselyte]]
* [[Righteous among the Nations]]
* [[Righteous gentile]]
* [[Sons of Noah]]
* [[Shituf]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.asknoah.org Ask Noah International and "The Divine Code" – Shulchan Aruch (Code of Torah Law) for Gentiles]
*[http://www.wikinoah.org/ Wikinoah: Online resource of history, halacha, publications, and websites concerning Bnei Noah]
*[http://www.1stcovenant.com/OUradio.htm OU Radio show on Bnei Noah — The Jew, The Minister and The Bnei Noah]
*[http://www.noahidenations.com/ NoahideNations]
*[http://www.noahide.org/ Noahide.org]
*[http://www.7for70.com 7for70.com]
*[http://www.yeshiva.co/midrash/shiur.asp?cat=16&id=14572&q= The Laws of Bnei Noach] at Yeshiva.co
*[http://www.hamayim.com A Noahide talks]
*[http://www.en.noahideworldcenter.org/ Noahide World Center]
*[http://benenoachsociety.org/ Bene Noach Society]

;Noahide communities
*[http://www.noachide.org.uk/index.html Noahide community of the United Kingdom]
*[http://www.okbns.org/index.html Noahide community of Oklahoma]
*[http://www.Noahide.org/ New York, NY Center]
*[http://torontonoahides.blogspot.com/ Bnai Noah of Toronto]
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/noahides/ Virtual Bnai Noah Community]
**[http://www.navdharma.com The New Dharma Noahides Brotherhood of India]

{{Jews and Judaism}}

[[Category:Noahides| ]]
[[Category:Chabad-Lubavitch (Hasidic dynasty)]]
[[Category:Jewish movements]]
[[Category:Jewish religious movements]]

[[he:חסיד אומות העולם (הלכה)]]

Killua Castle

2015-04-22T18:29:57Z

Notreallydavid: /* History */

[[Image:Killua Castle.jpg|thumb|right|Killua Castle Clonmellon Co. Westmeath]]
[[Image:Killulagh Castle.jpg|thumb|right|Killua Castle [[Sir Walter Raleigh]] once domiciled in the Castle County Westmeath, currently under renovation]]
[[Image:W G Raleigh Monument.jpg|thumb|right|Sir Walter Raleigh Commemoration Obelisk Erected by the Chapmans in 1810]]
[[Image:Walter Raleigh Plaque.jpg|thumb|right|Sir Walter G. Raleigh Plaque, Erected by Sir Thoman Chapman, A.D. 1810 The "G" is probably vandalism]]
''' Killua Castle''',<ref>[http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=WM&regno=15306023 Killua Castle, Clonmellon, County Westmeath: Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage]</ref> and the nearby Raleigh Obelisk, are situated near [[Clonmellon]], [[County Westmeath]], [[Republic of ireland|Ireland]]. The present house was built c.1780 by Sir Benjamin Chapman and consisted of a hall, dining room, oval drawing room, breakfast parlour and front and back stairs. There was also a stable yard, barn and haggard. From here, the Chapmans administered the surrounding farm lands of some {{convert|9000|acre|km2}} in the 18th century. In a ruinous condition, it is currently{{When|date=December 2012}} being renovated.

==History==
Killua Castle and its surrounding lands were granted around 1667 to [[Benjamin Chapman]], a captain in Cromwell's army, having been confiscated from the [[Knights Hospitaller]]s of St. John. On his death the estate passed to his elder son, William, and on William's death in 1734 to his son Benjamin. Benjamin died in 1779 and was succeeded by his son Benjamin, who was created a baronet.

The present structure was built in 1780 by Sir Benjamin Chapman, 1st Baronet after demolishing the original castle. It passed from him in 1810 by special remainder to his brother Thomas who in the early 1820s commissioned the addition of a large round tower and several other towers, including a library tower, staircase tower and back door tower. He also completed the castellation and erected the Raleigh obelisk nearby. He was succeeded in 1837 by his son [[Sir Montagu Chapman, 3rd Baronet]], who was lost at sea off the coast of Australia in 1852. Montagu's brother Benjamin, the 4th baronet, inherited, from whom it passed to his son Montagu Richard, 5th baronet. Montagu Richard died childless in 1907 and his widow, a cousin, divided the estate between the four legitimate daughters of her brother [[Sir Thomas Chapman, 7th Baronet]]. The house and the remaining {{convert|1200|acre|km2}} of land were sold in 1949.

Until recently the house was an ivy-clad roofless ruin.

==Raleigh Obelisk==
The obelisk, erected in 1810 by Sir Thomas Chapman some 200m to 300m from the house, marks the position where [[Sir Walter Raleigh]] planted some of the first potatoes that he imported to Ireland.<ref>[http://buildingsofireland.com/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=WM&regno=15306024&print=true Raleigh Obelisk, Killua Castle, Clonmellon, County Westmeath: Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage]</ref> [[Antoine-Augustin Parmentier|Antoine Parmentier]] who promoted the cultivation of [[potato]]es for human consumption and the Spanish conquistadores who first imported them from [[South America]] along the south and west Irish coast are also associated with Irish potato promotion.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} However, it is uncertain who is initially responsible of the first potato plantation in Ireland, even though Raleigh is frequently credited with this milestone in Irish history.

The inscription on the obelisk currently reads "Sir Walter G. Raleigh," but there is no other evidence that Raleigh had a middle name, and the "G" appears to be vandalism added after the original inscription.

The obelisk has been recently restored through a grant from the Irish Georgian Society.

==Other Westmeath Castles==
* [[Ballinlough Castle]]
* [[Clonyn Castle]] aka Delvin Castle
* [[Knockdrin|Knockdrin Castle]]
* [[Tullynally Castle]]
* [[Tyrrellspass Castle]]

== See also ==
* [[Sir Thomas Chapman, 7th Baronet]]

==External links==
* [http://www.clonmellon.com clonmellon.com]
* [http://examiner.handywebhosting.net/story.asp?stID=582&cid=181&cid2= Locals sign petition for Clonmellon name change]
* [http://www.mindspring.com/~xeowulf/Killua.html Killua Castle before renovation]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite book|title = A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire|first= John|last = Burke|accessdate = 2012-12-11}}

{{coord|53.65954|N|6.99621|W|region:IE-WH|display=title}}

[[Category:Towns and villages in County Westmeath]]
[[Category:Castles in County Westmeath]]
[[Category:Ruins in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Articles on towns and villages in Ireland possibly missing Irish place names]]

Lowther Castle

2015-01-18T14:18:38Z

Notreallydavid: /* After the closure of Lowther Castle */

{{Other uses|Lowther (disambiguation)}}
{{coord|54|36|21|N|2|44|25|W|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

[[File:Lowther Castle today.jpg|thumb|400px|Aerial view of Lowther Castle, 2013]]
'''Lowther Castle''' is a country house in the historic county of [[Westmorland]], which now forms part of the [[non-metropolitan county|modern county]] of [[Cumbria]], [[England]]. It has belonged to the Lowther family, latterly the [[Earls of Lonsdale]], since the Middle Ages.

== History ==
[[File:Lowther Kip edited.jpg|thumb|200px|Lowther Hall in the early 18th century.]]
In the late 17th century [[John Lowther, 1st Viscount Lonsdale]] rebuilt the family home, then known as Lowther Hall, on a grand scale. The current building is a castellated mansion which was built by [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke]] for [[William Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale]] between 1806 and 1814, and it was only at that time that Lowther was designated a "castle". The family fortune was undermined by the extravagance of the [[Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale|5th Earl of Lonsdale]], a famous socialite, and the castle was closed in 1937. During the [[Second World War]], it was used by a tank regiment. Its contents were removed in the late 1940s and the roof was removed in 1957. The shell is still owned by the Lowther Estate Trust.

[[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney|George Macartney]], when visiting the summer retreat of the Chinese emperor in [[Chengde]] in 1793, could compare the magnificence of what he saw only with Lowther Hall: ''If any place in England can be said in any respect to have similar features to the western park, which I have seen this day, it is Lowther Hall in Westmoreland, which (when I knew it many years ago) from the extent of prospect, the grand surrounding objects, the noble situation, the diversity of surface, the extensive woods, and command of water, I thought might be rendered by a man of sense, spirit, and taste, the finest scene in the British dominions.''<ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/travelsinchinaco00barr#page/134/mode/1up Travels in China]</ref>

In the 19th century, an [[East India Company]] ship, HCS ''Lowther Castle'', was named after the estate.<ref>[http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/l/lowther_castle.htm Lowther Castle Ship's Medical Log] at Syracuse University</ref>

==William and Augusta Lowther 1st Earl and Countess of Lonsdale==
[[File:William Lowther 1st Earl of Lonsdale.jpg|right|thumb|200px|William Lowther 1st Earl of Lonsdale.]]
William Lowther was born in 1757 and he was about 52 years old when he built Lowther Castle. He was the eldest son of Reverend Sir William Lowther and Anne Zouch. He was educated at Cambridge University and in 1780 at the age of 23 he became a Member of Parliament. A year later he married Lady Augusta Fane, the daughter of John 9th Earl of Westmorland. He held the position of Parliamentarian for 22 years until 1802 when he inherited the estates from his cousin [[James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale|Sir James Lowther]].<ref>The History of Parliament Website “William Lowther (1757-1844). Online reference http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/lowther-william-1757-1844</ref>
[[File:Augusta Countess of Lonsdale.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Augusta Countess of Lonsdale drawing by Sir Thomas Lawrence.]]
Sir James Lowther had a rather disreputable history. He incurred a large debt to the father of William Wordsworth and refused to pay it despite numerous requests from the family. When Sir James Lowther died in 1802 and William inherited his fortune he immediately refunded the money to the Wordsworth family with interest.<ref>Lonsdale, Henry 1867 “The Worthies of Cumberland’, p. 19. Online reference https://archive.org/stream/worthiescumberl06lonsgoog#page/n34/mode/2up/search/lonsdale</ref> He also befriended William Wordsworth and assisted him financially. Wordsworth frequently stayed at Lowther Castle as many of his published letters are written from there.

Wordsworth wrote several poems for William. Part of his verse about Lowther Castle is as follows:

''"Lowther! in thy majestic Pile are seen

''Cathedral pomp and grace in apt accord''

''With the baronial castle’s sterner mien"''<ref>Hudson, John 1846 “A complete guide to the Lakes : comprising minute directions for the tourist with Mr. Wordsworth's description of the scenery of the country”, p. 104. Online reference http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t3ws8m57q;view=1up;seq=134</ref>

Lady Augusta Lonsdale, William’s wife, was also a patron of the arts and she kept an album in which some of the poets visiting Lowther Castle wrote verse. Wordsworth wrote a long poem in her honour in the album which has been included in his published works.<ref>Wordsworth William 1910, “The complete poetical works of William Wordsworth” p. 26. Online reference https://archive.org/stream/cu31924103996025#page/n65/mode/2up</ref>

Robert Southey, another famous poet, was also a frequent visitor at the Castle and he too wrote in Lady Lonsdale album. A verse he composed about Lowther Castle is as follows:

''"Lowther! have I beheld thy stately walls,''

''Thy pinnacles, and broad embattled brow,''

''And hospitable halls.''

''The sun those wide spread battlements shall crest,''

''And silent years unharming shall go by,''

''Till centuries in their course invest''

''Thy towers with sanctity."''<ref>Online referencehttp://www.bartleby.com/270/1/287.html</ref>
[[File:Lowther Castle - Evening by Turner 1810.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Lowther Castle - Evening. Painting by JMW Turner.]]
The Earl and Countess also encouraged artists to visit Lowther Castle. The most famous of these was Joseph Turner. He painted the recently acquired work called “Lowther Castle – Evening” which hangs in the Bowes Museum and is shown on the left.<ref>“The Art Tribune”, 26 March 1913. Online reference</ref> William also became the patron to Jacob Thompson who painted his portrait which is shown above.

In 1813 shortly after the Castle was built a book about the beauties of England was published which describes the building in the following terms.

''"It is entirely of stone, of a beautiful rose tinted white, exceedingly smooth and durable. Both its exterior and interior are of that style of architecture, which prevailed in the most considerable edifices in Europe, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The entrance to it is from the north, through an arched gateway, with porter's lodge, from which a high embattled wall, with towers at intervals, branches out each way, enclosing the entrance court, which is of smooth green lawn, intersected with a gravelled walk, and on each side having roads thirty feet broad, and rising to the terrace, which is 500 feet long and 100 feet wide.''

''There is also a flight of steps sixty feet wide from the entrance court to the terrace, opposite the gateway. The centre of the north front is embellished with a rich open porch for receiving carriages : this leads to the entrance hall, sixty feet by thirty, which opens into the staircase, sixty feet square, and ninety feet high, surrounded by arched corridors on each story communicating with the apartments: it is wholly of stone, lighted by windows above of painted glass.''

''In the centre of the south front is the Saloon, sixty feet by thirty, fitted up with oak and light gray silk damask. On the right of the saloon, the Dining-room, forty-five feet by twenty- six, its furniture and doors of oak, the walls hung with scarlet cloth and gold enrichments ; the curtains of velvet : in this room is a portrait of the late Earl. The Drawing-room is on the left of the saloon, of the same dimensions as the dining-room, and hung with richly embroidered satin, white and gold. The other rooms on the south front are the billiard room on the left of the drawing-room ; and the breakfast-room on the right of the dining-room ; and, branching off at right angles from each extremity of it, arched open cloisters communicate with the stables and riding-house on the left, and with the kitchen offices on the right; and the prospect extends into a long vista of the deer- park, with rising grounds and aged forest trees on each side : this front within the cloisters is about 280 feet long.''

''From the staircase arched stone corridors open on each side through the centre of the castle, into corridors with arcades of stone, and lighted at each end by windows of painted glass. The ground-floor apartments on each side of the entrance hall, on the north front are: — on the right, Lady Lonsdale's room thirty feet by twenty-four, fitted up with scarlet and light green – satin; a dressing-room thirty feet by twenty-one; a bedchamber ; and Lord Lonsdale's room, in which are several excellent paintings : on the left, the library forty-five feet by thirty, fitted up with oak ; a state bedchamber communicating with the arched stone corridor: and, lastly, offices for his lordship's agents; the whole of this front being about 420 feet long, and garnished with eight lofty towers. The prospect here is open to Penrith beacon- hill, lately planted by the present Earl, to Saddleback, and the Scotch mountains."''<ref>Britton, J et al, 1813 “The Beauties of England and Wales”, Vol 14, p. 124. Online reference http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Z6oMAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA124&dq=augusta+lowther&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-TG-UoXGGIaSkQXMgoCwBw&ved=0CFQQ6AEwBzge#v=onepage&q=augusta%20lowther&f=false</ref>

In 1839 Mrs Harriette Story Paige visited Lowther Castle with Daniel Webster, a famous American politician. A detailed account of her experiences were given in her diary. A small part of this narrative is as follows but a full account can be found at the online reference.<ref>Harriette Story Paige, 1839 “Daniel Webster in England”, pages 216-234. Online reference https://archive.org/stream/danielwebsterine00paig#page/216/mode/2up/search/lowther</ref>

''"We reached Lowther just at the hour of lunch, contrary to the English etiquette, which usually establishes the time for arriving, an hour or two only,before dinner, when at the announcement of that meal, the guests meet, for the first time. The Castle bell was rung, as we passed through the arched stone gateway, after a drive through the noble parks."''<ref>Harriette Story Paige, 1839 “Daniel Webster in England”, pages 217. Online reference https://archive.org/stream/danielwebsterine00paig#page/216/mode/2up/search/lowther</ref>

Daniel Webster,s wife also kept a diary and described her experience of the same visit to Lowther Castle.<ref>Webster Caroline 1942“Mr. W. & I," being the authentic diary of Caroline Le Roy Webster”, pp. 94-102. Online reference http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89098876147;view=1up;seq=134</ref>

==William Lowther 2nd Earl of Lonsdale==
[[File:William Lowther 2nd Earl of Lonsdale.jpg|right|thumb|120px|William Lowther 2nd Earl of Lonsdale]]
William Lowther 2nd Earl of Lonsdale was born in 1787. He was educated at Harrow School and Cambridge University and in 1808 he followed in his father’s footsteps and became a politician. He was an M. P. for the next 33 years until 1841. In 1844 when his father died he inherited the Lowther Estates.
He did not marry but he had several illegitimate children. Two of these inherited from him large sums of money on his death.<ref>Escott, Margaret “History of Parliament” website. Online reference http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/lowther-william-1787-1872</ref> One of these was a daughter, Frances Lowther born in 1818 to the Paris Opera dancer Pierre-Narcisse Chaspoux. Narcisse later had a liaison with Charles Lewis Meryon and gave birth in 1821 to Charles Meryon, the famous French painter<ref>Collins, Roger 1999 “Charles Meryon: A Life”, p. 4-6</ref> Frances Lowther later married the MP Henry Broadwood and had several children.

His other child who was given an inheritance was Francis William Lowther, a Royal Naval Officer. He was born in 1841 to Emilia Cresotti, a singer in the Paris Opera.<ref>Collins, Roger 1999 “Charles Meryon: A Life”, p. 263.</ref> William also appears to have two other illegitimate daughters. One was Marie Caroline Lowther Saintfal born in 1818 to Caroline Saintfal and registered in the Paris Baptisms. The other was to the famous French ballerina Lise Noblet who wrote to him about their daughter.<ref>Collins, Roger 1999 “Charles Meryon: A Life”, p. 268.</ref>

William died in 1872 and because he had no legitimate heirs the Lowther Estates were passed to his nephew Henry Lowther.

==Henry and Emily Lowther 3rd Earl and Countess of Lonsdale==
[[File:Henry Lowther 3rd Earl of Lonsdale.jpg|left|thumb|120px|Henry 3rd Earl.]]
Henry Lowther was 54 years old when he inherited the Lonsdale Estates. He died only four years later after an attack of pneumonia. He therefore had little impact on the development of Lowther Castle.

Henry was born in 1818. He was the nephew of the 2nd Earl of Lonsdale being the eldest son of the Hon Henry Cecil Lowther, the 2nd Earl’s brother. His mother was Lady Lucy Sherard. He was educated at Westminster School and Cambridge University and in 1841 he joined the 1st Life Guards. He was also a Member of Parliament representing West Cumberland between 1847 and 1872.<ref>The Peerage website. Online reference http://www.thepeerage.com/p10840.htm#i108400</ref>

In 1852 he married Emily Susan Caulfield who was the daughter of Mr. St George Caulfield of Donoman Castle of Roscommon, Ireland. The couple had six children. When Henry died in 1878 the Lowther Estates were inherited by his son St George Lowther who became the 4th Earl of Lonsdale.

==St George and Gladys 4th Earl and Countess of Lowther==
[[File:St George 4th Earl of Lonsdale.jpg|right|thumb|150px|St George Lowther, 4th Earl of Lonsdale]]
[[File:Gladys Lady Lonsdale circa 1880.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Gladys Countess of Lonsdale]]
St George was born in 1855 and was only 23 when he inherited Lowther Castle. He had a passion for exploration and when he obtained his fortune he spent much of his time aboard his two steam yachts making long voyages to far parts of the world. He had a scientific interest in the sea and his careful studies of the behavior of the Gulf steam were important enough to be published by the American Hydrological Department.<ref>Sutherland, Douglas 1966 “The Yellow Earl: The life of Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale”, Cassel and Company Ltd, London, p. 29.</ref>

In 1878 he married Lady Gladys Herbert a very famous socialite. She has been described as “one of the professional beauties, a select group of a half-dozen society ladies who like the super models of today were constantly talked about and whose portraits were on sale to the public. Everything about her seemed impressive. She was six feet tall and her dark eyes and brilliant colouring made any women near her look pale."<ref>Blainey, Ann, 2009 “I Am Melba”, Black Inc, Melbourne, p. 86.</ref>

The marriage was not considered to be a success as St George was constantly away travelling and Gladys was caught up in a social set which did not meet with his approval. Gladys often entertained at Lowther Castle and one of her visitors was Lilly Langtry who was said to be the mistress of King Edward VII. In her autobiography Lilly describes her stay at Lowther Castle as follows.

“Lady Gladys Herbert and Later Countess of Lonsdale was superbly beautiful, with brilliant colouring and the features and carriage of an ideal Roman Empress. We were great friends and at one time almost inseparable. I spent part of one summer with her at Lowther Castle soon after her first marriage and she met me at Carlisle Station with her pony car to drive me to the Castle. As we wisked through the Park and the impressive walls of Lowther loomed before us she intimated that the one thing she was most anxious for me to see was the emu strutting about the grass."<ref>Langtry, Lillian 2000 “The Days I Knew” Panoply Publications, North Hollywood,, p. 69.</ref>

In 1882 at the age of twenty six, St George died after a short illness which was followed by pneumonia. His younger brother Hugh Cecil Lowther inherited the Castle.

==Hugh and Grace Lowther 5th Earl of Lonsdale==
{{main|Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale}}
[[File:Hugh Cecil Lowther by Sir John Lavery circa 1920.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale]]
[[Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale|Hugh Cecil Lowther]] was born in 1857 and was only 25 when he inherited the Castle. Being the second son of the Earl he did not expect to be the manager of an estate and so had not been appropriately educated. He was at Eton for only two years and left at the age of twelve after which he spent his time playing sport.

In 1878, four years before obtaining his inheritance, Hugh married Lady Grace Gordon, third daughter of the [[Charles Gordon, 10th Marquess of Huntly|Marquess of Huntly]] who was three years his senior. Her family opposed the marriage as Hugh was then not wealthy and seemed irresponsible. Their assessment of his character proved to be correct, as the following year he invested a great deal of money in cattle in America. The venture collapsed and the Lowther family was forced to save him.

The couple then lived near [[Oakham]] and Grace became pregnant but suffered a bad fall while hunting and lost the baby. After this she was unable to bear children and she remained a partial invalid for the rest of her life.

After he obtained his inheritance in 1882 Hugh indulged his many passions. He bought chestnut horses, carriages and many other extravagances. He had yellow-liveried footmen, a groom of the bedchamber, a chamberlain and a master of music to supervise the 24 musicians who travelled from house to house. His household travelled in a special train. Hugh declared that because of his childlessness he was the last of the Lowthers which ignored the rights of his younger brother Lancelot who was to inherit the vastly depleted estate.<ref>Mark Blackett-Ord, ‘Lowther, Hugh Cecil, fifth earl of Lonsdale (1857–1944)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34613, accessed 9 Jan 2014]</ref>

In August 1895 the Kaiser visited Lowther Castle for some grouse-shooting and the imperial flag flew over the house. The kings of Italy and Portugal later came to stay, and the Kaiser a second time in 1902. The Kaiser gave Lonsdale the [[Order of the Crown (Prussia)|order of the Prussian crown (first class)]] and a Mercedes. Hugh’s fondness for cars made him the first President of the Automobile Association. He was also the first president of the International Horse Show at Olympia. In 1920 the walls of Horse Show arena were decorated with a replica of the gardens at Lowther Castle.

During the First World War he helped to found the Blue Cross where his chief role was as a recruitment officer of both men and horses. He had his own [[pals battalion]] called the Lonsdale battalion (11th Battalion, [[Border Regiment]]). The battalion was almost wiped out on the [[Battle of the Somme|Somme]].

After the war Hugh gave up hunting and became more involved with race horses. He became a senior steward of the [[Jockey Club]]. He had only one major win and that was the St Leger in 1922. He was rarely seen in the House of Lords.

Because of his extravagance he was forced to sell some of his inherited properties. In 1921 Whitehaven Castle was sold, and in 1926 [[Barleythorpe]]. The same year the west Cumberland coalmines closed. In 1935 he left Lowther Castle because he could no longer afford to live there and moved to much smaller accommodation. Grace died in 1941 and three years later in 1944 Hugh died, aged 87.

==After the closure of Lowther Castle==

Hugh Lowther was the last resident of Lowther Castle. His brother Lancelot the 6th Earl inherited the estate in 1944 but because of Hugh’s large debts was forced to sell many of the family’s treasures. A large auction sale was held in 1947. Lancelot died in 1953 and was succeeded by James his grandson.

James wished to develop the estates and concentrated on farming. He saw Lowther Castle as an extravagance. After he returned from the World War II he said “it was a place that exemplified gross imperial decadence during a period of abject poverty. The army had damaged the grounds and buildings during the war and the castle had been empty for many years. James offered the Castle as a gift to three local authorities but all refused. At that time the only options for large country houses were to open them to the public or demolish them. He could not afford the former so he was forced to demolish the property. He left the shell of the castle intact as a silhouette. The forecourt became pig pens and the concrete on the south lawns that the army had laid he used as a base for a broiler chicken factory. The remainder of the gardens was used as a timber plantation.<ref>Lowther Website. Online reference http://www.lowther.co.uk/index.php/the-lowther-family/7th-earl</ref>

==The Lost Gardens of Lowther Castle==
[[File:Rock garden Lowther Castle circa 1930.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The Rock Garden]]
The gardens of Lowther Castle were abandoned in 1935 but before that they represented centuries of careful cultivation by successive generations of the Lowther family. There exists a detailed description of the gardens written in the lifetime of the 5th Earl who was the last person to live at the Castle.<ref>Dawson, Lionel 1946 “Lonsdale. The Authorised Life of Hugh Lowther, Fifth Earl of Lonsdale”, pages 150-152.</ref> This description is given in the following paragraphs with appropriate photographs accompanying the narrative.

===Gardens on the Western side of the Castle===
[[File:Sweet scented garden Lowther Castle 1911.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The Sweet Scented Garden]]

''“To the back of the shrubbery behind the Terrace one finds the Rock Garden. This was the especial interest of Lady Lonsdale and is particularly noted for its unique collection of Alpine plants and Japanese dwarf maples turning to scarlet and crimson in the autumn. All manner of climbing plants trail over rustic arbours and rustic bridges span its water lily ponds.''
[[File:Japanese Garden Lowther Castle.jpg|left|thumb|250px|The Japanese Garden]]
''Nearby accessible only by two almost invisible paths and completely hidden away is the Sweet Scented Garden. This stands alone among gardens – an oval gem surrounded by tall dark shrubs. All known sweet scented flowers grow here in round and oval beds arranged down the centre with scented lilies in the middle of each bed (these scented lilies can be seen in the photo to the right). Around the edges of this oasis of concentrated perfume are set rustic seats in arbours of honeysuckle with, between them pools fed by miniature waterfalls (these water features are still in the Sweet Scented Garden at Lowther Castle today.) In the centre bed is an old French vase which was originally in the gardens of a house in Coblentz and had been much admired by Lord Lonsdale when in Germany for the Army manoeuvers. Round it are carved the lines from Omar Khayyam which commence “O moon of my delight”. This was placed in the Sweet Scented Garden by the Kaiser himself as a gift to Lord Lonsdale, during one of his visits to Lowther. To this garden came Lord and Lady Lonsdale on most evenings after dinner — to sit and enjoy its scents and quiet.''

''Close to it, and equally hidden away, is the Japanese Garden, adorned with Chinese and Japanese ornaments, life-size bronze birds and animals, Japanese shrines, dwarf trees, scarlet lacquer dwarf bridges set among miniature lakes, filled with Japanese water-lilies and iris, tiny islands, and hidden paths.'' ''Beyond the Japanese Garden lies the Rose Garden. Here are set out some 25,000 rose bushes with rambler rose tents in all four corners. The bushes are planted on a stretch of green turf with a fountain and small rockery in the centre. (the remains of this fountain are still in the garden today) Leading out of the Rose Garden is an Iris Garden enclosed by a clipped hedge and containing more lily ponds with stone seats and lead figures arranged round and about them.”''<ref>Dawson, Lionel 1946 “Lonsdale. The Authorised Life of Hugh Lowther, Fifth Earl of Lonsdale”, pages 151-2</ref>

===The Terrace===
[[File:Summerhouse Lowther Castle circa 1900.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A summerhouse on The Terrace.]]
''The Terrace is one of three natural terraces formed within the grounds by land subsidences of past days - the rocks and boulders of the sub-soil having been left bare. Lying a little to the south-west of the castle, it has been turfed- over and faced with stone on the drop side to prevent deer or cattle getting up or rabbits getting in. The artificial portion of this lay-out is about a mile long and is bordered on the garden side by trees and shrubs. From this terrace the views over to the mountains beyond are unrivalled. Below, through the foreground of this landscape, wanders the River Lowther - sometimes over shallows and rapids, with deep pools intervening and crossed at intervals by stone hump-backed bridges. Between it and Hawes Water lie rolling hills whilst looking slightly left there is an uninterrupted view of miles over the park to the fells. Lord Lonsdale and his brother Lancelot have built a large rustic summer-house in the centre of the terrace which contains an old water clock taken from one of the former Lowther houses and having on it the inscription “Night cometh”''<ref>Dawson, Lionel 1946 “Lonsdale. The Authorised Life of Hugh Lowther, Fifth Earl of Lonsdale”, page 150</ref>

===Gardens to the east of the castle===
[[File:Hughs Garden Lowther Castle circa 1920.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Hugh's Garden]]
''“Hugh's Garden was laid out to the designs of Lord Lonsdale himself just before the Great War and a most beautiful design it is, it is, with Versailles as its pattern. Radiating from the centre of a high piece of ground to the south-east of the castle, six wide turf avenues stretch down the slope like the spokes of a vast wheel broadening as they descend. Dividing the avenues are beautifully trimmed tall yew hedges worked along the top at intervals into strange shapes. There are two miles of these hedges and beds along their foot were planted with many thousands of bedding-out plants – a blaze of glory from early spring to late autumn. Some lovely old Italian well-heads in carved stone with wrought iron overthrows are set here and there amidst the wheel. The conception of this garden was entirely Lord Lonsdale’s own. From the hub of this wheel the views are almost the equal of the outlook from the Terrace.
Close to Hugh’s Garden is Jack Crofts Pond originally a cattle watering place now turned into a charming ornamental stretch of water."''<ref>Dawson, Lionel 1946 “Lonsdale. The Authorised Life of Hugh Lowther, Fifth Earl of Lonsdale”, page 151</ref>

== Conservation ==

In 2000 the Lowther Estate and [[English Heritage]] jointly commissioned a team of historians, landscapers, architects and engineers to review the status of the castle and its grounds, and they produced the ''Lowther Castle & Garden Conservation Plan''. In 2005 the estate formed an informal partnership with the [[Northwest Development Agency]], English Heritage, Cumbria Vision and the [[Royal Horticultural Society]] to regenerate the site. The objectives are to consolidate the ruin, [[Historic garden conservation|restore]] the {{convert|50|acre|m2|sing=on}} garden and open the site to the public. Sheppard Robson [[RIBA]] have been appointed as architects. The castle and 130 acres of grounds have been transferred to a charity called the Lowther Castle and Gardens Trust, and the site opened to the public on 22 April 2011. However the full restoration of the garden is expected to take 20 to 25 years.

== Events ==
[[File:The Beast at Lowther.JPG|thumb|One of the obstacles at Born Survivor - {{convert|10|km}} endurance event at Lowther Castle, Cumbria]]
Lowther Deer Park hosts the music festival Kendal Calling, and Born Survivor, a {{convert|10|km}} obstacle run.

== See also ==
* [[Askham, Cumbria]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.transforminglowther.co.uk Lowther Castle & Gardens Trust - official website]
*[http://www.lowther.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52&Itemid=124 Lowther Estate - Castle & Gardens]
*[http://www.kendalcalling.com/ Kendal Calling]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/cumbria/features/2003/07/restoration/lowther.shtml July 2003 BBC story on the restoration plans]
*[http://www.heritageandhistory.com/contents1a/2008/09/lowther-castle Heritage and History - Pictures from the first open day for over 70 years]
*[http://www.sheppardrobson.com/ Sheppard Robson]

[[Category:Country houses in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Castles in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Gardens in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival architecture in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Ruins in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Mock castles in England]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Lowther family]]
[[Category:Gardens by Capability Brown]]

Lowther Castle

2015-01-18T14:16:42Z

Notreallydavid: /* Hugh and Grace Lowther 5th Earl of Lonsdale */

{{Other uses|Lowther (disambiguation)}}
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[[File:Lowther Castle today.jpg|thumb|400px|Aerial view of Lowther Castle, 2013]]
'''Lowther Castle''' is a country house in the historic county of [[Westmorland]], which now forms part of the [[non-metropolitan county|modern county]] of [[Cumbria]], [[England]]. It has belonged to the Lowther family, latterly the [[Earls of Lonsdale]], since the Middle Ages.

== History ==
[[File:Lowther Kip edited.jpg|thumb|200px|Lowther Hall in the early 18th century.]]
In the late 17th century [[John Lowther, 1st Viscount Lonsdale]] rebuilt the family home, then known as Lowther Hall, on a grand scale. The current building is a castellated mansion which was built by [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke]] for [[William Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale]] between 1806 and 1814, and it was only at that time that Lowther was designated a "castle". The family fortune was undermined by the extravagance of the [[Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale|5th Earl of Lonsdale]], a famous socialite, and the castle was closed in 1937. During the [[Second World War]], it was used by a tank regiment. Its contents were removed in the late 1940s and the roof was removed in 1957. The shell is still owned by the Lowther Estate Trust.

[[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney|George Macartney]], when visiting the summer retreat of the Chinese emperor in [[Chengde]] in 1793, could compare the magnificence of what he saw only with Lowther Hall: ''If any place in England can be said in any respect to have similar features to the western park, which I have seen this day, it is Lowther Hall in Westmoreland, which (when I knew it many years ago) from the extent of prospect, the grand surrounding objects, the noble situation, the diversity of surface, the extensive woods, and command of water, I thought might be rendered by a man of sense, spirit, and taste, the finest scene in the British dominions.''<ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/travelsinchinaco00barr#page/134/mode/1up Travels in China]</ref>

In the 19th century, an [[East India Company]] ship, HCS ''Lowther Castle'', was named after the estate.<ref>[http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/l/lowther_castle.htm Lowther Castle Ship's Medical Log] at Syracuse University</ref>

==William and Augusta Lowther 1st Earl and Countess of Lonsdale==
[[File:William Lowther 1st Earl of Lonsdale.jpg|right|thumb|200px|William Lowther 1st Earl of Lonsdale.]]
William Lowther was born in 1757 and he was about 52 years old when he built Lowther Castle. He was the eldest son of Reverend Sir William Lowther and Anne Zouch. He was educated at Cambridge University and in 1780 at the age of 23 he became a Member of Parliament. A year later he married Lady Augusta Fane, the daughter of John 9th Earl of Westmorland. He held the position of Parliamentarian for 22 years until 1802 when he inherited the estates from his cousin [[James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale|Sir James Lowther]].<ref>The History of Parliament Website “William Lowther (1757-1844). Online reference http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/lowther-william-1757-1844</ref>
[[File:Augusta Countess of Lonsdale.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Augusta Countess of Lonsdale drawing by Sir Thomas Lawrence.]]
Sir James Lowther had a rather disreputable history. He incurred a large debt to the father of William Wordsworth and refused to pay it despite numerous requests from the family. When Sir James Lowther died in 1802 and William inherited his fortune he immediately refunded the money to the Wordsworth family with interest.<ref>Lonsdale, Henry 1867 “The Worthies of Cumberland’, p. 19. Online reference https://archive.org/stream/worthiescumberl06lonsgoog#page/n34/mode/2up/search/lonsdale</ref> He also befriended William Wordsworth and assisted him financially. Wordsworth frequently stayed at Lowther Castle as many of his published letters are written from there.

Wordsworth wrote several poems for William. Part of his verse about Lowther Castle is as follows:

''"Lowther! in thy majestic Pile are seen

''Cathedral pomp and grace in apt accord''

''With the baronial castle’s sterner mien"''<ref>Hudson, John 1846 “A complete guide to the Lakes : comprising minute directions for the tourist with Mr. Wordsworth's description of the scenery of the country”, p. 104. Online reference http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t3ws8m57q;view=1up;seq=134</ref>

Lady Augusta Lonsdale, William’s wife, was also a patron of the arts and she kept an album in which some of the poets visiting Lowther Castle wrote verse. Wordsworth wrote a long poem in her honour in the album which has been included in his published works.<ref>Wordsworth William 1910, “The complete poetical works of William Wordsworth” p. 26. Online reference https://archive.org/stream/cu31924103996025#page/n65/mode/2up</ref>

Robert Southey, another famous poet, was also a frequent visitor at the Castle and he too wrote in Lady Lonsdale album. A verse he composed about Lowther Castle is as follows:

''"Lowther! have I beheld thy stately walls,''

''Thy pinnacles, and broad embattled brow,''

''And hospitable halls.''

''The sun those wide spread battlements shall crest,''

''And silent years unharming shall go by,''

''Till centuries in their course invest''

''Thy towers with sanctity."''<ref>Online referencehttp://www.bartleby.com/270/1/287.html</ref>
[[File:Lowther Castle - Evening by Turner 1810.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Lowther Castle - Evening. Painting by JMW Turner.]]
The Earl and Countess also encouraged artists to visit Lowther Castle. The most famous of these was Joseph Turner. He painted the recently acquired work called “Lowther Castle – Evening” which hangs in the Bowes Museum and is shown on the left.<ref>“The Art Tribune”, 26 March 1913. Online reference</ref> William also became the patron to Jacob Thompson who painted his portrait which is shown above.

In 1813 shortly after the Castle was built a book about the beauties of England was published which describes the building in the following terms.

''"It is entirely of stone, of a beautiful rose tinted white, exceedingly smooth and durable. Both its exterior and interior are of that style of architecture, which prevailed in the most considerable edifices in Europe, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The entrance to it is from the north, through an arched gateway, with porter's lodge, from which a high embattled wall, with towers at intervals, branches out each way, enclosing the entrance court, which is of smooth green lawn, intersected with a gravelled walk, and on each side having roads thirty feet broad, and rising to the terrace, which is 500 feet long and 100 feet wide.''

''There is also a flight of steps sixty feet wide from the entrance court to the terrace, opposite the gateway. The centre of the north front is embellished with a rich open porch for receiving carriages : this leads to the entrance hall, sixty feet by thirty, which opens into the staircase, sixty feet square, and ninety feet high, surrounded by arched corridors on each story communicating with the apartments: it is wholly of stone, lighted by windows above of painted glass.''

''In the centre of the south front is the Saloon, sixty feet by thirty, fitted up with oak and light gray silk damask. On the right of the saloon, the Dining-room, forty-five feet by twenty- six, its furniture and doors of oak, the walls hung with scarlet cloth and gold enrichments ; the curtains of velvet : in this room is a portrait of the late Earl. The Drawing-room is on the left of the saloon, of the same dimensions as the dining-room, and hung with richly embroidered satin, white and gold. The other rooms on the south front are the billiard room on the left of the drawing-room ; and the breakfast-room on the right of the dining-room ; and, branching off at right angles from each extremity of it, arched open cloisters communicate with the stables and riding-house on the left, and with the kitchen offices on the right; and the prospect extends into a long vista of the deer- park, with rising grounds and aged forest trees on each side : this front within the cloisters is about 280 feet long.''

''From the staircase arched stone corridors open on each side through the centre of the castle, into corridors with arcades of stone, and lighted at each end by windows of painted glass. The ground-floor apartments on each side of the entrance hall, on the north front are: — on the right, Lady Lonsdale's room thirty feet by twenty-four, fitted up with scarlet and light green – satin; a dressing-room thirty feet by twenty-one; a bedchamber ; and Lord Lonsdale's room, in which are several excellent paintings : on the left, the library forty-five feet by thirty, fitted up with oak ; a state bedchamber communicating with the arched stone corridor: and, lastly, offices for his lordship's agents; the whole of this front being about 420 feet long, and garnished with eight lofty towers. The prospect here is open to Penrith beacon- hill, lately planted by the present Earl, to Saddleback, and the Scotch mountains."''<ref>Britton, J et al, 1813 “The Beauties of England and Wales”, Vol 14, p. 124. Online reference http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Z6oMAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA124&dq=augusta+lowther&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-TG-UoXGGIaSkQXMgoCwBw&ved=0CFQQ6AEwBzge#v=onepage&q=augusta%20lowther&f=false</ref>

In 1839 Mrs Harriette Story Paige visited Lowther Castle with Daniel Webster, a famous American politician. A detailed account of her experiences were given in her diary. A small part of this narrative is as follows but a full account can be found at the online reference.<ref>Harriette Story Paige, 1839 “Daniel Webster in England”, pages 216-234. Online reference https://archive.org/stream/danielwebsterine00paig#page/216/mode/2up/search/lowther</ref>

''"We reached Lowther just at the hour of lunch, contrary to the English etiquette, which usually establishes the time for arriving, an hour or two only,before dinner, when at the announcement of that meal, the guests meet, for the first time. The Castle bell was rung, as we passed through the arched stone gateway, after a drive through the noble parks."''<ref>Harriette Story Paige, 1839 “Daniel Webster in England”, pages 217. Online reference https://archive.org/stream/danielwebsterine00paig#page/216/mode/2up/search/lowther</ref>

Daniel Webster,s wife also kept a diary and described her experience of the same visit to Lowther Castle.<ref>Webster Caroline 1942“Mr. W. & I," being the authentic diary of Caroline Le Roy Webster”, pp. 94-102. Online reference http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89098876147;view=1up;seq=134</ref>

==William Lowther 2nd Earl of Lonsdale==
[[File:William Lowther 2nd Earl of Lonsdale.jpg|right|thumb|120px|William Lowther 2nd Earl of Lonsdale]]
William Lowther 2nd Earl of Lonsdale was born in 1787. He was educated at Harrow School and Cambridge University and in 1808 he followed in his father’s footsteps and became a politician. He was an M. P. for the next 33 years until 1841. In 1844 when his father died he inherited the Lowther Estates.
He did not marry but he had several illegitimate children. Two of these inherited from him large sums of money on his death.<ref>Escott, Margaret “History of Parliament” website. Online reference http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/lowther-william-1787-1872</ref> One of these was a daughter, Frances Lowther born in 1818 to the Paris Opera dancer Pierre-Narcisse Chaspoux. Narcisse later had a liaison with Charles Lewis Meryon and gave birth in 1821 to Charles Meryon, the famous French painter<ref>Collins, Roger 1999 “Charles Meryon: A Life”, p. 4-6</ref> Frances Lowther later married the MP Henry Broadwood and had several children.

His other child who was given an inheritance was Francis William Lowther, a Royal Naval Officer. He was born in 1841 to Emilia Cresotti, a singer in the Paris Opera.<ref>Collins, Roger 1999 “Charles Meryon: A Life”, p. 263.</ref> William also appears to have two other illegitimate daughters. One was Marie Caroline Lowther Saintfal born in 1818 to Caroline Saintfal and registered in the Paris Baptisms. The other was to the famous French ballerina Lise Noblet who wrote to him about their daughter.<ref>Collins, Roger 1999 “Charles Meryon: A Life”, p. 268.</ref>

William died in 1872 and because he had no legitimate heirs the Lowther Estates were passed to his nephew Henry Lowther.

==Henry and Emily Lowther 3rd Earl and Countess of Lonsdale==
[[File:Henry Lowther 3rd Earl of Lonsdale.jpg|left|thumb|120px|Henry 3rd Earl.]]
Henry Lowther was 54 years old when he inherited the Lonsdale Estates. He died only four years later after an attack of pneumonia. He therefore had little impact on the development of Lowther Castle.

Henry was born in 1818. He was the nephew of the 2nd Earl of Lonsdale being the eldest son of the Hon Henry Cecil Lowther, the 2nd Earl’s brother. His mother was Lady Lucy Sherard. He was educated at Westminster School and Cambridge University and in 1841 he joined the 1st Life Guards. He was also a Member of Parliament representing West Cumberland between 1847 and 1872.<ref>The Peerage website. Online reference http://www.thepeerage.com/p10840.htm#i108400</ref>

In 1852 he married Emily Susan Caulfield who was the daughter of Mr. St George Caulfield of Donoman Castle of Roscommon, Ireland. The couple had six children. When Henry died in 1878 the Lowther Estates were inherited by his son St George Lowther who became the 4th Earl of Lonsdale.

==St George and Gladys 4th Earl and Countess of Lowther==
[[File:St George 4th Earl of Lonsdale.jpg|right|thumb|150px|St George Lowther, 4th Earl of Lonsdale]]
[[File:Gladys Lady Lonsdale circa 1880.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Gladys Countess of Lonsdale]]
St George was born in 1855 and was only 23 when he inherited Lowther Castle. He had a passion for exploration and when he obtained his fortune he spent much of his time aboard his two steam yachts making long voyages to far parts of the world. He had a scientific interest in the sea and his careful studies of the behavior of the Gulf steam were important enough to be published by the American Hydrological Department.<ref>Sutherland, Douglas 1966 “The Yellow Earl: The life of Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale”, Cassel and Company Ltd, London, p. 29.</ref>

In 1878 he married Lady Gladys Herbert a very famous socialite. She has been described as “one of the professional beauties, a select group of a half-dozen society ladies who like the super models of today were constantly talked about and whose portraits were on sale to the public. Everything about her seemed impressive. She was six feet tall and her dark eyes and brilliant colouring made any women near her look pale."<ref>Blainey, Ann, 2009 “I Am Melba”, Black Inc, Melbourne, p. 86.</ref>

The marriage was not considered to be a success as St George was constantly away travelling and Gladys was caught up in a social set which did not meet with his approval. Gladys often entertained at Lowther Castle and one of her visitors was Lilly Langtry who was said to be the mistress of King Edward VII. In her autobiography Lilly describes her stay at Lowther Castle as follows.

“Lady Gladys Herbert and Later Countess of Lonsdale was superbly beautiful, with brilliant colouring and the features and carriage of an ideal Roman Empress. We were great friends and at one time almost inseparable. I spent part of one summer with her at Lowther Castle soon after her first marriage and she met me at Carlisle Station with her pony car to drive me to the Castle. As we wisked through the Park and the impressive walls of Lowther loomed before us she intimated that the one thing she was most anxious for me to see was the emu strutting about the grass."<ref>Langtry, Lillian 2000 “The Days I Knew” Panoply Publications, North Hollywood,, p. 69.</ref>

In 1882 at the age of twenty six, St George died after a short illness which was followed by pneumonia. His younger brother Hugh Cecil Lowther inherited the Castle.

==Hugh and Grace Lowther 5th Earl of Lonsdale==
{{main|Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale}}
[[File:Hugh Cecil Lowther by Sir John Lavery circa 1920.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale]]
[[Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale|Hugh Cecil Lowther]] was born in 1857 and was only 25 when he inherited the Castle. Being the second son of the Earl he did not expect to be the manager of an estate and so had not been appropriately educated. He was at Eton for only two years and left at the age of twelve after which he spent his time playing sport.

In 1878, four years before obtaining his inheritance, Hugh married Lady Grace Gordon, third daughter of the [[Charles Gordon, 10th Marquess of Huntly|Marquess of Huntly]] who was three years his senior. Her family opposed the marriage as Hugh was then not wealthy and seemed irresponsible. Their assessment of his character proved to be correct, as the following year he invested a great deal of money in cattle in America. The venture collapsed and the Lowther family was forced to save him.

The couple then lived near [[Oakham]] and Grace became pregnant but suffered a bad fall while hunting and lost the baby. After this she was unable to bear children and she remained a partial invalid for the rest of her life.

After he obtained his inheritance in 1882 Hugh indulged his many passions. He bought chestnut horses, carriages and many other extravagances. He had yellow-liveried footmen, a groom of the bedchamber, a chamberlain and a master of music to supervise the 24 musicians who travelled from house to house. His household travelled in a special train. Hugh declared that because of his childlessness he was the last of the Lowthers which ignored the rights of his younger brother Lancelot who was to inherit the vastly depleted estate.<ref>Mark Blackett-Ord, ‘Lowther, Hugh Cecil, fifth earl of Lonsdale (1857–1944)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34613, accessed 9 Jan 2014]</ref>

In August 1895 the Kaiser visited Lowther Castle for some grouse-shooting and the imperial flag flew over the house. The kings of Italy and Portugal later came to stay, and the Kaiser a second time in 1902. The Kaiser gave Lonsdale the [[Order of the Crown (Prussia)|order of the Prussian crown (first class)]] and a Mercedes. Hugh’s fondness for cars made him the first President of the Automobile Association. He was also the first president of the International Horse Show at Olympia. In 1920 the walls of Horse Show arena were decorated with a replica of the gardens at Lowther Castle.

During the First World War he helped to found the Blue Cross where his chief role was as a recruitment officer of both men and horses. He had his own [[pals battalion]] called the Lonsdale battalion (11th Battalion, [[Border Regiment]]). The battalion was almost wiped out on the [[Battle of the Somme|Somme]].

After the war Hugh gave up hunting and became more involved with race horses. He became a senior steward of the [[Jockey Club]]. He had only one major win and that was the St Leger in 1922. He was rarely seen in the House of Lords.

Because of his extravagance he was forced to sell some of his inherited properties. In 1921 Whitehaven Castle was sold, and in 1926 [[Barleythorpe]]. The same year the west Cumberland coalmines closed. In 1935 he left Lowther Castle because he could no longer afford to live there and moved to much smaller accommodation. Grace died in 1941 and three years later in 1944 Hugh died, aged 87.

==After the closure of Lowther Castle==

Hugh Lowther was the last resident of Lowther Castle. His brother Lancelot the 6th Earl inherited the estate in 1944 but because of Hugh’s large debts was forced to sell many of the family’s treasures. A large auction sale was held in 1947. Lancelot died in 1953 and was succeeded by James his grandson.

James wished to develop the estates and concentrated on farming. He saw Lowther Castle as an extravagance. After he returned from the World War II he said “it was a place that exemplified gross imperial decadence during a period of abject poverty. The army had damaged the grounds and buildings during the war and the castle had been empty for many years. James offered the Castle as a gift to three local authorities but all refused. At that time the only options for large country houses were to open them to the public or demolish them. He could not afford the former so he was forced to demolish it. He left the shell of the castle intact as a silhouette. The forecourt became pig pens and the concrete on the south lawns that the army had laid he used as a base for a broiler chicken factory. The remainder of the gardens was used as a timber plantation.<ref>Lowther Website. Online reference http://www.lowther.co.uk/index.php/the-lowther-family/7th-earl</ref>

==The Lost Gardens of Lowther Castle==
[[File:Rock garden Lowther Castle circa 1930.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The Rock Garden]]
The gardens of Lowther Castle were abandoned in 1935 but before that they represented centuries of careful cultivation by successive generations of the Lowther family. There exists a detailed description of the gardens written in the lifetime of the 5th Earl who was the last person to live at the Castle.<ref>Dawson, Lionel 1946 “Lonsdale. The Authorised Life of Hugh Lowther, Fifth Earl of Lonsdale”, pages 150-152.</ref> This description is given in the following paragraphs with appropriate photographs accompanying the narrative.

===Gardens on the Western side of the Castle===
[[File:Sweet scented garden Lowther Castle 1911.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The Sweet Scented Garden]]

''“To the back of the shrubbery behind the Terrace one finds the Rock Garden. This was the especial interest of Lady Lonsdale and is particularly noted for its unique collection of Alpine plants and Japanese dwarf maples turning to scarlet and crimson in the autumn. All manner of climbing plants trail over rustic arbours and rustic bridges span its water lily ponds.''
[[File:Japanese Garden Lowther Castle.jpg|left|thumb|250px|The Japanese Garden]]
''Nearby accessible only by two almost invisible paths and completely hidden away is the Sweet Scented Garden. This stands alone among gardens – an oval gem surrounded by tall dark shrubs. All known sweet scented flowers grow here in round and oval beds arranged down the centre with scented lilies in the middle of each bed (these scented lilies can be seen in the photo to the right). Around the edges of this oasis of concentrated perfume are set rustic seats in arbours of honeysuckle with, between them pools fed by miniature waterfalls (these water features are still in the Sweet Scented Garden at Lowther Castle today.) In the centre bed is an old French vase which was originally in the gardens of a house in Coblentz and had been much admired by Lord Lonsdale when in Germany for the Army manoeuvers. Round it are carved the lines from Omar Khayyam which commence “O moon of my delight”. This was placed in the Sweet Scented Garden by the Kaiser himself as a gift to Lord Lonsdale, during one of his visits to Lowther. To this garden came Lord and Lady Lonsdale on most evenings after dinner — to sit and enjoy its scents and quiet.''

''Close to it, and equally hidden away, is the Japanese Garden, adorned with Chinese and Japanese ornaments, life-size bronze birds and animals, Japanese shrines, dwarf trees, scarlet lacquer dwarf bridges set among miniature lakes, filled with Japanese water-lilies and iris, tiny islands, and hidden paths.'' ''Beyond the Japanese Garden lies the Rose Garden. Here are set out some 25,000 rose bushes with rambler rose tents in all four corners. The bushes are planted on a stretch of green turf with a fountain and small rockery in the centre. (the remains of this fountain are still in the garden today) Leading out of the Rose Garden is an Iris Garden enclosed by a clipped hedge and containing more lily ponds with stone seats and lead figures arranged round and about them.”''<ref>Dawson, Lionel 1946 “Lonsdale. The Authorised Life of Hugh Lowther, Fifth Earl of Lonsdale”, pages 151-2</ref>

===The Terrace===
[[File:Summerhouse Lowther Castle circa 1900.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A summerhouse on The Terrace.]]
''The Terrace is one of three natural terraces formed within the grounds by land subsidences of past days - the rocks and boulders of the sub-soil having been left bare. Lying a little to the south-west of the castle, it has been turfed- over and faced with stone on the drop side to prevent deer or cattle getting up or rabbits getting in. The artificial portion of this lay-out is about a mile long and is bordered on the garden side by trees and shrubs. From this terrace the views over to the mountains beyond are unrivalled. Below, through the foreground of this landscape, wanders the River Lowther - sometimes over shallows and rapids, with deep pools intervening and crossed at intervals by stone hump-backed bridges. Between it and Hawes Water lie rolling hills whilst looking slightly left there is an uninterrupted view of miles over the park to the fells. Lord Lonsdale and his brother Lancelot have built a large rustic summer-house in the centre of the terrace which contains an old water clock taken from one of the former Lowther houses and having on it the inscription “Night cometh”''<ref>Dawson, Lionel 1946 “Lonsdale. The Authorised Life of Hugh Lowther, Fifth Earl of Lonsdale”, page 150</ref>

===Gardens to the east of the castle===
[[File:Hughs Garden Lowther Castle circa 1920.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Hugh's Garden]]
''“Hugh's Garden was laid out to the designs of Lord Lonsdale himself just before the Great War and a most beautiful design it is, it is, with Versailles as its pattern. Radiating from the centre of a high piece of ground to the south-east of the castle, six wide turf avenues stretch down the slope like the spokes of a vast wheel broadening as they descend. Dividing the avenues are beautifully trimmed tall yew hedges worked along the top at intervals into strange shapes. There are two miles of these hedges and beds along their foot were planted with many thousands of bedding-out plants – a blaze of glory from early spring to late autumn. Some lovely old Italian well-heads in carved stone with wrought iron overthrows are set here and there amidst the wheel. The conception of this garden was entirely Lord Lonsdale’s own. From the hub of this wheel the views are almost the equal of the outlook from the Terrace.
Close to Hugh’s Garden is Jack Crofts Pond originally a cattle watering place now turned into a charming ornamental stretch of water."''<ref>Dawson, Lionel 1946 “Lonsdale. The Authorised Life of Hugh Lowther, Fifth Earl of Lonsdale”, page 151</ref>

== Conservation ==

In 2000 the Lowther Estate and [[English Heritage]] jointly commissioned a team of historians, landscapers, architects and engineers to review the status of the castle and its grounds, and they produced the ''Lowther Castle & Garden Conservation Plan''. In 2005 the estate formed an informal partnership with the [[Northwest Development Agency]], English Heritage, Cumbria Vision and the [[Royal Horticultural Society]] to regenerate the site. The objectives are to consolidate the ruin, [[Historic garden conservation|restore]] the {{convert|50|acre|m2|sing=on}} garden and open the site to the public. Sheppard Robson [[RIBA]] have been appointed as architects. The castle and 130 acres of grounds have been transferred to a charity called the Lowther Castle and Gardens Trust, and the site opened to the public on 22 April 2011. However the full restoration of the garden is expected to take 20 to 25 years.

== Events ==
[[File:The Beast at Lowther.JPG|thumb|One of the obstacles at Born Survivor - {{convert|10|km}} endurance event at Lowther Castle, Cumbria]]
Lowther Deer Park hosts the music festival Kendal Calling, and Born Survivor, a {{convert|10|km}} obstacle run.

== See also ==
* [[Askham, Cumbria]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.transforminglowther.co.uk Lowther Castle & Gardens Trust - official website]
*[http://www.lowther.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52&Itemid=124 Lowther Estate - Castle & Gardens]
*[http://www.kendalcalling.com/ Kendal Calling]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/cumbria/features/2003/07/restoration/lowther.shtml July 2003 BBC story on the restoration plans]
*[http://www.heritageandhistory.com/contents1a/2008/09/lowther-castle Heritage and History - Pictures from the first open day for over 70 years]
*[http://www.sheppardrobson.com/ Sheppard Robson]

[[Category:Country houses in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Castles in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Gardens in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival architecture in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Ruins in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Mock castles in England]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Lowther family]]
[[Category:Gardens by Capability Brown]]

Lowther Castle

2015-01-18T14:11:23Z

Notreallydavid: /* Hugh and Grace Lowther 5th Earl of Lonsdale */

{{Other uses|Lowther (disambiguation)}}
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[[File:Lowther Castle today.jpg|thumb|400px|Aerial view of Lowther Castle, 2013]]
'''Lowther Castle''' is a country house in the historic county of [[Westmorland]], which now forms part of the [[non-metropolitan county|modern county]] of [[Cumbria]], [[England]]. It has belonged to the Lowther family, latterly the [[Earls of Lonsdale]], since the Middle Ages.

== History ==
[[File:Lowther Kip edited.jpg|thumb|200px|Lowther Hall in the early 18th century.]]
In the late 17th century [[John Lowther, 1st Viscount Lonsdale]] rebuilt the family home, then known as Lowther Hall, on a grand scale. The current building is a castellated mansion which was built by [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke]] for [[William Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale]] between 1806 and 1814, and it was only at that time that Lowther was designated a "castle". The family fortune was undermined by the extravagance of the [[Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale|5th Earl of Lonsdale]], a famous socialite, and the castle was closed in 1937. During the [[Second World War]], it was used by a tank regiment. Its contents were removed in the late 1940s and the roof was removed in 1957. The shell is still owned by the Lowther Estate Trust.

[[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney|George Macartney]], when visiting the summer retreat of the Chinese emperor in [[Chengde]] in 1793, could compare the magnificence of what he saw only with Lowther Hall: ''If any place in England can be said in any respect to have similar features to the western park, which I have seen this day, it is Lowther Hall in Westmoreland, which (when I knew it many years ago) from the extent of prospect, the grand surrounding objects, the noble situation, the diversity of surface, the extensive woods, and command of water, I thought might be rendered by a man of sense, spirit, and taste, the finest scene in the British dominions.''<ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/travelsinchinaco00barr#page/134/mode/1up Travels in China]</ref>

In the 19th century, an [[East India Company]] ship, HCS ''Lowther Castle'', was named after the estate.<ref>[http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/l/lowther_castle.htm Lowther Castle Ship's Medical Log] at Syracuse University</ref>

==William and Augusta Lowther 1st Earl and Countess of Lonsdale==
[[File:William Lowther 1st Earl of Lonsdale.jpg|right|thumb|200px|William Lowther 1st Earl of Lonsdale.]]
William Lowther was born in 1757 and he was about 52 years old when he built Lowther Castle. He was the eldest son of Reverend Sir William Lowther and Anne Zouch. He was educated at Cambridge University and in 1780 at the age of 23 he became a Member of Parliament. A year later he married Lady Augusta Fane, the daughter of John 9th Earl of Westmorland. He held the position of Parliamentarian for 22 years until 1802 when he inherited the estates from his cousin [[James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale|Sir James Lowther]].<ref>The History of Parliament Website “William Lowther (1757-1844). Online reference http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/lowther-william-1757-1844</ref>
[[File:Augusta Countess of Lonsdale.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Augusta Countess of Lonsdale drawing by Sir Thomas Lawrence.]]
Sir James Lowther had a rather disreputable history. He incurred a large debt to the father of William Wordsworth and refused to pay it despite numerous requests from the family. When Sir James Lowther died in 1802 and William inherited his fortune he immediately refunded the money to the Wordsworth family with interest.<ref>Lonsdale, Henry 1867 “The Worthies of Cumberland’, p. 19. Online reference https://archive.org/stream/worthiescumberl06lonsgoog#page/n34/mode/2up/search/lonsdale</ref> He also befriended William Wordsworth and assisted him financially. Wordsworth frequently stayed at Lowther Castle as many of his published letters are written from there.

Wordsworth wrote several poems for William. Part of his verse about Lowther Castle is as follows:

''"Lowther! in thy majestic Pile are seen

''Cathedral pomp and grace in apt accord''

''With the baronial castle’s sterner mien"''<ref>Hudson, John 1846 “A complete guide to the Lakes : comprising minute directions for the tourist with Mr. Wordsworth's description of the scenery of the country”, p. 104. Online reference http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t3ws8m57q;view=1up;seq=134</ref>

Lady Augusta Lonsdale, William’s wife, was also a patron of the arts and she kept an album in which some of the poets visiting Lowther Castle wrote verse. Wordsworth wrote a long poem in her honour in the album which has been included in his published works.<ref>Wordsworth William 1910, “The complete poetical works of William Wordsworth” p. 26. Online reference https://archive.org/stream/cu31924103996025#page/n65/mode/2up</ref>

Robert Southey, another famous poet, was also a frequent visitor at the Castle and he too wrote in Lady Lonsdale album. A verse he composed about Lowther Castle is as follows:

''"Lowther! have I beheld thy stately walls,''

''Thy pinnacles, and broad embattled brow,''

''And hospitable halls.''

''The sun those wide spread battlements shall crest,''

''And silent years unharming shall go by,''

''Till centuries in their course invest''

''Thy towers with sanctity."''<ref>Online referencehttp://www.bartleby.com/270/1/287.html</ref>
[[File:Lowther Castle - Evening by Turner 1810.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Lowther Castle - Evening. Painting by JMW Turner.]]
The Earl and Countess also encouraged artists to visit Lowther Castle. The most famous of these was Joseph Turner. He painted the recently acquired work called “Lowther Castle – Evening” which hangs in the Bowes Museum and is shown on the left.<ref>“The Art Tribune”, 26 March 1913. Online reference</ref> William also became the patron to Jacob Thompson who painted his portrait which is shown above.

In 1813 shortly after the Castle was built a book about the beauties of England was published which describes the building in the following terms.

''"It is entirely of stone, of a beautiful rose tinted white, exceedingly smooth and durable. Both its exterior and interior are of that style of architecture, which prevailed in the most considerable edifices in Europe, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The entrance to it is from the north, through an arched gateway, with porter's lodge, from which a high embattled wall, with towers at intervals, branches out each way, enclosing the entrance court, which is of smooth green lawn, intersected with a gravelled walk, and on each side having roads thirty feet broad, and rising to the terrace, which is 500 feet long and 100 feet wide.''

''There is also a flight of steps sixty feet wide from the entrance court to the terrace, opposite the gateway. The centre of the north front is embellished with a rich open porch for receiving carriages : this leads to the entrance hall, sixty feet by thirty, which opens into the staircase, sixty feet square, and ninety feet high, surrounded by arched corridors on each story communicating with the apartments: it is wholly of stone, lighted by windows above of painted glass.''

''In the centre of the south front is the Saloon, sixty feet by thirty, fitted up with oak and light gray silk damask. On the right of the saloon, the Dining-room, forty-five feet by twenty- six, its furniture and doors of oak, the walls hung with scarlet cloth and gold enrichments ; the curtains of velvet : in this room is a portrait of the late Earl. The Drawing-room is on the left of the saloon, of the same dimensions as the dining-room, and hung with richly embroidered satin, white and gold. The other rooms on the south front are the billiard room on the left of the drawing-room ; and the breakfast-room on the right of the dining-room ; and, branching off at right angles from each extremity of it, arched open cloisters communicate with the stables and riding-house on the left, and with the kitchen offices on the right; and the prospect extends into a long vista of the deer- park, with rising grounds and aged forest trees on each side : this front within the cloisters is about 280 feet long.''

''From the staircase arched stone corridors open on each side through the centre of the castle, into corridors with arcades of stone, and lighted at each end by windows of painted glass. The ground-floor apartments on each side of the entrance hall, on the north front are: — on the right, Lady Lonsdale's room thirty feet by twenty-four, fitted up with scarlet and light green – satin; a dressing-room thirty feet by twenty-one; a bedchamber ; and Lord Lonsdale's room, in which are several excellent paintings : on the left, the library forty-five feet by thirty, fitted up with oak ; a state bedchamber communicating with the arched stone corridor: and, lastly, offices for his lordship's agents; the whole of this front being about 420 feet long, and garnished with eight lofty towers. The prospect here is open to Penrith beacon- hill, lately planted by the present Earl, to Saddleback, and the Scotch mountains."''<ref>Britton, J et al, 1813 “The Beauties of England and Wales”, Vol 14, p. 124. Online reference http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Z6oMAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA124&dq=augusta+lowther&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-TG-UoXGGIaSkQXMgoCwBw&ved=0CFQQ6AEwBzge#v=onepage&q=augusta%20lowther&f=false</ref>

In 1839 Mrs Harriette Story Paige visited Lowther Castle with Daniel Webster, a famous American politician. A detailed account of her experiences were given in her diary. A small part of this narrative is as follows but a full account can be found at the online reference.<ref>Harriette Story Paige, 1839 “Daniel Webster in England”, pages 216-234. Online reference https://archive.org/stream/danielwebsterine00paig#page/216/mode/2up/search/lowther</ref>

''"We reached Lowther just at the hour of lunch, contrary to the English etiquette, which usually establishes the time for arriving, an hour or two only,before dinner, when at the announcement of that meal, the guests meet, for the first time. The Castle bell was rung, as we passed through the arched stone gateway, after a drive through the noble parks."''<ref>Harriette Story Paige, 1839 “Daniel Webster in England”, pages 217. Online reference https://archive.org/stream/danielwebsterine00paig#page/216/mode/2up/search/lowther</ref>

Daniel Webster,s wife also kept a diary and described her experience of the same visit to Lowther Castle.<ref>Webster Caroline 1942“Mr. W. & I," being the authentic diary of Caroline Le Roy Webster”, pp. 94-102. Online reference http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89098876147;view=1up;seq=134</ref>

==William Lowther 2nd Earl of Lonsdale==
[[File:William Lowther 2nd Earl of Lonsdale.jpg|right|thumb|120px|William Lowther 2nd Earl of Lonsdale]]
William Lowther 2nd Earl of Lonsdale was born in 1787. He was educated at Harrow School and Cambridge University and in 1808 he followed in his father’s footsteps and became a politician. He was an M. P. for the next 33 years until 1841. In 1844 when his father died he inherited the Lowther Estates.
He did not marry but he had several illegitimate children. Two of these inherited from him large sums of money on his death.<ref>Escott, Margaret “History of Parliament” website. Online reference http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/lowther-william-1787-1872</ref> One of these was a daughter, Frances Lowther born in 1818 to the Paris Opera dancer Pierre-Narcisse Chaspoux. Narcisse later had a liaison with Charles Lewis Meryon and gave birth in 1821 to Charles Meryon, the famous French painter<ref>Collins, Roger 1999 “Charles Meryon: A Life”, p. 4-6</ref> Frances Lowther later married the MP Henry Broadwood and had several children.

His other child who was given an inheritance was Francis William Lowther, a Royal Naval Officer. He was born in 1841 to Emilia Cresotti, a singer in the Paris Opera.<ref>Collins, Roger 1999 “Charles Meryon: A Life”, p. 263.</ref> William also appears to have two other illegitimate daughters. One was Marie Caroline Lowther Saintfal born in 1818 to Caroline Saintfal and registered in the Paris Baptisms. The other was to the famous French ballerina Lise Noblet who wrote to him about their daughter.<ref>Collins, Roger 1999 “Charles Meryon: A Life”, p. 268.</ref>

William died in 1872 and because he had no legitimate heirs the Lowther Estates were passed to his nephew Henry Lowther.

==Henry and Emily Lowther 3rd Earl and Countess of Lonsdale==
[[File:Henry Lowther 3rd Earl of Lonsdale.jpg|left|thumb|120px|Henry 3rd Earl.]]
Henry Lowther was 54 years old when he inherited the Lonsdale Estates. He died only four years later after an attack of pneumonia. He therefore had little impact on the development of Lowther Castle.

Henry was born in 1818. He was the nephew of the 2nd Earl of Lonsdale being the eldest son of the Hon Henry Cecil Lowther, the 2nd Earl’s brother. His mother was Lady Lucy Sherard. He was educated at Westminster School and Cambridge University and in 1841 he joined the 1st Life Guards. He was also a Member of Parliament representing West Cumberland between 1847 and 1872.<ref>The Peerage website. Online reference http://www.thepeerage.com/p10840.htm#i108400</ref>

In 1852 he married Emily Susan Caulfield who was the daughter of Mr. St George Caulfield of Donoman Castle of Roscommon, Ireland. The couple had six children. When Henry died in 1878 the Lowther Estates were inherited by his son St George Lowther who became the 4th Earl of Lonsdale.

==St George and Gladys 4th Earl and Countess of Lowther==
[[File:St George 4th Earl of Lonsdale.jpg|right|thumb|150px|St George Lowther, 4th Earl of Lonsdale]]
[[File:Gladys Lady Lonsdale circa 1880.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Gladys Countess of Lonsdale]]
St George was born in 1855 and was only 23 when he inherited Lowther Castle. He had a passion for exploration and when he obtained his fortune he spent much of his time aboard his two steam yachts making long voyages to far parts of the world. He had a scientific interest in the sea and his careful studies of the behavior of the Gulf steam were important enough to be published by the American Hydrological Department.<ref>Sutherland, Douglas 1966 “The Yellow Earl: The life of Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale”, Cassel and Company Ltd, London, p. 29.</ref>

In 1878 he married Lady Gladys Herbert a very famous socialite. She has been described as “one of the professional beauties, a select group of a half-dozen society ladies who like the super models of today were constantly talked about and whose portraits were on sale to the public. Everything about her seemed impressive. She was six feet tall and her dark eyes and brilliant colouring made any women near her look pale."<ref>Blainey, Ann, 2009 “I Am Melba”, Black Inc, Melbourne, p. 86.</ref>

The marriage was not considered to be a success as St George was constantly away travelling and Gladys was caught up in a social set which did not meet with his approval. Gladys often entertained at Lowther Castle and one of her visitors was Lilly Langtry who was said to be the mistress of King Edward VII. In her autobiography Lilly describes her stay at Lowther Castle as follows.

“Lady Gladys Herbert and Later Countess of Lonsdale was superbly beautiful, with brilliant colouring and the features and carriage of an ideal Roman Empress. We were great friends and at one time almost inseparable. I spent part of one summer with her at Lowther Castle soon after her first marriage and she met me at Carlisle Station with her pony car to drive me to the Castle. As we wisked through the Park and the impressive walls of Lowther loomed before us she intimated that the one thing she was most anxious for me to see was the emu strutting about the grass."<ref>Langtry, Lillian 2000 “The Days I Knew” Panoply Publications, North Hollywood,, p. 69.</ref>

In 1882 at the age of twenty six, St George died after a short illness which was followed by pneumonia. His younger brother Hugh Cecil Lowther inherited the Castle.

==Hugh and Grace Lowther 5th Earl of Lonsdale==
{{main|Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale}}
[[File:Hugh Cecil Lowther by Sir John Lavery circa 1920.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale]]
[[Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale|Hugh Cecil Lowther]] was born in 1857 and was only 25 when he inherited the Castle. Being the second son of the Earl he did not expect to be the manager of an estate and so had not been appropriately educated. He was at Eton for only two years and left at the age of twelve after which he spent his time playing sport.

In 1878, four years before obtaining his inheritance, Hugh married Lady Grace Gordon, third daughter of the [[Charles Gordon, 10th Marquess of Huntly|Marquess of Huntly]] who was three years his senior. Her family opposed the marriage as Hugh was then not wealthy and seemed irresponsible. This proved to be correct as the following year he invested a great deal of money in cattle in America. The venture collapsed and the Lowther family was forced to save him.

The couple then lived near [[Oakham]] and Grace became pregnant but suffered a bad fall while hunting and lost the baby. After this she was unable to bear children and she remained a partial invalid for the rest of her life.

After he obtained his inheritance in 1882 Hugh indulged his many passions. He bought chestnut horses, carriages and many other extravagances. He had yellow-liveried footmen, a groom of the bedchamber, a chamberlain and a master of music to supervise the 24 musicians who travelled from house to house. His household travelled in a special train. Hugh declared that because of his childlessness he was the last of the Lowthers which ignored the rights of his younger brother Lancelot who was to inherit the vastly depleted estate.<ref>Mark Blackett-Ord, ‘Lowther, Hugh Cecil, fifth earl of Lonsdale (1857–1944)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34613, accessed 9 Jan 2014]</ref>

In August 1895 the Kaiser visited Lowther Castle for some grouse-shooting and the imperial flag flew over the house. The kings of Italy and Portugal later came to stay, and the Kaiser a second time in 1902. The Kaiser gave Lonsdale the [[Order of the Crown (Prussia)|order of the Prussian crown (first class)]] and a Mercedes. Hugh’s fondness for cars made him the first President of the Automobile Association. He was also the first president of the International Horse Show at Olympia. In 1920 the walls of Horse Show arena were decorated with a replica of the gardens at Lowther Castle.

During the First World War he helped to found the Blue Cross where his chief role was as a recruitment officer of both men and horses. He had his own [[pals battalion]] called the Lonsdale battalion (11th Battalion, [[Border Regiment]]). The battalion was almost wiped out on the [[Battle of the Somme|Somme]].

After the war Hugh gave up hunting and became more involved with race horses. He became a senior steward of the [[Jockey Club]]. He had only one major win and that was the St Leger in 1922. He was rarely seen in the House of Lords.

Because of his extravagance he was forced to sell some of his inherited properties. In 1921 Whitehaven Castle was sold, and in 1926 [[Barleythorpe]]. The same year the west Cumberland coalmines closed. In 1935 he left Lowther Castle because he could no longer afford to live there and moved to much smaller accommodation. Grace died in 1941 and three years later in 1944 Hugh died, aged 87.

==After the closure of Lowther Castle==

Hugh Lowther was the last resident of Lowther Castle. His brother Lancelot the 6th Earl inherited the estate in 1944 but because of Hugh’s large debts was forced to sell many of the family’s treasures. A large auction sale was held in 1947. Lancelot died in 1953 and was succeeded by James his grandson.

James wished to develop the estates and concentrated on farming. He saw Lowther Castle as an extravagance. After he returned from the World War II he said “it was a place that exemplified gross imperial decadence during a period of abject poverty. The army had damaged the grounds and buildings during the war and the castle had been empty for many years. James offered the Castle as a gift to three local authorities but all refused. At that time the only options for large country houses were to open them to the public or demolish them. He could not afford the former so he was forced to demolish it. He left the shell of the castle intact as a silhouette. The forecourt became pig pens and the concrete on the south lawns that the army had laid he used as a base for a broiler chicken factory. The remainder of the gardens was used as a timber plantation.<ref>Lowther Website. Online reference http://www.lowther.co.uk/index.php/the-lowther-family/7th-earl</ref>

==The Lost Gardens of Lowther Castle==
[[File:Rock garden Lowther Castle circa 1930.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The Rock Garden]]
The gardens of Lowther Castle were abandoned in 1935 but before that they represented centuries of careful cultivation by successive generations of the Lowther family. There exists a detailed description of the gardens written in the lifetime of the 5th Earl who was the last person to live at the Castle.<ref>Dawson, Lionel 1946 “Lonsdale. The Authorised Life of Hugh Lowther, Fifth Earl of Lonsdale”, pages 150-152.</ref> This description is given in the following paragraphs with appropriate photographs accompanying the narrative.

===Gardens on the Western side of the Castle===
[[File:Sweet scented garden Lowther Castle 1911.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The Sweet Scented Garden]]

''“To the back of the shrubbery behind the Terrace one finds the Rock Garden. This was the especial interest of Lady Lonsdale and is particularly noted for its unique collection of Alpine plants and Japanese dwarf maples turning to scarlet and crimson in the autumn. All manner of climbing plants trail over rustic arbours and rustic bridges span its water lily ponds.''
[[File:Japanese Garden Lowther Castle.jpg|left|thumb|250px|The Japanese Garden]]
''Nearby accessible only by two almost invisible paths and completely hidden away is the Sweet Scented Garden. This stands alone among gardens – an oval gem surrounded by tall dark shrubs. All known sweet scented flowers grow here in round and oval beds arranged down the centre with scented lilies in the middle of each bed (these scented lilies can be seen in the photo to the right). Around the edges of this oasis of concentrated perfume are set rustic seats in arbours of honeysuckle with, between them pools fed by miniature waterfalls (these water features are still in the Sweet Scented Garden at Lowther Castle today.) In the centre bed is an old French vase which was originally in the gardens of a house in Coblentz and had been much admired by Lord Lonsdale when in Germany for the Army manoeuvers. Round it are carved the lines from Omar Khayyam which commence “O moon of my delight”. This was placed in the Sweet Scented Garden by the Kaiser himself as a gift to Lord Lonsdale, during one of his visits to Lowther. To this garden came Lord and Lady Lonsdale on most evenings after dinner — to sit and enjoy its scents and quiet.''

''Close to it, and equally hidden away, is the Japanese Garden, adorned with Chinese and Japanese ornaments, life-size bronze birds and animals, Japanese shrines, dwarf trees, scarlet lacquer dwarf bridges set among miniature lakes, filled with Japanese water-lilies and iris, tiny islands, and hidden paths.'' ''Beyond the Japanese Garden lies the Rose Garden. Here are set out some 25,000 rose bushes with rambler rose tents in all four corners. The bushes are planted on a stretch of green turf with a fountain and small rockery in the centre. (the remains of this fountain are still in the garden today) Leading out of the Rose Garden is an Iris Garden enclosed by a clipped hedge and containing more lily ponds with stone seats and lead figures arranged round and about them.”''<ref>Dawson, Lionel 1946 “Lonsdale. The Authorised Life of Hugh Lowther, Fifth Earl of Lonsdale”, pages 151-2</ref>

===The Terrace===
[[File:Summerhouse Lowther Castle circa 1900.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A summerhouse on The Terrace.]]
''The Terrace is one of three natural terraces formed within the grounds by land subsidences of past days - the rocks and boulders of the sub-soil having been left bare. Lying a little to the south-west of the castle, it has been turfed- over and faced with stone on the drop side to prevent deer or cattle getting up or rabbits getting in. The artificial portion of this lay-out is about a mile long and is bordered on the garden side by trees and shrubs. From this terrace the views over to the mountains beyond are unrivalled. Below, through the foreground of this landscape, wanders the River Lowther - sometimes over shallows and rapids, with deep pools intervening and crossed at intervals by stone hump-backed bridges. Between it and Hawes Water lie rolling hills whilst looking slightly left there is an uninterrupted view of miles over the park to the fells. Lord Lonsdale and his brother Lancelot have built a large rustic summer-house in the centre of the terrace which contains an old water clock taken from one of the former Lowther houses and having on it the inscription “Night cometh”''<ref>Dawson, Lionel 1946 “Lonsdale. The Authorised Life of Hugh Lowther, Fifth Earl of Lonsdale”, page 150</ref>

===Gardens to the east of the castle===
[[File:Hughs Garden Lowther Castle circa 1920.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Hugh's Garden]]
''“Hugh's Garden was laid out to the designs of Lord Lonsdale himself just before the Great War and a most beautiful design it is, it is, with Versailles as its pattern. Radiating from the centre of a high piece of ground to the south-east of the castle, six wide turf avenues stretch down the slope like the spokes of a vast wheel broadening as they descend. Dividing the avenues are beautifully trimmed tall yew hedges worked along the top at intervals into strange shapes. There are two miles of these hedges and beds along their foot were planted with many thousands of bedding-out plants – a blaze of glory from early spring to late autumn. Some lovely old Italian well-heads in carved stone with wrought iron overthrows are set here and there amidst the wheel. The conception of this garden was entirely Lord Lonsdale’s own. From the hub of this wheel the views are almost the equal of the outlook from the Terrace.
Close to Hugh’s Garden is Jack Crofts Pond originally a cattle watering place now turned into a charming ornamental stretch of water."''<ref>Dawson, Lionel 1946 “Lonsdale. The Authorised Life of Hugh Lowther, Fifth Earl of Lonsdale”, page 151</ref>

== Conservation ==

In 2000 the Lowther Estate and [[English Heritage]] jointly commissioned a team of historians, landscapers, architects and engineers to review the status of the castle and its grounds, and they produced the ''Lowther Castle & Garden Conservation Plan''. In 2005 the estate formed an informal partnership with the [[Northwest Development Agency]], English Heritage, Cumbria Vision and the [[Royal Horticultural Society]] to regenerate the site. The objectives are to consolidate the ruin, [[Historic garden conservation|restore]] the {{convert|50|acre|m2|sing=on}} garden and open the site to the public. Sheppard Robson [[RIBA]] have been appointed as architects. The castle and 130 acres of grounds have been transferred to a charity called the Lowther Castle and Gardens Trust, and the site opened to the public on 22 April 2011. However the full restoration of the garden is expected to take 20 to 25 years.

== Events ==
[[File:The Beast at Lowther.JPG|thumb|One of the obstacles at Born Survivor - {{convert|10|km}} endurance event at Lowther Castle, Cumbria]]
Lowther Deer Park hosts the music festival Kendal Calling, and Born Survivor, a {{convert|10|km}} obstacle run.

== See also ==
* [[Askham, Cumbria]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.transforminglowther.co.uk Lowther Castle & Gardens Trust - official website]
*[http://www.lowther.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52&Itemid=124 Lowther Estate - Castle & Gardens]
*[http://www.kendalcalling.com/ Kendal Calling]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/cumbria/features/2003/07/restoration/lowther.shtml July 2003 BBC story on the restoration plans]
*[http://www.heritageandhistory.com/contents1a/2008/09/lowther-castle Heritage and History - Pictures from the first open day for over 70 years]
*[http://www.sheppardrobson.com/ Sheppard Robson]

[[Category:Country houses in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Castles in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Gardens in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival architecture in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Ruins in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Mock castles in England]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Lowther family]]
[[Category:Gardens by Capability Brown]]

Canadian National Vimy Memorial

2014-11-02T10:05:07Z

Notreallydavid: /* Grange Subway */

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2013}}{{Infobox Military Memorial
|name = Canadian National Vimy Memorial Mémorial national du Canada à Vimy
|body = [[Veterans Affairs Canada]] [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]
|image = [[File:The British Army in North-west Europe 1944-45 BU760.jpg|300px|alt=A white limestone memorial is built on the top of a hill. The memorial has a large front wall with rising steps on each end. Two large pylons of stone rise from a platform at the top of the wall.]]
|caption = Vimy Memorial in 1944
|commemorates = First World War Canadian dead and missing, presumed dead, in France.
|unveiled = 26 July 1936 By [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|King Edward VIII]]
|coordinates = {{coord|50|22|46|N|02|46|25|E|scale:2500|display=title}}
|nearest_town = [[Vimy]], [[Pas-de-Calais]], [[France]]
|designer = [[Walter Seymour Allward]]
|inscription = {{lang-en|To the valour of their countrymen in the Great War and in memory of their sixty thousand dead this monument is raised by the people of Canada.}} {{lang-fr|À la vaillance de ses fils pendant la Grande Guerre et en mémoire de ses soixante mille morts, le peuple canadien a élevé ce monument.}}
|commemorated = 11,169{{#tag:ref|It is not possible to remove the names of those whose bodies have been discovered or identified since the construction of the memorial. As a result, there are a number of individuals who are commemorated on both the memorial and by a headstone.<ref name="Peterson">{{citation |last=Reynolds |first=Ken |year=2008 |title=From Alberta to Avion: Private Herbert Peterson, 49th Battalion, CEF |journal=Canadian Military History |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=57–68}}</ref> Although 11,285 names appear on the memorial only 11,169 are commemorated as missing.|group="Note"}}
|source={{cwgc cemetery|87900}}
}}
The '''Canadian National Vimy Memorial''' is a memorial site in [[France]] dedicated to the memory of [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]] members killed during the [[First World War]]. It also serves as the place of commemoration for First World War Canadian soldiers killed or presumed dead in France who have no known grave. The monument is the centrepiece of a {{convert|100|ha|acre|adj=on}} preserved battlefield park that encompasses a portion of the ground over which the [[Canadian Corps]] made their assault during the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]], a military engagement fought as part of the [[Battle of Arras (1917)|Battle of Arras]].

The Battle of Vimy Ridge was the first occasion on which all four divisions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force participated in a battle as a cohesive formation, and thus became a Canadian national symbol of achievement and sacrifice. France ceded to Canada perpetual use of a portion of land on Vimy Ridge on the understanding that the Canadians use the land to establish a battlefield park and memorial. Wartime tunnels, [[Trench warfare|trenches]], craters and unexploded munitions still honeycomb the grounds of the site, which remains largely closed off for reasons of public safety. Along with preserved trench lines, a number of other memorials and cemeteries are contained within the site.

The memorial took monument designer [[Walter Seymour Allward]] eleven years to build. [[King Edward VIII]] unveiled the memorial on 26 July 1936, in the presence of [[President of France|French President]] [[Albert Lebrun]], 50,000 or more Canadian and French veterans, and their families. Following an extensive multi-year restoration, Queen [[Elizabeth II]] rededicated the memorial on 9 April 2007 during a ceremony commemorating the 90th anniversary of the battle. The memorial site is one of two [[National Historic Sites of Canada]] located outside of [[Canada]] and is maintained by [[Veterans Affairs Canada]] (the other is the [[Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial]]).

==Background==
===Topography===
Vimy Ridge is a gradually rising [[escarpment]] on the western edge of the Douai Plains, eight kilometres northeast of [[Arras]]. The ridge gradually rises on its western side, dropping more quickly on the eastern side.<ref name="Farr 147"/> The ridge is approximately seven kilometres in length and culminates at an elevation of {{convert|145|m|ft}} above [[sea level]], or {{convert|60|m|ft}} above the Douai Plains, providing a natural unobstructed view for tens of kilometres in all directions.<ref name="Farr 147"/><ref name="Geology 396-397">[[#Geology|Rose & Nathanail]] pp. 396–397, Fig. 14.3</ref>

===Early conflicts on site===
[[Image:VCRichardBasilBrandramJones.jpg|right|upright|thumb|[[Victoria Cross]] recipient Lieutenant [[Richard Basil Brandram Jones|Richard Jones]]|alt=Head and shoulders of a young British officer. He is Caucasian with brown hair that is parted to the right. He is wearing a military uniform with the Victoria Cross pinned to the left breast.]]
The ridge fell under German control in October 1914, during the [[Race to the Sea]], as the Franco-British and German forces continually attempted to outflank each other through northeastern France.<ref name="Boire 52-53">[[#Boire2|Boire (2007)]] pp. 52–53</ref> The [[Tenth Army (France)|French Tenth Army]] attempted to dislodge the Germans from the region during the [[Second Battle of Artois]] in May 1915 by attacking their positions at Vimy Ridge and [[Notre Dame de Lorette]]. During the attack, the French 1st Moroccan Division briefly captured the height of the ridge, where the Vimy memorial is currently located, but was unable to hold it owing to a lack of reinforcements.<ref name="Boire 56">[[#Boire2|Boire (2007)]] p. 56</ref> The French made another attempt during the [[Third Battle of Artois]] in September 1915, but were once again unsuccessful in capturing the top of the ridge.<ref name="Tucker 68">[[#Tucker|Tucker]] p. 68</ref> The French suffered approximately 150,000 casualties in their attempts to gain control of Vimy Ridge and surrounding territory.<ref name="Turner 8">[[#Turner|Turner]] p. 8</ref>

The [[United Kingdom|British]] XVII Corps relieved the French Tenth Army from the sector in February 1916.<ref>[[#Boire|Boire (1992)]] p. 15</ref> On 21 May 1916, the German infantry attacked the British lines along a {{convert|1800|m|yd|adj=on}} front in an effort to force them from positions along the base of the ridge.<ref name = "Samuels 200-202" >[[#Samuels|Samuels]] pp. 200–202</ref> The Germans captured several British-controlled tunnels and [[Mining (military)|mine]] craters before halting their advance and entrenching their positions.<ref name = "Samuels 200-202" />{{#tag:ref|The Germans grew uneasy about the proximity of the British positions to the top of the ridge, particularly after the increase in British tunnelling and counter mining activities.<ref name = "Samuels 200-202" /><ref name="Sheldon2">[[#Sheldon2|Sheldon]] p. 149</ref>|group="Note"}} Temporary Lieutenant [[Richard Basil Brandram Jones]] was posthumously awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] for his ultimately unsuccessful defence of the Broadmarsh Crater during the attack.<ref name="Jones NY Times">{{cite news |title=Victoria Cross List Tells Heroic Deeds |url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9504E7D81E3FE233A25752C2A96E9C946796D6CF |newspaper=[[New York Times]]|format=PDF |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=21 August 1916 |accessdate=17 September 2009}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|The Broadmarsh Crater remains visible and is located within the grounds of the Canadian National Vimy Memorial Park.|group="Note"}} British counter-attacks on 22 May did not manage to change the situation.<ref name = "Samuels 200-202" /> The Canadian Corps relieved the British IV Corps stationed along the western slopes of Vimy Ridge in October 1916.<ref name="Farr 147">[[#Farr|Farr]] p. 147</ref>

===Battle of Vimy Ridge===
{{main|Battle of Vimy Ridge}}

The Battle of Vimy Ridge was the first instance in which all four Canadian divisions participated in a battle together, as a cohesive formation.<ref name="Cook 120">[[#Cook|Cook]] p. 120</ref> The nature and size of the planned Canadian Corps assault necessitated support and resources beyond its normal operational capabilities.<ref name = "Nicholson 229">[[#Nicholson|Nicholson (1962)]] p. 229</ref> Consequently, the British [[5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|5th Infantry Division]] and supplementary artillery, engineer and labour units reinforced the four Canadian divisions already in place. The [[24th Division (United Kingdom)|24th British Division]] of [[I Corps (United Kingdom)|I Corps]] supported the Canadian Corps along its northern flank while the XVII Corps did so to the south.<ref name="Turner 39">[[#Turner|Turner]] p. 39</ref> The ad hoc {{lang|de|''Gruppe Vimy''}} formation, based under I Bavarian Reserve Corps commander {{lang|de|''General der Infanterie''}} [[Karl von Fasbender|Karl Ritter von Fasbender]], was the principal defending formation with three divisions responsible for manning the frontline defences opposite the Canadian Corps.<ref name="Williams 149">[[#Williams|Williams]] p. 149</ref>

[[Image:Plan of Attack Vimy Ridge.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The Canadian Corps plan of attack outlining the four objective lines{{spaced ndash}}Black, Red, Blue and Brown. |alt=Diagram of the battle illustrating the positions for each of the Canadian Corps division and brigades. The map shows the westerly direction of the attack, up an over the topography of the ridge.]]
The attack began at 5:30 am on [[Easter Monday]], 9 April 1917. Light [[field gun]]s laid down a [[Barrage (artillery)|barrage]] that advanced in predetermined increments, often {{convert|91|m|yd}} every three minutes, while medium and heavy [[howitzer]]s established a series of standing barrages against known defensive systems further ahead.<ref name="Cook 117">[[#Cook|Cook]] p. 117</ref> The [[1st Canadian Division|1st]], [[2nd Canadian Division|2nd]] and [[3rd Canadian Division]]s quickly captured their first objectives.<ref name="Nicholson 254">[[#Nicholson|Nicholson (1962)]] p. 254</ref> The [[4th Canadian Division]] encountered a great deal of trouble during its advance and was unable to complete its first objective until some hours later.<ref name="Nicholson 254" /> The 1st, 2nd and 3rd Canadian Division captured their second objective by approximately 7:30 am.<ref name="Nicholson 255">[[#Nicholson|Nicholson (1962)]] p. 255</ref><ref name="Campbell 178-179">[[#Campbell|Campbell]] pp. 178–179</ref><ref name="Hayes 200">[[#Hayes|Hayes]] p. 200</ref> The failure of the 4th Canadian Division to capture the top of the ridge delayed further advances and forced the 3rd Canadian Division to expend resources establishing a defensive line to its north.<ref name="Hayes 202-203">[[#Hayes|Hayes]] pp. 202–203</ref> Reserve units from the 4th Canadian Division renewed the attack on the German positions on the top of the ridge and eventually forced the German troops holding the southwestern portion of Hill 145 to withdraw.<ref name="Godefroy 220">[[#Godefroy|Godefroy (2007a)]] p. 220</ref>{{#tag:ref|German records indicate that the defending German units withdrew because they had fully run out of ammunition, mortar rounds and grenades.<ref name="Sheldon 300">[[#Sheldon2|Sheldon]] p. 309</ref>|group="Note"}}

On the morning of 10 April, Canadian Corps commander [[Lieutenant-General (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[Julian H.G. Byng, Viscount Byng of Vimy|Julian Byng]] moved up three fresh [[brigade]]s to support the continued advance.<ref name="Campbell 179">[[#Campbell|Campbell]] p. 179</ref> The fresh units leapfrogged units already in place and captured the third objective line, including Hill 135 and the town of [[Thélus]], by 11:00 am.<ref name="Campbell 179-181">[[#Campbell|Campbell]] pp. 179–181</ref> By 2:00 pm both the 1st and 2nd Canadian Divisions reported capturing their final objectives.<ref name="Campbell 182">[[#Campbell|Campbell]] p. 182</ref> By this point the "Pimple", a heavily defended knoll west of the town of [[Givenchy-en-Gohelle]], was the only German position remaining on Vimy Ridge.<ref name="Godefroy 220" /> On 12 April, the 10th Canadian Brigade attacked and quickly overcame the hastily entrenched German troops, with the support of artillery and the 24th British Division.<ref name="Nicholson 263">[[#Nicholson|Nicholson (1962)]] p. 263</ref> By nightfall on 12 April, the Canadian Corps was in firm control of the ridge.<ref name="Nicholson 263"/> The Canadian Corps suffered 10,602 casualties: 3,598 killed and 7,004 wounded.<ref name="Moran 139">[[#Moran|Moran]] p. 139</ref> The German Sixth Army suffered an unknown number of casualties{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} with an approximate 4,000 men becoming [[prisoners of war]].<ref name="Gibbs">{{cite news| first=Philip |last=Gibbs |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9904E2DE153AE433A25752C1A9629C946696D6CF |title=All of Vimy Ridge Cleared of Germans |newspaper=New York Times |publisher=The New York Times Company |format=PDF |date=11 April 1917 |accessdate=14 November 2009}}</ref>

The Battle of Vimy Ridge has considerable significance for Canada.<ref name="Inglis 1">[[#Inglis|Inglis]] p. 1</ref> Although the battle is not generally considered Canada's greatest military achievement, the image of national unity and achievement gave the battle importance.<ref name="Vance 233">[[#Vance|Vance]] p. 233</ref> According to Pierce, "the historical reality of the battle has been reworked and reinterpreted in a conscious attempt to give purpose and meaning to an event that came to symbolize Canada's coming of age as a nation."<ref name="Pierce 5">[[#Pierce|Pierce]] p. 5</ref> The idea that Canada's national identity and nationhood were born out of the battle is an opinion that is widely held in military and general histories of Canada.<ref name="Inglis 2">[[#Inglis|Inglis]] p. 2</ref><ref name="Humphries 66">[[#Humphries|Humphries]] p. 66</ref>

==History==
===Selection===
[[Image:Canadian Battlefields Memorials Commission - Design Comp.jpg|thumb|right|Design competition submissions.|alt=Approximately a dozen monument models sit on tables in a stone walled room.]]
In 1920, the Government of Canada announced that the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission|Imperial War Graves Commission]] had awarded Canada eight sites—five in France and three in Belgium—on which to erect memorials.<ref name="Busch 205">[[#Busch|Busch]] p. 205</ref>{{#tag:ref|The eight sites were Vimy, Bourlon Wood, Le Quesnel, Dury and Courcelette in France, and St. Julien, Hill 62 (Sanctuary Wood) and Passchendaele in Belgium.<ref name="VAC CBMC"/>|group="Note"}} Each site represented a significant Canadian engagement and the Canadian government initially decided that each battlefield be treated equally and commemorated with identical monuments.<ref name="Busch 205">[[Canadian National Vimy Memorial#Busch|Busch]] p. 205</ref> In September 1920, the Canadian government formed the Canadian Battlefields Memorials Commission to discuss the process and conditions for holding a memorial competition for the sites in Europe.<ref name="Vance 66">[[#Vance|Vance]] p. 66</ref> The commission held its first meeting on 26 November 1920 and during this meeting decided that the [[architectural design competition]] would be open to all Canadian architects, designers, sculptors and artists.<ref name="VAC CBMC">{{cite web | title = Canadian Battlefields Memorials Committee | publisher = Veteran Affairs Canada | date = 25 March 2007 | url = http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/Memorials/can_battle_committee | accessdate =12 January 2008}}</ref> Interested parties submitted 160 design drawings and the jury selected 17 submissions for consideration, commissioning each finalist to produce a plaster [[maquette]] of their respective design.<ref name="VAC Design Comp">{{cite web | title = Design Competition | publisher = Veteran Affairs Canada | date = 25 March 2007 | url = http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/memorials/france/vimy/sg/01_artwork/04_competition | accessdate =22 May 2013}}</ref> In October 1921, the commission selected the submission of [[Toronto]] sculptor and designer Walter Seymour Allward as the winner of the competition, and that of Frederick Chapman Clemesha as runner-up.<ref name="Vance 66"/> The complexity of Allward's design precluded the possibility of duplicating the design at each site.<ref name="Vance 67">[[#Vance|Vance]] p. 67</ref> The commission revised its initial plans and decided to build two distinctive memorials—that of Allward and Clemesha—and six smaller identical memorials.<ref name="Vance 67"/> At the outset, members of the commission debated where to build Allward's winning design.<ref name="Vance 66"/> Committee member and former Canadian Corps commander, Lieutenant-General [[Arthur Currie]] argued in favour of the government placing the monument in Belgium on [[Hill 62 Memorial|Hill 62]].<ref name="Pierce 5"/><ref name="Hucker 283">[[#Hucker|Hucker]] p. 283</ref> In the end, the commission selected Vimy Ridge as the preferred site, largely because of its elevation above the plain below.<ref name="Vance 66–69">[[#Vance|Vance]] pp. 66–69</ref>

The government announced its desire to acquire a more considerable tract of land along the ridge after the commission selected Vimy Ridge as the preferred location for Allward’s design.<ref name="Inglis 61">[[#Inglis|Inglis]] p. 61</ref> In the interval between the 1st and 2nd session of the [[14th Canadian Parliament]], [[Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons]] [[Rodolphe Lemieux]] went to France to negotiate the acquisition of more land.<ref name="Inglis 61"/> On 5 December 1922, Lemieux concluded an agreement with France in which France granted Canada "freely and for all time" the use of {{convert|100|ha|acre}} of land on Vimy Ridge, in recognition of Canada's war effort.<ref name="DFAIT">{{cite web | title = Canada Treaty Information | publisher = Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade | date = 26 February 2002 | url = http://www.treaty-accord.gc.ca/text-texte.aspx?id=102661 | accessdate =4 January 2008}}</ref> The only condition placed on the donation was that Canada use the land to erect a monument commemorating Canadian soldiers killed during the First World War and assume the responsibility for the maintenance of the memorial and the surrounding battlefield park.<ref name="DFAIT"/>

===Memorial construction===
[[Image:Vimy Memorial - Foundation construction.jpg|thumb|right|Laying the foundation of the memorial.|alt=Scaffolding surrounds a half finished concrete foundation. Dozens of metal steel poles rise from the foundation. A dozen workmen are visible and involved in various construction tasks.]]
In 1924, the [[Canadian Battlefields Memorials Commission]] hired Dr. Oscar Faber, a Danish structural engineer, to prepare foundation plans as well as provide general supervision of the foundation work.<ref name="Hucker 285">[[#Hucker|Hucker]] p. 285</ref> Major Unwin Simson served as the principal Canadian engineer during the construction of the memorial and oversaw much of the daily operations at the site.<ref name="Durflinger 292">[[#Durflinger|Durflinger]] p. 292</ref><ref name="Hucker 286"/> Allward moved to Paris in 1925 to supervise the construction of the monument and the carving of the sculptures.<ref name="Pierce 6">[[#Pierce|Pierce]] p. 6</ref> Construction of the memorial commenced in 1925 and took eleven years to complete.<ref name="Fast Facts"/> The Imperial War Graves Commission concurrently employed French and British veterans to carry out the necessary roadwork and site landscaping.<ref name="Pierce 6"/>

In June 1922, Allward set up a studio in [[London]], [[England]] and toured for almost two years in an attempt to find a stone of the right colour, texture, and luminosity for the memorial.<ref name="Hucker 286">[[#Hucker|Hucker]] p. 286</ref> He eventually found it in the ruins of the [[Diocletian's Palace]] at [[Split, Croatia]]. Allward observed that the palace had not weathered over the years, a fact that Allward took as evidence of the stone's durability.<ref name="Hucker 286"/> Allward's choice, Seget limestone, came from an ancient Roman quarry located near [[Seget]], [[Croatia]].<ref name="Fabijančić 127">[[#Fabijančić|Fabijančić]] p. 127</ref> The difficulties associated with the quarrying process, coupled with complicated transportation logistics, delayed delivery of the stone, which consequently delayed construction of the memorial.<ref name="Hucker 286"/> The first shipment of stone did not arrive at the memorial site until 1927, and the larger blocks, intended for the human figures, did not begin to arrive until 1931.<ref name="Hucker 286"/>

While awaiting the first delivery of stone, Simson noticed that the battlefield landscape features were beginning to deteriorate.<ref name="Hucker 286"/> Seeing an opportunity to not only preserve a portion of the battlefield but also keep his staff occupied, Simson decided to preserve a short section of trench line as well make the Grange Subway more accessible.<ref name="Hucker 286"/> Labourers rebuilt and preserved sections of sandbagged trench wall, on both the Canadian and German sides of the Grange crater group, in concrete.<ref name="Hucker 286"/> The workforce also built a new concrete entrance for the Grange Subway and, after excavating a portion of the tunnel system, installed electric lighting.<ref name="Hucker 286"/>

[[Image:Vimy Memorial - half finished statue and plaster models.jpg|left|thumb|Statue carving in progress.|alt=The partially completed statue of a reclined woman sits to the right of a half sized model of the same statue. It appears the work is being conducted inside a temporary structure.]]
Allward chose a relatively new construction method for the monument; limestone bonded to a cast concrete frame. A foundation bed of 11,000 tonnes of concrete, reinforced with hundreds of tonnes of steel, served as the support bed for the memorial. The memorial base and twin pylons contained almost 6,000 tonnes of a Seget limestone.<ref name="Picard">[[#Picard|Picard]] (online)</ref> Sculptors carved the 20 human figures on-site, from large blocks of stone. The carvers used half-size plaster models produced by Allward in his studio, now on display at the [[Canadian War Museum]], and an instrument called a [[pantograph]] to reproduce the figures at the proper scale.<ref name="Busch 206">[[#Busch|Busch]] p. 206</ref> The carvers conducted their work year-round, inside temporary studios built around each figure.<ref name="VAC construction">{{cite web |url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/memorials/france/vimy/vmemory | title=Design and Construction of the Vimy Ridge Memorial |date=12 August 1998|accessdate=22 May 2013 |publisher=Veterans Affairs Canada}}</ref> The inclusion of the names of those killed in France with no known grave was not part of the original design and Allward was unhappy when the government subsequently asked him to include them.<ref name="Duffy 197">[[#Duffy|Duffy]] p. 197</ref>{{#tag:ref|The government was acting on behalf of a request by the Imperial War Graves Commission which was tasked with commemorating all killed and missing Commonwealth soldiers and was, as a result, prepared to share in the cost of the memorial.<ref name="Duffy 197"/>|group="Note"}} Allward argued that the inclusion of names was not part of the original commissioning.<ref name="Duffy 197"/> Through a letter to Canadian Battlefields Memorials Commission in October 1927, Allward indicated his intention to relegate the names of the missing to pavement stones around the monument.<ref name="Duffy 197"/> The collective dismay and uproar of the commission forced Allward to relent and incorporate the names of the missing on the memorial walls.<ref name="Duffy 197"/> The task of inscribing the names did not begin until early 1930s and employed a typeface that Allward designed specifically for the monument.<ref name="Hucker 286"/>

===Pilgrimage and unveiling===
In preparation for the 1936 Vimy Pilgrimage, the [[Government of Canada]] made a special Vimy passport available to pilgrims, at no extra cost.<ref name = "MacIntyre 197">[[#MacIntyre|MacIntyre]] p. 197</ref> On 16 July 1936, five trans-Atlantic liners departed the port of [[Montreal]] for the unveiling of the Canadian National Vimy Memorial in France.{{#tag:ref|The ships were the SS ''Montrose'', SS ''Montcalm'', SS ''Antonia'', SS ''Ascania'' and the SS ''Duchess of Bedford''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/feature/vimy90/media/backgrounders/1936dedication |title=1936 Dedication of the Canadian National Vimy Memorial |publisher= Veterans Affairs Canada |date=19 January 2007 |accessdate=22 May 2013}}</ref>|group="Note"}} About 6,400 people sailed on the five steamships from Canada and 1,365 Canadians came from England.<ref name = "MacIntyre 159">[[#MacIntyre|MacIntyre]] p. 159</ref> Edward VIII, in his capacity as [[Monarchy of Canada|King of Canada]], officially unveiled the monument on 26 July 1936.<ref name="CITEREF_Bell_2007 139">[[#CITEREF Bell 2007|Bell, Bousfield and Toffoli]] p. 139</ref><ref name="Foot">{{Cite news | last=Foot | first=Richard | title=Vimy memorial had a turbulent history of its own| newspaper=[[The Vancouver Sun]] | publication-place=Vancouver | date=4 April 2007 | page=A4 }}</ref><ref name="Lloyd 221">[[#Lloyd|Lloyd]] p. 221</ref> The ceremony was one of the King's few official duties before he [[Edward VIII abdication crisis|abdicated the throne]].<ref name="Foot"/> Senior Canadian, British, and European officials, including French President Albert Lebrun, and over 50,000 Canadian, British, and French veterans and their families attended the event.<ref name="Fast Facts">{{cite web | title=The Battle of Vimy Ridge – Fast Facts | url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/memorials/france/vimy/battle | work=VAC Canada Remembers | publisher=Veterans Affairs Canada | date=n.d. | accessdate=22 May 2013}}</ref> The ceremony included a guard of honour made of [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] officers, [[Royal Canadian Navy]] members with rifles, and flyovers by two Canadian squadrons and two French squadrons. Edward VIII gave a speech, starting in French and switching to English, thanking France for its generosity and assuring those assembled that Canada would never forget its war missing and dead. The king then pulled the [[Union Flag|Royal Union Flag]] from the central figure of ''Canada Bereft'' and the military band played the [[Last Post]].<ref name="Morton 221">[[#Morton|Morton & Wright]] p. 221</ref>

===Second World War===
The general safety of the memorial was a cause for concern for the Canadian government. In 1939, the increased threat of conflict with [[Nazi Germany]] amplified the Canadian government’s level of concern. Canada could do little more than protect the sculptures and the bases of the pylons with sandbags and await developments. When war did break out, the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]] deployed to France and assumed responsibility for the Arras sector, which included Vimy.<ref name="Durflinger 292"/> In late May 1940, following the British retreat in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Arras (1940)|Battle of Arras]], the status and condition of the memorial became unknown.<ref name="Durflinger 293">[[#Durflinger|Durflinger]] p. 293</ref> The Germans took control of the site and held the site's caretaker, George Stubbs, in an [[Ilag]] internment camp for Allied civilians in [[Ilag#St.Denis|St. Denis]], France.<ref name="Durflinger 300">[[#Durflinger|Durflinger]] p. 300</ref>
The rumoured destruction of the Vimy Memorial, either during the fighting or at the hands of the Germans, was widely reported in both Canada and the United Kingdom.<ref name="Durflinger 294">[[#Durflinger|Durflinger]] p. 294</ref> The rumours eventually led the German [[Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda]] to publish denials.<ref name="Durflinger 297">[[#Durflinger|Durflinger]] p. 297</ref> [[Adolf Hitler]], who reportedly admired the memorial for its peaceful nature,{{r|haggart20070407}} was photographed by the press while personally touring it and the preserved trenches on 2 June 1940 to demonstrate the memorial had not been desecrated.<ref>(2000). "Remembrance: The Canadian Unknown Soldier". In: ''After The Battle'', '''109'''. [[ISSN|ISSN 0306-154X]].</ref> He ordered [[Waffen-SS]] troops to guard the memorial from both German and Allied armies. While all Australian World War I memorial graves in France were damaged during the war, the Vimy memorial was preserved<ref name="haggart20070407">{{cite news | url=http://www.thestar.com/news/2007/04/07/how_hitler_spared_vimy_ridge.html | title=How Hitler spared Vimy Ridge | work=Toronto Star | date=7 April 2007 | accessdate=2013-05-22 | author=Haggart, Ron}}</ref> although the undamaged state of the memorial was not conclusively confirmed until September 1944 when the [[Welsh Guards]] recaptured Vimy Ridge.<ref name="Durflinger 298">[[#Durflinger|Durflinger]] p. 298</ref>

===Restoration and rededication===
[[Image:Vimy Memorial - panel of names before restoration.jpg|thumb|right|A name panel on the memorial damaged by mineral deposits.|alt=Names carved into a wall are covered in unidentified mineral deposits. Many of the names are no longer readable or are heavily distorted.]]
In May 2001, the Government of Canada announced the [[Canadian Battlefield Memorials Restoration Project]], a major 30 million [[Canadian dollar]] restoration project to restore Canada's memorial sites in France and Belgium, in order to maintain and present them in a respectful and dignified manner.<ref name="Valpy">{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Valpy | title=Setting a legend in stone |url=http://v1.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070407.wvimymemorial0407/front/Front/Front/ |work=[[Globe and Mail]] |location=Toronto |date=7 April 2007 |accessdate=2013-05-22}}</ref><ref name="Hucker 288">[[#Hucker|Hucker]] p. 288</ref> In 2005, the Vimy memorial closed for major restoration work. Veterans Affairs Canada directed the restoration of the memorial in cooperation with other Canadian departments, the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, consultants and specialists in military history.<ref name="Valpy"/>

Time, wear and severe weather conditions led to many identified problems, the single most pervasive problem being water damage.<ref name="Valpy"/> In building a memorial made of cast concrete covered in stone, Allward had failed to take into account how these materials would shift over time.<ref name="Hucker 288"/> The builders and designer failed to incorporate sufficient space between the concrete and stones, which resulted in water infiltrating the structure.<ref name="Hucker 288"/> Over time, water entered the monument through its walls and platforms and coursed through the structure, dissolving lime from the concrete foundation and masonry.<ref name="Valpy"/> As the water exited, it deposited lime on exterior surface walls obscuring many of the names inscribed on the memorial.<ref name="Hucker 288"/> Poor drainage and water flows off the monument also caused significant erosion and deterioration to the platform, terrace and stairs.<ref name="Valpy"/> The restoration project intended to address the root causes of the deterioration and included repairs to the stone, walkways, walls, terraces, stairs and platforms of the memorial.<ref name="Valpy"/>

Queen Elizabeth II, escorted by [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], rededicated the restored memorial on 9 April 2007 in a ceremony commemorating the 90th anniversary of the battle.<ref name="CITEREF_Bell_2007 140">[[#CITEREF Bell 2007|Bell, Bousfield and Toffoli]] p. 140</ref> Other senior Canadian officials, including [[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian Prime Minister]] [[Stephen Harper]], and senior French representatives, such as [[Prime Minister of France|French Prime Minister]] [[Dominique de Villepin]], attended the event, along with thousands of Canadian students, veterans of the [[Second World War]] and of more recent conflicts, and descendants of those who fought at Vimy.<ref name="CTV"/> The crowd attending the rededication ceremony was the largest crowd on the site since the 1936 dedication.<ref name="CTV">Tom Kennedy, CTV National News, 9 April 2007.</ref>

==Site==
[[Image:Vimy Memorial - German trenches, mortar emplacement.jpg|thumb|left|Trenches preserved in concrete.|alt=Curved trench lines, preserved in concrete are surrounded by shell craters that are now covered in grass. In the immediate foreground, a small half-destroyer piece of artillery sits in a three walled position that is off of the main trench line.]]
The Canadian National Vimy Memorial site is located approximately eight kilometres north of Arras, France, near the towns of Vimy and [[Neuville-Saint-Vaast]]. The site is one of the few places on the former [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] where a visitor can see the trench lines of a First World War battlefield and the related terrain in a preserved natural state.<ref name="Geology 216">[[#Geology|Rose & Nathanail]] p. 216</ref><ref name="Lloyd 120">[[#Lloyd|Lloyd]] p. 120</ref> The total area of the site is {{convert|100|ha|acre}}, much of which is forested and off limits to visitors to ensure public safety. The site's rough terrain and unearthed unexploded munitions make the task of grass cutting too dangerous for human operators.<ref name="CWGC2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/admin/files/Annual%20Report%202007-08%20Part1.pdf |title=Annual Report 2007-2008 | format=PDF |year=2008 |accessdate=10 January 2010 |publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission|page=16}}{{dead link|date=May 2013}}</ref> Instead, sheep graze the open meadows of the site.<ref name="Turner 7">[[#Turner|Turner]] p. 7</ref>

The site was founded to principally honour the memory of the Canadian Corps, but also contains a number of other memorials. These include memorials dedicated to the French Moroccan Division, [[Lions Club International]] and Lieutenant-Colonel Mike Watkins. There are also two Commonwealth War Graves Commission maintained cemeteries on site; [[Canadian Cemetery No. 2]] and [[Givenchy Road Canadian Cemetery]].<ref name="cwgc CCN2">{{cite web |url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2103985/CANADIAN%20CEMETERY%20NO.2,%20NEUVILLE-ST.%20VAAST |title=CWGC :: Cemetery Details – Canadian Cemetery No. 2, Neuville-St. Vaast|accessdate=13 March 2009 |publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission |date=n.d.}}</ref><ref name="cwgc GRCC">{{cite web |url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/68402/GIVENCHY%20ROAD%20CANADIAN%20CEMETERY,%20NEUVILLE-ST.%20VAAST |title=CWGC :: Cemetery Details – Givenchy Road Canadian Cemetery, Neuville-St. Vaast| accessdate=13 March 2009 |publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission |date=n.d.}}</ref> Beyond being a popular location for battlefield tours, the site is also an important location in the burgeoning field of First World War [[battlefield archaeology]], because of its preserved and largely undisturbed state.<ref name="archeology 1">[[#Saunders|Saunders]] pp. 101–108</ref> The site's interpretive centre helps visitors fully understand the Vimy Memorial, the preserved battlefield park and the history of the Battle of Vimy within the context of Canada's participation in the First World War.<ref name="VAC Museum">{{cite web| url=http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=memorials/ww1mem/vimy/interpret |title=Interpretive Centre at the Canadian National Vimy Memorial |publisher=Veterans Affairs Canada |date=22 March 2007 |accessdate=14 November 2009 }}{{dead link|date=May 2013}}</ref> The Canadian National Vimy Memorial and [[Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial]] sites comprise close to 80 percent of conserved First World War battlefields in existence and between them receive over one million visitors each year.<ref name="VAC Restoration">{{cite web|title=Canadian Battlefield Memorials Restoration Project| url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/memorials/cbmr |accessdate=13 March 2009|publisher=Veterans Affairs Canada |date=19 January 2007}}</ref>

===Vimy memorial===
[[File:Vimy Memorial - Design model.jpg|thumb|right|A design model of the memorial.|alt=A white plaster design model of the Vimy Memorial from the front side, displayed against a black background.]]
Allward constructed the memorial on the vantage point of Hill 145, the highest point on the ridge.<ref name="Busch 12">[[#Busch|Busch]] p. 12</ref> The memorial contains a large number of stylized features, including 20 human figures, which help the viewer in contemplating the structure as a whole. The front wall, normally mistaken for the rear, is {{convert|7.3|m|ft}} high and represents an impenetrable wall of defence.<ref name="Pierce 6"/> There is a group of figures at each end of the front wall, next to the base of the steps.<ref name="Brandon 10"/> The ''Breaking of the Sword'' is located at the southern corner of the front wall while ''Sympathy of the Canadians for the Helpless'' is located at the northern corner.<ref name="Hucker 282"/> Collectively, the two groups are ''The Defenders'' and represent the ideals for which Canadians gave their lives during the war.<ref name="Hucker 282"/> There is a cannon barrel draped in laurel and olive branches carved into the wall above each group, to symbolize peace.<ref name="Brandon 10">[[#Brandon|Brandon]] p. 10</ref><ref name="Hopkins 188">[[#Hopkins|Hopkins]] p. 188</ref> In ''Breaking of the Sword'', three young men are present, one of whom is crouching and breaking his sword.<ref name="Hucker 282"/> This statue represents the defeat of militarism and the general desire for peace.<ref name="Bolling 310">[[#Bolling|Bolling]] p. 310</ref> This grouping of figures is the most overt image to [[pacifism]] in the monument, the breaking of a sword being extremely uncommon in war memorials.<ref name="Prost 316">[[#Prost|Prost]] p. 316</ref> The original plan for the sculpture included one figure crushing a German helmet with his foot.<ref name="Pierce 6"/> It was later decided to dismiss this feature because of its overtly militaristic imagery.<ref name="Pierce 6"/> In ''Sympathy of the Canadians for the Helpless'', one man stands erect while three other figures, stricken by hunger or disease, are crouched and kneeling around him. The standing man represents Canada’s sympathy for the weak and oppressed.<ref name = "MacIntyre 156">[[#MacIntyre|MacIntyre]] p. 156</ref>

[[File:Vimy Memorial - Layout.GIF|thumb|left|Layout map of the memorial.|alt=A schematic diagram of the Vimy Memorial that shows the orientation of the memorial and the location of names based upon alphabetical order of family name.]]
The figure of a cloaked young female stands on top of the front wall and overlooks the Douai Plains. The woman has her head bowed, her eyes cast down, and her chin resting in one hand. Below her at ground level of the former battlefield is a sarcophagus, bearing a [[Brodie helmet]], a sword and draped in laurel branches.<ref name="Hucker 282">[[#Hucker|Hucker]] p. 282</ref> The saddened figure of ''Canada Bereft'', also known as ''Mother Canada'', is a [[national personification]] of the young nation of Canada, mourning her dead.<ref name="Hucker 282"/>{{#tag:ref|Dancer turned model Edna Moynihan served as the model with the statue itself being carved by Italian Luigi Rigamonti.<ref name="Hucker 286"/>|group="Note"}} The statue, a reference to traditional images of the {{lang|la|[[Mater Dolorosa]]}} and presented in a similar style to that of [[Michelangelo]]'s [[Pietà (Michelangelo)|Pietà]], faces eastward looking out to the dawn of the new day.<ref name="Duffy 194">[[#Duffy|Duffy]] p. 194</ref> Unlike the other statues on the monument, stonemasons carved ''Canada Bereft'' from a single 30 tonne block of stone.<ref name="Duffy 194"/> The statue is the largest single piece in the monument and serves as a focal point.<ref name="Duffy 194"/>

The twin pylons rise to a height 30 metres above the memorial's stone platform. The twin white pylons, one bearing the [[maple leaf]] for Canada and the other the [[fleur-de-lis]] for France, symbolize the unity and sacrifice of both countries.<ref name="Brandon 10"/> At the top of the two pylons is a grouping of figures known collectively as the ''Chorus''.<ref name="Valpy"/> The most senior figures represent ''Justice'' and ''Peace''.<ref name="Brandon 13">[[#Brandon|Brandon]] p. 13</ref> ''Peace'' stands with a torch upraised, making it the highest point in the region.<ref name="Nicholson 33">[[#Nicholson 2|Nicholson (1973)]] p. 33</ref> The pair is in a style similar to Allward's previously commissioned statues of ''Truth'' and ''Justice'', located outside the [[Supreme Court of Canada]] in [[Ottawa]].<ref name="Brandon 12">[[#Brandon|Brandon]] p. 12</ref> The figures of ''Hope'', ''Charity'', ''Honour'' and ''Faith'' are located below ''Justice'' and ''Peace'' on the eastern side, with ''Truth'' and ''Knowledge'' on the western side. Around these figures are shields of Canada, Britain and France. Large crosses adorn the outside of each pylon.<ref name="Hopkins 188"/> The First World War battle honours of the Canadian regiments and a dedicatory inscription to Canada's war dead, in both French and English, also appear on the monument. The ''Spirit of Sacrifice'' is located at the base between the two pylons.<ref name="Duffy 194"/> In the display, a young dying soldier is gazing upward in a crucifixion-like pose, having thrown his torch to a comrade who holds it aloft behind him.<ref name="Duffy 194"/> In a lightly veiled reference to the poem ''[[In Flanders Fields]]'' by [[John McCrae]], the torch is passed from one comrade to another in an effort to keep alive the memory of the war dead.<ref name="Nicholson 33"/>

{{Quote box | quote =It is an inspired expression in stone, chiselled by a skilful Canadian hand, of Canada's salute to her fallen sons.<ref name="Mould Fonds 62-63">{{cite web|title=John Mould Diaries : Return to Vimy |url=http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/mould/vimy.aspx |accessdate=4 January 2010 |date=n.d. |publisher=[[Archives of Ontario]]}}</ref>| source = King Edward VIII referring to the memorial during his 1936 speech. | width = 30% | align =right}}
The Mourning Parents, one male and one female figure, are reclining on either side of the western steps on the reverse side of the monument. They represent the mourning mothers and fathers of the nation and are likely patterned on the four statues by Michelangelo on the [[Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence#Cappelle Medicee|Medici Tomb]] in [[Florence]], [[Italy]].<ref name="Brandon 12"/> Inscribed on the outside wall of the monument are the names of the 11,285 Canadians killed in France, and whose final resting place is unknown.<ref name="Hucker 286"/> Most Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorials present names in a descending list format. Allward sought to present the names as a seamless list and decided to do so by inscribing the names in continuous bands, across both vertical and horizontal seams, around the base of the monument.<ref name="Valpy"/> The memorial contains the names of four posthumous Victoria Cross recipients; [[Robert Grierson Combe]], [[Frederick Hobson]], [[William Johnstone Milne]] and [[Robert Spall]].<ref name="VCs">{{cite web| title=Victoria Cross (VC) Recipients |url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/medals-decorations/orders-decorations/canadian-victoria-cross-recipients |publisher=Veterans Affairs Canada }}</ref>

===Moroccan Division Memorial===
[[Image:Vimy Ridge - Moroccan Division Memorial.jpg|thumb|right|The Moroccan Division Memorial|alt=White rectangular stone memorial. It is inscribed "AUX MORTS DE LA DIVISION MAROCAINE", with other dedicatory messages in French, and with one phrase in Arabic.]]
The Moroccan Division Memorial is dedicated to the memory of the members of the French Moroccan Division killed during the Second Battle of Artois in May 1915.<ref name="Boire 56"/> General [[Victor d'Urbal]], commander of the French Tenth Army, sought to dislodge the Germans from the region by attacking their positions at Vimy Ridge and [[Notre Dame de Lorette]].<ref name="Simkins 48">[[#Simkins|Simkins]] p. 48</ref> When the attack began on 9 May 1915, the French XXXIII Corps made significant territorial gains.<ref name="Simkins 48"/> The Moroccan Division, which was part of the XXXIII Corps, quickly moved through the German defences and advanced {{convert|4|km|yd}} into German lines in two hours.<ref name="Doughty 159">[[#Doughty|Doughty]] p. 159</ref> The division managed to capture the height of the ridge, with small parties even reaching the far side of the ridge, before retreating due to a lack of reinforcements.<ref name="Boire 56"/> Even after German counter-attacks, the division managed to hold a territorial gain of {{convert|2100|m|yd}}.<ref name="Doughty 159"/>

===Grange Subway===
The First World War's Western Front included an extensive system of underground tunnels, subways and dugouts. The Grange Subway is a tunnel system that is approximately {{convert|800|m|yd}} in length and once connected the reserve lines to the front line. This permitted soldiers to advance to the front quickly, securely and unseen.<ref name="Geology 398">[[#Geology|Rose & Nathanail]] p. 398</ref> A portion of this tunnel system is open to the public through regular guided tours provided by Canadian student guides.<ref name="Turner 90">[[#Turner|Turner]] p. 90</ref>

The Arras-Vimy sector was conducive to tunnel excavation owing to the soft, porous yet extremely stable nature of the [[chalk]] underground.<ref name="Geology 398"/> As a result, pronounced underground warfare had been a feature of the Vimy sector since 1915.<ref name="Geology 398"/> In preparation for the Battle of Vimy Ridge, five British tunnelling companies excavated 12 subways along the Canadian Corps' front, the longest of which was {{convert|1.2|km|yd}} in length.<ref name="Barton 200"/> The tunnellers excavated the subways at a depth of 10 metres to ensure protection from large calibre howitzer shellfire.<ref name="Barton 200">[[#Barton|Barton]] p. 200</ref> The subways were often dug at a pace of four metres a day and were often two metres tall and one metre wide.<ref name="Geology 398"/> This underground network often incorporated or included concealed light rail lines, hospitals, command posts, water reservoirs, ammunition stores, mortar and machine gun posts, and communication centres.<ref name="Barton 200"/>

===Lieutenant-Colonel Mike Watkins memorial===
[[File:Vimy Ridge - Watkins memorial.JPG|thumb|Memorial plaque to Lieutenant Colonel Michael Watkins, MBE]]
Near the Canadian side of the restored trenches is a small memorial plaque dedicated to [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] Mike Watkins [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]]. Watkins was head of [[11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal Regiment RLC|Explosive Ordnance Disposal]] at the Directorate of Land Service Ammunition, [[Royal Logistics Corps]] and a leading British [[Bomb disposal|explosive ordnance disposal]] expert.<ref name="Watkins obit"/> In August 1998, he died in a roof collapse near a tunnel entrance while undertaking a detailed investigative survey of the British tunnel system on the grounds of the Canadian National Vimy Memorial site.<ref name="Watkins obit">{{cite news |first=Paul |last=Beaver |title=Obituary: Lt-Col Mike Watkins |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-ltcol-mike-watkins-1171486.html |work=[[The Independent]] |date=14 August 1998 |accessdate=26 April 2009 |location=[[London]]}}</ref> Watkins was no stranger to the tunnel system at Vimy Ridge. Earlier the same year, he participated in the successful disarming of 3 tonnes of deteriorated [[ammonal]] explosives located under a road intersection on the site.<ref name="Watkins obit"/>

===Georges Devloo===
The memorial site is accessible by car, taxi and tour bus, but not by public transport. Canadians looking for transportation used to be able to get rides from a senior resident of Vimy, Georges Devloo. Known as the Grandpa of Vimy to the Canadian guides, he would offer car rides to Canadian tourists to and from the memorial at no charge, as a way of paying tribute to the Canadians who fought at Vimy.<ref>{{cite news|first=Kathleen |last=Harris |newspaper=[[London Free Press]]| publisher=Sum Media Corp |title='Grandpa of Vimy' gives rides for sweets |date=13 November 2009}}</ref> Devloo died in February 2009; he had been giving free rides to Canadians for 13 years.<ref>{{cite news|first=Adrienne |last=Arsenault
|url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2009/02/09/f-rfa-arsenault.html |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Company |title=Au revoir to the grand-père of Vimy|accessdate=10 February 2009|date=10 February 2009}}</ref>

==Sociocultural influence==
The Canadian National Vimy Memorial site has considerable sociocultural significance for Canada. The idea that Canada's national identity and nationhood were born out of the Battle of Vimy Ridge is an opinion that is widely published in military and general histories of Canada.<ref name="Inglis 2" /><ref name="Humphries 66"/> Historian Denise Thomson suggests that the construction of the Vimy memorial represents the culmination of an increasingly assertive nationalism that developed in Canada during the [[interwar period]].<ref name="Thomson">[[#Thomson|Thomson]] pp. 5–27</ref> Meanwhile, Hucker suggests that the memorial transcends the Battle of Vimy Ridge and now serves as an enduring image of the whole of the First World War, while concurrently expressing the enormous impact of war in general.<ref name="Hucker 280">[[#Hucker|Hucker]] p. 280</ref> Hucker also suggest that the most recent restoration project serves as evidence of a new generation's determination to remember Canada's contribution and sacrifice during the First World War.<ref name="Hucker 280"/>

[[Image:Ghosts of Vimy Ridge.jpeg|225px|left|thumb|''Ghosts of Vimy Ridge'' by Will Longstaff|alt=A crowd of dark and ghostly soldiers are scattered on a hill of churned ground, shell holes and general battlefield detritus. A memorial, painted in white, is located at the top of the hill.]]The [[Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada]] recognized the importance of the site by recommending its designation as a National Historic Site of Canada; it was so designated, one of only two outside of Canada, in 1997.<ref name="VAC NHS">{{cite web |url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/memorials/france/vimy/vimycerm | title=Canadian National Historic Site Designation |date=9 September 1999 |accessdate=22 May 2013 |publisher=Veterans Affairs Canada}}</ref> The other is the [[Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial]], also in France. In 1931, [[Will Longstaff]] painted ''Ghosts of Vimy Ridge'', depicting ghosts of men from the Canadian Corps on Vimy Ridge surrounding the memorial, though the memorial was still several years away from completion.<ref name="longstaff">{{cite web|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/menin/notes.asp |title=Will Longstaff's Menin Gate at midnight (Ghosts of Menin Gate) |date=n.d.|accessdate=11 January 2010 |publisher=Australian War Memorial}}</ref> The Canadian ''[[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier|Unknown Soldier]]'' was selected from a cemetery in the vicinity of the Canadian National Vimy Memorial and the design of the [[Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] is based upon the stone sarcophagus at the base of the Vimy memorial.<ref name="Tomb design">{{cite web |url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/memorials/france/vimy/vmemory |title=Designing and Constructing |series=Tomb of the Unknown Soldier |date= 5 May 2000 |accessdate=8 January 2010 |publisher=Veterans Affairs Canada}}</ref>

A 2001 Canadian [[bestseller|bestselling]] [[historical novel]] ''[[The Stone Carvers]]'' by [[Jane Urquhart]] involves the characters in the design and creation of the memorial. In 2007, the memorial was a short listed selection for the [[Seven Wonders of Canada]].<ref name="CBC 7WoC">{{cite news| title=Vimy Memorial, France |url=http://www.cbc.ca/sevenwonders/wonder_vimy.html |accessdate=7 January 2010 |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Company |date=n.d. }}</ref> The [[Royal Canadian Mint]] released commemorative coins featuring the memorial on a number of occasions, including a 5 cent sterling silver coin in 2002 and a 30 dollar sterling silver coin in 2007. The [[Sacrifice Medal]], a Canadian military [[Military awards and decorations|decoration]] created in 2008, features the image of ''Mother Canada'' on the reverse side of the medal.<ref name="SM web">{{cite news |title=New military medal to honour combat casualties |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/08/29/sacrifice-medal.html?ref=rss&Authorized=1&AuthenticationKey=1_45_4c64df9a-89f8-4b1a-94ac-8efd26447be0.pakdllcidpafph |date=29 August 2008 |accessdate=7 January 2010 |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Company}}</ref> A permanent bas relief sculpted image of the memorial is presented in the gallery of the grand hall of the [[Embassy of France in Canada]] to symbolize the close relations between the two countries.<ref name="FR embassy">{{cite web| title=Embassy of France in Canada, virtual visit |url=http://www.ambafrance-ca.org/gallery/genese/pages/vimy.htm |date=January 2004 |accessdate=10 January 2010 |publisher=Embassy of France in Canada }}</ref> The memorial is featured on the backside of the [[Frontier Series]] Canadian polymer [[Canadian twenty-dollar bill|$20]] banknote, which was released by the [[Bank of Canada]] on November 7, 2012.<ref name="CTV $20 Bill">{{cite web| title=Twenty Dollar Bill|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/canadians-see-twin-towers-pornography-in-20-bill-design-1.806190 |accessdate=6 May 2012 |publisher=CTV |date=n.d. }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Canadian Armed Forces}}
* [[World War I memorials]]
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="Note"}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== References ==
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite book |title= Beneath Flanders Fields: The Tunnellers' War 1914–1918 |last1= Barton | first1=Peter |last2= Doyle |first2=Peter |last3=Vandewalle |first3=Johan |year= 2004 |publisher= McGill-Queen's University Press|location= Montreal & Kingston | isbn = 0-7735-2949-7|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=wLZjfmkh3jYC&lpg=PP1&dq=Beneath%20Flanders%20Fields%3A%20The%20Tunnellers'%20War%201914-1918&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Barton}}
* {{cite book| last1=Bell| first1=Lynne| last2=Bousfield |first2=Arthur |last3=Toffoli |first3=Gary| title=Queen and Consort:Elizabeth and Philip – 60 Years of Marriage| publisher=Dundurn Press| year=2007| location=Toronto| url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=sqFPntVyzK4C&lpg=PP1&dq=Queen%20and%20Consort%3AElizabeth%20and%20Philip%20-%2060%20Years%20of%20Marriage&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true| isbn=978-1-55002-725-9|ref=CITEREF_Bell_2007}}
* {{cite journal |last = Boire |first = Michael| title = The Underground War: Military Mining Operations in support of the attack on Vimy Ridge, 9 April 1917 | journal = Canadian Military History | volume = 1 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 15–24| publisher = Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies | date = Spring 1992 | url = http://www.wlu.ca/lcmsds/cmh/back%20issues/CMH/volume%201/issue%201-2/Boire%20-%20The%20Underground%20War.pdf| accessdate =2 January 2009 |format=PDF|ref=Boire}}
* {{cite book |last = Boire |first = Michael| year = 2007 | contribution = The Battlefield before the Canadians, 1914–1916 | editor-last = Hayes | editor-first = Geoffrey | editor2-last = Iarocci | editor2-first = Andrew | editor3-last = Bechthold | editor3-first = Mike| title = Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment | publication-place = Waterloo | publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press | pages =51–61 | isbn = 0-88920-508-6|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Pf5y7sehRwAC&lpg=PP1&dq=Vimy%20Ridge%3A%20A%20Canadian%20Reassessment&pg=PA51#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Boire2}}
* {{cite book |last = Bolling |first = Gordon |contribution=Acts of (Re-)Construction: Traces of Germany in Jane Urquhart's Novel the Stone Carvers|pages=295–318 | title= Refractions of Germany in Canadian Literature and Culture |editor1-last=Antor |editor1-first = Heinz | editor2-last = Brown | editor2-first = Sylvia | editor3-last = Considine | editor3-first = John | editor4-last = Stierstorfer | editor4-first = Klaus |displayeditors=4 |year= 2003 |publisher= de Gruyter|location= Berlin | isbn = 978-3-11-017666-7|url=http://books.google.com/?id=CEocfbvIMMMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Refractions+of+Germany+in+Canadian+Literature+and+Culture#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Bolling}}
* {{cite book| title= Art or memorial? : The Forgotten History of Canada's War Art|last=Brandon |first=Laura |year=2006 | publisher=University of Calgary Press |location=Calgary |isbn=1-55238-178-1|ref=Brandon}}
* {{cite book| title= Canada and the Great War: Western Front Association Papers |last=Busch |first=Briton Cooper |year=2003| publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |location=Montreal |isbn=0-7735-2570-X|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=LLKqAyUl6TAC&lpg=PP1&dq=Canada%20and%20the%20Great%20War%3A%20Western%20Front%20Association%20Papers&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Busch}}
* {{cite book | last = Campbell | first = David | year = 2007 | contribution = The 2nd Canadian Division: A 'Most Spectacular Battle' | editor-last = Hayes | editor-first = Geoffrey | editor2-last = Iarocci | editor2-first = Andrew | editor3-last = Bechthold | editor3-first = Mike| title = Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment | publication-place = Waterloo | publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press | pages =171–192 | isbn = 0-88920-508-6|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Pf5y7sehRwAC&lpg=PA171&dq=The%202nd%20Canadian%20Division%3A%20A%20'Most%20Spectacular%20Battle'&pg=PA171#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Campbell}}
* {{cite book | last = Cook | first = Tim | year = 2007 | contribution = The Gunners of Vimy Ridge: 'We are Hammering Fritz to Pieces' | editor-last = Hayes | editor-first = Geoffrey | editor2-last = Iarocci | editor2-first = Andrew | editor3-last = Bechthold | editor3-first = Mike | title = Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment | publication-place = Waterloo | publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press | pages =105–124 | isbn = 0-88920-508-6|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Pf5y7sehRwAC&lpg=PA171&dq=The%202nd%20Canadian%20Division%3A%20A%20'Most%20Spectacular%20Battle'&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Cook}}
* {{cite book| last=Doughty| first=Robert A.| title=Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operation in the Great War|year=2005| publisher=Belknap Press|publication-place =Cambridge and London|isbn=0-674-01880-X|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=vZRmHkdGk44C&lpg=PP1&dq=Pyrrhic%20Victory%3A%20French%20Strategy%20and%20Operation%20in%20the%20Great%20War&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Doughty}}
* {{cite journal |last = Duffy |first = Denis| title = Complexity and contradiction in Canadian public sculpture: the case of Walter Allward | journal = American Review of Canadian Studies | volume = 38 | issue = 2 | pages = 189–206| publisher = Routledge | date = Summer 2008 | url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb009/is_2_38/ai_n29452626/| accessdate =1 June 2009 |doi = 10.1080/02722010809481708|ref=Duffy}}
* {{cite book |last = Durflinger |first = Serge| year = 2007 | contribution = Safeguarding Sanctity: Canada and the Vimy Memorial during the Second World War| editor-last = Hayes | editor-first = Geoffrey | editor2-last = Iarocci | editor2-first = Andrew | editor3-last = Bechthold | editor3-first = Mike| title = Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment | publication-place = Waterloo | publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press | pages =291–305 | isbn = 0-88920-508-6|ref=Durflinger}}
* {{cite book |title=Croatia: Travels in Undiscovered Country |last=Fabijančić |first= Tony |year= 2003 |publisher= University of Alberta |isbn=0-88864-397-7 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=sppa_IWNmosC&printsec=frontcover |accessdate =2 January 2009|ref=Fabijančić}}
* {{cite book |title=The Silent General: A Biography of Haig's Trusted Great War Comrade-in-Arms |last=Farr |first= Don |year= 2007 |publisher= Helion & Company Limited |location= Solihull |isbn=978-1-874622-99-4|ref=Farr|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=70hVl257oPIC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Silent%20General%3A%20A%20Biography%20of%20Haig's%20Trusted%20Great%20War%20Comrade-in-Arms&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true}}
* {{cite book |last = Godefroy |first = Andrew| authorlink=Andrew Godefroy| year = 2007 | contribution = The German Army at Vimy Ridge | editor-last = Hayes | editor-first = Geoffrey | editor2-last = Iarocci | editor2-first = Andrew | editor3-last = Bechthold | editor3-first = Mike| title = Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment | publication-place = Waterloo | publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press | pages =225–238 | isbn = 0-88920-508-6|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Pf5y7sehRwAC&lpg=PA171&dq=The%202nd%20Canadian%20Division%3A%20A%20'Most%20Spectacular%20Battle'&pg=PA225#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Godefroy}}
* {{cite book |last = Hayes |first = Geoffrey| year = 2007 | contribution = The 3rd Canadian Division: Forgotten Victory | editor-last = Hayes | editor-first = Geoffrey | editor2-last = Iarocci | editor2-first = Andrew | editor3-last = Bechthold | editor3-first = Mike| title = Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment | publication-place = Waterloo | publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press | pages =193–210 | isbn = 0-88920-508-6|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Pf5y7sehRwAC&lpg=PA171&dq=The%202nd%20Canadian%20Division%3A%20A%20'Most%20Spectacular%20Battle'&pg=PA193#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Hayes}}
* {{cite book|title= Canada at War, 1914–1918: A Record of Heroism and Achievement|last= Hopkins|first= J. Castell|year= 1919|publisher= Canadian Annual Review|location= Toronto|ref=Hopkins}}
* {{cite book |last = Hucker |first = Jacqueline|year = 2007 | contribution = The Meaning and Significance of the Vimy Monument | editor-last = Hayes | editor-first = Geoffrey | editor2-last = Iarocci | editor2-first = Andrew | editor3-last = Bechthold | editor3-first = Mike| title = Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment | publication-place = Waterloo | publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press | pages =279–290 | isbn = 0-88920-508-6|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Pf5y7sehRwAC&lpg=PA171&dq=The%202nd%20Canadian%20Division%3A%20A%20'Most%20Spectacular%20Battle'&pg=PA279#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Hucker}}
* {{cite book|last = Humphries|first = Mark Osborne| year = 2007| contribution = "Old Wine in New Bottles": A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras| editor-last = Hayes| editor-first = Geoffrey| editor2-last = Iarocci| editor2-first = Andrew| editor3-last = Bechthold| editor3-first = Mike| title = Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment| publication-place = Waterloo| publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press| pages =65–85| isbn = 0-88920-508-6|ref=Humphries}}
* {{cite book|last= Inglis|first= Dave| title = Vimy Ridge: 1917–1992, A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years| year = 1995| publisher=Simon Fraser University| location=Burnaby|url =http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6687/b17448906.pdf| accessdate =22 May 2013|ref=Inglis}}
* {{cite book |title=Battlefield tourism: pilgrimage and the commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada, 1919–1939 |last=Lloyd |first= David |year= 1998 |publisher= Berg Publishing |location= Oxford |isbn=1-85973-174-0|ref=Lloyd}}
* {{cite book |title=Canada at Vimy |last=MacIntyre |first= Duncan E. |year= 1967 |publisher= Peter Martin Associates |location= Toronto|ref=MacIntyre}}
* {{cite book |last = Moran |first = Heather| year = 2007 | contribution = The Canadian Army Medical Corps at Vimy Ridge | editor-last = Hayes | editor-first = Geoffrey | editor2-last = Iarocci | editor2-first = Andrew | editor3-last = Bechthold | editor3-first = Mike| title = Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment | publication-place = Waterloo | publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press | pages =139–154 | isbn = 0-88920-508-6|ref=Moran}}
* {{cite book | last1=Morton | first1=Desmond | first2=Glenn | last2=Wright | title=Winning the Second Battle: Canadian Veterans and the Return to Civilian Life, 1915–1930 | publisher=University of Toronto Press |place=Toronto |year=1987 |ref=Morton}}
* {{cite book |title= Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War: Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 |last= Nicholson |first= Gerald W. L. | year= 1962 |publisher= Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationary |location= Ottawa |url=http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/CEF_e.pdf | format=PDF |accessdate =1 January 2007| ref=Nicholson}}
* {{cite book |title= "We will remember…": Overseas Memorials to Canada’s War Dead |last= Nicholson |first= Gerald W. L. | year= 1973 |publisher=Minister of Veterans Affairs for Canada |location= Ottawa|ref=”Nicholson 2”}}
* {{cite news | last=Picard | first=Andréa | title=Restoring Loss at Vimy |periodical =Canadian Architect | publication-date=May 2006 | url=http://www.canadianarchitect.com/news/restoring-loss-at-vimy/1000204056/ |publisher=Business Information Group |accessdate =1 August 2009|ref=Picard}}
* {{cite journal |last = Pierce |first = John| title = Constructing Memory: The Vimy Memorial| journal = Canadian Military History | volume = 1 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 4–14| publisher = Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies | date = Spring 1992 | url = http://www.wlu.ca/lcmsds/cmh/back%20issues/CMH/volume%201/issue%201-2/Pierce%20-%20Constructing%20Memory%20-%20The%20Vimy%20Memorial.pdf| accessdate =2 February 2009|format=PDF|ref=Pierce}}
* {{cite book |last = Prost |first = Antoine| year = 1997 | contribution = Monuments to the Dead | editor-last = Nora | editor-first = Pierre | editor2-last = Kritzman | editor2-first = Lawrence | editor3-last = Goldhammer | editor3-first = Arthur | title = Realms of memory: the construction of the French past | publication-place = New York | publisher = Columbia University Press | pages =307–332| isbn = 0-231-10634-3|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=_Va9svbIgLwC&lpg=PP1&dq=Realms%20of%20memory%3A%20the%20construction%20of%20the%20French%20past%201997&pg=PA307#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Prost}}
* {{cite book |title=Geology and Warfare: Examples of the Influence of Terrain and Geologists on Military Operations |last1=Rose |first1= Edward |first2=Paul |last2=Nathanail |year= 2000 |publisher= Geological Society |location= London |isbn=0-85052-463-6|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=OEdlfb1VnMUC&lpg=PP1&dq=Geology%20and%20Warfare%3A%20Examples%20of%20the%20Influence%20of%20Terrain%20and%20Geologists%20on%20Military%20Operations&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Geology}}
* {{cite book| title= Command or Control?: Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies, 1888–1918 |last=Samuels |first=Mart |year=1996| publisher=Frank Cass |location=Portland |isbn=0-7146-4570-2|ref=Samuels}}
* {{cite journal |last = Saunders |first = Nicholas| title =Excavating memories: archaeology and the Great War, 1914–2001| journal = Antiquity | volume = 76 | issue = 291 | pages = 101–108| publisher = Portland Press| year = 2002 |ref=Saunders}}
* {{cite book|title= The German Army on Vimy Ridge 1914–1917|last= Sheldon| first= Jack|year= 2008|publisher= Pen & Sword Military|location= Barnsley (UK)| isbn = 978-1-84415-680-1|ref=Sheldon2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Simkins |first1=Peter |last2=Jukes |first2=Geoffrey |last3=Hickey |first3=Michael |title=The First World War: The Western Front, 1917–1918 |year=2002 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84176-348-4|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=EB3ABsBOAgYC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20First%20World%20War%3A%20The%20Western%20Front%2C%201917-1918&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Simkins}}
* {{cite journal| first=Denise | last=Thomson |title=National Sorrow, National Pride: Commemoration of War in Canada, 1918–1945 |journal=Journal of Canadian Studies |date=Winter 1995–1996 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=5–27|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3683/is_199501/ai_n8719631/pg_5/|ref=Thomson}}
* {{cite book| title= The European powers in the First World War: an encyclopedia| editor-last = Tucker| editor-first = Spencer| year=1996| publisher= Garland Publishing|location=New York|isbn=0-8153-0399-8|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=EHI3PCjDtsUC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20European%20powers%20in%20the%20First%20World%20War%3A%20an%20encyclopedia&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Tucker}}
* {{cite book| title= Vimy Ridge 1917: Byng's Canadians Triumph at Arras |last=Turner |first=Alexander| year=2005| publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=London |isbn=1-84176-871-5|ref=Turner }}
* {{cite book| title= Death So Noble: Memory, Meaning, and the First World War |last=Vance |first=Jonathan Franklin |year=1997| publisher=UBC Press |location=Vancouver |isbn=0-7748-0600-1|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=3wABF2KyvXEC&lpg=PP1&dq=Death%20So%20Noble%3A%20Memory%2C%20Meaning%2C%20and%20the%20First%20World%20War&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Vance}}
* {{cite book|title= Byng of Vimy, General and Governor General|last= Williams|first= Jeffery|year= 1983|publisher= Secker & Warburg|location= London| isbn = 0-436-57110-2|ref=Williams}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/memorials/france/vimy/ Canadian National Vimy Memorial] – official website
* [http://www.vimyfoundation.ca/ The Vimy Foundation]
* [http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/first-world-war/the-first-world-war-canada-remembers/vimy-ridge-memorial-unveiled.html CBC Archives: King Edward VIII's speech at the dedication ceremony]
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=cr&CRid=1119613 Vimy Memorial] at [[Find a Grave]]

{{Canadian First World War Memorials In Europe}}
{{NHSC}}
{{World War I War Memorials in France}}

{{Good article}}
[[Category:Canadian military memorials and cemeteries]]
[[Category:World War I memorials in France]]
[[Category:World War I in the Pas-de-Calais]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in the Pas-de-Calais]]
[[Category:National Historic Sites of Canada in France]]
[[Category:Canada–France relations]]
[[Category:Canada in World War I]]
[[Category:Works by Walter Seymour Allward]]
[[Category:Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorials]]

Canadian National Vimy Memorial

2014-11-02T10:02:54Z

Notreallydavid: /* Restoration and rededication */

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2013}}{{Infobox Military Memorial
|name = Canadian National Vimy Memorial Mémorial national du Canada à Vimy
|body = [[Veterans Affairs Canada]] [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]
|image = [[File:The British Army in North-west Europe 1944-45 BU760.jpg|300px|alt=A white limestone memorial is built on the top of a hill. The memorial has a large front wall with rising steps on each end. Two large pylons of stone rise from a platform at the top of the wall.]]
|caption = Vimy Memorial in 1944
|commemorates = First World War Canadian dead and missing, presumed dead, in France.
|unveiled = 26 July 1936 By [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|King Edward VIII]]
|coordinates = {{coord|50|22|46|N|02|46|25|E|scale:2500|display=title}}
|nearest_town = [[Vimy]], [[Pas-de-Calais]], [[France]]
|designer = [[Walter Seymour Allward]]
|inscription = {{lang-en|To the valour of their countrymen in the Great War and in memory of their sixty thousand dead this monument is raised by the people of Canada.}} {{lang-fr|À la vaillance de ses fils pendant la Grande Guerre et en mémoire de ses soixante mille morts, le peuple canadien a élevé ce monument.}}
|commemorated = 11,169{{#tag:ref|It is not possible to remove the names of those whose bodies have been discovered or identified since the construction of the memorial. As a result, there are a number of individuals who are commemorated on both the memorial and by a headstone.<ref name="Peterson">{{citation |last=Reynolds |first=Ken |year=2008 |title=From Alberta to Avion: Private Herbert Peterson, 49th Battalion, CEF |journal=Canadian Military History |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=57–68}}</ref> Although 11,285 names appear on the memorial only 11,169 are commemorated as missing.|group="Note"}}
|source={{cwgc cemetery|87900}}
}}
The '''Canadian National Vimy Memorial''' is a memorial site in [[France]] dedicated to the memory of [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]] members killed during the [[First World War]]. It also serves as the place of commemoration for First World War Canadian soldiers killed or presumed dead in France who have no known grave. The monument is the centrepiece of a {{convert|100|ha|acre|adj=on}} preserved battlefield park that encompasses a portion of the ground over which the [[Canadian Corps]] made their assault during the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]], a military engagement fought as part of the [[Battle of Arras (1917)|Battle of Arras]].

The Battle of Vimy Ridge was the first occasion on which all four divisions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force participated in a battle as a cohesive formation, and thus became a Canadian national symbol of achievement and sacrifice. France ceded to Canada perpetual use of a portion of land on Vimy Ridge on the understanding that the Canadians use the land to establish a battlefield park and memorial. Wartime tunnels, [[Trench warfare|trenches]], craters and unexploded munitions still honeycomb the grounds of the site, which remains largely closed off for reasons of public safety. Along with preserved trench lines, a number of other memorials and cemeteries are contained within the site.

The memorial took monument designer [[Walter Seymour Allward]] eleven years to build. [[King Edward VIII]] unveiled the memorial on 26 July 1936, in the presence of [[President of France|French President]] [[Albert Lebrun]], 50,000 or more Canadian and French veterans, and their families. Following an extensive multi-year restoration, Queen [[Elizabeth II]] rededicated the memorial on 9 April 2007 during a ceremony commemorating the 90th anniversary of the battle. The memorial site is one of two [[National Historic Sites of Canada]] located outside of [[Canada]] and is maintained by [[Veterans Affairs Canada]] (the other is the [[Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial]]).

==Background==
===Topography===
Vimy Ridge is a gradually rising [[escarpment]] on the western edge of the Douai Plains, eight kilometres northeast of [[Arras]]. The ridge gradually rises on its western side, dropping more quickly on the eastern side.<ref name="Farr 147"/> The ridge is approximately seven kilometres in length and culminates at an elevation of {{convert|145|m|ft}} above [[sea level]], or {{convert|60|m|ft}} above the Douai Plains, providing a natural unobstructed view for tens of kilometres in all directions.<ref name="Farr 147"/><ref name="Geology 396-397">[[#Geology|Rose & Nathanail]] pp. 396–397, Fig. 14.3</ref>

===Early conflicts on site===
[[Image:VCRichardBasilBrandramJones.jpg|right|upright|thumb|[[Victoria Cross]] recipient Lieutenant [[Richard Basil Brandram Jones|Richard Jones]]|alt=Head and shoulders of a young British officer. He is Caucasian with brown hair that is parted to the right. He is wearing a military uniform with the Victoria Cross pinned to the left breast.]]
The ridge fell under German control in October 1914, during the [[Race to the Sea]], as the Franco-British and German forces continually attempted to outflank each other through northeastern France.<ref name="Boire 52-53">[[#Boire2|Boire (2007)]] pp. 52–53</ref> The [[Tenth Army (France)|French Tenth Army]] attempted to dislodge the Germans from the region during the [[Second Battle of Artois]] in May 1915 by attacking their positions at Vimy Ridge and [[Notre Dame de Lorette]]. During the attack, the French 1st Moroccan Division briefly captured the height of the ridge, where the Vimy memorial is currently located, but was unable to hold it owing to a lack of reinforcements.<ref name="Boire 56">[[#Boire2|Boire (2007)]] p. 56</ref> The French made another attempt during the [[Third Battle of Artois]] in September 1915, but were once again unsuccessful in capturing the top of the ridge.<ref name="Tucker 68">[[#Tucker|Tucker]] p. 68</ref> The French suffered approximately 150,000 casualties in their attempts to gain control of Vimy Ridge and surrounding territory.<ref name="Turner 8">[[#Turner|Turner]] p. 8</ref>

The [[United Kingdom|British]] XVII Corps relieved the French Tenth Army from the sector in February 1916.<ref>[[#Boire|Boire (1992)]] p. 15</ref> On 21 May 1916, the German infantry attacked the British lines along a {{convert|1800|m|yd|adj=on}} front in an effort to force them from positions along the base of the ridge.<ref name = "Samuels 200-202" >[[#Samuels|Samuels]] pp. 200–202</ref> The Germans captured several British-controlled tunnels and [[Mining (military)|mine]] craters before halting their advance and entrenching their positions.<ref name = "Samuels 200-202" />{{#tag:ref|The Germans grew uneasy about the proximity of the British positions to the top of the ridge, particularly after the increase in British tunnelling and counter mining activities.<ref name = "Samuels 200-202" /><ref name="Sheldon2">[[#Sheldon2|Sheldon]] p. 149</ref>|group="Note"}} Temporary Lieutenant [[Richard Basil Brandram Jones]] was posthumously awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] for his ultimately unsuccessful defence of the Broadmarsh Crater during the attack.<ref name="Jones NY Times">{{cite news |title=Victoria Cross List Tells Heroic Deeds |url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9504E7D81E3FE233A25752C2A96E9C946796D6CF |newspaper=[[New York Times]]|format=PDF |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=21 August 1916 |accessdate=17 September 2009}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|The Broadmarsh Crater remains visible and is located within the grounds of the Canadian National Vimy Memorial Park.|group="Note"}} British counter-attacks on 22 May did not manage to change the situation.<ref name = "Samuels 200-202" /> The Canadian Corps relieved the British IV Corps stationed along the western slopes of Vimy Ridge in October 1916.<ref name="Farr 147">[[#Farr|Farr]] p. 147</ref>

===Battle of Vimy Ridge===
{{main|Battle of Vimy Ridge}}

The Battle of Vimy Ridge was the first instance in which all four Canadian divisions participated in a battle together, as a cohesive formation.<ref name="Cook 120">[[#Cook|Cook]] p. 120</ref> The nature and size of the planned Canadian Corps assault necessitated support and resources beyond its normal operational capabilities.<ref name = "Nicholson 229">[[#Nicholson|Nicholson (1962)]] p. 229</ref> Consequently, the British [[5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|5th Infantry Division]] and supplementary artillery, engineer and labour units reinforced the four Canadian divisions already in place. The [[24th Division (United Kingdom)|24th British Division]] of [[I Corps (United Kingdom)|I Corps]] supported the Canadian Corps along its northern flank while the XVII Corps did so to the south.<ref name="Turner 39">[[#Turner|Turner]] p. 39</ref> The ad hoc {{lang|de|''Gruppe Vimy''}} formation, based under I Bavarian Reserve Corps commander {{lang|de|''General der Infanterie''}} [[Karl von Fasbender|Karl Ritter von Fasbender]], was the principal defending formation with three divisions responsible for manning the frontline defences opposite the Canadian Corps.<ref name="Williams 149">[[#Williams|Williams]] p. 149</ref>

[[Image:Plan of Attack Vimy Ridge.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The Canadian Corps plan of attack outlining the four objective lines{{spaced ndash}}Black, Red, Blue and Brown. |alt=Diagram of the battle illustrating the positions for each of the Canadian Corps division and brigades. The map shows the westerly direction of the attack, up an over the topography of the ridge.]]
The attack began at 5:30 am on [[Easter Monday]], 9 April 1917. Light [[field gun]]s laid down a [[Barrage (artillery)|barrage]] that advanced in predetermined increments, often {{convert|91|m|yd}} every three minutes, while medium and heavy [[howitzer]]s established a series of standing barrages against known defensive systems further ahead.<ref name="Cook 117">[[#Cook|Cook]] p. 117</ref> The [[1st Canadian Division|1st]], [[2nd Canadian Division|2nd]] and [[3rd Canadian Division]]s quickly captured their first objectives.<ref name="Nicholson 254">[[#Nicholson|Nicholson (1962)]] p. 254</ref> The [[4th Canadian Division]] encountered a great deal of trouble during its advance and was unable to complete its first objective until some hours later.<ref name="Nicholson 254" /> The 1st, 2nd and 3rd Canadian Division captured their second objective by approximately 7:30 am.<ref name="Nicholson 255">[[#Nicholson|Nicholson (1962)]] p. 255</ref><ref name="Campbell 178-179">[[#Campbell|Campbell]] pp. 178–179</ref><ref name="Hayes 200">[[#Hayes|Hayes]] p. 200</ref> The failure of the 4th Canadian Division to capture the top of the ridge delayed further advances and forced the 3rd Canadian Division to expend resources establishing a defensive line to its north.<ref name="Hayes 202-203">[[#Hayes|Hayes]] pp. 202–203</ref> Reserve units from the 4th Canadian Division renewed the attack on the German positions on the top of the ridge and eventually forced the German troops holding the southwestern portion of Hill 145 to withdraw.<ref name="Godefroy 220">[[#Godefroy|Godefroy (2007a)]] p. 220</ref>{{#tag:ref|German records indicate that the defending German units withdrew because they had fully run out of ammunition, mortar rounds and grenades.<ref name="Sheldon 300">[[#Sheldon2|Sheldon]] p. 309</ref>|group="Note"}}

On the morning of 10 April, Canadian Corps commander [[Lieutenant-General (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[Julian H.G. Byng, Viscount Byng of Vimy|Julian Byng]] moved up three fresh [[brigade]]s to support the continued advance.<ref name="Campbell 179">[[#Campbell|Campbell]] p. 179</ref> The fresh units leapfrogged units already in place and captured the third objective line, including Hill 135 and the town of [[Thélus]], by 11:00 am.<ref name="Campbell 179-181">[[#Campbell|Campbell]] pp. 179–181</ref> By 2:00 pm both the 1st and 2nd Canadian Divisions reported capturing their final objectives.<ref name="Campbell 182">[[#Campbell|Campbell]] p. 182</ref> By this point the "Pimple", a heavily defended knoll west of the town of [[Givenchy-en-Gohelle]], was the only German position remaining on Vimy Ridge.<ref name="Godefroy 220" /> On 12 April, the 10th Canadian Brigade attacked and quickly overcame the hastily entrenched German troops, with the support of artillery and the 24th British Division.<ref name="Nicholson 263">[[#Nicholson|Nicholson (1962)]] p. 263</ref> By nightfall on 12 April, the Canadian Corps was in firm control of the ridge.<ref name="Nicholson 263"/> The Canadian Corps suffered 10,602 casualties: 3,598 killed and 7,004 wounded.<ref name="Moran 139">[[#Moran|Moran]] p. 139</ref> The German Sixth Army suffered an unknown number of casualties{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} with an approximate 4,000 men becoming [[prisoners of war]].<ref name="Gibbs">{{cite news| first=Philip |last=Gibbs |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9904E2DE153AE433A25752C1A9629C946696D6CF |title=All of Vimy Ridge Cleared of Germans |newspaper=New York Times |publisher=The New York Times Company |format=PDF |date=11 April 1917 |accessdate=14 November 2009}}</ref>

The Battle of Vimy Ridge has considerable significance for Canada.<ref name="Inglis 1">[[#Inglis|Inglis]] p. 1</ref> Although the battle is not generally considered Canada's greatest military achievement, the image of national unity and achievement gave the battle importance.<ref name="Vance 233">[[#Vance|Vance]] p. 233</ref> According to Pierce, "the historical reality of the battle has been reworked and reinterpreted in a conscious attempt to give purpose and meaning to an event that came to symbolize Canada's coming of age as a nation."<ref name="Pierce 5">[[#Pierce|Pierce]] p. 5</ref> The idea that Canada's national identity and nationhood were born out of the battle is an opinion that is widely held in military and general histories of Canada.<ref name="Inglis 2">[[#Inglis|Inglis]] p. 2</ref><ref name="Humphries 66">[[#Humphries|Humphries]] p. 66</ref>

==History==
===Selection===
[[Image:Canadian Battlefields Memorials Commission - Design Comp.jpg|thumb|right|Design competition submissions.|alt=Approximately a dozen monument models sit on tables in a stone walled room.]]
In 1920, the Government of Canada announced that the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission|Imperial War Graves Commission]] had awarded Canada eight sites—five in France and three in Belgium—on which to erect memorials.<ref name="Busch 205">[[#Busch|Busch]] p. 205</ref>{{#tag:ref|The eight sites were Vimy, Bourlon Wood, Le Quesnel, Dury and Courcelette in France, and St. Julien, Hill 62 (Sanctuary Wood) and Passchendaele in Belgium.<ref name="VAC CBMC"/>|group="Note"}} Each site represented a significant Canadian engagement and the Canadian government initially decided that each battlefield be treated equally and commemorated with identical monuments.<ref name="Busch 205">[[Canadian National Vimy Memorial#Busch|Busch]] p. 205</ref> In September 1920, the Canadian government formed the Canadian Battlefields Memorials Commission to discuss the process and conditions for holding a memorial competition for the sites in Europe.<ref name="Vance 66">[[#Vance|Vance]] p. 66</ref> The commission held its first meeting on 26 November 1920 and during this meeting decided that the [[architectural design competition]] would be open to all Canadian architects, designers, sculptors and artists.<ref name="VAC CBMC">{{cite web | title = Canadian Battlefields Memorials Committee | publisher = Veteran Affairs Canada | date = 25 March 2007 | url = http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/Memorials/can_battle_committee | accessdate =12 January 2008}}</ref> Interested parties submitted 160 design drawings and the jury selected 17 submissions for consideration, commissioning each finalist to produce a plaster [[maquette]] of their respective design.<ref name="VAC Design Comp">{{cite web | title = Design Competition | publisher = Veteran Affairs Canada | date = 25 March 2007 | url = http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/memorials/france/vimy/sg/01_artwork/04_competition | accessdate =22 May 2013}}</ref> In October 1921, the commission selected the submission of [[Toronto]] sculptor and designer Walter Seymour Allward as the winner of the competition, and that of Frederick Chapman Clemesha as runner-up.<ref name="Vance 66"/> The complexity of Allward's design precluded the possibility of duplicating the design at each site.<ref name="Vance 67">[[#Vance|Vance]] p. 67</ref> The commission revised its initial plans and decided to build two distinctive memorials—that of Allward and Clemesha—and six smaller identical memorials.<ref name="Vance 67"/> At the outset, members of the commission debated where to build Allward's winning design.<ref name="Vance 66"/> Committee member and former Canadian Corps commander, Lieutenant-General [[Arthur Currie]] argued in favour of the government placing the monument in Belgium on [[Hill 62 Memorial|Hill 62]].<ref name="Pierce 5"/><ref name="Hucker 283">[[#Hucker|Hucker]] p. 283</ref> In the end, the commission selected Vimy Ridge as the preferred site, largely because of its elevation above the plain below.<ref name="Vance 66–69">[[#Vance|Vance]] pp. 66–69</ref>

The government announced its desire to acquire a more considerable tract of land along the ridge after the commission selected Vimy Ridge as the preferred location for Allward’s design.<ref name="Inglis 61">[[#Inglis|Inglis]] p. 61</ref> In the interval between the 1st and 2nd session of the [[14th Canadian Parliament]], [[Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons]] [[Rodolphe Lemieux]] went to France to negotiate the acquisition of more land.<ref name="Inglis 61"/> On 5 December 1922, Lemieux concluded an agreement with France in which France granted Canada "freely and for all time" the use of {{convert|100|ha|acre}} of land on Vimy Ridge, in recognition of Canada's war effort.<ref name="DFAIT">{{cite web | title = Canada Treaty Information | publisher = Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade | date = 26 February 2002 | url = http://www.treaty-accord.gc.ca/text-texte.aspx?id=102661 | accessdate =4 January 2008}}</ref> The only condition placed on the donation was that Canada use the land to erect a monument commemorating Canadian soldiers killed during the First World War and assume the responsibility for the maintenance of the memorial and the surrounding battlefield park.<ref name="DFAIT"/>

===Memorial construction===
[[Image:Vimy Memorial - Foundation construction.jpg|thumb|right|Laying the foundation of the memorial.|alt=Scaffolding surrounds a half finished concrete foundation. Dozens of metal steel poles rise from the foundation. A dozen workmen are visible and involved in various construction tasks.]]
In 1924, the [[Canadian Battlefields Memorials Commission]] hired Dr. Oscar Faber, a Danish structural engineer, to prepare foundation plans as well as provide general supervision of the foundation work.<ref name="Hucker 285">[[#Hucker|Hucker]] p. 285</ref> Major Unwin Simson served as the principal Canadian engineer during the construction of the memorial and oversaw much of the daily operations at the site.<ref name="Durflinger 292">[[#Durflinger|Durflinger]] p. 292</ref><ref name="Hucker 286"/> Allward moved to Paris in 1925 to supervise the construction of the monument and the carving of the sculptures.<ref name="Pierce 6">[[#Pierce|Pierce]] p. 6</ref> Construction of the memorial commenced in 1925 and took eleven years to complete.<ref name="Fast Facts"/> The Imperial War Graves Commission concurrently employed French and British veterans to carry out the necessary roadwork and site landscaping.<ref name="Pierce 6"/>

In June 1922, Allward set up a studio in [[London]], [[England]] and toured for almost two years in an attempt to find a stone of the right colour, texture, and luminosity for the memorial.<ref name="Hucker 286">[[#Hucker|Hucker]] p. 286</ref> He eventually found it in the ruins of the [[Diocletian's Palace]] at [[Split, Croatia]]. Allward observed that the palace had not weathered over the years, a fact that Allward took as evidence of the stone's durability.<ref name="Hucker 286"/> Allward's choice, Seget limestone, came from an ancient Roman quarry located near [[Seget]], [[Croatia]].<ref name="Fabijančić 127">[[#Fabijančić|Fabijančić]] p. 127</ref> The difficulties associated with the quarrying process, coupled with complicated transportation logistics, delayed delivery of the stone, which consequently delayed construction of the memorial.<ref name="Hucker 286"/> The first shipment of stone did not arrive at the memorial site until 1927, and the larger blocks, intended for the human figures, did not begin to arrive until 1931.<ref name="Hucker 286"/>

While awaiting the first delivery of stone, Simson noticed that the battlefield landscape features were beginning to deteriorate.<ref name="Hucker 286"/> Seeing an opportunity to not only preserve a portion of the battlefield but also keep his staff occupied, Simson decided to preserve a short section of trench line as well make the Grange Subway more accessible.<ref name="Hucker 286"/> Labourers rebuilt and preserved sections of sandbagged trench wall, on both the Canadian and German sides of the Grange crater group, in concrete.<ref name="Hucker 286"/> The workforce also built a new concrete entrance for the Grange Subway and, after excavating a portion of the tunnel system, installed electric lighting.<ref name="Hucker 286"/>

[[Image:Vimy Memorial - half finished statue and plaster models.jpg|left|thumb|Statue carving in progress.|alt=The partially completed statue of a reclined woman sits to the right of a half sized model of the same statue. It appears the work is being conducted inside a temporary structure.]]
Allward chose a relatively new construction method for the monument; limestone bonded to a cast concrete frame. A foundation bed of 11,000 tonnes of concrete, reinforced with hundreds of tonnes of steel, served as the support bed for the memorial. The memorial base and twin pylons contained almost 6,000 tonnes of a Seget limestone.<ref name="Picard">[[#Picard|Picard]] (online)</ref> Sculptors carved the 20 human figures on-site, from large blocks of stone. The carvers used half-size plaster models produced by Allward in his studio, now on display at the [[Canadian War Museum]], and an instrument called a [[pantograph]] to reproduce the figures at the proper scale.<ref name="Busch 206">[[#Busch|Busch]] p. 206</ref> The carvers conducted their work year-round, inside temporary studios built around each figure.<ref name="VAC construction">{{cite web |url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/memorials/france/vimy/vmemory | title=Design and Construction of the Vimy Ridge Memorial |date=12 August 1998|accessdate=22 May 2013 |publisher=Veterans Affairs Canada}}</ref> The inclusion of the names of those killed in France with no known grave was not part of the original design and Allward was unhappy when the government subsequently asked him to include them.<ref name="Duffy 197">[[#Duffy|Duffy]] p. 197</ref>{{#tag:ref|The government was acting on behalf of a request by the Imperial War Graves Commission which was tasked with commemorating all killed and missing Commonwealth soldiers and was, as a result, prepared to share in the cost of the memorial.<ref name="Duffy 197"/>|group="Note"}} Allward argued that the inclusion of names was not part of the original commissioning.<ref name="Duffy 197"/> Through a letter to Canadian Battlefields Memorials Commission in October 1927, Allward indicated his intention to relegate the names of the missing to pavement stones around the monument.<ref name="Duffy 197"/> The collective dismay and uproar of the commission forced Allward to relent and incorporate the names of the missing on the memorial walls.<ref name="Duffy 197"/> The task of inscribing the names did not begin until early 1930s and employed a typeface that Allward designed specifically for the monument.<ref name="Hucker 286"/>

===Pilgrimage and unveiling===
In preparation for the 1936 Vimy Pilgrimage, the [[Government of Canada]] made a special Vimy passport available to pilgrims, at no extra cost.<ref name = "MacIntyre 197">[[#MacIntyre|MacIntyre]] p. 197</ref> On 16 July 1936, five trans-Atlantic liners departed the port of [[Montreal]] for the unveiling of the Canadian National Vimy Memorial in France.{{#tag:ref|The ships were the SS ''Montrose'', SS ''Montcalm'', SS ''Antonia'', SS ''Ascania'' and the SS ''Duchess of Bedford''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/feature/vimy90/media/backgrounders/1936dedication |title=1936 Dedication of the Canadian National Vimy Memorial |publisher= Veterans Affairs Canada |date=19 January 2007 |accessdate=22 May 2013}}</ref>|group="Note"}} About 6,400 people sailed on the five steamships from Canada and 1,365 Canadians came from England.<ref name = "MacIntyre 159">[[#MacIntyre|MacIntyre]] p. 159</ref> Edward VIII, in his capacity as [[Monarchy of Canada|King of Canada]], officially unveiled the monument on 26 July 1936.<ref name="CITEREF_Bell_2007 139">[[#CITEREF Bell 2007|Bell, Bousfield and Toffoli]] p. 139</ref><ref name="Foot">{{Cite news | last=Foot | first=Richard | title=Vimy memorial had a turbulent history of its own| newspaper=[[The Vancouver Sun]] | publication-place=Vancouver | date=4 April 2007 | page=A4 }}</ref><ref name="Lloyd 221">[[#Lloyd|Lloyd]] p. 221</ref> The ceremony was one of the King's few official duties before he [[Edward VIII abdication crisis|abdicated the throne]].<ref name="Foot"/> Senior Canadian, British, and European officials, including French President Albert Lebrun, and over 50,000 Canadian, British, and French veterans and their families attended the event.<ref name="Fast Facts">{{cite web | title=The Battle of Vimy Ridge – Fast Facts | url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/memorials/france/vimy/battle | work=VAC Canada Remembers | publisher=Veterans Affairs Canada | date=n.d. | accessdate=22 May 2013}}</ref> The ceremony included a guard of honour made of [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] officers, [[Royal Canadian Navy]] members with rifles, and flyovers by two Canadian squadrons and two French squadrons. Edward VIII gave a speech, starting in French and switching to English, thanking France for its generosity and assuring those assembled that Canada would never forget its war missing and dead. The king then pulled the [[Union Flag|Royal Union Flag]] from the central figure of ''Canada Bereft'' and the military band played the [[Last Post]].<ref name="Morton 221">[[#Morton|Morton & Wright]] p. 221</ref>

===Second World War===
The general safety of the memorial was a cause for concern for the Canadian government. In 1939, the increased threat of conflict with [[Nazi Germany]] amplified the Canadian government’s level of concern. Canada could do little more than protect the sculptures and the bases of the pylons with sandbags and await developments. When war did break out, the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]] deployed to France and assumed responsibility for the Arras sector, which included Vimy.<ref name="Durflinger 292"/> In late May 1940, following the British retreat in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Arras (1940)|Battle of Arras]], the status and condition of the memorial became unknown.<ref name="Durflinger 293">[[#Durflinger|Durflinger]] p. 293</ref> The Germans took control of the site and held the site's caretaker, George Stubbs, in an [[Ilag]] internment camp for Allied civilians in [[Ilag#St.Denis|St. Denis]], France.<ref name="Durflinger 300">[[#Durflinger|Durflinger]] p. 300</ref>
The rumoured destruction of the Vimy Memorial, either during the fighting or at the hands of the Germans, was widely reported in both Canada and the United Kingdom.<ref name="Durflinger 294">[[#Durflinger|Durflinger]] p. 294</ref> The rumours eventually led the German [[Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda]] to publish denials.<ref name="Durflinger 297">[[#Durflinger|Durflinger]] p. 297</ref> [[Adolf Hitler]], who reportedly admired the memorial for its peaceful nature,{{r|haggart20070407}} was photographed by the press while personally touring it and the preserved trenches on 2 June 1940 to demonstrate the memorial had not been desecrated.<ref>(2000). "Remembrance: The Canadian Unknown Soldier". In: ''After The Battle'', '''109'''. [[ISSN|ISSN 0306-154X]].</ref> He ordered [[Waffen-SS]] troops to guard the memorial from both German and Allied armies. While all Australian World War I memorial graves in France were damaged during the war, the Vimy memorial was preserved<ref name="haggart20070407">{{cite news | url=http://www.thestar.com/news/2007/04/07/how_hitler_spared_vimy_ridge.html | title=How Hitler spared Vimy Ridge | work=Toronto Star | date=7 April 2007 | accessdate=2013-05-22 | author=Haggart, Ron}}</ref> although the undamaged state of the memorial was not conclusively confirmed until September 1944 when the [[Welsh Guards]] recaptured Vimy Ridge.<ref name="Durflinger 298">[[#Durflinger|Durflinger]] p. 298</ref>

===Restoration and rededication===
[[Image:Vimy Memorial - panel of names before restoration.jpg|thumb|right|A name panel on the memorial damaged by mineral deposits.|alt=Names carved into a wall are covered in unidentified mineral deposits. Many of the names are no longer readable or are heavily distorted.]]
In May 2001, the Government of Canada announced the [[Canadian Battlefield Memorials Restoration Project]], a major 30 million [[Canadian dollar]] restoration project to restore Canada's memorial sites in France and Belgium, in order to maintain and present them in a respectful and dignified manner.<ref name="Valpy">{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Valpy | title=Setting a legend in stone |url=http://v1.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070407.wvimymemorial0407/front/Front/Front/ |work=[[Globe and Mail]] |location=Toronto |date=7 April 2007 |accessdate=2013-05-22}}</ref><ref name="Hucker 288">[[#Hucker|Hucker]] p. 288</ref> In 2005, the Vimy memorial closed for major restoration work. Veterans Affairs Canada directed the restoration of the memorial in cooperation with other Canadian departments, the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, consultants and specialists in military history.<ref name="Valpy"/>

Time, wear and severe weather conditions led to many identified problems, the single most pervasive problem being water damage.<ref name="Valpy"/> In building a memorial made of cast concrete covered in stone, Allward had failed to take into account how these materials would shift over time.<ref name="Hucker 288"/> The builders and designer failed to incorporate sufficient space between the concrete and stones, which resulted in water infiltrating the structure.<ref name="Hucker 288"/> Over time, water entered the monument through its walls and platforms and coursed through the structure, dissolving lime from the concrete foundation and masonry.<ref name="Valpy"/> As the water exited, it deposited lime on exterior surface walls obscuring many of the names inscribed on the memorial.<ref name="Hucker 288"/> Poor drainage and water flows off the monument also caused significant erosion and deterioration to the platform, terrace and stairs.<ref name="Valpy"/> The restoration project intended to address the root causes of the deterioration and included repairs to the stone, walkways, walls, terraces, stairs and platforms of the memorial.<ref name="Valpy"/>

Queen Elizabeth II, escorted by [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], rededicated the restored memorial on 9 April 2007 in a ceremony commemorating the 90th anniversary of the battle.<ref name="CITEREF_Bell_2007 140">[[#CITEREF Bell 2007|Bell, Bousfield and Toffoli]] p. 140</ref> Other senior Canadian officials, including [[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian Prime Minister]] [[Stephen Harper]], and senior French representatives, such as [[Prime Minister of France|French Prime Minister]] [[Dominique de Villepin]], attended the event, along with thousands of Canadian students, veterans of the [[Second World War]] and of more recent conflicts, and descendants of those who fought at Vimy.<ref name="CTV"/> The crowd attending the rededication ceremony was the largest crowd on the site since the 1936 dedication.<ref name="CTV">Tom Kennedy, CTV National News, 9 April 2007.</ref>

==Site==
[[Image:Vimy Memorial - German trenches, mortar emplacement.jpg|thumb|left|Trenches preserved in concrete.|alt=Curved trench lines, preserved in concrete are surrounded by shell craters that are now covered in grass. In the immediate foreground, a small half-destroyer piece of artillery sits in a three walled position that is off of the main trench line.]]
The Canadian National Vimy Memorial site is located approximately eight kilometres north of Arras, France, near the towns of Vimy and [[Neuville-Saint-Vaast]]. The site is one of the few places on the former [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] where a visitor can see the trench lines of a First World War battlefield and the related terrain in a preserved natural state.<ref name="Geology 216">[[#Geology|Rose & Nathanail]] p. 216</ref><ref name="Lloyd 120">[[#Lloyd|Lloyd]] p. 120</ref> The total area of the site is {{convert|100|ha|acre}}, much of which is forested and off limits to visitors to ensure public safety. The site's rough terrain and unearthed unexploded munitions make the task of grass cutting too dangerous for human operators.<ref name="CWGC2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/admin/files/Annual%20Report%202007-08%20Part1.pdf |title=Annual Report 2007-2008 | format=PDF |year=2008 |accessdate=10 January 2010 |publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission|page=16}}{{dead link|date=May 2013}}</ref> Instead, sheep graze the open meadows of the site.<ref name="Turner 7">[[#Turner|Turner]] p. 7</ref>

The site was founded to principally honour the memory of the Canadian Corps, but also contains a number of other memorials. These include memorials dedicated to the French Moroccan Division, [[Lions Club International]] and Lieutenant-Colonel Mike Watkins. There are also two Commonwealth War Graves Commission maintained cemeteries on site; [[Canadian Cemetery No. 2]] and [[Givenchy Road Canadian Cemetery]].<ref name="cwgc CCN2">{{cite web |url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2103985/CANADIAN%20CEMETERY%20NO.2,%20NEUVILLE-ST.%20VAAST |title=CWGC :: Cemetery Details – Canadian Cemetery No. 2, Neuville-St. Vaast|accessdate=13 March 2009 |publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission |date=n.d.}}</ref><ref name="cwgc GRCC">{{cite web |url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/68402/GIVENCHY%20ROAD%20CANADIAN%20CEMETERY,%20NEUVILLE-ST.%20VAAST |title=CWGC :: Cemetery Details – Givenchy Road Canadian Cemetery, Neuville-St. Vaast| accessdate=13 March 2009 |publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission |date=n.d.}}</ref> Beyond being a popular location for battlefield tours, the site is also an important location in the burgeoning field of First World War [[battlefield archaeology]], because of its preserved and largely undisturbed state.<ref name="archeology 1">[[#Saunders|Saunders]] pp. 101–108</ref> The site's interpretive centre helps visitors fully understand the Vimy Memorial, the preserved battlefield park and the history of the Battle of Vimy within the context of Canada's participation in the First World War.<ref name="VAC Museum">{{cite web| url=http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=memorials/ww1mem/vimy/interpret |title=Interpretive Centre at the Canadian National Vimy Memorial |publisher=Veterans Affairs Canada |date=22 March 2007 |accessdate=14 November 2009 }}{{dead link|date=May 2013}}</ref> The Canadian National Vimy Memorial and [[Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial]] sites comprise close to 80 percent of conserved First World War battlefields in existence and between them receive over one million visitors each year.<ref name="VAC Restoration">{{cite web|title=Canadian Battlefield Memorials Restoration Project| url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/memorials/cbmr |accessdate=13 March 2009|publisher=Veterans Affairs Canada |date=19 January 2007}}</ref>

===Vimy memorial===
[[File:Vimy Memorial - Design model.jpg|thumb|right|A design model of the memorial.|alt=A white plaster design model of the Vimy Memorial from the front side, displayed against a black background.]]
Allward constructed the memorial on the vantage point of Hill 145, the highest point on the ridge.<ref name="Busch 12">[[#Busch|Busch]] p. 12</ref> The memorial contains a large number of stylized features, including 20 human figures, which help the viewer in contemplating the structure as a whole. The front wall, normally mistaken for the rear, is {{convert|7.3|m|ft}} high and represents an impenetrable wall of defence.<ref name="Pierce 6"/> There is a group of figures at each end of the front wall, next to the base of the steps.<ref name="Brandon 10"/> The ''Breaking of the Sword'' is located at the southern corner of the front wall while ''Sympathy of the Canadians for the Helpless'' is located at the northern corner.<ref name="Hucker 282"/> Collectively, the two groups are ''The Defenders'' and represent the ideals for which Canadians gave their lives during the war.<ref name="Hucker 282"/> There is a cannon barrel draped in laurel and olive branches carved into the wall above each group, to symbolize peace.<ref name="Brandon 10">[[#Brandon|Brandon]] p. 10</ref><ref name="Hopkins 188">[[#Hopkins|Hopkins]] p. 188</ref> In ''Breaking of the Sword'', three young men are present, one of whom is crouching and breaking his sword.<ref name="Hucker 282"/> This statue represents the defeat of militarism and the general desire for peace.<ref name="Bolling 310">[[#Bolling|Bolling]] p. 310</ref> This grouping of figures is the most overt image to [[pacifism]] in the monument, the breaking of a sword being extremely uncommon in war memorials.<ref name="Prost 316">[[#Prost|Prost]] p. 316</ref> The original plan for the sculpture included one figure crushing a German helmet with his foot.<ref name="Pierce 6"/> It was later decided to dismiss this feature because of its overtly militaristic imagery.<ref name="Pierce 6"/> In ''Sympathy of the Canadians for the Helpless'', one man stands erect while three other figures, stricken by hunger or disease, are crouched and kneeling around him. The standing man represents Canada’s sympathy for the weak and oppressed.<ref name = "MacIntyre 156">[[#MacIntyre|MacIntyre]] p. 156</ref>

[[File:Vimy Memorial - Layout.GIF|thumb|left|Layout map of the memorial.|alt=A schematic diagram of the Vimy Memorial that shows the orientation of the memorial and the location of names based upon alphabetical order of family name.]]
The figure of a cloaked young female stands on top of the front wall and overlooks the Douai Plains. The woman has her head bowed, her eyes cast down, and her chin resting in one hand. Below her at ground level of the former battlefield is a sarcophagus, bearing a [[Brodie helmet]], a sword and draped in laurel branches.<ref name="Hucker 282">[[#Hucker|Hucker]] p. 282</ref> The saddened figure of ''Canada Bereft'', also known as ''Mother Canada'', is a [[national personification]] of the young nation of Canada, mourning her dead.<ref name="Hucker 282"/>{{#tag:ref|Dancer turned model Edna Moynihan served as the model with the statue itself being carved by Italian Luigi Rigamonti.<ref name="Hucker 286"/>|group="Note"}} The statue, a reference to traditional images of the {{lang|la|[[Mater Dolorosa]]}} and presented in a similar style to that of [[Michelangelo]]'s [[Pietà (Michelangelo)|Pietà]], faces eastward looking out to the dawn of the new day.<ref name="Duffy 194">[[#Duffy|Duffy]] p. 194</ref> Unlike the other statues on the monument, stonemasons carved ''Canada Bereft'' from a single 30 tonne block of stone.<ref name="Duffy 194"/> The statue is the largest single piece in the monument and serves as a focal point.<ref name="Duffy 194"/>

The twin pylons rise to a height 30 metres above the memorial's stone platform. The twin white pylons, one bearing the [[maple leaf]] for Canada and the other the [[fleur-de-lis]] for France, symbolize the unity and sacrifice of both countries.<ref name="Brandon 10"/> At the top of the two pylons is a grouping of figures known collectively as the ''Chorus''.<ref name="Valpy"/> The most senior figures represent ''Justice'' and ''Peace''.<ref name="Brandon 13">[[#Brandon|Brandon]] p. 13</ref> ''Peace'' stands with a torch upraised, making it the highest point in the region.<ref name="Nicholson 33">[[#Nicholson 2|Nicholson (1973)]] p. 33</ref> The pair is in a style similar to Allward's previously commissioned statues of ''Truth'' and ''Justice'', located outside the [[Supreme Court of Canada]] in [[Ottawa]].<ref name="Brandon 12">[[#Brandon|Brandon]] p. 12</ref> The figures of ''Hope'', ''Charity'', ''Honour'' and ''Faith'' are located below ''Justice'' and ''Peace'' on the eastern side, with ''Truth'' and ''Knowledge'' on the western side. Around these figures are shields of Canada, Britain and France. Large crosses adorn the outside of each pylon.<ref name="Hopkins 188"/> The First World War battle honours of the Canadian regiments and a dedicatory inscription to Canada's war dead, in both French and English, also appear on the monument. The ''Spirit of Sacrifice'' is located at the base between the two pylons.<ref name="Duffy 194"/> In the display, a young dying soldier is gazing upward in a crucifixion-like pose, having thrown his torch to a comrade who holds it aloft behind him.<ref name="Duffy 194"/> In a lightly veiled reference to the poem ''[[In Flanders Fields]]'' by [[John McCrae]], the torch is passed from one comrade to another in an effort to keep alive the memory of the war dead.<ref name="Nicholson 33"/>

{{Quote box | quote =It is an inspired expression in stone, chiselled by a skilful Canadian hand, of Canada's salute to her fallen sons.<ref name="Mould Fonds 62-63">{{cite web|title=John Mould Diaries : Return to Vimy |url=http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/mould/vimy.aspx |accessdate=4 January 2010 |date=n.d. |publisher=[[Archives of Ontario]]}}</ref>| source = King Edward VIII referring to the memorial during his 1936 speech. | width = 30% | align =right}}
The Mourning Parents, one male and one female figure, are reclining on either side of the western steps on the reverse side of the monument. They represent the mourning mothers and fathers of the nation and are likely patterned on the four statues by Michelangelo on the [[Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence#Cappelle Medicee|Medici Tomb]] in [[Florence]], [[Italy]].<ref name="Brandon 12"/> Inscribed on the outside wall of the monument are the names of the 11,285 Canadians killed in France, and whose final resting place is unknown.<ref name="Hucker 286"/> Most Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorials present names in a descending list format. Allward sought to present the names as a seamless list and decided to do so by inscribing the names in continuous bands, across both vertical and horizontal seams, around the base of the monument.<ref name="Valpy"/> The memorial contains the names of four posthumous Victoria Cross recipients; [[Robert Grierson Combe]], [[Frederick Hobson]], [[William Johnstone Milne]] and [[Robert Spall]].<ref name="VCs">{{cite web| title=Victoria Cross (VC) Recipients |url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/medals-decorations/orders-decorations/canadian-victoria-cross-recipients |publisher=Veterans Affairs Canada }}</ref>

===Moroccan Division Memorial===
[[Image:Vimy Ridge - Moroccan Division Memorial.jpg|thumb|right|The Moroccan Division Memorial|alt=White rectangular stone memorial. It is inscribed "AUX MORTS DE LA DIVISION MAROCAINE", with other dedicatory messages in French, and with one phrase in Arabic.]]
The Moroccan Division Memorial is dedicated to the memory of the members of the French Moroccan Division killed during the Second Battle of Artois in May 1915.<ref name="Boire 56"/> General [[Victor d'Urbal]], commander of the French Tenth Army, sought to dislodge the Germans from the region by attacking their positions at Vimy Ridge and [[Notre Dame de Lorette]].<ref name="Simkins 48">[[#Simkins|Simkins]] p. 48</ref> When the attack began on 9 May 1915, the French XXXIII Corps made significant territorial gains.<ref name="Simkins 48"/> The Moroccan Division, which was part of the XXXIII Corps, quickly moved through the German defences and advanced {{convert|4|km|yd}} into German lines in two hours.<ref name="Doughty 159">[[#Doughty|Doughty]] p. 159</ref> The division managed to capture the height of the ridge, with small parties even reaching the far side of the ridge, before retreating due to a lack of reinforcements.<ref name="Boire 56"/> Even after German counter-attacks, the division managed to hold a territorial gain of {{convert|2100|m|yd}}.<ref name="Doughty 159"/>

===Grange Subway===
The First World War's Western Front included an extensive system of underground tunnels, subways and dugouts. The Grange Subway is a tunnel system that is approximately {{convert|800|m|yd}} in length and once connected the reserve lines to the front line. This permitted soldiers to advance to the front quickly, securely and unseen.<ref name="Geology 398">[[#Geology|Rose & Nathanail]] p. 398</ref> A portion of this tunnel system is open to the public through regular guided tours provided by Canadian student guides.<ref name="Turner 90">[[#Turner|Turner]] p. 90</ref>

The Arras-Vimy sector was conducive to tunnel excavation owing to the soft, porous yet extremely stable nature of the [[chalk]] underground.<ref name="Geology 398"/> As a result, pronounced underground warfare had been an active feature of the Vimy sector since 1915.<ref name="Geology 398"/> In preparation for the Battle of Vimy Ridge, five British tunnelling companies excavated 12 subways along the Canadian Corps' front, the longest of which was {{convert|1.2|km|yd}} in length.<ref name="Barton 200"/> The tunnellers excavated the subways at a depth of 10 metres to ensure protection from large calibre howitzer shellfire.<ref name="Barton 200">[[#Barton|Barton]] p. 200</ref> The subways were often dug at a pace of four metres a day and were often two metres tall and one metre wide.<ref name="Geology 398"/> This underground network often incorporated or included concealed light rail lines, hospitals, command posts, water reservoirs, ammunition stores, mortar and machine gun posts, and communication centres.<ref name="Barton 200"/>

===Lieutenant-Colonel Mike Watkins memorial===
[[File:Vimy Ridge - Watkins memorial.JPG|thumb|Memorial plaque to Lieutenant Colonel Michael Watkins, MBE]]
Near the Canadian side of the restored trenches is a small memorial plaque dedicated to [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] Mike Watkins [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]]. Watkins was head of [[11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal Regiment RLC|Explosive Ordnance Disposal]] at the Directorate of Land Service Ammunition, [[Royal Logistics Corps]] and a leading British [[Bomb disposal|explosive ordnance disposal]] expert.<ref name="Watkins obit"/> In August 1998, he died in a roof collapse near a tunnel entrance while undertaking a detailed investigative survey of the British tunnel system on the grounds of the Canadian National Vimy Memorial site.<ref name="Watkins obit">{{cite news |first=Paul |last=Beaver |title=Obituary: Lt-Col Mike Watkins |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-ltcol-mike-watkins-1171486.html |work=[[The Independent]] |date=14 August 1998 |accessdate=26 April 2009 |location=[[London]]}}</ref> Watkins was no stranger to the tunnel system at Vimy Ridge. Earlier the same year, he participated in the successful disarming of 3 tonnes of deteriorated [[ammonal]] explosives located under a road intersection on the site.<ref name="Watkins obit"/>

===Georges Devloo===
The memorial site is accessible by car, taxi and tour bus, but not by public transport. Canadians looking for transportation used to be able to get rides from a senior resident of Vimy, Georges Devloo. Known as the Grandpa of Vimy to the Canadian guides, he would offer car rides to Canadian tourists to and from the memorial at no charge, as a way of paying tribute to the Canadians who fought at Vimy.<ref>{{cite news|first=Kathleen |last=Harris |newspaper=[[London Free Press]]| publisher=Sum Media Corp |title='Grandpa of Vimy' gives rides for sweets |date=13 November 2009}}</ref> Devloo died in February 2009; he had been giving free rides to Canadians for 13 years.<ref>{{cite news|first=Adrienne |last=Arsenault
|url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2009/02/09/f-rfa-arsenault.html |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Company |title=Au revoir to the grand-père of Vimy|accessdate=10 February 2009|date=10 February 2009}}</ref>

==Sociocultural influence==
The Canadian National Vimy Memorial site has considerable sociocultural significance for Canada. The idea that Canada's national identity and nationhood were born out of the Battle of Vimy Ridge is an opinion that is widely published in military and general histories of Canada.<ref name="Inglis 2" /><ref name="Humphries 66"/> Historian Denise Thomson suggests that the construction of the Vimy memorial represents the culmination of an increasingly assertive nationalism that developed in Canada during the [[interwar period]].<ref name="Thomson">[[#Thomson|Thomson]] pp. 5–27</ref> Meanwhile, Hucker suggests that the memorial transcends the Battle of Vimy Ridge and now serves as an enduring image of the whole of the First World War, while concurrently expressing the enormous impact of war in general.<ref name="Hucker 280">[[#Hucker|Hucker]] p. 280</ref> Hucker also suggest that the most recent restoration project serves as evidence of a new generation's determination to remember Canada's contribution and sacrifice during the First World War.<ref name="Hucker 280"/>

[[Image:Ghosts of Vimy Ridge.jpeg|225px|left|thumb|''Ghosts of Vimy Ridge'' by Will Longstaff|alt=A crowd of dark and ghostly soldiers are scattered on a hill of churned ground, shell holes and general battlefield detritus. A memorial, painted in white, is located at the top of the hill.]]The [[Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada]] recognized the importance of the site by recommending its designation as a National Historic Site of Canada; it was so designated, one of only two outside of Canada, in 1997.<ref name="VAC NHS">{{cite web |url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/memorials/france/vimy/vimycerm | title=Canadian National Historic Site Designation |date=9 September 1999 |accessdate=22 May 2013 |publisher=Veterans Affairs Canada}}</ref> The other is the [[Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial]], also in France. In 1931, [[Will Longstaff]] painted ''Ghosts of Vimy Ridge'', depicting ghosts of men from the Canadian Corps on Vimy Ridge surrounding the memorial, though the memorial was still several years away from completion.<ref name="longstaff">{{cite web|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/menin/notes.asp |title=Will Longstaff's Menin Gate at midnight (Ghosts of Menin Gate) |date=n.d.|accessdate=11 January 2010 |publisher=Australian War Memorial}}</ref> The Canadian ''[[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier|Unknown Soldier]]'' was selected from a cemetery in the vicinity of the Canadian National Vimy Memorial and the design of the [[Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] is based upon the stone sarcophagus at the base of the Vimy memorial.<ref name="Tomb design">{{cite web |url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/memorials/france/vimy/vmemory |title=Designing and Constructing |series=Tomb of the Unknown Soldier |date= 5 May 2000 |accessdate=8 January 2010 |publisher=Veterans Affairs Canada}}</ref>

A 2001 Canadian [[bestseller|bestselling]] [[historical novel]] ''[[The Stone Carvers]]'' by [[Jane Urquhart]] involves the characters in the design and creation of the memorial. In 2007, the memorial was a short listed selection for the [[Seven Wonders of Canada]].<ref name="CBC 7WoC">{{cite news| title=Vimy Memorial, France |url=http://www.cbc.ca/sevenwonders/wonder_vimy.html |accessdate=7 January 2010 |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Company |date=n.d. }}</ref> The [[Royal Canadian Mint]] released commemorative coins featuring the memorial on a number of occasions, including a 5 cent sterling silver coin in 2002 and a 30 dollar sterling silver coin in 2007. The [[Sacrifice Medal]], a Canadian military [[Military awards and decorations|decoration]] created in 2008, features the image of ''Mother Canada'' on the reverse side of the medal.<ref name="SM web">{{cite news |title=New military medal to honour combat casualties |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/08/29/sacrifice-medal.html?ref=rss&Authorized=1&AuthenticationKey=1_45_4c64df9a-89f8-4b1a-94ac-8efd26447be0.pakdllcidpafph |date=29 August 2008 |accessdate=7 January 2010 |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Company}}</ref> A permanent bas relief sculpted image of the memorial is presented in the gallery of the grand hall of the [[Embassy of France in Canada]] to symbolize the close relations between the two countries.<ref name="FR embassy">{{cite web| title=Embassy of France in Canada, virtual visit |url=http://www.ambafrance-ca.org/gallery/genese/pages/vimy.htm |date=January 2004 |accessdate=10 January 2010 |publisher=Embassy of France in Canada }}</ref> The memorial is featured on the backside of the [[Frontier Series]] Canadian polymer [[Canadian twenty-dollar bill|$20]] banknote, which was released by the [[Bank of Canada]] on November 7, 2012.<ref name="CTV $20 Bill">{{cite web| title=Twenty Dollar Bill|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/canadians-see-twin-towers-pornography-in-20-bill-design-1.806190 |accessdate=6 May 2012 |publisher=CTV |date=n.d. }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Canadian Armed Forces}}
* [[World War I memorials]]
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="Note"}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== References ==
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite book |title= Beneath Flanders Fields: The Tunnellers' War 1914–1918 |last1= Barton | first1=Peter |last2= Doyle |first2=Peter |last3=Vandewalle |first3=Johan |year= 2004 |publisher= McGill-Queen's University Press|location= Montreal & Kingston | isbn = 0-7735-2949-7|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=wLZjfmkh3jYC&lpg=PP1&dq=Beneath%20Flanders%20Fields%3A%20The%20Tunnellers'%20War%201914-1918&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Barton}}
* {{cite book| last1=Bell| first1=Lynne| last2=Bousfield |first2=Arthur |last3=Toffoli |first3=Gary| title=Queen and Consort:Elizabeth and Philip – 60 Years of Marriage| publisher=Dundurn Press| year=2007| location=Toronto| url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=sqFPntVyzK4C&lpg=PP1&dq=Queen%20and%20Consort%3AElizabeth%20and%20Philip%20-%2060%20Years%20of%20Marriage&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true| isbn=978-1-55002-725-9|ref=CITEREF_Bell_2007}}
* {{cite journal |last = Boire |first = Michael| title = The Underground War: Military Mining Operations in support of the attack on Vimy Ridge, 9 April 1917 | journal = Canadian Military History | volume = 1 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 15–24| publisher = Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies | date = Spring 1992 | url = http://www.wlu.ca/lcmsds/cmh/back%20issues/CMH/volume%201/issue%201-2/Boire%20-%20The%20Underground%20War.pdf| accessdate =2 January 2009 |format=PDF|ref=Boire}}
* {{cite book |last = Boire |first = Michael| year = 2007 | contribution = The Battlefield before the Canadians, 1914–1916 | editor-last = Hayes | editor-first = Geoffrey | editor2-last = Iarocci | editor2-first = Andrew | editor3-last = Bechthold | editor3-first = Mike| title = Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment | publication-place = Waterloo | publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press | pages =51–61 | isbn = 0-88920-508-6|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Pf5y7sehRwAC&lpg=PP1&dq=Vimy%20Ridge%3A%20A%20Canadian%20Reassessment&pg=PA51#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Boire2}}
* {{cite book |last = Bolling |first = Gordon |contribution=Acts of (Re-)Construction: Traces of Germany in Jane Urquhart's Novel the Stone Carvers|pages=295–318 | title= Refractions of Germany in Canadian Literature and Culture |editor1-last=Antor |editor1-first = Heinz | editor2-last = Brown | editor2-first = Sylvia | editor3-last = Considine | editor3-first = John | editor4-last = Stierstorfer | editor4-first = Klaus |displayeditors=4 |year= 2003 |publisher= de Gruyter|location= Berlin | isbn = 978-3-11-017666-7|url=http://books.google.com/?id=CEocfbvIMMMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Refractions+of+Germany+in+Canadian+Literature+and+Culture#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Bolling}}
* {{cite book| title= Art or memorial? : The Forgotten History of Canada's War Art|last=Brandon |first=Laura |year=2006 | publisher=University of Calgary Press |location=Calgary |isbn=1-55238-178-1|ref=Brandon}}
* {{cite book| title= Canada and the Great War: Western Front Association Papers |last=Busch |first=Briton Cooper |year=2003| publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |location=Montreal |isbn=0-7735-2570-X|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=LLKqAyUl6TAC&lpg=PP1&dq=Canada%20and%20the%20Great%20War%3A%20Western%20Front%20Association%20Papers&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Busch}}
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* {{cite book | last = Cook | first = Tim | year = 2007 | contribution = The Gunners of Vimy Ridge: 'We are Hammering Fritz to Pieces' | editor-last = Hayes | editor-first = Geoffrey | editor2-last = Iarocci | editor2-first = Andrew | editor3-last = Bechthold | editor3-first = Mike | title = Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment | publication-place = Waterloo | publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press | pages =105–124 | isbn = 0-88920-508-6|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Pf5y7sehRwAC&lpg=PA171&dq=The%202nd%20Canadian%20Division%3A%20A%20'Most%20Spectacular%20Battle'&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Cook}}
* {{cite book| last=Doughty| first=Robert A.| title=Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operation in the Great War|year=2005| publisher=Belknap Press|publication-place =Cambridge and London|isbn=0-674-01880-X|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=vZRmHkdGk44C&lpg=PP1&dq=Pyrrhic%20Victory%3A%20French%20Strategy%20and%20Operation%20in%20the%20Great%20War&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Doughty}}
* {{cite journal |last = Duffy |first = Denis| title = Complexity and contradiction in Canadian public sculpture: the case of Walter Allward | journal = American Review of Canadian Studies | volume = 38 | issue = 2 | pages = 189–206| publisher = Routledge | date = Summer 2008 | url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb009/is_2_38/ai_n29452626/| accessdate =1 June 2009 |doi = 10.1080/02722010809481708|ref=Duffy}}
* {{cite book |last = Durflinger |first = Serge| year = 2007 | contribution = Safeguarding Sanctity: Canada and the Vimy Memorial during the Second World War| editor-last = Hayes | editor-first = Geoffrey | editor2-last = Iarocci | editor2-first = Andrew | editor3-last = Bechthold | editor3-first = Mike| title = Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment | publication-place = Waterloo | publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press | pages =291–305 | isbn = 0-88920-508-6|ref=Durflinger}}
* {{cite book |title=Croatia: Travels in Undiscovered Country |last=Fabijančić |first= Tony |year= 2003 |publisher= University of Alberta |isbn=0-88864-397-7 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=sppa_IWNmosC&printsec=frontcover |accessdate =2 January 2009|ref=Fabijančić}}
* {{cite book |title=The Silent General: A Biography of Haig's Trusted Great War Comrade-in-Arms |last=Farr |first= Don |year= 2007 |publisher= Helion & Company Limited |location= Solihull |isbn=978-1-874622-99-4|ref=Farr|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=70hVl257oPIC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Silent%20General%3A%20A%20Biography%20of%20Haig's%20Trusted%20Great%20War%20Comrade-in-Arms&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true}}
* {{cite book |last = Godefroy |first = Andrew| authorlink=Andrew Godefroy| year = 2007 | contribution = The German Army at Vimy Ridge | editor-last = Hayes | editor-first = Geoffrey | editor2-last = Iarocci | editor2-first = Andrew | editor3-last = Bechthold | editor3-first = Mike| title = Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment | publication-place = Waterloo | publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press | pages =225–238 | isbn = 0-88920-508-6|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Pf5y7sehRwAC&lpg=PA171&dq=The%202nd%20Canadian%20Division%3A%20A%20'Most%20Spectacular%20Battle'&pg=PA225#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Godefroy}}
* {{cite book |last = Hayes |first = Geoffrey| year = 2007 | contribution = The 3rd Canadian Division: Forgotten Victory | editor-last = Hayes | editor-first = Geoffrey | editor2-last = Iarocci | editor2-first = Andrew | editor3-last = Bechthold | editor3-first = Mike| title = Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment | publication-place = Waterloo | publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press | pages =193–210 | isbn = 0-88920-508-6|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Pf5y7sehRwAC&lpg=PA171&dq=The%202nd%20Canadian%20Division%3A%20A%20'Most%20Spectacular%20Battle'&pg=PA193#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Hayes}}
* {{cite book|title= Canada at War, 1914–1918: A Record of Heroism and Achievement|last= Hopkins|first= J. Castell|year= 1919|publisher= Canadian Annual Review|location= Toronto|ref=Hopkins}}
* {{cite book |last = Hucker |first = Jacqueline|year = 2007 | contribution = The Meaning and Significance of the Vimy Monument | editor-last = Hayes | editor-first = Geoffrey | editor2-last = Iarocci | editor2-first = Andrew | editor3-last = Bechthold | editor3-first = Mike| title = Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment | publication-place = Waterloo | publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press | pages =279–290 | isbn = 0-88920-508-6|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Pf5y7sehRwAC&lpg=PA171&dq=The%202nd%20Canadian%20Division%3A%20A%20'Most%20Spectacular%20Battle'&pg=PA279#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Hucker}}
* {{cite book|last = Humphries|first = Mark Osborne| year = 2007| contribution = "Old Wine in New Bottles": A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras| editor-last = Hayes| editor-first = Geoffrey| editor2-last = Iarocci| editor2-first = Andrew| editor3-last = Bechthold| editor3-first = Mike| title = Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment| publication-place = Waterloo| publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press| pages =65–85| isbn = 0-88920-508-6|ref=Humphries}}
* {{cite book|last= Inglis|first= Dave| title = Vimy Ridge: 1917–1992, A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years| year = 1995| publisher=Simon Fraser University| location=Burnaby|url =http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6687/b17448906.pdf| accessdate =22 May 2013|ref=Inglis}}
* {{cite book |title=Battlefield tourism: pilgrimage and the commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada, 1919–1939 |last=Lloyd |first= David |year= 1998 |publisher= Berg Publishing |location= Oxford |isbn=1-85973-174-0|ref=Lloyd}}
* {{cite book |title=Canada at Vimy |last=MacIntyre |first= Duncan E. |year= 1967 |publisher= Peter Martin Associates |location= Toronto|ref=MacIntyre}}
* {{cite book |last = Moran |first = Heather| year = 2007 | contribution = The Canadian Army Medical Corps at Vimy Ridge | editor-last = Hayes | editor-first = Geoffrey | editor2-last = Iarocci | editor2-first = Andrew | editor3-last = Bechthold | editor3-first = Mike| title = Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment | publication-place = Waterloo | publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press | pages =139–154 | isbn = 0-88920-508-6|ref=Moran}}
* {{cite book | last1=Morton | first1=Desmond | first2=Glenn | last2=Wright | title=Winning the Second Battle: Canadian Veterans and the Return to Civilian Life, 1915–1930 | publisher=University of Toronto Press |place=Toronto |year=1987 |ref=Morton}}
* {{cite book |title= Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War: Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 |last= Nicholson |first= Gerald W. L. | year= 1962 |publisher= Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationary |location= Ottawa |url=http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/CEF_e.pdf | format=PDF |accessdate =1 January 2007| ref=Nicholson}}
* {{cite book |title= "We will remember…": Overseas Memorials to Canada’s War Dead |last= Nicholson |first= Gerald W. L. | year= 1973 |publisher=Minister of Veterans Affairs for Canada |location= Ottawa|ref=”Nicholson 2”}}
* {{cite news | last=Picard | first=Andréa | title=Restoring Loss at Vimy |periodical =Canadian Architect | publication-date=May 2006 | url=http://www.canadianarchitect.com/news/restoring-loss-at-vimy/1000204056/ |publisher=Business Information Group |accessdate =1 August 2009|ref=Picard}}
* {{cite journal |last = Pierce |first = John| title = Constructing Memory: The Vimy Memorial| journal = Canadian Military History | volume = 1 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 4–14| publisher = Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies | date = Spring 1992 | url = http://www.wlu.ca/lcmsds/cmh/back%20issues/CMH/volume%201/issue%201-2/Pierce%20-%20Constructing%20Memory%20-%20The%20Vimy%20Memorial.pdf| accessdate =2 February 2009|format=PDF|ref=Pierce}}
* {{cite book |last = Prost |first = Antoine| year = 1997 | contribution = Monuments to the Dead | editor-last = Nora | editor-first = Pierre | editor2-last = Kritzman | editor2-first = Lawrence | editor3-last = Goldhammer | editor3-first = Arthur | title = Realms of memory: the construction of the French past | publication-place = New York | publisher = Columbia University Press | pages =307–332| isbn = 0-231-10634-3|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=_Va9svbIgLwC&lpg=PP1&dq=Realms%20of%20memory%3A%20the%20construction%20of%20the%20French%20past%201997&pg=PA307#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Prost}}
* {{cite book |title=Geology and Warfare: Examples of the Influence of Terrain and Geologists on Military Operations |last1=Rose |first1= Edward |first2=Paul |last2=Nathanail |year= 2000 |publisher= Geological Society |location= London |isbn=0-85052-463-6|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=OEdlfb1VnMUC&lpg=PP1&dq=Geology%20and%20Warfare%3A%20Examples%20of%20the%20Influence%20of%20Terrain%20and%20Geologists%20on%20Military%20Operations&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Geology}}
* {{cite book| title= Command or Control?: Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies, 1888–1918 |last=Samuels |first=Mart |year=1996| publisher=Frank Cass |location=Portland |isbn=0-7146-4570-2|ref=Samuels}}
* {{cite journal |last = Saunders |first = Nicholas| title =Excavating memories: archaeology and the Great War, 1914–2001| journal = Antiquity | volume = 76 | issue = 291 | pages = 101–108| publisher = Portland Press| year = 2002 |ref=Saunders}}
* {{cite book|title= The German Army on Vimy Ridge 1914–1917|last= Sheldon| first= Jack|year= 2008|publisher= Pen & Sword Military|location= Barnsley (UK)| isbn = 978-1-84415-680-1|ref=Sheldon2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Simkins |first1=Peter |last2=Jukes |first2=Geoffrey |last3=Hickey |first3=Michael |title=The First World War: The Western Front, 1917–1918 |year=2002 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84176-348-4|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=EB3ABsBOAgYC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20First%20World%20War%3A%20The%20Western%20Front%2C%201917-1918&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Simkins}}
* {{cite journal| first=Denise | last=Thomson |title=National Sorrow, National Pride: Commemoration of War in Canada, 1918–1945 |journal=Journal of Canadian Studies |date=Winter 1995–1996 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=5–27|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3683/is_199501/ai_n8719631/pg_5/|ref=Thomson}}
* {{cite book| title= The European powers in the First World War: an encyclopedia| editor-last = Tucker| editor-first = Spencer| year=1996| publisher= Garland Publishing|location=New York|isbn=0-8153-0399-8|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=EHI3PCjDtsUC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20European%20powers%20in%20the%20First%20World%20War%3A%20an%20encyclopedia&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Tucker}}
* {{cite book| title= Vimy Ridge 1917: Byng's Canadians Triumph at Arras |last=Turner |first=Alexander| year=2005| publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=London |isbn=1-84176-871-5|ref=Turner }}
* {{cite book| title= Death So Noble: Memory, Meaning, and the First World War |last=Vance |first=Jonathan Franklin |year=1997| publisher=UBC Press |location=Vancouver |isbn=0-7748-0600-1|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=3wABF2KyvXEC&lpg=PP1&dq=Death%20So%20Noble%3A%20Memory%2C%20Meaning%2C%20and%20the%20First%20World%20War&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|ref=Vance}}
* {{cite book|title= Byng of Vimy, General and Governor General|last= Williams|first= Jeffery|year= 1983|publisher= Secker & Warburg|location= London| isbn = 0-436-57110-2|ref=Williams}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/memorials/france/vimy/ Canadian National Vimy Memorial] – official website
* [http://www.vimyfoundation.ca/ The Vimy Foundation]
* [http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/first-world-war/the-first-world-war-canada-remembers/vimy-ridge-memorial-unveiled.html CBC Archives: King Edward VIII's speech at the dedication ceremony]
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=cr&CRid=1119613 Vimy Memorial] at [[Find a Grave]]

{{Canadian First World War Memorials In Europe}}
{{NHSC}}
{{World War I War Memorials in France}}

{{Good article}}
[[Category:Canadian military memorials and cemeteries]]
[[Category:World War I memorials in France]]
[[Category:World War I in the Pas-de-Calais]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in the Pas-de-Calais]]
[[Category:National Historic Sites of Canada in France]]
[[Category:Canada–France relations]]
[[Category:Canada in World War I]]
[[Category:Works by Walter Seymour Allward]]
[[Category:Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorials]]

Standedge-Tunnels

2013-10-19T23:00:32Z

Notreallydavid: /* Restoration and modern-day operation */

{{Infobox tunnel
|name = Standedge Tunnel
|image = Standedge Tunnel End, Marsden, West Yorkshire.jpg
|caption = The tunnel entrance at Marsden
|waterway = [[Huddersfield Narrow Canal]]
|location = Standedge
|coordinates = {{Coord|53.59107|N|1.96219|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SE026105)|display=inline,title}}
|os_grid_ref = SE026105
|start = {{Coord|53.568042|N|1.992684|W|region:GB}}
|end = {{Coord|53.603622|N|1.942506|W|region:GB}}
|owner = [[British Waterways]]
|engineer = Nicholas Brown Thomas Telford
|length = {{convert|5500|yd|m|0}}
|width =
|height =
|depth =
|passable = Yes (with permission)
|towpath = No
|construction = 1794–1811
|open = 1811
|rebuilt = 2001
|closed = 1944
|status = Open
}}
The '''Standedge Tunnels''' are four parallel [[tunnel]]s beneath the [[Pennines]] in northern [[England]]. There are three [[Rail transport|railway]] tunnels and a [[canal]] tunnel, located at the traditional [[Standedge]] (pronounced ''Stannige'') crossing point between [[Marsden, West Yorkshire|Marsden]] and [[Diggle, Greater Manchester|Diggle]], on the edges of the [[conurbation]]s of [[West Yorkshire]] and [[Greater Manchester]] respectively. Before [[Local Government Act 1972|boundary changes in 1974]], both ends of the tunnel were located in the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]].

The canal tunnel, which forms part of the [[Huddersfield Narrow Canal]], is the longest and oldest of the tunnels, and holds the record as the longest and highest canal tunnel in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>[http://www.standedge.co.uk/about.htm Standedge Visitor Centre website]</ref> All four tunnels are linked by cross-tunnels or [[adit]]s at strategic locations within the tunnels. These allowed the railway tunnels to be built much more quickly, reducing the need for construction shafts, as waste could be removed by boat.

Of the railway tunnels, only the tunnel built in 1894 is currently used for rail traffic. Closed in 1943, the canal tunnel was re-opened in May 2001. The '''Standedge Tunnel Visitor Centre''', at the Marsden end of the tunnel, serves as a base for boat trips into the canal tunnel and hosts an exhibition which depicts the various crossings.

==The canal tunnel==
{{Standedge Tunnel map}}
{{Location map|United Kingdom
|label =
|background = white
|lat = 53.591283
|long = -1.95996
|caption = Map showing the location of the Standedge Tunnels in the United Kingdom
|float = right
|width = 220}}

[[File:Standedge canal tunnel - geograph.org.uk - 1410632.jpg|right|thumb|Inside the canal tunnel]]

The Standedge Tunnel is the longest, deepest and highest canal tunnel in Britain. It is {{convert|16499|ft|m}} long, {{convert|636|ft|m}} underground at the deepest point, and {{convert|643|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = Visitor_Centre>{{cite web | url = http://www.standedge.co.uk/index.htm | title = Standedge Tunnel – A true wonder of the waterways | publisher = British Waterways | accessdate = 2009-01-23 }}</ref>

===Construction===
[[Benjamin Outram]] was the consulting engineer for the construction of the Huddersfield Narrow Canal (then known as the Huddersfield Canal), which was authorised by an [[act of Parliament]] on 4 April 1794, to link the towns of [[Ashton-under-Lyne]] and [[Huddersfield]] through the tunnel. He had produced a report in October 1793, which estimated the cost for the whole canal, including the tunnel, at £178,478, while Nicholas Brown had produced the survey for the route. Outram had given his opinion that the hill through which the tunnel was to be cut was composed of gritstone and strong shale and should not present any difficulties. There was a dip in the hill at Red Brook, and he expected to be able to start work there as well as at the two ends, using steam engines to keep the works drained. The length of the tunnel would be {{convert|5456|yd|m}}.<ref>{{harvnb |Hadfield |Biddle |1970 |pp=322–323}}</ref>

Work began with Outram acting as engineer and Brown acting as superintendent and surveyor. In July 1795, John Evans was appointed to manage the boring of the tunnel. By mid-1796, {{convert|795|yd|m}} of tunnel had been cut, some of which had been lined, but much effort had been spent on constructing small tunnels to supply waterwheels, which would raise spoil and water from the intermediate adits. By the autumn there was concern that such work was expensive but had not contributed anything to the task in hand, and soon afterwards, Outram abandoned the attempt to build extra workfaces, and to concentrate on working from both ends. Although cheaper, this choice extended the completion date. Tunnelling was hampered by much larger quantities of water entering the workings than had been expected. In September 1797, Outram advised the management committee that Thomas Lee, the first contractor to be employed on the tunnel works, had made large losses as a result of the difficulties, and could not complete his contract. He was awarded more money for timber, an increased rate per yard for completion, and an extra year in which to finish.<ref>{{harvnb |Hadfield |Biddle |1970 |pp=324–325}}</ref>

By the middle of 1799, {{convert|1000|yd|m}} of the tunnel had been finished, and a further {{convert|1000|yd|m}} had been excavated but not completed. In October 1800, the [[Peak Forest Canal]] Company, who were keen to trade through the tunnel, suggested that a tramway should be built to bypass the tunnel until it was completed, but although Outram looked at this option, no action was taken. The next tunnel contract failed to attract any takers, so John Varley, who had been working on repairs to parts of the canal which had been damaged by floods, was asked to do some tunnelling. Next, Matthew Fletcher, who had experience of mining, was asked for an opinion. He suggested that time could be saved by tunnelling in both directions from Redbrook pit, which was being kept dry by a large steam engine. He estimated that this would cost an additional £8,000, but although the committee tried to find a contractor to carry out the work, none could be found, and tunnelling continued from both ends.<ref>{{harvnb |Hadfield |Biddle |1970 |pp=325–328}}</ref>

Outram left the project in 1801, after work had stopped for a lengthy period.<ref name=skempton>{{harvnb |Skempton |2002 |p=495}}</ref> In late 1804, the committee began to address the issue of how the tunnel would be worked, and a sub-committee visited the [[Harecastle Tunnel]] on the [[Trent and Mersey Canal]], the [[Butterley Tunnel]] on the [[Cromford Canal]], and the [[Norwood Tunnel]] on the [[Chesterfield Canal]]. After seeing them, they recommended that a towing path should be built through the tunnel, but the extra cost and delays could not be afforded. Desperately short of money, the canal company obtained a new act of Parliament in 1806, to raise additional finance, and to allow an extra toll for using the tunnel to be charged.<ref name=hab328>{{harvnb |Hadfield |Biddle |1970 |pp=328–329}}</ref> In 1807, [[Thomas Telford]] was asked for advice on construction and planning, and produced a detailed plan, which was carefully followed until the work was completed.<ref name=skempton/> On 9 June 1809, the two ends of the tunnel finally met. Nearly two years after that, on 26 March 1811, the tunnel was declared to be complete, and a grand opening ceremony was held on 4 April. A party of invited guests, followed by several working boats, entered the tunnel at Diggle and completed the journey to Marsden in one hour and forty minutes. The tunnel had cost some £160,000, and was the most expensive canal tunnel built in Britain.<ref name=hab328/>

===Completion===
When the tunnel eventually opened, the canal became a through route 13 years after the rest of it had been completed and 17 years after work first began, at a cost of £123,803. Despite multiple problems, the building of the Huddersfield Narrow canal showed that the technique of quantity surveying had advanced greatly. Telford's report covered every expenditure to the last bucket; it was followed to the letter until the canal finally opened. Between 1811 and 1840 the tunnel was used on average by 40 boats daily.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Saddleworth Story |author=Mary Hodge |page=19 |edition=5th reprint |year=1994 |url=http://www.saddleworth-historical-society.org.uk/bibliography.htm}}</ref> The canal tunnel was brick-lined in places, though bare rock was left exposed in others.<ref name = Pennine_Waterways>{{cite web | url=http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/huddersfield/standedge3.htm | title = History | publisher = Pennine Waterways | accessdate = 2006-10-16}}</ref>

===Method of operation===
The canal tunnel is only wide enough for one [[narrowboat]] for much of its length, and to save on cost, as in some other canal tunnels in England, no [[towpath|tow-path]] was provided in the tunnel. As canal boats were horse-drawn, the boats had to be [[Legging (canals)|legged]] through the tunnel – a process where one or more boatmen lay on the cargo and pushed against the roof or walls of the tunnel with their legs. Professional leggers were paid one Shilling and six Pence for working a boat through the tunnel, which took one hour and twenty minutes for an empty boat, and three hours with a full load.<ref>[http://www.marsdenhistory.co.uk/transport/transport.html Marsden History Group website]</ref>

There are several widened points in the tunnel, originally designed to be passing places. However, due to intense competition between boat crews, two-way operation in the tunnel was found to be unpracticable. The canal company introduced a new method of working where one end of the tunnel was closed off by a locked chain, preventing access to the tunnel unless authorised. A similar system is used today.<ref name = Pennine_Waterways/>

===The railway influence===
The Huddersfield Narrow Canal was purchased by the 'Huddersfield and Manchester Railway' in 1846. The canal tunnel proved most beneficial in assisting with the construction of the first railway tunnel at this location, as no vertical shafts were needed in the construction and the canal was an easy way to help remove the large amount of spoil excavated. Several cross-passages were retained.<ref name = Pennine_Waterways/>

===Closure===
The last commercial boat to use the tunnel passed through in 1921, and the canal was officially closed in 1944, after which it soon fell into disrepair.

Most quotes on the internet state the last boat through the tunnel was the Rolt/Aickman expedition in the leaky Ailsa Craig in 1948, when it was in unknown condition.<ref>[http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/huddersfield/standedge3.htm Pennine Waterways website]</ref> [[Tom Rolt]], writing in 1948, stated that he had recently traversed the tunnel. The journey took two hours; speed was kept very low intentionally so as to avoid damage to the boat.<ref>{{harvnb |Rolt |1950 |pp=88–89}}</ref> The canal was blocked at several locations on both sides of the Pennines. The tunnel became unsafe, and was closed off by large iron gates at each end.

A local newspaper article describes a special trip organised by the Railway and Canal Historical Society in 1961. This was to commemorate 150 years since building work on the canal was complete. The trip left Marsden around 11 a.m, it emerged out of the Diggle portal around 1 p.m.<ref>[http://www.digglevillage.org.uk/images/canal/21-12-08/IMAGE4.JPG Media story & image of Historical Society boat trip from 1961]</ref>

===Restoration and modern-day operation===
The canal tunnel was the beneficiary of a £5 million restoration project as part of an effort to re-open the entire canal. Several rock-lined parts of the tunnel were found to be unstable. Where possible, these were stabilised by rock bolts, or where impractical, concrete was used to stabilise the rock face. The tunnel re-opened in May 2001.

Most modern canal boats are diesel-powered. When the canal was reopened it was felt that it would not be safe for boaters to navigate the tunnel under their own diesel power, due to the extreme length of the tunnel and the lack of ventilation. Instead, electric tug boats hauled narrowboats through the tunnel.<ref name = Modern_Use>{{cite web | url = http://www.huddersfieldcanal.com/canal/tunnel.htm | title = Modern Operation | publisher = Huddersfield Canal Society | accessdate = 2009-01-23}}</ref>

In September 2007, it was identified that significant repairs were required to one of the electric tug modules, and [[British Waterways]] carried out a trial run for self-steer operation. The trip boat Pennine Moonraker was taken through the tunnel under her own power by owner John Lund, shadowed by a BW electric tug.

Since the 2009 season, boats have been allowed to travel through the tunnel under their own power, with a chaperone on the boat, followed by a service vehicle through a parallel disused railway tunnel.<ref name = Waterscape_Standedge_Tunnel>{{cite web | url = http://www.waterscape.com/in-your-area/yorkshire/places-to-go/462/standedge-tunnel | title = Standedge Tunnel | publisher = British Waterways| accessdate = 2011-02-06}}</ref><ref name = Waterscape_Standedge_Tunnel_Customer>{{cite web | url = http://www.waterscape.com/media/documents/22063.pdf | title = Standedge Tunnel Customer Guidelines| publisher = British Waterways| accessdate = 2011-02-06}}</ref>

[[File:The Standedge tunnels - geograph.org.uk - 1410617.jpg|thumb|right|The 1848 and 1871 tunnel portals at Diggle]]

==The railway tunnels==
There are three railway tunnels, running parallel to each other and the canal tunnel. The rail tunnels are level for their whole length providing the only section of level track on the line where [[water trough]]s could be installed to provide steam locomotives with fresh water supplies without the requirement for the train to stop.

===The 1848 (central) tunnel===
The central tunnel at Standedge was completed by the [[London and North Western Railway]], having acquired the former Huddersfield and Manchester Railway in 1847. This was a single line tunnel with a length of 3 miles, 57 yards (4803 m). The tunnel is located immediately to the south of, but at a slightly higher level than, the canal tunnel.<ref name=mlhgct>{{cite web | title = Communications and Transport in the Marsden area | url = http://www.marsdenhistory.co.uk/communications.html | publisher = Marsden Local History Group | accessdate = 2007-01-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061231180022/http://www.marsdenhistory.co.uk/communications.html  |archivedate = 2006-12-31}}</ref><ref name=hud1cf>{{cite web | title = Huddersfield Narrow Canal Facts| url = http://www.huddersfield1.co.uk/huddersfield/narrowcanal/huddscanalfacts.htm | publisher = Huddersfield One | accessdate = 2007-01-07 }}</ref>

===The 1871 (south) tunnel===
The 1848 tunnel soon proved to be a bottleneck for rail traffic between Huddersfield and Manchester, and in 1871 a second parallel tunnel was opened. This tunnel was also a single line tunnel with a length of 3 miles, 57 yards (4803 m), and was situated to the south of the first rail tunnel.

[[File:Standedge Rail Tunnel - geograph.org.uk - 1625791.jpg|thumb|right|Diggle portal of the 1894 tunnel]]

===The 1894 (live) tunnel===
The 1894 double bore tunnel was opened by the London and North Western Railway with double track, and a length of 3 miles, 60 yards (4806 m). For most of its length, it is situated to the north of the canal tunnel, but passes over the canal tunnel just inside each tunnel entrance. This tunnel is the fifth longest rail tunnel in Britain after the new [[High Speed 1#Tunnels|High Speed 1 tunnels]], [[Severn Tunnel]] and the [[Sheffield]] to Manchester route's [[Totley Tunnel]].<ref name="mlhgct"/>

===The rail tunnels today===
Today only the 1894 rail tunnel is still used for rail traffic, although all three rail tunnels are still maintained. The 1848 tunnel is used to provide an emergency escape route for the other tunnels, and has been made accessible to road vehicles such as [[fire engine]]s and [[ambulance]]s.

===Future proposals===
[[Network Rail]] had proposed the reinstatement of rail traffic through the 1871 and 1848 tunnels to increase capacity on the trans-pennine route.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.networkrail.co.uk/documents/Projects/The%20Northern%20Hub/6485_Manchester%20Hub%20Rail%20Study.pdf|title=Manchester Hub Rail Study|publisher=[[Network Rail]]|page=51|accessdate=17 February 2010}}</ref> However, following a re-appraisal of these proposals in the light of the decision to electrify the Leeds-Manchester trans-Pennine line, it was reported in 2012 that reinstatement had been found to be unnecessary.

==Standedge Tunnel Visitor Centre==
[[Image:Standedge-tunnel.jpg|thumb|right|Entrance to Standedge Tunnel on the Huddersfield Narrow Canal]]
The Standedge Tunnel Visitor Centre is situated at the Marsden end of the tunnel. It is located in the former warehouse, used for [[transshipment]] of goods from canal barge to [[packhorse]] during the period between 1798, when the canal reached Marsden, and 1811, when the tunnel opened. The centre contains exhibitions on the history of the tunnels, the canal tunnel's recent restoration, and the [[Huddersfield Narrow Canal]].

The nearby ''Tunnel End Cottages'', which formerly housed canal maintenance workers, house a cafe and the booking office for 30 minute boat trips into the tunnel. These trips use the same electric tugs as are used to tow private boats through the tunnel, in this case pushing a passenger-carrying barge.

The visitors centre is situated about half a mile (0.8 km) to the west of [[Marsden railway station]] and can easily be reached from the station by walking along the towpath of the Huddersfield Narrow Canal, which runs adjacent to the station. Adjacent to the station is the headquarters of the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]'s [[Marsden Moor Estate]], which includes a public exhibition, ''Welcome to Marsden'', that gives an overview of the area and its transport history.<ref name=ntwhat>{{cite web | title = Marsden Moor – What to see and do | publisher = National Trust | accessdate = 2006-12-24 | url = http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-marsdenmoorestate/w-marsdenmoor-seeanddo.htm |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060722005723/http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-marsdenmoorestate/w-marsdenmoor-seeanddo.htm  |archivedate = 2006-07-22}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|UK Waterways}}
*[[Canals of Great Britain]]
*[[History of the British canal system]]

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book
|first1=Charles |last1=Hadfield
|first2=Gordon |last2=Biddle
|title=The Canals of North West England, Vol 2 (pp.241–496)
|year=1970
|publisher=David and Charles
|isbn=0-7153-4992-9
|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book
|first=L. T. C.
|last=Rolt
|title=The Inland Waterways of England
|location=London
|publisher=George Allen and Unwin Ltd
|year=1950
|isbn=0-04-386003-6
|ref=harv}}
*{{Cite book
|first=Sir Alec et al. |last=Skempton
|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: Vol 1: 1500 to 1830
|publisher=Thomas Telford
|year=2002
|isbn=0-7277-2939-X
|ref=harv}}
{{Refend}}

===References===
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Standedge Tunnels}}
*Internal Standedge tunnel pictures can be seen [http://www.flickr.com/photos/phill_dvsn/sets/72157620870377203/detail/ here]
*Aerial photos of the [http://www.multimap.com/maps/?mapType=aerial&zoom=17&countryCode=GB&lat=53.5683094249635&lon=-1.99256193723249 Diggle portal] and the [http://www.multimap.com/maps/?mapType=aerial&zoom=17&countryCode=GB&lat=53.6039333175485&lon=-1.94117582922389 Marsden portal]
*[http://www.standedge.co.uk/ Standedge Tunnel Visitor Centre]
*[http://www.waterscape.com/servicesdirectory/Standedge_Tunnel/sid2082 Waterscape services directory]
*[http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/huddersfield/standedge1.htm Standedge Tunnel]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20090105012136/http://www.tripsbytrain.com/trip0104/index.html A walk between Marsden Station and Standedge Tunnel] from TripsByTrain.com

[[Category:Canal tunnels in England]]
[[Category:Canals in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Canals in Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Tunnels in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Tunnels in Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Tunnels completed in 1894]]
[[Category:Trans-Pennine Railway tunnels]]
[[Category:Transport in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Transport in Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Oldham]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kirklees]]
[[Category:Kirklees]]
[[Category:Museums in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Canal museums in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Tunnels completed in 1811]]
[[Category:Tunnels completed in 1848]]

Standedge-Tunnels

2013-10-19T22:58:25Z

Notreallydavid: /* Closure */

{{Infobox tunnel
|name = Standedge Tunnel
|image = Standedge Tunnel End, Marsden, West Yorkshire.jpg
|caption = The tunnel entrance at Marsden
|waterway = [[Huddersfield Narrow Canal]]
|location = Standedge
|coordinates = {{Coord|53.59107|N|1.96219|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SE026105)|display=inline,title}}
|os_grid_ref = SE026105
|start = {{Coord|53.568042|N|1.992684|W|region:GB}}
|end = {{Coord|53.603622|N|1.942506|W|region:GB}}
|owner = [[British Waterways]]
|engineer = Nicholas Brown Thomas Telford
|length = {{convert|5500|yd|m|0}}
|width =
|height =
|depth =
|passable = Yes (with permission)
|towpath = No
|construction = 1794–1811
|open = 1811
|rebuilt = 2001
|closed = 1944
|status = Open
}}
The '''Standedge Tunnels''' are four parallel [[tunnel]]s beneath the [[Pennines]] in northern [[England]]. There are three [[Rail transport|railway]] tunnels and a [[canal]] tunnel, located at the traditional [[Standedge]] (pronounced ''Stannige'') crossing point between [[Marsden, West Yorkshire|Marsden]] and [[Diggle, Greater Manchester|Diggle]], on the edges of the [[conurbation]]s of [[West Yorkshire]] and [[Greater Manchester]] respectively. Before [[Local Government Act 1972|boundary changes in 1974]], both ends of the tunnel were located in the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]].

The canal tunnel, which forms part of the [[Huddersfield Narrow Canal]], is the longest and oldest of the tunnels, and holds the record as the longest and highest canal tunnel in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>[http://www.standedge.co.uk/about.htm Standedge Visitor Centre website]</ref> All four tunnels are linked by cross-tunnels or [[adit]]s at strategic locations within the tunnels. These allowed the railway tunnels to be built much more quickly, reducing the need for construction shafts, as waste could be removed by boat.

Of the railway tunnels, only the tunnel built in 1894 is currently used for rail traffic. Closed in 1943, the canal tunnel was re-opened in May 2001. The '''Standedge Tunnel Visitor Centre''', at the Marsden end of the tunnel, serves as a base for boat trips into the canal tunnel and hosts an exhibition which depicts the various crossings.

==The canal tunnel==
{{Standedge Tunnel map}}
{{Location map|United Kingdom
|label =
|background = white
|lat = 53.591283
|long = -1.95996
|caption = Map showing the location of the Standedge Tunnels in the United Kingdom
|float = right
|width = 220}}

[[File:Standedge canal tunnel - geograph.org.uk - 1410632.jpg|right|thumb|Inside the canal tunnel]]

The Standedge Tunnel is the longest, deepest and highest canal tunnel in Britain. It is {{convert|16499|ft|m}} long, {{convert|636|ft|m}} underground at the deepest point, and {{convert|643|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = Visitor_Centre>{{cite web | url = http://www.standedge.co.uk/index.htm | title = Standedge Tunnel – A true wonder of the waterways | publisher = British Waterways | accessdate = 2009-01-23 }}</ref>

===Construction===
[[Benjamin Outram]] was the consulting engineer for the construction of the Huddersfield Narrow Canal (then known as the Huddersfield Canal), which was authorised by an [[act of Parliament]] on 4 April 1794, to link the towns of [[Ashton-under-Lyne]] and [[Huddersfield]] through the tunnel. He had produced a report in October 1793, which estimated the cost for the whole canal, including the tunnel, at £178,478, while Nicholas Brown had produced the survey for the route. Outram had given his opinion that the hill through which the tunnel was to be cut was composed of gritstone and strong shale and should not present any difficulties. There was a dip in the hill at Red Brook, and he expected to be able to start work there as well as at the two ends, using steam engines to keep the works drained. The length of the tunnel would be {{convert|5456|yd|m}}.<ref>{{harvnb |Hadfield |Biddle |1970 |pp=322–323}}</ref>

Work began with Outram acting as engineer and Brown acting as superintendent and surveyor. In July 1795, John Evans was appointed to manage the boring of the tunnel. By mid-1796, {{convert|795|yd|m}} of tunnel had been cut, some of which had been lined, but much effort had been spent on constructing small tunnels to supply waterwheels, which would raise spoil and water from the intermediate adits. By the autumn there was concern that such work was expensive but had not contributed anything to the task in hand, and soon afterwards, Outram abandoned the attempt to build extra workfaces, and to concentrate on working from both ends. Although cheaper, this choice extended the completion date. Tunnelling was hampered by much larger quantities of water entering the workings than had been expected. In September 1797, Outram advised the management committee that Thomas Lee, the first contractor to be employed on the tunnel works, had made large losses as a result of the difficulties, and could not complete his contract. He was awarded more money for timber, an increased rate per yard for completion, and an extra year in which to finish.<ref>{{harvnb |Hadfield |Biddle |1970 |pp=324–325}}</ref>

By the middle of 1799, {{convert|1000|yd|m}} of the tunnel had been finished, and a further {{convert|1000|yd|m}} had been excavated but not completed. In October 1800, the [[Peak Forest Canal]] Company, who were keen to trade through the tunnel, suggested that a tramway should be built to bypass the tunnel until it was completed, but although Outram looked at this option, no action was taken. The next tunnel contract failed to attract any takers, so John Varley, who had been working on repairs to parts of the canal which had been damaged by floods, was asked to do some tunnelling. Next, Matthew Fletcher, who had experience of mining, was asked for an opinion. He suggested that time could be saved by tunnelling in both directions from Redbrook pit, which was being kept dry by a large steam engine. He estimated that this would cost an additional £8,000, but although the committee tried to find a contractor to carry out the work, none could be found, and tunnelling continued from both ends.<ref>{{harvnb |Hadfield |Biddle |1970 |pp=325–328}}</ref>

Outram left the project in 1801, after work had stopped for a lengthy period.<ref name=skempton>{{harvnb |Skempton |2002 |p=495}}</ref> In late 1804, the committee began to address the issue of how the tunnel would be worked, and a sub-committee visited the [[Harecastle Tunnel]] on the [[Trent and Mersey Canal]], the [[Butterley Tunnel]] on the [[Cromford Canal]], and the [[Norwood Tunnel]] on the [[Chesterfield Canal]]. After seeing them, they recommended that a towing path should be built through the tunnel, but the extra cost and delays could not be afforded. Desperately short of money, the canal company obtained a new act of Parliament in 1806, to raise additional finance, and to allow an extra toll for using the tunnel to be charged.<ref name=hab328>{{harvnb |Hadfield |Biddle |1970 |pp=328–329}}</ref> In 1807, [[Thomas Telford]] was asked for advice on construction and planning, and produced a detailed plan, which was carefully followed until the work was completed.<ref name=skempton/> On 9 June 1809, the two ends of the tunnel finally met. Nearly two years after that, on 26 March 1811, the tunnel was declared to be complete, and a grand opening ceremony was held on 4 April. A party of invited guests, followed by several working boats, entered the tunnel at Diggle and completed the journey to Marsden in one hour and forty minutes. The tunnel had cost some £160,000, and was the most expensive canal tunnel built in Britain.<ref name=hab328/>

===Completion===
When the tunnel eventually opened, the canal became a through route 13 years after the rest of it had been completed and 17 years after work first began, at a cost of £123,803. Despite multiple problems, the building of the Huddersfield Narrow canal showed that the technique of quantity surveying had advanced greatly. Telford's report covered every expenditure to the last bucket; it was followed to the letter until the canal finally opened. Between 1811 and 1840 the tunnel was used on average by 40 boats daily.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Saddleworth Story |author=Mary Hodge |page=19 |edition=5th reprint |year=1994 |url=http://www.saddleworth-historical-society.org.uk/bibliography.htm}}</ref> The canal tunnel was brick-lined in places, though bare rock was left exposed in others.<ref name = Pennine_Waterways>{{cite web | url=http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/huddersfield/standedge3.htm | title = History | publisher = Pennine Waterways | accessdate = 2006-10-16}}</ref>

===Method of operation===
The canal tunnel is only wide enough for one [[narrowboat]] for much of its length, and to save on cost, as in some other canal tunnels in England, no [[towpath|tow-path]] was provided in the tunnel. As canal boats were horse-drawn, the boats had to be [[Legging (canals)|legged]] through the tunnel – a process where one or more boatmen lay on the cargo and pushed against the roof or walls of the tunnel with their legs. Professional leggers were paid one Shilling and six Pence for working a boat through the tunnel, which took one hour and twenty minutes for an empty boat, and three hours with a full load.<ref>[http://www.marsdenhistory.co.uk/transport/transport.html Marsden History Group website]</ref>

There are several widened points in the tunnel, originally designed to be passing places. However, due to intense competition between boat crews, two-way operation in the tunnel was found to be unpracticable. The canal company introduced a new method of working where one end of the tunnel was closed off by a locked chain, preventing access to the tunnel unless authorised. A similar system is used today.<ref name = Pennine_Waterways/>

===The railway influence===
The Huddersfield Narrow Canal was purchased by the 'Huddersfield and Manchester Railway' in 1846. The canal tunnel proved most beneficial in assisting with the construction of the first railway tunnel at this location, as no vertical shafts were needed in the construction and the canal was an easy way to help remove the large amount of spoil excavated. Several cross-passages were retained.<ref name = Pennine_Waterways/>

===Closure===
The last commercial boat to use the tunnel passed through in 1921, and the canal was officially closed in 1944, after which it soon fell into disrepair.

Most quotes on the internet state the last boat through the tunnel was the Rolt/Aickman expedition in the leaky Ailsa Craig in 1948, when it was in unknown condition.<ref>[http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/huddersfield/standedge3.htm Pennine Waterways website]</ref> [[Tom Rolt]], writing in 1948, stated that he had recently traversed the tunnel. The journey took two hours; speed was kept very low intentionally so as to avoid damage to the boat.<ref>{{harvnb |Rolt |1950 |pp=88–89}}</ref> The canal was blocked at several locations on both sides of the Pennines. The tunnel became unsafe, and was closed off by large iron gates at each end.

A local newspaper article describes a special trip organised by the Railway and Canal Historical Society in 1961. This was to commemorate 150 years since building work on the canal was complete. The trip left Marsden around 11 a.m, it emerged out of the Diggle portal around 1 p.m.<ref>[http://www.digglevillage.org.uk/images/canal/21-12-08/IMAGE4.JPG Media story & image of Historical Society boat trip from 1961]</ref>

===Restoration and modern-day operation===
The canal tunnel was the beneficiary of a £5 million restoration project as part of an effort to re-open the entire canal. Several rock-lined parts of the tunnel were found to be unstable. Where possible, these were stabilised by rock bolts, or where impractical, concrete was used to stabilise the rock face. The tunnel re-opened in May 2001.

Most modern canal boats are diesel-powered. When the canal was reopened it was felt that it would not be safe for boaters to navigate the tunnel under their own diesel power, due to the extreme length of the tunnel and the lack of ventilation. Instead, electric tug boats hauled narrowboats through the tunnel.<ref name = Modern_Use>{{cite web | url = http://www.huddersfieldcanal.com/canal/tunnel.htm | title = Modern Operation | publisher = Huddersfield Canal Society | accessdate = 2009-01-23}}</ref>

In September 2007, it was identified that significant repairs were required to one of the electric tug modules, and [[British Waterways]] carried out a trial run for self-steer operation. The trip boat Pennine Moonraker was taken through the tunnel under her own power by owner John Lund, shadowed by a BW electric tug.

Since the 2009 season, boats have been allowed to travel through the tunnel under their own power, with a chaperone on their boat, followed by a service vehicle through a parallel disused railway tunnel.<ref name = Waterscape_Standedge_Tunnel>{{cite web | url = http://www.waterscape.com/in-your-area/yorkshire/places-to-go/462/standedge-tunnel | title = Standedge Tunnel | publisher = British Waterways| accessdate = 2011-02-06}}</ref><ref name = Waterscape_Standedge_Tunnel_Customer>{{cite web | url = http://www.waterscape.com/media/documents/22063.pdf | title = Standedge Tunnel Customer Guidelines| publisher = British Waterways| accessdate = 2011-02-06}}</ref>

[[File:The Standedge tunnels - geograph.org.uk - 1410617.jpg|thumb|right|The 1848 and 1871 tunnel portals at Diggle]]

==The railway tunnels==
There are three railway tunnels, running parallel to each other and the canal tunnel. The rail tunnels are level for their whole length providing the only section of level track on the line where [[water trough]]s could be installed to provide steam locomotives with fresh water supplies without the requirement for the train to stop.

===The 1848 (central) tunnel===
The central tunnel at Standedge was completed by the [[London and North Western Railway]], having acquired the former Huddersfield and Manchester Railway in 1847. This was a single line tunnel with a length of 3 miles, 57 yards (4803 m). The tunnel is located immediately to the south of, but at a slightly higher level than, the canal tunnel.<ref name=mlhgct>{{cite web | title = Communications and Transport in the Marsden area | url = http://www.marsdenhistory.co.uk/communications.html | publisher = Marsden Local History Group | accessdate = 2007-01-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061231180022/http://www.marsdenhistory.co.uk/communications.html  |archivedate = 2006-12-31}}</ref><ref name=hud1cf>{{cite web | title = Huddersfield Narrow Canal Facts| url = http://www.huddersfield1.co.uk/huddersfield/narrowcanal/huddscanalfacts.htm | publisher = Huddersfield One | accessdate = 2007-01-07 }}</ref>

===The 1871 (south) tunnel===
The 1848 tunnel soon proved to be a bottleneck for rail traffic between Huddersfield and Manchester, and in 1871 a second parallel tunnel was opened. This tunnel was also a single line tunnel with a length of 3 miles, 57 yards (4803 m), and was situated to the south of the first rail tunnel.

[[File:Standedge Rail Tunnel - geograph.org.uk - 1625791.jpg|thumb|right|Diggle portal of the 1894 tunnel]]

===The 1894 (live) tunnel===
The 1894 double bore tunnel was opened by the London and North Western Railway with double track, and a length of 3 miles, 60 yards (4806 m). For most of its length, it is situated to the north of the canal tunnel, but passes over the canal tunnel just inside each tunnel entrance. This tunnel is the fifth longest rail tunnel in Britain after the new [[High Speed 1#Tunnels|High Speed 1 tunnels]], [[Severn Tunnel]] and the [[Sheffield]] to Manchester route's [[Totley Tunnel]].<ref name="mlhgct"/>

===The rail tunnels today===
Today only the 1894 rail tunnel is still used for rail traffic, although all three rail tunnels are still maintained. The 1848 tunnel is used to provide an emergency escape route for the other tunnels, and has been made accessible to road vehicles such as [[fire engine]]s and [[ambulance]]s.

===Future proposals===
[[Network Rail]] had proposed the reinstatement of rail traffic through the 1871 and 1848 tunnels to increase capacity on the trans-pennine route.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.networkrail.co.uk/documents/Projects/The%20Northern%20Hub/6485_Manchester%20Hub%20Rail%20Study.pdf|title=Manchester Hub Rail Study|publisher=[[Network Rail]]|page=51|accessdate=17 February 2010}}</ref> However, following a re-appraisal of these proposals in the light of the decision to electrify the Leeds-Manchester trans-Pennine line, it was reported in 2012 that reinstatement had been found to be unnecessary.

==Standedge Tunnel Visitor Centre==
[[Image:Standedge-tunnel.jpg|thumb|right|Entrance to Standedge Tunnel on the Huddersfield Narrow Canal]]
The Standedge Tunnel Visitor Centre is situated at the Marsden end of the tunnel. It is located in the former warehouse, used for [[transshipment]] of goods from canal barge to [[packhorse]] during the period between 1798, when the canal reached Marsden, and 1811, when the tunnel opened. The centre contains exhibitions on the history of the tunnels, the canal tunnel's recent restoration, and the [[Huddersfield Narrow Canal]].

The nearby ''Tunnel End Cottages'', which formerly housed canal maintenance workers, house a cafe and the booking office for 30 minute boat trips into the tunnel. These trips use the same electric tugs as are used to tow private boats through the tunnel, in this case pushing a passenger-carrying barge.

The visitors centre is situated about half a mile (0.8 km) to the west of [[Marsden railway station]] and can easily be reached from the station by walking along the towpath of the Huddersfield Narrow Canal, which runs adjacent to the station. Adjacent to the station is the headquarters of the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]'s [[Marsden Moor Estate]], which includes a public exhibition, ''Welcome to Marsden'', that gives an overview of the area and its transport history.<ref name=ntwhat>{{cite web | title = Marsden Moor – What to see and do | publisher = National Trust | accessdate = 2006-12-24 | url = http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-marsdenmoorestate/w-marsdenmoor-seeanddo.htm |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060722005723/http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-marsdenmoorestate/w-marsdenmoor-seeanddo.htm  |archivedate = 2006-07-22}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|UK Waterways}}
*[[Canals of Great Britain]]
*[[History of the British canal system]]

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book
|first1=Charles |last1=Hadfield
|first2=Gordon |last2=Biddle
|title=The Canals of North West England, Vol 2 (pp.241–496)
|year=1970
|publisher=David and Charles
|isbn=0-7153-4992-9
|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book
|first=L. T. C.
|last=Rolt
|title=The Inland Waterways of England
|location=London
|publisher=George Allen and Unwin Ltd
|year=1950
|isbn=0-04-386003-6
|ref=harv}}
*{{Cite book
|first=Sir Alec et al. |last=Skempton
|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: Vol 1: 1500 to 1830
|publisher=Thomas Telford
|year=2002
|isbn=0-7277-2939-X
|ref=harv}}
{{Refend}}

===References===
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Standedge Tunnels}}
*Internal Standedge tunnel pictures can be seen [http://www.flickr.com/photos/phill_dvsn/sets/72157620870377203/detail/ here]
*Aerial photos of the [http://www.multimap.com/maps/?mapType=aerial&zoom=17&countryCode=GB&lat=53.5683094249635&lon=-1.99256193723249 Diggle portal] and the [http://www.multimap.com/maps/?mapType=aerial&zoom=17&countryCode=GB&lat=53.6039333175485&lon=-1.94117582922389 Marsden portal]
*[http://www.standedge.co.uk/ Standedge Tunnel Visitor Centre]
*[http://www.waterscape.com/servicesdirectory/Standedge_Tunnel/sid2082 Waterscape services directory]
*[http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/huddersfield/standedge1.htm Standedge Tunnel]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20090105012136/http://www.tripsbytrain.com/trip0104/index.html A walk between Marsden Station and Standedge Tunnel] from TripsByTrain.com

[[Category:Canal tunnels in England]]
[[Category:Canals in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Canals in Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Tunnels in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Tunnels in Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Tunnels completed in 1894]]
[[Category:Trans-Pennine Railway tunnels]]
[[Category:Transport in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Transport in Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Oldham]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kirklees]]
[[Category:Kirklees]]
[[Category:Museums in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Canal museums in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Tunnels completed in 1811]]
[[Category:Tunnels completed in 1848]]

Emma Pierson

2013-06-05T11:03:53Z

Notreallydavid:

{{BLP sources|date=January 2011}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Emma Pierson
| image =
| imagesize =200px
| caption = Emma Pierson
| birth_name = Emma Jane Pierson
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|4|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Plymouth]], [[Devon]], [[England]]
| othername =
| occupation = [[Actor|Television actress]], [[Actor|Film actress]]
| years_active = 1999-present
}}

'''Emma Jane Pierson''', better known as Emma Pierson, (born 30 April 1981) is an [[English People|English]] [[actress]]. She is best known for her role as Anna Thornton-Wilton in the [[BBC]] television drama ''[[Hotel Babylon]]''.

Pierson has appeared in many television programmes, including ''[[Days Like These]]'', ''[[Beast (TV series)|Beast]]'', ''I Saw You'', ''[[Charles II: The Power and The Passion]]'', ''[[The Worst Week of My Life]]'', ''[[Bloodlines (ITV drama)|Bloodlines]]'', ''[[Coupling (UK TV series)|Coupling]]'' and ''[[Time Gentlemen Please]]''. Her more recent projects include the film ''Lives of the Saints''. Emma Pierson has also recently starred in the new BBC Three comedy Dead Boss as Mrs Bridges.

==Biography==
The daughter of a nurse and a [[Royal Navy]] submariner, Pierson was born Emma Jane Pierson on 30 April 1981 in [[Plymouth]], [[Devon]]. Her father, Charles, was stationed at [[Faslane Naval Base]] on the [[River Clyde|Clyde]] where Emma spent the first four years of her life.

When she was in her teens, Pierson lived with her parents and three siblings in [[North Bradley]], near [[Trowbridge]], [[Wiltshire]], and began taking acting lessons while attending St. Laurence School in nearby [[Bradford on Avon]].

After leaving school in 1997, Pierson performed in amateur productions with the North Bradley players, appearing in a number of plays including [[Anton Chekhov|Chekhov's]]''[[Uncle Vanya]]''.

Pierson gained the role of Becky Radcliffe in the BBC children's drama series ''[[Grange Hill]]'' while studying [[law]] at the [[City of Bath College]].

==Work and profile==

After leaving ''Grange Hill'', Pierson took on the role of Jackie Burgett in ''[[Days Like These]]'', a British show set in [[Luton]] and adapted from the US comedy ''[[That '70s Show]]''. However, ''Days Like These'' proved unsuccessful and the series was cancelled after only ten of its thirteen episodes were aired.

Pierson has continued to appear in comedy series, including various episodes of the [[Channel 4]] sketch show ''Armstrong and Miller'', ''Beast'' with [[Alexander Armstrong (comedian)|Alexander Armstrong]] and ''[[The Worst Week of My Life]]'' with [[Ben Miller]].
In 2002, following the departure from the series of [[Julia Sawalha]], Pierson played new character student barmaid Connie in the second series of sitcom ''[[Time Gentlemen Please]]'', written by [[Al Murray]] and [[Richard Herring]], and appeared in an episode of the sitcom ''[[Coupling (UK TV series)|Coupling]]''.

Pierson’s career has also included roles in comedy dramas such as ''Bedtime'' and ''Legend of the Tamworth Two''. Also Emma in 2010 is starring in the Radio 4 comedy series "House on Fire".

Pierson has also appeared many dramas, including ''Stranded'', the Hallmark channel's version of ''[[Swiss Family Robinson]]'', BBC political drama ''[[The Project (2002 television programme)|The Project]]'', ''Charles II'' and an as yet unreleased low-budget British movie, ''The Engagement'', from the director of ''[[Sirens (film)|Sirens]]'', [[John Duigan]].

In 2005, Pierson played the role of policewoman Justine Hopkin in the two-part ITV drama, ''[[Bloodlines (ITV drama)|Bloodlines]]''. She has since acted in many more dramas, such as ''Riot at the Rite'', a period drama about Russian dancer [[Nijinsky]], and ''[[Hotel Babylon]]'', a BBC series based on the [[Hotel Babylon (novel)|book of the same name]] by [[Imogen Edwards-Jones]] and portraying life behind the scenes in a London hotel.

British indie movie ''The Lives of the Saints'', which was co-directed by Chris Cottam and photographer [[Rankin]] and in which Emma played a character called Tina, was released in 2006. This was Pierson’s first major movie role, after brief roles in ''Virtual Sexuality'' and ''Guest House Paradiso'' early in her career.

==Personal life==
Pierson has three siblings: Ross, James and Sara. She lives in [[Islington]], [[London]], with her longtime boyfriend Damian Village and [[Ragdoll|ragdoll cat]] Marvin.

Pierson's hobbies include [[rock climbing]], [[scuba diving]], and [[photography]]. She also enjoys travelling to other countries and taught English as a foreign language in [[Sri Lanka]] during the winter of 2003-2004.

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Barbie in A Mermaid Tale]]'' || Kayla
|-
| 2006 || ''The Lives of the Saints'' || Tina
|-
| 2005 || ''Riot at the Rite'' || Romola
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Bloodlines (ITV drama)|Bloodlines]]'' || Justine Hopkin
|-
| 2005 || ''Angell's Hell'' || Flo
|-
| 2004 || ''[[The Legend of the Tamworth Two]]'' || Jenny West
|-
| 2003 || ''Uncle Douglas'' || Sarah Tomkinson
|-
| 2002 || ''[[The Project (TV film)|The Project]]''   aka: ''Les Années Tony Blair'' || Juliette
|-
| 2002 || ''I Saw You'' || Zoë
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Stranded (2002 film)|Stranded]]'' || Sarah Robinson
|-
| 2001 || ''Dumping Elaine'' || Waitress
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Guest House Paradiso]]'' || Saucy Wood Nymph
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Virtual Sexuality]]'' || Fiona
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
| 2013 || ''[[Up the Women]] || (Regular cast) || Eva
|-
| 2013 || ''Love Matters'' || "Officially Special" || Cox
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Death in Paradise (TV series)|Death in Paradise]]'' || (Season 2, Episode 3) || Dr. Anna Jones
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Dead Boss]]'' || (Episodes 1, 3) || Mrs Bridges
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Money (2010 TV series)|Money]]'' || (Both Episodes) || Selina Street
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Little Dorrit (TV serial)|Little Dorrit]]'' || (Various) || Fanny Dorrit
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Who Gets the Dog? (ITV drama)|Who Gets the Dog]]'' || (One Episode Only) || Tara
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Talk to Me (TV series)|Talk to Me]]'' || (Various) || Ally
|-
| 2006-9 <ref>Skymag Jan 2009</ref> || ''[[Hotel Babylon]]'' || (Regular Cast) || Anna Thornton-Wilton
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Morning Glory (TV programme)|Morning Glory]]'' || "1.10" || Herself
|-
| 2005 || ''[[The Brief (ITV)|The Brief]]'' || "Forever on the Mind" || Kelly Byrne
|-
| 2005 || ''Twisted Tales'' || "The Irredeemable Brain of Dr. Heinrich Hunsecker" || Jane
|-
| 2004 || ''[[The Last Chancers]]'' || (Regular Cast) || Kirby
|-
| 2004 || ''[[The Worst Week of My Life]]'' || (Regular Cast) || Sophie Cook
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Charles II: The Power and The Passion]]'' || (One Episode Only) || [[Nell Gwynn]]
|-
| 2003 || ''[[My Hero (UK TV series)|My Hero]]'' || "Big" || Dr. Chelsea
|-
| 2003 || ''[[A Touch of Frost]]'' || "Held in Trust" || Alice Thompson
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Time Gentlemen Please]]'' || Season 2 || Connie
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Coupling (UK TV series)|Coupling]]'' || "[[List of Coupling episodes#Series 3|The Girl with One Heart]]" || Jennifer
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Bedtime (TV series)|Bedtime]]'' || Season 1 || Sapphire
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Absolutely Fabulous]]'' || "Small Opening" || Kasha
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Armstrong and Miller (television)|Armstrong and Miller]]''   aka: ''The Armstrong and Miller Show'' || (Various) || ?
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Beast (TV series)|Beast]]'' || (Regular Cast) || Jade
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Grange Hill]]'' || ? || Becky Radcliffe
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Days Like These]]'' || 1-13 || Jackie Burget
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Artist !! Track !! Role
|-
| 2003 || [[Thea Gilmore]] || "Juliet" || Girl In A Cage
|}

=== Video games ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Game !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2011 || [[Dark Souls]] || Anastacia of Astora/Dusk of Oolacile || Voice
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|name=Emma Pierson|id=0682753}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=21908717}}
{{Persondata
|NAME=Pierson, Emma
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=British Actress
|DATE OF BIRTH=30 April 1981
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Plymouth]], [[Devon]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pierson, Emma}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British film actresses]]
[[Category:British television actresses]]
[[Category:People from Plymouth]]

Ivor Cutler

2012-04-13T18:12:34Z

Notreallydavid: ADDED In performance his delivery was frail, halting and minimally inflected.

{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Ivor Cutler
| image = Cutlerportrait.jpg
| caption =
| image_size = 
| landscape = yes
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1923|1|15|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2006|3|3|1923|1|15|df=y}}
| origin = [[Glasgow]], Scotland
| instrument = [[Harmonium]], [[piano]]
| genre = [[Spoken word]], [[trad jazz]], [[comedy rock]]
| occupation = Poet, songwriter, [[humorist]]
| years_active = 1959–2004
| label = [[Virgin Records|Virgin]], [[Rough Trade Records|Rough Trade]], [[Creation Records|Creation]]
| associated_acts =
| website =
| notable_instruments =
}}

'''Ivor Cutler''' (15 January 1923 – 3 March 2006) was a Scottish poet, songwriter and [[humorist]]. He became known for his regular performances on BBC radio, and in particular his numerous sessions recorded for [[John Peel]]'s influential radio programme, and later for [[Andy Kershaw]]'s programme. He appeared in [[The Beatles]]' ''[[Magical Mystery Tour (film)|Magical Mystery Tour]]'' film in 1967 and on [[Neil Innes]]' television programmes. Cutler also wrote books for children and adults and was a teacher at [[A. S. Neill]]'s [[Summerhill School]] and for 30 years in inner-city schools in London. He told [[Andy Kershaw]] on his radio show that he also gave private poetry lessons to individuals.

In live performances Cutler would often accompany himself on a [[harmonium]]. [[Phyllis King]] appears on several of his records, and for a number of years was a part of his concerts. She usually read small phrases but also read a few short stories. The two starred in a BBC radio series, ''King Cutler'', in which they performed their material jointly and singly. Cutler also collaborated with pianist [[Neil Ardley]] and singer [[Robert Wyatt]].

Cutler was a noted [[Eccentricity (behavior)|eccentric]], dressing in a distinctive style including [[plus-fours]] and hats adorned with many badges, travelling mainly by [[bicycle]] and often communicating by means of sticky labels printed with "Cutlerisms", one of which, "never knowingly understood" came to be applied by supporters and detractors alike. Others included "Kindly disregard", reserved for official correspondence, and "to remove this label take it off".<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article738107.ece Obituary], [[The Times]]</ref>

The hallmarks of Cutler's work are surreal, bizarre juxtapositions and close attention to small details of existence, all described in seemingly naive language. In performance his delivery was frail, halting and minimally inflected. His writing sometimes edged into whimsy or the macabre. Many of his poems and songs are in the form of conversations delivered as a monologue. In these, one party is often Cutler as a child, a poetic voice which he adopted in order to bypass the intellect. Cutler describes the poverty of his early life and the neglect he experienced from his parents with great stoicism. He expresses acceptance of his lot and gratitude for the basic elements of life, for nature, and for parental love, even though that love might bear the marks of strain. In these works the humour arises from the child's curiosity and the playful or self-serving lies the parent tells him in instructing him to do a chore or in order to stop the incessant questions.

Cutler earned a faithful cult following. John Peel once remarked that Cutler was probably the only performer whose work had been featured on Radio 1, 2, 3 and 4.<ref>John Peel programme, circa 1986</ref> Cutler was a member of the [[Noise Abatement Society]] and the [[Voluntary Euthanasia Society]]. He retired from performing in 2004, and died on 3 March 2006.<ref name="espiner">Espiner, Mark (7 Mar. 2006). [http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,1725211,00.html Obituary]. ''The Guardian''.</ref> The reception room of his home contained a number of pieces of ivory cutlery, intended as a pun on his name.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2006/mar/07/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries]</ref>

==Early life==
Cutler was born in [[Glasgow]] into a middle-class [[Jew|Jewish]] family of Eastern European descent. He cited his childhood as the source of his artistic temperament, recalling a sense of displacement when his younger brother was born: "Without that I would not have been so screwed up as I am, and therefore not as creative."<ref name="bbcnews">BBC News (7 Mar. 2006). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4781980.stm Cult poet Ivor Cutler dies at 83]". Retrieved 10 March 2006.</ref> In 1939 Cutler was evacuated to [[Annan, Dumfries and Galloway|Annan]].<ref name="guardian">Guardian (7 March 2006). "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,1725211,00.html Unassuming master of offbeat humour whose eccentric take on the world entertained generations]".</ref> He joined the [[Royal Air Force]] as a navigator in 1942 but was soon dismissed for "dreaminess".<ref name="telegraph" /> He moved to London where he was employed by the [[Inner London Education Authority]] to teach music, dance, drama and poetry to 7- to 11-year-olds.<ref name="mason">Mason, Stewart. "[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p16780/biography|pure_url=yes}} Biography]". Allmusic. Retrieved 10 Mar. 2006.</ref> Cutler's deeply held views on humanity meant he disliked [[corporal punishment]], and on leaving a teaching job he held in the 1950s, he cut up his [[tawse]] and handed the pieces to the class.<ref name="smith">Smith, Claire (13 March 2004). "[http://news.scotsman.com/features.cfm?id=288522004 Survival of the wittiest]". ''The Scotsman''.</ref> He was married briefly and had two children.

==Musical career==
Cutler began writing songs and poetry in the late 1950s, making the first of many appearances on BBC radio on the [[BBC Home Service|Home Service]], where he featured on the ''Monday Night at Home'' programme on 38 occasions between 1959 and 1963.<ref name="mason"/> He gained popularity playing songs where he would often accompany himself on either a [[piano]] or the [[harmonium]],<ref name="mason" /> and this success led to the release of a series a records starting with 1959's ''Ivor Cutler of Y'Hup'' EP. Cutler continued to make appearances on the BBC's programmes during the 1960s, and as a result of an appearance on the television show ''Late Night Line-Up'', he was noticed by [[Paul McCartney]], who invited Cutler to appear in [[the Beatles]]' ''[[Magical Mystery Tour (film)|Magical Mystery Tour]]'' film.<ref name="espiner"/> In the film, Cutler plays bus conductor Buster Bloodvessel, who becomes passionately attracted to [[Ringo Starr]]'s Aunt Jessie. Following this film role, Cutler recorded a second LP, ''[[Ludo (Ivor Cutler album)|Ludo]]'' (1967), produced by the Beatles' [[George Martin]], and credited to the Ivor Cutler Trio, made up of Cutler with bassist Gill Lyons and percussionist Trevor Tomkins. The LP, taking inspiration from [[trad jazz]] and [[boogie-woogie (music)|boogie-woogie]], sees Cutler playing the piano as well as his usual harmonium, and is considered the most traditionally musical of all his records.<ref name="mason"/> After its release Cutler continued to perform for BBC radio, recording the first of his sessions for [[John Peel]] in 1969. Cutler's work on Peel's shows would introduce him to successive generations of fans, and in the early 1990s, Cutler said, "Thanks to Peel, I gained a whole new audience, to the amazement of my older fans, who find themselves among 16-to-35s in theatres, and wonder where they came from."<ref name="garner">Garner, Ken (1993). ''In Session Tonight''. London: BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-36452-1</ref>

[[Image:Ivor Cutler 1973.jpg|thumb|right|Ivor Cutler at his flat in Gospel Oak, N.London; photo taken by [[Roger Kohn]] in 1973.]]
In the 1970s, [[Neil Ardley]] had Cutler sing on his ''A Symphony of Amaranths'' LP (1971),<ref name="gibson">Gibson, David (3 Apr. 1995). "[http://www.ivorcutler.org/collection.html Cutler Collection]". Retrieved 10 Mar. 2006.</ref> and former-[[Soft Machine]] singer [[Robert Wyatt]] asked Cutler to play harmonium and sing on two of the tracks on his ''[[Rock Bottom (album)|Rock Bottom]]'' LP (1974). The collaboration with Wyatt led to Cutler being signed to Wyatt's record label [[Virgin Records]], for whom Cutler recorded three LPs in the mid-1970s: ''[[Dandruff (album)|Dandruff]]'' (1974), ''[[Velvet Donkey]]'' (1975) and ''[[Jammy Smears]]'' (1976). (It also led to Wyatt covering Cutler's "Go and sit upon the grass", from ''Velvet Donkey'', as "Grass" on his 1981 ''Nothing Can Stop Us'' album.) Each of these discs intersperses Cutler's poems and songs with readings by his performing companion [[Phyllis King]].

During the decade Cutler used his sessions for John Peel to introduce numerous episodes of his ''Life in a Scotch Sitting Room'' series, culminating in the 1978 LP ''[[Life in a Scotch Sitting Room, Vol. 2]]'' (Volume 1 was a track on the 1974 album ''[[Dandruff (album)|Dandruff]]''), regarded as a particularly autobiographical work,<ref name="mason"/> on which Cutler recounts tales from his childhood amid an environment of exaggerated Scottishness. Cutler also produced the work as a book, which was published in 1984 with illustrations by [[Martin Honeysett]].<ref name="gibson"/> He also collaborated with Portal artist Frances Broomfield on an illustrated alphabet book, which was never completed.

Cutler contributed the track "Brooch Boat" to the cult 1980 album ''Miniatures'', produced and edited by [[Morgan Fisher]], which consisted entirely of one-minute-long recordings. In the 1980s, [[Rough Trade Records]] released three LPs—''[[Privilege (album)|Privilege]]'' (1983), ''[[Prince Ivor]]'' (1986) and ''[[Gruts]]'' (1986). He also released the single "Women of the World", recorded with Linda Hirst, through the label in 1983. Cutler enjoyed further interest from the [[Creation Records|Creation]] record company in the 1990s, best known at the time as [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]]' record label. The label released two new volumes of poems and spoken word work: ''[[A Wet Handle]]'' (1997) and ''[[A Flat Man]]'' (1998).

==Discography==
*''Ivor Cutler of Y'Hup'' EP (1959)
*''Who Tore Your Trousers?'' (1961)
*''Get Away from the Wall'' EP (1961)
*''[[Ludo (Ivor Cutler album)|Ludo]]'' (1967)
*''[[Dandruff (album)|Dandruff]]'' (1974)
*''[[Velvet Donkey]]'' (1975)
*''[[Jammy Smears]]'' (1976)
*''[[Life in a Scotch Sitting Room, Vol. 2]]'' (live) (1978)
*''[[Privilege (album)|Privilege]]'' (1983)
*''[[Prince Ivor]]'' (1986)
*''[[Gruts]]'' (1986)
*''Peel Sessions'' EP (1989)
*''[[A Wet Handle]]'' (1997)
*''[[A Flat Man]]'' (1998)
*''An Elpee and Two Epees''<ref name="elpee">''An Elpee and Two Epees'' is a CD compilation of Cutler's first three releases.</ref> (2005)

==Bibliography==
;Poetry
*''Many Flies Have Feathers'' (1973). Trigram Press.
*''A Flat Man'' (1977). Trigram Press. ISBN 0-85465-053-9
*''Private Habits'' (1981). Arc Publications. ISBN 0-902771-89-2
*''LARGE et Puffy'' (1984). Arc Publications. ISBN 0-902771-70-1
*''Fresh Carpet'' (1986). Arc Publications. ISBN 0-902771-68-X
*''A Nice Wee Present from Scotland'' (1988). Arc Publications. ISBN 0-902771-73-6
*''A Fly Sandwich and Other Menu'' (1991). Methuen. ISBN 0-413-65940-2
*''Is That Your Flap, Jack?'' (1992). Arc Publications. ISBN 0946407762
*''A Stuggy Pren'' (1994). Arc Publications. ISBN 0-946407-94-0
*''A Wet Handle'' (1996). Arc Publications. ISBN 1-900072-06-8
*''South American Bookworms'' (1999). Arc Publications. ISBN 1-900072-35-1
*''Scots Wa' Straw'' (2003). Arc Publications ISBN 1-900072-94-7

;Prose
*''Cockadoodledon't!!!'' (1966). Dennis Dobson.
*''Life in a Scotch Sitting Room, Vol.2'' (1984). Methuen. ISBN 0-413-73580-X
*''Gruts'' (1986). Methuen. ISBN 0-413-40810-8
*''Fremsley'' (1987). Methuen. ISBN 0-413-15540-4
*''Glasgow Dreamer'' (1990). Methuen. ISBN 0-413-73600-8

;Children's books
*''Meal One''. Armada Lions.
*''Balooky Klujypop''. (1975) Heinemann.
*''The Animal House''. Armada Lions.
*''The Vermillion Door'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''The Pomegranate Door'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''Herbert the Chicken'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''Herbert the Elephant'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''Herbert the Questionmark'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''Herbert the Herbert'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''One and a Quarter'' (1987). ISBN 0-233-98060-1
*''Herbert: 5 Stories'' (1988). Walker Books. ISBN 0-7445-4778-4
*''Grape Zoo'' (1991). Walker Books. ISBN 0-7445-2327-3
*''Doris the Hen'' (1992). Heinemann. ISBN 0-434-93354-6
*''The New Dress'' (1995). The Bodley Head. ISBN 0-370-31873-0

;Other
*''Befriend a Bacterium: Stickies by Ivor Cutler'' (1992). Pickpocket Books. ISBN 1-873422-11-3 (A collection of stickers that Cutler used to hand out to people).

==DVD video==
*''Looking for Truth with a Pin'' (2005) [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0455564/ (IMDB entry)]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ivorcutler.org/ The Works of Ivor Cutler]
*[http://www.issue.demon.co.uk/poetry/cutler/ Ivor Cutler: An Introduction]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/homeentertainment/story/0,12830,1123719,00.html Interview - The Cult of Cutler] — [[The Guardian]], 16 January 2004
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20091027062027/http://geocities.com/davidserjeant/ivor.html Further interviews]
*[http://www.benbecula.com/archive/ivor_cutler.shtml Benbecula Records article]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/johnpeel/artists/i/ivorcutler/ John Peel Sessions - Ivor Cutler]
*{{imdb name|id=0193922}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Cutler, Ivor
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Scottish poet, humorist
|DATE OF BIRTH=15 January 1923
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Glasgow]], Scotland
|DATE OF DEATH=3 March 2006
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cutler, Ivor}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Glasgow]]
[[Category:Scottish poets]]
[[Category:Scottish songwriters]]
[[Category:Jewish poets]]
[[Category:Scottish Jews]]
[[Category:Creation Records artists]]
[[Category:Scottish comedians]]
[[Category:Harmonium players]]

[[es:Ivor Cutler]]

Ivor Cutler

2012-04-13T17:45:18Z

Notreallydavid: added "The hallmarks..."

{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Ivor Cutler
| image = Cutlerportrait.jpg
| caption =
| image_size = 
| landscape = yes
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1923|1|15|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2006|3|3|1923|1|15|df=y}}
| origin = [[Glasgow]], Scotland
| instrument = [[Harmonium]], [[piano]]
| genre = [[Spoken word]], [[trad jazz]], [[comedy rock]]
| occupation = Poet, songwriter, [[humorist]]
| years_active = 1959–2004
| label = [[Virgin Records|Virgin]], [[Rough Trade Records|Rough Trade]], [[Creation Records|Creation]]
| associated_acts =
| website =
| notable_instruments =
}}

'''Ivor Cutler''' (15 January 1923 – 3 March 2006) was a Scottish poet, songwriter and [[humorist]]. He became known for his regular performances on BBC radio, and in particular his numerous sessions recorded for [[John Peel]]'s influential radio programme, and later for [[Andy Kershaw]]'s programme. He appeared in [[The Beatles]]' ''[[Magical Mystery Tour (film)|Magical Mystery Tour]]'' film in 1967 and on [[Neil Innes]]' television programmes. Cutler also wrote books for children and adults and was a teacher at [[A. S. Neill]]'s [[Summerhill School]] and for 30 years in inner-city schools in London. He told [[Andy Kershaw]] on his radio show that he also gave private poetry lessons to individuals.

In live performances Cutler would often accompany himself on a [[harmonium]]. [[Phyllis King]] appears on several of his records, and for a number of years was a part of his concerts. She usually read small phrases but also read a few short stories. The two starred in a BBC radio series, ''King Cutler'', in which they performed their material jointly and singly. Cutler also collaborated with pianist [[Neil Ardley]] and singer [[Robert Wyatt]].

Cutler was a noted [[Eccentricity (behavior)|eccentric]], dressing in a distinctive style including [[plus-fours]] and hats adorned with many badges, travelling mainly by [[bicycle]] and often communicating by means of sticky labels printed with "Cutlerisms", one of which, "never knowingly understood" came to be applied by supporters and detractors alike. Others included "Kindly disregard", reserved for official correspondence, and "to remove this label take it off".<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article738107.ece Obituary], [[The Times]]</ref>

The hallmarks of Cutler's work are surreal, bizarre juxtapositions and close attention to small details of existence, all described in seemingly naive language. His writing sometimes edged into whimsy or the macabre. Many of his poems and songs are in the form of conversations delivered as a monologue. In these, one party is often Cutler as a child, a poetic voice which he adopted in order to bypass the intellect. Cutler describes the poverty of his early life and the neglect he experienced from his parents with great stoicism. He expresses acceptance of his lot and gratitude for the basic elements of life, for nature, and for parental love, even though that love might bear the marks of strain. In these works the humour arises from the child's curiosity and the playful or self-serving lies the parent tells him in instructing him to do a chore or in order to stop the incessant questions.

Cutler earned a faithful cult following. John Peel once remarked that Cutler was probably the only performer whose work had been featured on Radio 1, 2, 3 and 4.<ref>John Peel programme, circa 1986</ref> Cutler was a member of the [[Noise Abatement Society]] and the [[Voluntary Euthanasia Society]]. He retired from performing in 2004, and died on 3 March 2006.<ref name="espiner">Espiner, Mark (7 Mar. 2006). [http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,1725211,00.html Obituary]. ''The Guardian''.</ref> The reception room of his home contained a number of pieces of ivory cutlery, intended as a pun on his name.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2006/mar/07/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries]</ref>

==Early life==
Cutler was born in [[Glasgow]] into a middle-class [[Jew|Jewish]] family of Eastern European descent. He cited his childhood as the source of his artistic temperament, recalling a sense of displacement when his younger brother was born: "Without that I would not have been so screwed up as I am, and therefore not as creative."<ref name="bbcnews">BBC News (7 Mar. 2006). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4781980.stm Cult poet Ivor Cutler dies at 83]". Retrieved 10 March 2006.</ref> In 1939 Cutler was evacuated to [[Annan, Dumfries and Galloway|Annan]].<ref name="guardian">Guardian (7 March 2006). "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,1725211,00.html Unassuming master of offbeat humour whose eccentric take on the world entertained generations]".</ref> He joined the [[Royal Air Force]] as a navigator in 1942 but was soon dismissed for "dreaminess".<ref name="telegraph" /> He moved to London where he was employed by the [[Inner London Education Authority]] to teach music, dance, drama and poetry to 7- to 11-year-olds.<ref name="mason">Mason, Stewart. "[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p16780/biography|pure_url=yes}} Biography]". Allmusic. Retrieved 10 Mar. 2006.</ref> Cutler's deeply held views on humanity meant he disliked [[corporal punishment]], and on leaving a teaching job he held in the 1950s, he cut up his [[tawse]] and handed the pieces to the class.<ref name="smith">Smith, Claire (13 March 2004). "[http://news.scotsman.com/features.cfm?id=288522004 Survival of the wittiest]". ''The Scotsman''.</ref> He was married briefly and had two children.

==Musical career==
Cutler began writing songs and poetry in the late 1950s, making the first of many appearances on BBC radio on the [[BBC Home Service|Home Service]], where he featured on the ''Monday Night at Home'' programme on 38 occasions between 1959 and 1963.<ref name="mason"/> He gained popularity playing songs where he would often accompany himself on either a [[piano]] or the [[harmonium]],<ref name="mason" /> and this success led to the release of a series a records starting with 1959's ''Ivor Cutler of Y'Hup'' EP. Cutler continued to make appearances on the BBC's programmes during the 1960s, and as a result of an appearance on the television show ''Late Night Line-Up'', he was noticed by [[Paul McCartney]], who invited Cutler to appear in [[the Beatles]]' ''[[Magical Mystery Tour (film)|Magical Mystery Tour]]'' film.<ref name="espiner"/> In the film, Cutler plays bus conductor Buster Bloodvessel, who becomes passionately attracted to [[Ringo Starr]]'s Aunt Jessie. Following this film role, Cutler recorded a second LP, ''[[Ludo (Ivor Cutler album)|Ludo]]'' (1967), produced by the Beatles' [[George Martin]], and credited to the Ivor Cutler Trio, made up of Cutler with bassist Gill Lyons and percussionist Trevor Tomkins. The LP, taking inspiration from [[trad jazz]] and [[boogie-woogie (music)|boogie-woogie]], sees Cutler playing the piano as well as his usual harmonium, and is considered the most traditionally musical of all his records.<ref name="mason"/> After its release Cutler continued to perform for BBC radio, recording the first of his sessions for [[John Peel]] in 1969. Cutler's work on Peel's shows would introduce him to successive generations of fans, and in the early 1990s, Cutler said, "Thanks to Peel, I gained a whole new audience, to the amazement of my older fans, who find themselves among 16-to-35s in theatres, and wonder where they came from."<ref name="garner">Garner, Ken (1993). ''In Session Tonight''. London: BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-36452-1</ref>

[[Image:Ivor Cutler 1973.jpg|thumb|right|Ivor Cutler at his flat in Gospel Oak, N.London; photo taken by [[Roger Kohn]] in 1973.]]
In the 1970s, [[Neil Ardley]] had Cutler sing on his ''A Symphony of Amaranths'' LP (1971),<ref name="gibson">Gibson, David (3 Apr. 1995). "[http://www.ivorcutler.org/collection.html Cutler Collection]". Retrieved 10 Mar. 2006.</ref> and former-[[Soft Machine]] singer [[Robert Wyatt]] asked Cutler to play harmonium and sing on two of the tracks on his ''[[Rock Bottom (album)|Rock Bottom]]'' LP (1974). The collaboration with Wyatt led to Cutler being signed to Wyatt's record label [[Virgin Records]], for whom Cutler recorded three LPs in the mid-1970s: ''[[Dandruff (album)|Dandruff]]'' (1974), ''[[Velvet Donkey]]'' (1975) and ''[[Jammy Smears]]'' (1976). (It also led to Wyatt covering Cutler's "Go and sit upon the grass", from ''Velvet Donkey'', as "Grass" on his 1981 ''Nothing Can Stop Us'' album.) Each of these discs intersperses Cutler's poems and songs with readings by his performing companion [[Phyllis King]].

During the decade Cutler used his sessions for John Peel to introduce numerous episodes of his ''Life in a Scotch Sitting Room'' series, culminating in the 1978 LP ''[[Life in a Scotch Sitting Room, Vol. 2]]'' (Volume 1 was a track on the 1974 album ''[[Dandruff (album)|Dandruff]]''), regarded as a particularly autobiographical work,<ref name="mason"/> on which Cutler recounts tales from his childhood amid an environment of exaggerated Scottishness. Cutler also produced the work as a book, which was published in 1984 with illustrations by [[Martin Honeysett]].<ref name="gibson"/> He also collaborated with Portal artist Frances Broomfield on an illustrated alphabet book, which was never completed.

Cutler contributed the track "Brooch Boat" to the cult 1980 album ''Miniatures'', produced and edited by [[Morgan Fisher]], which consisted entirely of one-minute-long recordings. In the 1980s, [[Rough Trade Records]] released three LPs—''[[Privilege (album)|Privilege]]'' (1983), ''[[Prince Ivor]]'' (1986) and ''[[Gruts]]'' (1986). He also released the single "Women of the World", recorded with Linda Hirst, through the label in 1983. Cutler enjoyed further interest from the [[Creation Records|Creation]] record company in the 1990s, best known at the time as [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]]' record label. The label released two new volumes of poems and spoken word work: ''[[A Wet Handle]]'' (1997) and ''[[A Flat Man]]'' (1998).

==Discography==
*''Ivor Cutler of Y'Hup'' EP (1959)
*''Who Tore Your Trousers?'' (1961)
*''Get Away from the Wall'' EP (1961)
*''[[Ludo (Ivor Cutler album)|Ludo]]'' (1967)
*''[[Dandruff (album)|Dandruff]]'' (1974)
*''[[Velvet Donkey]]'' (1975)
*''[[Jammy Smears]]'' (1976)
*''[[Life in a Scotch Sitting Room, Vol. 2]]'' (live) (1978)
*''[[Privilege (album)|Privilege]]'' (1983)
*''[[Prince Ivor]]'' (1986)
*''[[Gruts]]'' (1986)
*''Peel Sessions'' EP (1989)
*''[[A Wet Handle]]'' (1997)
*''[[A Flat Man]]'' (1998)
*''An Elpee and Two Epees''<ref name="elpee">''An Elpee and Two Epees'' is a CD compilation of Cutler's first three releases.</ref> (2005)

==Bibliography==
;Poetry
*''Many Flies Have Feathers'' (1973). Trigram Press.
*''A Flat Man'' (1977). Trigram Press. ISBN 0-85465-053-9
*''Private Habits'' (1981). Arc Publications. ISBN 0-902771-89-2
*''LARGE et Puffy'' (1984). Arc Publications. ISBN 0-902771-70-1
*''Fresh Carpet'' (1986). Arc Publications. ISBN 0-902771-68-X
*''A Nice Wee Present from Scotland'' (1988). Arc Publications. ISBN 0-902771-73-6
*''A Fly Sandwich and Other Menu'' (1991). Methuen. ISBN 0-413-65940-2
*''Is That Your Flap, Jack?'' (1992). Arc Publications. ISBN 0946407762
*''A Stuggy Pren'' (1994). Arc Publications. ISBN 0-946407-94-0
*''A Wet Handle'' (1996). Arc Publications. ISBN 1-900072-06-8
*''South American Bookworms'' (1999). Arc Publications. ISBN 1-900072-35-1
*''Scots Wa' Straw'' (2003). Arc Publications ISBN 1-900072-94-7

;Prose
*''Cockadoodledon't!!!'' (1966). Dennis Dobson.
*''Life in a Scotch Sitting Room, Vol.2'' (1984). Methuen. ISBN 0-413-73580-X
*''Gruts'' (1986). Methuen. ISBN 0-413-40810-8
*''Fremsley'' (1987). Methuen. ISBN 0-413-15540-4
*''Glasgow Dreamer'' (1990). Methuen. ISBN 0-413-73600-8

;Children's books
*''Meal One''. Armada Lions.
*''Balooky Klujypop''. (1975) Heinemann.
*''The Animal House''. Armada Lions.
*''The Vermillion Door'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''The Pomegranate Door'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''Herbert the Chicken'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''Herbert the Elephant'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''Herbert the Questionmark'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''Herbert the Herbert'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''One and a Quarter'' (1987). ISBN 0-233-98060-1
*''Herbert: 5 Stories'' (1988). Walker Books. ISBN 0-7445-4778-4
*''Grape Zoo'' (1991). Walker Books. ISBN 0-7445-2327-3
*''Doris the Hen'' (1992). Heinemann. ISBN 0-434-93354-6
*''The New Dress'' (1995). The Bodley Head. ISBN 0-370-31873-0

;Other
*''Befriend a Bacterium: Stickies by Ivor Cutler'' (1992). Pickpocket Books. ISBN 1-873422-11-3 (A collection of stickers that Cutler used to hand out to people).

==DVD video==
*''Looking for Truth with a Pin'' (2005) [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0455564/ (IMDB entry)]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ivorcutler.org/ The Works of Ivor Cutler]
*[http://www.issue.demon.co.uk/poetry/cutler/ Ivor Cutler: An Introduction]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/homeentertainment/story/0,12830,1123719,00.html Interview - The Cult of Cutler] — [[The Guardian]], 16 January 2004
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20091027062027/http://geocities.com/davidserjeant/ivor.html Further interviews]
*[http://www.benbecula.com/archive/ivor_cutler.shtml Benbecula Records article]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/johnpeel/artists/i/ivorcutler/ John Peel Sessions - Ivor Cutler]
*{{imdb name|id=0193922}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Cutler, Ivor
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Scottish poet, humorist
|DATE OF BIRTH=15 January 1923
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Glasgow]], Scotland
|DATE OF DEATH=3 March 2006
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cutler, Ivor}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Glasgow]]
[[Category:Scottish poets]]
[[Category:Scottish songwriters]]
[[Category:Jewish poets]]
[[Category:Scottish Jews]]
[[Category:Creation Records artists]]
[[Category:Scottish comedians]]
[[Category:Harmonium players]]

[[es:Ivor Cutler]]

Ivor Cutler

2012-04-13T17:34:40Z

Notreallydavid: "Many of Cutler's poems and songs..." - tweaked

{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Ivor Cutler
| image = Cutlerportrait.jpg
| caption =
| image_size = 
| landscape = yes
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1923|1|15|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2006|3|3|1923|1|15|df=y}}
| origin = [[Glasgow]], Scotland
| instrument = [[Harmonium]], [[piano]]
| genre = [[Spoken word]], [[trad jazz]], [[comedy rock]]
| occupation = Poet, songwriter, [[humorist]]
| years_active = 1959–2004
| label = [[Virgin Records|Virgin]], [[Rough Trade Records|Rough Trade]], [[Creation Records|Creation]]
| associated_acts =
| website =
| notable_instruments =
}}

'''Ivor Cutler''' (15 January 1923 – 3 March 2006) was a Scottish poet, songwriter and [[humorist]]. He became known for his regular performances on BBC radio, and in particular his numerous sessions recorded for [[John Peel]]'s influential radio programme, and later for [[Andy Kershaw]]'s programme. He appeared in [[The Beatles]]' ''[[Magical Mystery Tour (film)|Magical Mystery Tour]]'' film in 1967 and on [[Neil Innes]]' television programmes. Cutler also wrote books for children and adults and was a teacher at [[A. S. Neill]]'s [[Summerhill School]] and for 30 years in inner-city schools in London. He told [[Andy Kershaw]] on his radio show that he also gave private poetry lessons to individuals.

In live performances Cutler would often accompany himself on a [[harmonium]]. [[Phyllis King]] appears on several of his records, and for a number of years was a part of his concerts. She usually read small phrases but also read a few short stories. The two starred in a BBC radio series, ''King Cutler'', in which they performed their material jointly and singly. Cutler also collaborated with pianist [[Neil Ardley]] and singer [[Robert Wyatt]].

Cutler was a noted [[Eccentricity (behavior)|eccentric]], dressing in a distinctive style including [[plus-fours]] and hats adorned with many badges, travelling mainly by [[bicycle]] and often communicating by means of sticky labels printed with "Cutlerisms", one of which, "never knowingly understood" came to be applied by supporters and detractors alike. Others included "Kindly disregard", reserved for official correspondence, and "to remove this label take it off".<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article738107.ece Obituary], [[The Times]]</ref>

Many of Cutler's poems and songs are in the form of conversations delivered as a monologue. In these, one party is often Cutler as a child, a poetic voice which he adopted in order to bypass the intellect. Cutler describes the poverty of his early life and the neglect he experienced from his parents with great stoicism. He expresses acceptance of his lot and gratitude for the basic elements of life, for nature, and for parental love, even though that love might bear the marks of strain. In these works the humour arises from the child's curiosity and the playful or self-serving lies the parent tells him in instructing him to do a chore or in order to stop the incessant questions.

Cutler earned a faithful cult following. John Peel once remarked that Cutler was probably the only performer whose work had been featured on Radio 1, 2, 3 and 4.<ref>John Peel programme, circa 1986</ref> Cutler was a member of the [[Noise Abatement Society]] and the [[Voluntary Euthanasia Society]]. He retired from performing in 2004, and died on 3 March 2006.<ref name="espiner">Espiner, Mark (7 Mar. 2006). [http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,1725211,00.html Obituary]. ''The Guardian''.</ref> The reception room of his home contained a number of pieces of ivory cutlery, intended as a pun on his name.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2006/mar/07/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries]</ref>

==Early life==
Cutler was born in [[Glasgow]] into a middle-class [[Jew|Jewish]] family of Eastern European descent. He cited his childhood as the source of his artistic temperament, recalling a sense of displacement when his younger brother was born: "Without that I would not have been so screwed up as I am, and therefore not as creative."<ref name="bbcnews">BBC News (7 Mar. 2006). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4781980.stm Cult poet Ivor Cutler dies at 83]". Retrieved 10 March 2006.</ref> In 1939 Cutler was evacuated to [[Annan, Dumfries and Galloway|Annan]].<ref name="guardian">Guardian (7 March 2006). "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,1725211,00.html Unassuming master of offbeat humour whose eccentric take on the world entertained generations]".</ref> He joined the [[Royal Air Force]] as a navigator in 1942 but was soon dismissed for "dreaminess".<ref name="telegraph" /> He moved to London where he was employed by the [[Inner London Education Authority]] to teach music, dance, drama and poetry to 7- to 11-year-olds.<ref name="mason">Mason, Stewart. "[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p16780/biography|pure_url=yes}} Biography]". Allmusic. Retrieved 10 Mar. 2006.</ref> Cutler's deeply held views on humanity meant he disliked [[corporal punishment]], and on leaving a teaching job he held in the 1950s, he cut up his [[tawse]] and handed the pieces to the class.<ref name="smith">Smith, Claire (13 March 2004). "[http://news.scotsman.com/features.cfm?id=288522004 Survival of the wittiest]". ''The Scotsman''.</ref> He was married briefly and had two children.

==Musical career==
Cutler began writing songs and poetry in the late 1950s, making the first of many appearances on BBC radio on the [[BBC Home Service|Home Service]], where he featured on the ''Monday Night at Home'' programme on 38 occasions between 1959 and 1963.<ref name="mason"/> He gained popularity playing songs where he would often accompany himself on either a [[piano]] or the [[harmonium]],<ref name="mason" /> and this success led to the release of a series a records starting with 1959's ''Ivor Cutler of Y'Hup'' EP. Cutler continued to make appearances on the BBC's programmes during the 1960s, and as a result of an appearance on the television show ''Late Night Line-Up'', he was noticed by [[Paul McCartney]], who invited Cutler to appear in [[the Beatles]]' ''[[Magical Mystery Tour (film)|Magical Mystery Tour]]'' film.<ref name="espiner"/> In the film, Cutler plays bus conductor Buster Bloodvessel, who becomes passionately attracted to [[Ringo Starr]]'s Aunt Jessie. Following this film role, Cutler recorded a second LP, ''[[Ludo (Ivor Cutler album)|Ludo]]'' (1967), produced by the Beatles' [[George Martin]], and credited to the Ivor Cutler Trio, made up of Cutler with bassist Gill Lyons and percussionist Trevor Tomkins. The LP, taking inspiration from [[trad jazz]] and [[boogie-woogie (music)|boogie-woogie]], sees Cutler playing the piano as well as his usual harmonium, and is considered the most traditionally musical of all his records.<ref name="mason"/> After its release Cutler continued to perform for BBC radio, recording the first of his sessions for [[John Peel]] in 1969. Cutler's work on Peel's shows would introduce him to successive generations of fans, and in the early 1990s, Cutler said, "Thanks to Peel, I gained a whole new audience, to the amazement of my older fans, who find themselves among 16-to-35s in theatres, and wonder where they came from."<ref name="garner">Garner, Ken (1993). ''In Session Tonight''. London: BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-36452-1</ref>

[[Image:Ivor Cutler 1973.jpg|thumb|right|Ivor Cutler at his flat in Gospel Oak, N.London; photo taken by [[Roger Kohn]] in 1973.]]
In the 1970s, [[Neil Ardley]] had Cutler sing on his ''A Symphony of Amaranths'' LP (1971),<ref name="gibson">Gibson, David (3 Apr. 1995). "[http://www.ivorcutler.org/collection.html Cutler Collection]". Retrieved 10 Mar. 2006.</ref> and former-[[Soft Machine]] singer [[Robert Wyatt]] asked Cutler to play harmonium and sing on two of the tracks on his ''[[Rock Bottom (album)|Rock Bottom]]'' LP (1974). The collaboration with Wyatt led to Cutler being signed to Wyatt's record label [[Virgin Records]], for whom Cutler recorded three LPs in the mid-1970s: ''[[Dandruff (album)|Dandruff]]'' (1974), ''[[Velvet Donkey]]'' (1975) and ''[[Jammy Smears]]'' (1976). (It also led to Wyatt covering Cutler's "Go and sit upon the grass", from ''Velvet Donkey'', as "Grass" on his 1981 ''Nothing Can Stop Us'' album.) Each of these discs intersperses Cutler's poems and songs with readings by his performing companion [[Phyllis King]].

During the decade Cutler used his sessions for John Peel to introduce numerous episodes of his ''Life in a Scotch Sitting Room'' series, culminating in the 1978 LP ''[[Life in a Scotch Sitting Room, Vol. 2]]'' (Volume 1 was a track on the 1974 album ''[[Dandruff (album)|Dandruff]]''), regarded as a particularly autobiographical work,<ref name="mason"/> on which Cutler recounts tales from his childhood amid an environment of exaggerated Scottishness. Cutler also produced the work as a book, which was published in 1984 with illustrations by [[Martin Honeysett]].<ref name="gibson"/> He also collaborated with Portal artist Frances Broomfield on an illustrated alphabet book, which was never completed.

Cutler contributed the track "Brooch Boat" to the cult 1980 album ''Miniatures'', produced and edited by [[Morgan Fisher]], which consisted entirely of one-minute-long recordings. In the 1980s, [[Rough Trade Records]] released three LPs—''[[Privilege (album)|Privilege]]'' (1983), ''[[Prince Ivor]]'' (1986) and ''[[Gruts]]'' (1986). He also released the single "Women of the World", recorded with Linda Hirst, through the label in 1983. Cutler enjoyed further interest from the [[Creation Records|Creation]] record company in the 1990s, best known at the time as [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]]' record label. The label released two new volumes of poems and spoken word work: ''[[A Wet Handle]]'' (1997) and ''[[A Flat Man]]'' (1998).

==Discography==
*''Ivor Cutler of Y'Hup'' EP (1959)
*''Who Tore Your Trousers?'' (1961)
*''Get Away from the Wall'' EP (1961)
*''[[Ludo (Ivor Cutler album)|Ludo]]'' (1967)
*''[[Dandruff (album)|Dandruff]]'' (1974)
*''[[Velvet Donkey]]'' (1975)
*''[[Jammy Smears]]'' (1976)
*''[[Life in a Scotch Sitting Room, Vol. 2]]'' (live) (1978)
*''[[Privilege (album)|Privilege]]'' (1983)
*''[[Prince Ivor]]'' (1986)
*''[[Gruts]]'' (1986)
*''Peel Sessions'' EP (1989)
*''[[A Wet Handle]]'' (1997)
*''[[A Flat Man]]'' (1998)
*''An Elpee and Two Epees''<ref name="elpee">''An Elpee and Two Epees'' is a CD compilation of Cutler's first three releases.</ref> (2005)

==Bibliography==
;Poetry
*''Many Flies Have Feathers'' (1973). Trigram Press.
*''A Flat Man'' (1977). Trigram Press. ISBN 0-85465-053-9
*''Private Habits'' (1981). Arc Publications. ISBN 0-902771-89-2
*''LARGE et Puffy'' (1984). Arc Publications. ISBN 0-902771-70-1
*''Fresh Carpet'' (1986). Arc Publications. ISBN 0-902771-68-X
*''A Nice Wee Present from Scotland'' (1988). Arc Publications. ISBN 0-902771-73-6
*''A Fly Sandwich and Other Menu'' (1991). Methuen. ISBN 0-413-65940-2
*''Is That Your Flap, Jack?'' (1992). Arc Publications. ISBN 0946407762
*''A Stuggy Pren'' (1994). Arc Publications. ISBN 0-946407-94-0
*''A Wet Handle'' (1996). Arc Publications. ISBN 1-900072-06-8
*''South American Bookworms'' (1999). Arc Publications. ISBN 1-900072-35-1
*''Scots Wa' Straw'' (2003). Arc Publications ISBN 1-900072-94-7

;Prose
*''Cockadoodledon't!!!'' (1966). Dennis Dobson.
*''Life in a Scotch Sitting Room, Vol.2'' (1984). Methuen. ISBN 0-413-73580-X
*''Gruts'' (1986). Methuen. ISBN 0-413-40810-8
*''Fremsley'' (1987). Methuen. ISBN 0-413-15540-4
*''Glasgow Dreamer'' (1990). Methuen. ISBN 0-413-73600-8

;Children's books
*''Meal One''. Armada Lions.
*''Balooky Klujypop''. (1975) Heinemann.
*''The Animal House''. Armada Lions.
*''The Vermillion Door'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''The Pomegranate Door'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''Herbert the Chicken'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''Herbert the Elephant'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''Herbert the Questionmark'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''Herbert the Herbert'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''One and a Quarter'' (1987). ISBN 0-233-98060-1
*''Herbert: 5 Stories'' (1988). Walker Books. ISBN 0-7445-4778-4
*''Grape Zoo'' (1991). Walker Books. ISBN 0-7445-2327-3
*''Doris the Hen'' (1992). Heinemann. ISBN 0-434-93354-6
*''The New Dress'' (1995). The Bodley Head. ISBN 0-370-31873-0

;Other
*''Befriend a Bacterium: Stickies by Ivor Cutler'' (1992). Pickpocket Books. ISBN 1-873422-11-3 (A collection of stickers that Cutler used to hand out to people).

==DVD video==
*''Looking for Truth with a Pin'' (2005) [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0455564/ (IMDB entry)]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ivorcutler.org/ The Works of Ivor Cutler]
*[http://www.issue.demon.co.uk/poetry/cutler/ Ivor Cutler: An Introduction]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/homeentertainment/story/0,12830,1123719,00.html Interview - The Cult of Cutler] — [[The Guardian]], 16 January 2004
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20091027062027/http://geocities.com/davidserjeant/ivor.html Further interviews]
*[http://www.benbecula.com/archive/ivor_cutler.shtml Benbecula Records article]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/johnpeel/artists/i/ivorcutler/ John Peel Sessions - Ivor Cutler]
*{{imdb name|id=0193922}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Cutler, Ivor
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Scottish poet, humorist
|DATE OF BIRTH=15 January 1923
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Glasgow]], Scotland
|DATE OF DEATH=3 March 2006
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cutler, Ivor}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Glasgow]]
[[Category:Scottish poets]]
[[Category:Scottish songwriters]]
[[Category:Jewish poets]]
[[Category:Scottish Jews]]
[[Category:Creation Records artists]]
[[Category:Scottish comedians]]
[[Category:Harmonium players]]

[[es:Ivor Cutler]]

Tetley’s Brewery

2011-11-29T08:28:33Z

Notreallydavid: /* Tetley's */

{{distinguish|Tetley}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Tetley's
| logo = [[Image:tetleys.jpg]]
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = 1822
| founder = [[Joshua Tetley]]
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Leeds]]
| location_country = England
| locations =
| area_served = UK
| key_people = Jørgen Buhl Rasmussen (President and [[chief executive officer|CEO]]), Povl Krogsgaard-Larsen ([[Chairman]])
| industry = [[Alcoholic beverage]]
| products = [[Beer]]
| production =
| revenue =
| owner = [[Carlsberg Group]]
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = http://www.dontdothingsbyhalf.com/
| footnotes =
| intl = yes
}}

'''Tetley's''' was a [[brewery]] founded in 1822 by [[Joshua Tetley]] in [[Leeds]], [[West Yorkshire]], England which operated for 189 years until it was closed in June 2011.<ref>http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/at-a-glance/main-section/sadness_as_historic_city_brewery_to_close_doors_after_190_years_1_3425947</ref> The brewery was owned by the [[Carlsberg Group]] and produced a range of beers, including ''Tetley's Bitter'', and was the world's largest producer of [[cask ale]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.quaffale.org.uk/php/brewery/151
|title=Joshua Tetley & Son
|publisher=www.quaffale.org.uk
|accessdate=2009-08-19
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref> Tetley's is among the ten highest selling beer brands in the United Kingdom, but nevertheless, sales in 2010 were less than half of those in 2004.<ref>Euromonitor, 2010</ref>

With the closure of the brewery, production of Tetley Smoothflow was transferred to [[MolsonCoors]]' [[Tadcaster]] plant, Tetley cask products were contracted to [[Marstons]]' [[Wolverhampton]] plant and Tetley [[keg]] products contracted to [[Camerons Brewery|Camerons]].<ref>http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/around-yorkshire/local-stories/sadness_as_tetley_s_brewery_workers_sign_off_for_last_time_after_189_years_1_3493317</ref> All other products such as [[Skol]] were transferred to Carlsberg's [[Northampton]] plant.<ref>http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/around-yorkshire/local-stories/name_that_ale_invitation_marks_tetley_s_departure_1_3398335</ref>

The brewery was often known as "Leeds Brewery", and should not be confused with a microbrewery of [[Leeds Brewery|that name]] which opened in 2007.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.leedsbrewery.co.uk/home.html
|title=Leeds Brewery
|publisher=www.leedsbrewery.co.uk
|accessdate=2009-08-19
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Tetley Bitter Advert on Bradford Trolleybus Cropped.jpg|thumb|right|Tetley's Bitter being advertised on a [[Trolleybuses in Bradford|Bradford trolleybus]] in 1970.]]
[[Image:Brewery Wharfe.jpg|thumb|right|Brewery Wharf; the building shown was formerly the Brewery Museum.]]

The brewery was founded in 1822 by [[Joshua Tetley]] in [[Leeds]], leasing an existing brewery located in Salem Place from William Sykes for £400, . Tetley's grew to become a large integrated [[regional brewery]] company with a number of tied [[public houses]].

By 1860 Tetley was the largest brewery in the North of England.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_a_look_back_at_the_tetley_years_1_3452499</ref> In 1875 Tetley's brewed 171,500 barrels of beer.<ref>[http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/view/article/88642 Oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk]</ref>

Tetley’s bought its first two pubs in 1890. Only one remains today, The Fleece in [[Farsley]]. The other, the Duke William, which was in Tetley’s yard, was "unceremoniously demolished" by Carlsberg in 2002.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_a_look_back_at_the_tetley_years_1_3452499</ref>

In 1892, the company went public to raise money for a bottling operation and was valued at £572,848.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_a_look_back_at_the_tetley_years_1_3452499</ref>

In 1911, Tetley's challenged [[escape artist]] [[Harry Houdini]] to escape from a padlocked metal cask of ale. Houdini accepted this challenge; however, it proved too much for him and he had to be rescued from the cask.<ref name="dontdothingsbyhalf.com">[http://www.dontdothingsbyhalf.com/Content.aspx Dontdothingsbyhalf.com]</ref>

In 1932 the Market Tavern, next to Leeds' Kirkgate market was leased by Leeds City Council to Tetley’s for £550 a year. The council had higher offers from two other breweries, but opted for Tetley’s “because it sells the most popular brew in the view of the Corporation”.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_the_houses_that_joshua_tetley_filled_1_3458523</ref>

At its peak during the 1960s, Tetley owned over 1000 [[tied house]]s in Yorkshire alone, and 2000 across the country.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_the_houses_that_joshua_tetley_filled_1_3458523</ref><ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_the_houses_that_joshua_tetley_filled_1_3458523</ref> At its height, the brewery employed over 1000 workers.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_a_look_back_at_the_tetley_years_1_3452499</ref>

An impartial customer survey in the 1980s concluded that Tetley had achieved an almost irrational level of customer support, particularly in West Yorkshire, in part because of traditional loyalty, partly because of highly effective television campaigns such as the Tetley Bittermen, and also because of a consistently high quality product.<ref name="Ward p 40">John Smith and his Tadcaster brewery, Ward & Tattersall-Walker, p 40</ref>

By 1996, sales of Tetley Bitter were overtaken by sales of [[John Smith's]], and the product has retained the number two position ever since.<ref>John Smith and his Tadcaster brewery, Ward & Tattersall-Walker, p 42</ref> This is largely attributed to Tetley's ineffective marketing campaigns.<ref name="Ward p 40"/>

In 1998 Tetley's was taken over by [[Carlsberg Group|Carlsberg]], who had previously held a 50 per cent stake in the business. In 2004 Tetley was dropped from the Carlsberg-Tetley name.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_tetley_s_the_brewery_that_served_its_community_1_3454505</ref>

In 2006, Tetley's sold 185 million pints of beer in pubs. This would fill 42 Olympic-sized swimming pools.<ref name="dontdothingsbyhalf.com"/> In the same year, the brewery's famous [[dray horse]]s were retired.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_tetley_s_the_brewery_that_served_its_community_1_3454505</ref> They had made deliveries to pubs around Leeds.

In December 2010 production of Tetley's cask products was transferred to Banks's brewery in [[Wolverhampton]]. Tetley Smoothflow will be brewed by Coors in [[Tadcaster]] and Tetley keg Dark Mild, Mild and Imperial will be brewed by Cameron's of Hartlepool.<ref>http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/at-a-glance/main-section/sadness_as_historic_city_brewery_to_close_doors_after_190_years_1_3425947</ref> The final brew took place on 24 May 2011, Lager production was transferred to [[Northampton]]. Leeds will retain a Tetley's distribution centre at [[Tingley]].{{update after|2011|12|31}}

The company is now called Carlsberg UK Limited and is a part of Carlsberg AS group.

== Brewery ==
{{Main|Tetley's brewery}}
[[File:Tetleys Brewery, Leeds.JPG|thumb|left|The Tetley's brewery in Leeds]]

The original brewery was opened on the current site in 1822.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} Parts of the original buildings still stand and extensions have been built as late as 2006.

The brewery is situated on the south banks of the [[River Aire]] near Crown Point, [[Hunslet]] and [[Clarence Dock (Leeds)|Clarence Dock]]. The adjacent Yorkshire Chemical works has recently been demolished and much of the former land is used by the brewery for storage. The Brewery opened a museum on 19 March 1994.<ref>[http://www.leodis.net/display.aspx?resourceIdentifier=2002126_40897769 Leodis.net]</ref><ref>[http://www.leodis.net/display.aspx?resourceIdentifier=10369&DISPLAY=FULL Leodis.net]</ref> The attraction proved popular; however, redevelopment of the land surrounding the brewery led to the attraction's closure on 7 April 2000. The building is now bars and restaurants.<ref>[http://www.leodis.net/display.aspx?resourceIdentifier=2007814_164474 Leodis.net]</ref> The closure of the brewery by Carlsberg was announced on 5 November 2008, with the brewery expected to be shut by 2011. Carlsberg will try to redeploy staff throughout the group. Production of Tetley beer will be moved to [[Northampton]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_yorkshire/7710244.stm | work=BBC News | title=City's historic brewery to close | date=5 November 2008 | accessdate=25 May 2010}}</ref>

The brewery produces around 200 million pints of Tetley's every year.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} In addition to this brewery there is a distribution centre in nearby [[Tingley]]. There are no plans to close this depot.

Since the closure of the Yorkshire Chemical Works adjacent to the brewery, some of the land has been used for storage by Tetley's. It has been speculated{{By whom|date=October 2009}} whether the two sites will be redeveloped together.

The Brewery currently stands on the largest site it has ever stood on, after over 180 years of expansion. In 1906 the brewery stood on a fraction of its current site between Brook Street, Hunslet Road (this part now being known as Hunslet Lane), Crown Point Road and Waterloo Street. Many smaller streets in the vicinity have since disappeared under the ever extending brewery.<ref>ISBN 0-85054-250-2</ref>

Several MPs in [[Leeds]]{{Who|date=October 2009}} have called for a demerger between Tetley's and [[Carlsberg Group|Carlsberg]] or a management buyout to save the brewery from closure.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} It has been suggested{{By whom|date=October 2009}} that the brewery could be leased to independent brewers, should it become unused. The ''[[Yorkshire Evening Post]]'' estimated a value of £4–£5 million per acre for the site.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

== Public houses ==
Tetleys ran many public houses across the UK with a high concentration in Yorkshire. Due to competition laws the pubs have since been sold although some still display the Tetley's logo. Spirit Group and Festival Ales run many former Tetley's pubs.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s Tetley's invested in many new estate pubs in Leeds such as The Londoner in [[Little London, Leeds|Little London]], The Dalesman in [[Moor Grange]] and the Eyrie in [[Holt Park]]. Towns such as [[Garforth]] and [[Wetherby]] show a cross over between pubs traditionally run by [[Leeds]] based Tetley's and [[Tadcaster]] based [[John Smith's]], being as the towns are approximately equidistant between the two breweries.

==Product range==
[[File:Tetley's export sales map.jpg|thumb|left|Tetley's global distribution]]
The Leeds brewery produced a wide range of products, including [[cask ale]], keg ale, keg lager, bottled lager and canned ([[widget (beer)|widget]]) ale and lager. The main products were Tetley's Cask, Tetley's Smoothflow and Tetley's Mild.

Although Tetley's primarily sell their products within the [[United Kingdom]], the brand has a healthy export markets. Many export markets grew in countries such as [[Spain]], [[Australia]] and [[Thailand]] with high levels of British tourists and expatriates. The brand enjoys a strong export market in the [[US]] as 'Tetley's English Ale'.<ref>[http://beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/8535/706/?ba=bros Beeradvocate.com]</ref><ref>[http://www99.epinions.com/content_1812373636 99.epinions.com]</ref>

===Tetley's===
[[Image:Tetley's tins.jpg|thumb|right|Tetley's Original (left), Smoothflow (right).]]
[[File:"A Double Diamond works wonders" - geograph.org.uk - 826290.jpg|thumb|right|220px|"A '''Double Diamond''' works wonders"]]

'''Cask''' - Tetley's hand pulled ale served in most Tetley's pubs. This beverage is served at cellar temperature. This is perhaps considered to be Tetley's core product, although the popularity of Smoothflow in recent years may challenge this. A.B.V 3.8%

'''Smoothflow''' - Tetley's keg ale served in most Tetley's pubs, as well as many sports grounds and nightclubs. This beverage is chilled to 8 degrees Celsius.<ref>http://www.thedrinkshop.com/products/nlpdetail.php?prodid=882</ref> Export versions of Tetley's are usually a variation of Smoothflow. A.B.V 3.6%

'''Mild''' - One of the brands of mild still widely available, not all Tetley's pubs will serve this and it is generally reserved for sale in more specialist bars. A.B.V 3.3% Carlsberg brew the Tetley's Mild in both light and dark forms although the dark mild is to be discontinued.

'''Imperial''' - Originally created for the [[Teesside]] market, and at one point was advertised as "Teeside's favourite pint". It was launched nationally as a premium 4.3% cask ale in 2002. It used three separate yeasts and had eight months of development, but the variant has since been withdrawn.<ref>Mason, T 2002, 'Tetley's targets youth with Extra Cold', Marketing (00253650), p. 3, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 April 2011.</ref> It continues as a pasteurised ale in kegs.

About 24,000 [[hectolitres]] of Tetley's Milds and Imperial were sold in 2010.<ref>Alcoholic Drinks: Euromonitor from trade sources/national statistics</ref>

===Double Diamond===
'''Double Diamond Burton Ale''' was a brand of British [[ale]] brewed from 1876 to 2003. During the 1970s it was advertised heavily by Ind Coope, especially on TV, with the jingle: "A Double Diamond works wonders, works wonders, works wonders. A Double Diamond works wonders, so drink some today!" Carlsberg UK discontinued general sales of the brand in April 2003, though a small amount continued to be sold in bottles for some months.<ref>[http://www.thegrocer.co.uk/articles.aspx?page=articles&ID=84624 Thegrocer.co.uk]</ref> Carlsberg UK still sells a Burton Ale seasonally in its Draught Cask series but under the Ind Coope brand, not as Double Diamond.

===Skol===
[[Skol]] is a brand of British [[lager]] brewed by Tetley's. The lager is no longer sold from tap, but is still available from a can. The lager is relatively weak at 3.0%[[ABV]] and is one of the cheapest branded lagers. The product is usually sold in crates of 24x440 ml can.

==Marketing==
In 2000 Tetley's dropped its traditional huntsman logo, due to growing [[animal rights|anti-hunt]] feelings in the UK. In March 2010 the huntsman was used again for the first time in Tetley's advertising in ten years.

In 2006 Tetley's changed its slogan from 'Smoothly Does It' to its current slogan of 'Don't Do Things By Halves', and launched a £5 million television advertising campaign.<ref>[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-5346781/Tetley-s-TV-ads-show.html Goliath.ecnext.com]</ref>

=== Sponsorship ===
Tetley's along with John Player became [[rugby league football]]'s first ever sponsors for the 1971-72 season.<ref>{{cite news
| last =Baker
| first =Andrew
| title =100 years of rugby league: From the great divide to the Super era
| newspaper = [[The Independent|Independent, The]]
| publisher =independent.co.uk
| date =1995-08-20
| url =http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/100-years-of-rugby-league-from-the-great-divide-to-the-super-era-1597130.html
| accessdate =2009-09-25
| location=London}}</ref> For many years Tetley sponsored [[Leeds Rhinos|Leeds RLFC]]; they then sponsored their successor [[Leeds Rhinos]] from their formation until 2005. Tetley's also sponsored the [[Rugby League]] [[Super League]] from [[Super League V|2000]] until [[Super League IX|2004]]. Tetley's remain a major sponsor at Leeds Rhinos and are the official beer of most Super League clubs. Tetley's also sponsor the stadium of [[Dewsbury Rams]] which under a sponsorship deal is known as the [[Crown Flatt|Tetley's Stadium]]. Tetley's is also involved in [[Rugby Union]], although less prominently, and has a contract with [[England RUFC|England]] Rugby Player [[Martin Johnson (rugby union)|Martin Johnson]].

===Television advertising===
Following a break for a number of years from television advertising, Tetley returned to the screens in October 2010 as part of an 18 month sponsorship deal with [[ITV4]].<ref>[http://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/news.ma/article/89437 Morningstaradvertiser.co.uk]</ref> This forms a part of the £5 million that Carlsberg intend to invest into the brand over the coming years.

===Other forms of advertising===
[[File:Tetley's billboards with the resurrected huntsman icon on Dewsbury Road, Leeds (April 2010) 002.jpg|thumb|right|A Tetley's billboard on Dewsbury Road in Leeds in April 2010 after the [[huntsman]] icon returned.]]
Tetley's make use of [[billboards]] for a lot of their advertising, particularly across Leeds. Hoardings at the side of sports pitches are used, and such have often been rented at [[Elland Road]] and the [[Headingley Stadium|Headingley Carnegie Stadium]] (both on the [[Leeds Rhinos]] side and the [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club]] side. Tetley's also advertise in the matchday programmes of [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]], [[Leeds Rhinos]], [[Leeds Carnegie]] and [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club]]. It is unclear whether this will continue, should the brand relocate to Northampton.

==Closure==
On 5 November 2008, Carlsberg UK announced they intended to close the plant in 2011, moving production to [[Northampton]], owing to the falling demand for beer and lager products in the UK. The move was first reported on [[BBC Radio Leeds]]. The company was criticised{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} for choosing to announce the closure the day after [[Barack Obama]] was elected [[US president]] to ensure the news would not get any significant coverage in the British national press, leaving only [[Look North]] the ''[[Yorkshire Evening Post]]'', [[Calendar (News)|Calendar]] and [[BBC Radio Leeds]] to cover it locally.

==See also==
*[[Carlsberg Group]]
*[[Economy of Leeds]]
*[[List of companies based in Leeds]]
*[[Yorkshire cuisine]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Commons category|Tetley's Bitter}}
{{Commons category|Tetley's brewery}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.carlsberggroup.com/brands/Pages/Tetley'sSmoothflow.aspx Official Tetley's Smoothflow page]
*[http://www.carlsberggroup.com/brands/Pages/TetleysOriginal.aspx Official Tetley's Original page]
* http://www.l33ds.com/wiki/index.php/Tetley%27s_Brewery

[[Category:Beer and breweries in England]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1822]]
[[Category:Yorkshire cuisine]]

[[no:Tetley]]

Tetley’s Brewery

2011-11-29T08:27:13Z

Notreallydavid: /* Sponsorship */

{{distinguish|Tetley}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Tetley's
| logo = [[Image:tetleys.jpg]]
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = 1822
| founder = [[Joshua Tetley]]
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Leeds]]
| location_country = England
| locations =
| area_served = UK
| key_people = Jørgen Buhl Rasmussen (President and [[chief executive officer|CEO]]), Povl Krogsgaard-Larsen ([[Chairman]])
| industry = [[Alcoholic beverage]]
| products = [[Beer]]
| production =
| revenue =
| owner = [[Carlsberg Group]]
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = http://www.dontdothingsbyhalf.com/
| footnotes =
| intl = yes
}}

'''Tetley's''' was a [[brewery]] founded in 1822 by [[Joshua Tetley]] in [[Leeds]], [[West Yorkshire]], England which operated for 189 years until it was closed in June 2011.<ref>http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/at-a-glance/main-section/sadness_as_historic_city_brewery_to_close_doors_after_190_years_1_3425947</ref> The brewery was owned by the [[Carlsberg Group]] and produced a range of beers, including ''Tetley's Bitter'', and was the world's largest producer of [[cask ale]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.quaffale.org.uk/php/brewery/151
|title=Joshua Tetley & Son
|publisher=www.quaffale.org.uk
|accessdate=2009-08-19
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref> Tetley's is among the ten highest selling beer brands in the United Kingdom, but nevertheless, sales in 2010 were less than half of those in 2004.<ref>Euromonitor, 2010</ref>

With the closure of the brewery, production of Tetley Smoothflow was transferred to [[MolsonCoors]]' [[Tadcaster]] plant, Tetley cask products were contracted to [[Marstons]]' [[Wolverhampton]] plant and Tetley [[keg]] products contracted to [[Camerons Brewery|Camerons]].<ref>http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/around-yorkshire/local-stories/sadness_as_tetley_s_brewery_workers_sign_off_for_last_time_after_189_years_1_3493317</ref> All other products such as [[Skol]] were transferred to Carlsberg's [[Northampton]] plant.<ref>http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/around-yorkshire/local-stories/name_that_ale_invitation_marks_tetley_s_departure_1_3398335</ref>

The brewery was often known as "Leeds Brewery", and should not be confused with a microbrewery of [[Leeds Brewery|that name]] which opened in 2007.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.leedsbrewery.co.uk/home.html
|title=Leeds Brewery
|publisher=www.leedsbrewery.co.uk
|accessdate=2009-08-19
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Tetley Bitter Advert on Bradford Trolleybus Cropped.jpg|thumb|right|Tetley's Bitter being advertised on a [[Trolleybuses in Bradford|Bradford trolleybus]] in 1970.]]
[[Image:Brewery Wharfe.jpg|thumb|right|Brewery Wharf; the building shown was formerly the Brewery Museum.]]

The brewery was founded in 1822 by [[Joshua Tetley]] in [[Leeds]], leasing an existing brewery located in Salem Place from William Sykes for £400, . Tetley's grew to become a large integrated [[regional brewery]] company with a number of tied [[public houses]].

By 1860 Tetley was the largest brewery in the North of England.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_a_look_back_at_the_tetley_years_1_3452499</ref> In 1875 Tetley's brewed 171,500 barrels of beer.<ref>[http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/view/article/88642 Oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk]</ref>

Tetley’s bought its first two pubs in 1890. Only one remains today, The Fleece in [[Farsley]]. The other, the Duke William, which was in Tetley’s yard, was "unceremoniously demolished" by Carlsberg in 2002.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_a_look_back_at_the_tetley_years_1_3452499</ref>

In 1892, the company went public to raise money for a bottling operation and was valued at £572,848.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_a_look_back_at_the_tetley_years_1_3452499</ref>

In 1911, Tetley's challenged [[escape artist]] [[Harry Houdini]] to escape from a padlocked metal cask of ale. Houdini accepted this challenge; however, it proved too much for him and he had to be rescued from the cask.<ref name="dontdothingsbyhalf.com">[http://www.dontdothingsbyhalf.com/Content.aspx Dontdothingsbyhalf.com]</ref>

In 1932 the Market Tavern, next to Leeds' Kirkgate market was leased by Leeds City Council to Tetley’s for £550 a year. The council had higher offers from two other breweries, but opted for Tetley’s “because it sells the most popular brew in the view of the Corporation”.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_the_houses_that_joshua_tetley_filled_1_3458523</ref>

At its peak during the 1960s, Tetley owned over 1000 [[tied house]]s in Yorkshire alone, and 2000 across the country.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_the_houses_that_joshua_tetley_filled_1_3458523</ref><ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_the_houses_that_joshua_tetley_filled_1_3458523</ref> At its height, the brewery employed over 1000 workers.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_a_look_back_at_the_tetley_years_1_3452499</ref>

An impartial customer survey in the 1980s concluded that Tetley had achieved an almost irrational level of customer support, particularly in West Yorkshire, in part because of traditional loyalty, partly because of highly effective television campaigns such as the Tetley Bittermen, and also because of a consistently high quality product.<ref name="Ward p 40">John Smith and his Tadcaster brewery, Ward & Tattersall-Walker, p 40</ref>

By 1996, sales of Tetley Bitter were overtaken by sales of [[John Smith's]], and the product has retained the number two position ever since.<ref>John Smith and his Tadcaster brewery, Ward & Tattersall-Walker, p 42</ref> This is largely attributed to Tetley's ineffective marketing campaigns.<ref name="Ward p 40"/>

In 1998 Tetley's was taken over by [[Carlsberg Group|Carlsberg]], who had previously held a 50 per cent stake in the business. In 2004 Tetley was dropped from the Carlsberg-Tetley name.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_tetley_s_the_brewery_that_served_its_community_1_3454505</ref>

In 2006, Tetley's sold 185 million pints of beer in pubs. This would fill 42 Olympic-sized swimming pools.<ref name="dontdothingsbyhalf.com"/> In the same year, the brewery's famous [[dray horse]]s were retired.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_tetley_s_the_brewery_that_served_its_community_1_3454505</ref> They had made deliveries to pubs around Leeds.

In December 2010 production of Tetley's cask products was transferred to Banks's brewery in [[Wolverhampton]]. Tetley Smoothflow will be brewed by Coors in [[Tadcaster]] and Tetley keg Dark Mild, Mild and Imperial will be brewed by Cameron's of Hartlepool.<ref>http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/at-a-glance/main-section/sadness_as_historic_city_brewery_to_close_doors_after_190_years_1_3425947</ref> The final brew took place on 24 May 2011, Lager production was transferred to [[Northampton]]. Leeds will retain a Tetley's distribution centre at [[Tingley]].{{update after|2011|12|31}}

The company is now called Carlsberg UK Limited and is a part of Carlsberg AS group.

== Brewery ==
{{Main|Tetley's brewery}}
[[File:Tetleys Brewery, Leeds.JPG|thumb|left|The Tetley's brewery in Leeds]]

The original brewery was opened on the current site in 1822.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} Parts of the original buildings still stand and extensions have been built as late as 2006.

The brewery is situated on the south banks of the [[River Aire]] near Crown Point, [[Hunslet]] and [[Clarence Dock (Leeds)|Clarence Dock]]. The adjacent Yorkshire Chemical works has recently been demolished and much of the former land is used by the brewery for storage. The Brewery opened a museum on 19 March 1994.<ref>[http://www.leodis.net/display.aspx?resourceIdentifier=2002126_40897769 Leodis.net]</ref><ref>[http://www.leodis.net/display.aspx?resourceIdentifier=10369&DISPLAY=FULL Leodis.net]</ref> The attraction proved popular; however, redevelopment of the land surrounding the brewery led to the attraction's closure on 7 April 2000. The building is now bars and restaurants.<ref>[http://www.leodis.net/display.aspx?resourceIdentifier=2007814_164474 Leodis.net]</ref> The closure of the brewery by Carlsberg was announced on 5 November 2008, with the brewery expected to be shut by 2011. Carlsberg will try to redeploy staff throughout the group. Production of Tetley beer will be moved to [[Northampton]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_yorkshire/7710244.stm | work=BBC News | title=City's historic brewery to close | date=5 November 2008 | accessdate=25 May 2010}}</ref>

The brewery produces around 200 million pints of Tetley's every year.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} In addition to this brewery there is a distribution centre in nearby [[Tingley]]. There are no plans to close this depot.

Since the closure of the Yorkshire Chemical Works adjacent to the brewery, some of the land has been used for storage by Tetley's. It has been speculated{{By whom|date=October 2009}} whether the two sites will be redeveloped together.

The Brewery currently stands on the largest site it has ever stood on, after over 180 years of expansion. In 1906 the brewery stood on a fraction of its current site between Brook Street, Hunslet Road (this part now being known as Hunslet Lane), Crown Point Road and Waterloo Street. Many smaller streets in the vicinity have since disappeared under the ever extending brewery.<ref>ISBN 0-85054-250-2</ref>

Several MPs in [[Leeds]]{{Who|date=October 2009}} have called for a demerger between Tetley's and [[Carlsberg Group|Carlsberg]] or a management buyout to save the brewery from closure.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} It has been suggested{{By whom|date=October 2009}} that the brewery could be leased to independent brewers, should it become unused. The ''[[Yorkshire Evening Post]]'' estimated a value of £4–£5 million per acre for the site.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

== Public houses ==
Tetleys ran many public houses across the UK with a high concentration in Yorkshire. Due to competition laws the pubs have since been sold although some still display the Tetley's logo. Spirit Group and Festival Ales run many former Tetley's pubs.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s Tetley's invested in many new estate pubs in Leeds such as The Londoner in [[Little London, Leeds|Little London]], The Dalesman in [[Moor Grange]] and the Eyrie in [[Holt Park]]. Towns such as [[Garforth]] and [[Wetherby]] show a cross over between pubs traditionally run by [[Leeds]] based Tetley's and [[Tadcaster]] based [[John Smith's]], being as the towns are approximately equidistant between the two breweries.

==Product range==
[[File:Tetley's export sales map.jpg|thumb|left|Tetley's global distribution]]
The Leeds brewery produced a wide range of products, including [[cask ale]], keg ale, keg lager, bottled lager and canned ([[widget (beer)|widget]]) ale and lager. The main products were Tetley's Cask, Tetley's Smoothflow and Tetley's Mild.

Although Tetley's primarily sell their products within the [[United Kingdom]], the brand has a healthy export markets. Many export markets grew in countries such as [[Spain]], [[Australia]] and [[Thailand]] with high levels of British tourists and expatriates. The brand enjoys a strong export market in the [[US]] as 'Tetley's English Ale'.<ref>[http://beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/8535/706/?ba=bros Beeradvocate.com]</ref><ref>[http://www99.epinions.com/content_1812373636 99.epinions.com]</ref>

===Tetley's===
[[Image:Tetley's tins.jpg|thumb|right|Tetley's Original (left), Smoothflow (right).]]
[[File:"A Double Diamond works wonders" - geograph.org.uk - 826290.jpg|thumb|right|220px|"A '''Double Diamond''' works wonders"]]

'''Cask''' - Tetley's hand pulled ale served in most Tetley's pubs. This beverage is served at cellar temperature. This is perhaps considered to be Tetley's core product, although the popularity of Smoothflow in recent years may challenge this. A.B.V 3.8%

'''Smoothflow''' - Tetley's keg ale served in most Tetley's pubs, as well as many sports grounds and nightclubs. This beverage is chilled to 8 degrees Celsius.<ref>http://www.thedrinkshop.com/products/nlpdetail.php?prodid=882</ref> Export versions of Tetley's are usually a variation of Smoothflow. A.B.V 3.6%

'''Mild''' - One of the brands of mild still widely available, not all Tetley's pubs will serve this and it is generally reserved for sale in more specialist bars. A.B.V 3.3% Carlesberg brew the Tetley's Mild in both light and dark forms although the dark mild is to be discontinued.

'''Imperial''' - Originally created for the [[Teesside]] market, and at one point was advertised as "Teeside's favourite pint". It was launched nationally as a premium 4.3% cask ale in 2002. It used three separate yeasts and had eight months of development, but the variant has since been withdrawn.<ref>Mason, T 2002, 'Tetley's targets youth with Extra Cold', Marketing (00253650), p. 3, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 April 2011.</ref> It continues as a pasteurised ale in kegs.

About 24,000 [[hectolitres]] of Tetley's Milds and Imperial were sold in 2010.<ref>Alcoholic Drinks: Euromonitor from trade sources/national statistics</ref>

===Double Diamond===
'''Double Diamond Burton Ale''' was a brand of British [[ale]] brewed from 1876 to 2003. During the 1970s it was advertised heavily by Ind Coope, especially on TV, with the jingle: "A Double Diamond works wonders, works wonders, works wonders. A Double Diamond works wonders, so drink some today!" Carlsberg UK discontinued general sales of the brand in April 2003, though a small amount continued to be sold in bottles for some months.<ref>[http://www.thegrocer.co.uk/articles.aspx?page=articles&ID=84624 Thegrocer.co.uk]</ref> Carlsberg UK still sells a Burton Ale seasonally in its Draught Cask series but under the Ind Coope brand, not as Double Diamond.

===Skol===
[[Skol]] is a brand of British [[lager]] brewed by Tetley's. The lager is no longer sold from tap, but is still available from a can. The lager is relatively weak at 3.0%[[ABV]] and is one of the cheapest branded lagers. The product is usually sold in crates of 24x440 ml can.

==Marketing==
In 2000 Tetley's dropped its traditional huntsman logo, due to growing [[animal rights|anti-hunt]] feelings in the UK. In March 2010 the huntsman was used again for the first time in Tetley's advertising in ten years.

In 2006 Tetley's changed its slogan from 'Smoothly Does It' to its current slogan of 'Don't Do Things By Halves', and launched a £5 million television advertising campaign.<ref>[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-5346781/Tetley-s-TV-ads-show.html Goliath.ecnext.com]</ref>

=== Sponsorship ===
Tetley's along with John Player became [[rugby league football]]'s first ever sponsors for the 1971-72 season.<ref>{{cite news
| last =Baker
| first =Andrew
| title =100 years of rugby league: From the great divide to the Super era
| newspaper = [[The Independent|Independent, The]]
| publisher =independent.co.uk
| date =1995-08-20
| url =http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/100-years-of-rugby-league-from-the-great-divide-to-the-super-era-1597130.html
| accessdate =2009-09-25
| location=London}}</ref> For many years Tetley sponsored [[Leeds Rhinos|Leeds RLFC]]; they then sponsored their successor [[Leeds Rhinos]] from their formation until 2005. Tetley's also sponsored the [[Rugby League]] [[Super League]] from [[Super League V|2000]] until [[Super League IX|2004]]. Tetley's remain a major sponsor at Leeds Rhinos and are the official beer of most Super League clubs. Tetley's also sponsor the stadium of [[Dewsbury Rams]] which under a sponsorship deal is known as the [[Crown Flatt|Tetley's Stadium]]. Tetley's is also involved in [[Rugby Union]], although less prominently, and has a contract with [[England RUFC|England]] Rugby Player [[Martin Johnson (rugby union)|Martin Johnson]].

===Television advertising===
Following a break for a number of years from television advertising, Tetley returned to the screens in October 2010 as part of an 18 month sponsorship deal with [[ITV4]].<ref>[http://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/news.ma/article/89437 Morningstaradvertiser.co.uk]</ref> This forms a part of the £5 million that Carlsberg intend to invest into the brand over the coming years.

===Other forms of advertising===
[[File:Tetley's billboards with the resurrected huntsman icon on Dewsbury Road, Leeds (April 2010) 002.jpg|thumb|right|A Tetley's billboard on Dewsbury Road in Leeds in April 2010 after the [[huntsman]] icon returned.]]
Tetley's make use of [[billboards]] for a lot of their advertising, particularly across Leeds. Hoardings at the side of sports pitches are used, and such have often been rented at [[Elland Road]] and the [[Headingley Stadium|Headingley Carnegie Stadium]] (both on the [[Leeds Rhinos]] side and the [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club]] side. Tetley's also advertise in the matchday programmes of [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]], [[Leeds Rhinos]], [[Leeds Carnegie]] and [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club]]. It is unclear whether this will continue, should the brand relocate to Northampton.

==Closure==
On 5 November 2008, Carlsberg UK announced they intended to close the plant in 2011, moving production to [[Northampton]], owing to the falling demand for beer and lager products in the UK. The move was first reported on [[BBC Radio Leeds]]. The company was criticised{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} for choosing to announce the closure the day after [[Barack Obama]] was elected [[US president]] to ensure the news would not get any significant coverage in the British national press, leaving only [[Look North]] the ''[[Yorkshire Evening Post]]'', [[Calendar (News)|Calendar]] and [[BBC Radio Leeds]] to cover it locally.

==See also==
*[[Carlsberg Group]]
*[[Economy of Leeds]]
*[[List of companies based in Leeds]]
*[[Yorkshire cuisine]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Commons category|Tetley's Bitter}}
{{Commons category|Tetley's brewery}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.carlsberggroup.com/brands/Pages/Tetley'sSmoothflow.aspx Official Tetley's Smoothflow page]
*[http://www.carlsberggroup.com/brands/Pages/TetleysOriginal.aspx Official Tetley's Original page]
* http://www.l33ds.com/wiki/index.php/Tetley%27s_Brewery

[[Category:Beer and breweries in England]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1822]]
[[Category:Yorkshire cuisine]]

[[no:Tetley]]

Tetley’s Brewery

2011-11-29T08:23:08Z

Notreallydavid: /* Skol */

{{distinguish|Tetley}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Tetley's
| logo = [[Image:tetleys.jpg]]
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = 1822
| founder = [[Joshua Tetley]]
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Leeds]]
| location_country = England
| locations =
| area_served = UK
| key_people = Jørgen Buhl Rasmussen (President and [[chief executive officer|CEO]]), Povl Krogsgaard-Larsen ([[Chairman]])
| industry = [[Alcoholic beverage]]
| products = [[Beer]]
| production =
| revenue =
| owner = [[Carlsberg Group]]
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = http://www.dontdothingsbyhalf.com/
| footnotes =
| intl = yes
}}

'''Tetley's''' was a [[brewery]] founded in 1822 by [[Joshua Tetley]] in [[Leeds]], [[West Yorkshire]], England which operated for 189 years until it was closed in June 2011.<ref>http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/at-a-glance/main-section/sadness_as_historic_city_brewery_to_close_doors_after_190_years_1_3425947</ref> The brewery was owned by the [[Carlsberg Group]] and produced a range of beers, including ''Tetley's Bitter'', and was the world's largest producer of [[cask ale]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.quaffale.org.uk/php/brewery/151
|title=Joshua Tetley & Son
|publisher=www.quaffale.org.uk
|accessdate=2009-08-19
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref> Tetley's is among the ten highest selling beer brands in the United Kingdom, but nevertheless, sales in 2010 were less than half of those in 2004.<ref>Euromonitor, 2010</ref>

With the closure of the brewery, production of Tetley Smoothflow was transferred to [[MolsonCoors]]' [[Tadcaster]] plant, Tetley cask products were contracted to [[Marstons]]' [[Wolverhampton]] plant and Tetley [[keg]] products contracted to [[Camerons Brewery|Camerons]].<ref>http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/around-yorkshire/local-stories/sadness_as_tetley_s_brewery_workers_sign_off_for_last_time_after_189_years_1_3493317</ref> All other products such as [[Skol]] were transferred to Carlsberg's [[Northampton]] plant.<ref>http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/around-yorkshire/local-stories/name_that_ale_invitation_marks_tetley_s_departure_1_3398335</ref>

The brewery was often known as "Leeds Brewery", and should not be confused with a microbrewery of [[Leeds Brewery|that name]] which opened in 2007.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.leedsbrewery.co.uk/home.html
|title=Leeds Brewery
|publisher=www.leedsbrewery.co.uk
|accessdate=2009-08-19
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Tetley Bitter Advert on Bradford Trolleybus Cropped.jpg|thumb|right|Tetley's Bitter being advertised on a [[Trolleybuses in Bradford|Bradford trolleybus]] in 1970.]]
[[Image:Brewery Wharfe.jpg|thumb|right|Brewery Wharf; the building shown was formerly the Brewery Museum.]]

The brewery was founded in 1822 by [[Joshua Tetley]] in [[Leeds]], leasing an existing brewery located in Salem Place from William Sykes for £400, . Tetley's grew to become a large integrated [[regional brewery]] company with a number of tied [[public houses]].

By 1860 Tetley was the largest brewery in the North of England.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_a_look_back_at_the_tetley_years_1_3452499</ref> In 1875 Tetley's brewed 171,500 barrels of beer.<ref>[http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/view/article/88642 Oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk]</ref>

Tetley’s bought its first two pubs in 1890. Only one remains today, The Fleece in [[Farsley]]. The other, the Duke William, which was in Tetley’s yard, was "unceremoniously demolished" by Carlsberg in 2002.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_a_look_back_at_the_tetley_years_1_3452499</ref>

In 1892, the company went public to raise money for a bottling operation and was valued at £572,848.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_a_look_back_at_the_tetley_years_1_3452499</ref>

In 1911, Tetley's challenged [[escape artist]] [[Harry Houdini]] to escape from a padlocked metal cask of ale. Houdini accepted this challenge; however, it proved too much for him and he had to be rescued from the cask.<ref name="dontdothingsbyhalf.com">[http://www.dontdothingsbyhalf.com/Content.aspx Dontdothingsbyhalf.com]</ref>

In 1932 the Market Tavern, next to Leeds' Kirkgate market was leased by Leeds City Council to Tetley’s for £550 a year. The council had higher offers from two other breweries, but opted for Tetley’s “because it sells the most popular brew in the view of the Corporation”.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_the_houses_that_joshua_tetley_filled_1_3458523</ref>

At its peak during the 1960s, Tetley owned over 1000 [[tied house]]s in Yorkshire alone, and 2000 across the country.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_the_houses_that_joshua_tetley_filled_1_3458523</ref><ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_the_houses_that_joshua_tetley_filled_1_3458523</ref> At its height, the brewery employed over 1000 workers.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_a_look_back_at_the_tetley_years_1_3452499</ref>

An impartial customer survey in the 1980s concluded that Tetley had achieved an almost irrational level of customer support, particularly in West Yorkshire, in part because of traditional loyalty, partly because of highly effective television campaigns such as the Tetley Bittermen, and also because of a consistently high quality product.<ref name="Ward p 40">John Smith and his Tadcaster brewery, Ward & Tattersall-Walker, p 40</ref>

By 1996, sales of Tetley Bitter were overtaken by sales of [[John Smith's]], and the product has retained the number two position ever since.<ref>John Smith and his Tadcaster brewery, Ward & Tattersall-Walker, p 42</ref> This is largely attributed to Tetley's ineffective marketing campaigns.<ref name="Ward p 40"/>

In 1998 Tetley's was taken over by [[Carlsberg Group|Carlsberg]], who had previously held a 50 per cent stake in the business. In 2004 Tetley was dropped from the Carlsberg-Tetley name.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_tetley_s_the_brewery_that_served_its_community_1_3454505</ref>

In 2006, Tetley's sold 185 million pints of beer in pubs. This would fill 42 Olympic-sized swimming pools.<ref name="dontdothingsbyhalf.com"/> In the same year, the brewery's famous [[dray horse]]s were retired.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_tetley_s_the_brewery_that_served_its_community_1_3454505</ref> They had made deliveries to pubs around Leeds.

In December 2010 production of Tetley's cask products was transferred to Banks's brewery in [[Wolverhampton]]. Tetley Smoothflow will be brewed by Coors in [[Tadcaster]] and Tetley keg Dark Mild, Mild and Imperial will be brewed by Cameron's of Hartlepool.<ref>http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/at-a-glance/main-section/sadness_as_historic_city_brewery_to_close_doors_after_190_years_1_3425947</ref> The final brew took place on 24 May 2011, Lager production was transferred to [[Northampton]]. Leeds will retain a Tetley's distribution centre at [[Tingley]].{{update after|2011|12|31}}

The company is now called Carlsberg UK Limited and is a part of Carlsberg AS group.

== Brewery ==
{{Main|Tetley's brewery}}
[[File:Tetleys Brewery, Leeds.JPG|thumb|left|The Tetley's brewery in Leeds]]

The original brewery was opened on the current site in 1822.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} Parts of the original buildings still stand and extensions have been built as late as 2006.

The brewery is situated on the south banks of the [[River Aire]] near Crown Point, [[Hunslet]] and [[Clarence Dock (Leeds)|Clarence Dock]]. The adjacent Yorkshire Chemical works has recently been demolished and much of the former land is used by the brewery for storage. The Brewery opened a museum on 19 March 1994.<ref>[http://www.leodis.net/display.aspx?resourceIdentifier=2002126_40897769 Leodis.net]</ref><ref>[http://www.leodis.net/display.aspx?resourceIdentifier=10369&DISPLAY=FULL Leodis.net]</ref> The attraction proved popular; however, redevelopment of the land surrounding the brewery led to the attraction's closure on 7 April 2000. The building is now bars and restaurants.<ref>[http://www.leodis.net/display.aspx?resourceIdentifier=2007814_164474 Leodis.net]</ref> The closure of the brewery by Carlsberg was announced on 5 November 2008, with the brewery expected to be shut by 2011. Carlsberg will try to redeploy staff throughout the group. Production of Tetley beer will be moved to [[Northampton]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_yorkshire/7710244.stm | work=BBC News | title=City's historic brewery to close | date=5 November 2008 | accessdate=25 May 2010}}</ref>

The brewery produces around 200 million pints of Tetley's every year.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} In addition to this brewery there is a distribution centre in nearby [[Tingley]]. There are no plans to close this depot.

Since the closure of the Yorkshire Chemical Works adjacent to the brewery, some of the land has been used for storage by Tetley's. It has been speculated{{By whom|date=October 2009}} whether the two sites will be redeveloped together.

The Brewery currently stands on the largest site it has ever stood on, after over 180 years of expansion. In 1906 the brewery stood on a fraction of its current site between Brook Street, Hunslet Road (this part now being known as Hunslet Lane), Crown Point Road and Waterloo Street. Many smaller streets in the vicinity have since disappeared under the ever extending brewery.<ref>ISBN 0-85054-250-2</ref>

Several MPs in [[Leeds]]{{Who|date=October 2009}} have called for a demerger between Tetley's and [[Carlsberg Group|Carlsberg]] or a management buyout to save the brewery from closure.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} It has been suggested{{By whom|date=October 2009}} that the brewery could be leased to independent brewers, should it become unused. The ''[[Yorkshire Evening Post]]'' estimated a value of £4–£5 million per acre for the site.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

== Public houses ==
Tetleys ran many public houses across the UK with a high concentration in Yorkshire. Due to competition laws the pubs have since been sold although some still display the Tetley's logo. Spirit Group and Festival Ales run many former Tetley's pubs.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s Tetley's invested in many new estate pubs in Leeds such as The Londoner in [[Little London, Leeds|Little London]], The Dalesman in [[Moor Grange]] and the Eyrie in [[Holt Park]]. Towns such as [[Garforth]] and [[Wetherby]] show a cross over between pubs traditionally run by [[Leeds]] based Tetley's and [[Tadcaster]] based [[John Smith's]], being as the towns are approximately equidistant between the two breweries.

==Product range==
[[File:Tetley's export sales map.jpg|thumb|left|Tetley's global distribution]]
The Leeds brewery produced a wide range of products, including [[cask ale]], keg ale, keg lager, bottled lager and canned ([[widget (beer)|widget]]) ale and lager. The main products were Tetley's Cask, Tetley's Smoothflow and Tetley's Mild.

Although Tetley's primarily sell their products within the [[United Kingdom]], the brand has a healthy export markets. Many export markets grew in countries such as [[Spain]], [[Australia]] and [[Thailand]] with high levels of British tourists and expatriates. The brand enjoys a strong export market in the [[US]] as 'Tetley's English Ale'.<ref>[http://beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/8535/706/?ba=bros Beeradvocate.com]</ref><ref>[http://www99.epinions.com/content_1812373636 99.epinions.com]</ref>

===Tetley's===
[[Image:Tetley's tins.jpg|thumb|right|Tetley's Original (left), Smoothflow (right).]]
[[File:"A Double Diamond works wonders" - geograph.org.uk - 826290.jpg|thumb|right|220px|"A '''Double Diamond''' works wonders"]]

'''Cask''' - Tetley's hand pulled ale served in most Tetley's pubs. This beverage is served at cellar temperature. This is perhaps considered to be Tetley's core product, although the popularity of Smoothflow in recent years may challenge this. A.B.V 3.8%

'''Smoothflow''' - Tetley's keg ale served in most Tetley's pubs, as well as many sports grounds and nightclubs. This beverage is chilled to 8 degrees Celsius.<ref>http://www.thedrinkshop.com/products/nlpdetail.php?prodid=882</ref> Export versions of Tetley's are usually a variation of Smoothflow. A.B.V 3.6%

'''Mild''' - One of the brands of mild still widely available, not all Tetley's pubs will serve this and it is generally reserved for sale in more specialist bars. A.B.V 3.3% Carlesberg brew the Tetley's Mild in both light and dark forms although the dark mild is to be discontinued.

'''Imperial''' - Originally created for the [[Teesside]] market, and at one point was advertised as "Teeside's favourite pint". It was launched nationally as a premium 4.3% cask ale in 2002. It used three separate yeasts and had eight months of development, but the variant has since been withdrawn.<ref>Mason, T 2002, 'Tetley's targets youth with Extra Cold', Marketing (00253650), p. 3, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 April 2011.</ref> It continues as a pasteurised ale in kegs.

About 24,000 [[hectolitres]] of Tetley's Milds and Imperial were sold in 2010.<ref>Alcoholic Drinks: Euromonitor from trade sources/national statistics</ref>

===Double Diamond===
'''Double Diamond Burton Ale''' was a brand of British [[ale]] brewed from 1876 to 2003. During the 1970s it was advertised heavily by Ind Coope, especially on TV, with the jingle: "A Double Diamond works wonders, works wonders, works wonders. A Double Diamond works wonders, so drink some today!" Carlsberg UK discontinued general sales of the brand in April 2003, though a small amount continued to be sold in bottles for some months.<ref>[http://www.thegrocer.co.uk/articles.aspx?page=articles&ID=84624 Thegrocer.co.uk]</ref> Carlsberg UK still sells a Burton Ale seasonally in its Draught Cask series but under the Ind Coope brand, not as Double Diamond.

===Skol===
[[Skol]] is a brand of British [[lager]] brewed by Tetley's. The lager is no longer sold from tap, but is still available from a can. The lager is relatively weak at 3.0%[[ABV]] and is one of the cheapest branded lagers. The product is usually sold in crates of 24x440 ml can.

==Marketing==
In 2000 Tetley's dropped its traditional huntsman logo, due to growing [[animal rights|anti-hunt]] feelings in the UK. In March 2010 the huntsman was used again for the first time in Tetley's advertising in ten years.

In 2006 Tetley's changed its slogan from 'Smoothly Does It' to its current slogan of 'Don't Do Things By Halves', and launched a £5 million television advertising campaign.<ref>[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-5346781/Tetley-s-TV-ads-show.html Goliath.ecnext.com]</ref>

=== Sponsorship ===
Tetley's along with John Player became [[rugby league football]]'s first ever sponsors for the 1971-72 season.<ref>{{cite news
| last =Baker
| first =Andrew
| title =100 years of rugby league: From the great divide to the Super era
| newspaper = [[The Independent|Independent, The]]
| publisher =independent.co.uk
| date =1995-08-20
| url =http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/100-years-of-rugby-league-from-the-great-divide-to-the-super-era-1597130.html
| accessdate =2009-09-25
| location=London}}</ref> For many years Tetley sponsored [[Leeds Rhinos|Leeds RLFC]], they then sponsored their successor [[Leeds Rhinos]] from their formation until 2005. Tetley's also sponsored the [[Rugby League]] [[Super League]] from [[Super League V|2000]] until [[Super League IX|2004]]. Tetley's remain a major sponsor at Leeds Rhinos and are the official beer of most Super League clubs. Tetley's also sponsor the stadium of [[Dewsbury Rams]] which under a sponsorship deal is known as the [[Crown Flatt|Tetley's Stadium]]. Tetley's is lesser noted for its involvement in [[Rugby Union]], and as such has a contract with [[England RUFC|England]] Rugby Player [[Martin Johnson (rugby union)|Martin Johnson]].

===Television advertising===
Following a break for a number of years from television advertising, Tetley returned to the screens in October 2010 as part of an 18 month sponsorship deal with [[ITV4]].<ref>[http://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/news.ma/article/89437 Morningstaradvertiser.co.uk]</ref> This forms a part of the £5 million that Carlsberg intend to invest into the brand over the coming years.

===Other forms of advertising===
[[File:Tetley's billboards with the resurrected huntsman icon on Dewsbury Road, Leeds (April 2010) 002.jpg|thumb|right|A Tetley's billboard on Dewsbury Road in Leeds in April 2010 after the [[huntsman]] icon returned.]]
Tetley's make use of [[billboards]] for a lot of their advertising, particularly across Leeds. Hoardings at the side of sports pitches are used, and such have often been rented at [[Elland Road]] and the [[Headingley Stadium|Headingley Carnegie Stadium]] (both on the [[Leeds Rhinos]] side and the [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club]] side. Tetley's also advertise in the matchday programmes of [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]], [[Leeds Rhinos]], [[Leeds Carnegie]] and [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club]]. It is unclear whether this will continue, should the brand relocate to Northampton.

==Closure==
On 5 November 2008, Carlsberg UK announced they intended to close the plant in 2011, moving production to [[Northampton]], owing to the falling demand for beer and lager products in the UK. The move was first reported on [[BBC Radio Leeds]]. The company was criticised{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} for choosing to announce the closure the day after [[Barack Obama]] was elected [[US president]] to ensure the news would not get any significant coverage in the British national press, leaving only [[Look North]] the ''[[Yorkshire Evening Post]]'', [[Calendar (News)|Calendar]] and [[BBC Radio Leeds]] to cover it locally.

==See also==
*[[Carlsberg Group]]
*[[Economy of Leeds]]
*[[List of companies based in Leeds]]
*[[Yorkshire cuisine]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Commons category|Tetley's Bitter}}
{{Commons category|Tetley's brewery}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.carlsberggroup.com/brands/Pages/Tetley'sSmoothflow.aspx Official Tetley's Smoothflow page]
*[http://www.carlsberggroup.com/brands/Pages/TetleysOriginal.aspx Official Tetley's Original page]
* http://www.l33ds.com/wiki/index.php/Tetley%27s_Brewery

[[Category:Beer and breweries in England]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1822]]
[[Category:Yorkshire cuisine]]

[[no:Tetley]]

Tetley’s Brewery

2011-11-29T08:21:23Z

Notreallydavid: /* History */

{{distinguish|Tetley}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Tetley's
| logo = [[Image:tetleys.jpg]]
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = 1822
| founder = [[Joshua Tetley]]
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Leeds]]
| location_country = England
| locations =
| area_served = UK
| key_people = Jørgen Buhl Rasmussen (President and [[chief executive officer|CEO]]), Povl Krogsgaard-Larsen ([[Chairman]])
| industry = [[Alcoholic beverage]]
| products = [[Beer]]
| production =
| revenue =
| owner = [[Carlsberg Group]]
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = http://www.dontdothingsbyhalf.com/
| footnotes =
| intl = yes
}}

'''Tetley's''' was a [[brewery]] founded in 1822 by [[Joshua Tetley]] in [[Leeds]], [[West Yorkshire]], England which operated for 189 years until it was closed in June 2011.<ref>http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/at-a-glance/main-section/sadness_as_historic_city_brewery_to_close_doors_after_190_years_1_3425947</ref> The brewery was owned by the [[Carlsberg Group]] and produced a range of beers, including ''Tetley's Bitter'', and was the world's largest producer of [[cask ale]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.quaffale.org.uk/php/brewery/151
|title=Joshua Tetley & Son
|publisher=www.quaffale.org.uk
|accessdate=2009-08-19
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref> Tetley's is among the ten highest selling beer brands in the United Kingdom, but nevertheless, sales in 2010 were less than half of those in 2004.<ref>Euromonitor, 2010</ref>

With the closure of the brewery, production of Tetley Smoothflow was transferred to [[MolsonCoors]]' [[Tadcaster]] plant, Tetley cask products were contracted to [[Marstons]]' [[Wolverhampton]] plant and Tetley [[keg]] products contracted to [[Camerons Brewery|Camerons]].<ref>http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/around-yorkshire/local-stories/sadness_as_tetley_s_brewery_workers_sign_off_for_last_time_after_189_years_1_3493317</ref> All other products such as [[Skol]] were transferred to Carlsberg's [[Northampton]] plant.<ref>http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/around-yorkshire/local-stories/name_that_ale_invitation_marks_tetley_s_departure_1_3398335</ref>

The brewery was often known as "Leeds Brewery", and should not be confused with a microbrewery of [[Leeds Brewery|that name]] which opened in 2007.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.leedsbrewery.co.uk/home.html
|title=Leeds Brewery
|publisher=www.leedsbrewery.co.uk
|accessdate=2009-08-19
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Tetley Bitter Advert on Bradford Trolleybus Cropped.jpg|thumb|right|Tetley's Bitter being advertised on a [[Trolleybuses in Bradford|Bradford trolleybus]] in 1970.]]
[[Image:Brewery Wharfe.jpg|thumb|right|Brewery Wharf; the building shown was formerly the Brewery Museum.]]

The brewery was founded in 1822 by [[Joshua Tetley]] in [[Leeds]], leasing an existing brewery located in Salem Place from William Sykes for £400, . Tetley's grew to become a large integrated [[regional brewery]] company with a number of tied [[public houses]].

By 1860 Tetley was the largest brewery in the North of England.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_a_look_back_at_the_tetley_years_1_3452499</ref> In 1875 Tetley's brewed 171,500 barrels of beer.<ref>[http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/view/article/88642 Oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk]</ref>

Tetley’s bought its first two pubs in 1890. Only one remains today, The Fleece in [[Farsley]]. The other, the Duke William, which was in Tetley’s yard, was "unceremoniously demolished" by Carlsberg in 2002.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_a_look_back_at_the_tetley_years_1_3452499</ref>

In 1892, the company went public to raise money for a bottling operation and was valued at £572,848.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_a_look_back_at_the_tetley_years_1_3452499</ref>

In 1911, Tetley's challenged [[escape artist]] [[Harry Houdini]] to escape from a padlocked metal cask of ale. Houdini accepted this challenge; however, it proved too much for him and he had to be rescued from the cask.<ref name="dontdothingsbyhalf.com">[http://www.dontdothingsbyhalf.com/Content.aspx Dontdothingsbyhalf.com]</ref>

In 1932 the Market Tavern, next to Leeds' Kirkgate market was leased by Leeds City Council to Tetley’s for £550 a year. The council had higher offers from two other breweries, but opted for Tetley’s “because it sells the most popular brew in the view of the Corporation”.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_the_houses_that_joshua_tetley_filled_1_3458523</ref>

At its peak during the 1960s, Tetley owned over 1000 [[tied house]]s in Yorkshire alone, and 2000 across the country.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_the_houses_that_joshua_tetley_filled_1_3458523</ref><ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_the_houses_that_joshua_tetley_filled_1_3458523</ref> At its height, the brewery employed over 1000 workers.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_a_look_back_at_the_tetley_years_1_3452499</ref>

An impartial customer survey in the 1980s concluded that Tetley had achieved an almost irrational level of customer support, particularly in West Yorkshire, in part because of traditional loyalty, partly because of highly effective television campaigns such as the Tetley Bittermen, and also because of a consistently high quality product.<ref name="Ward p 40">John Smith and his Tadcaster brewery, Ward & Tattersall-Walker, p 40</ref>

By 1996, sales of Tetley Bitter were overtaken by sales of [[John Smith's]], and the product has retained the number two position ever since.<ref>John Smith and his Tadcaster brewery, Ward & Tattersall-Walker, p 42</ref> This is largely attributed to Tetley's ineffective marketing campaigns.<ref name="Ward p 40"/>

In 1998 Tetley's was taken over by [[Carlsberg Group|Carlsberg]], who had previously held a 50 per cent stake in the business. In 2004 Tetley was dropped from the Carlsberg-Tetley name.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_tetley_s_the_brewery_that_served_its_community_1_3454505</ref>

In 2006, Tetley's sold 185 million pints of beer in pubs. This would fill 42 Olympic-sized swimming pools.<ref name="dontdothingsbyhalf.com"/> In the same year, the brewery's famous [[dray horse]]s were retired.<ref>http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/leeds_tetley_s_the_brewery_that_served_its_community_1_3454505</ref> They had made deliveries to pubs around Leeds.

In December 2010 production of Tetley's cask products was transferred to Banks's brewery in [[Wolverhampton]]. Tetley Smoothflow will be brewed by Coors in [[Tadcaster]] and Tetley keg Dark Mild, Mild and Imperial will be brewed by Cameron's of Hartlepool.<ref>http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/at-a-glance/main-section/sadness_as_historic_city_brewery_to_close_doors_after_190_years_1_3425947</ref> The final brew took place on 24 May 2011, Lager production was transferred to [[Northampton]]. Leeds will retain a Tetley's distribution centre at [[Tingley]].{{update after|2011|12|31}}

The company is now called Carlsberg UK Limited and is a part of Carlsberg AS group.

== Brewery ==
{{Main|Tetley's brewery}}
[[File:Tetleys Brewery, Leeds.JPG|thumb|left|The Tetley's brewery in Leeds]]

The original brewery was opened on the current site in 1822.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} Parts of the original buildings still stand and extensions have been built as late as 2006.

The brewery is situated on the south banks of the [[River Aire]] near Crown Point, [[Hunslet]] and [[Clarence Dock (Leeds)|Clarence Dock]]. The adjacent Yorkshire Chemical works has recently been demolished and much of the former land is used by the brewery for storage. The Brewery opened a museum on 19 March 1994.<ref>[http://www.leodis.net/display.aspx?resourceIdentifier=2002126_40897769 Leodis.net]</ref><ref>[http://www.leodis.net/display.aspx?resourceIdentifier=10369&DISPLAY=FULL Leodis.net]</ref> The attraction proved popular; however, redevelopment of the land surrounding the brewery led to the attraction's closure on 7 April 2000. The building is now bars and restaurants.<ref>[http://www.leodis.net/display.aspx?resourceIdentifier=2007814_164474 Leodis.net]</ref> The closure of the brewery by Carlsberg was announced on 5 November 2008, with the brewery expected to be shut by 2011. Carlsberg will try to redeploy staff throughout the group. Production of Tetley beer will be moved to [[Northampton]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_yorkshire/7710244.stm | work=BBC News | title=City's historic brewery to close | date=5 November 2008 | accessdate=25 May 2010}}</ref>

The brewery produces around 200 million pints of Tetley's every year.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} In addition to this brewery there is a distribution centre in nearby [[Tingley]]. There are no plans to close this depot.

Since the closure of the Yorkshire Chemical Works adjacent to the brewery, some of the land has been used for storage by Tetley's. It has been speculated{{By whom|date=October 2009}} whether the two sites will be redeveloped together.

The Brewery currently stands on the largest site it has ever stood on, after over 180 years of expansion. In 1906 the brewery stood on a fraction of its current site between Brook Street, Hunslet Road (this part now being known as Hunslet Lane), Crown Point Road and Waterloo Street. Many smaller streets in the vicinity have since disappeared under the ever extending brewery.<ref>ISBN 0-85054-250-2</ref>

Several MPs in [[Leeds]]{{Who|date=October 2009}} have called for a demerger between Tetley's and [[Carlsberg Group|Carlsberg]] or a management buyout to save the brewery from closure.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} It has been suggested{{By whom|date=October 2009}} that the brewery could be leased to independent brewers, should it become unused. The ''[[Yorkshire Evening Post]]'' estimated a value of £4–£5 million per acre for the site.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

== Public houses ==
Tetleys ran many public houses across the UK with a high concentration in Yorkshire. Due to competition laws the pubs have since been sold although some still display the Tetley's logo. Spirit Group and Festival Ales run many former Tetley's pubs.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s Tetley's invested in many new estate pubs in Leeds such as The Londoner in [[Little London, Leeds|Little London]], The Dalesman in [[Moor Grange]] and the Eyrie in [[Holt Park]]. Towns such as [[Garforth]] and [[Wetherby]] show a cross over between pubs traditionally run by [[Leeds]] based Tetley's and [[Tadcaster]] based [[John Smith's]], being as the towns are approximately equidistant between the two breweries.

==Product range==
[[File:Tetley's export sales map.jpg|thumb|left|Tetley's global distribution]]
The Leeds brewery produced a wide range of products, including [[cask ale]], keg ale, keg lager, bottled lager and canned ([[widget (beer)|widget]]) ale and lager. The main products were Tetley's Cask, Tetley's Smoothflow and Tetley's Mild.

Although Tetley's primarily sell their products within the [[United Kingdom]], the brand has a healthy export markets. Many export markets grew in countries such as [[Spain]], [[Australia]] and [[Thailand]] with high levels of British tourists and expatriates. The brand enjoys a strong export market in the [[US]] as 'Tetley's English Ale'.<ref>[http://beeradvocate.com/beer/profile/8535/706/?ba=bros Beeradvocate.com]</ref><ref>[http://www99.epinions.com/content_1812373636 99.epinions.com]</ref>

===Tetley's===
[[Image:Tetley's tins.jpg|thumb|right|Tetley's Original (left), Smoothflow (right).]]
[[File:"A Double Diamond works wonders" - geograph.org.uk - 826290.jpg|thumb|right|220px|"A '''Double Diamond''' works wonders"]]

'''Cask''' - Tetley's hand pulled ale served in most Tetley's pubs. This beverage is served at cellar temperature. This is perhaps considered to be Tetley's core product, although the popularity of Smoothflow in recent years may challenge this. A.B.V 3.8%

'''Smoothflow''' - Tetley's keg ale served in most Tetley's pubs, as well as many sports grounds and nightclubs. This beverage is chilled to 8 degrees Celsius.<ref>http://www.thedrinkshop.com/products/nlpdetail.php?prodid=882</ref> Export versions of Tetley's are usually a variation of Smoothflow. A.B.V 3.6%

'''Mild''' - One of the brands of mild still widely available, not all Tetley's pubs will serve this and it is generally reserved for sale in more specialist bars. A.B.V 3.3% Carlesberg brew the Tetley's Mild in both light and dark forms although the dark mild is to be discontinued.

'''Imperial''' - Originally created for the [[Teesside]] market, and at one point was advertised as "Teeside's favourite pint". It was launched nationally as a premium 4.3% cask ale in 2002. It used three separate yeasts and had eight months of development, but the variant has since been withdrawn.<ref>Mason, T 2002, 'Tetley's targets youth with Extra Cold', Marketing (00253650), p. 3, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 April 2011.</ref> It continues as a pasteurised ale in kegs.

About 24,000 [[hectolitres]] of Tetley's Milds and Imperial were sold in 2010.<ref>Alcoholic Drinks: Euromonitor from trade sources/national statistics</ref>

===Double Diamond===
'''Double Diamond Burton Ale''' was a brand of British [[ale]] brewed from 1876 to 2003. During the 1970s it was advertised heavily by Ind Coope, especially on TV, with the jingle: "A Double Diamond works wonders, works wonders, works wonders. A Double Diamond works wonders, so drink some today!" Carlsberg UK discontinued general sales of the brand in April 2003, though a small amount continued to be sold in bottles for some months.<ref>[http://www.thegrocer.co.uk/articles.aspx?page=articles&ID=84624 Thegrocer.co.uk]</ref> Carlsberg UK still sells a Burton Ale seasonally in its Draught Cask series but under the Ind Coope brand, not as Double Diamond.

===Skol===
[[Skol]] is a brand of British [[lager]] brewed by Tetley's. The lager is no longer sold from tap, however is still available from a can. The lager is relatively weak at 3.0%[[ABV]] and is one of the cheapest branded lagers. The product is usually sold in crates of 24x440 ml can.

==Marketing==
In 2000 Tetley's dropped its traditional huntsman logo, due to growing [[animal rights|anti-hunt]] feelings in the UK. In March 2010 the huntsman was used again for the first time in Tetley's advertising in ten years.

In 2006 Tetley's changed its slogan from 'Smoothly Does It' to its current slogan of 'Don't Do Things By Halves', and launched a £5 million television advertising campaign.<ref>[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-5346781/Tetley-s-TV-ads-show.html Goliath.ecnext.com]</ref>

=== Sponsorship ===
Tetley's along with John Player became [[rugby league football]]'s first ever sponsors for the 1971-72 season.<ref>{{cite news
| last =Baker
| first =Andrew
| title =100 years of rugby league: From the great divide to the Super era
| newspaper = [[The Independent|Independent, The]]
| publisher =independent.co.uk
| date =1995-08-20
| url =http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/100-years-of-rugby-league-from-the-great-divide-to-the-super-era-1597130.html
| accessdate =2009-09-25
| location=London}}</ref> For many years Tetley sponsored [[Leeds Rhinos|Leeds RLFC]], they then sponsored their successor [[Leeds Rhinos]] from their formation until 2005. Tetley's also sponsored the [[Rugby League]] [[Super League]] from [[Super League V|2000]] until [[Super League IX|2004]]. Tetley's remain a major sponsor at Leeds Rhinos and are the official beer of most Super League clubs. Tetley's also sponsor the stadium of [[Dewsbury Rams]] which under a sponsorship deal is known as the [[Crown Flatt|Tetley's Stadium]]. Tetley's is lesser noted for its involvement in [[Rugby Union]], and as such has a contract with [[England RUFC|England]] Rugby Player [[Martin Johnson (rugby union)|Martin Johnson]].

===Television advertising===
Following a break for a number of years from television advertising, Tetley returned to the screens in October 2010 as part of an 18 month sponsorship deal with [[ITV4]].<ref>[http://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/news.ma/article/89437 Morningstaradvertiser.co.uk]</ref> This forms a part of the £5 million that Carlsberg intend to invest into the brand over the coming years.

===Other forms of advertising===
[[File:Tetley's billboards with the resurrected huntsman icon on Dewsbury Road, Leeds (April 2010) 002.jpg|thumb|right|A Tetley's billboard on Dewsbury Road in Leeds in April 2010 after the [[huntsman]] icon returned.]]
Tetley's make use of [[billboards]] for a lot of their advertising, particularly across Leeds. Hoardings at the side of sports pitches are used, and such have often been rented at [[Elland Road]] and the [[Headingley Stadium|Headingley Carnegie Stadium]] (both on the [[Leeds Rhinos]] side and the [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club]] side. Tetley's also advertise in the matchday programmes of [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]], [[Leeds Rhinos]], [[Leeds Carnegie]] and [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club]]. It is unclear whether this will continue, should the brand relocate to Northampton.

==Closure==
On 5 November 2008, Carlsberg UK announced they intended to close the plant in 2011, moving production to [[Northampton]], owing to the falling demand for beer and lager products in the UK. The move was first reported on [[BBC Radio Leeds]]. The company was criticised{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} for choosing to announce the closure the day after [[Barack Obama]] was elected [[US president]] to ensure the news would not get any significant coverage in the British national press, leaving only [[Look North]] the ''[[Yorkshire Evening Post]]'', [[Calendar (News)|Calendar]] and [[BBC Radio Leeds]] to cover it locally.

==See also==
*[[Carlsberg Group]]
*[[Economy of Leeds]]
*[[List of companies based in Leeds]]
*[[Yorkshire cuisine]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Commons category|Tetley's Bitter}}
{{Commons category|Tetley's brewery}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.carlsberggroup.com/brands/Pages/Tetley'sSmoothflow.aspx Official Tetley's Smoothflow page]
*[http://www.carlsberggroup.com/brands/Pages/TetleysOriginal.aspx Official Tetley's Original page]
* http://www.l33ds.com/wiki/index.php/Tetley%27s_Brewery

[[Category:Beer and breweries in England]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1822]]
[[Category:Yorkshire cuisine]]

[[no:Tetley]]

Holy Trinity Brompton

2011-09-30T04:17:04Z

Notreallydavid:

{{Infobox church
| name = Holy Trinity, Brompton
| fullname =
| color =
| image = Holy Trinity Brompton-2.jpg
| imagesize = Holy Trinity Brompton with St Paul's, Onslow Square
| caption =
| landscape =
| denomination = [[Church of England]]
| diocese = [[Diocese of London|London]]
| episcopalarea = Kensington ([[Bishop of Kensington]])
| archdeaconry = Middlesex
| deanery = Chelsea
| parish =
| division =
| subdivision =
| founded_date =
| founder =
| architect = [[Thomas Leverton Donaldson]]
| style = [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]]
| constructed_date = 1826-1829
| dedicated_date = 1829
| closed_date =
| demolished_date =
| bishop =
| priest =
| archdeacon =
| dean =
| provost =
| rector =
| canon =
| prebendary =
| curate =
| chaplain =
| vicar = [[Nicky Gumbel]], with Nicky Lee and Miles Toulmin as associate vicars
| deacon =
| abbot =
| minister =
| seniorpastor =
| pastor =
| address = [[Brompton, London]]
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| phone =
| website =
}}

'''Holy Trinity Brompton with St Paul's, Onslow Square''' ("'''HTB'''") is an [[Anglican]] [[church (building)|church]] in [[Brompton, London]], [[United Kingdom]]. The church consists of three church buildings, '''HTB Brompton Road''', '''HTB Onslow Square''' and '''HTB Queen's Gate,''' as well as being the home for [[Worship Central]], [[St Paul's Theological Centre]] and [[Alpha Course|The Alpha course]]. It is where the Alpha course was first developed and is one of the most influential churches in the [[Church of England]].

The church buildings accommodate Alpha, other courses, conferences and meetings during the week and ten services each Sunday. With total Sunday service attendance at around 4,000 people and the Alpha course attracting several hundred guests during the week, HTB oversees a diverse range of activities. HTB's vision statement is the "evangelisation of the nations and the transformation of society".

HTB's aim is for an Alpha course to be accessible to anyone who would like to attend the course, and in this way HTB seeks to spread the teachings of [[Christianity]].

[[Nicky Gumbel]], the pioneer of the [[Alpha course]], took over as [[Vicar]] from [[Sandy Millar]] in July 2005. Nicky Lee was appointed Associate Vicar in July 2007. He had been a curate at HTB for 22 years previously.

==History==
[[Image:Holy Trinity, Brompton.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Entrance driveway]]
Prior to the construction of Holy Trinity Brompton, the present site was a part of the large [[parish]] of [[Kensington]] which was served only by the nearby [[St Mary Abbots]] church. In the early 1820s the area was in the midst of a substantial population increase so a decision was taken to purchase land and construct a new church.

The church was a [[Commissioners' church]], receiving a grant from the Church Building Commission towards its cost. The full cost of the church was £10,407 (£{{Formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|10407|1827|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|r=-4}}}} as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}),{{Inflation-fn|UK}} towards which the Commission paid £7,407. The architect was [[Thomas Leverton Donaldson]].<ref>{{Citation | last = Port| first = M. H.| author-link = | publication-date = | date = | year = 2006| title = 600 New Churches: The Church Building Commission 1818-1856 | edition = 2nd| volume = | series = | publication-place = Reading| place = | publisher = Spire Books| pages = | page = 327| id = | isbn = 978-1-904965-08-4| doi = | oclc = | url = | accessdate =}}</ref> Holy Trinity is a Grade II [[listed building]].
<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=203548 |title=Images of England: Church of the Holy Trinity, Brompton Road|publisher=[[English Heritage]] | accessdate= 9 May 2010}}</ref>

After three years of construction the Holy Trinity Brompton church was consecrated on 6 June 1829.
The same building stands today, although having been considerably modified. At some point a portion of HTB's land was sold to the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in order for them to build the [[Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary|London Oratory]]. This created a long driveway from Brompton road at the end of which HTB manages to gain relative tranquillity.

The most recent major modification was during the 1980s when the crypt was rebuilt to provide meeting rooms and the space for the bookshop. Also during this time the pews were removed and replaced with chairs to allow greater flexibility in seating arrangements, which became imperative as Alpha grew.

The substantial growth of the Alpha course in the last 18 years has seen this course become the main focus of HTB, with its recent history reflecting this.

The St Paul's church in [[Onslow Square]] was opened in 1860.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.htb.org.uk/history |publisher=Holy Trinity Brompton |title=Holy Trinity Brompton History |date=2009-12-24}}</ref> In the late 1970s, the parish of Holy Trinity Brompton merged with the neighbouring parish of St Paul's [[Onslow Square]]. St Paul's was declared [[Redundant church|redundant]]. An attempt by the diocese to sell the building for private redevelopment was thwarted in the early 1980s when local residents joined with churchgoers to save the church. In the late 1980s, the Parochial Church Council requested that the redundancy be overturned which allowed curate Nicky Lee and his wife Sila to ''plant'' a congregation there as well as undertake some building structural maintenance work.{{citation needed|date=July 2010}} At its peak in the 1990s, this congregation had grown to several hundred.{{citation needed|date=July 2010}}

In 1997, the congregation at St Paul's divided into three, with some going with curate Stuart Lees to plant a church in Fulham; others returning to Holy Trinity with Nicky and Sila Lee; and others forming the St Paul's Anglican Fellowship and remaining based at St Paul's with John Peters. This last group left in 2002 to plant into [[St Mary's, Bryanston Square]].

During 2007, after plans by HTB to rebuild the 1960s offices were withdrawn following difficulty in getting support from local residents, HTB decided to undertake some renovations and to resume services in the church. St Paul's launched 9 AM and 6 PM services in September 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.htb.org.uk/news/sunday-worship-resumes-st-pauls|publisher=Holy Trinity Brompton |title=Sunday worship resumes at St. Paul's |date=2007-07-12}}</ref> and followed with an 11AM service on January 20, 2008<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.htb.org.uk/news/st-pauls-gets-ready-11am-service|publisher=Holy Trinity Brompton |title=St Paul's gets ready for 11am service |date=2008-01-18}}</ref> and a 4PM service on September 28, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.htb.org.uk/media/htb-news/2009-09|publisher=Holy Trinity Brompton |title=4pm service launched at St Pauls |date=2009-12-24}}</ref> In December 2009 the upstairs balcony was recommissioned for worship, having previously been used for administrative offices (the office occupants having moved to HTB's nearby office building purchased in 2008{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}).

Services at St Augustine's, Queen's Gate began to be administered from Holy Trinity Brompton following an invitation by the Bishop of Kensington in 2010 where Nicky Gumbel was made Priest-in-charge.

==Alpha and HTB==

The Alpha course was founded by [[clergy]] at HTB who over a period of twenty years kept adapting the programme in accordance with feedback until in the early 1990s the Alpha course started gaining worldwide attention. As Alpha grew it became the main focus for HTB as it sought to support Alpha's spread and growth.
Today this involves the production of advertising material and course material such as videos, books and tapes for each Alpha session and leader training material. Alpha is now run as a separate enterprise with separate fundraising and accounting but it remains closely tied to HTB, with most of Alpha's staff being accommodated in HTB's offices. The clergy of HTB also share Alpha duties such as overseeing Alpha conferences and training events in the UK and overseas.

Since the mid-1990s the Alpha course programme has remained largely unchanged allowing the energy of the church to develop other initiatives which fit with the Alpha course such as creating courses on marriage preparation, parenting teenagers, bereavement and recovering from divorce as well as publishing new books.

HTB itself runs Alpha courses three times a year and with these attracting 300-400 guests during each course they require all of the available space in the church buildings.

==Pastoral care==

In order to address the problem of how to give pastoral care to such a large congregation as well as provide a means for new people to become a part of the church, HTB uses the ''Pastorate'' model.
Pastorates consist of 20-50 people who, through meeting at least once a fortnight, can form strong friendships and support each other in care as well as developing individual gifts and ministries.

HTB has quite a transient congregation caused in part by its location in London, a city which itself has quite a transient population, that HTB attracts a large student population often only resident in London during their studies, and that the Alpha course brings in a number of people who are either visiting the home of Alpha or have completed the course and then quickly move on to other churches or [[Religious ministry|ministries]]. In order to reach out to this substantial number of visitors, HTB is somewhat extroverted in welcoming newcomers and providing various means for them to get involved.

==Services==

HTB conducts ten services each Sunday. The family services include items aimed at children and child participation. The formal services have a more traditional [[Church of England]] [[Liturgy]] and a regular choir. The informal services centre on a longer period of [[contemporary worship]], a longer talk, and close in a reflective prayer section that is left to run beyond the end of the service.

St Paul's church extends its informal nature to the seating arrangements, most of the congregation sit on carpet while some couches, cushions and bean bags are also provided. Some services reuse the same talk and song list from a service earlier in the day.

==Other activities==

Another important activity of HTB is its yearly church camp, named ''Focus''. This takes place over a week at a seaside campsite where typically 3,000 people attend and involve themselves in the many seminars, workshops and recreational activities. The size also attracts some prominent speakers to speak on issues affecting the church and society. Regular such speakers include [[Mike Pilavachi]] from [[Soul Survivor (charity)|Soul Survivor]], the [[Bishop of London]] [[Richard Chartres]], Frog and [[Amy Orr-Ewing]] and [[Pete Greig]].

Since 1985, HTB has been actively involved in a process called [[Church planting]] whereby struggling churches in London are boosted by scores - sometimes hundreds - of people committing to move from HTB to the identified church for at least a year. This also involves at least one member of HTB's clergy similarly moving to the new church to help lead worship, form Pastorates and run local Alpha courses. Over the years nine churches have been planted in this way, including [[St Gabriels, Cricklewood]], with some of these churches going on to make Church Plants of their own. The most recent such plant was to Holy Trinity Swiss Cottage in October 2006.

HTB also has thriving children's and youth ministries. Other notable activities HTB undertakes are services twice a year involving the large HTB choir - at [[Easter]] and [[Christmas]] - and several free classical concerts that utilise the church's pipe organ that was refurbished in 2004 as well as drawing on the talent of the nearby music colleges.

In September 2005 HTB started providing the talks given at the Sunday services as free downloads from its website and through the [[iTunes]] podcast directory. These downloads, which HTB has termed ''HTB Podcasts'', have proved popular and more recently other talks specifically provided for the HTB Podcast community have also been offered, including answers to questions sent in by listeners. Each month the total download count from this catalogue of talks is over 40,000, with some talks making it into the top ten in the ''Religion and Spirituality'' section for iTunes.

HTB is also home to:

* [[Worship Central]], led by worship pastors [[Tim Hughes]] and Al Gordon; and
* [[St Paul's Theological Centre]], led by its Principal [[Graham Tomlin]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Anglicanism}}
*[[List of Commissioners' churches in London]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.htb.org.uk HTB website]
* [http://www.shipoffools.com/mystery/specials/london_05/reports/1045.html Mystery Worshipper Report] at the [[Ship of Fools (website)|Ship of Fools website]]
* [http://www.sflgroup.co.uk/news-item.aspx?id=86 HTB Sound Design - A Story of Excellent Sound]
{{Coord|51.4978|-0.1700|type:landmark_region:GB-KEC|display=title}}

{{London churches}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1829]]
[[Category:19th-century Anglican church buildings]]
[[Category:Anglican congregations established in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1829]]
[[Category:Evangelicalism in the Church of England]]
[[Category:Church of England churches in London]]
[[Category:Churches in Kensington and Chelsea]]
[[Category:Commissioners' churches|Brompton, Holy Trinity]]

[[fr:Holy Trinity Brompton]]
[[sv:Holy Trinity Brompton]]

Konversion (Judentum)

2011-01-15T03:27:31Z

Notreallydavid: /* Consequences */

{{JewishOutreach}}
'''Conversion to Judaism''' ({{lang-he|גיור}}, ''giyur'') is a formal act undertaken by a [[gentile|non-Jewish]] person who wishes to be recognised as a full member of the Jewish community. A Jewish [[religious conversion|conversion]] is both a religious act and an expression of association with the Jewish people.<ref>[http://www.jewfaq.org/gentiles.htm Judaism 101: Jewish Attitudes Toward Non-Jews]</ref> A formal conversion is also sometimes undertaken to remove any doubt as to the [[Who is a Jew?|Jewishness]] of a person who wishes to be considered a [[Jews|Jew]].

The procedure for conversion depends on the sponsoring [[Jewish denominations|denomination]], and depends on meeting the ritual and other requirements for a conversion of that denomination. A conversion in accordance with the process of a denomination is not a guarantee of recognition by another denomination.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/beliefs/conversion.shtml BBC – Religion & Ethics – Converting to Judaism]</ref>

It is not necessary for a person to formally convert to Judaism in order to adopt any or all beliefs and practices of Judaism. In Judaism, such people are referred to as righteous gentiles (see, for example the character of [[Job (Bible)|Job]]). There are various groups that have adopted Jewish customs and practices. For example, in [[Russia]] the [[Subbotniks]] have adopted most aspects of Judaism without formal conversion to Judaism.<ref>[http://www.molokane.org/subbotniki/Russia/antifashist.html Russian Saturday!]</ref>

==Terminology==
{{Jews and Judaism sidebar|religion}}
A male convert to Rabbinical Judaism is referred to by the biblical word ''ger'' ({{lang-he|גר}}, plural ''gerim'') and a female convert is a ''giyoret''. The word is related to the term "[[proselyte]]" which is derived from the [[Septuagint]] translation. In [[Karaite]] [[Judaism]] a Ger is a Non-Jew who has yet to fully convert to Judaism. After a Ger converts to Judaism, they are no longer considered a Ger but a full fledged [[Jew]].<ref>[http://www.karaitejudaism.org/talks/Gerim_By_Eliezer_haKohen.pdf]</ref>

The word ''ger'' comes from the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] root word ''gar'' (גר) meaning "to dwell" or "to sojourn [with]". In the [[Hebrew Bible]] "ger" is defined as "stranger" or "sojourner."<ref>[http://bibleencyclopedia.com/stranger.htm Bible Encyclopedia: Stranger]</ref> Marc Angel writes:

:"The Hebrew ''ger'' (in post-Biblical times translated as "proselyte") literally means "stranger" and refers to a non-Israelite who lived among the [[Israelite]] community. When the [[Torah]] commands compassion and equal justice for the ''ger'', it is referring to these "strangers." But Rabbinic tradition interpreted the word ''ger'' as also referring to proselytes..."<ref>Marc D. Angel (2005). "Choosing to Be Jewish, K'Tav Publishing.</ref>

Angel's explanation of the literal meaning of "''ger''" as alien is borne out in [[bible|biblical]] verses such as {{bibleverse||Lev|19:34|HE}}:

:As a citizen among you shall be the ''ger'' (the stranger) who lives among you, and you shall love him as yourself, for you were ''gerim'' in the land of Egypt—I am the Lord your God.

As Jews were not converts in Egypt, but rather strangers, the verse is an indication that the meaning of ''ger'' is "stranger". There is no place in the Hebrew Bible where the term "''ger''" is clearly used to refer to a convert to Judaism. The closest thing in the Hebrew Bible to a conversion process is the [[Circumcision in the Bible|circumcision]] undergone by the male stranger ("''ger''") before eating the Passover offering ({{bibleverse||Exodus|12:48|HE}}). Another passage which may be relevant to a process of conversion involves non-Jewish women captured in war who could be adopted forcibly as wives ({{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|21:10–14|HE}}).

In the [[Talmud]], "''ger''" is used in two senses: ''ger tzedek'' refers to a "righteous convert", a proselyte to Judaism, and ''[[ger toshav]]'', a non-Jewish inhabitant of the Land of Israel who observes the [[Seven Laws of Noah]] and has repudiated all links with [[idolatry]].<ref>[http://www.7for70.com/ Ger Toshav – A Look at the Sources for Contemporary Application:A Proposal for Intermarried and other Allies in our Midst]</ref> Today, ''ger'' refers to a convert to Judaism.<ref>[http://judaism.about.com/cs/conversion/f/ger.htm Converts – Conversion to Judaism]</ref>

==Overview==
With the notable exception of some [[Syrian Jewish]] communities,<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/14/magazine/14syrians-t.html?_r=4&ref=magazine&oref=slogin&oref=slogin The New York Times article]</ref> all mainstream forms of Judaism today are open to sincere converts,<ref>[http://www.myjewishlearning.com/ideas_belief/Jews_NonJews/NJ_Attitudes_TO/NJ_Proselytes.htm My Jewish Learning: Jewish Attitudes Toward Proselytes]</ref> with all denominations accepting converts converted by their denominations. The rules vary between denominations.

For [[Rabbinic Judaism]], the laws of ''gerut'' are based on codes of law and texts, including discussions in the [[Talmud]], through the [[Shulkhan Arukh]]
and subsequent interpretations. These rules are held as authoritative by [[Orthodox Judaism]] and [[Conservative Judaism]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} Jewish law is generally interpreted as discouraging [[proselytism|proselytizing]], and religious ''gerut'' is also discouraged. In the past, Rabbis often rejected potential converts three times, and if they remained adamant in their desire to convert, they would then allow them to begin the process.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> This practice has been justified on several grounds, including:
* The laws Jews require of themselves are more stringent than they consider to be required of other nations; a person who would be considered derelict of religious duties under Jewish law could easily be, without change in action, an exceedingly righteous gentile.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}
* Jews have suffered regular and often severe persecution throughout the ages; a proselyte is exposing himself to potentially mortal danger.
* In the book of Ruth, Naomi tried to get Ruth to go back to her own people 3 times before Ruth became a part of the Hebrew people.

However, a rabbi convinced of the prospective convert's sincerity may allow him or her to follow the process of conversion. This requires the person to appear before an established three-[[Dayan|judge]] Jewish religious court known as a ''[[beth din]]'' ("religious court") to be tested and formally accepted. A person who formally [[Ger tzedek|converts]] to Judaism under the auspices of a halakhically constituted and recognized ''beth din'' consisting preferably of three learned [[rabbi]]s acting as ''[[dayan]]im'' ("judges"), but also possibly two learned and respected lay members of the community along with a rabbi, is issued with a ''Shtar geirut'' ("Certificate of Conversion").<ref>[http://www.arthistoryclub.com/art_history/Who_Is_A_Jew%3F Who is a Jew? – Art History Online Reference and Guide]</ref>

[[Conservative Judaism]] takes a more lenient approach in application of the ''halakhic'' rules than [[Modern Orthodox Judaism]]. Its approach to the validity of conversions is based on whether the conversion procedure followed rabbinic norms, rather than the reliability of those performing it or the nature of the obligations the convert undertook.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} Accordingly, it may accept the validity of some [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] and [[Reconstructionist Judaism|Reconstructionist]] conversions, but only if they include immersion in a ritual bath ([[mikvah]]), appearance before a rabbinical court ([[beit din]]) and, for men, circumcision (''brit milah'') or a symbolic circumcision for those already circumcised (''hatafat dam brit'').{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}

The requirements of [[Reform Judaism]] for conversions are different. The denomination states that "people considering conversion are expected to study Jewish theology, rituals, history, culture and customs, and to begin incorporating Jewish practices into their lives. The length and format of the course of study will vary from rabbi to rabbi and community to community, though most now require a course in basic Judaism and individual study with a rabbi, as well as attendance at services and participation in home practice and synagogue life."

Although an infant conversion might be accepted in some circumstances (such as in the case of adopted children or children whose parents convert), children who convert would typically be asked if they want to remain Jewish after reaching religious adulthood – which is 12 years of age for a girl and 13 for a boy. This standard is applied by Orthodox and Conservative Judaism, which accept halakha as binding.<ref>Robinson, George. Essential Judaism: A Complete Guide to Beliefs, Customs and Rituals. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000. ISBN 0-671-03480-4, pgs 229–232.</ref><ref>[http://www.shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/02-03.html What is Conservative Judaism?]</ref>

[[Karaite Judaism]] does not accept Rabbinic Judaism and has different requirements for conversion. Traditionally non-proselytizing, Karaite Judaism's long standing abstention from conversions was recently lifted. On 1 August 2007, the Karaites reportedly converted their first new members in 500 years. At a ceremony in their Northern California synagogue, ten adults and four minors swore fealty to Judaism after completing a year of study. This conversion comes 15 years after the Karaite Council of Sages reversed its centuries-old ban on accepting converts.<ref>[http://www.jta.org/cgi-bin/iowa/breaking/103393.html Karaites hold first conversion in 500 years]. 2 August 2007, JTA Breaking News.</ref>

==Requirements==
The [[Amora|Amora'im]] who produced the [[Talmud]] set out three requirements for a [[religious conversion|conversion]] to Judaism ([[Keritot]] 8b), which must be witnessed and affirmed by a ''[[beth din]]'':{{Or|date=September 2009}}
* [[Circumcision in the Bible|Circumcision]] (''[[Brit milah]]'' or ''[[hatafat dam brit]]'') for men<ref name="autogenerated1" />
* Immersion (''[[tevilah]]'') in a ritual bath (''[[mikveh]]'') for both men and women<ref name="autogenerated1" />
* Offering a certain sacrifice ([[korban]]) in the Temple (the [[Beit Hamikdash]]) – this requirement is deferred while the Temple does not exist until such time as it may be rebuilt.

The consensus of ''halakhic'' authorities also requires a convert to understand and accept the duties of the ''[[halakha]]'', classical Jewish religious law. This is not stated explicitly in the Talmud, but was inferred by subsequent [[Rishonim|commentators]].<ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Conversion.html Conversion]</ref>

After confirming that all these requirements have been met, the ''beth din'' issues a "Certificate of Conversion" (''Shtar Giur''), certifying that the person is now a Jew.

==Early debate on requirement for circumcision==
In the 1st century [[Common Era|CE]], before the [[Mishnah]] was edited and the ''halakah'' (Jewish law) settled, the requirement for circumcision of [[proselytes]] was an open issue between the [[zealot]]s and liberal parties in ancient Israel.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

[[Joshua ben Hananiah|R. Joshua]] argued that besides accepting Jewish beliefs and laws, a prospective convert to Judaism must undergo immersion in a [[mikvah|mikveh]]. In contrast, [[R. Eliezer]] makes circumcision a condition for the conversion. A similar controversy between the [[Shammai]]tes and the [[Hillel the Elder|Hillelites]] is given (Shabbat 137a) regarding a proselyte [[Aposthia|born without a foreskin]]: the former demanding the spilling of a drop of blood of the covenant; the latter declaring it to be unnecessary.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

The rigorous view is echoed in the [[Midrash]]: "If thy sons accept My Godhead [by undergoing circumcision] I shall be their God and bring them into the land; but if they do not observe My covenant in regard either to circumcision or to the [[Shabbat|Sabbath]], they shall not enter the [[Promised Land|land of promise]]" (Midrash Genesis Rabbah xlvi.). "The [[Godfearers|Sabbath-keepers who are not circumcised]] are intruders, and deserve punishment," (Midrash Deut. Rabbah i.)

[[Flavius Josephus]] in [[Jewish Antiquities]],<ref>[http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/josephus/ant-20.htm book 20]{{Dead link|date=September 2009}}</ref> chapter 2 recorded the story of [[Izates bar Monobaz|King Izates]] of [[Adiabene]] who decided to follow the [[613 Mitzvot|Law of Moses]] at the advice of a Jewish merchant named Ananias. He was going to get circumcised, but his mother, Helen, who herself embraced the Jewish customs, advised against it on the grounds that the subjects would not stand to be ruled by someone who followed such "strange and foreign rites". Ananias likewise advised against it, on the grounds that worship of God was superior to circumcision ([[Robert Eisenman]] in ''James the Brother of Jesus'' claims that Ananias is [[Paul of Tarsus]] who held similar views) and that God would forgive him for fear of his subjects. So Izates decided against it. However, later, "a certain other Jew that came out of Galilee, whose name was Eleazar", who was well versed in the Law, convinced him that he should, on the grounds that it was one thing to read the Law and another thing to practice it, and so he did. Once Helen and Ananias found out, they were struck by great fear of the possible consequences, but as Josephus put it, God looked after Izates. As his reign was peaceful and blessed, Helen visited the Jerusalem Temple to thank God, and since there was a terrible famine at the time, she brought lots of food and aid to the people of Jerusalem.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

==Modern practice==
The requirements for conversions vary somewhat within the different branches of Judaism, so whether or not a conversion is recognized by another denomination is often an issue wrought with religious politics. The Orthodox rejection of non-Orthodox conversions is derived less from qualms with the conversion process itself, since Conservative and even some Reform conversions are ostensibly very similar to Orthodox conversions with respect to duration and content, but rather the belief that a non-Orthodox Rabbi is not qualified to oversee and perform a conversion.{{Or|September 2009|date=September 2009}}

In general, immersion in the mikveh is an important part of conversion. If the person who is converting is male, [[circumcision]] is a part of the conversion process as well. If the male who is converting has already been medically circumcised, then a ritual removal of a single drop of blood will take place.<ref>[http://www.convert.org/Conversion_Process.html concert.org: THE CONVERSION PROCESS ]</ref>

==Maturity==
Someone who was converted to Judaism as a child has an option of rejecting this after reaching the age of maturity, which in Judaism is age twelve for girls or thirteen for boys.<ref>[http://www.convert.org/Converting_Infants.html Conversion to Judaism Resource Center]</ref>

==Reform Jewish views==
In the [[United States of America]], [[Reform Judaism]] rejects the concept that any rules or rituals should be considered necessary for conversion to Judaism. In the late 19th century, the [[Central Conference of American Rabbis]], the official body of American Reform rabbis, formally resolved to permit the admission of converts "without any initiatory rite, ceremony, or observance whatever." (CCAR Yearbook 3 (1893), 73–95; ''American Reform Responsa'' (ARR), no. 68, at 236–237.)

Although this resolution has often been examined critically by many Reform rabbis, the resolution still remains the official policy of American Reform Judaism (CCAR Responsa "Circumcision for an Eight-Year-Old Convert" 5756.13 and [[Solomon Freehof]], ''Reform Responsa for Our Time'', no. 15.) Thus, American Reform Judaism does not require ritual immersion in a mikveh, circumcision, or acceptance of mitzvot as normative. Appearance before a Bet Din is recommended, but is not considered necessary. Converts are asked to commit to religious standards set by the local Reform community.<ref>[http://urj.org/life/conversion/qa/#q8 Q & A – Urj]</ref>

==Interdenominational views==
In response to the tremendous variations that exist within the Reform community, the Conservative Jewish movement attempted to set a nuanced approach. The Conservative [[Committee on Jewish Law and Standards]] has issued a [[responsum|legal opinion]] stating that Reform conversions may be accepted as valid only when they include the minimal Conservative halachic requirements of milah and t'vilah, appearance before a Conservative Bet Din, and a course of Conservative study. (''Proceedings of Committee on Jewish Law and Standards: 1980–1985'', pp. 77–101.)

In general, branches of Orthodox Judaism consider non-Orthodox conversions either inadequate or of questionable halachic compliance, and such conversions are therefore not accepted by these branches of Judaism. Conversely, both Conservative and Reform Judaism accept the stringent Orthodox conversion process as being valid. Since 2008, Haredi Orthodox religious courts in Israel have been rejecting conversions from other Orthodox rabbis, in addition to Reform and Conservative conversions, as not being stringent enough.<ref>http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3538630,00.html</ref>

==Intra-Orthodox views==
{{Original research|section|date=September 2009}}
Orthodox Jewish groups are not unified, and different orthodox communities may hold themselves as more strictly correct in observance than others, or consider others' religious observances of inadequate strictness and validity.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> As such, Orthodox rabbis often will not automatically accept each other's authority, which has led to a some reluctance in certain Orthodox communities to prepare and perform conversions.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> [[Haredi Judaism]] advocates an ultrastrict conversion and observation of traditional Jewish law.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

One of the groups promoting change is the ''Vaad HaRabbonim Haolami LeInyonei Giyur''. They hold that Orthodoxy hasn't had a unified standard of conversion, and that many Orthodox conversions done in the last century are suspect. They criticise as being too lax the Chief Rabbinate of Israel; the Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom, [[Jonathan Sacks]], and a number of other Orthodox rabbis.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} Many critiques are aimed at Modern Orthodox Jews, who they label as "so-called Orthodox".{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} Orthodox rabbis who cooperate in any way with non-Orthodox Jews are labeled as "orthodox", in quotes with a lower case "o", while Haredi rabbis are called ''Orthodox rabbis'', with no quotes and no lower case letters. (Eisenstein, ''About Cooperation with Conservative, Reform—and So-called Orthodox'')

Since 2005, Israeli Chief Rabbi [[Shlomo Amar]] has been in talks with the [[Rabbinical Council of America]]. They tentatively floated a compromise: the RCA would draft a joint list of qualified ''beth dins'' authorized to perform conversions in the future, and the Chief Rabbinate of Israel would review the list; all conversions accepted by the RCA in the past and for a short period in the future will be accepted. As of May 2007, this agreement has not been accepted by Rabbi Amar. Rabbi Amar has demanded RCA rabbis on American Beit Din be approved by the Israeli rabbinate. Traditionally, Orthodox communal rabbis have refrained from implementing tests on colleagues from other regions. Rabbi Amar's novel requirement to vet RCA rabbis marks an evolution in diaspora and Israeli rabbinate relations. Rabbi Amar has also demanded more Haredi representation on Israel's conversion courts.<ref>[http://www.jewishpress.com/page.do/21513/Conversions,_The_Chief_Rabbis_And_The_RCA.html Conversions, The Chief Rabbis And The RCA,Editorial Board]</ref> Meanwhile, within Israel, the status of converts is becoming more confused. Recently, an Israeli rabbi in Ashdod retroactively annulled an Orthodox conversion performed by another rabbi whom he regards as not complying with the halakha.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

Under Immigrant Absorption Minister Ze'ev Boim's plan, power would be distributed more widely than at present. According to Erez Halfon, director general of the Absorption Ministry, the current system's "rabbinical courts are intimidating converts as well as rabbis by setting unreasonable requirements." The reform proposes unifying institutions that deal with conversion under one administrative umbrella, and doubling the number of rabbinical judges who review conversions.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

Some Sephardic Orthodox rabbis, particularly those of Judeo-Spanish descent, take a more liberal view of conversion than the majority opinion. For instance, the first Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel, [[Benzion Uziel]], held that conversions should be accepted, if not strongly recommended, in the case of an intermarried couple who will continue to live as man and wife regardless of whether the non-Jewish spouse converts. Rabbi Uziel reasoned that it was preferable to convert the non-Jewish partner, regardless of the partner's reasoning for converting, than to permit the Jewish partner to continue transgressing by living with a non-Jew in a spousal relationship. Today, advocates for Rabbi Uziel's opinion include Rabbi [[Marc D. Angel]] of Shearith Israel (the Spanish-Portuguese Synagogue) in New York, but very few if any other Orthodox rabbis.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

In 2008, the Haredi-dominated supreme Rabbinical Court in Israel annulled thousands of conversions performed by their Modern Orthodox [[Religious Zionist]] counterparts in Israel. These converts, ostensibly now unable to marry, be buried in Jewish ceremonies, or have recognized Jewish children, may have to re-convert under [[Haredi]] auspices. This controversial ruling is unprecedented in Jewish history.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3538630,00.html Conversions, The Chief Rabbis And The RCA]</ref>

==Canadian Orthodox program==
There are two orthodox conversion programmes in Montreal. One is made up of a Bet Din (Jewish Court) of congregational member rabbis from the Rabbinical Council of America, Montreal region (RCA). This program provides a way to convert according to the rigorous rules of Halachah while making the process more “user friendly” for non-Jewish individuals seeking a more “hands-on” or “modern Orthodox” approach. The second program is supervised by the Jewish Community Council of Montreal, the ''Vaad Hair''.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

All conversion candidates – who could include singles, non-Jewish couples and adoption cases – must have a sponsoring rabbi and undergo a rigorous screening process. Conversions stemming from both programs are recognized in Israel and around the world.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

==Karaite views==
As of 2006 the Moetzet Hakhamim (Council of Sages) began to accept converts to [[Karaite Judaism]] through the [[Karaite Jewish University|KJU]]. The process requires one year of learning, circumcision (for males), and the taking of the vow that Ruth took.

כִּי אֶל-אֲשֶׁר תֵּלְכִי אֵלֵךְ, וּבַאֲשֶׁר תָּלִינִי אָלִין—עַמֵּךְ עַמִּי, וֵאלֹהַיִךְ אֱלֹהָי.בַּאֲשֶׁר תָּמוּתִי אָמוּת, וְשָׁם אֶקָּבֵר; כֹּה יַעֲשֶׂה יְהוָה לִי, וְכֹה יוֹסִיף—כִּי הַמָּוֶת, יַפְרִיד בֵּינִי וּבֵינֵךְ.

''For where you go, I will go; and where you live, I will live—your people are my people, and your God is my God. Where you die, will I die, and there I will be buried. [[YHWH]] do so to me and more also—if anything but death parts you and me.''

==Attempts to resolve the "Who is a Jew?" issue==
{{Main|Who is a Jew?}}

===1950s: proposed joint beth din===
In the 1950s Rabbi [[Joseph Soloveitchik]] and other members of the [[Rabbinical Council of America]] engaged in a series of private negotiations with the leaders of Conservative Judaism's [[Rabbinical Assembly]], including [[Saul Lieberman]]; their goal was to create a joint Orthodox-Conservative national beth din for all Jews in America. It would create communal standards of marriage and divorce. It was to be modeled after the Israeli Chief Rabbinate, where all the judges would have been Orthodox, while it would have been accepted by the larger Conservative movement as legitimate. Conservative rabbis in the Rabbinical Assembly created a ''Joint Conference on Jewish Law'', devoting a year to this effort.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

For a number of reasons, the project did not succeed. According to Orthodox Rabbi Bernstein, the major reason for its failure was the Orthodox rabbis insisted that the Conservative Rabbinical Assembly expel Conservative rabbis for actions they took before this new beth din was formed, and the RA refused to do so.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bernstein|first=Louis|title=The Emergence of the English Speaking Orthodox Rabbinate|publisher=Yeshiva University|year=1977}}</ref> According to Orthodox Rabbi Emanuel Rackman, former president of the RCA, the major reason for its failure was pressure from [[haredi]] Orthodox rabbis, who held that any cooperation between Orthodoxy and Conservatism was forbidden. In 1956, Rabbi [[Harry Halpern]], of the ''Joint Conference'' wrote a report on the demise of this beth din. He writes that negotiations between the Orthodox and Conservative were completed and agreed upon, but then a new requirement was demanded by the RCA: The RA must "impose severe sanctions" upon Conservative rabbis for actions they took before this new beth din was formed. Halpern writes that the RA "could not assent to rigorously disciplining our members at the behest of an outside group." He goes on to write that although subsequent efforts were made to cooperate with the Orthodox, a letter from eleven Rosh Yeshivas was circulated declaring that Orthodox rabbis are forbidden to cooperate with Conservative rabbis.<ref>Proceedings of the CJLS of the Conservative Movement 1927–1970 Vol. II, p.850-852.</ref>

===1978–1983: Denver program===
In [[Denver]], [[Colorado]], a joint Orthodox, Traditional, Conservative and Reform Bet Din was formed to promote uniform standards for conversion to Judaism. A number of rabbis were Orthodox and had ''semicha'' from Orthodox yeshivas, but were serving in synagogues without a [[mechitza]]; these synagogues were called ''traditional Judaism''. Over a five year period they performed some 750 conversions to Judaism. However, in 1983 the joint Beth Din was dissolved, due to the unilateral American Reform Jewish decision to change the definition of Jewishness.<ref name="Wertheimer, A People Divided">{{Cite book|last=Wertheimer|first=Jack|title=A People Divided: Judaism in Contemporary America|publisher=University Press of New England|year=1997}}</ref>

:The move was precipitated by the resolution on patrilineality adopted that year by the Central Conference of American Rabbis. This decision to redefine Jewish identity, as well as the designation of Denver as a pilot community for a new Reform out reach effort to recruit converts, convinced the Traditional and Conservative rabbis that they could no longer participate in the joint board ...the national decision of the Reform rabbinate placed the Traditional and Conservative rabbis in an untenable position. They could not cooperate in a conversion program with rabbis who held so different a conception of Jewish identity. And furthermore, they could not supervise conversions that would occur with increasing frequency due to a Reform outreach effort that was inconsistent with their own understanding of how to relate to potential proselytes.<ref name="Wertheimer, A People Divided" />

The end of this program was welcomed by Haredi Orthodox groups, who saw the program as illegitimate. Further, Haredi groups attempted to prevent non-Orthodox rabbis from following the traditional requirements of converts using a mikvah. In the Haredi view, it is better to have no conversion at all than a non-Orthodox conversion, as all non-Orthodox conversions are not true conversions at all according to them.<ref>''Fifth Anniversary of the Mikveh of East Denver'', Hillel Goldberg</ref>

===1980s: proposed Israeli joint beth din===
In the 1980s Orthodox Rabbi Norman Lamm, Rosh Yeshiva of [[Yeshiva University]], along with other American and Israeli Orthodox rabbis, worked with Conservative and Reform rabbis to come up with solution to the "Who is a Jew?" issue. In 1989 and 1990 Israeli Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Shamir]] spearheaded an effort to create a solution to the "Who is a Jew?" issue.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

A plan was developed by Israeli Cabinet Secretary [[Elyakim Rubenstein]], who negotiated secretly for many months with rabbis from Conservative, Reform and Orthodox Judaism, including faculty at Yeshiva University, with Lamm as ''Rosh Yeshiva''. They were planning to create a joint panel that interviewed people who were converting to Judaism and considering making ''aliyah'' (moving to the State of Israel), and would refer them to a beth din that would convert the candidate following traditional halakha. All negotiating parties came to agreement:{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}
# Conversions must be carried out according to halakha
# the ''beth din'' (rabbinic court) overseeing the conversion would be Orthodox, perhaps appointed by the Chief Rabbinate of Israel, and
# there would be three-way dialogue throughout the process.

Many Reform rabbis took offense at the notion that the ''beth din'' must be strictly halakhic and Orthodox, but they acquiesced. However, when word about this project became public, a number of leading haredi rabbis issued a statement denouncing the project, condemning it as a "travesty of halakha". Rabbi Moshe Sherer, Chairman of Agudath Israel World Organization, stated that "Yes we played a role in putting an end to that farce, and I'm proud we did." Norman Lamm condemned this interference by Sherer, stating that this was "the most damaging thing that he [Sherer] ever did in his forty year career." <ref name="Landau">{{Cite book|last=Landau|first=David|title=Piety & Power|publisher=Hill & Wang|year=1993|page=320}}</ref>

Rabbi Lamm wanted this to be only the beginning of a solution to Jewish disunity. He stated that had this unified conversion plan not been destroyed, he wanted to extend this program to the area of halakhic Jewish divorces, thus ending the problem of ''mamzerut''.<ref name="Landau" />

===1997: Neeman Commission proposal===
In 1997 the issue of "Who is a Jew?" again arose in the [[State of Israel]], and Orthodox leaders such as Rabbi [[Norman Lamm]] publicly backed the Neeman commission, a group of Orthodox, Conservative and Reform rabbis working to develop joint programs for conversion to Judaism. In 1997 Lamm gave a speech at the World Council of Orthodox Leadership, in Glen Springs, N.Y., urging Orthodox Jews to support this effort.

:Lamm told his listeners that they should value and encourage the efforts of non-Orthodox leaders to more seriously integrate traditional Jewish practices into the lives of their followers. They should welcome the creation of Reform and Conservative day schools and not see them as a threat to their own, Lamm said. In many communities, Orthodox day schools, or Orthodox-oriented community day schools, have large numbers of students from non-Orthodox families. The liberal movements should be appreciated and encouraged because they are doing something Jewish, even if it is not the way that Orthodox Jews would like them to, he said. "What they are doing is something, and something is better than nothing," he said in his speech. "I'm very openly attacking the notion that we sometimes find in the Orthodox community that `being a goy is better'" than being a non-Orthodox Jew, he said in an interview.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Orthodox leader speaks out on Jewish unity, breaking long silence|last=Nussbaum Cohen|first=Debra|date=5 December 1997|publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|accessdate=2009-05-08}}</ref>

==Consequences==
Once undergone, a religious conversion to Judaism is irreversible (from a Jewish perspective), unless there are convincing grounds to believe that the convert was insincere or deceitful during the conversion process. In such cases, a ''beth din'' may determine that the conversion was void.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QKxvMujgKfQC&pg=PA49&lpg=PA49&dq=jewish+conversion+void&source=bl&ots=iUvgdGCkeM&sig=-Lkj2eiHpZAW3HMSH-O7CUHtJEI&hl=en&ei=vm7DSqr0DpOe4QbtuaDIBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CBwQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=jewish%20conversion%20void&f=false Conversion to Judaism in Jewish law ... – Google Books]</ref>

===Relations between Jews and proselytes===
Judaism today, unlike Christianity and Islam, is not normally an openly proselytizing religion: unlike certain sects of those religions, it teaches that the righteous of all nations have a place in the [[Jewish eschatology#Olam Haba - the afterlife and the world to come|afterlife]].<ref>[http://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/beliefs/afterlife.htm Jewish Beliefs on the Afterlife – ReligionFacts]</ref> However, due to the rate of Jewish intermarriage, most branches of Judaism, recognize the need for a conversion outreach program to the non-Jewish spouse in an effort to keep all children from such unions within the Jewish faith.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

There is a requirement in Jewish law to ensure the sincerity of a potential convert. This is taken very seriously, and when played out against the background of the foregoing considerations, most authorities are very careful about it. Essentially, they want to be sure that the convert knows what he is getting into, and that he is doing it for sincerely religious reasons. However, while conversion for the sake of love for Judaism is considered the best motivation, a conversion for the sake of preventing intermarriage is gaining acceptance, also.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=QKxvMujgKfQC&pg=PA164&lpg=PA164&dq=mishna+gerim&source=web&ots=iUrhbGEdiL&sig=xx43UWSIEp8_Gx5Sqr9F3dLZw7w&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA84,M1 Conversion to Judaism in Jewish law ... – Google Books]</ref>
There is a tradition that a prospective convert should be turned away three times as a test of sincerity, though most rabbis no longer follow the tradition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/beliefs/conversion.shtml |title=BBC – Converting to Judaism |date=2006-07-20 |accessdate=2008-09-25}}</ref> Neither the [[Rabbinical Council of America]] nor the [[Rabbinical Assembly]], the leading American [[Orthodox Jews|Orthodox]] and [[Conservative Jews|Conservative]] organizations, suggest taking this action in their conversion policies,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rabbis.org/documents/Comprehensive%20and%20Final%20Geirus%20Policies%20and%20Standards%20Protocol.pdf |format=PDF|title=Geirus Policies and Standards that will Govern The Network of Regional Batei Din for Conversion |date=2007-04-30 |accessdate=2008-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/law/conversion_resources.html |title=Rabbinical Assembly: conversion resources |accessdate=2008-09-25}}</ref>
with the [[CCAR]] and [[URJ]] actively opposing its practice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ccarnet.org/Articles/index.cfm?id=215&pge_prg_id=3818&pge_id=1637 |title=CCAR: Guidelines for Rabbis Working with Prospective Gerim |date=2005-02-02 |accessdate=2008-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://urj.org/outreach/conversion/qa/ |title=Union for Reform Judaism – Converting to Judaism: Questions and Answers |accessdate=2008-09-25}}</ref>

===Halakhic considerations===
Halakha forbids the mistreatment of the convert, including reminding a convert that he or she was once not a [[Jew]].<ref>[http://www.rabbihorowitz.com/PYes/ArticleDetails.cfm?Book_ID=636&ThisGroup_ID=292&Type=Article RabbiHorowitz.com]</ref> and hence little distinction is made in Judaism between those who are born Jewish and those who are Jewish as a result of conversion. However, despite Halakha protecting the rights of converts, some Jewish communities have been accused of treating converts as second class Jews. For example, many communities of [[Syrian Jews]] have banned conversion and refuse to recognise any Jewish conversion, including those done under orthodox auspices.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/14/magazine/14syrians-t.html?_r=3&ref=magazine&oref=slogin&oref=slogin | work=The New York Times | title=The Sy Empire | first=Zev | last=Chafets | date=2007-10-14 | accessdate=2010-04-01}}</ref>

According to [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] interpretations of [[Halakha]], converts face a limited number of restrictions. A marriage between a female convert and a [[kohen]] (members of the priestly class) is prohibited and any children of the union do not inherit their father's kohen status. While a Jew by birth may not marry a [[mamzer]] a convert can marry a mamzer.<ref>[http://www-english.tamu.edu/pers/fac/myers/lindemann_debate.html Lindemann vs. Myers]</ref>
Converts can become rabbis. For instance, [[Rabbi Meir]] Baal Ha Nes is thought to be a descendant of a proselyte. [[Rabbi Akiva]] was also a very well known son of converts.Indeed the Talmud lists many of the Jewish nation's greatest leaders, who had either descended from or were themselves converts. In fact, [[King David]] is descended from [[Book of Ruth|Ruth]], a convert to Judaism. ({{bibleverse||Ruth|4:13–22|HE}})
In Orthodox and Conservative communities which maintain tribal distinctions, converts become ''Yisraelim'' (Israelites), ordinary Jews with no tribal or inter-Jewish distinctions. Converts typically follow the customs of their congregations. So a convert who prays at a [[Sephardi]] synagogue would follow Sephardi customs and learn Sephardi Hebrew.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

A convert chooses his or her own Hebrew first name upon conversion but is traditionally known as the son or daughter of Abraham and Sarah, the first patriarch and matriarch in the Torah, often with the additional qualifier of "Avinu" (our father) and "Imenu" (our mother). Hence, a convert named Akiva would be known, for ritual purposes in a synagogue, as "Akiva ben Avraham Avinu"; in cases where the mother's name is used, such as for the prayer for recovery from an illness, he would be known as "Akiva ben Sarah Imenu".<ref>[http://www.ukdp.co.uk/name-change-religious-conversion/#Judaism Changing Your Name Upon Religious Conversion | UK Deed Poll]</ref>

Talmudic opinions on converts are numerous; some positive, some negative. A famous quote from the Talmud, labels the convert "Hard on Israel as a blight." Many interpretations explain this quote as meaning converts can be unobservant and leading Jews to be unobservant, or converts can be so observant that born Jews feel ashamed.<ref>[http://www.jewishpress.com/displayContent_new.cfm?mode=a&sectionid=58&contentid=13089&contentName=Daf+Yomi Daf Yomi]</ref>

==Jews by choice==
The term "Jew by choice" is often used to describe someone who converted to Judaism, and is often contrasted with such terms as "Jew by birth" ("Jew by chance").

For purely rhetorical purposes, some [[polemicist]]s elicit that every Jew is a Jew by choice, because the worldwide Jewish community is so small and the pull of assimilation is so great. So it is very easy for someone who was born Jewish to abandon Jewish traditions and customs in adulthood, absent a conscious choice to ''stay'' Jewish. This perspective is not part of Jewish law or social custom.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

For purely philosophical purposes, a convert is not considered by many to be a "Jew by Choice" at all. In fact, many traditional Jews take offense not only at the word "convert" but also at this politically more correct term. The reasoning for this is the notion that every Jew has a Jewish soul, and that those who were not born Jewish, and elect to go through the conversion process, have returned to the nature of their soul through true ''teshuva''. Therefore, this person is not to be known as a convert, or any derivation of the term.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

==''Anusim''==
In recent decades, there has been a renewed Jewish conversion interest with some descendants of ''[[Anusim]]'', Jews who were [[forced conversion|forced to convert]] to [[Christianity]] or [[Islam]]. Since many of these descendants lack satisfactory proof of their Jewish ancestry, conversion has been a growing option for them to return to Judaism.<ref>[http://www.kulanu.org/anousim/index.html]{{Dead link|date=September 2009}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Abraham ben Abraham]]
* [[Ger toshav]]
* [[List of converts to Judaism]]
* [[Machon Meir]]
* [[Outreach Judaism]]
* [[Religious conversion]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==

* ''Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement 1927–1970'', Vol. II, Ed. David Golinkin, The Rabbinical Assembly, 1997
* Norman Lamm, ''Seventy Faces: Divided we stand, but its time to try an idea that might help us stand taller'', Moment Vol. II, No. 6, June 1986 – Sivan 5746
* Mayer E. Rabinowitz ''Comments to the Agunot Conference in Jerusalem'', July 1998, and on the Learn@JTS website.
* Emmanuel Rackman, letter in ''Jewish Week'' 8 May 1997, page 28.
* Joseph Soloveitchik ''Orthodox, Conservative and Reform Jews in the United States: Second article in a series on Responsa of Orthodox Judaism in the United States'', 1954
* Jack Wertheimer, Ed., ''Tradition Renewed: A History of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America'', Vol. II, p. 450, 474, JTS, NY, 1997
* Rabbi Josef Lifland ''Converts and Conversion to Judaism''. Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 965-229-235-4

==External links==
* [http://chareidi.shemayisrael.com/archives5763/REI63amoed.htm Fifth Anniversary of the Mikveh of East Denver, by Rabbi Hillel Goldberg and Yated Ne'eman Staff]
* [http://www.cjnews.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=9715&Itemid=86 New 'modern Orthodox' conversion program launched], David Lazarus, ''[[Canadian Jewish News]]''
* [http://www.convert.org/ Conversion to Judaism homepage]— beginner's information on conversion within all branches of Judaism in North America.
** [http://www.convert.org/Conversion_Articles.html Articles about conversion to Judaism published by major newspapers]

{{Jews and Judaism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Conversion To Judaism}}
[[Category:Converts to Judaism| ]]
[[Category:Jewish courts and civil law]]
[[Category:Religious conversion|Judaism]]

[[bg:Гиюр]]
[[cs:Gijur]]
[[fr:Conversion au judaïsme]]
[[he:גיור]]
[[pt:Conversão ao judaísmo]]
[[ru:Гиюр]]
[[yi:גיור]]

Geschichte von Pennsylvania

2010-12-30T07:04:05Z

Notreallydavid: /* British colonial period */

{{lead too short|date=February 2010}}
[[Image:Penncolony.png|thumb|right|400px|A map of the Province of Pennsylvania.]]
The '''History of Pennsylvania''' is as varied as any in the American experience and reflects the ''[[Salad_bowl_(cultural_idea)|salad bowl]]'' vision of the United States. Before [[Pennsylvania]] was settled by Europeans, the area was home to the [[Lenape|Delaware]] (also known as Lenni Lenape), [[Susquehannock]], [[Iroquois]], [[Eries]], [[Shawnee]] and other [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes. Most of these tribes were driven off or reduced to remnants as a results of the European colonization.

==Dutch and Swedish influence==
{{main|New Sweden}}
Before the [[1700]]'s, the area known as present-day Pennsylvania was mapped by the [[Spain|Spanish]] and labeled ''L'arcadia'', or "wooded coast", during [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]]'s voyage in [[1524]] .<ref>[http://mapsofpa.com/antiquemaps0.htm mapsofpa.com "16th Century Pennsylvania Maps"]</ref> Eventually, the Delaware River watershed was claimed by the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] based on the explorations of [[John Cabot]] in 1497, [[John Smith of Jamestown|Captain John Smith]] and others, and was named for [[Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr]], the Governor of [[Virginia]] from 1610 until 1618. At that time the area was of the [[Colony of Virginia]].

However, the Dutch thought they also had a claim, based on the 1609 explorations of [[Henry Hudson]], and under the auspices of the [[Dutch West India Company]] were the first Europeans to actually occupy the land. They established trading posts in 1624 at Burlington Island, opposite Bristol, Pennsylvania, and then in 1626 at Fort Nassau, now [[Gloucester City, New Jersey|Gloucester City]], [[New Jersey]]. [[Peter Minuit]] was the Dutch Director-General during this period and probably spent some time at the Burlington Island post, thereby familiarizing himself with the region.

[[Peter Minuit|Minuit]] had a falling out with the directors of the [[Dutch West India Company]], was recalled from [[New Netherland]], and promptly made his services available to his many friends in Sweden, then a major power in European politics. They established a [[New Sweden Company]] and, following much negotiation, Minuit led a group under the flag of Sweden to the [[Delaware River]] in 1638. They established a trading post at [[Fort Christina]], now in [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]], [[Delaware]]. [[Peter Minuit|Minuit]] claimed possession of the western side of the [[Delaware River]], saying he had found no European settlement there. Unlike the [[Dutch West India Company]], the Swedes intended to actually bring settlers to their outpost and begin a colony.

[[Peter Minuit|Minuit]] drowned in a hurricane on the way home that same year, but the Swedish colony continued to grow gradually. By 1644 Swedish and Finnish settlers were living along the western side of [[Delaware River]] from Fort Christina to the [[Schuylkill River]]. [[New Sweden]]'s best known governor, [[Johan Björnsson Printz]], moved his residence to what is now Tinicum Township, Pennsylvania, nearer the center of the settlements.

The Dutch never gave up their claim to the area, however, and under [[Peter Stuyvesant]] they attacked the Swedish communities and in 1655 reincorporated the area back into [[New Netherland]]. Before long though, the Dutch as well were forcibly removed by the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]], asserting their earlier claim. In 1664, James, the Duke of York, and brother of King Charles II, outfitted an expedition that easily ousted the Dutch from both the Delaware and Hudson Rivers and leaving the Duke of York the proprietary authority in the whole area.

==British colonial period==
{{main|Province of Pennsylvania}}

[[Image:Pennsylvania land purchases.png|thumb|350px|Land purchases from Native Americans.]]

On March 4, 1681, [[Charles II of England]] granted a land tract to [[William Penn]] for the area that now includes Pennsylvania because of a £16,000<ref>
{{cite book| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4rQBAAAAMAAJ| title=Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors, Volume 1| editor=Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors| pages=180–181| year=1916| chapter=Samuel Carpenter}}
</ref> (around £2,100,000 in 2008, adjusting for retail inflation)<ref>http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/result.php?use%5B%5D=CPI&use%5B%5D=NOMINALEARN&year_early=1681&pound71=16000&shilling71=&pence71=&amount=16000&year_source=1681&year_result=2008 Measuring Worth</ref> debt the King owed to William's father. Penn then founded a [[Colonial Pennsylvania|colony]] there as a place of religious freedom for [[Religious Society of Friends|Quaker]]s, and named it for the [[Latin]] ''sylvania'' meaning "woods".

A large tract of land north and west of Philadelphia, in Montgomery, Chester, and Delaware Counties, was settled by Welsh [[Quaker]]s and called the "[[Welsh Tract]]". Even today many cities and towns in that area bear the names of Welsh municipalities.

The colony's reputation of religious freedom also attracted significant populations of German and [[Scots-Irish American|Scots-Irish]] settlers who helped to shape colonial Pennsylvania and later went on to populate the neighboring states further west.

In order to give his new province access to the ocean, Penn had leased the proprietary rights of the King's brother, James, Duke of York to what became known as the "three lower counties" on the [[Delaware River|Delaware]]. The Province of [[Pennsylvania]] was never merged with the [[Delaware|Lower Counties]] because the Duke of York, and therefore Penn, never had a clear title to it. He did govern them both, however, and his deputy governors were assigned to both as well. In Penn's ''[[Frame of Government of Pennsylvania|Frame of Government of 1682]],'' he tried to establish a combined assembly by providing for equal membership from each county and requiring legislation to have the assent of both the [[Delaware|Lower Counties]] and the [[Pennsylvania|Upper Counties]] of Chester, Philadelphia and Bucks. The meeting place also alternated between [[Philadelphia]] and [[New Castle, Delaware|New Castle]]. Once Philadelphia began to grow, its leaders resented having to go to [[New Castle, Delaware|New Castle]] and gain agreement of the assemblymen from the sparsely populated [[Delaware|Lower Counties]], so in 1704 it was agreed that the two assemblies would meet separately thenceforth.

==French and Indian War==
{{Further|[[Great Britain in the Seven Years War]]}}
The western portions of Pennsylvania were among disputed territory between the colonial British and French during the [[French and Indian War]]. The French established numerous fortifications in the area, including the pivotal [[Fort Duquesne]] on top of which the city of [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]] was built. Native American tribes loyal to the French made numerous raids on settlements in western Pennsylvania. The settlers' pleas for military relief were stymied by a power struggle in Philadelphia between Governor [[Robert Morris]] and the Pennsylvania Assembly. Morris wished to send an army to the border, but the Assembly, whose leadership included [[Benjamin Franklin]], refused to grant the funds unless Morris agreed to the taxation of the proprietary lands, the vast wild tracts still owned by the Penn family and others. The dispute was finally settled, and military relief sent, when the owners of the proprietary lands sent 5,000 pounds, on condition that it was considered a free gift and not a down payment on taxes. <ref> Parkman, Francis. "Montcalm and Wolfe." 1884. Reprinted in "France and England in North America, Volume 2." New York: The Library of America, 1983. pp. 1076-1083. </ref>

[[Great Britain in the Seven Years War|Britain's victory in the war]] secured Pennsylvania's frontier, as the [[Ohio Country]] came under formal British control following the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1763. Shortly after this [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] began, which led to the British government passing the [[Royal Proclamation of 1763|Proclamation Act]] barring any further settlement west of a certain point.

==American Revolution==
''See: [[Battle of Brandywine]], [[Battle of Germantown]], [[Valley Forge]].''

Most of Pennsylvania's residents generally supported the protests and dismay common to all [[13 colonies]] after the [[British Royal Proclamation of 1763|Proclamation of 1763]] and the [[Stamp Act 1765|Stamp Act]]. Pennsylvanians originally supported the idea of common action, and sent delegates to the [[Stamp Act Congress]] in 1765. When difficulties continued, they sent delegates to the first [[Continental Congress]] and its later meetings, and even hosted the Congress in [[Philadelphia]].

==Statehood and constitutional government==
After elections in May 1776 returned old guard Assemblymen to office, the [[Second Continental Congress]] encouraged Pennsylvania to call delegates together to discuss a new form of governance. Delegates met in June in Philadelphia, where events (the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]) soon overtook Assemblymen's efforts to control the delegates and the outcome of their discussions. On July 8 attendees elected delegates to write a [[Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776|state constitution]]. A Committee was formed with [[Benjamin Franklin]] as chair and [[George Bryan]] and [[James Cannon (mathematician)|James Cannon]] as prominent members. The convention proclaimed a new constitution on September 28, 1776 and called for new elections.<ref>[http://www.docheritage.state.pa.us/documents/constitution.asp Doc Heritage: Pennsylvania Constitution]</ref>

Elections later in 1776 turned out the old Assemblymen out from power. But the new constitution was problematic as it was possibly too democratic in its lack of a governor or upper legislative house to provide checks against popular movements. It also required test oaths, which kept the opposition from taking office. The constitution called for a unicameral legislature or Assembly. Executive authority rested in a ''Supreme Executive Council'' whose members were to be appointed by the assembly. In elections during 1776 radicals gained control of the Assembly. By early 1777, they selected an executive council, and [[Thomas Wharton, Jr.]] was named as the President of the Council. This constitution was never formally adopted, so government was on an ad-hoc basis until a new constitution could be written fourteen years later.

Pennsylvania ratified the [[U.S. Constitution]] at the [[Philadelphia Convention]] on December 12, 1787, the second state to do so after [[Delaware]].<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec12.html Pennsylvania ratifies the Constitution of 1787]</ref> The state's name is spelled "Pensylvania" in the Constitution.<ref>[[s:Constitution of the United States of America|U.S. Constitution]]</ref> A new state constitution was formed in 1790.

==Westward expansion and land speculation==
After Revolutionary war soldiers received depreciation land grants for military service, the [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]] passed a general land act on April 3, 1792 authorizing the sale and distribution of the large remaining tracts of land east and west of the [[Allegheny River]] in hopes of sparking development of the vast territory. The process was an uneven affair prompting much speculation but little settlement, with most soldiers selling their shares sight unseen under market value and many investors were ultimately ruined. East Allegheny district consisted of lands in [[Potter County, Pennsylvania|Potter]], [[McKean County, Pennsylvania|McKean]], [[Cameron County, Pennsylvania|Cameron]], [[Elk County, Pennsylvania|Elk]], and [[Jefferson County, Pennsylvania|Jefferson]] counties, at the time worthless tracts. West Allegheny district was made up of lands in [[Erie County, Pennsylvania|Erie]], [[Crawford County, Pennsylvania|Crawford]], [[Warren County, Pennsylvania|Warren]], and [[Venango County, Pennsylvania|Venango]] counties, relatively good investments at the time. Three great land companies participated in the land speculation that followed. [[Holland Land Company]] and its agent, [[Theophilus Cazenove]], acquired {{convert|1000000|acre|km2}} of East Allegheny district land and {{convert|500000|acre|km2}} of West Allegheny land from Pennsylvania Supreme Court Justice [[James Wilson]]. The [[Pennsylvania Population Company]] and its President, Pennsylvania State Comptroller General John Nicholson, controlled {{convert|500000|acre|km2}} of land, mostly in Erie County and the Beaver Valley. The [[North American Land Company]] and its patron, [[Robert Morris (financier)|Robert Morris]], held some Pennsylvania lands but was mostly vested in New York State.<ref>Buck, Solon J. and Elizabeth Hawthorn Buck. "The Planting of Civilization in Western Pennsylvania." Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1939. 2nd paperback reprint, 1979, pp. 206-213; Stevens, Sylvester K. "Pennsylvania: The Heritage of a Commonwealth, Vol. I". West Palm Beach: American Historical Co., 1968, pp. 323-325; Bausman, Joseph Henderson. [http://books.google.com/books?id=3o0CAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1230&lpg=PA1230&dq=%22john+nicholson%22+%22pennsylvania+population+company%22&source=web&ots=Cu43iSHK2-&sig=cwPNNCKUpmAD0Ane_oHC_wxeR3o&hl=en "History of Beaver County, Pennsylvania and Its Centennial Celebration."] Knickerbocker Press, 1904, p. 1230</ref>

==Antebellum and Civil War==
{{main|Pennsylvania in the American Civil War}}

Pennsylvania was the target of several raids by the [[Confederate States Army]], including cavalry raids in 1862 and 1863 by [[J.E.B. Stuart]], in 1863 by [[John Imboden]], and in 1864 by [[John McCausland]] in which his troopers burned the city of [[Chambersburg, Pennsylvania|Chambersburg]].

Pennsylvania also saw the [[Battle of Gettysburg]], near [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania|Gettysburg]]. Many historians consider this battle the major turning point of the [[American Civil War]]. Dead from this battle rest at [[Gettysburg National Cemetery]], site of [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s [[Gettysburg Address]].

A number of smaller engagements were also fought in Pennsylvania, including the [[Battle of Hanover]], [[Battle of Carlisle]], [[Battle of Hunterstown]], and the [[Battle of Fairfield]], all during the [[Gettysburg Campaign]].

==Industrial Power, 1865-1900==
In the latter half of the 19th century, the U.S. oil (kerosene) industry was born in western Pennsylvania, which supplied the vast majority of U.S. kerosene for years thereafter, and saw the rise and fall of oil boom towns, like Titusville. See the [[Pennsylvanian oil rush]].

==Ethnicity and Labor 1865-1945==
During this time, America saw the arrival of millions of immigrants, mainly Europeans. Pennsylvania and New York received the bulk of them. Many of these poor immigrants took jobs in factories, steel mills, and coal mines throughout the state.

==Progressive Pennsylvania 1900-1930==
{{Empty section|date=July 2010}}

==Depression and War 1929-1950==
[[Image:Coal-wpa.jpg|thumb|300px|WPA poster 1935]]

During the Depression, the Commonwealth attempted to fund public works through passage of the '''Pennsylvania State Authority Act''' in 1936. The Act caused the incorporation of the '''General State Authority''', which would purchase land from the state and add improvements to that land using state loans and grants. The state expected to receive Federal grants and loans to fund the project. The [[Pennsylvania Supreme Court]], in ''Kelly v Earle'', found the Act violated the state constitution.<ref>''Pennsylvania State Authority Act'', R. L. T., University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register, Vol. 85, No. 5 (Mar., 1937), pg. 518 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0749-9833(193703)85%3A5%3C518%3ATPSAA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-E]</ref>

==Decline of manufacturing and mining: 1950-75==

During the 20th century Pennsylvania's existing iron industries expanded into a major center of steel production. Shipbuilding and numerous other forms of manufacturing flourished in the eastern part of the state, and coal mining was also extremely important in many regions. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, Pennsylvania received very large numbers of immigrants from Europe seeking work; dramatic, sometimes violent confrontations took place between organized labor and the state's industrial concerns. The state was hard-hit by the decline of the steel industry and other heavy U.S. industries during the late 20th century.

In 1962, the Republican party which had lost the two previous gubernatorial elections and seen the state's electoral votes go Democratic in the [[United States presidential election, 1960|1960 presidential election]], became convinced that a moderate like [[Bill Scranton]] would have enough bipartisan appeal to revitalize the party. He ran for Governor of Pennsylvania against [[Richardson Dilworth]], the [[mayor of Philadelphia]]. The ticket was balanced by having [[Raymond P. Shafer]], who would succeed him as governor, as his [[running mate]]. After one of the most acrimonious campaigns in state history, the Scranton/Shafer team won a landslide victory in the election besting their opponents by nearly half a million votes out of just over than 6.6 million cast.

As governor 1963-67, Scranton signed into law sweeping reforms in the state's education system including creation of the state community college system, the state board of education, and the state Higher Education Assistance Agency. Furthermore, he created a program designed to promote the state in national and international markets and to increase the attractiveness of the state's products and services.

==The Service State: 1975-Present==
Pennsylvania has suffered severely from the fall of steel and coal. Economic failure, severe population loss in many areas, closed-up factories, and much more. However, beginning in the late 1970s, Pennsylvania began to turn around and make a recovery. At every new census, the state grew faster than the previous ten years. Many new immigrants, especially from Asia and Latin America, have arrived for many reasons. Dirty, lifeless towns have become vibrant, growing places. Jobs and companies have begun transferring their headquarters to the state, and Pennsylvania has one of the best economies in the nation.
With the turnaround from manufacturing, the state has turned to service industries. Healthcare, retail, transportation, and tourism are some of the state's biggest industries of this era. Recent studies showed that in the next decade, Pennsylvania could have a population growth similar to that of Georgia currently.

===Politics===
[[Robert P. Casey|Bob Casey]] was the governor, 1987-1995—Casey was an [[Irish American]] Democrat "pol" of the old school, the son and grandson of coal miners, who championed unions and believed in government as a beneficent force. Casey pushed through the legislature the "Pennsylvania Abortion Control Act," which placed limitations on abortion, including the notification of parents of minors, a twenty-four-hour waiting period, and a ban on partial-birth procedures except in cases of risk to the mother's life. Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania sued, with Casey as the named defendant, asserting that the law violated [[Roe v. Wade]]. The case went to the Supreme Court in April, 1992. The Court decided [[Planned Parenthood v. Casey]] on June 29, upholding all of Pennsylvania's contested restrictions but one (a requirement for spousal notification) and affirming the right of states to restrict abortions.<ref>Boyer 2005</ref>
At the national level Governor Casey was the most prominent pro-life Democrat and he demanded publicly to give a minority plank on abortion at the [[1992 Democratic National Convention]]. He was refused, and protested loudly. In 1994, Casey refused to endorse [[Harris Wofford]], the Democrat he had appointed to the Senate and who was running for re-election. The reason was Casey rejected Wofford's [[pro-choice]] views. The result was a deep split in the state Democratic party that helped elect conservative Republican [[Rick Santorum]] in 1994. Casey’s critics within the Democratic Party accused him of treason.<ref>Carocci 2005, who says "In my judgment, his [Wofford's] decision to support the Clinton position on abortion may have cost him his seat in the U.S. Senate." [http://www.vincecarocci.com/excerpt14.htm online excerpt]</ref> The Democratic divisiveness over abortion did not fade away seat so in 2006, five years after Casey's death, national Democratic leaders promoted Casey's son [[Bob Casey, Jr.]] for Senator as a way of defusing the issue and attracting disaffected pro-life Democrats; the son defeated Santorum by a landslide.<ref>Shailagh Murray, "Democrats Seek to Avert Abortion Clashes, ''The Washington Post'' January 21, 2007 page=A5; Peter J Boyer. "The Right to Choose", ''The New Yorker'' November 14, 2005 [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-12600380_ITM online]</ref>

==See also==
{{main|Historical outline of Pennsylvania}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
* [[History of the Mid-Atlantic States]]
* [[History of the Northeastern United States]]
* [[History of Erie, Pennsylvania]]
* [[History of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]]
* [[History of the Townships of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania]]
* [[History of Pittsburgh]]
{{Col-2}}
* [[History of Philadelphia]]
* [[Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission]]
* [[Jewish history in Pennsylvania]]
* [[History of slavery in Pennsylvania]]
* [[History of Veterinary Medicine in Pennsylvania]]
* [[History of Williamsport, Pennsylvania]]
* [[List of newspapers in Pennsylvania in the 18th-century]]
{{Col-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

===Surveys===
* Miller, Randall M. and William A. Pencak, eds. ''Pennsylvania: A History of the Commonwealth'' (2002) detailed scholarly history
* Beers, Paul B. '' Pennsylvania Politics Today and Yesterday'' (1980)*
* Klein, Philip S and Ari Hoogenboom. ''A History of Pennsylvania'' (1973).
* Weigley, Russell. ''Philadelphia: A 300-Year History'' (1982)

===Pre 1900 ===
* Buck, Solon J., Clarence McWilliams and Elizabeth Hawthorn Buck. ''The Planting of Civilization in Western Pennsylvania'' (1939), social history [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=29138144 online edition]
* Dunaway, Wayland F. ''The Scotch-Irish of Colonial Pennsylvania'' (1944) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94836602 online edition]
* Higginbotham, Sanford W. ''The Keystone in the Democratic Arch: Pennsylvania Politics, 1800-1816'' (1952)
* Illick Joseph E. ''Colonial Pennsylvania: A History'' (1976) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=4151675 onlineedition]
* Ireland, Owen S. ''Religion, Ethnicity, and Politics: Ratifying the Constitution in Pennsylvania'' (1995)
* Kehl, James A. ''Boss Rule in the Gilded Age: Matt Quay of Pennsylvania'' (1981) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15172732 onlineedition]
* Klees, Fredric. ''The Pennsylvania Dutch'' (1950)
* Klein, Philip Shriver. ''Pennsylvania Politics, 1817-1832: A Game without Rules'' (1940)
* McCullough, David. ''The Johnstown Flood'' (1987)
* Mueller, Henry R. ''The Whig Party in Pennsylvania'' (1922)
* Snyder, Charles Mccool. ''The Jacksonian Heritage: Pennsylvania Politics, 1833-1848'' (1958) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24464896 online edition]
* William A. Sullivan; ''The Industrial Worker in Pennsylvania, 1800-1840'' Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1955 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=12364207 online edition]
* Tinkcom, Harry Marlin. ''The Republicans and Federalists in Pennsylvania, 1790-1801: A Study in National Stimulus and Local Response'' (1950) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=34023414 online edition]
* Williamson, Harold F. and Arnold R. Daum. ''The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Illumination, 1859-1899'' (1959)
* Wood, Ralph. et al. ''The Pennsylvania Germans'' (1942) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=16246287 online edition]
* Karin Wulf; ''Not All Wives: Women of Colonial Philadelphia.'' Cornell University Press, 2000 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107219493 online edition]

===Since 1900===
* John Bodnar; ''Immigration and Industrialization: Ethnicity in an American Mill Town, 1870–1940,'' (1977), on Steelton [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98622610 online edition]
* Thomas Dublin and Walter Licht, ''The Face of Decline: The Pennsylvania Anthracite Region in the Twentieth Century'' Cornell University Press, (2005). ISBN 0-8014-8473-1.
* Kenneth J. Heineman; ''A Catholic New Deal: Religion and Reform in Depression Pittsburgh,'' 1999 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24797543 online edition]
* Lamis, Renée M. ''The Realignment of Pennsylvania Politics since 1960: Two-Party Competition in a Battleground State'' (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2009) 398 pp. isbn 978-0-271-03419-5
* M. Nelson McGeary, ''Gifford Pinchot: Forester-Politician'' (1960) Republican governor 1923–1927 and 1931–1935
* Warren, Kenneth. ''Big Steel: The First Century of the United States Steel Corporation, 1901-2001'' (2002)

===Primary sources===
* Vincent P. Carocci, ''A Capitol Journey: Reflections on the Press, Politics, and the Making Of Public Policy In Pennsylvania.'' (2005) memoir by senior aide to Gov Casey in 1990s [http://www.vincecarocci.com/excerpts.htm excerpts online]
*Casey, Robert P. ''Fighting for Life: The Story of a Courageous Pro-Life Democrat Whose Own Brush with Death Made Medical History''. Dallas, Texas: Word Publishing (1996). Autobiography. Hardcover: ISBN 0-8499-1224-5, ISBN 978-0-8499-1224-5.
* W. E. B. Dubois; ''The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study'' (1899) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98309984 online edition]
* Albert Cook Myers; ed., ''Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey and Delaware, 1630–1707,'' (1912) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6006427 online edition]

==External links==
* [http://www.explorepahistory.com ExplorePAHistory.com]
* [http://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/VC/visitor_info/pa_history/pa_history.htm History of Pennsylvania on the Pennsylvania legislature site]
* [http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/dam/overview.htm Pennsylvania State Archives web site]
* [http://www.footnote.com/page/88 View the Pennsylvania State Archives Online]
* [http://www.pabookstore.com Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Publications]
* [http://www.docheritage.state.pa.us/documents/constitutiontrans.asp 1776 Constitution text]
* [http://www.mises.org/story/1865 "Pennsylvania's Anarchist Experiment: 1681-1690,"] Prof. Murray N. Rothbard, excerpt from ''Conceived in Liberty'', Vol. 1 (Auburn, Alabama: The [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]], 1999)
* [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/pennsylvania/ Pennsylvania Indian Tribes] Listing of Native American tribes with a historical presence in Pennsylvania
{{-}}
{{Pennsylvania|expanded}}
{{U.S. political divisions histories}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Pennsylvania}}
[[Category:History of Pennsylvania|*]]

[[ja:ペンシルベニア州の歴史]]

Schlacht um die Festung Modlin

2007-03-07T01:52:20Z

Notreallydavid: INSERTED to remain operational

{{Infobox Military Conflict|
conflict=Battle of Modlin|
image=[[Image:Modlin_spichlerz.jpg|300px|]]|
caption=Ruins of the southern bridgehead|
partof=[[Invasion of Poland (1939)]]|
date=[[September 13]] to [[September 29]], [[1939]]|
place=[[Modlin (village)|Modlin village]], [[Modlin Fortress]]|
result=Polish capitulation|
combatant1=[[Image:Flag_of_Poland.svg|25px]] [[Poland]]|
combatant2=[[Image:Flag_of_Germany_1933.svg|25px]] [[Nazi Germany]]|
commander1=[[Image:Flag_of_Poland.svg|25px]] [[Wiktor Thommée]]|
commander2=[[Image:Flag_of_Germany_1933.svg|25px]] [[Hermann Hoth]] [[Image:Flag_of_Germany_1933.svg|25px]] [[Adolf Strauss]] [[Image:Flag_of_Germany_1933.svg|25px]] [[Werner Kempf]]|
strength1=40,000 men (peak) 96 guns 7 [[TKS|TK-3]] tankettes Armoured train "Śmierć"|
strength2=4 infantry divisions 2nd Light Division Panzer Division Kempf 100 aircraft [http://www.1939.pl/bitwy/modlin.htm]|
casualties1=1,300 KIA 4,000 WIA 35,000 captured|
casualties2=Unknown|
}}
{{Campaignbox Polish September Campaign}}

During the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Invasion of Poland]] at the beginning of the [[Second World War]], [[Modlin Fortress]] was a [[headquarters]] of the [[Modlin Army]] until it retreated eastwards. From [[September 13]] to [[September 29]], [[1939]] it was defended by Polish forces under the command of [[general]] [[Wiktor Thommée]] against assaulting [[Nazi Germany|German]] units. During that time, the fighting was closely connected with the strategic situation of the [[Siege of Warsaw (1939)|Battle of Warsaw]].

Among Polish forces defending the [[fortress]] was the [[armoured train]] 'Śmierć' (death). Modlin [[anti-aircraft]] battery was the one that shot down the most [[Luftwaffe]] planes in September. Modlin [[capitulation|capitulated]] on [[September 29]], as one of the last Polish units to remain operational during the campaign.

==External link==
* [http://geoengine.nima.mil/muse-cgi-bin/rast_roam.cgi?exttype=1&outputfile=roamoutput1112185964_31701.png&same_level=yes++++&oldproduct_level=DOI+10M&oldcenlat=52.4337829017477&oldcenlon=20.6732259114583&oldzoom=1&olddata_level=10M&oldisize=901&oldcoordtype=dd&oldhgttype=egmft&same_level=&olddbdbv_level=5&world_overview_x_org=-180.0&world_overview_file=world_overview_1112185976_7255.png&isize=901&zoom=1&cenlat=52.4337829017477&cenlon=20.6732259114583&coordtype=dd&cenht=139.596&hgttype=egmft&product_level=DOI+10M&bounds_feature_name=&enhntype=1&enhnstddev=&RoamLL.x=538&RoamLL.y=492&RoamLL=RoamLL&pixmove=1&gnsname=&gnscountry_code= Modlin fortress as seen from a satellite] - green cross marks the southern bridgehead pictured above

[[Category:1939 in Poland]]
[[Category:Battles involving Germany|Modlin]]
[[Category:Battles of the Polish September Campaign|Modlin]]

{{WWII-battle-stub}}
{{Poland-battle-stub}}
{{Germany-battle-stub}}

[[pl:Obrona Modlina 1939]]

Tom Driberg

2007-01-23T16:24:07Z

Notreallydavid: adjusted Barking link again

'''Thomas Edward Neil Driberg, Baron Bradwell''' ([[May 22]], [[1905]] – [[August 12]], [[1976]]) was a [[United Kingdom|British]] journalist and politician who was an influential member on the left of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] from the [[1950s]] to the [[1970s]]. He was [[Mitrokhin_Archive#Revelations|revealed as a spy]] for the [[Soviet Union]] by [[Vasili Mitrokhin]].

Tom Driberg was born at [[Crowborough]], [[Sussex, England|Sussex]]. Having studied Classics at [[Christ Church, Oxford]] (1924-1927) without taking a degree, Driberg worked on the ''[[Daily Express]]'' from [[1928]] and created the [[William Hickey]] diary and [[Gossip columnist|gossip column]]. He was also connected to the intelligence services of both the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Soviet Union]], as demonstrated in the [[Mitrokhin archive]]s.

He was first elected as a [[Member of parliament]] for [[Maldon (UK Parliament constituency)|
Maldon]] in a by-election in June [[1942]] as an independent candidate, basing his election campaign on the [[1941 Committee]]'s ''Nine-Point Plan''. He took the Labour whip in January [[1945]] and continued to sit for the seat until his retirement in [[1955]]. He was MP for [[Barking (UK Parliament constituency)| Barking]] from [[1959]] to [[1974]].

He was created a [[Life peer]], as '''Baron Bradwell''', of [[Bradwell-juxta-Mare]] in the County of [[Essex]], shortly before his death. His [[autobiography]], ''Ruling Passions'', was published posthumously and disclosed the conflict between the three passions that drove his life: his [[homosexuality]] (he pursued casual and risky encounters compulsively), his left-wing political beliefs, and his allegiance to the [[High Church]] tendency of the [[Church of England]]. His will insisted that at his memorial service, the reader excoriate him for his sins rather than praise him for his virtues.

==See also==
* [[Mitrokhin Archive]]

==Reference==
*[[Francis Wheen]] (1990) ''The Soul of Indiscretion: Tom Driberg, Poet, Philanderer, Legislator and Outlaw - His Life and Indiscretions''

== External links ==
*[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRdribergT.htm Some details]

{{start box}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Maldon (UK Parliament constituency)|Maldon]]
| years = [[Maldon by-election, 1942|1942]]–[[United Kingdom general election, 1955|1955]]
| before = Sir [[Edward Ruggles-Brise]]
| after = [[Alastair Harrison]]
}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Barking (UK Parliament constituency)|Barking]]
| years = [[United Kingdom general election, 1959|1959]]–[[United Kingdom general election, February 1974|1974]]
| before = [[Somerville Hastings]]
| after = [[Jo Richardson]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{Labour-UK-MP-stub}}

[[Category:1905 births|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:1976 deaths|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Natives of Sussex|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Old Lancing|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:English Anglicans|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Labour MPs (UK)|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Anglican politicians|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Gay politicians|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:LGBT politicians from the United Kingdom|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Life peers|Bradwell]]
[[Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament from English constituencies|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Soviet spies|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:English Anglicans|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1935-1945|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1945-1950|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1950-1951|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1951-1955|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1959-1964|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1964-1966|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1966-1970|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1970-1974|Driberg, Tom]]

[[nl:Tom Driberg]]

Tom Driberg

2007-01-23T16:23:03Z

Notreallydavid: tweaked Barking bit

'''Thomas Edward Neil Driberg, Baron Bradwell''' ([[May 22]], [[1905]] – [[August 12]], [[1976]]) was a [[United Kingdom|British]] journalist and politician who was an influential member on the left of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] from the [[1950s]] to the [[1970s]]. He was [[Mitrokhin_Archive#Revelations|revealed as a spy]] for the [[Soviet Union]] by [[Vasili Mitrokhin]].

Tom Driberg was born at [[Crowborough]], [[Sussex, England|Sussex]]. Having studied Classics at [[Christ Church, Oxford]] (1924-1927) without taking a degree, Driberg worked on the ''[[Daily Express]]'' from [[1928]] and created the [[William Hickey]] diary and [[Gossip columnist|gossip column]]. He was also connected to the intelligence services of both the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Soviet Union]], as demonstrated in the [[Mitrokhin archive]]s.

He was first elected as a [[Member of parliament]] for [[Maldon (UK Parliament constituency)|
Maldon]] in a by-election in June [[1942]] as an independent candidate, basing his election campaign on the [[1941 Committee]]'s ''Nine-Point Plan''. He took the Labour whip in January [[1945]] and continued to sit for the seat until his retirement in [[1955]]. He was MP for [[Barking (UK Parliament constituency)|Barking]] from [[1959]] to [[1974]].

He was created a [[Life peer]], as '''Baron Bradwell''', of [[Bradwell-juxta-Mare]] in the County of [[Essex]], shortly before his death. His [[autobiography]], ''Ruling Passions'', was published posthumously and disclosed the conflict between the three passions that drove his life: his [[homosexuality]] (he pursued casual and risky encounters compulsively), his left-wing political beliefs, and his allegiance to the [[High Church]] tendency of the [[Church of England]]. His will insisted that at his memorial service, the reader excoriate him for his sins rather than praise him for his virtues.

==See also==
* [[Mitrokhin Archive]]

==Reference==
*[[Francis Wheen]] (1990) ''The Soul of Indiscretion: Tom Driberg, Poet, Philanderer, Legislator and Outlaw - His Life and Indiscretions''

== External links ==
*[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRdribergT.htm Some details]

{{start box}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Maldon (UK Parliament constituency)|Maldon]]
| years = [[Maldon by-election, 1942|1942]]–[[United Kingdom general election, 1955|1955]]
| before = Sir [[Edward Ruggles-Brise]]
| after = [[Alastair Harrison]]
}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Barking (UK Parliament constituency)|Barking]]
| years = [[United Kingdom general election, 1959|1959]]–[[United Kingdom general election, February 1974|1974]]
| before = [[Somerville Hastings]]
| after = [[Jo Richardson]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{Labour-UK-MP-stub}}

[[Category:1905 births|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:1976 deaths|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Natives of Sussex|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Old Lancing|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:English Anglicans|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Labour MPs (UK)|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Anglican politicians|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Gay politicians|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:LGBT politicians from the United Kingdom|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Life peers|Bradwell]]
[[Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament from English constituencies|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Soviet spies|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:English Anglicans|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1935-1945|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1945-1950|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1950-1951|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1951-1955|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1959-1964|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1964-1966|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1966-1970|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1970-1974|Driberg, Tom]]

[[nl:Tom Driberg]]

Tom Driberg

2007-01-23T16:21:43Z

Notreallydavid: INSERTED '(he pursued casual and risky encounters compulsively)'

'''Thomas Edward Neil Driberg, Baron Bradwell''' ([[May 22]], [[1905]] – [[August 12]], [[1976]]) was a [[United Kingdom|British]] journalist and politician who was an influential member on the left of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] from the [[1950s]] to the [[1970s]]. He was [[Mitrokhin_Archive#Revelations|revealed as a spy]] for the [[Soviet Union]] by [[Vasili Mitrokhin]].

Tom Driberg was born at [[Crowborough]], [[Sussex, England|Sussex]]. Having studied Classics at [[Christ Church, Oxford]] (1924-1927) without taking a degree, Driberg worked on the ''[[Daily Express]]'' from [[1928]] and created the [[William Hickey]] diary and [[Gossip columnist|gossip column]]. He was also connected to the intelligence services of both the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Soviet Union]], as demonstrated in the [[Mitrokhin archive]]s.

He was first elected as a [[Member of parliament]] for [[Maldon (UK Parliament constituency)|
Maldon]] in a by-election in June [[1942]] as an independent candidate, basing his election campaign on the [[1941 Committee]]'s ''Nine-Point Plan''. He took the Labour whip in January [[1945]] and continued to sit for the seat until his retirement in [[1955]]. He was elected for the [[Barking (UK Parliament constituency)|Barking constituency]] from [[1959]] to [[1974]].

He was created a [[Life peer]], as '''Baron Bradwell''', of [[Bradwell-juxta-Mare]] in the County of [[Essex]], shortly before his death. His [[autobiography]], ''Ruling Passions'', was published posthumously and disclosed the conflict between the three passions that drove his life: his [[homosexuality]] (he pursued casual and risky encounters compulsively), his left-wing political beliefs, and his allegiance to the [[High Church]] tendency of the [[Church of England]]. His will insisted that at his memorial service, the reader excoriate him for his sins rather than praise him for his virtues.

==See also==
* [[Mitrokhin Archive]]

==Reference==
*[[Francis Wheen]] (1990) ''The Soul of Indiscretion: Tom Driberg, Poet, Philanderer, Legislator and Outlaw - His Life and Indiscretions''

== External links ==
*[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRdribergT.htm Some details]

{{start box}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Maldon (UK Parliament constituency)|Maldon]]
| years = [[Maldon by-election, 1942|1942]]–[[United Kingdom general election, 1955|1955]]
| before = Sir [[Edward Ruggles-Brise]]
| after = [[Alastair Harrison]]
}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Barking (UK Parliament constituency)|Barking]]
| years = [[United Kingdom general election, 1959|1959]]–[[United Kingdom general election, February 1974|1974]]
| before = [[Somerville Hastings]]
| after = [[Jo Richardson]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{Labour-UK-MP-stub}}

[[Category:1905 births|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:1976 deaths|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Natives of Sussex|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Old Lancing|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:English Anglicans|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Labour MPs (UK)|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Anglican politicians|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Gay politicians|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:LGBT politicians from the United Kingdom|Driberg, Tom]]
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[[Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament from English constituencies|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Soviet spies|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:English Anglicans|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1935-1945|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1945-1950|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1950-1951|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1951-1955|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1959-1964|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1964-1966|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1966-1970|Driberg, Tom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1970-1974|Driberg, Tom]]

[[nl:Tom Driberg]]

Robert Davidson (Erfinder)

2007-01-17T12:46:20Z

Notreallydavid: spacing change

{{Otherpeople|Robert Davidson}}
'''Robert Davidson''' ([[1804]] - [[1894]]) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] inventor who built the first known [[electric locomotive]] in 1837.
Born and died in [[Aberdeen]], northeast [[Scotland]], where he was a prosperous chemist and dyer, amongst other ventures. Davidson was educated at [[Marischal College]], where he studied for one year on a scholarship - he had an education in return for being a lab assistant.
He became interested in the new electrical technologies of the day. From 1837 he made small electric motors on his own principles, though William H. Taylor in the [[USA]] made similar motors from 1838. Both men worked independently, without knowledge of the other's work.

Davidson staged an exhibition of electrical machinery at [[Edinburgh]], Scotland in 1840, and later at the [[Egyptian Hall]] and [[Piccadilly]]. Amongst the machines shown were electrically operated lathes and printing presses. His electric railway locomotive was tested on the Edinburgh-Glasgow line in 1842. The first known working electric locomotive was made in New England, but this was only a working model. On October 4th, 1835, this model was demonstrated at Troy, New York by its inventor [[Thomas Davenport]].

Davidson made a model electric locomotive in 1837. His 'Galvani' of 1842 was a four-wheeled machine, powered by zinc-acid batteries. It was capable of carrying itself at 4mph. It did not haul any passengers or goods.

In a later report it was calculated that consuming zinc in a battery was forty times more expensive than burning coal in a firebox. Later experiments in America proved these figures correct. Therefore some steam engineers smashed the 'Galvani' in its shed, fearing the potential competition to their new trade. Financially viable electric traction was developed in the 1860s when the dynamo was invented and perfected. Davidson lived to see these developments - his reaction to the opening of the City & South London Tube was to commission a new set of business cards, that read 'Robert Davidson : Father of the Electric Locomotive'.

==Sources==
*''The Practical Mechanic'' Vol II, November 1842 pp 48-51.
*'A Note on Electro-Magnetic Engines' J.H.R Body, ''Newcomen Society Transactions'' Vol 14 pp103-107.
*'Electro-Magnetism and Motive Power:Robert Davidson's "Galvani" of 1842' Robert C.Post ''Railroad History'' 1974 pp5-23.
*'An Ingenious Aberdonian' A.C Davidson ''Scots Magazine'' January 1976
*article by A.F Anderson '''New Scientist'', 11 June 1981 pp 712-713.

{{inventor-stub}}

[[Category:1804 births|Davidson, Robert]]
[[Category:1894 deaths|Davidson, Robert]]
[[Category:Scottish inventors|Davidson, Robert]]
[[Category:People from Aberdeen|Davidson, Robert]]

Robert Davidson (Erfinder)

2007-01-17T12:45:49Z

Notreallydavid: couple of changes of wording

A. C. Grayling

2007-01-15T16:45:02Z

Notreallydavid: /* Background */ insert 'of'

[[Image:ACGrayling.PNG|thumb|Anthony Grayling]]
'''Anthony Clifford Grayling''' [[Masters degree|MA]], [[DPhil]] (Oxon) [[FRSA]] (born [[3 April]] [[1949]]) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] philosopher and author. He is Professor of Philosophy at [[Birkbeck, University of London]] and a supernumerary fellow of [[St Anne's College, Oxford]].
== Background ==
Grayling was born in [[Luanshya]], [[Zambia]] and spent his formative years in the British expatriate community of East Africa. His first exposure to philosophical writing was at the age of twelve when he read an English translation of [[Plato]]'s [[Charmides]] dialogue. At fourteen he read [[George Henry Lewes|G. H. Lewes]]'s ''Biographical History of Philosophy''. This work was instrumental in confirming his ambition to study philosophy. Grayling later remarked on the text, "It superinduced order on the random reading that had preceded it, and settled my vocation."

After returning to [[England]] in his teens Grayling studied at [[Sussex University]] and [[Magdalen College, Oxford]] where he obtained his doctorate in [[1981]]. The subject of his thesis was "scepticism and transcendental arguments." This was supervised by the philosophers [[P. F. Strawson]] and [[A. J. Ayer]]. Grayling lectured in philosophy at St Anne’s College, Oxford before taking up a post at [[Birkbeck, University of London]] where he subsequently became [[Reader]] in Philosophy, and then [[Professor]] of Philosophy. Grayling is also a director of and regular contributor to [[Prospect magazine]].

== Academic interests ==
Grayling’s main areas of interest are the [[Epistemology|theory of knowledge]],
[[metaphysics]], and [[philosophical logic]]. He brings these subjects together
in an attempt to define the relationship between [[mind]] and world, and in so
doing he is challenging the ideas of [[philosophical scepticism]]. His arguments are elucidated in a number of publications, including ''The Refutation of Scepticism'' ([[1985]]), ''Berkeley: The Central Arguments'' ([[1986]]), ''Wittgenstein'' ([[1988]]), and ''Russell'' ([[1996]]). Grayling uses [[philosophical logic]] to counter the arguments of the sceptic, thereby shedding light on the traditional ideas of the realism debate and developing associated views on truth and meaning. His ideas are described in the later chapters of ''An Introduction to Philosophical Logic'' ([[1982]]), and advanced in a series of papers including ''Epistemology and Realism'' (1991-2), and ''Independence and Transcendence: The Independence Thesis and Realism'' ([[1998]]). In these publications he puts forward the idea that we should consider realism as a primarily epistemological—rather than a metaphysical or a semantic—concept on the relations between mind and world.

Grayling has written widely on contemporary issues including [[war crimes]], the [[Illegal drugs trade|legalisation of drugs]], [[euthanasia]], [[secularism]], and [[human rights]]. In support of his belief that the philosopher should engage in public debate, he brings the philosophical perspective to issues of the day in his work as a commentator on radio and [[television]]. Between [[1999]] and [[2002]] he wrote a weekly column in [[The Guardian]] called "The Last Word", in which he turned his attention to a different topic every week. In these columns, which also formed the basis of a series of popular books (commencing with ''[[The Meaning of Things]]'' in [[2001]]), Grayling made the basics of philosophy available to the layman.

== Positions held ==
* Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Arts]]
* Fellow of the [[World Economic Forum]]
* Member of the editorial boards of ''[[Reason in Practice]]'' and ''[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]]''
* [[British Academy]] visitor to the Institute of Philosophy at the [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (1986)
* Director of the Sino-British Summer School in Philosophy in Beijing (1988, 1993)
* Jan Hus Visiting Fellow at the Institute of Philosophy at the [[Czech Academy of Science]] (1994 and 1996)
* Leverhulme Trust Research Fellowship (1998)
* Honorary Secretary of the [[Aristotelian Society]] (1993-2001)
* Gifford Lecturer at the [[University of Glasgow]] (2005)
* Past chairman of [[June Fourth]], a human rights group concerned with [[China]]
* Honorary Associate of the [[National Secular Society]]
* Distinguished Supporter of the [[British Humanist Association]]

== Publications ==
* ''Berkeley: The Central Arguments'' (1986) ISBN 0-8126-9037-0
* ''China: A Literary Companion'' (1995) With [[Susan Whitfield]] ISBN 0-7195-5353-9
* ''An Introduction to Philosophical Logic'' (1998) ISBN 0-631-20655-8
* ''Philosophy: A Guide Through the Subject Vol 1'' (1998) ISBN 0-19-875243-1
* ''Philosophy 2'' ISBN 0-19-875178-8
* ''[[The Meaning of Things: Applying Philosophy to Life]]'' (2001) ISBN 0-297-60758-8
* ''Wittgenstein'' (2002) ISBN 3-451-04739-X
* ''Quarrel of the Age: the life and times of William Hazlitt'' (2001) ISBN 1-84212-496-X
* ''Russell: A Very Short Introduction'' (2002) ISBN 0-19-280258-5
* ''The Reason of Things'' (2002) ISBN 0-297-82935-1
* ''What Is Good?: The Search for the Best Way to Live'' (2003) ISBN 0-297-84132-7
* ''Life, Sex and Ideas: The Good Life Without God'' (2003) ISBN 0-19-517755-X
* ''The Art of Always Being Right: Thirty Eight Ways to Win When You Are Defeated'' (2004) Author: [[Arthur Schopenhauer]]. Introduction by Grayling ISBN 1-903933-61-7
* ''The Mystery of Things'' (2004) ISBN 0-297-64559-5
* ''The Heart of Things: Applying Philosophy to the 21st Century'' (2005) ISBN 0-297-84819-4
* ''Descartes: The Life of Rene Descartes and its place in his times'' (2005) ISBN 0-7432-3147-3
* ''Among the Dead Cities: The History and Moral Legacy of the WWII Bombing of Civilians in Germany and Japan'' (2006) ISBN 0-7475-7671-8
* ''The Form of Things: Essays on Life, Ideas and Liberty'' (2006) ISBN 0-297-85167-5

== Reviews of Grayling's work ==

* Smoler, Fredric. "[http://www.americanheritage.com/events/articles/web/20060406-bombing-strategic-world-war-ii-grayling-among-dead-cities-germany-japan-civilians-royal-air-force-atomic-bomb-richard-pape-terrorism-russia-axis.shtml Was the American Bombing Campaign in World War II a War Crime?]" Review of ''Among the Dead Cities: The History and Moral Legacy of the WWII Bombing of Civilians in Germany and Japan'' by A. C. Grayling. ''[[American Heritage (magazine)|American Heritage]]'', April 6, 2006.

== External links ==
*[http://www.acgrayling.com A. C. Grayling website]
*[http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/ac_grayling ''Comment is Free'' articles]

[[Category:20th century philosophers|Grayling, A. C.]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford|Grayling, A. C.]]
[[Category:Academics of Birkbeck, University of London|Grayling, A. C.]]
[[Category:Fellows of St Anne's College, Oxford|Grayling, A. C.]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts|Grayling, A. C.]]
[[Category:British humanists|Grayling, A. C.]]
[[Category:English atheists|Grayling, A. C.]]
[[Category:1949 births|Grayling, A. C.]]
[[Category:Living people|Grayling, A. C.]]

Julie Burchill

2007-01-09T03:44:07Z

Notreallydavid: /* Career */ added 'notably her former husband Tony Parsons' and recast sentence (+ tweaked the one after, and added a 'sometimes' elsewhere

{{POV}}
{{Infobox Writer
| name = Julie Burchill
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = [[July 3]] [[1959]]
| birth_place = [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = novelist, columnist
| nationality = {{flagicon|England}} English
| period = [[1977]]-present
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| debut_works =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| main_work = [[Sugar Rush]], [[2004]]
}}
'''Julie Burchill''' (born [[July 3]] [[1959]] in [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]]) is a British journalist known for the acerbity of her writing and the vehemence and unpredictability of her opinions.

==Life==

Julie Burchill was born in [[Bristol]] to [[working class]] parents, a fact of which she is very proud. She did not attend university. She started her career as a writer at the ''[[New Musical Express]]'' (NME) in her teens after responding, with her husband-to-be [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], to an advert in that paper seeking ''hip young gunslingers'' to write about the then emerging [[Punk subculture|punk movement]]. Burchill was briefly married to Parsons and then to [[Cosmo Landesman]], the son of [[Fran Landesman|Fran]] and Jay Landesman. Both marriages produced a son. Both sons live with their fathers. In [[1991]], Burchill, Landesman and [[Toby Young]] established a short-lived magazine ''[[Modern Review (London)|Modern Review]]'' through which she met [[Charlotte Raven]], with whom she had a much publicised affair. She subsequently married again, to Raven's brother Daniel, a much younger man<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref>. She wrote of the joys of having a "toyboy" in her Times Weekend Review column. Fellow NME journalist/author [[Paul Wellings]] wrote about their friendship in his book "I'm A Journalist...Get Me Out Of Here".

In 2003, Burchill was ranked number 85 in Channel 4's poll of [[100 Worst Britons]]. The poll was inspired by the BBC series [[100 Greatest Britons]], though it was less serious in nature. The aim was to discover the "100 worst Britons we love to hate". The poll specified that the nominees had to be British, alive and not currently in prison or pending trial.

Having previously converted to [[Christianity]], she announced in February 2006 plans for a year's sabbatical from journalism, during which she plans, among other things, to study [[theology]]. ''The Times'' has recently dropped her Saturday column, and had arranged a more flexible arrangement where Burchill writes for the daily paper (see[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,,1705622,00.html]).

As well as continuing with her studies, she is working on three books and two documentaries, and has contributed an introduction to the novel ''A Year in the Life of TheManWhoFellAsleep'' by [[Greg Stekelman]].

She has lived in [[Brighton]] for a number of years and a book on her adopted home town is forthcoming.

Burchill has also on occasions expressed concern for animal welfare. She is a supporter of the ''Safe Haven for Donkeys in the Holy Land.''

==Career==

Julie Burchill has written for many newspapers and magazines. At one time she wrote a column for the [[Mail on Sunday]] - perhaps a surprising home for her talents. For five years until [[2003]] she wrote a weekly column in ''[[The Guardian]]''. As [[Lynn Barber]] wrote in ''[[The Observer]]'', "She moved at the beginning of this year because when she asked for a rise, the ''Guardian'' offered her a sofa. 'They said, "We can't give you no more money" - lying bastards - "but we'll buy you the biggest bestest sofa you've ever seen." And I said, "Well, I'll think about it." And I put down the phone and I thought, "That was an insult!" Because it was saying: You are a white working-class woman who may have come up in the world but basically you're sitting on your fat ass all day, eating chocs and watching [[Trisha]]. Which I do - but they don't have the right to say it.' So she moved to the ''Times'', who paid her in dosh rather than sofas."<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref> She also claims she left the Guardian in "protest at what [she] saw as its vile [[anti-Semitism]]."<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/749291.html Bleeding-heart ignoramuses] - [[Haaretz]]. [[August 11]], [[2006]]</ref> (Burchill is fiercely pro-[[Israel]] and hostile to [[Islam]]).

She currently writes for ''[[The Times]]''. Shortly after starting her weekly column, she referred to [[George Galloway]] but appeared to confuse him with former MP [[Ronald Brown (Scottish politician)|Ron Brown]], reporting the misdeeds of Brown as those of Galloway. Galloway threatened legal action which was averted when she apologised and ''The Times'' paid damages<ref>''[[The Guardian]]'' (Owen Gibson) [http://politics.guardian.co.uk/media/story/0,12123,1170342,00.html Galloway demands Burchill apology] 16 March 2004</ref>.

Burchill is noted for her confrontational and iconoclastic views, which have sometimes been criticised as contradictory. In the [[1980s]], she wrote in favour of [[Margaret Thatcher]], but she has always claimed she has never renounced the [[Communist]] beliefs of her youth. She is a consistent defender of the old [[Soviet Union]]. Burchill champions the [[working-class]] against the [[middle-class]] in most cases, and has been particularly vocal in defending the much-maligned [[chavs]].<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,7-1488120,00.html "Yeah but, no but: why I'm proud to be a chav"], ''The Times'', February 18 2005 </ref>

Burchill has made frequent attacks on various [[celebrity]] figures (notably her former husband Tony Parsons). These attacks have attracted criticism for their cruelty, though her supporters note the self-deprecating aspects of her writing. She is perhaps best known in America for the "Fax wars" or "Battle of the Bitches" with author [[Camille Paglia]] ([http://website.lineone.net/~jon.simmons/julie/paglia.htm]). She has written many books (her novel ''Ambition'' was a bestseller in the 1980s), and has made television documentaries about the death of her father from [[asbestosis]] and about ''Heat'' magazine.

Her [[2004]] [[lesbian]]-themed novel for teenagers ''[[Sugar Rush]]'' was produced by [[Shine Limited]] and aired on [[Channel Four]]. [http://www.shinelimited.com/about.jsp?id=4&aid=1]

== Bibliography ==
*''The Boy Looked at Johnny'' co-written with [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], 1977
*''Love It or Shove It'', 1985
*''Girls on Film'', 1986
*''Damaged Gods: Cults and Heroes Reappraised'', 1987
*''Ambition'', 1989
*''Sex and Sensibility'', 1992
*''No Exit'', 1993
*''Married Alive'', 1998
*''I Knew I Was Right'', 1998, an [[autobiography]]
*''Diana'', 1999
*''The Guardian Columns 1998-2000'', 2000
*''On Beckham'', 2002
*''[[Sugar Rush]]'', 2004 (adapted for UK television in [[2005]])

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/graphics/2005/02/22/bvburch22.jpg Photo]
*[http://www.julieburchill.org.uk/ Unofficial Julie Burchill website]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Archive/0,5673,-4,00.html ''Guardian'' columns by Julie Burchill]
*[http://www.spikemagazine.com/0605-julie-burchill.php Hurricane Julie] 2005 Spike Magazine extensive interview with Julie Burchill
*[http://www.channel4.com/life/microsites/S/sugar_rush/index.html Details of Sugar Rush on Channel Four]
*[http://homepage.ntlworld.com/l_tabraham/jbrr.htm The Julie Burchill Random Recycler]

[[Category:1959 births|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Living people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:English columnists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Bisexual writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:British critics|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Euston Manifesto signatories|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from the United Kingdom|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT people from England|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:The Times people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Guardian journalists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:NME writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:People from Bristol|Burchill, Julie]]

Julie Burchill

2007-01-04T03:02:30Z

Notreallydavid: recently->subsequently

{{POV}}
{{Infobox Writer
| name = Julie Burchill
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = [[July 3]] [[1959]]
| birth_place = [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = novelist, columnist
| nationality = {{flagicon|England}} English
| period = [[1977]]-present
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| debut_works =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| main_work = [[Sugar Rush]], [[2004]]
}}
'''Julie Burchill''' (born [[July 3]] [[1959]] in [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]]) is a British journalist known for the acerbity of her writing and the vehemence and unpredictability of her opinions.

==Life==

Julie Burchill was born in [[Bristol]] to [[working class]] parents, a fact of which she is very proud. She did not attend university. She started her career as a writer at the ''[[New Musical Express]]'' (NME) in her teens after responding, with her husband-to-be [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], to an advert in that paper seeking ''hip young gunslingers'' to write about the then emerging [[Punk subculture|punk movement]]. Burchill was briefly married to Parsons and then to [[Cosmo Landesman]], the son of [[Fran Landesman|Fran]] and Jay Landesman. Both marriages produced a son. Both sons live with their fathers. In [[1991]], Burchill, Landesman and [[Toby Young]] established a short-lived magazine ''[[Modern Review (London)|Modern Review]]'' through which she met [[Charlotte Raven]], with whom she had a much publicised affair. She subsequently married again, to Raven's brother Daniel, a much younger man<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref>. She wrote of the joys of having a "toyboy" in her Times Weekend Review column. Fellow NME journalist/author [[Paul Wellings]] wrote about their friendship in his book "I'm A Journalist...Get Me Out Of Here".

In 2003, Burchill was ranked number 85 in Channel 4's poll of [[100 Worst Britons]]. The poll was inspired by the BBC series [[100 Greatest Britons]], though it was less serious in nature. The aim was to discover the "100 worst Britons we love to hate". The poll specified that the nominees had to be British, alive and not currently in prison or pending trial.

Having previously converted to [[Christianity]], she announced in February 2006 plans for a year's sabbatical from journalism, during which she plans, among other things, to study [[theology]]. ''The Times'' has recently dropped her Saturday column, and had arranged a more flexible arrangement where Burchill writes for the daily paper (see[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,,1705622,00.html]).

As well as continuing with her studies, she is working on three books and two documentaries, and has contributed an introduction to the novel ''A Year in the Life of TheManWhoFellAsleep'' by [[Greg Stekelman]].

She has lived in [[Brighton]] for a number of years and a book on her adopted home town is forthcoming.

Burchill has also on occasions expressed concern for animal welfare. She is a supporter of the ''Safe Haven for Donkeys in the Holy Land.''

==Career==

Julie Burchill has written for many newspapers and magazines. At one time she wrote a column for the [[Mail on Sunday]] - perhaps a surprising home for her talents. For five years until [[2003]] she wrote a weekly column in ''[[The Guardian]]''. As [[Lynn Barber]] wrote in ''[[The Observer]]'', "She moved at the beginning of this year because when she asked for a rise, the ''Guardian'' offered her a sofa. 'They said, "We can't give you no more money" - lying bastards - "but we'll buy you the biggest bestest sofa you've ever seen." And I said, "Well, I'll think about it." And I put down the phone and I thought, "That was an insult!" Because it was saying: You are a white working-class woman who may have come up in the world but basically you're sitting on your fat ass all day, eating chocs and watching [[Trisha]]. Which I do - but they don't have the right to say it.' So she moved to the ''Times'', who paid her in dosh rather than sofas."<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref> She also claims she left the Guardian in "protest at what [she] saw as its vile [[anti-Semitism]]."<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/749291.html Bleeding-heart ignoramuses] - [[Haaretz]]. [[August 11]], [[2006]]</ref> (Burchill is fiercely pro-[[Israel]] and hostile to [[Islam]]).

She currently writes for ''[[The Times]]''. Shortly after starting her weekly column, she referred to [[George Galloway]] but appeared to confuse him with former MP [[Ronald Brown (Scottish politician)|Ron Brown]], reporting the misdeeds of Brown as those of Galloway. Galloway threatened legal action which was averted when she apologised and ''The Times'' paid damages<ref>''[[The Guardian]]'' (Owen Gibson) [http://politics.guardian.co.uk/media/story/0,12123,1170342,00.html Galloway demands Burchill apology] 16 March 2004</ref>.

Burchill is noted for her confrontational and iconoclastic views, which have been criticised as contradictory. In the [[1980s]], she wrote in favour of [[Margaret Thatcher]], but she has always claimed she has never renounced the [[Communist]] beliefs of her youth. She is a consistent defender of the old [[Soviet Union]]. Burchill champions the [[working-class]] against the [[middle-class]] in most cases, and has been particularly vocal in defending the much-maligned [[chavs]].<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,7-1488120,00.html "Yeah but, no but: why I'm proud to be a chav"], ''The Times'', February 18 2005 </ref>

Burchill has made frequent attacks on various [[celebrity]] figures, which have been criticised for their cruelty, though her supporters note the self-deprecating aspects of her writing. She is perhaps best known in America for the "Fax wars" or "Battle of the Bitches" with author [[Camille Paglia]] ([http://website.lineone.net/~jon.simmons/julie/paglia.htm]). She has written many books (her novel ''Ambition'' was a bestseller in the 1980s), and has made television documentaries about the death of her father from [[asbestosis]] and about ''Heat'' magazine.

Her [[2004]] [[lesbian]]-themed novel for teenagers ''[[Sugar Rush]]'' was produced by [[Shine Limited]] and aired on [[Channel Four]]. [http://www.shinelimited.com/about.jsp?id=4&aid=1]

== Bibliography ==
*''The Boy Looked at Johnny'' co-written with [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], 1977
*''Love It or Shove It'', 1985
*''Girls on Film'', 1986
*''Damaged Gods: Cults and Heroes Reappraised'', 1987
*''Ambition'', 1989
*''Sex and Sensibility'', 1992
*''No Exit'', 1993
*''Married Alive'', 1998
*''I Knew I Was Right'', 1998, an [[autobiography]]
*''Diana'', 1999
*''The Guardian Columns 1998-2000'', 2000
*''On Beckham'', 2002
*''[[Sugar Rush]]'', 2004 (adapted for UK television in [[2005]])

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/graphics/2005/02/22/bvburch22.jpg Photo]
*[http://www.julieburchill.org.uk/ Unofficial Julie Burchill website]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Archive/0,5673,-4,00.html ''Guardian'' columns by Julie Burchill]
*[http://www.spikemagazine.com/0605-julie-burchill.php Hurricane Julie] 2005 Spike Magazine extensive interview with Julie Burchill
*[http://www.channel4.com/life/microsites/S/sugar_rush/index.html Details of Sugar Rush on Channel Four]
*[http://homepage.ntlworld.com/l_tabraham/jbrr.htm The Julie Burchill Random Recycler]

[[Category:1959 births|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Living people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:English columnists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Bisexual writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:British critics|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Euston Manifesto signatories|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from the United Kingdom|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT people from England|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:The Times people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Guardian journalists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:NME writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:People from Bristol|Burchill, Julie]]

Julie Burchill

2007-01-04T03:00:00Z

Notreallydavid: /* Career */tiny italicisation tweak

{{POV}}
{{Infobox Writer
| name = Julie Burchill
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = [[July 3]] [[1959]]
| birth_place = [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = novelist, columnist
| nationality = {{flagicon|England}} English
| period = [[1977]]-present
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| debut_works =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| main_work = [[Sugar Rush]], [[2004]]
}}
'''Julie Burchill''' (born [[July 3]] [[1959]] in [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]]) is a British journalist known for the acerbity of her writing and the vehemence and unpredictability of her opinions.

==Life==

Julie Burchill was born in [[Bristol]] to [[working class]] parents, a fact of which she is very proud. She did not attend university. She started her career as a writer at the ''[[New Musical Express]]'' (NME) in her teens after responding, with her husband-to-be [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], to an advert in that paper seeking ''hip young gunslingers'' to write about the then emerging [[Punk subculture|punk movement]]. Burchill was briefly married to Parsons and then to [[Cosmo Landesman]], the son of [[Fran Landesman|Fran]] and Jay Landesman. Both marriages produced a son. Both sons live with their fathers. In [[1991]], Burchill, Landesman and [[Toby Young]] established a short-lived magazine ''[[Modern Review (London)|Modern Review]]'' through which she met [[Charlotte Raven]], with whom she had a much publicised affair. She recently married again, to Raven's brother Daniel, a much younger man<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref>. She wrote of the joys of having a "toyboy" in her Times' Weekend Review column. Fellow NME journalist/author [[Paul Wellings]] wrote about their friendship in his book "I'm A Journalist...Get Me Out Of Here".

In 2003, Burchill was ranked number 85 in Channel 4's poll of [[100 Worst Britons]]. The poll was inspired by the BBC series [[100 Greatest Britons]], though it was less serious in nature. The aim was to discover the "100 worst Britons we love to hate". The poll specified that the nominees had to be British, alive and not currently in prison or pending trial.

Having previously converted to [[Christianity]], she announced in February 2006 plans for a year's sabbatical from journalism, during which she plans, among other things, to study [[theology]]. ''The Times'' has recently dropped her Saturday column, and had arranged a more flexible arrangement where Burchill writes for the daily paper (see[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,,1705622,00.html]).

As well as continuing with her studies, she is working on three books and two documentaries, and has contributed an introduction to the novel ''A Year in the Life of TheManWhoFellAsleep'' by [[Greg Stekelman]].

She has lived in [[Brighton]] for a number of years and a book on her adopted home town is forthcoming.

Burchill has also on occasions expressed concern for animal welfare. She is a supporter of the ''Safe Haven for Donkeys in the Holy Land.''

==Career==

Julie Burchill has written for many newspapers and magazines. At one time she wrote a column for the [[Mail on Sunday]] - perhaps a surprising home for her talents. For five years until [[2003]] she wrote a weekly column in ''[[The Guardian]]''. As [[Lynn Barber]] wrote in ''[[The Observer]]'', "She moved at the beginning of this year because when she asked for a rise, the ''Guardian'' offered her a sofa. 'They said, "We can't give you no more money" - lying bastards - "but we'll buy you the biggest bestest sofa you've ever seen." And I said, "Well, I'll think about it." And I put down the phone and I thought, "That was an insult!" Because it was saying: You are a white working-class woman who may have come up in the world but basically you're sitting on your fat ass all day, eating chocs and watching [[Trisha]]. Which I do - but they don't have the right to say it.' So she moved to the ''Times'', who paid her in dosh rather than sofas."<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref> She also claims she left the Guardian in "protest at what [she] saw as its vile [[anti-Semitism]]."<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/749291.html Bleeding-heart ignoramuses] - [[Haaretz]]. [[August 11]], [[2006]]</ref> (Burchill is fiercely pro-[[Israel]] and hostile to [[Islam]]).

She currently writes for ''[[The Times]]''. Shortly after starting her weekly column, she referred to [[George Galloway]] but appeared to confuse him with former MP [[Ronald Brown (Scottish politician)|Ron Brown]], reporting the misdeeds of Brown as those of Galloway. Galloway threatened legal action which was averted when she apologised and ''The Times'' paid damages<ref>''[[The Guardian]]'' (Owen Gibson) [http://politics.guardian.co.uk/media/story/0,12123,1170342,00.html Galloway demands Burchill apology] 16 March 2004</ref>.

Burchill is noted for her confrontational and iconoclastic views, which have been criticised as contradictory. In the [[1980s]], she wrote in favour of [[Margaret Thatcher]], but she has always claimed she has never renounced the [[Communist]] beliefs of her youth. She is a consistent defender of the old [[Soviet Union]]. Burchill champions the [[working-class]] against the [[middle-class]] in most cases, and has been particularly vocal in defending the much-maligned [[chavs]].<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,7-1488120,00.html "Yeah but, no but: why I'm proud to be a chav"], ''The Times'', February 18 2005 </ref>

Burchill has made frequent attacks on various [[celebrity]] figures, which have been criticised for their cruelty, though her supporters note the self-deprecating aspects of her writing. She is perhaps best known in America for the "Fax wars" or "Battle of the Bitches" with author [[Camille Paglia]] ([http://website.lineone.net/~jon.simmons/julie/paglia.htm]). She has written many books (her novel ''Ambition'' was a bestseller in the 1980s), and has made television documentaries about the death of her father from [[asbestosis]] and about ''Heat'' magazine.

Her [[2004]] [[lesbian]]-themed novel for teenagers ''[[Sugar Rush]]'' was produced by [[Shine Limited]] and aired on [[Channel Four]]. [http://www.shinelimited.com/about.jsp?id=4&aid=1]

== Bibliography ==
*''The Boy Looked at Johnny'' co-written with [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], 1977
*''Love It or Shove It'', 1985
*''Girls on Film'', 1986
*''Damaged Gods: Cults and Heroes Reappraised'', 1987
*''Ambition'', 1989
*''Sex and Sensibility'', 1992
*''No Exit'', 1993
*''Married Alive'', 1998
*''I Knew I Was Right'', 1998, an [[autobiography]]
*''Diana'', 1999
*''The Guardian Columns 1998-2000'', 2000
*''On Beckham'', 2002
*''[[Sugar Rush]]'', 2004 (adapted for UK television in [[2005]])

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/graphics/2005/02/22/bvburch22.jpg Photo]
*[http://www.julieburchill.org.uk/ Unofficial Julie Burchill website]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Archive/0,5673,-4,00.html ''Guardian'' columns by Julie Burchill]
*[http://www.spikemagazine.com/0605-julie-burchill.php Hurricane Julie] 2005 Spike Magazine extensive interview with Julie Burchill
*[http://www.channel4.com/life/microsites/S/sugar_rush/index.html Details of Sugar Rush on Channel Four]
*[http://homepage.ntlworld.com/l_tabraham/jbrr.htm The Julie Burchill Random Recycler]

[[Category:1959 births|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Living people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:English columnists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Bisexual writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:British critics|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Euston Manifesto signatories|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from the United Kingdom|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT people from England|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:The Times people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Guardian journalists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:NME writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:People from Bristol|Burchill, Julie]]

Julie Burchill

2006-12-20T01:57:35Z

Notreallydavid: typo excision

{{POV}}
{{Infobox Writer
| name = Julie Burchill
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = [[July 3]] [[1959]]
| birth_place = [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = novelist, columnist
| nationality = {{flagicon|England}} English
| period = [[1977]]-present
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| debut_works =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| main_work = [[Sugar Rush]], [[2004]]
}}
'''Julie Burchill''' (born [[July 3]] [[1959]] in [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]]) is a British journalist known for the acerbity of her writing and the vehemence and unpredictability of her opinions.

==Life==

Julie Burchill was born in [[Bristol]] to [[working class]] parents, a fact of which she is very proud. She did not attend university. She started her career as a writer at the ''[[New Musical Express]]'' (NME) in her teens after responding, with her husband-to-be [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], to an advert in that paper seeking ''hip young gunslingers'' to write about the then emerging [[Punk subculture|punk movement]]. Burchill was briefly married to Parsons and then to [[Cosmo Landesman]], the son of [[Fran Landesman|Fran]] and Jay Landesman. Both marriages produced a son. Both sons live with their fathers. In [[1990]], Burchill, Landesman and [[Toby Young]] established a short-lived magazine ''[[Modern Review]]'' through which she met [[Charlotte Raven]], with whom she had a much publicised affair. She recently married again, to Raven's brother Daniel, a much younger man<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref>. She wrote of the joys of having a "toyboy" in her Times' Weekend Review column. Fellow NME journalist/author [[Paul Wellings]] wrote about their friendship in his book "I'm A Journalist...Get Me Out Of Here".

In 2003, Burchill was ranked number 85 in Channel 4's poll of [[100 Worst Britons]]. The poll was inspired by the BBC series [[100 Greatest Britons]], though it was less serious in nature. The aim was to discover the "100 worst Britons we love to hate". The poll specified that the nominees had to be British, alive and not currently in prison or pending trial.

Having previously converted to [[Christianity]], she announced in February 2006 plans for a year's sabbatical from journalism, during which she plans, among other things, to study [[theology]]. ''The Times'' has recently dropped her Saturday column, and had arranged a more flexible arrangement where Burchill writes for the daily paper (see[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,,1705622,00.html]).

As well as continuing with her studies, she is working on three books and two documentaries, and has contributed an introduction to the novel ''A Year in the Life of TheManWhoFellAsleep'' by [[Greg Stekelman]].

She has lived in [[Brighton]] for a number of years and a book on her adopted home town is forthcoming.

Burchill has also on occasions expressed concern for animal welfare. She is a supporter of the ''Safe Haven for Donkeys in the Holy Land.''

==Career==

Julie Burchill has written for many newspapers and magazines. At one time she wrote a column for the [[Mail on Sunday]] - perhaps a surprising home for her talents. For five years until [[2003]] she wrote a weekly column in ''[[The Guardian]]''. As [[Lynn Barber]] wrote in ''[[The Observer]]'', "She moved at the beginning of this year because when she asked for a rise, the ''Guardian'' offered her a sofa. 'They said, "We can't give you no more money" - lying bastards - "but we'll buy you the biggest bestest sofa you've ever seen." And I said, "Well, I'll think about it." And I put down the phone and I thought, "That was an insult!" Because it was saying: You are a white working-class woman who may have come up in the world but basically you're sitting on your fat ass all day, eating chocs and watching [[Trisha]]. Which I do - but they don't have the right to say it.' So she moved to the ''Times'', who paid her in dosh rather than sofas."<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref> She also claims she left the Guardian in "protest at what [she] saw as its vile [[anti-Semitism]]."<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/749291.html Bleeding-heart ignoramuses] - [[Haaretz]]. [[August 11]], [[2006]]</ref> (Burchill is fiercely pro-[[Israel]] and hostile to [[Islam]]).

She currently writes for ''[[The Times]]''. Shortly after starting her weekly column, she referred to [[George Galloway]] but appeared to confuse him with former MP [[Ronald Brown (Scottish politician)|Ron Brown]], reporting the misdeeds of Brown as those of Galloway. Galloway threatened legal action which was averted when she apologised and ''The Times'' paid damages<ref>''[[The Guardian]]'' (Owen Gibson) [http://politics.guardian.co.uk/media/story/0,12123,1170342,00.html Galloway demands Burchill apology] 16 March 2004</ref>.

Burchill is noted for her confrontational and iconoclastic views, which have been criticised as contradictory. In the [[1980s]], she wrote in favour of [[Margaret Thatcher]], but she has always claimed she has never renounced the [[Communist]] beliefs of her youth. She is a consistent defender of the old [[Soviet Union]]. Burchill champions the [[working-class]] against the [[middle-class]] in most cases, and has been particularly vocal in defending the much-maligned [[chavs]].<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,7-1488120,00.html "Yeah but, no but: why I'm proud to be a chav"], ''The Times'', February 18 2005 </ref>

Burchill has made frequent attacks on various [[celebrity]] figures, which have been criticised for their cruelty, though her supporters note the self-deprecating aspects of her writing. She is perhaps best known in America for the "Fax wars" or "Battle of the Bitches" with author [[Camille Paglia]] ([http://website.lineone.net/~jon.simmons/julie/paglia.htm]). She has written many books (her novel 'Ambition' was a bestseller in the 1980s), and has made television documentaries about the death of her father from [[asbestosis]] and about ''Heat'' magazine.

Her [[2004]] [[lesbian]]-themed novel for teenagers ''[[Sugar Rush]]'' was produced by [[Shine Limited]] and aired on [[Channel Four]]. [http://www.shinelimited.com/about.jsp?id=4&aid=1]

== Bibliography ==
*''The Boy Looked at Johnny'' co-written with [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], 1977
*''Love It or Shove It'', 1985
*''Girls on Film'', 1986
*''Damaged Gods: Cults and Heroes Reappraised'', 1987
*''Ambition'', 1989
*''Sex and Sensibility'', 1992
*''No Exit'', 1993
*''Married Alive'', 1998
*''I Knew I Was Right'', 1998, an [[autobiography]]
*''Diana'', 1999
*''The Guardian Columns 1998-2000'', 2000
*''On Beckham'', 2002
*''[[Sugar Rush]]'', 2004 (adapted for UK television in [[2005]])

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/graphics/2005/02/22/bvburch22.jpg Photo]
*[http://www.julieburchill.org.uk/ Unofficial Julie Burchill website]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Archive/0,5673,-4,00.html ''Guardian'' columns by Julie Burchill]
*[http://www.spikemagazine.com/0605-julie-burchill.php Hurricane Julie] 2005 Spike Magazine extensive interview with Julie Burchill
*[http://www.channel4.com/life/microsites/S/sugar_rush/index.html Details of Sugar Rush on Channel Four]
*[http://homepage.ntlworld.com/l_tabraham/jbrr.htm The Julie Burchill Random Recycler]

[[Category:1959 births|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Living people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:English columnists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Bisexual writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:British critics|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Euston Manifesto signatories|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from the United Kingdom|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT people from England|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:The Times people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Guardian journalists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:NME writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:People from Bristol|Burchill, Julie]]

Ivor Cutler

2006-12-13T01:58:43Z

Notreallydavid: /* Musical career */ rewrote sentence on poor sales of 'Ludo' + tweaked Honeysett sentence

{{Infobox Band
| band_name = Ivor Cutler
| image = [[Image:Cutlerportrait.jpg|200px]]
| caption =
| years_active = 1923–2006
| origin = [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]]
| music_genre = [[Poetry]], [[humour]]
| record_label = [[Virgin Records]], [[Rough Trade Records]], [[Creation Records]]
}}
'''Ivor Cutler''' ([[15 January]] [[1923]] – [[3 March]] [[2006]]) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[poet]], [[songwriter]] and [[humorist]]. He became known for his regular performances on BBC radio, and in particular his numerous sessions recorded for [[John Peel]]'s influential radio programme, and later for [[Andy Kershaw]]'s programme. He appeared in [[the Beatles]]' ''[[Magical Mystery Tour (film)|Magical Mystery Tour]]'' film in 1967 and on [[Neil Innes]]' television programmes. Cutler also wrote books for children and adults and was a teacher at [[A. S. Neill]]'s [[Summerhill School]] and for 30 years in inner-city schools in London.

In live performances Cutler would often accompany himself on a [[harmonium]]. [[Phyllis King]] appears on several of his records, and for a number of years was a part of his concerts. She usually read small phrases but also read a few short stories. The two starred in a BBC radio series, ''King Cutler'', in which they performed their material jointly and singly. Cutler is known to have had a long term relationship with King, but they never married. Cutler also collaborated with pianist [[Neil Ardley]] and singer [[Robert Wyatt]].

Many of Cutler's poems and songs involve conversations delivered as a monologue and, in these, one party is often Cutler as a child. Cutler describes poverty and neglect from his parents with great stoicism. He focuses on acceptance and gratitude for the basic elements of life, nature and love, which allows him to make points about mother-love in particular. The humour develops from the child's curiosity and the playful or self-serving lies the parent tells him to get, for example, a chore done or simply to stop the incessant questions. Cutler recited his poems in a gentle Scottish burr, and this, combined with the absurdity of the subject matter, is a mix that earned him a faithful cult following.<ref name="telegraph">[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/03/07/db0701.xml Obituary] (7 Mar. 2006). ''The Daily Telegraph''.</ref> Cutler was a member of the [[Noise Abatement Society]] and the [[Voluntary Euthanasia Society]]. He retired from performing in 2004, and died on [[3 March]] [[2006]].<ref name="espiner">Espiner, Mark (7 Mar. 2006). [http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,1725211,00.html Obituary]. ''The Guardian''.</ref>

==Early life==
Cutler was born in [[Glasgow]] into a middle-class [[Jew]]ish family of eastern European descent. He cited his childhood as the source of his artistic temperament, recalling a sense of displacement when his younger brother was born: "Without that I would not have been so screwed up as I am, and therefore not as creative."<ref name="bbcnews">BBC News (7 Mar. 2006). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4781980.stm Cult poet Ivor Cutler dies at 83]". Retrieved 10 Mar. 2006.</ref> In 1939 Cutler was evacuated to [[Annan, Dumfries and Galloway|Annan]]{{fact}}. He joined the [[Royal Air Force]] as a navigator in 1942 but was soon dismissed for "dreaminess".<ref name="telegraph" /> He moved to London where he was employed by the [[Inner London Education Authority]] to teach music, dance, drama and poetry to 7- to 11-year-olds.<ref name="mason">Mason, Stewart. "[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:23520rjac48n~T1 Biography]". All Music Guide. Retrieved 10 Mar. 2006.</ref> Cutler's deeply-held views on humanity meant he disliked [[corporal punishment]], and on leaving a teaching job he held in the 1950s, he cut up his [[tawse]] and handed the pieces to the class.<ref name="smith">Smith, Claire (13 Mar. 2004). "[http://news.scotsman.com/features.cfm?id=288522004 Survival of the wittiest]". ''The Scotsman''.</ref> He was married briefly and had two children.

==Musical career==
Cutler began writing songs and poetry in the late 1950s, making the first of many appearances on BBC radio on the [[BBC Home Service|Home Service]], where he featured on the ''Monday Night at Home'' programme on 38 occasions between 1959 and 1963.<ref name="mason"/> He gained popularity playing songs where he would often accompany himself on the [[harmonium]],<ref name="mason" /> and this success led to the release of a series a records starting with 1959's ''Ivor Cutler of Y'Hup'' EP. Cutler continued to make appearances on the BBC's programmes during the 1960s, and as a result of an appearance on the television show ''Late Night Line-Up'', he was noticed by [[Paul McCartney]], who invited Cutler to appear in [[the Beatles]]' ''[[Magical Mystery Tour (film)|Magical Mystery Tour]]'' film.<ref name="espiner"/> In the film, Cutler plays bus conductor Buster Bloodvessel, who becomes passionately attracted to [[Ringo Starr]]'s aunt Jessie. Following this film role, Cutler recorded a second LP. ''[[Ludo (album)|Ludo]]'' (1967), produced by the Beatles' [[George Martin]], and credited to the Ivor Cutler Trio, made up of Cutler with bassist Gill Lyons and percussionist Trevor Tomkins. The LP, taking inspiration from [[trad jazz]] and [[boogie-woogie (music)|boogie-woogie]], sees Cutler playing the piano as well as his usual harmonium, and is considered the most traditionally musical of all his records.<ref name="mason"/>

''Ludo'' did not enjoy great commercial success, and after its release Cutler continued to perform for BBC radio, recording the first of his sessions for [[John Peel]] in 1969. Cutler's work on Peel's shows would introduce him to successive generations of fans, and in the early 1990s, Cutler said, "Thanks to Peel, I gained a whole new audience, to the amazement of my older fans, who find themselves among 16-to-35s in theatres, and wonder where they came from."<ref name="garner">Garner, Ken (1993). ''In Session Tonight''. London: BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-36452-1</ref>

In the 1970s, [[Neil Ardley]] had Cutler sing on his ''A Symphony of Amaranths'' LP (1971),<ref name="gibson">Gibson, David (3 Apr. 1995). "[http://www.ivorcutler.org/collection.html Cutler Collection]". Retrieved 10 Mar. 2006.</ref> and former-[[Soft Machine]] singer [[Robert Wyatt]] asked Cutler to play harmonium and sing on two of the tracks on his ''[[Rock Bottom (album)|Rock Bottom]]'' LP (1974). The collaboration with Wyatt led to Cutler being signed to Wyatt's record label [[Virgin Records]], for whom Cutler recorded three LPs in the mid-1970s: ''[[Dandruff (album)|Dandruff]]'' (1974), ''[[Velvet Donkey]]'' (1975) and ''[[Jammy Smears]]'' (1976). (It also led to Wyatt covering Cutler's "Go and sit upon the grass", from ''Velvet Donkey'', as "Grass" on his 1981 ''Nothing Can Stop Us'' album.) Each of these discs intersperses Cutler's poems and songs with readings by his performing companion [[Phyllis King]]. During the decade Cutler used his sessions for John Peel to introduce numerous episodes of his ''Life in a Scotch Sitting Room'' series, culminating in the 1978 LP ''[[Life in a Scotch Sitting Room, Vol. 2]]'' (Volume 1 was a track on the 1974 album ''[[Dandruff|Dandruff]]'' ), regarded as a particularly autobiographical work,<ref name="mason"/> on which Cutler recounts tales from his childhood amid an environment of exaggerated Scottishness. Cutler also produced the work as a book, which was published in 1984 with illustrations by [[Martin Honeysett]].<ref name="gibson"/>

In the 1980s, [[Rough Trade Records]] released three LPs—''[[Privilege (album)|Privilege]]'' (1983), ''[[Prince Ivor]]'' (1986) and ''[[Gruts]]'' (1986). He also released the single "Women of the World", recorded with Linda Hirst, through the label in 1983. Cutler enjoyed further interest from the [[Creation Records|Creation]] record company in the 1990s, best known at the time as [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]]' record label. The label released two new volumes of poems and spoken word work: ''A Wet Handle'' (1997) and ''A Flat Man'' (1998).

He is alluded to in the song "Jacqueline" by [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]].

==Discography==
*''Ivor Cutler of Y'Hup'' EP (1959)
*''Who Tore Your Trousers?'' (1961)
*''Get Away from the Wall'' EP (1961)
*''[[Ludo (album)|Ludo]]'' (1967)
*''[[Dandruff (album)|Dandruff]]'' (1974)
*''[[Velvet Donkey]]'' (1975)
*''[[Jammy Smears]]'' (1976)
*''[[Life in a Scotch Sitting Room, Vol. 2]]'' (live) (1978)
*''[[Privilege (album)|Privilege]]'' (1983)
*''Prince Ivor'' (1986)
*''Gruts'' (1986)
*''Peel Sessions'' EP (1989)
*''[[A Wet Handle]]'' (1997)
*''A Flat Man'' (1998)
*''An Elpee and Two Epees''<ref name="elpee">''An Elpee and Two Epees'' is a CD compilation of Cutler's first three releases.</ref> (2005)

==Bibliography==
;Poetry
*''Many Flies Have Feathers'' (1973). Trigram Press.
*''A Flat Man'' (1977). Trigram Press. ISBN 0-85465-053-9
*''Private Habits'' (1981). Arc Publications. ISBN 0-902771-89-2
*''LARGE et Puffy'' (1984). Arc Publications. ISBN 0-902771-70-1
*''Fresh Carpet'' (1986). Arc Publications. ISBN 0-902771-68-X
*''A Nice Wee Present from Scotland'' (1988). Arc Publications. ISBN 0-902771-73-6
*''A Fly Sandwich and Other Menu'' (1991). Methuen. ISBN 0-413-65940-2
*''Is That Your Flap, Jack?'' (1992). Arc Publications. ISBN 0-946407-76-7
*''A Stuggy Pren'' (1994). Arc Publications. ISBN 0-946407-94-0
*''A Wet Handle'' (1996). Arc Publications. ISBN 1-900072-06-8
*''South American Bookworms'' (1999). Arc Publications. ISBN 1-900072-35-1
*''Scots Wa' Straw'' (2003). Arc Publications ISBN 1-900072-94-7

;Prose
*''Cockadoodledon't!!!'' (1966). Dennis Dobson.
*''Life in a Scotch Sitting Room, Vol.2'' (1984). Methuen. ISBN 0-413-73580-X
*''Gruts'' (1986). Methuen. ISBN 0-413-40810-8
*''Fremsley'' (1987). Methuen. ISBN 0-413-15540-4
*''Glasgow Dreamer'' (1990). Methuen. ISBN 0-413-73600-8

;Children's books
*''Meal One''. Armada Lions.
*''Balooky Klujypop''. Heinemann.
*''The Animal House''. Armada Lions.
*''The Vermillion Door'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''The Pomegranate Door'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''Herbert the Chicken'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''Herbert the Elephant'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''Herbert the Questionmark'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''Herbert the Herbert'' (1984). Walker Books.
*''One and a Quarter'' (1987). ISBN 0-233-98060-1
*''Herbert: 5 Stories'' (1988). Walker Books. ISBN 0-7445-4778-4
*''Grape Zoo'' (1991). Walker Books. ISBN 0-7445-2327-3
*''Doris the Hen'' (1992). Heinemann. ISBN 0-434-93354-6
*''The New Dress'' (1995). The Bodley Head. ISBN 0-370-31873-0

;Other
*''Befriend a Bacterium: Stickies by Ivor Cutler'' (1992). Pickpocket Books. ISBN 1-873422-11-3 (A collection of stickers that Cutler used to hand out to people).

==DVD video==
*''Looking for Truth with a Pin'' (2005) [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0455564/ (IMDB entry)]

==Notes and references==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>

==External links==
*[http://www.ivorcutler.org/ The Works of Ivor Cutler]
*[http://www.issue.demon.co.uk/poetry/cutler/ Ivor Cutler: An Introduction]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/homeentertainment/story/0,12830,1123719,00.html Interview - The Cult of Cutler] — [[The Guardian]], [[16 January]] [[2004]]
*[http://www.geocities.com/davidserjeant/ivor.html Further interviews]
*[http://www.benbecula.com/archive/ivor_cutler.shtml Benbecula Records article]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/johnpeel/artists/i/ivorcutler/ John Peel Sessions - Ivor Cutler]
*{{imdb name|id=0193922}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Cutler, Ivor
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Scottish poet, humorist
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[15 January]] [[1923]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]]
|DATE OF DEATH=[[3 March]] [[2006]]
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}

[[Category:1923 births|Cutler, Ivor]]
[[Category:2006 deaths|Cutler, Ivor]]
[[Category:People from Glasgow|Cutler, Ivor]]
[[Category:Scottish poets|Cutler, Ivor]]
[[Category:Scottish musicians|Cutler, Ivor]]
[[Category:Jewish poets|Cutler, Ivor]]
[[Category:Scottish Jews|Cutler, Ivor]]
[[Category:The Beatles films|Cutler, Ivor]]
[[Category:Peel Sessions artists|Cutler, Ivor]]

Ben Goldacre

2006-12-12T16:08:58Z

Notreallydavid: punctuation tweak

[[image:Frankenstein's Monster.jpg|frame|right|Ben Goldacre's humorous byline photo]]
'''Ben Goldacre''' is a [[London]]-based [[United Kingdom|British]] [[journalist]] and [[Physician|doctor]].

He studied medicine at [[Magdalen College]] [[Oxford]] wher he obtained a First in his preclinical studies in 1995. While at Oxford he also edited [[Isis magazine|Isis]]. Before going on to clinical medicine at [[University College London]] he was a visiting researcher in cognitive neurosciences at the [[University of Milan]], working on [[fMRI]] brain scans of language and executive function.

He writes a column, ''Bad Science'', on the Saturday science page of ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper. Devoted to satirical criticism of scientific inaccuracy, [[health scares]], [[pseudoscience]] and [[quackery]], it focuses especially on examples from the [[mass media]], consumer product [[marketing]] and [[complementary and alternative medicine]] in Britain.

He has been a particular critic of the claims of [[TV]] [[nutritionist]] [[Gillian McKeith]], anti-[[immunisation]] campaigners, [[Brain Gym]], bogus positive [[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|MRSA]] [[swab]] stories in [[tabloids]], and the makers of the product [[Penta Water]], to name just a few, and with some success: for example, McKeith has stopped calling herself a "doctor" on Channel 4, and Penta have ceased trading in the [[United Kingdom]], under investigation from various bodies.

In the Bad Science blog, Goldacre describes himself as "a serious fcuk-off [sic] academic ninja." [http://www.badscience.net/?page_id=4]

Ben Goldacre recently won "best feature" at the Science Writers awards, for the second time, as well as being named best freelancer in the Medical Journalism awards. He also received the Healthwatch award for "significant steps in improving the public's understanding of health issues."

==External links==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/badscience/ Bad Science column in ''The Guardian'']
*[http://www.badscience.net Bad Science website]

{{UK-journalist-stub}}

[[Category:British journalists|Goldacre, Ben]]
[[Category:English columnists|Goldacre, Ben]]
[[Category:Guardian journalists|Goldacre, Ben]]

Ben Goldacre

2006-12-12T16:07:25Z

Notreallydavid: adjusting a link

[[image:Frankenstein's Monster.jpg|frame|right|Ben Goldacre's humorous byline photo]]
'''Ben Goldacre''' is a [[London]]-based [[United Kingdom|British]] [[journalist]] and [[Physician|doctor]].

He studied medicine at [[Magdalen College]] [[Oxford]] wher he obtained a First in his preclinical studies in 1995. While at Oxford he also edited [[Isis magazine|Isis]]. Before going on to clinical medicine at [[University College London]] he was a visiting researcher in cognitive neurosciences at the [[University of Milan]], working on [[fMRI]] brain scans of language and executive function

He writes a column, ''Bad Science'', on the Saturday science page of ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper. Devoted to satirical criticism of scientific inaccuracy, [[health scares]], [[pseudoscience]] and [[quackery]], it focuses especially on examples from the [[mass media]], consumer product [[marketing]] and [[complementary and alternative medicine]] in Britain.

He has been a particular critic of the claims of [[TV]] [[nutritionist]] [[Gillian McKeith]], anti-[[immunisation]] campaigners, [[Brain Gym]], bogus positive [[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|MRSA]] [[swab]] stories in [[tabloids]], and the makers of the product [[Penta Water]], to name just a few, and with some success: for example, McKeith has stopped calling herself a "doctor" on Channel 4, and Penta have ceased trading in the [[United Kingdom]], under investigation from various bodies.

In the Bad Science blog, Goldacre describes himself as "a serious fcuk-off [sic] academic ninja." [http://www.badscience.net/?page_id=4]

Ben Goldacre recently won "best feature" at the Science Writers awards, for the second time, as well as being named best freelancer in the Medical Journalism awards. He also received the Healthwatch award for "significant steps in improving the public's understanding of health issues."

==External links==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/badscience/ Bad Science column in ''The Guardian'']
*[http://www.badscience.net Bad Science website]

{{UK-journalist-stub}}

[[Category:British journalists|Goldacre, Ben]]
[[Category:English columnists|Goldacre, Ben]]
[[Category:Guardian journalists|Goldacre, Ben]]

Ben Goldacre

2006-12-12T15:50:35Z

Notreallydavid: fuck -> fcuk, and added 'He studied medicine...' paragraph

[[image:Frankenstein's Monster.jpg|frame|right|Ben Goldacre's humorous byline photo]]
'''Ben Goldacre''' is a [[London]]-based [[United Kingdom|British]] [[journalist]] and [[Physician|doctor]].

He studied medicine at [[Magdalen College]] [[Oxford]] and obtained a First in his preclinical studies in 1995. While at Oxford he also edited [[Isis]]. Before going on to clinical medicine at [[University College London]], he was a visiting researcher in cognitive neurosciences at the [[University of Milan]], working on [[fMRI]] brain scans of language and executive function

He writes a column, ''Bad Science'', on the Saturday science page of ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper. Devoted to satirical criticism of scientific inaccuracy, [[health scares]], [[pseudoscience]] and [[quackery]], it focuses especially on examples from the [[mass media]], consumer product [[marketing]] and [[complementary and alternative medicine]] in Britain.

He has been a particular critic of the claims of [[TV]] [[nutritionist]] [[Gillian McKeith]], anti-[[immunisation]] campaigners, [[Brain Gym]], bogus positive [[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|MRSA]] [[swab]] stories in [[tabloids]], and the makers of the product [[Penta Water]], to name just a few, and with some success: for example, McKeith has stopped calling herself a "doctor" on Channel 4, and Penta have ceased trading in the [[United Kingdom]], under investigation from various bodies.

In the Bad Science blog, Goldacre describes himself as "a serious fcuk-off [sic] academic ninja." [http://www.badscience.net/?page_id=4]

Ben Goldacre recently won "best feature" at the Science Writers awards, for the second time, as well as being named best freelancer in the Medical Journalism awards. He also received the Healthwatch award for "significant steps in improving the public's understanding of health issues."

==External links==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/badscience/ Bad Science column in ''The Guardian'']
*[http://www.badscience.net Bad Science website]

{{UK-journalist-stub}}

[[Category:British journalists|Goldacre, Ben]]
[[Category:English columnists|Goldacre, Ben]]
[[Category:Guardian journalists|Goldacre, Ben]]

Nottingham Castle

2006-12-11T01:55:29Z

Notreallydavid: /* The present 'Castle Mansion' */ rewrote 'in the past few years' para for style; rewrote final para for style and tautness, and to tone down overstatement. Rewrote '1st outside London' para.

Nottingham Castle in [[Nottingham]], [[England]], is located in a commanding position, with 130 foot cliffs to the south and west.

== Medieval history ==
There is some indication that a [[castle]] of sorts may have existed on the site before the [[Norman Conquest]], although we cannot be certain. If there was it would have been a smaller and far less elaborate in design than the one that was to stand there afterwards, keeping in line with [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] [[architecture|architectural]] tradition.

[[Image:Tapisserie motte maquette.jpg|thumb|300px|A model of a [[motte-and-bailey]] type castle]]

The first [[Normans|Norman]] castle was a wooden structure and of a [[motte-and-bailey]] design, which was built in [[1067]], a year after the [[Battle of Hastings]], at the orders of [[William the Conqueror]]. This wooden structure was replaced by a far more defensible stone castle during the reign of [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] (1100-1135), and was imposing and of a complex architectural design.

For centuries the stone castle served as one of the most important castles in England for [[nobility|nobles]] and [[Royal family|royalty]] alike. It was in a strategic position due to being relatively in the dead centre of the [[British Isles]]; and also it was also known as a place of leisure being close to the royal hunting grounds at [[Tideswell]], which was the “Kings Larder” in the Royal Forest of the Peak, and also the royal forests of [[Barnsdale]] and [[Sherwood Forest]].

Whilst the King of England [[Richard the Lionheart]] was away at the [[Third Crusade]], and a great number of English noblemen were away with him, it was said that Nottingham Castle was left derelict and it was occupied by the [[Sheriff of Nottingham]]. In the legends of [[Robin Hood]], Nottingham Castle is the scene of the final showdown between the Sheriff and the heroic outlaw in many tales.

In [[1194]], a historic battle took place at Nottingham castle when the supporters of [[Prince John]] captured it. The castle was the site of a decisive siege when King [[Richard I]], returned to England and designed the castle with the siege machines he had used at [[Jerusalem]]. Richard was aided by [[Ranulph de Blondeville, 4th Earl of Chester]], and [[David of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon]].

The castle was expanded by many of the following monarchs until rendered obsolete in the 16th century by [[artillery]]. A short time following the break out of the [[English Civil War]], the castle was already in a semi-ruined state after a number of skirmishes occurred on the site. Towards the end of the Civil War, [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] chose Nottingham as the rallying point for his armies, but soon after he departed the castle rock was made defensible and held by the [[Parliament of England|parliamentarians]]. Commanded by [[John Hutchinson (Colonel)]], they repulsed several [[Cavaliers (royalists)|Royalist]] attacks, and they were the last group to hold the castle. After the execution of Charles I in [[1649]], the formerly imposing castle was finally razed completely down to the foundations.

Only a few sketches remain of the castle dating from medieval times. From these we can deduce that, in its day, it had been a majestic and impressive castle.

== The present 'Castle Mansion' ==
[[Image:Nottingham Castle - Nottingham - England - 2004-11-04.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|'''Nottingham Mansion Castle''' as it stands today, rising above the towers of Nottingham's [[Inland Revenue]] offices]]

After the restoration of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] in [[1660]], the present 'Castle Mansion' was built by [[Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle]] on the foundations of the previous structure. However, it lost its appeal to the later Dukes with the coming of the [[Industrial Revolution]], which left Nottingham with the reputation of having the worst [[slums]] in the [[British Empire]] outside [[India]]. When residents of these slums rioted in 1831, they torched the mansion.

The mansion remained a derelict shell until 1878, as a reminder to the people of Nottingham of what they had done. Eventually it was restored as the [[Nottingham Castle Museum]] in 1875, then opened in 1878 by the then Prince of Wales, [[King Edward VII]].

The Castle Mansion was the first municipal art gallery to open in the [[UK]] outside [[London]]. It is still used as a museum today.

In the past few years, [[Nottingham City Council]] has considered demolishing the mansion house and rebuilding the original castle, since many tourists expect to see a medieval castle but are disapointed to find a mansion house. These plans have been scrapped.

In [[2005]], the Castle was the only venue outside the [[USA]] to host the 'Waking Dreams' touring exhibition of [[Pre-Raphaelite]] art. The show attracted visitors from all over Europe and brought the Castle to international attention as a gallery space.

== External links ==
* [http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/sitemap/leisure_and_culture/museumsandgalleries/nottinghamcastle.htm Nottingham Mansion Castle on the Nottingham City Council website]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/nottingham/360/where_to_go/castle/index.shtml 360 degree virtual tour of the present mansion at the BBC wesbite]
* [http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/sitemap/leisure_and_culture/museumsandgalleries/nottinghamcastle/nottingham_castle_history.htm History of Nottingham Castle]
*[http://www.nottshistory.org.uk/Brown1896/nottingham2.htm Page containing a sketch of the mediæval castle]
*[http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/sherwoodtimes/page15.htm another rendition of the mediæval castle]
* [http://nottingham.openguides.org/?Nottingham_Castle Nottingham Castle - The Open Guide to Nottingham]



[[Category:Castles in England]]
[[Category:Nottingham]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Nottinghamshire]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Nottinghamshire]]
[[Category:Robin Hood]]

Nottingham Castle

2006-12-11T01:54:12Z

Nottingham Castle in [[Nottingham]], [[England]], is located in a commanding position, with 130 foot cliffs to the south and west.

== Medieval history ==
There is some indication that a [[castle]] of sorts may have existed on the site before the [[Norman Conquest]], although we cannot be certain. If there was it would have been a smaller and far less elaborate in design than the one that was to stand there afterwards, keeping in line with [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] [[architecture|architectural]] tradition.

[[Image:Tapisserie motte maquette.jpg|thumb|300px|A model of a [[motte-and-bailey]] type castle]]

The first [[Normans|Norman]] castle was a wooden structure and of a [[motte-and-bailey]] design, which was built in [[1067]], a year after the [[Battle of Hastings]], at the orders of [[William the Conqueror]]. This wooden structure was replaced by a far more defensible stone castle during the reign of [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] (1100-1135), and was imposing and of a complex architectural design.

For centuries the stone castle served as one of the most important castles in England for [[nobility|nobles]] and [[Royal family|royalty]] alike. It was in a strategic position due to being relatively in the dead centre of the [[British Isles]]; and also it was also known as a place of leisure being close to the royal hunting grounds at [[Tideswell]], which was the “Kings Larder” in the Royal Forest of the Peak, and also the royal forests of [[Barnsdale]] and [[Sherwood Forest]].

Whilst the King of England [[Richard the Lionheart]] was away at the [[Third Crusade]], and a great number of English noblemen were away with him, it was said that Nottingham Castle was left derelict and it was occupied by the [[Sheriff of Nottingham]]. In the legends of [[Robin Hood]], Nottingham Castle is the scene of the final showdown between the Sheriff and the heroic outlaw in many tales.

In [[1194]], a historic battle took place at Nottingham castle when the supporters of [[Prince John]] captured it. The castle was the site of a decisive siege when King [[Richard I]], returned to England and designed the castle with the siege machines he had used at [[Jerusalem]]. Richard was aided by [[Ranulph de Blondeville, 4th Earl of Chester]], and [[David of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon]].

The castle was expanded by many of the following monarchs until rendered obsolete in the 16th century by [[artillery]]. A short time following the break out of the [[English Civil War]], the castle was already in a semi-ruined state after a number of skirmishes occurred on the site. Towards the end of the Civil War, [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] chose Nottingham as the rallying point for his armies, but soon after he departed the castle rock was made defensible and held by the [[Parliament of England|parliamentarians]]. Commanded by [[John Hutchinson (Colonel)]], they repulsed several [[Cavaliers (royalists)|Royalist]] attacks, and they were the last group to hold the castle. After the execution of Charles I in [[1649]], the formerly imposing castle was finally razed completely down to the foundations.

Only a few sketches remain of the castle dating from medieval times. From these we can deduce that, in its day, it had been a majestic and impressive castle.

== The present 'Castle Mansion' ==
[[Image:Nottingham Castle - Nottingham - England - 2004-11-04.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|'''Nottingham Mansion Castle''' as it stands today, rising above the towers of Nottingham's [[Inland Revenue]] offices]]

After the restoration of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] in [[1660]], the present 'Castle Mansion' was built by [[Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle]] on the foundations of the previous structure. However it lost its attraction to the later Dukes with the coming of the [[Industrial Revolution]], which left Nottingham with the reputation of having the worst [[slums]] in the [[British Empire]] outside of [[India]]. When residents of these slums rioted in 1831, they torched the mansion.

The mansion remained a derelict shell until 1878, as a reminder to the people of Nottingham of what they had done. Eventually it was restored as the [[Nottingham Castle Museum]], in 1875, then opened in 1878 by the then Prince of Wales, [[King Edward VII]].

The Castle Mansion was the first municipal art gallery to open in the [[UK]] outside [[London]]. It is still used as a museum today.

In the past few years, [[Nottingham City Council]] has considered demolishing the mansion house and rebuilding the original castle, since many tourists expect to see a medieval castle but are disapointed to find a mansion house. These plans have been scrapped.

In [[2005]], the Castle was the only venue outside the [[USA]] to host the 'Waking Dreams' touring exhibition of [[Pre-Raphaelite]] art. The show attracted visitors from all over Europe and brought the Castle to international attention as a gallery space.

== External links ==
* [http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/sitemap/leisure_and_culture/museumsandgalleries/nottinghamcastle.htm Nottingham Mansion Castle on the Nottingham City Council website]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/nottingham/360/where_to_go/castle/index.shtml 360 degree virtual tour of the present mansion at the BBC wesbite]
* [http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/sitemap/leisure_and_culture/museumsandgalleries/nottinghamcastle/nottingham_castle_history.htm History of Nottingham Castle]
*[http://www.nottshistory.org.uk/Brown1896/nottingham2.htm Page containing a sketch of the mediæval castle]
*[http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/sherwoodtimes/page15.htm another rendition of the mediæval castle]
* [http://nottingham.openguides.org/?Nottingham_Castle Nottingham Castle - The Open Guide to Nottingham]



[[Category:Castles in England]]
[[Category:Nottingham]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Nottinghamshire]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Nottinghamshire]]
[[Category:Robin Hood]]

Julie Burchill

2006-12-11T00:56:51Z

Notreallydavid: /* Life */ style tweaks

{{POV}}
{{Infobox Writer
| name = Julie Burchill
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = [[July 3]] [[1959]]
| birth_place = [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = novelist, columnists
| nationality = {{flagicon|England}} English
| period = [[1977]]-present
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| debut_works =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| main_work = [[Sugar Rush]], [[2004]]
}}
'''Julie Burchill''' (born [[July 3]] [[1959]] in [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]]) is a British journalist known for the acerbity of her writing and the vehemence and unpredictability of her opinions.

==Life==

Julie Burchill was born in [[Bristol]] to [[working class]] parents, a fact of which she is very proud. She did not attend university. She started her career as a writer at the ''[[New Musical Express]]'' (NME) in her teens after responding, with her husband-to-be [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], to an advert in that paper seeking ''hip young gunslingers'' to write about the then emerging [[Punk subculture|punk movement]]. Burchill was briefly married to Parsons and then to [[Cosmo Landesman]], the son of [[Fran Landesman|Fran]] and Jay Landesman. Both marriages produced a son. Both sons live with their fathers. In [[1990]], Burchill and Landesman established a short-lived magazine ''[[Modern Review]]'' through which she met [[Charlotte Raven]], with whom she had a much publicised affair. She recently married again, to Raven's brother Daniel, a much younger man<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref>. She wrote of the joys of having a "toyboy" in her Times' Weekend Review column. Fellow NME journalist/author [[Paul Wellings]] wrote about their friendship in his book "I'm A Journalist...Get Me Out Of Here".

In 2003, Burchill was ranked number 85 in Channel 4's poll of [[100 Worst Britons]]. The poll was inspired by the BBC series [[100 Greatest Britons]], though it was less serious in nature. The aim was to discover the "100 worst Britons we love to hate". The poll specified that the nominees had to be British, alive and not currently in prison or pending trial.

Having previously converted to [[Christianity]], she announced in February 2006 plans for a year's sabbatical from journalism, during which she plans, among other things, to study [[theology]]. ''The Times'' has recently dropped her Saturday column, and had arranged a more flexible arrangement where Burchill writes for the daily paper (see[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,,1705622,00.html]).

As well as continuing with her studies, she is working on three books and two documentaries, and has contributed an introduction to the novel ''A Year in the Life of TheManWhoFellAsleep'' by [[Greg Stekelman]].

She has lived in [[Brighton]] for a number of years and a book on her adopted home town is forthcoming.

Burchill has also on occasions expressed concern for animal welfare. She is a supporter of the ''Safe Haven for Donkeys in the Holy Land.''

==Career==

Julie Burchill has written for many newspapers and magazines. At one time she wrote a column for the [[Mail on Sunday]] - perhaps a surprising home for her talents. For five years until [[2003]] she wrote a weekly column in ''[[The Guardian]]''. As [[Lynn Barber]] wrote in ''[[The Observer]]'', "She moved at the beginning of this year because when she asked for a rise, the ''Guardian'' offered her a sofa. 'They said, "We can't give you no more money" - lying bastards - "but we'll buy you the biggest bestest sofa you've ever seen." And I said, "Well, I'll think about it." And I put down the phone and I thought, "That was an insult!" Because it was saying: You are a white working-class woman who may have come up in the world but basically you're sitting on your fat ass all day, eating chocs and watching [[Trisha]]. Which I do - but they don't have the right to say it.' So she moved to the ''Times'', who paid her in dosh rather than sofas."<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref> She also claims she left the Guardian in "protest at what [she] saw as its vile [[anti-Semitism]]."<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/749291.html Bleeding-heart ignoramuses] - [[Haaretz]]. [[August 11]], [[2006]]</ref> (Burchill is fiercely pro-[[Israel]] and hostile to [[Islam]]).

She currently writes for ''[[The Times]]''. Shortly after starting her weekly column, she referred to [[George Galloway]] but appeared to confuse him with former MP [[Ronald Brown (Scottish politician)|Ron Brown]], reporting the misdeeds of Brown as those of Galloway. Galloway threatened legal action which was averted when she apologised and ''The Times'' paid damages<ref>''[[The Guardian]]'' (Owen Gibson) [http://politics.guardian.co.uk/media/story/0,12123,1170342,00.html Galloway demands Burchill apology] 16 March 2004</ref>.

Burchill is noted for her confrontational and iconoclastic views, which have been criticised as contradictory. In the [[1980s]], she wrote in favour of [[Margaret Thatcher]], but she has always claimed she has never renounced the [[Communist]] beliefs of her youth. She is a consistent defender of the old [[Soviet Union]]. Burchill champions the [[working-class]] against the [[middle-class]] in most cases, and has been particularly vocal in defending the much-maligned [[chavs]].

Burchill has made frequent attacks on various [[celebrity]] figures, which have been criticised for their cruelty, though her supporters note the self-deprecating aspects of her writing. She is perhaps best known in America for the "Fax wars" or "Battle of the Bitches" with author [[Camille Paglia]] ([http://website.lineone.net/~jon.simmons/julie/paglia.htm]). She has written many books (her novel 'Ambition' was a bestseller in the 1980s), and has made television documentaries about the death of her father from [[asbestosis]] and about ''Heat'' magazine.

Her [[2004]] [[lesbian]]-themed novel for teenagers ''[[Sugar Rush]]'' was produced by [[Shine Limited]] and aired on [[Channel Four]]. [http://www.shinelimited.com/about.jsp?id=4&aid=1]

== Bibliography ==
*''The Boy Looked at Johnny'' co-written with [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], 1977
*''Love It or Shove It'', 1985
*''Girls on Film'', 1986
*''Damaged Gods: Cults and Heroes Reappraised'', 1987
*''Ambition'', 1989
*''Sex and Sensibility'', 1992
*''No Exit'', 1993
*''Married Alive'', 1998
*''I Knew I Was Right'', 1998, an [[autobiography]]
*''Diana'', 1999
*''The Guardian Columns 1998-2000'', 2000
*''On Beckham'', 2002
*''[[Sugar Rush]]'', 2004 (adapted for UK television in [[2005]])

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/graphics/2005/02/22/bvburch22.jpg Photo]
*[http://www.julieburchill.org.uk/ Unofficial Julie Burchill website]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Archive/0,5673,-4,00.html ''Guardian'' columns by Julie Burchill]
*[http://www.spikemagazine.com/0605-julie-burchill.php Hurricane Julie] 2005 Spike Magazine extensive interview with Julie Burchill
*[http://www.channel4.com/life/microsites/S/sugar_rush/index.html Details of Sugar Rush on Channel Four]
*[http://homepage.ntlworld.com/l_tabraham/jbrr.htm The Julie Burchill Random Recycler]

[[Category:1959 births|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Living people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:English columnists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Bisexual writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:British critics|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Euston Manifesto signatories|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from the United Kingdom|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT people from England|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:The Times people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Guardian journalists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:NME writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:People from Bristol|Burchill, Julie]]

Julie Burchill

2006-12-11T00:52:18Z

Notreallydavid: style tweak

{{POV}}
{{Infobox Writer
| name = Julie Burchill
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = [[July 3]] [[1959]]
| birth_place = [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = novelist, columnists
| nationality = {{flagicon|England}} English
| period = [[1977]]-present
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| debut_works =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| main_work = [[Sugar Rush]], [[2004]]
}}
'''Julie Burchill''' (born [[July 3]] [[1959]] in [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]]) is a British journalist known for the acerbity of her writing and the vehemence and unpredictability of her opinions.

==Life==

Julie Burchill was born in [[Bristol]] to [[working class]] parents, a fact of which she is very proud. She did not attend university. She started her career as a writer at the ''[[New Musical Express]]'' (NME) in her teens after responding, with her husband-to-be [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], to an advert in that paper seeking ''hip young gunslingers'' to write about the then emerging [[Punk subculture|punk movement]]. Burchill was briefly married to Parsons and then to [[Cosmo Landesman]], the son of [[Fran Landesman|Fran]] and Jay Landesman. Both marriages produced a son. Both sons live with their fathers. In [[1990]], Burchill and Landesman established a short-lived magazine ''[[Modern Review]]'' through which she met [[Charlotte Raven]], with whom she had a much publicised affair. She recently married again, to Raven's brother Daniel, a much younger man<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref>. She wrote of the joys of having a "toyboy" in her Times' Weekend Review column. Fellow NME journalist/author [[Paul Wellings]] wrote about their friendship in his book "I'm A Journalist...Get Me Out Of Here".

In 2003, Burchill was ranked number 85 in Channel 4's poll of "[[100 Worst Britons]]". The poll was inspired by the BBC series [[100 Greatest Britons]], though it was less serious in nature. The aim was to discover the "100 worst Britons we love to hate". The poll specified that the nominees had to be British, alive and not currently in prison or pending trial.

Having previously converted to [[Christianity]], she announced in February 2006 plans for a year's sabbatical from journalism, during which she plans, among other things, to study [[theology]]. ''The Times'' has recently dropped her Saturday column, and had arranged a more flexible arrangement where Burchill writes for the daily paper (see[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,,1705622,00.html]).

As well as continuing with her studies, she is working on three books and two documentaries, and has contributed an introduction to the novel ''A Year in the Life of TheManWhoFellAsleep'' by [[Greg Stekelman]].

She has lived in [[Brighton]] for a number of years and a book on her adopted home town is forthcoming.

Burchill has also on occasions expressed concern for animal welfare. She is a supporter of the ''Safe Haven for Donkeys in the Holy Land.''

==Career==

Julie Burchill has written for many newspapers and magazines. At one time she wrote a column for the [[Mail on Sunday]] - perhaps a surprising home for her talents. For five years until [[2003]] she wrote a weekly column in ''[[The Guardian]]''. As [[Lynn Barber]] wrote in ''[[The Observer]]'', "She moved at the beginning of this year because when she asked for a rise, the ''Guardian'' offered her a sofa. 'They said, "We can't give you no more money" - lying bastards - "but we'll buy you the biggest bestest sofa you've ever seen." And I said, "Well, I'll think about it." And I put down the phone and I thought, "That was an insult!" Because it was saying: You are a white working-class woman who may have come up in the world but basically you're sitting on your fat ass all day, eating chocs and watching [[Trisha]]. Which I do - but they don't have the right to say it.' So she moved to the ''Times'', who paid her in dosh rather than sofas."<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref> She also claims she left the Guardian in "protest at what [she] saw as its vile [[anti-Semitism]]."<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/749291.html Bleeding-heart ignoramuses] - [[Haaretz]]. [[August 11]], [[2006]]</ref> (Burchill is fiercely pro-[[Israel]] and hostile to [[Islam]]).

She currently writes for ''[[The Times]]''. Shortly after starting her weekly column, she referred to [[George Galloway]] but appeared to confuse him with former MP [[Ronald Brown (Scottish politician)|Ron Brown]], reporting the misdeeds of Brown as those of Galloway. Galloway threatened legal action which was averted when she apologised and ''The Times'' paid damages<ref>''[[The Guardian]]'' (Owen Gibson) [http://politics.guardian.co.uk/media/story/0,12123,1170342,00.html Galloway demands Burchill apology] 16 March 2004</ref>.

Burchill is noted for her confrontational and iconoclastic views, which have been criticised as contradictory. In the [[1980s]], she wrote in favour of [[Margaret Thatcher]], but she has always claimed she has never renounced the [[Communist]] beliefs of her youth. She is a consistent defender of the old [[Soviet Union]]. Burchill champions the [[working-class]] against the [[middle-class]] in most cases, and has been particularly vocal in defending the much-maligned [[chavs]].

Burchill has made frequent attacks on various [[celebrity]] figures, which have been criticised for their cruelty, though her supporters note the self-deprecating aspects of her writing. She is perhaps best known in America for the "Fax wars" or "Battle of the Bitches" with author [[Camille Paglia]] ([http://website.lineone.net/~jon.simmons/julie/paglia.htm]). She has written many books (her novel 'Ambition' was a bestseller in the 1980s), and has made television documentaries about the death of her father from [[asbestosis]] and about ''Heat'' magazine.

Her [[2004]] [[lesbian]]-themed novel for teenagers ''[[Sugar Rush]]'' was produced by [[Shine Limited]] and aired on [[Channel Four]]. [http://www.shinelimited.com/about.jsp?id=4&aid=1]

== Bibliography ==
*''The Boy Looked at Johnny'' co-written with [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], 1977
*''Love It or Shove It'', 1985
*''Girls on Film'', 1986
*''Damaged Gods: Cults and Heroes Reappraised'', 1987
*''Ambition'', 1989
*''Sex and Sensibility'', 1992
*''No Exit'', 1993
*''Married Alive'', 1998
*''I Knew I Was Right'', 1998, an [[autobiography]]
*''Diana'', 1999
*''The Guardian Columns 1998-2000'', 2000
*''On Beckham'', 2002
*''[[Sugar Rush]]'', 2004 (adapted for UK television in [[2005]])

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/graphics/2005/02/22/bvburch22.jpg Photo]
*[http://www.julieburchill.org.uk/ Unofficial Julie Burchill website]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Archive/0,5673,-4,00.html ''Guardian'' columns by Julie Burchill]
*[http://www.spikemagazine.com/0605-julie-burchill.php Hurricane Julie] 2005 Spike Magazine extensive interview with Julie Burchill
*[http://www.channel4.com/life/microsites/S/sugar_rush/index.html Details of Sugar Rush on Channel Four]
*[http://homepage.ntlworld.com/l_tabraham/jbrr.htm The Julie Burchill Random Recycler]

[[Category:1959 births|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Living people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:English columnists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Bisexual writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:British critics|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Euston Manifesto signatories|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from the United Kingdom|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT people from England|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:The Times people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Guardian journalists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:NME writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:People from Bristol|Burchill, Julie]]

Julie Burchill

2006-12-08T17:23:03Z

Notreallydavid: /* Career */ insert '(her novel 'Ambition' was a bestseller in the 1980s)'

{{POV}}
{{Infobox Writer
| name = Julie Burchill
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = [[July 3]] [[1959]]
| birth_place = [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = novelist, columnists
| nationality = {{flagicon|England}} English
| period = [[1977]]-present
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| debut_works =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| main_work = [[Sugar Rush]], [[2004]]
}}
'''Julie Burchill''' (born [[July 3]] [[1959]] in [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]]) is a British journalist known for the acerbity of her writing and the vehemence and unpredictability of her opinions.

==Life==

Julie Burchill was born in [[Bristol]] to [[working class]] parents, a fact of which she is very proud. She did not attend university. She started her career writing for the ''[[New Musical Express]]'' (NME) in her teens after responding, with her husband-to-be [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], to an advert in that paper seeking ''hip young gunslingers'' to write about the then emerging [[Punk subculture|punk movement]]. Burchill was briefly married to Parsons and then to [[Cosmo Landesman]], the son of [[Fran Landesman|Fran]] and Jay Landesman. Both marriages produced a son. Both sons live with their fathers. In [[1990]], Burchill and Landesman established a short-lived magazine ''[[Modern Review]]'' through which she met [[Charlotte Raven]], with whom she had a much publicised affair. She recently married again, to Raven's brother Daniel, a much younger man<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref>. She wrote of the joys of having a "toyboy" in her Times' Weekend Review column. Fellow NME journalist/author [[Paul Wellings]] wrote about their friendship in his book "I'm A Journalist...Get Me Out Of Here".

In 2003, Burchill was ranked number 85 in Channel 4's poll of "[[100 Worst Britons]]". The poll was inspired by the BBC series [[100 Greatest Britons]], though it was less serious in nature. The aim was to discover the "100 worst Britons we love to hate". The poll specified that the nominees had to be British, alive and not currently in prison or pending trial.

Having previously converted to [[Christianity]], she announced in February 2006 plans for a year's sabbatical from journalism, during which she plans, among other things, to study [[theology]]. ''The Times'' has recently dropped her Saturday column, and had arranged a more flexible arrangement where Burchill writes for the daily paper (see[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,,1705622,00.html]).

As well as continuing with her studies, she is working on three books and two documentaries, and has contributed an introduction to the novel ''A Year in the Life of TheManWhoFellAsleep'' by [[Greg Stekelman]].

She has lived in [[Brighton]] for a number of years and a book on her adopted home town is forthcoming.

Burchill has also on occasions expressed concern for animal welfare. She is a supporter of the ''Safe Haven for Donkeys in the Holy Land.''

==Career==

Julie Burchill has written for many newspapers and magazines. At one time she wrote a column for the [[Mail on Sunday]] - perhaps a surprising home for her talents. For five years until [[2003]] she wrote a weekly column in ''[[The Guardian]]''. As [[Lynn Barber]] wrote in ''[[The Observer]]'', "She moved at the beginning of this year because when she asked for a rise, the ''Guardian'' offered her a sofa. 'They said, "We can't give you no more money" - lying bastards - "but we'll buy you the biggest bestest sofa you've ever seen." And I said, "Well, I'll think about it." And I put down the phone and I thought, "That was an insult!" Because it was saying: You are a white working-class woman who may have come up in the world but basically you're sitting on your fat ass all day, eating chocs and watching [[Trisha]]. Which I do - but they don't have the right to say it.' So she moved to the ''Times'', who paid her in dosh rather than sofas."<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref> She also claims she left the Guardian in "protest at what [she] saw as its vile [[anti-Semitism]]."<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/749291.html Bleeding-heart ignoramuses] - [[Haaretz]]. [[August 11]], [[2006]]</ref> (Burchill is fiercely pro-[[Israel]] and hostile to [[Islam]]).

She currently writes for ''[[The Times]]''. Shortly after starting her weekly column, she referred to [[George Galloway]] but appeared to confuse him with former MP [[Ronald Brown (Scottish politician)|Ron Brown]], reporting the misdeeds of Brown as those of Galloway. Galloway threatened legal action which was averted when she apologised and ''The Times'' paid damages<ref>''[[The Guardian]]'' (Owen Gibson) [http://politics.guardian.co.uk/media/story/0,12123,1170342,00.html Galloway demands Burchill apology] 16 March 2004</ref>.

Burchill is noted for her confrontational and iconoclastic views, which have been criticised as contradictory. In the [[1980s]], she wrote in favour of [[Margaret Thatcher]], but she has always claimed she has never renounced the [[Communist]] beliefs of her youth. She is a consistent defender of the old [[Soviet Union]]. Burchill champions the [[working-class]] against the [[middle-class]] in most cases, and has been particularly vocal in defending the much-maligned [[chavs]].

Burchill has made frequent attacks on various [[celebrity]] figures, which have been criticised for their cruelty, though her supporters note the self-deprecating aspects of her writing. She is perhaps best known in America for the "Fax wars" or "Battle of the Bitches" with author [[Camille Paglia]] ([http://website.lineone.net/~jon.simmons/julie/paglia.htm]). She has written many books (her novel 'Ambition' was a bestseller in the 1980s), and has made television documentaries about the death of her father from [[asbestosis]] and about ''Heat'' magazine.

Her [[2004]] [[lesbian]]-themed novel for teenagers ''[[Sugar Rush]]'' was produced by [[Shine Limited]] and aired on [[Channel Four]]. [http://www.shinelimited.com/about.jsp?id=4&aid=1]

== Bibliography ==
*''The Boy Looked at Johnny'' co-written with [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], 1977
*''Love It or Shove It'', 1985
*''Girls on Film'', 1986
*''Damaged Gods: Cults and Heroes Reappraised'', 1987
*''Ambition'', 1989
*''Sex and Sensibility'', 1992
*''No Exit'', 1993
*''Married Alive'', 1998
*''I Knew I Was Right'', 1998, an [[autobiography]]
*''Diana'', 1999
*''The Guardian Columns 1998-2000'', 2000
*''On Beckham'', 2002
*''[[Sugar Rush]]'', 2004 (adapted for UK television in [[2005]])

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/graphics/2005/02/22/bvburch22.jpg Photo]
*[http://www.julieburchill.org.uk/ Unofficial Julie Burchill website]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Archive/0,5673,-4,00.html ''Guardian'' columns by Julie Burchill]
*[http://www.spikemagazine.com/0605-julie-burchill.php Hurricane Julie] 2005 Spike Magazine extensive interview with Julie Burchill
*[http://www.channel4.com/life/microsites/S/sugar_rush/index.html Details of Sugar Rush on Channel Four]
*[http://homepage.ntlworld.com/l_tabraham/jbrr.htm The Julie Burchill Random Recycler]

[[Category:1959 births|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Living people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:English columnists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Bisexual writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:British critics|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Euston Manifesto signatories|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from the United Kingdom|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT people from England|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:The Times people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Guardian journalists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:NME writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:People from Bristol|Burchill, Julie]]

Julie Burchill

2006-12-08T17:19:01Z

Notreallydavid: /* Career */ insert 'Burchill is fiercely pro-Israel and hostile to Islam'

{{POV}}
{{Infobox Writer
| name = Julie Burchill
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = [[July 3]] [[1959]]
| birth_place = [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = novelist, columnists
| nationality = {{flagicon|England}} English
| period = [[1977]]-present
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| debut_works =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| main_work = [[Sugar Rush]], [[2004]]
}}
'''Julie Burchill''' (born [[July 3]] [[1959]] in [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]]) is a British journalist known for the acerbity of her writing and the vehemence and unpredictability of her opinions.

==Life==

Julie Burchill was born in [[Bristol]] to [[working class]] parents, a fact of which she is very proud. She did not attend university. She started her career writing for the ''[[New Musical Express]]'' (NME) in her teens after responding, with her husband-to-be [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], to an advert in that paper seeking ''hip young gunslingers'' to write about the then emerging [[Punk subculture|punk movement]]. Burchill was briefly married to Parsons and then to [[Cosmo Landesman]], the son of [[Fran Landesman|Fran]] and Jay Landesman. Both marriages produced a son. Both sons live with their fathers. In [[1990]], Burchill and Landesman established a short-lived magazine ''[[Modern Review]]'' through which she met [[Charlotte Raven]], with whom she had a much publicised affair. She recently married again, to Raven's brother Daniel, a much younger man<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref>. She wrote of the joys of having a "toyboy" in her Times' Weekend Review column. Fellow NME journalist/author [[Paul Wellings]] wrote about their friendship in his book "I'm A Journalist...Get Me Out Of Here".

In 2003, Burchill was ranked number 85 in Channel 4's poll of "[[100 Worst Britons]]". The poll was inspired by the BBC series [[100 Greatest Britons]], though it was less serious in nature. The aim was to discover the "100 worst Britons we love to hate". The poll specified that the nominees had to be British, alive and not currently in prison or pending trial.

Having previously converted to [[Christianity]], she announced in February 2006 plans for a year's sabbatical from journalism, during which she plans, among other things, to study [[theology]]. ''The Times'' has recently dropped her Saturday column, and had arranged a more flexible arrangement where Burchill writes for the daily paper (see[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,,1705622,00.html]).

As well as continuing with her studies, she is working on three books and two documentaries, and has contributed an introduction to the novel ''A Year in the Life of TheManWhoFellAsleep'' by [[Greg Stekelman]].

She has lived in [[Brighton]] for a number of years and a book on her adopted home town is forthcoming.

Burchill has also on occasions expressed concern for animal welfare. She is a supporter of the ''Safe Haven for Donkeys in the Holy Land.''

==Career==

Julie Burchill has written for many newspapers and magazines. At one time she wrote a column for the [[Mail on Sunday]] - perhaps a surprising home for her talents. For five years until [[2003]] she wrote a weekly column in ''[[The Guardian]]''. As [[Lynn Barber]] wrote in ''[[The Observer]]'', "She moved at the beginning of this year because when she asked for a rise, the ''Guardian'' offered her a sofa. 'They said, "We can't give you no more money" - lying bastards - "but we'll buy you the biggest bestest sofa you've ever seen." And I said, "Well, I'll think about it." And I put down the phone and I thought, "That was an insult!" Because it was saying: You are a white working-class woman who may have come up in the world but basically you're sitting on your fat ass all day, eating chocs and watching [[Trisha]]. Which I do - but they don't have the right to say it.' So she moved to the ''Times'', who paid her in dosh rather than sofas."<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref> She also claims she left the Guardian in "protest at what [she] saw as its vile [[anti-Semitism]]."<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/749291.html Bleeding-heart ignoramuses] - [[Haaretz]]. [[August 11]], [[2006]]</ref> (Burchill is fiercely pro-[[Israel]] and hostile to [[Islam]]).

She currently writes for ''[[The Times]]''. Shortly after starting her weekly column, she referred to [[George Galloway]] but appeared to confuse him with former MP [[Ronald Brown (Scottish politician)|Ron Brown]], reporting the misdeeds of Brown as those of Galloway. Galloway threatened legal action which was averted when she apologised and ''The Times'' paid damages<ref>''[[The Guardian]]'' (Owen Gibson) [http://politics.guardian.co.uk/media/story/0,12123,1170342,00.html Galloway demands Burchill apology] 16 March 2004</ref>.

Burchill is noted for her confrontational and iconoclastic views, which have been criticised as contradictory. In the [[1980s]], she wrote in favour of [[Margaret Thatcher]], but she has always claimed she has never renounced the [[Communist]] beliefs of her youth. She is a consistent defender of the old [[Soviet Union]]. Burchill champions the [[working-class]] against the [[middle-class]] in most cases, and has been particularly vocal in defending the much-maligned [[chavs]].

Burchill has made frequent attacks on various [[celebrity]] figures, which have been criticised for their cruelty, though her supporters note the self-deprecating aspects of her writing. She is perhaps best known in America for the "Fax wars" or "Battle of the Bitches" with author [[Camille Paglia]] ([http://website.lineone.net/~jon.simmons/julie/paglia.htm]). She has written many books and has made television documentaries about the death of her father from [[asbestosis]] and about ''Heat'' magazine.

Her [[2004]] [[lesbian]]-themed novel for teenagers ''[[Sugar Rush]]'' was produced by [[Shine Limited]] and aired on [[Channel Four]]. [http://www.shinelimited.com/about.jsp?id=4&aid=1]

== Bibliography ==
*''The Boy Looked at Johnny'' co-written with [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], 1977
*''Love It or Shove It'', 1985
*''Girls on Film'', 1986
*''Damaged Gods: Cults and Heroes Reappraised'', 1987
*''Ambition'', 1989
*''Sex and Sensibility'', 1992
*''No Exit'', 1993
*''Married Alive'', 1998
*''I Knew I Was Right'', 1998, an [[autobiography]]
*''Diana'', 1999
*''The Guardian Columns 1998-2000'', 2000
*''On Beckham'', 2002
*''[[Sugar Rush]]'', 2004 (adapted for UK television in [[2005]])

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/graphics/2005/02/22/bvburch22.jpg Photo]
*[http://www.julieburchill.org.uk/ Unofficial Julie Burchill website]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Archive/0,5673,-4,00.html ''Guardian'' columns by Julie Burchill]
*[http://www.spikemagazine.com/0605-julie-burchill.php Hurricane Julie] 2005 Spike Magazine extensive interview with Julie Burchill
*[http://www.channel4.com/life/microsites/S/sugar_rush/index.html Details of Sugar Rush on Channel Four]
*[http://homepage.ntlworld.com/l_tabraham/jbrr.htm The Julie Burchill Random Recycler]

[[Category:1959 births|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Living people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:English columnists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Bisexual writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:British critics|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Euston Manifesto signatories|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from the United Kingdom|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT people from England|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:The Times people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Guardian journalists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:NME writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:People from Bristol|Burchill, Julie]]

Julie Burchill

2006-12-08T17:15:57Z

Notreallydavid: added sentences on her early life + moved NME stuff down from intro para

{{POV}}
{{Infobox Writer
| name = Julie Burchill
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = [[July 3]] [[1959]]
| birth_place = [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = novelist, columnists
| nationality = {{flagicon|England}} English
| period = [[1977]]-present
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| debut_works =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| main_work = [[Sugar Rush]], [[2004]]
}}
'''Julie Burchill''' (born [[July 3]] [[1959]] in [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]]) is a British journalist known for the acerbity of her writing and the vehemence and unpredictability of her opinions.

==Life==

Julie Burchill was born in [[Bristol]] to [[working class]] parents, a fact of which she is very proud. She did not attend university. She started her career writing for the ''[[New Musical Express]]'' (NME) in her teens after responding, with her husband-to-be [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], to an advert in that paper seeking ''hip young gunslingers'' to write about the then emerging [[Punk subculture|punk movement]]. Burchill was briefly married to Parsons and then to [[Cosmo Landesman]], the son of [[Fran Landesman|Fran]] and Jay Landesman. Both marriages produced a son. Both sons live with their fathers. In [[1990]], Burchill and Landesman established a short-lived magazine ''[[Modern Review]]'' through which she met [[Charlotte Raven]], with whom she had a much publicised affair. She recently married again, to Raven's brother Daniel, a much younger man<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref>. She wrote of the joys of having a "toyboy" in her Times' Weekend Review column. Fellow NME journalist/author [[Paul Wellings]] wrote about their friendship in his book "I'm A Journalist...Get Me Out Of Here".

In 2003, Burchill was ranked number 85 in Channel 4's poll of "[[100 Worst Britons]]". The poll was inspired by the BBC series [[100 Greatest Britons]], though it was less serious in nature. The aim was to discover the "100 worst Britons we love to hate". The poll specified that the nominees had to be British, alive and not currently in prison or pending trial.

Having previously converted to [[Christianity]], she announced in February 2006 plans for a year's sabbatical from journalism, during which she plans, among other things, to study [[theology]]. ''The Times'' has recently dropped her Saturday column, and had arranged a more flexible arrangement where Burchill writes for the daily paper (see[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,,1705622,00.html]).

As well as continuing with her studies, she is working on three books and two documentaries, and has contributed an introduction to the novel ''A Year in the Life of TheManWhoFellAsleep'' by [[Greg Stekelman]].

She has lived in [[Brighton]] for a number of years and a book on her adopted home town is forthcoming.

Burchill has also on occasions expressed concern for animal welfare. She is a supporter of the ''Safe Haven for Donkeys in the Holy Land.''

==Career==

Julie Burchill has written for many newspapers and magazines. At one time she wrote a column for the [[Mail on Sunday]] - perhaps a surprising home for her talents. For five years until [[2003]] she wrote a weekly column in ''[[The Guardian]]''. As [[Lynn Barber]] wrote in ''[[The Observer]]'', "She moved at the beginning of this year because when she asked for a rise, the ''Guardian'' offered her a sofa. 'They said, "We can't give you no more money" - lying bastards - "but we'll buy you the biggest bestest sofa you've ever seen." And I said, "Well, I'll think about it." And I put down the phone and I thought, "That was an insult!" Because it was saying: You are a white working-class woman who may have come up in the world but basically you're sitting on your fat ass all day, eating chocs and watching [[Trisha]]. Which I do - but they don't have the right to say it.' So she moved to the ''Times'', who paid her in dosh rather than sofas."<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref> She also claims she left the Guardian in "protest at what [she] saw as its vile [[anti-Semitism]]."<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/749291.html Bleeding-heart ignoramuses] - [[Haaretz]]. [[August 11]], [[2006]]</ref>

She currently writes for ''[[The Times]]''. Shortly after starting her weekly column, she referred to [[George Galloway]] but appeared to confuse him with former MP [[Ronald Brown (Scottish politician)|Ron Brown]], reporting the misdeeds of Brown as those of Galloway. Galloway threatened legal action which was averted when she apologised and ''The Times'' paid damages<ref>''[[The Guardian]]'' (Owen Gibson) [http://politics.guardian.co.uk/media/story/0,12123,1170342,00.html Galloway demands Burchill apology] 16 March 2004</ref>.

Burchill is noted for her confrontational and iconoclastic views, which have been criticised as contradictory. In the [[1980s]], she wrote in favour of [[Margaret Thatcher]], but she has always claimed she has never renounced the [[Communist]] beliefs of her youth. She is a consistent defender of the old [[Soviet Union]]. Burchill champions the [[working-class]] against the [[middle-class]] in most cases, and has been particularly vocal in defending the much-maligned [[chavs]].

Burchill has made frequent attacks on various [[celebrity]] figures, which have been criticised for their cruelty, though her supporters note the self-deprecating aspects of her writing. She is perhaps best known in America for the "Fax wars" or "Battle of the Bitches" with author [[Camille Paglia]] ([http://website.lineone.net/~jon.simmons/julie/paglia.htm]). She has written many books and has made television documentaries about the death of her father from [[asbestosis]] and about ''Heat'' magazine.

Her [[2004]] [[lesbian]]-themed novel for teenagers ''[[Sugar Rush]]'' was produced by [[Shine Limited]] and aired on [[Channel Four]]. [http://www.shinelimited.com/about.jsp?id=4&aid=1]

== Bibliography ==
*''The Boy Looked at Johnny'' co-written with [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], 1977
*''Love It or Shove It'', 1985
*''Girls on Film'', 1986
*''Damaged Gods: Cults and Heroes Reappraised'', 1987
*''Ambition'', 1989
*''Sex and Sensibility'', 1992
*''No Exit'', 1993
*''Married Alive'', 1998
*''I Knew I Was Right'', 1998, an [[autobiography]]
*''Diana'', 1999
*''The Guardian Columns 1998-2000'', 2000
*''On Beckham'', 2002
*''[[Sugar Rush]]'', 2004 (adapted for UK television in [[2005]])

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/graphics/2005/02/22/bvburch22.jpg Photo]
*[http://www.julieburchill.org.uk/ Unofficial Julie Burchill website]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Archive/0,5673,-4,00.html ''Guardian'' columns by Julie Burchill]
*[http://www.spikemagazine.com/0605-julie-burchill.php Hurricane Julie] 2005 Spike Magazine extensive interview with Julie Burchill
*[http://www.channel4.com/life/microsites/S/sugar_rush/index.html Details of Sugar Rush on Channel Four]
*[http://homepage.ntlworld.com/l_tabraham/jbrr.htm The Julie Burchill Random Recycler]

[[Category:1959 births|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Living people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:English columnists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Bisexual writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:British critics|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Euston Manifesto signatories|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from the United Kingdom|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT people from England|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:The Times people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Guardian journalists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:NME writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:People from Bristol|Burchill, Julie]]

Julie Burchill

2006-12-08T17:09:44Z

Notreallydavid: her acerbic writing ->acerbity of her writing and the vehemence and unpredictability of her opinions.

{{POV}}
{{Infobox Writer
| name = Julie Burchill
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = [[July 3]] [[1959]]
| birth_place = [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = novelist, columnists
| nationality = {{flagicon|England}} English
| period = [[1977]]-present
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| debut_works =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| main_work = [[Sugar Rush]], [[2004]]
}}
'''Julie Burchill''' (born [[July 3]] [[1959]] in [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]]) is a British journalist known for the acerbity of her writing and the vehemence and unpredictability of her opinions. She started her career writing for the ''[[New Musical Express]]'' (NME) in her teens after responding, with her husband-to-be [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], to an advert in that paper seeking ''hip young gunslingers'' to write about the then emerging [[Punk subculture|punk movement]].

==Life==

Burchill was briefly married to Parsons and then to [[Cosmo Landesman]], the son of [[Fran Landesman|Fran]] and Jay Landesman. Both marriages produced a son. Both sons live with their fathers. In [[1990]], Burchill and Landesman established a short-lived magazine ''[[Modern Review]]'' through which she met [[Charlotte Raven]], with whom she had a much publicised affair. She recently married again, to Raven's brother Daniel, a much younger man<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref>. She wrote of the joys of having a "toyboy" in her Times' Weekend Review column. Fellow NME journalist/author [[Paul Wellings]] wrote about their friendship in his book "I'm A Journalist...Get Me Out Of Here".

In 2003, Burchill was ranked number 85 in Channel 4's poll of "[[100 Worst Britons]]". The poll was inspired by the BBC series [[100 Greatest Britons]], though it was less serious in nature. The aim was to discover the "100 worst Britons we love to hate". The poll specified that the nominees had to be British, alive and not currently in prison or pending trial.

Having previously converted to [[Christianity]], she announced in February 2006 plans for a year's sabbatical from journalism, during which she plans, among other things, to study [[theology]]. ''The Times'' has recently dropped her Saturday column, and had arranged a more flexible arrangement where Burchill writes for the daily paper (see[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,,1705622,00.html]).

As well as continuing with her studies, she is working on three books and two documentaries, and has contributed an introduction to the novel ''A Year in the Life of TheManWhoFellAsleep'' by [[Greg Stekelman]].

She has lived in [[Brighton]] for a number of years and a book on her adopted home town is forthcoming.

Burchill has also on occasions expressed concern for animal welfare. She is a supporter of the ''Safe Haven for Donkeys in the Holy Land.''

==Career==

Julie Burchill has written for many newspapers and magazines. At one time she wrote a column for the [[Mail on Sunday]] - perhaps a surprising home for her talents. For five years until [[2003]] she wrote a weekly column in ''[[The Guardian]]''. As [[Lynn Barber]] wrote in ''[[The Observer]]'', "She moved at the beginning of this year because when she asked for a rise, the ''Guardian'' offered her a sofa. 'They said, "We can't give you no more money" - lying bastards - "but we'll buy you the biggest bestest sofa you've ever seen." And I said, "Well, I'll think about it." And I put down the phone and I thought, "That was an insult!" Because it was saying: You are a white working-class woman who may have come up in the world but basically you're sitting on your fat ass all day, eating chocs and watching [[Trisha]]. Which I do - but they don't have the right to say it.' So she moved to the ''Times'', who paid her in dosh rather than sofas."<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref> She also claims she left the Guardian in "protest at what [she] saw as its vile [[anti-Semitism]]."<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/749291.html Bleeding-heart ignoramuses] - [[Haaretz]]. [[August 11]], [[2006]]</ref>

She currently writes for ''[[The Times]]''. Shortly after starting her weekly column, she referred to [[George Galloway]] but appeared to confuse him with former MP [[Ronald Brown (Scottish politician)|Ron Brown]], reporting the misdeeds of Brown as those of Galloway. Galloway threatened legal action which was averted when she apologised and ''The Times'' paid damages<ref>''[[The Guardian]]'' (Owen Gibson) [http://politics.guardian.co.uk/media/story/0,12123,1170342,00.html Galloway demands Burchill apology] 16 March 2004</ref>.

Burchill is noted for her confrontational and iconoclastic views, which have been criticised as contradictory. In the [[1980s]], she wrote in favour of [[Margaret Thatcher]], but she has always claimed she has never renounced the [[Communist]] beliefs of her youth. She is a consistent defender of the old [[Soviet Union]]. Burchill champions the [[working-class]] against the [[middle-class]] in most cases, and has been particularly vocal in defending the much-maligned [[chavs]].

Burchill has made frequent attacks on various [[celebrity]] figures, which have been criticised for their cruelty, though her supporters note the self-deprecating aspects of her writing. She is perhaps best known in America for the "Fax wars" or "Battle of the Bitches" with author [[Camille Paglia]] ([http://website.lineone.net/~jon.simmons/julie/paglia.htm]). She has written many books and has made television documentaries about the death of her father from [[asbestosis]] and about ''Heat'' magazine.

Her [[2004]] [[lesbian]]-themed novel for teenagers ''[[Sugar Rush]]'' was produced by [[Shine Limited]] and aired on [[Channel Four]]. [http://www.shinelimited.com/about.jsp?id=4&aid=1]

== Bibliography ==
*''The Boy Looked at Johnny'' co-written with [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], 1977
*''Love It or Shove It'', 1985
*''Girls on Film'', 1986
*''Damaged Gods: Cults and Heroes Reappraised'', 1987
*''Ambition'', 1989
*''Sex and Sensibility'', 1992
*''No Exit'', 1993
*''Married Alive'', 1998
*''I Knew I Was Right'', 1998, an [[autobiography]]
*''Diana'', 1999
*''The Guardian Columns 1998-2000'', 2000
*''On Beckham'', 2002
*''[[Sugar Rush]]'', 2004 (adapted for UK television in [[2005]])

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/graphics/2005/02/22/bvburch22.jpg Photo]
*[http://www.julieburchill.org.uk/ Unofficial Julie Burchill website]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Archive/0,5673,-4,00.html ''Guardian'' columns by Julie Burchill]
*[http://www.spikemagazine.com/0605-julie-burchill.php Hurricane Julie] 2005 Spike Magazine extensive interview with Julie Burchill
*[http://www.channel4.com/life/microsites/S/sugar_rush/index.html Details of Sugar Rush on Channel Four]
*[http://homepage.ntlworld.com/l_tabraham/jbrr.htm The Julie Burchill Random Recycler]

[[Category:1959 births|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Living people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:English columnists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Bisexual writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:British critics|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Euston Manifesto signatories|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from the United Kingdom|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT people from England|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:The Times people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Guardian journalists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:NME writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:People from Bristol|Burchill, Julie]]

Julie Burchill

2006-12-08T17:03:50Z

Notreallydavid: /* Career */ insert ref to Mail on Sunday and to wide range of papers and magazines her work has appeared in

{{POV}}
{{Infobox Writer
| name = Julie Burchill
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = [[July 3]] [[1959]]
| birth_place = [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = novelist, columnists
| nationality = {{flagicon|England}} English
| period = [[1977]]-present
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| debut_works =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| main_work = [[Sugar Rush]], [[2004]]
}}
'''Julie Burchill''' (born [[July 3]] [[1959]] in [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]]) is British journalist known for her acerbic writing. She started her career writing for the ''[[New Musical Express]]'' (NME) after responding, with her husband-to-be [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], to an advert in that paper seeking ''hip young gunslingers'' to write about the then emerging [[Punk subculture|punk movement]].

==Life==

Burchill was briefly married to Parsons and then to [[Cosmo Landesman]], the son of [[Fran Landesman|Fran]] and Jay Landesman. Both marriages produced a son. Both sons live with their fathers. In [[1990]], Burchill and Landesman established a short-lived magazine ''[[Modern Review]]'' through which she met [[Charlotte Raven]], with whom she had a much publicised affair. She recently married again, to Raven's brother Daniel, a much younger man<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref>. She wrote of the joys of having a "toyboy" in her Times' Weekend Review column. Fellow NME journalist/author [[Paul Wellings]] wrote about their friendship in his book "I'm A Journalist...Get Me Out Of Here".

In 2003, Burchill was ranked number 85 in Channel 4's poll of "[[100 Worst Britons]]". The poll was inspired by the BBC series [[100 Greatest Britons]], though it was less serious in nature. The aim was to discover the "100 worst Britons we love to hate". The poll specified that the nominees had to be British, alive and not currently in prison or pending trial.

Having previously converted to [[Christianity]], she announced in February 2006 plans for a year's sabbatical from journalism, during which she plans, among other things, to study [[theology]]. ''The Times'' has recently dropped her Saturday column, and had arranged a more flexible arrangement where Burchill writes for the daily paper (see[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,,1705622,00.html]).

As well as continuing with her studies, she is working on three books and two documentaries, and has contributed an introduction to the novel ''A Year in the Life of TheManWhoFellAsleep'' by [[Greg Stekelman]].

She has lived in [[Brighton]] for a number of years and a book on her adopted home town is forthcoming.

Burchill has also on occasions expressed concern for animal welfare. She is a supporter of the ''Safe Haven for Donkeys in the Holy Land.''

==Career==

Julie Burchill has written for many newspapers and magazines. At one time she wrote a column for the [[Mail on Sunday]] - perhaps a surprising home for her talents. For five years until [[2003]] she wrote a weekly column in ''[[The Guardian]]''. As [[Lynn Barber]] wrote in ''[[The Observer]]'', "She moved at the beginning of this year because when she asked for a rise, the ''Guardian'' offered her a sofa. 'They said, "We can't give you no more money" - lying bastards - "but we'll buy you the biggest bestest sofa you've ever seen." And I said, "Well, I'll think about it." And I put down the phone and I thought, "That was an insult!" Because it was saying: You are a white working-class woman who may have come up in the world but basically you're sitting on your fat ass all day, eating chocs and watching [[Trisha]]. Which I do - but they don't have the right to say it.' So she moved to the ''Times'', who paid her in dosh rather than sofas."<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref> She also claims she left the Guardian in "protest at what [she] saw as its vile [[anti-Semitism]]."<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/749291.html Bleeding-heart ignoramuses] - [[Haaretz]]. [[August 11]], [[2006]]</ref>

She currently writes for ''[[The Times]]''. Shortly after starting her weekly column, she referred to [[George Galloway]] but appeared to confuse him with former MP [[Ronald Brown (Scottish politician)|Ron Brown]], reporting the misdeeds of Brown as those of Galloway. Galloway threatened legal action which was averted when she apologised and ''The Times'' paid damages<ref>''[[The Guardian]]'' (Owen Gibson) [http://politics.guardian.co.uk/media/story/0,12123,1170342,00.html Galloway demands Burchill apology] 16 March 2004</ref>.

Burchill is noted for her confrontational and iconoclastic views, which have been criticised as contradictory. In the [[1980s]], she wrote in favour of [[Margaret Thatcher]], but she has always claimed she has never renounced the [[Communist]] beliefs of her youth. She is a consistent defender of the old [[Soviet Union]]. Burchill champions the [[working-class]] against the [[middle-class]] in most cases, and has been particularly vocal in defending the much-maligned [[chavs]].

Burchill has made frequent attacks on various [[celebrity]] figures, which have been criticised for their cruelty, though her supporters note the self-deprecating aspects of her writing. She is perhaps best known in America for the "Fax wars" or "Battle of the Bitches" with author [[Camille Paglia]] ([http://website.lineone.net/~jon.simmons/julie/paglia.htm]). She has written many books and has made television documentaries about the death of her father from [[asbestosis]] and about ''Heat'' magazine.

Her [[2004]] [[lesbian]]-themed novel for teenagers ''[[Sugar Rush]]'' was produced by [[Shine Limited]] and aired on [[Channel Four]]. [http://www.shinelimited.com/about.jsp?id=4&aid=1]

== Bibliography ==
*''The Boy Looked at Johnny'' co-written with [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], 1977
*''Love It or Shove It'', 1985
*''Girls on Film'', 1986
*''Damaged Gods: Cults and Heroes Reappraised'', 1987
*''Ambition'', 1989
*''Sex and Sensibility'', 1992
*''No Exit'', 1993
*''Married Alive'', 1998
*''I Knew I Was Right'', 1998, an [[autobiography]]
*''Diana'', 1999
*''The Guardian Columns 1998-2000'', 2000
*''On Beckham'', 2002
*''[[Sugar Rush]]'', 2004 (adapted for UK television in [[2005]])

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/graphics/2005/02/22/bvburch22.jpg Photo]
*[http://www.julieburchill.org.uk/ Unofficial Julie Burchill website]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Archive/0,5673,-4,00.html ''Guardian'' columns by Julie Burchill]
*[http://www.spikemagazine.com/0605-julie-burchill.php Hurricane Julie] 2005 Spike Magazine extensive interview with Julie Burchill
*[http://www.channel4.com/life/microsites/S/sugar_rush/index.html Details of Sugar Rush on Channel Four]
*[http://homepage.ntlworld.com/l_tabraham/jbrr.htm The Julie Burchill Random Recycler]

[[Category:1959 births|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Living people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:English columnists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Bisexual writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:British critics|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Euston Manifesto signatories|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from the United Kingdom|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT people from England|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:The Times people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Guardian journalists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:NME writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:People from Bristol|Burchill, Julie]]

Julie Burchill

2006-12-08T16:55:13Z

Notreallydavid: /* Career */ added Lynn Barber link

{{POV}}
{{Infobox Writer
| name = Julie Burchill
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = [[July 3]] [[1959]]
| birth_place = [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = novelist, columnists
| nationality = {{flagicon|England}} English
| period = [[1977]]-present
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| debut_works =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| main_work = [[Sugar Rush]], [[2004]]
}}
'''Julie Burchill''' (born [[July 3]] [[1959]] in [[Frenchay]], [[Bristol]]) is British journalist known for her acerbic writing. She started her career writing for the ''[[New Musical Express]]'' (NME) after responding, with her husband-to-be [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], to an advert in that paper seeking ''hip young gunslingers'' to write about the then emerging [[Punk subculture|punk movement]].

==Life==

Burchill was briefly married to Parsons and then to [[Cosmo Landesman]], the son of [[Fran Landesman|Fran]] and Jay Landesman. Both marriages produced a son. Both sons live with their fathers. In [[1990]], Burchill and Landesman established a short-lived magazine ''[[Modern Review]]'' through which she met [[Charlotte Raven]], with whom she had a much publicised affair. She recently married again, to Raven's brother Daniel, a much younger man<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref>. She wrote of the joys of having a "toyboy" in her Times' Weekend Review column. Fellow NME journalist/author [[Paul Wellings]] wrote about their friendship in his book "I'm A Journalist...Get Me Out Of Here".

In 2003, Burchill was ranked number 85 in Channel 4's poll of "[[100 Worst Britons]]". The poll was inspired by the BBC series [[100 Greatest Britons]], though it was less serious in nature. The aim was to discover the "100 worst Britons we love to hate". The poll specified that the nominees had to be British, alive and not currently in prison or pending trial.

Having previously converted to [[Christianity]], she announced in February 2006 plans for a year's sabbatical from journalism, during which she plans, among other things, to study [[theology]]. ''The Times'' has recently dropped her Saturday column, and had arranged a more flexible arrangement where Burchill writes for the daily paper (see[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,,1705622,00.html]).

As well as continuing with her studies, she is working on three books and two documentaries, and has contributed an introduction to the novel ''A Year in the Life of TheManWhoFellAsleep'' by [[Greg Stekelman]].

She has lived in [[Brighton]] for a number of years and a book on her adopted home town is forthcoming.

Burchill has also on occasions expressed concern for animal welfare. She is a supporter of the ''Safe Haven for Donkeys in the Holy Land.''

==Career==

Until [[2003]], she wrote a weekly column in ''[[The Guardian]]''. As [[Lynn Barber]] wrote in ''[[The Observer]]'', "She moved at the beginning of this year because when she asked for a rise, the ''Guardian'' offered her a sofa. 'They said, "We can't give you no more money" - lying bastards - "but we'll buy you the biggest bestest sofa you've ever seen." And I said, "Well, I'll think about it." And I put down the phone and I thought, "That was an insult!" Because it was saying: You are a white working-class woman who may have come up in the world but basically you're sitting on your fat ass all day, eating chocs and watching [[Trisha]]. Which I do - but they don't have the right to say it.' So she moved to the ''Times'', who paid her in dosh rather than sofas."<ref>Lynn Barber [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/generalfiction/story/0,6000,1288191,00.html Growing pains] ''The Observer'' 22 August 2004</ref> She also claims she left the Guardian in "protest at what [she] saw as its vile [[anti-Semitism]]."<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/749291.html Bleeding-heart ignoramuses] - [[Haaretz]]. [[August 11]], [[2006]]</ref>

She currently writes for ''[[The Times]]''. Shortly after starting her weekly column, she referred to [[George Galloway]] but appeared to confuse him with former MP [[Ronald Brown (Scottish politician)|Ron Brown]], reporting the misdeeds of Brown as those of Galloway. Galloway threatened legal action which was averted when she apologised and ''The Times'' paid damages<ref>''[[The Guardian]]'' (Owen Gibson) [http://politics.guardian.co.uk/media/story/0,12123,1170342,00.html Galloway demands Burchill apology] 16 March 2004</ref>.

Burchill is noted for her confrontational and iconoclastic views, which have been criticised as contradictory. In the [[1980s]], she wrote in favour of [[Margaret Thatcher]], but she has always claimed she has never renounced the [[Communist]] beliefs of her youth. She is a consistent defender of the old [[Soviet Union]]. Burchill champions the [[working-class]] against the [[middle-class]] in most cases, and has been particularly vocal in defending the much-maligned [[chavs]].

Burchill has made frequent attacks on various [[celebrity]] figures, which have been criticised for their cruelty, though her supporters note the self-deprecating aspects of her writing. She is perhaps best known in America for the "Fax wars" or "Battle of the Bitches" with author [[Camille Paglia]] ([http://website.lineone.net/~jon.simmons/julie/paglia.htm]). She has written many books and has made television documentaries about the death of her father from [[asbestosis]] and about ''Heat'' magazine.

Her [[2004]] [[lesbian]]-themed novel for teenagers ''[[Sugar Rush]]'' was produced by [[Shine Limited]] and aired on [[Channel Four]]. [http://www.shinelimited.com/about.jsp?id=4&aid=1]

== Bibliography ==
*''The Boy Looked at Johnny'' co-written with [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]], 1977
*''Love It or Shove It'', 1985
*''Girls on Film'', 1986
*''Damaged Gods: Cults and Heroes Reappraised'', 1987
*''Ambition'', 1989
*''Sex and Sensibility'', 1992
*''No Exit'', 1993
*''Married Alive'', 1998
*''I Knew I Was Right'', 1998, an [[autobiography]]
*''Diana'', 1999
*''The Guardian Columns 1998-2000'', 2000
*''On Beckham'', 2002
*''[[Sugar Rush]]'', 2004 (adapted for UK television in [[2005]])

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/graphics/2005/02/22/bvburch22.jpg Photo]
*[http://www.julieburchill.org.uk/ Unofficial Julie Burchill website]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Archive/0,5673,-4,00.html ''Guardian'' columns by Julie Burchill]
*[http://www.spikemagazine.com/0605-julie-burchill.php Hurricane Julie] 2005 Spike Magazine extensive interview with Julie Burchill
*[http://www.channel4.com/life/microsites/S/sugar_rush/index.html Details of Sugar Rush on Channel Four]
*[http://homepage.ntlworld.com/l_tabraham/jbrr.htm The Julie Burchill Random Recycler]

[[Category:1959 births|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Living people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:English columnists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Bisexual writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:British critics|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Euston Manifesto signatories|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from the United Kingdom|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:LGBT people from England|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:The Times people|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:Guardian journalists|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:NME writers|Burchill, Julie]]
[[Category:People from Bristol|Burchill, Julie]]

National Memorial

2006-12-08T06:03:08Z

Notreallydavid: punctuation tweak

[[Image:lincoln_memorial_dc_20041011_095847_1.3008x2000.jpg|thumbnail|[[Lincoln Memorial]]]]
[[Image:Gateway arch.jpg|thumb|[[Jefferson National Expansion Memorial]]]]
'''National Memorial''' is a designation in the [[United States]] for a [[protected area]] that commemorates a historic person or event. National Memorials are authorized by [[United States Congress|Congress]]. The memorial is often not located on a site directly related to the subject and many, such as the [[USS Arizona Memorial|USS ''Arizona'' Memorial]], do not have the word "national" in their titles. The earliest and perhaps most recognizable National Memorial is the uniquely designated [[Washington Monument]].

Most National Memorials are owned and administered by the [[National Park Service]], however some are administered by other organizations but are considered affiliated areas of the National Park Service. The owners of affiliated areas may request certain assistance from that agency in maintaining the memorial.

As with all historic areas within the National Park System, National Memorials are automatically listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]; however, some memorials that are affiliated areas are not listed on the Register.

Occasionally, a private organization will erect a memorial and use the word "national" in the name without Congressional authorization. Apparently this is not illegal, except perhaps if the organization implies federal affiliation. While these are intended to be national in scope, they are not "National Memorials" in the sense that they have the recognition of the American people through its government. One example is the [[George Washington Masonic National Memorial]].

==See also==
* [[List of U.S. National Parks Service parks#National Memorials|List of National Memorials]]
* [[United States presidential memorial]]

==External links==
* [http://www.nps.gov/legacy/nomenclature.html Designation of National Park System Units]

[[Category:National Memorials of the United States| ]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places|* Memorial]]
[[Category:Protected areas of the United States|Memorial]]

National Memorial

2006-12-08T06:01:33Z

Notreallydavid: punctuation correction

[[Image:lincoln_memorial_dc_20041011_095847_1.3008x2000.jpg|thumbnail|[[Lincoln Memorial]]]]
[[Image:Gateway arch.jpg|thumb|[[Jefferson National Expansion Memorial]]]]
'''National Memorial''' is a designation in the [[United States]] for a [[protected area]] that commemorates a historic person or event. National Memorials are authorized by [[United States Congress|Congress]]. The memorial is often not located on a site directly related to the subject and many, such as the [[USS Arizona Memorial|USS ''Arizona'' Memorial]], do not have the word "national" in their titles. The earliest and perhaps most recognizable National Memorial is the uniquely designated [[Washington Monument]].

Most National Memorials are owned and administered by the [[National Park Service]], however some are administered by other organizations but are considered affiliated areas of the National Park Service. The owners of affiliated areas may request certain assistance from that agency in maintaining the memorial.

As with all historic areas within the National Park System, National Memorials are automatically listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]; however some memorials that are affiliated areas are not listed on the Register.

Occasionally, a private organization will erect a memorial and use the word "national" in the name without Congressional authorization. Apparently this is not illegal, except perhaps if the organization implies federal affiliation. While these are intended to be national in scope, they are not "National Memorials" in the sense that they have the recognition of the American people through its government. One example is the [[George Washington Masonic National Memorial]].

==See also==
* [[List of U.S. National Parks Service parks#National Memorials|List of National Memorials]]
* [[United States presidential memorial]]

==External links==
* [http://www.nps.gov/legacy/nomenclature.html Designation of National Park System Units]

[[Category:National Memorials of the United States| ]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places|* Memorial]]
[[Category:Protected areas of the United States|Memorial]]